LIBRARY OF THE University of California. O I FT OF ^ Class ,.^w-' cSyM^/fie^^ //yTa (^/^^ ^G/he/€i€n€'e THE CYCLOP J:DIA of BIOGRAPHY: A RECORD OF THE LIVES OF EMINENT PERSONS. By PARKE GODWIN. NEW EDITION. WITH A SUPPLEMENT, BROUGHT DOWN TO THE PRESENT TIME. By GEORGE SHEPPARD. ^.* :•;:•::/ NEW YORK: G P. PUTNAM; KURD AND HOUGHTON. 1866. <^°" '^^ Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1865, by George P. Putnam, the Clerk's OflSce of the District Coxirt for the Southern District of New York. SIYERSIDE, OAMBBIBGS: ILEOTBOTTPED AND PBINTBD Bf H. 0. HOUGHTON AND COMPANT. ADVERTISEMENT. The first edition of this work, prepared by Mr. Parke Godwin, was published in 1851. In his prefatory remarks, Mr. Godwin claimed for the compilation the compactness of Maunder's " Bio- graphical Treasury," with improved comprehensiveness, and more fidelity to the sympathies and principles which govern the Amer- ican people. Presenting within small compass a great variety of information, little scope was afforded for the expression of critical opinions. The volume commended itself to popular favor by the combination of accuracy and brevity, with a fuller record of names and dates than could be found in any similar publication. In the present edition an attempt has been made to supply the few notable names that had been omitted. A copious supplement is appended, embracing notices of persons who have died since the issue of the original edition. These supplementary pages embrace more than an average proportion of distinguished men, American and Euro- pean. The great conflict now ended has been prolific in materials for biography ; and though some names which deserve to be remem- bered have doubtless been passed over, it is believed that the vol- ume, as now published, embodies nearly all that will be looked for in a manual which is intended to bring its information down to the present time. To economize space, the arrangement of the same generic names under one head has been adhered to; and the letters b. and d. are used respectively for " bom " and ^^ died." New York, August 5, 1865. 235171 Digitized by the Internet Arciiive in 2007 \N\{h funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation littp://www.arcliive.org/details/cyclopediaofbiogOOgodwricli CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. AA, Peteb Van Der, an eminent bookseller of Leyden. D. 1730. AA, Charles Henry Vander, a Lu- theran minister, who was among the founders of the Academy of Sciences. at Harlem, b. at Zwolle, 1718, d. 1795. A family of this name was distinguished in the annals of the United Provincesj for their resistance to the tyranny ot Philip II. of Spain. AAGAKD, Christian, a Danish poet. B. 1616 ; d. 1664.— Nicholas, a brother of the above, b. 1612, d. 1657, was a philosophical writer. AALST, EvERARD, a Dutch painter of fruit pieces. B. 1602; d. 1658.— His nephew, Willl\m, also a painter, was b. 1620, d. 1679. AAGKSEN, SvEND, a Danish histo- rian of the 12th century. Sometimes called Sueno Agonis. AARON, St., a Briton, who suffered martyrdom uiider Diocletian in 803, and was canonized ten centuries later. AARON, a physician and priest at Alexandria in the 12th century; the first man who described measles and the small-pox, on their first appearance in Ei^ypt. AARON, OF Barcelona, a Spanish Jew, who wrote a book called "Pre- cepts of Moses," at Venice, in 1523. AARON BEN ASSER, a Jew, who is said to have invented the points in Hebrew writing, in the 5th century. AARSENS, Francis Van, lord of Someldyck and Spyck, one of the greatest ministers for negotiation that the United Provinces of Holland have at any time possessed. He was the first person ever recognized as Dutch ambassador by the French court: the first of three extraordinary ambassadors sent to England in 1620 ; and the second in 1641, who were to treat about the marriage of Prince "William, son of the prince of Orange. Aarsens died at an advanced age ; and left behind him very accurate and judicious memoirs of all embassies in which he was employed. B. 1572 ; d. 1679. ABACO, Avaristo Felice D' All, a musical composer and violinist of Ve- rona. There was another of the same name, who flourished about the same time in 1750. ABAGA, an emperor of the Mogruls, who opposed the Crusaders with firm- ness and warlike skill, and d. in 1284. ABARIS, a celebrated character of antiquity, said to have possessed vast abilities, and to have been endowed with the power of performing miracu- lous cures. He was a Scythian by birth. ABAS, ScuAH, surnamed the Great, 7th king of Persia. D. in 1629.— Abas, Schah, great grandson of the preceding, was" a prince remarkable for mildness and humanity. D. in 1^666. ABASCAL, Don Jose Fernando, viceroy of Peru during several years of the South American war of indepen- dence, was born at Oviedo in 1748, and having entered the military service of Spain, served in the numerous cam- Eaigns of that country during the latter alf of lust century in all parts of the globe. Appointed viceroy of Peru in 1804, he governed with a firm but gentle hand till 1816, when he was superseded by General Pezuela ; and, on his retire- ment, he left behind him a character for ability and moderation which is still held in grateful remembrance. D. at Madrid, 1821. ABASSA, or ABBASSA, sister of tha CTCLpP-^EiaA OF "WlOGRAPHY. [abd caliph Haroun al Easchid, who gave her in marriage to hia vizier Giafar, on con- dition that their marriage should never be consximmated ; but having broken the contract, the caliph put Giafdr to death, and banished his wife from the palace, giving orders that no one should aflFord her relief. ABATE, Andrea, a Neapolitan artist, who was employed, together with Luca Giordio, in adorning "the Escurial for Charles II. of Spain. D. 1732. ABAUZITj FiRMiN, a French author of great merit and erudition. He was profoundly learned, and acquired the mendship of Voltaire, Eousseau, and Newton. B. at Uzes in 1679, and d. at Geneva in 1767. ABBADIE, James, an eminent Prot- estant divine, who accompanied Mar- shal Schomberg to England in 1688, and was present when that great commander fell at the battle of the Boyne. He wrote many works, chiefly theological and in the French language, the most esteem- ed of which is entitled " Traits de la Verity de la Eeligion Chretienne." B. at Berne in 1658 ; d. in London, 1727. ABBAS, the uncle of Mahomet, of whom, though opposed to him at first, he became a disciple, and served in his army as a general. D. 658. — Ebn Abbas Abdaxlah, son of the foregoing ; chief of the " Sahabab," or companions of the Prophet, and author ot a " Com- mentary on the Koran." — Hali or Magus, a Persian physician of the 10th century ; author of a pompous book on medicine, called "The Eoyal Work," whicli has been translated into Latin. ABBATI, NicoLo, an Italian painter in fresco • b. at Modena in 1612. ABBATISSA, Paul, a poet of SicUy, who flourished about the year 1570, and translated the Jliad and Odyssey into Latin verse. ABBE, Louise, a French poet of the 17th century, surnamed "La Belle Cor- donniere." ABBIATI, Fixippo, an historical painter, of considerable eminence. B. at Milan in 1640 ; d. in 1715. ABBON, or ABBO, Cernuus, a Nor- man monk of the 9th century, who wrote, in Latin verse, an account of the siege of Paris by the Normans. ABBO, Floriaoensis, a learned writer of ecclesiastical biographies, who was killed in 1004. ABBOT, George, archbishop of Can- terbury in the reign of James I. and Charles I., and one of the most active political characters of that period. He was born, in 1562, -it Guildford, in Sur- rey, where his fathgr was a weaver and clothworker. He raised himself gradu- ally till he became primate of all En- gland ; was the autAor of several the- ological works; and one of the eight divines, who, in 1604, by the order of James I., translated the edition of the Bible now in use. D. at Croydon in 1638. — EoBERT, bishop of Salisbury, the elder brother of the above, was an emi- nent divine, and famous for his skill in conducting. polemical discussions, and vindicating the supremacy of kings. B. 1560; d. 1617. — Maurice, youngest brother of the above, was an eminent London merchant, knighted by Charles I. Maurice's son, George, was the au- thor of a Paraphrase on the Book of Job. B. 1600; d. 1648.— Hull, a respectable minister of Charlestown, (Mass.) B. 1696; d. 1774. — Samuel, one of the founders of the Andover Theological Seminary. B. 1732 ; d. 1812.— Abdiel, a preacher, and author of several pub- lished sermons. B. at Andover, 1770 ; d. at Staten Island, 1828. — Charles, was a celebrated statesman, once speaker of the house of commons, and subseauent- ly raised to the peerage as Lord Col- chester. B. at Abingdon, 1757 ; d. 1829. — Charles, a distinguished lawyer, who, in 1818, was made lord chief justice of the King's Bench, and during the pre- miership of Mr. Canning, was created a Seer, by the title of Lord Tenterden. 1. 17 ; d. 1832. ABBT, Thomas, a German writer who wrote a clever work, called "Historia VitsQ Magistra," when he was only 13 years of age. He was professor of phi- losophy at Frankfort, and of mathe- matics at Eitelin ; wrote a treatise on "Merit," and on the "Duty of Dying for one's Country." B. at Ulm, in Suabla, 1738 ; d. 1766. ABDALLAH, a camel driver, the father of Mahomet. He was so much esteemed by his tribe, that the stories relate how one hundred girls broke their hearts on the night of his wedding. ABD AS, a bishop of Persia, who in- stigated the thirty years' persecution of the Christians, under Theodosius the Younger. ABDIAS, author of a legend called "Historia Certaminis Apostilici," pub- lished at Basle in 1571. ABDOLLATIPII, a Persian, who wrote the historv of Egvpt, published in Ensrland in 1800. B. at Baofdad 1161. ABDOLMAMEN, a potter's son, who became a general and conauered Mo- abe] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 3 i^cco, and made himself monarch. D. 1156. ABEEL, John Nelson, an eloquent f Teacher, of New-York, who died in 812, asred 43. ABEILLE, Gaspab, a French dra- matic writer of extraordinary versatility and wit. B. 1648; d. 1718.— Scipio, a brother of the above, wrote a "History of the Bones," and the "Complete Army Surgeon." D. 1697. ABEL, Thomas, teacher of grammar and music to Queen Catharine, but hav- ing opposed Henry VIII.'s separation from ner, he was condemned and ex- ecuted, under a pretence of denying the king's supremacv, in 1540. — Gaspak, a German historian. B. 1675; d. 1763.— Charles Frederick, a famous German composer, and player on the viol di gamoa, appointed musician to Queen harlotte. D. 1787. ABEL A, John Francis, a commander of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, who wrote "Malta Tllustrata," which was published in Malta in 1647. ABELAKD, Peter, a native of Pa- lais, in Brittany, made immortal rather by his unfortunate love, than by his immense and varied attainments. He "Was educated at the University of Paris, ^nd became one of the most learned aen of his day. He opened a school of theology and rhetoric, which was so popular that it attracted more than three thousand pupils. But in the midday of his fame he fell in love with a young and beautiful scholar, called Heloise, the niece of the canon of Paris, Fulbert. He was then forty and she but fifteen, yet the attachment grew into a passion which for warmth and intensity has never been surpassed. Abelard forgot his lectures, his studies, and his fame in liis abandonment to the raptures of delight. Yet the attachment was an unhappy one for both ; Fulbert sepa- rated the lovers ; when Abelard betook himself to the residence of his aunt in Brittany, whither he was instantly fol- lowed iDy Heloise, and where she gavB birth to a son. Abelard would have married her secretly, but she disdained the restraints of wedlock, preferring her free attachment to him to a relation sanctioned and enforced by law. After a while, however, she reluctantly con- Bented to marry him, yet refused to con- fess the marriage in public. She even denied it under oath. Her uncle was so incensed at this conduct, that he treated her with great severity, to re- lease hei from which Abelard carried her away and placed her in the convent of Argenteuil. Baffled by this ma- noeuvre, Fulbert was so enraged that he had x\belard ignominiously mutilated, and thereby caused him, through sor- row and shame, to become a monk of St. Denis. When his mortification had somewhat subsided, he began to lecture again, but his enemies charged him with heterodoxy, and had him condemn- ed. He then erected an oratory, called the Paraclete, in the diocese of Troy es, but, being still pursued by bitter per- secutions, after a few years of vicissi- tude and desertion, died at the priory of St. Marcel. Heloise, then abbess of the Paraclete, did not desert him in death, but had his ashes removed to a place where, in a few years later, she was destined to sleep by his side. The remains of both were taken to Pere-la- Chaise, in 1817, by order of the nation. Abelard was a poet, an orator, a philos- ophc^r and a mathematician — in short, a man possessing the highest qualities of mind and heart — but, while his Avorks have mostly perished, his name is res- cued from oblivion by the story of his passion. The letters which passed be- tween him and Heloise have been made the foundation of many poems and novels. The best of these is the cele- brated version of Pope. B. 1079; d. 1142. ABELL, John, a musician who flour- ished at the court of Cliarles H. ABELLI, LO01S, bishop of Ehodes, and author of several theological works. B. 1604; d. 1691. ABERCEOMBIE, John, M. D., an eminent Scotch physician and author, was born at Aberdeen, Nov. 11, 1781. Having taken his degree at Edinburgh in 1803, he permanently fixed his resi- dence in the Scotch metropolis, where he soon gained the first ranK as a prac- tising and consulting physician. But the writings of Dr. Abercrombie con- tributed more to his fame than his skill as a physician. His purely professional works are meritorious, but'the most per- manent monuments to his memory are his " Inquiries concerning the Intel- lectual Powers, &c.," published 1830, and the " Philosophy of the Moral Feel- ings," published 1833. In these works he has brought all the medical facts ac- cumulated in the course of his extensive experience and research to bear on va- rious moral and metaphysical systems. To his wide range of acquirements he added a piety as genuine as it was un- assuming, and he will long be remem- CyCLOP-. 1772. ACHEli, N., a French judge; author of an " Abrcge des Hommes lllustres de Plutarque," 1807. ACHERI, Luc d', a Benedictine monk ; author of " Lives of the Saints," &c. B. at St. Quintin, in Picardy, 1609 ; d. at Paris, 1685. ACHILLES TATIUS, a native of Alexandria, who lived during the 3d century, and in his old age was con- verted" to Christianity, and became a bishop. He originally taught rhetoric in his native city, and wrote a " Treatise on the Sphere";" a "History of Great Men ;" and a romance, entitled " The Loves of Clitophon and Leucippe." ACHlLLINl, Alexander, a Bolog- nese physician, known by his publica- tions on anatomy and medicine, D. 1512. — John Philotheus, brother of the above, and author of a eulogistic poem. Entitled " Viridario." D. 1538. — Claude, a relation of the above, distinguished for his knowledge of medicine, theology, and jurisprudence. B. at Bologna, 1574; d. 1640. ACHMET I., emperor of Turkey, son and successor of Mahor. et III, B. 1588 ; d. 1617. — Achmet II. succeeded his bro- ther Solyman on the throne of Con- stantinople. D. 1695. — Achmet III., son of Mahomet IV., was placed on the throne by the heads of a taction Avhich had deposed his brother, Mustapha II. He was afterwards deposed, and his nephew, Mahomet V., exalted to the throne. D. in prison, 1736. ACIDALTUS, Valens, a German au- thor and critic. D. 1595. ACKERMANN, Conrad, a German comedian, and founder of the German theatre. D. 1771.— John Christian Got- lieb, an eminent physician and author. B. 1756; d. 1801. — Rudolph, an enter- prising tradesman, who went to En- gland and became a print-seller, where he published the " Forget Me Not," the first of a peculiar class of annual books. He improved the lithographic art, published several beautiful editions of histories, and was the first person who used gas-lights in London. B. at Schuceberg, in Saxony, 1764; d. 1884. ACKLAND, a British major in the American war. He was taken prisoner by Arnold, at Stillwater, Oct. 7, 1777. When released he returned to England, where he was shot in a duel by Lieut. Lloyd, to whom he had given the lie, when Lloyd charged the Americans with cowardice. Lady Harriett, his wife, lost her senses in consequence. ACKMAN, William, a Scotch por- trait painter, the first appreciator and friend of the poet Thomson. ACOLUTIIUS, Andrew, author of " De Aquis Amaris." 13. 1704. ACOSTA, Joseph, a Jesuit of Peru, who wrote a good history of the West Indies. D. 1600. ACQUAVIVA, Andrew Matthew, a learned Neapolitan, who published the first Encyclopaedia. B. 1456 3 d. 1528. ACRON, a Sicilian physician, who expelled the plague from Athens, by burning certain perfumes, about 473 ' ACROPOLITA, George, a B;s^zantine historian, learned in mathematics and skilled in rhetoric. B. 1220 ; d. 1282.— Constantine, son of the above, was grand chancellor of the empire. ACTON, Joseph, a Frenchman, who entered the navy of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, and rescued 4000 Spaniards from the Barbaiy corsairs. B. 1737 ; d. 1808. ACTUARIUS, a Greek physician, of the 13th century, who used water and mild cathartics as his principal remedies. Ada] ACUNA, Chbistopheb, a Jesuit mis- sionary, who wrote an account of the " Great Kiver of the Amazons." B. 1597. — Feknando de, a Spanish poet. D. *c Grenada, 1680. ADAIR, James, a recorder of Lon- ?on, member of parliament, and chief- lOfitice at Chester. D. 1798.— Another James, was a trader among the North- American Indians, in 1775, who wrote a book to prove them descended from the Jews. ADALARD, or ADELAED, a Ger- man divine and theological writer, the grandson of Charles Martel, and cousin- german of Charlemagne. He is most distinguished for the foundation of a distinct abbey, called New Corbie, as a seminary for the education of mission- aries, who were to be employed in the conversion of the northern nations. B. 753 ; d. 827. ADALBERT, archbishop of Prague, in the 10th century. He was one ot the first founders of the Christian religion in Hungary ; and also preached the gos- Eel in Prussia, and in Lithuania, where e was murdered by Sego, a pagan priest. ADAM, ScoTus, a doctor of the Sor- bonne, in the 12th century, and author of a life of David I. of Scotland. — Alex- ander, a learned Scotch schoohnaster, well known to the literary and scholastic world by his " Latin Lexicon," " Ro- man Antiquities," &c. B. 1741 ; d. 1809. — Lambert Sigisbert, an eminent French sculptor, many of whose works were executed for the decoration of Ver- sailles and St. Cloud. B. 1700 ; d. 1759. — Nicholas Sebastian, brother of the above, and eminent in the same pi'ofes- sion. He executed the admired statue of " Prometheus Chained." B. 1705 ; d. 1778. — Albert, a distinguished painter of battle-scenes, born at Nordlingen, in 1786, who went to Russia with Eugene Beauharnais in 1812, and afterwards produced many of the pictures in the gallery of the king of Bavaria. — Adol- PHus Charles, a musical composer of eminence, author of the " Postillion of Lonjumeau," and other operas. B. at Paris, 1804. — William, a lawyer and politician of Pitt's time, and one of the managers appointed by the commons to conduct the impeachment of Warren Hastings. B. 1751 ; d. 1839.— Melchior, a German divine and biographical au- thor of the 17th century. — Nicholas, a French grammarian; author of "The True Mode of acquiring a Language whether Living or Dead, by means of CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. the French," and other works of con- siderable ingenuity. B.1716; d. 1792.— Robert, F.R.S., and F.S.A. ; a celebra- ted architect, much employed upon the public buildings and noblemen^s man- sions of London. One of his works, ex- ecuted in conjunction with his bi'other, is the noble range of buildings called the " Adelphi," the name being the Greek word for " Brothers." He at one time represented the county of Kinross in parliament. B. at Kirkaldy, Fifeshire, 1728 ; d. 1792.— James, brother of the above, and his coadjutor in most of his labors. D. 1794.— Thomas, an English divine, and for 58 years the rector of Wintringhara, in Lincolnshire. B. at Leeds, 1701 ; d. 1784. ADAMANTEO, a learned Italian mathematician and orientalist; author of " Glossas et Interpretationes in Tal- mud Hebraorum." D. 1581. ADAMANTIUS, a Greek physician of the 5th century ; author of a popular work on physiognomy. ADAM:AiSrUS, abbot of Icolmkil, in the 8th century ; author of a life of St, Coluraba. AD AMI, Leonardo, an Italian schol- ar, eminent for his skill in the Greek and Oriental languages, and librarian to Cardinal Imperiali. B. 1690, at Bolsema, in Tuscany; d. 1719. ADAMS, John, the second president of the United States, and one of the most able men America has produced, was born at Braintree, Oct. 19, 1735. He was descended from Henry Adams, one of the original proprietors of the town of Braintree, who fled from En- gland with the Puritans, in the year 1630. Early in life he manifested great quickness of parts, and was educated in the best schools, and afterwards sent to Cambridge College. After he left college, he studied law with Col. James Putnam, at Worcester, instructing pu- pUs in the Latin and Greek languages at the same time, to defray the exj:>ense. Subsequently he entered the' office of Jeremiah Gridley. In 1761 he was admitted a barrister-at-law, and com- menced practice. The attempts of En- gland to coerce the colonies into obedi- ence, which had exasperated the colo- nials into most bitter indignation and hatred, were opposed by Mr. Adams from the outset, and on all the questions which arose between the two countries, he was on the side of the wronged and oppressed. Yet his was not a mere partisan zeal, but the just excitement of one who thought and felt earuestlj CrCLOP-SlDIA OF BIOGRAPflY. [ada and deei)ly. When, therefore, the re- sistance of the colonists broke out into open war, Adams was prepared to take an intelligent and an active i>art in their defence. In 1764 he married Abigail Smith, second daughter of William Smith, of Weymouth, and grand-daugh- ter of Col. Quincy, of Wollaston, a wo- man of fine personal appearance, good education, noble powers 'of mind, and the most patriotic devotion to the colo- nies. A year afterwards he published an Essay on Canon and Feudal Law, which was reprinted in England and much commended. In 1769 he was appointed chairman of the committee, appointed by the town of Boston, to draw up instructions to its represent- atives to resist British encroachments, at the very time the town was invested by an armed force both by sea and by land. In 1770 he was sent to the legis- lature, where he took a prominent part in every important measure. In 1774 he was one of the committee who pre- pared the celebrated resolutions on the Boston Port Bill. The same year he was elected to the first continental con- gress, held in Philadelpliia. From the outset he announced himself the friend of independence, and when, therefore, in 1775, the first blood was shed at Lex- ington and Concord, he was ready for war, and suggested the name of George Washington, as commander-in-chief. In 1776 he was appointed, 'with Jefibr- Bon, Franklin, Sherman, and Living- Bton, on the committee which reported the immortal " Declaration of Inde- pendence." In Nov. 1777, Mr. Adams was sent as commissioner to the court of Versailles, but treaties of commerce and alliance with France had been sign- ed before he arrived. Three months after his return he was again sent abroad, to negotiate a peace and a com- mercial treaty with Great Britain. He did not succeed in the former object till Jan. 14th, 1783. In 1785 he was appointed the first minister to England. Wnile in London, he wrote his " De- fence of the American Constitution." After his return he was elected first vice-president of the United States, and re-elected in 1793. He discharged the duties of the office till March 4th, 1797, when he was chosen president. His ad- ministration was a vigorous and im- portimt one, but not without embarrass- ments and opposition. In 1801 he was defeated by Jefferson, and retired to his Sirm at Quincy. He was chosen to one or two inconsiderable t>osts afterwards, and died on the 4th of July, 1826. His last words were, " It is the glorious 4th of July ! — God bless it — God bless you all !" He was a man of intrepid and honest character, great industry, a high order of talent, ahd the most elevated Christian sentiments. — Samuel, one of the foremost patriots of the American revolution, was born at Boston, Se}it. 27th, 1722. He was made a member of the legislature in 1766, where he con- tinued till 1774, when he was chosen to the first congress under the confedera- tion. He was a signer of the Declara- tion of Independence. In 1794 he was elected governor of Massachusetts, and held the" office three years. He died in 1803, universally respected as a man of the most exalted patriotism, and the most inflexible integrity.— John Quinct, son of John, and the sixth president of the United States, was born July 11th, 1767, at Quincy. The position of his father gave him great advantages of education, which he diligently employ- ed. He was abroad with his father before 1780. He studied law with The- ophilus Parsons, at Newburyport, and attracted attention by certain essays he published in the newspaper. Wash- ington appointed him minister to the Netherlands, in 1794, and afterwards minister to Portugal, when his father, who had become president, transferred him to Berlin. In 1802 he was elected to the senate of Massachusetts, and, in 1803, to the senate of the United States, In 1806, he was appointed professor of rhetoric in Harvard, and delivered a course of lectures on "The Art of Speaking Well," which was, also, pub- lished in a book form. In June, 1809, Madison appointed him minister to Russia. lie was employed as one of the commissioners who negotiated the Seace between the United States and Ingland, at Ghent, in 1814. Madison sent him as minister to Great Britain in 1815. President Monroe made him secretary of state in 1817. In 1825 he was chosen president by the house of representatives, no choice having been made by the people. In 1829 he re- tired to private life, but, in 1831, was chosen a representative to congress, where he remained till 1848, when he fell into a fit from which he died a few hours after. "This," he exclaimed as he fell, "is the last of earth." He was an eloquent and incorruptible man, of strong prejudices, but independent, earnest, and true. — John, a poet and preacher, of Newnoil. E. I., who d. in add] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHl. 9 1740. — Ma. thew, a tradesman of Bos- ton, who acquired some distinction as a writer in the time of Dr. Franklin. — Andrew, a chief-justice of Connecticut. D. 17"J7. — Sm Thomas, an eminent citi- zen of London, of which he was lord mayor in 1645. B. atWem, in Shrop- shire, 1586; d. 1667.— William, an En- glish divine of the 18th century ; author of an answer to Hume on the Miracles. I). 1789. — Joseph, an able English phy- sician, author of a treatise on epilepsy, and numerous other medical works of great merit. B. 1758 ; d. 1818.— George, a celebrated maker of mathematical in- struments: author of " Micographise Illustrata,'' and other scientific works. D. 1786. — George, son of the above, and of the same profession ; author of " An Essay on Vision," &c. B. 1750 ; d. 1795. ADAMSON, Patrick, a Scotch arch- bishop of the time of Queen Elizabeth, noted for his violent disputes with the Presbyters. B. 1586 ; d. 1599. ADAMUS, DoRENsus, an English ab- bot of the 13th century, who wrote on music. ADANSON, Michael, an eminent French naturalist, who suffered much during the French Eevolution. B. at Aix, 1727 ; d. 1806. ADDISON, Launcelot, an English Divine, attached to the Stuart family, by which he was made dean of Lichifield. B. 1632 ; d. 1703.— Joseph, one of the brightest names of English literature, was b. May 1st, 1672, at Milston, Wilt- shire, at wliich place his father was a rec- tor of the church. He was graduated at Queen's College, Oxford, Feb. 14, 1693, where he had already achieved consid- erable reputation in criticism and poetry, and particularly in Latin composition. In 1695 he wrote a Latin poem to King William, and in 1697 another on the peace of Kvswick. Two years after- wards he o"btained a pension of £300, that he might be enabled to travel. In Italy he wrote his *' Dialogue on Med- als," and also the Letter to Lord Hal- ifax, which is among the most elegant of his poems. A description of his "Travels," written after his return, gained great popularity. Lord Godol- phin, in 1704, made him under-secre- tarv of state, and subsequently, when Wharton was made lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Addison accompanied him, and was appointed keeper of the records hi Bermingham's Tower, at a salary of £300 per annum. It was while he was in Ireland that Sir Eichard Steele hegan the publication of the " Tatler." The first number of this periodical was published April 12, 1769, and Addison's first contribution appeared May 26. To the Tatler, in about two months, suc- ceeded the " Spectator," a series of es- says of the same kind, but written with less levity, upon a more regular plan._ and published daUy. The year 1713, ic which " Cato" came upon the stage, was the grand climacteric of Addison's rep- utation. The whole nation was, at that time, on fire with faction. The Whigs applauded every line in which liberty was mentioned, as a satire on the To- ries ; and the Tories echoed every clap, to show that the satire was unfelt. Another daily paper, called the " Guar- dian," was published about this time, by Steele, to which Addison gave great assistance. The papers of Addison are marked in the Spectator by one of the letters in the name of Clio, and in the Guardian by a hand. It was not known that Addison had tried a comedy on the sttige, till Steele, after his death, de- clared him the author of "The Drum- mer;" this play Steele carried to the theatre, and afterwards to the press, and sold the copy for fifty guineas. In the midst of these agreeable employments, Mr. Addison was not an indifferent spectator of public affairs. He wrote, as different exigencies required, in 1707, " The present State of the War, &c." " The Whig Examiner •" and tl^ " Trial of Count Tariff",'' "11 which tracfs, being on temporary topics, expired with the subjects which gave them birth. When the house of Hanover took possession of the throne, it was reasonaole to ex- pect that the zeal of Addison would be suitably rewarded. Before the arrival of King George he was made secretary to the regency, and was required by his office to send notice to Hanover that the queen was dead, and that the throne was vacant. To do this would not have been difficult to any man but Addi- son, who was so overwhelmed with the greatness of the event, and so dis tracted by choice of expressions, that the loi'ds, who could not wait for the niceties of criticism, called Mr. South- well, a clerk in the house, and ordered him to dispatch the message. South- well readily told what was necessaiy, in the common style of business, and val- ued himself upon having done what was too hard for Addison. He was better qualified for the " Freeholder," a paper which he published twice a week, from Dec. 23, 1715, to the middle of the next year. This was undertaken in defence 10 CYCLOr.^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ado of the established government, some- times with argument, sometimes with mirth. In argument he had many equals, but his humor was singular and match- less. On the 2d of August, 1716, he mar- ried the countess dowager of Warwick, whom he is said to have first known by becoming tutor to her son. This mar- riage, however, made no addition to his happiness; it neither found them nor made them equal. She always remem- bered her own rank, and thought herself entitled to treat with very little ceremo- ny, the tutor of her son. The year after, 1717, he rose to his highest elevation, being made secretary of state ; but it is universally confessed that he was une- qual to the duties of his place. In the house of commons he could not speak, and therefore was useless to the defence of the government. In the office he could not issue an order without losing his time in quest of fine expressions. What he gained in rank he lost in credit ; and, finding himself unequal to the position, he solicited a dismission with a pension of £1500 a year. lie subsequently wrote a Defence of the Cln-istian Keligion, and d. June 17th, 1719. ADELAIDE, Madame, mother of Louis XVI. of France ; fled from Paris during the Revolution, and d. in Kus- Bia, in 1799. ADELAIDE, queen dowager, wife of William''lV. of England. D. 1850. ADELARD, a monk of Bath in the 12th century; a man of considerable learning. lie travelled into Egypt and Arabia, and translated Euclitl's Ele- ments out of Arabic into Latin, before any Greek copies had been discovered. He also wrote several treatises on math- ematical and medical subjects, which re- main in MS. at Oxford. ADELBOLD, bishop of Utrecht, the cathedral of which he founded. He wrote the life of his patron, the emperor Henry II. D. 1027. ADELER, CuBTius, named also Ser- visen, an eminent naval commander. B. in Norway, 1622. He went to Venice, where he was made admiral ; and, after performing many gallant exploits against the Turks, retired to Constantinople, where he ended his days in honor and tranquillity, being made admiral-in- chief of the Danish fleet, and created a noble. He d. in 1675. ADELHER, or ADELGER, a scho- lastic philosopher and theologian of the 12th century, who is only remarkable for his mode of conciliatino: the divine prescience with free will. See his " Dc Libero Arbitrio." He was a canon ol Liege, and then monk of Cluny. ADELUNG, John Christopher, a German philologist of great merit; chiefly celebrated for his " Gratnmatical and Critical Dictionary," 5 vols. 4rto. B. 1734 ; d. 1806.— Frederick, his neph- ew, an historian ffnd linguist; president of the Asiatic Society at'St. Petersburg. His writings were numerous and valu- able, relating chiefly to language and arts. B. 1768. ADEMAR, a monk of the 10th centu- ry, who wrote the chronicles of France, published by Labbe. ADER, William, a physician of Toulouse, who wrote a book in 1621, entitled, " De iEgrotis et Morbis Evan- gelieis ;" in which he proves that the diseases healed hj our Saviour were in- curable by medicine. ADET, P. A., envoy from France to the United States, in 1796 ; author of several chemical works, original and translated, and of a design' for new chemical characters and nomenclature. ADHAD-EDDOULAT, emperor of Persia. B. about 935. In 977 he became master of Bagdad, which he adorned with hospitals, mosques, and other pub- lic works. He was also a great encour- ager of learning. 1). 932. ADHELME, a learned prelate, under the Saxon Heptarchy, and nephew to King Ina. He was the first Englishn.an who wrote in Latin, the first who brought poetry into Britain, and the first bishop of Sherborne. D. Y69. ADLER, James George, a learned Danish orientalist, b. in 1756 ; author of " Museum Cuficum," some works on the Jewish language, laws, and rites, and several philological publications. — Philip, a German engraver of the 16th century, whose style of etching appears to have founded a school which gave rise to the Hopfers and Hollar. D. 1530. ADLERFELDT, Gustavus, a Swedish historian in the time of Charles XII., whom he accompanied throughout his campaigns, of which he wrote an ac- count, continued up to the day when a cannon-ball deprived him of life, at the battle of Pidtowa, in 1709. ADLZREITER, John, a German his- torian, and chancellor of Bavaria. D, about 1662. ADO, archbishop of Vienne, distin- guished by his piety, and as an histo- rian. D. 875. ADOLFATI, an Italian composer an.l autlior of severil operas. ADOLPIIUS, emperor of Germiuiy. aegJ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. 11 was the count of Naasati, and elevated to the impel ial throne in 1292. — Adol- puiTs, count of Cleves, celebrated by the institution of the Order r>f Fools, in 1380, which ?onsisted of the principal noblemen of Cleves. — FrederioIL, kin^ of Sweden, b. in 1710, and succeeded his father, Frederick, in 1751. D. 1771. — JoHX, a well-known barrister and his- torian of London, who wrote histories of Georcre III., of England, of the French Revolution, and a memoir of Bannister, the comedian. ADRETS, Francis de Beaumont, Ba- ron des, an Hungarian leader, of a cruel, fiery, and enterprising spirit. Resent- ment to the Dulce of Guise led him to side with the Huguenot party in 1562; and he signalized himself by many able and daring exploits, the skill and bra- very of which were soiled with the most detestable cruelty. D. 1587. ADRl A, John James, a Sicilian writer, and physician-general to Charles V. D. 1560. ADRIAM, Marie, a female, who, at the age of 16, fought valiantly during the whole time that her native town, Lyons, was besieged, in 1793. After the engagement she was arrested, and being asked how she had dared to use arms, she replied, "I used them to serve n.y country, and deliver it from its oppressors." She was instantly con- demned and executed. ADRIAN, or HADRIAN, Pcbliits ^Lius, the Roman emperor. B. a, d. 76. He married Sabina, the heiress of Tra- jan, whom he accompanied in his expe- ditions, and became successively praator, governor of Pannonia, and consul. On the death of Trajan, in 117, he assumed the government, made peace with the Persians, and remitted the debts of the Roman people. In 120 he visited Gaul, and thence passed over to Britain, where he built a wall, 80 miles in length, from the mouth of the Tyne to Solway Frith, to secure the Roman provinces from the incursions of the Caledonians. He next travelled into Africa and Asia, and, on his return, was initiated into the Eleu- sinian mysteries at Athens. In his reign the 'Christians suffered a dreadful persecution ; he built a temple to Jupi- ter on Mount Calvary, and d. at Baiae, 138. — There are several popes of that name. — Adrian I., a Roman, raised to he papal chair, and was a patron of arch- tecture ; embellished St. Peter's, rebuilt the walls of Rome, and restored the ancient aqueducts. D. 795. — Adrian n. succeeded to the pontificate in 867, was designing and ambitious, and d. 872. — Adrian III. was chosen in 884, and d. the next year. — Adrian IV. was an Englishman — the only one who ever became pope — named Breakspcar ; in his youth extremely poor, but in 1146 made a cardinal by Eugenius III. He was then sent as legate into Denmark, and in 1154 chosen pope. He issued a celebrated bull in favor of Henry II. of England, sanctioning the conquest of Ireland, and in 1155 excommunicated the king of Sicily, for ravaging the ter- ritories of the church. When the ar- mies of Frederick entered Italy, Adrian compelled him to make peace, and after- wards crowned him king of the Romans. D. 1159. — Adrian V. was a Genoese, who held the pontificate only a month, in 1276. — Ai>RiAN VI. was a native of Utrecht, of mean parentage, but who gradually rose from one ecclesiastical office to another, till he was made pope / in 1522. He attempted to reform the papal court, and opposed classical learn- ing, but his eiforts were frustrated by the cardinals. His attempts to excite Zuinglius and Erasmus against Luther, were also without success. D. 1525. — ■ Adrian de Costello, a Tuscan of great learning and ability, who received the bishoprics of Hereford, Bath, and Wells from Henry VII. He sold them to Car- dinal Wolsey, and retired to Italy, where he lived in great splendor out o.f the revenues. A prophecy that an Adrian should succeea Pope Leo X., betrayed him into a conspiracy, which being dis- covered, led to his banishment. What became of him was never known. ADRIANI, Marcel Virgil, a chan- cellor of Florence, who translated Dios- corides out of Greek into Latin. B. 1464 ; d. 1521. — John Baptist, secretary of the republic of Florence, who wrote a his- tory of his own times. E. 1513 ; d. 1579. — Marcel, his son, was also the author of some works as profe-isor in the Acad- emy at Florence. D. 1604. ADRIANO, a Carmelite friar, who was also a pai-nter in Spain. D. 1650. ADRICHOMIUS, Christian, a Dutch geographer and historian. B. 1533 ; d. 158-5. ADRY, J. F., a French professor of rhetoric, and author of several works, chiefly histories. B. 1749 ; d. 1818. JEDESIA, a female philosopher of the modern Platonic school, wife of Hermias, and mother of Ammonius, She was celebrated for her beauty and virtue, as well as her devotion to philosophy. •jEGIDIUS, Colonna, a Romasi raonk, 12 CYCLOPJEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [aeh distinguished as the scholastic preceptor to Philip III. of France. He Avi-ote sev- eral able metaphysical works, such as "Tractatu de Esse et Essentia," and " Quodlibeta." D. 1316.— Pkteb, a law- yer of Antwerp, educated by Erasmus, flnd the friend of Sir Thomas More. B. 1486; d. 1533. ^GINETA, Paulus, a medical author, who first noticed the cathartic virtues of rhubarb. D. 630. ^^GINHARD, a German, secretary to Charlemagne, who wrote the annals of his reign from 741 to 889 ; famous, too, for a singular love adventure with the princess Imma, daughter^ of Charle- magne ; who, carrying him across a court-yard from her chamber, to pre- vent the traces of his footsteps in the snow, was observed by tjie emperor, who generously agreed to their iinion. jELFRlC, son of an earl of Kentj and archbishop of Canterbury in the middle of the lOtn century, was a luminary for the age in which he lived. He became a monk of the Benedictine order at Abingdon, under the abbot Athelwold, who, on his promotion to the see of "Winchester, took ^Ifric with him to in- struct youth in his cathedral. Here he drew up his " Latin Saxon Vocabulary," which was published at Oxford in 1659. He also translated from the Latin into the Saxon language most of the histori- cal books of the Old Testament, as well as " Canons for the Regulation of the Clergy, " which are inserted in Spelman's Councils.. He subsequently became ab- bot of iM. Alban's, and composed a liturgy for the service of his abbey, which was used in Leland's time. In 989, he was created bishop of Wilton : and, in 994, was translated to the see of Canterbury. D. 1005. -iELIAN, Claudius, an historian and rhetorician, was born in Italy, in 160. He was surnamf-d Honeytongue, on ac- count of the sweetness of his style. ^LIANUS, M'eccius, a Greek phy- sician of the second century, and the master of Galen, who mentions him in terms of high praif>e. He was the first who made use of th e theriaca as a rem- edy and preservative against the plague. !iELTUS, Sextus Pctetus Catus, a Ro- man lawyer who was naade consul at the close of the second Pui \ic war. He pub- lished a collection, ent/tled ''Novella," which were called, after him, the ^Elian laws ; and was author o^" " Tripartite," the oldest treatise on jurisprudence now known. -«^LST. EvEKHAKD VAN, a Putc.h paint- er. B. at Delft in 1602; d. 1658. He Avas fimious for his skill in painting fruit pieces and dead game. — Wllliam, his nephew, also distinguished himself as a painter. D. 1679. ^AlILIANI, St. Jekome, a Venetian nobleman, who, being taken prisoner in his youth, made a vow that, on his re- lease, he would devote his life to the care of orphans. In pursuance of this pledj^e, he laid the foundation of a hospital and religious order, the object of which was to instruct young persons, and particularly orphans, in religion. D. 1537. ^MILIUS, Paulus, an illustrious Ro- man general, the son of Paulus ^milius, the consul, who fell at Cannoe, was b. about 228 b. c. He greatly enriched his country by the spoil taken in his war- fare whh Perses, king of Macedon, whom he took prisoner to Rome, which was so great, that it freed the Romans from taxes for 125 years. — Paulus, an historian of great celebrity, b. at Verona, D. 1529. ^NEAS, or iENGUS, an Irish abbot or bishop of the 8th century, who com- piled a curious account of Irish saints in five books, and also wrote the history of the Old Testament in verse. D. 820.— Gazeus, a Platonic philosopher, who em- braced Christianity in the 5th century, and wrote a book on the Immortality of the Soul, &c. — Tacticus, an ancient Greek writer, who flourished about 360 B. c. He is one of the oldest authors on the art of war. ^PINUS, JoHX, a Franciscan friar, who became a zealous and able follower of Luther, and pastor of the church of St. Peter, at Hamburgh. B. 1499; d. 1553. ^RSENS, Peter, called by the Italians Pietro Longo, from his tallness, a cele- brated painter, b. at Amsterdam in 1519. He excelled very particularly in pfiint- ing kitchens : but an altar-piece of his, being a crucifix representing an execu- tioner breaking with an iron bar the legs of the thieves, was prodigiously admired. This noble piece was destroyed by the rabble in the time of the insurrection, 1566. He afterwards complained of this to the populace in terms of such sever- ity, that more than once they were going to murder him. D. 1585. AERTGEN, a painter of merit. B. at Leyden in 1498. It was a custom with this painter never to work on Mondays, but to devote that day with his disciples to the bottle. He used to stroll about the streets in the night, playing on the afrJ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 13 German flute ; and in one of those frolics was drowned in 1564. JESCHINES, a pliilosoplier of Athens, in the 4th century, b. c. He obtain- ed instruction from Socrates, by whom he was much esteemed. — JiIschines, a celebrated orator, b. at Athens 327 b. c, and d. at Samos, aged 75. He was a co- teinporary and rival of Demosthenes. JiSCHYLUS, one of the most famous trajjic writers of Greece, was born at Athens about 500 years b. c. His mind very early received an impulse from the Doetry of Homer • and, before his 25th year, he composed pieces for public rep- resentation. So great "v^as his fertility, that he wrote 70 tragedies, of which 25 gained the prize. He may be called the father of the Grecian stage, and has never been surpassed, unless by Shak- speare. J^^lian relates that when he was once charged by the Athenians with uttering blasphemies, and condemned to be stoned to death, they were just going to put the sentence in execution, when Aminias, with a happy presence of mind, throwing aside his cloak, showed his arm without a hand, which he had lost at the battle of Salamis in defence of his country. This sight made such an hnpression on the judges, that, touched with the remembrance or his valor, and the friendship lie showed for his brother, they pardoned J])schy- lus. After having lived some years at Gela, we are told that he died of a frac- ture of his skull, caused bv an eagle's letting fall a tortoise on his head, in the 69th year of his age. vESOP, the Phrygian, lived in the time of Solon, about the 50th Olympiad, under the reign of Croesus, the last King of Lydia. St. Jerome, speaking of him, Bays, he was unfortunate in his birth, condition, and death, hinting thereby at his deformity, servile state, and tra- gical end. His great genius, however, enabled him to support his misfortunes ; and, in order to alleviate the hardships of servitude, he composed those enter- taining and instructive fables which have acquired him so much reputation ; and he is generally supposed to have been the inventor of that kind of wri- ting. Having had several masters, for he was born a slave, ^sop at length came under a philosopher named Xan- thus, and it was in his service that he first displayed his genius for fable. He was afterwards sold to Idmon, or lad- mon, the philosopher, who enfranchised him. After he had recovered his lib- erty, he soon acquired a great reputa- tion amon^ the Greeks ; bO that, accord- ing to Meziriac, the report of his wisdom having reached Crcesus, this kin^ sent to inquire after him, and engaged him in his service. He travelled through Greece, according to the same author; but whether for his own pleasure, or upon the alfairs of Croesus, is uncertain. Passing by Athens soon after Pisistra- tus had usurped the sovereign power, and finding that the Athenians bore the yoke very impatiently, he told them the fable of the frogs who petitioned Jupiter for a king. Some relate, that in order to show that the life of man is full of miseries, ^sop used to say, that when Prometheus took the clay to form man he tempered it with tears. iEsop was put to death at Delphi. The inhabitants of Delphi contrived an accusation of sacrilege against him, and, pretending that they had convicted him, threw him headlong from a rock. They afterwards endeavored to make an atonement by raising a pyramid to his honor. — Clo- Dius, a celebrated actor, who flourished about the 670th year of Rome. He and Roscius were cotemporaries, and both friends of Cicero. He left a fortune of £160,000. -^TION, a Grecian painter of Alex- ander's time. JETIUS, a famous Eoman general under Valentinian HI. — Also, a phy- sician of Mesopotamia, who was the first Christian physician whose writings have come down to us. AFER, DoMiTius, a great orator, con- sul under Caligula. AFFLITTO, Matthew, an Italiaii lawyer and writer on law, who died in 1673. AFFRY, Louis Augustine Philip, a Swiss statesman and commander, who bore a prominent part from the com- mencement of the French revolution till his death, in 1810. AFRANIA, of Ferrara, inventor of the bassoon, in the 16th century. AFRANIUS, a Latin dramatist, who flourished 100 b. c. — A Roman senator, Avho wrote a satire on Nero, for which he was put to death. AFRICANUS, Julius, a Christian historian, of 221. AFRICANER, Christian, a Nama- qua chief of South Africa, who, after a long career of violence and bloodshed, was converted to Christianity, and con- tinued to aid the operations of the mis- sionaries at the Cape of Good Hope till his death in 1823. An interesting ac- count of his life and adventures wiU be T4 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY [agi found in Moffat's "Missionary Labors and Scenes in Southern Africa." AFZELIUS, AuAM, the hist pupil of Linnteas, a linsruist and botanist of the university of Upsal. — John and Peter, bis brothers, are professors at the same place, the one of chemistry, the otlier of medicine. — Anurus Eric, a near relative, is teaaher in the faculty of law, at Abo. — Arvid Augustus, a clergyman of Enkopin. 1802. AITZEMA, Leo, of Friesland, wrote a history of the United Provinces. B- 1600; d. 1669. AKALIA, Maktin, physician to Henry III., and author of several medical books. B. 1479; d. 1588. AKBAH, a celebrated Saracen, who conquered the whole of Africa. AKBERj Mohammed, a descendant of Tamerlane, and sultan of the Moguls, who ascended the throne when he was only 14, and became distinguished as a great conqueror, but a wise and clement monarch. AKENSIDE, Mark, a physician of note, but more distinguished as a poet. He was b. at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in 1721, and educated at Edmburgh and Ley den. When only 23 years of age he wrote a poem on the *" Pleasures of Imagination," which gave him a poetical fame which has lasted to the present day. He also wrote several odes, a satire, and some medical books, all of more or less merit. D. 1770. AKERLAD, John David, a Swede, distinguished as an orientalist and anti- quary. D. 1819. AKIBA, a Jewish rabbi, of literary taste, who joined Barcochebas, a pre- tended Messiah, and was flayed alive, at the age of 120, by the emperor Ha- drian. ALABASTER, William, an English divine, author of a Latin tragedy called Roxana, and a pentaglot dictionary. D. 1640. ALAIN, Chartier, author of the " Chronicles of Charles VII.," and other French works, in the 14th century.— De Lisle, surnamed the Universal Doo- Ujv, because of his learning. D. 1294. ALAMANNI, Louis, a Florentine poet and statesman, distinguished for liis love of philosophy and Greek lite- rature. B. 1496 ; d. 1556. Two others of the same name are known in the lit- erary world. ALAN, William, sometimes called Alleyn, an eminent Catholic divine. B. in 1580. He was educated at Oxford, but changed his religion, and became archbishop of Mechlin and a cardinal. It was at his suggestion that Philip II. undertook the invasion of England. He was supposed to have been poisoned in 1594. ALAND, Sir John Fortesctje, (Lord Fortescue,) a baron of the exchequer, and a puisne judsre of the courts of King's Bench and Common Pleas, in the reigns of George I. and II., was descend- ed from the famous Sir John Fortescue ; was b. in 1670 ; was an able lawyer, and well versed in Saxon literature ; lived in habits of intimacy with Pope, and the other •\\its of the day; and wrote the AtBJ legal burlesque of "Stradling versus Styles." ALAKD, Francis, a native of Brus- sels, was bred in the Koman church ; out, meetincf with the works of Lutlier, he turned Protestant, and escaped to Witteniberg. After some time he re- turned to Brussels, and d. in 1578. — William, son of the above, became rec- tor of the college of Krempen. D. 1644. — Lambert, son of the last named, com- piled a Greek Lexicon, wrote some the- ological works and Latin poems, and was inspector of the public schools of Brunswick. D. 1672. ALARIC L, king of the Visigoths, and conqueror of Rome, was descended from a noble family, and for some years served in the imperial armies ; but, be- ing refused preferment, he revolted against Areadius, and desolated many of the provinces, sparing neither age noV sex. In the year 400, being then the acknowledged sovereign of the Visi- goths, he invaded Italy, and carried off Tmmense plunder. In 402, he made a second irruption, but was defeated by 8tilicho, and compelled to sue for peace. After this, he was employed in the ser- vice of tlie emperor Ilouorius, but soon violated his engagements, and again entered the Roman territory, and laid siege to the capital. His terms were complied with, and he retired into Tus- cany ; but, being joined by his brother, Ataulphus, he returned again to Rome, which he sacked in 410. After ravaging Italy, he sailed for Sicily, where, after taking the city of Cosenza, he d. 410. — Alario it., king of the Visigoths, suc- ceeded his father Euric in 484, and reigned over all the country between the Rhone and the Garonne. He adapted to his states the Theodosian collection of laws, and published it as the law of the Visigoths, since known 'by the title of the code of Alaric. He was slain in a battle by Clovis, king of the Franks, 507. ALASCO, John, uncle to Sigismund, king of Poland, was in great esteem with most of the learned men of his day, and enjoyed the friendship of many of them, particularly Erasmus and Zuinglius, through whom he became a convert to the Protestant faith ; to which he was so zealourt'.y devoted as to obtain the title of the Reformer of Poland. B. 1499 ; d. at Frankfort, 1560. ALBAN, St., celebrated as the first Christian martyr in Great Britain, was b. at Verulara, near St. Alban's, Hert- •♦brdshire, in the 3d century. D. 303. CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 19 ALBANEZE, an Italian musician of great repute. D. 1800. ALBANI, Alexander, a cardinal and virtuoso. In 1762, his collection of drawings and engravings, consisting of 300 volumes, was purchased by George III. for 14,000 crowns. B. 1692 ; d. 1779. —John Francis, nepliew of the above, in 1747 was made a cardinal, which was followed by numerous preferments. He opposed the suppression of the Jesuits. He imitated his uncle in his encourage- ment of letters ; but the French, when they entered Rome, confiscated his es- tates, and his valuable collection was sent off to Paris. B. 1720 ; d. 1802.— Louisa Maria Caboline, countess of, married Charles Stuart, " the Pretend- er." She was cousin of the last reigning prince of Stolberg-Gedern ; married in 1772, when she took the title of countess of Albaiii ; but to escape from the bar- barity of her husband, who lived in a continual state of intoxication, she re- tired in 1780 to a cloister. B. 1752 ; d. 1824. — John Jerome, a civilian and the- ological writer, b. at Bergamo in 1504, arrived at the dignity of a cardinal in 1570, and d. in 1591. ALBANO, Francisco, a celebrated painter. B. at Bologna, 1578, and d. 1660. Albano excelled in delmeating feminine and infantine beauty ; and his pictures are exceedingly valuable. — Giovanni Baptista, younger brother of the above, was also a painter, and chiefly excelled in landscape. ALBATEGNI, an Arabian chieftain and astronomer. He lived in the 9th century, and wrote a work entitled "The Science of the Stars." ALBERGATI, Capacelli, a Bolog- nese marquis, dramatic writer and ac- tor, and called the Garrick of Italy. D. 1802. ALBERIC, a monkish historian of the 13th century, who compiled a Chronicle of Universal History up to 1241. ALBERONI, GiuLio, a cardinal, and minister of the kin^ of Spain, was the son of a gardener ; but being possessed of uncommon talents, and with a dispo- sition suited to the intriguing policy of the court, he obtained patronage, and rapidly reached the highest office' in the state. By his ability and activity he created a naval force, reorganized the army, and rendered Spain more power- ful^ than it had been since the time of Philip II. ; but he was eventually foiled by the combined efforts of England and France, who made his dismissal from the councils of the Spanish monarch the 20 OTCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [alb chief condition of peace. B. 1664; d. 1752. ALBERT, Erasmus, a learned Ger- man divine of the 16th century, who composed a Latin work called " The Koran of the Cordeliers." D. 1551.— ALBiiRT of Aix, or Alburtus Aquensis, a canon of Aix-la-Chapelle in the 12th century. He wrote in Latin what ia esteemed an accurate " Hi.«*tory of the Expedition to Jerusalem, under Godfrey of Bulloyn, and other Leaders," re- printed in 1662. — Louis Joseph d', son of Louis Charles, duke de Luynes. B. in 1672, and d. 1758. He distinguished himself in several battles, for which he was appointed field-marshal by the emperor Charles VIL, who sent him amoassador to France, and created him prince of Grimberghen, — Albert, of Stade, a monk of the 13th century, who wrote a " Chronicle from the Creation to 1256." — Albert, of Strasburg, the com- piler of a «' Chronicle from 1273 to 1378." — Henry Christian, a professor of the English language at the university of Hale, Germany. D. in 1800.— Albert L, emperor and duke of Austria, surnamed the Triumphant, was son of tne emperor Eodolph of Hapsburg, and a competitor for the imperial crown with Adolphus of Nassau, whom he defeated and killed in battle. B. 1248 ; d. by assassination, 1808. — Albert II., emperor and duke of Austria, was son of Albert the fourth duke of Austria, and succeeded to the kingdom of Hungary and Bohemia on the death of Sigismund, whose daugh- ter he had married, D. 1429. — Albert, archduke of Austria, son of Maximilian II., was b. 1559. He was at first des- tined for the church, and, when very young, was created cardinal and arch- bishop of Toledo. In 1598, Philip II. of Spain contracted his daughter Isabel- la to Albert, who thereupon renounced his cardinal ate and ecclesiastical charac- ter. The Netherlands, and the prov- inces of Burgundy and Charleroi, were her portion, and they were henceforth considered as joint sovereigns of those countries. D. 1621. — Jane d\ daugh- ter of Margaret, queen of Navarre, and the mother of Henry IV. of France. D. 1572. — Albert, king of Sweden, was elected to the throne on the deposition of Ma3. ALLAINE, DE LA Courtiere, J., a French author. B. 1750. ALLAIS, Denus Vairasse, a French author of the 17th century. ALLAN, David, a Scotch painter, born at Edinburgh. B. 1744 ; d. 1796. He was called the Scottish Hogarth. — George, son of David, a literary man, who was elected to parliament for the city of Durham. B. 1768 ; d. 1828.— George, an attorney and antiquary. D. 1800. — Sir William, an eminent histor- ical painter, was born at Edinburgh in 1782. Of humble parentage, he at an early age evinced a decided predilection for art ; and, when still a young man, he pursued his favorite study with equal enterprise and ability, visiting Morocco, Greece, and Spain, and pene- trating the remote and semi-barbarous territories of Russia and Turkey, that he might familiarize himself with the rude and picturesque aspects there pre- sented. " The Polish Captives," "The Slave Market at Constantinople," and various kindred subjects, testify to his skill in this department of art ; but he did much also to illustrate the historic lore of his own land, as his vivid repre- sentation of Mary and of Rizzio, the murder of Archbishop Sharpe, and the Battle of Waterloo, amply testify. He was an old and attached friend of Sir Walter Scott; and his amiable, unas- suming manners, and his vast fund of anecdote, procured him general love and esteem. In 1841 he succeeded Sir D. Wilkie as president of the Royal Scottish Academy, and was soon after- wards knighted. D. 1850. ALLARiD, Guy, a French writer on geological history. D. at Dauphiny, 1716. — Jean Francoise, a French gen- eral officer, distinguished during the emperorship of Napoleon, who after- guards entered the Egyptian and Per- sian service, and finally became an aid of Runjeet-Singh. B. 1785 ; d. 1839. ALLATIUS, Leo, a native of the island of Scio, who studied belles lettres and the languages at Rome. After visiting Naples and his native country, he returned to Rome, where he applied himself to physic, in which he took a degree, but literature was his favorite Eursuit, and as his erudition was great, e distinguished himself as a teacher in the Greek college at Rome. He was af- terwards employed by Pope Gregory XV. to remove the elector palatine's library from Germany to the Vatican, in reward for which service, though for a while neglected, he was appointed li- brarian. Thougli bred and employed among ecclesiastics, he never entered into orders because, as he told the pope, he wished to retain the privilege of marrying if he pleased. His publica- tions were numerous but chiefly on di- vinity, and, though full of learning and good sense, remarkable for unnecessary digressions. In the controversy of the gentlemen of the Port Royal with iaude concerning the eucharist, he greatly assisted the former, for which e was severely abused by their bold antagonist. It is said by Joannes Pa- tricius that he wrote Greek for forty years with the same pen, and that when he lost it, he expressed his concern even to the shedding of tears. D. at Rome, in his 88d year, 1669. ALLEGR^IN, Christopher Gabriel, a French sculptor. D. 1795. ALLEGRI, Alexander, an Italian satirical poet, who flourished at Flor- ence at the end of the 16th century. — Gregorio, an eminent composer, whose works are still used in the pope's chapel at Rome. His "Miserere" is always used on Good Friday, and is much ad- mired. Cleinent XIV. sent a copy of this beautiful composition to George III. in 1773. To his extraordinary merit as a composer of church music, he is said to have joined a devout and benevo- lent disposition, and an excellent moral character. His famous Miserere was at one time thought so sacred, tliat it was forbidden to be copied on pain of ex- communication. But Mozart disregard- ed the injunction, and it has since been published. B. at Rome, 1590 ; d. 1652. ALLEIN, Joseph, a non-conformist minister, who wrote the celebrated " Alarm to Unconverted Sinners," which has been so frequently repub- lished. B. at Devizes, 1623 ; d. 1688. ALLEN, Ethan, one of the most dis- tinguished of the generals of the Amer- ican revolution. He was born at Salis- bury, Connecticut, and educated in Vermont. He early took a part with the " Green Mountain Boys," against the royal authorities. In 1775, soo;: all] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. SI after the battle of Lexington, at the re- quest of the legislature of Connecticut, he raised a body of 230 men, and as- saulted and took the fortress of Ticon- deroga. As he approached De La Place, the commander, he demanded its sur- render "in the name of Jehovah and the continental congress." The same year, he was taken prisoner in an at- tempt to reduce Montreal. He was sent to England and, after being cruelly maltreated on the voyage, was confined in Pendennis castle, near Falmouth. He was next returned to Halifax and then imprisoned five months in New York. In 1778 he was exchanged for Col. Campbell and returned to Ver- mont, where he was welcomed with great joy. Allen was a man of strong mind, earnest and eccentric character, devoted patriotism, and audacious bra- verv. He published, besides a narrative of his captivity, a " Vindication of the Colonies," and a work on theology. B. 1748; d. 1789.— Ira, a brother. of Ethan, was the first secretaiy of Ver- mont. He took an active part in the war on the lakes in 1775, was a com- missioner to congress, became agent of the state, in Europe, for the purchase of arms, was captured and imprisoned in England, and afterwards in France ; but after tedious litigation was released. B. 1752 ; d. 1814:.-^There were seven brothers of this family, all more or less distinguished in the colonial annals. — John, a chancellor of Ireland, who was basely assassinated by the earl of KU.- dare in 1534.— John, first minister of Dedham, Massachusetts. B. 1590. — Thomas, an eminent scholar and mathe- matician of Elizabeth's time. B. 1642 ; d. 1632. — Thomas, an antiquarian and historical writer, who compiled the " History and Antiquities of London," etc. B. 1803 ; d. 1833.— Matthew, one of the first settlers of Connecticut, in 1692. — William, chief-justice of Penn- sylvania, an early ffiend to Benjamin West, and an acquaintance of Frank- lin. D. 1780. — Solomon, a major in the revolutionary war, who, after the seizure of Andre, conducted him to West Point. He was also concerned in quelling Shay's insurrection, and after- wards became a successful preacher. — James, an eccentric poet of Boston. B. 1739; d. 1808. — William Henry, a naval officer of the U. S. who was en- gaged during the war of 1812, and was killed in an action between the Argus and the Pelican in the British Channel. B. 1784; d. 1813.— Paul, a poet and legislator of Ehode Island, who wrote for the Port Folio and United States Gazette. B. 1775; d. 1826. ALLEESTAIN, a German Jesuit and astronomer, who died as a missionary in China, in 1778. ALLERTON, Isaac, one of the first settlers of Plymouth, who came over iu the Mavflower. ALL'ESTEY, Eichakd, an English divine. B. 1619 ; d. 1680. ALLEY, bishop of Exeter tinder Elizabeth. D. 1570. ALLEYN, Edward, an English actor in the reigns of Elizabeth and James L, but principally known as the founder of Dulwich college, was born at St. Bo- tolph, London, Sept. 1, 1566. He was one of the original actors in Shak- speare's plays, and his popularity pro- cured him not only friends, but opu- lence. He built at his own expense the Fortune playhouse, Moorfields, and still added to his income by being keeper of the king's wild beasts, with a salary of £500 per annum. His erection of Dul- wich college is attributed to a supersti- tious cause. Whilst with six others he was acting the part of a demon in one of Shakspeare's plays, he is said to have been terrified by the real appear- ance of the devU, and the power or the imagination was so great that he made a solemn vow to build the college, which, in 1614, was begun under the direction of Inigo Jones, and in three years finished at the expense of £10,000. This noble edifice, destined to atford an asylum to indigence and infirmity, was solemnly appropriated on the 13th Sept. 1619, to the humane purposes of tne founder, who appointed himself its first master. The original endowment was £800 per annum, for the maintenance of one master, one warden, always to be unmarried and of the name of Alleyn, four fellows, three of whom are in or- ders, and the fourth an organist, besides six poor men, and six women, and twelve boys to be educated till the age of fourteen or sixteen, and then to be apprenticed. D. 1626, ALLIONI, Charles, a celebrated phy- sician, writer, and professor of botany in the university of Turin. B. 1725 ; d. 1804. ALLIX, Peter, a learned divine, b. at AlenQon, in France, 1644, minister of the Eeformed Church at Eouen and Charenton, who went to England, was created D.D. at Oxford, and made treas- urer of the church at Salisbury. D. in London, 1717. CrCLOP-fiDIA OF BIOGRAPHlY. [alm ALLOISI, Balihazab, a Bolognese Historical and portrait painter, wlio ob- tained the name of Galanino. D. 1688. ALLOEI, Alexander, a Florentine painter, who excelled in naked figures. I). 1607. — Christophano, the son of the above, was also an eminent painter. D. 1619. ALLSTON, Washington, the greatest historical painter that America has pro- duced, was a native of Charleston, S. C, but at the age of 7 was sent, by the ad- vice of physicians, to Newport,"K. I. He early discovered a taste for imitative art, a taste which was fostered by his ac- quaintance with Malbone, who became a distinguished miniature painter. In 1796 he entered Harvard College, where he was noted for the elegance of his compositions; but his leisure hours were chiefly d.evoted to the pencil. An old rich-toned Italian landscape, some Pictures by Pine, and a copy of Van- yke's head of Cardinal Bentivoglio, were his models. He went to London in 1801, and entered as a student in the Koyal Academy. He there made the ac- quaintance of West and Fuseli, and ex- hibited some of his pictures at Somerset House in 1802. He next visited France, and afterwards Italy. He pursued the study of art at Kome for four years, where he distinguished himself by his coloring, which acj^uired for him the name of the American Titian, and also entered into relations of intimate friend- ship with Thorwaldsen, Coleridge, and other men of note. In 1809 he visited America, and married the sister of Dr. Channing. In 1811 he resumed his resi- dence in London, where his first histor- ical picture, the " Dead Man Revived," obtamed for him the first prize of the British Institution. A small volume of poems, called the " Sylph of the Season, and other poems," was published bv him in 1813. His wife died in 1815, anci three years after he came home, bring- ing with him the " Elijah in the Wil- derness," having disposed of several large and fine pictiires before he quitted England, such as Uriel in the Sun, Jacob's Dream, and St. Peter hberated by the Angel. The Elijah was after- wards purchased and taken .back to Enjgland. During the next 12 years, while he resided in Boston, he painted several of his finest works, among others his Jeremiah, Saul and the Witch of Endor, Miriam, singing the song of tri- umph, Dante's Beatrice, and the Valen- tine. In 1830 he was married a second dme to the daughter of the late Chief Justice Dana, of Cambridge, where he then took up his residence, and began the largest and most ambitious of liis pictures, the Feast of Belshazzar. This work, owing to various hindrances, was never finished, but what was done of it will remain for ever a monument of his surpassing genius and skill. In 1836 Mr. AUston was asked by congress to fill two of the four vacant panels in the Eotunda at Washington, but he declined the request, in order that he might de- vote his undivided energies to the com- pletion of his Belshazzar. His friends, m 1839, made a collection of more than fifty of his pictures, which were publicly exhibited in Boston, and gave to all who saw them the rarest delight. Never be- fore, we venture to say, on the continent of America, had there been such an ex- hibition. Two years afterwards Mr. Allston published a highly successful tale, called Monaldi, and thus, amidst days passed in the exercise of his beau- tiful art, and evenings of refined social enjoyment, he enjoyed a happy old age, rich in the possession of the highest genius, and in the attachment of the most accomplished friends. His char- acter was without reproach, his feelings tender, his conduct dignified, and his attachments, as well as his opinions, pro- found and sincere. He d. suddenly, on 9th of July, 1843. ALLY, "Vizier, ex-nabob of Oude, was the adopted son of the former nabob of Oude, Yusuf ab Dowlah, who declared him successor. The English govern- ment, however, deposed him in iavor of the brother of Yusuf, but settled on him a pension of £25,000. While eng£^ed with the agents of the East India Com- pany, who had been sent to meet him at Benares for the purpose of making ar- rangements for his future residence, he gave a signal, on which his armed fol- lowers rushed in and treacherously mur- dered the Company's officers. For a time he made his et?cape, but surrender- ed on condition that iiis life should be spared. D. in prison, 1817, aged onlv 36. ALMAGRO, Diego d', a Spaniard of low origin, who accompanied Pizarro in the expedition against Peru, in which his valor, profligacy, and cruelty were equally displayed. In 1525 he took Cuzco, the capital of Chili, by storm, and put Atahualpa, the last of the Incas, to a most horrid death ; but quarrelling with the brothers of Pizarro about the divi- sion of their spoil, a schism ensued, and Almagro was eventually taken prisoner and strangled, 1538. ALP CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 33 ALMAMON, or ABDALLAH, a ca- liph of Bagdad, son of Haronn al Eas- chid, who founded the academy of Bagdad, and was a patron of science. D. '833. ALMANASOK, Jacob, a caliph of the Saracens in Africa, who, after con- quering a large territory, became a ba- ker at Alexandria, where he died, 1205. ALMANZOR, surnamed the Victo- rious, the second caliph of the house of Abas, succeeded to the throne in 753. ALMAKUS, abbot of the monastery of St. Austin, Canterbury, made bishop of Sherborne, 102^. ALMEIDA, Fkancisco, a Portuguese, appointed, in 1 505, the first viceroy of India. Aftor a perilous xojage, he crossed the Cape of Good Hope, and proceeded along- the coast of Africa, spreading terror and desolation, but was killed on his return in a quarrel with the natives at the Cape, in 1509. — Lorenzo, son of Francisco, was also an enterprising commander and navigator, hj whom Ceylon was made tributary to Portugal. lie lost his life in an engage- ment with the Eg}^)tian fleet in the bay of Cambaya. ALMELOVEEN, Theodore Jansen Van, a most learned physician, born near Utrecht, professor of history, the Greek language, and medicine, at Harderwick. D. 1742. ALMINAEA, Marquis, Spanish en- voy to France from Charles iV. ; diplo- matist, and the author of an able " Ke- ply to Cevallos," respecting the former's abdication, and of "A History of the Inquisition." ALMON, John, a political writer and fiublisher, and the friend of Wilkes. n 1774 he commenced the Parliament- ary Register ; he was also the author of a '' Life of Lord Chatham," and various biographical, political, and literary anec- dotes. B. 1738 ; d. 1805. ALOADDIN, commonly called the Old Man of the Mountains. He was the sheik of a Syrian tribe professing the Mahometan religion, called the Arsa- cides. He lived in a castle between Damascus and Antioch, and was sur- rounded by a number of intrepid youths, whom he intoxicated with Eleasures, and rendered subservient to is views, by promising still greater voluptuousness in the next world. As these were too successfully employed to stab his enemies, he was dreaded by the neighboring princes. From the name and character of his followers the word assassin is derived. ALOMPRA, the founder of the Bar- man empire, a man of obscure birth, but who established a new dynasty about the middle of the 18th century. ALONZO DE VI ADO, a Spanish liberal and writer. B. 1775. ALPAGO, Andrew, an Italian phy- sician, who visited the East, and some time resided at Damascus. On his re- turn he was made professor of medicine at Venice, where he translated Avicen- na, Averroes, and Serapion, and en- riched the work with notes, some of which now remain in manuscript. D. 1555. ALPHANUS, Benedict, archbishop of Palermo, better known as a physician and a poet. He was the author of tlie lives of some saints in verse. D. 1086. ALPHERY, Mekepper or Nicepho- Rus, a native of Russia, descended from the imperial family. During the civil dissensions of his country he removed to England and studied at Oxford. In 1618 he succeeded to the living of Wooley, in Huntingdonshire, and though he was twice invited to return to Russia with the certainty of being placed on the throne, he preferred the character of a parish priest in England to the splendor of the purple. He was ejected from his living during the civil wars, and ill treated by the republican soldiers, though his Presbyterian suc- cessor behaved towards him with hu- manity. He saw the restoration, and was replaced in his living, but retired to Hammersmith, where his son had settled, and there died, aged about 80. The last descendant of this family mar- ried a Johnson, a cutler, at Huntingdon, by whom she had eight children. She was living in 1764. ALPHONSO I., or ALONZO EN- RIQUEZ, first king of Portugal, son of Henry of Burgundy, count of Portugal. He fought successfully against the Moors, and raised his country to a pow- erful monarchy. D. 1185. — III., the Great, king of the Asturias, b. 847, suc- ceeded his father Ordogeno, 865, and d. at Zamora, 912. .He conquered many f)laces from the Moors, was a patron of earned men, and distinguished himself for piety and justice.— IV., surnamed the Brave, son of king Denis, whom he succeeded, 1324, was an able and impartial sovereign, and d. 1357. — V.j surnamed the Magnanimous, king of Arragon, b. 1384, succeeded his father, Ferdinand the Just, 1416, and d. at Naples, 1458, leaving his Neapolitan do- minions to his natural son Ferdinand. 34 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [alt and those of Spain, Sardinia, and Sicily to his brother Juan, king of Navarre. This monarch was accounted tlie most accomplished prince of iiis time ; he gave shelter to the Greek literati expelled from Constantinople, and was in other respects a great patron of learning. — X., called the wise, king of Leon and Cas- tUe, succeeded his father, Ferdinand III., 1251, and d. 1284, aged 81. As a ruler, Alphonso was misguided and un- fortunate ; but as a patron and an en- courager of the sciences, he obtained much reputation. He completed a code of laws, oegan by his father, still known under the title of " Las Partidas," and preceded the other nations of Europe in substituting the vernacular tongue for the Latin in law proceedings. His fa- vorite pursuit, however, was astronomy, and he employed the most famous as- tronomers to draw up the celebrated tables called after him the Alphonsine Tables, which were first published at Venice, 1483. ALPHONSUS, Tastadus, bishop of Avila, a voluminous Spanish writer, who nourished during the 15th century. ALPINI, Prospero, a Venetian phy- sician. B. 1553, and d. 1617. He was the greatest botanist of his day, the first who explained the impregnation and genera- tion of plants by the sexual system, and the author of many valuable works on his favorite pursuit. ALSOP, Anthony, an eminent En- glish divine and scholar, who d. 1726. His principal work was a selection from .^sop, entitled " Fabularum ^sopica- rum Delectus," published in 1698. — Vincent, a nonconformist divine of the 17th century, b. in Northamptonshire. D. 1703. — Richard, a native of Middle- town, in Connecticut ; a miscellaneous writer, and the translator of various works from the French and Italian ; among which was the " Natural and Civil Historv of Chili," from the Italian of Molina. B. 1759 ; d. 1815. ALSTEDIUS, John Henry, a Ger- •nau philosopher and Protestant divine. B. 1588 : d. 1638. ALSIO^ ,Charles, an eminent Scotch physician and botanist ; author of " Tiro- cinium Botanicum Edinburgense," &c. ; and public lecturer at Edinburgh. B. 1683; d. 1760.— Joseph, governor of South Carolina, after having been for several years a distinguished member of the legislature of that state, was elect- ed chief magistrate in 1812. He married the daughter of Aaron Burr, and in con- sequence of that connection was unjust- ly suspected of being .oncerned in the reputed treasonable enterprises of that individual. Mrs. Alston was lost on her passage from Charleston to New York in 1812. B. 1778; d. 1816.— William, a volunteer of the revolutionary war, who served as captain under Marion. He was for several years member of the senate of South CaroUna. B. 1756 ; d. 1839. ALSTROEMER, Jonas, a distinguish- ed Swede, b. of poor parents at Alintroeraer received a patent of nobility, was made Knight of the Polar Star, and honored with the title of Chancellor of Commerce; the Academy of Sciences chose him a mem- ber, and the national states decreed hin.' a statue to be erected to his memorv on the Exchansre of Stockholm. D. 1761. ALTAEMPS, Mark, a nephew of Pope Pius IV., memorable as one of the cardinals in the council of Trent. ALTER, Francis Charles, a German Jesuit and laborious critic ; Greek teach- er in the school of St. Anne at Vienna. D. 1804. ALTHAMERUS, a divine of Nurem- berg ; author of various theological works, and a principal promoter of the Reformation in Berne, Switzerland. D. 1450. ALTHUSEN, or ALTHUSIUS, John, a German civilian, was b. about the middle of the 16th century, andd. in the 17th. He was professor of law at Her- born, and syndic of Bremen. In 1603 he published his "Politic! Methodice Digesta," m which he boldly taucrht that kings are nothing more tlinn magis- trates, that to the people belongs the sovereignty, and that, as a natural con- sequence, they may cb-vn're an 1 even DunisJj their rulers. Altbuseu was the ALV] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 35 author of several other works, the prin- cipal of whiiih is a Latin Treatise on Roman Jurisprudence. ALTICOZZI, LoRENEO, a Jesuit au- thor and polemic, who wrote the "Sum of St. Augustine," B. at Cortona, 1689 ; d. 1777. ALTILIO, Gabriel, a Neapolitan ; author of some Latin poems of great beauty. D. 1501. ALTING, Henry, an eminent Ger- man divine, distinguished himself at the synod of Dort, as deputy from the Pal- atinate, and did much in advancement of the Protestant interest in Germany. B. 1583; d. 1644.— James, son of the above, was educated at Groningen, and went to England, where he was ordain- ed a priest of the church by the Bishop of Worcester. In 1643 he was chosen Hebrew professor at Groningen, and afterwards professor of divinity. B. 1618 ; d. 1679. — Mensox, a burgomaster of Groningerij author of the best descrip- tion of the Low Countries now extant. D. 1713. ALTISSIMO, the poetical surname of an Italian poet named Christopher. His surname and a poetic crown were given to him on account of his great popular- ity as an improvisatore. ALTMAN, John George, a Swiss historian and divine, curate of Inns in the same canton, and professor of moral philosophy and Greek at Berne. B. 1697 ; d. 1758. ALTORF, Albert, a Bavarian painter, architect, and engraver. He raised 'him- self by his merits to the rank of senator of Ratisbon, which city he adorned with many handsome edifices. B. 1488 : d. 1578. ALTON, Richard, count d', an Aus- trian general, who had the command of the Low Countries in 1787. Though a strict disciplinarian and a man of bravery, he betraj^ed weakness during the insurrections in Brabant, 1789, for which he was sent for to Vienna, to clear his character. He d. on the journey. — His brother distinguished himself against the Turks, and also against the French at the siege of Valenciennes. He was killed near Bunkirk, 1793, much regret- ted as a good soldier and an amiable man. ALURED, an ancient English his- torian, who flourished in the beginning of the 12th century. His anrials are very valuable, and comprise the history of the Britons, Saxons, and Normans, down to his own time, 1129. ALVA, Ferdinand Alvarez, duke of, the desceivdant of an illustrious family in Spain, was a famous general under the emperors Charles V. and Philip II. He made his first campaign at the battle of Pa via. At the siege of Metz he per- formed prodigies of valor ; and in the war with the pope he was completely successful ; but he was as cruel as he was brave. In 1567, Philip sent him to reduce the Low Countries, then in a state of revolt. Here he landed with 10,000 men, and immediately comn.enced a series of cruelties almost unparalleled in the annals of history, annihilating every remaining privilege of the people. He was subsequently employed against Don Antonio, who had assumed the crown of Portugal, and drove him from that kingdom, the whole of which he reduced to Philip's authority. B. 1515 ; d. 1589. ALVARADO, Don Pedro, one of the rapacious conquerors of Spanish Amer- ica, who accompanied Cortes to America. He was appointed to the government of Guatimala, and was slain in 1541. — Al- PHONSO d', a Spanish adventurer, who accompanied Pizarro in his expedition to Peru ; and who was eaually distinguish- ed for his bravery and his cruelty. D. 1553. ALVAREZ, Emanuel, a distinguished Portuguese grammarian. B. at Madeira, 1526 ; d. at the college of Evora, of which he was rector, 1582. — Francis, a Portuguese divine, b. at Coimbra, to- wards the end of the 15th century, and d. 1540, leaving behind hi::n in Portu- guese an account of his embassy to David, king of Abyssinia, and a de- scription of Ethiopian manners and cus- toms, which is deemed the first accurate account of Abyssinia. — Gomez, a Spanish poet. The chief of his works, which were written in Latin, is a poem on the Order of the Golden Fleece. B. 1488 ; d. 1538. — Don Jose, one of the most eminent sculptors of the 19th century, was b. near Cordova in Spain, 1768. Patronized by Charles IV., he proceeded to Paris in 1799, with a view of pros- ecuting hie studies ; and he soon gained himself a name in the French metropo- lis. Napoleon presented him with a gold medal ; but the great ca^^tain's sub- sequent conduct towards Spain inspired the artist with such aversion for him, that he would never model his bust. He was afterwards imprisoned for refusing to take the oath of allegiance to Joseph Bonaparte, when proclaimed king of Spain. Manv of his best works aro at Madrid. D."'l827. 36 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. I^AMA ALVAROTTO, James, a lawyer of Padua, distinguished for his attain- ments both in the civil and canon law ; autiior of " Commcntaria in Libros Feu- dorum." B. 1474 ; d. lo42. ALVENSLEBEN, Philip Charles, count of, son of a counsellor of war at Hanover, was a distinguished diplo- matist, and in 1791 was placed at the head of the department for foreign af- fairs at Hanover, in which he gave gen- eral satisfaction. The count wrote a "History of the War from the Peace of Munster to that of Hubertsbourg." B. 1745 ; d. 1802. ALVIANO, Bartholomew, an emi- nent Venetian general, whose exertions against the Emperor Maximilian, in 1508, caused the republic to decree him triumphal honors. In the siege of Pa- dua by the emperor, and at the battles of La Motte and Alariguano, Alviano displayed the most heroic qualities. His death was occasioned by excessive fatigue while laying siege to Brescia. B. 145?; d. 1515. ALXINGEK, John Baptist d', a German poet, born at Vienna, in 1755, of a rich family, early acquired a thorough knowledge o^ the classics. Though he became a doctor of laws, and held the title of court advocate, he availed himself of his legal station only to make up disputes, or plead for the poor. Poetry was his favorite pursuit. Besides minor pieces, he wrote " Doolin of Mentz," and " Bliomberis," two chivalresque epics, in Wieland's style. Alxinger was lioeral, and firmly attached to his'friends. D. 1797. ALYPIUS, an architect of Antioch, employed by Julian in his atteinpt to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem. He was subsequently banished, on a charge of practising the black art, and died in exile. Alypius vncote a "Geographical Description of the World," published in 1628 at Geneva. — ^Bishop of Tagasta, Africa, the friend of St. Augustine^ with whom he was baptized at Milan, in 388. He opposed the Donatists and Pelagians with great zeal ; and died in 430. AMADEDDULAT, first sultan of the Buiyan dynasty, was the son of a fisher- man of Dilem, on the Caspian Sea. He rose to distinction in the armies of Makan, sultan of Dilem, and subse- quently gained possession of Persia Proper, Persian Irak, and Kerman, of which he assumed the sovereignty, and fixed the seat of his government at Shi- raz, in 933. He died, 949, and left his crowTi to his nephew, Adadeddulat. AMADEUS v., count of Savoy, euc- eeeded to the sovereignty of that state, 1285, and died at Avignon, 1323. Al- though a prince of sucii small domin- ions, he acquired the surname of Great, from his wisdom and success. — VIII., count of Savoy, elected 1391. He was one of the most singular men of his time, and acquired the name of Pacific. — IX., count of Savoy, who married Jolande of France, and distinguished himself by his good deeds, so that his subjects called him the Blessed. D. 1472. AMAIA, Francis, a Spanish lawyer of much reputation, ana professor of legal science at Salamanca. D. 1640. AMAK, or ABULNAGIE AL BOK- HAEI, a Persian poet of the 5th cen- tury, entertained at the court of sultan Khedar Khan, who instituted an acad- emy of poets, of which he made Amak president. His chief poem is the " His- tory of the Loves of Joseph and Zo- leiskah." AMALARIUS, Fortunatus, arch- bishop of Treves in 810. He established Christianity in Saxony, consecrated a church at Hamburgh, and was sent am- bassa^dor in 813 to Constantinople by Oharlemacrne. D. 814. AMALTIIEUS, Attilius, archbishop of Athens. D. 1600. — Jerome, an Italian physician and poet of some repute. B. 1507 ; d. 1574. — John Baptist, brother of the above, was born, 1525 ; attended the Venetian ambassador to England, and, oh his return, was made secretary to Pope Pius IV. His Latin poems were printed, 1550; and he died, 1573. — Cornelius, another brother of the above, was also eminent in physic and poetry. AMAND, Mark Anthony Gerard, Sieur de St., a French poet. B. at Rouen, 1594; d. 1661. He was one of the first members of the French academy. AMAR DURIVIER, J. A., author of a great variety of literary works, trans- lations from Gay, Terence, Lucan, &c. B. 1765. AMARA-SINGHA, a Hindoo author of great antiquity, who compiled a dic- tionary of the Sanscrit language, part of which was published at Rome, 1798. AMARETTI, Abb(S C, a Milanese mineralogist, born in 1743; author of "Viaggio di Trilaghi," "Memoirs of Leonardo di Vinci,"*' &c., &c. He was a knight of Napoleon's order of the Iron Crown. AMASEO, Romulus, an eminent a.mb] CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY. 37 teacher of the belles lettres at Padua. His celebrity caused him to be invited to Rome bj^ Paul III., by whom he was employed in various embassies ; and by Julius III. he was appointed secretary of the briefs. He translated Pausanias and the Cyrus of Xenophon into Latin ; and published a volume of his own Latin speeches. B. 1489 : d. 1552. AMATI, a celebrated violin maker of Cremona, about the year 1600. AMATUS, a Portuguese Jew, born 1511, at Castel Bianco. He studied medicine with success at the university of Salamanca, and afterwards gave lec- tures on the science at Ferrara, Ancona, and other places. AMAUEI, DE Chaktres, a French visionary of the 13th century, who maintained the eternity of matter, and that religion had three epochs, agree- able to tiie three persons of the Trinity. His opinions were condemned by the council of Paris, 1209, and some of his followers burnt. To avoid a similar fate, he renounced his errors, but died of vexation. AMBERGER, Christopher, a painter of Nuremberg, in the 16th centuiy, was a, disciple of Hans Holbein. He was likewise a good engraver on wood. D. 1550. AMBOISE, Francis, a French writer, educated in the college of Navarre, and afterwards an advocate in the parlia- ment of Paris, and counsellor of state. He published several poetical pieces in French and Latin, but is chiefly known as the collector and editor of the works of the celebrated Abelard. D. 1612.— George d', a French cardinal and min- ister of state, born of a noble family, 1460. He became successively bishop of Montauban, archbishop of Narbonne, and lastly of Rouen. Louis XII. made him prime minister, and he soon ac- quired great popularity by taking off the taxes which had been usually levied on the people at the accession of every new monarch. The king, by his acl- vice, undertook the conquest of the Milanese, which succeeded. Soon after this, he was appointed the pope's legate in France, witn the dignity of cardinal, and in that capacity effected a great re- form among the religious orders. He d. 1510. — Amery d', a famous French admiral, and brother of the above, who gained a splendid victory over the sul- tan of Egypt, in 1510, — Michael d', a natural son of Amboise, admiral of France, born at Naples. He was the author of numerous poems in the French language, which he published under the name of the Signior de Cha- villon. D. 1547. AMBROGI, Antoine, a Roman Jesuit and poet. He translated Virgil and some of the works of Voltaire into Ital- ian. B. 1712 ; d. 1788. AMBROGIO, Tesco, one of the most celebrated among the early Italian ori- entalists. B. at Pavia, 1469 ; d. 1540. AMBROSE, St., bishop of Milan, was born, 340, at Aries, m Gallia Narbon- ensis, of which province his father was lieutenant. While yet a youth, he pleaded causes with so much eloquence, that Probus, prefect of Jtaly, chose him one of his council, and "afterwards nom- inated him governor of Milan, which office he held 5 years. In 374, Auxen- tius, bishop of Milan, died; and so fierce was the contest in the election of a successor to the vacant see, that the governor was called upon to quell the tumult. This he attempted by per- suasion in the great church ; and at the conclusion of his address, a voice in the crowd exclaimed, " Ambrose is bishop." This circumstance was considered as of divine direction, and Ambrose was de- clared to be the object not only of the popular choice, but of divine selection. His first efforts were directed to the ex- termination of Arianism, which was then making great progress. He also successfully resisted the Pagans, who were attempting to restore their ancient worship. When Maximinus invaded Italy, and actually entered Milan, Am- brose remained at his post, to assuage the calamities produced by the invading army. When, in conseauence of a tu- mult at Thessalonica, Theodosius sent an order for a general massacre, Am- brose repaired to the emperor, remon- strated with him on his barbarity, and prevailed on him to promise that the command should be revoked. The mandate was, however, carried into ex- ecution, and 7000 persons were slaugh- tered in cold blood. Shortly afterwards, when Theodosius, in the anguish of self-reproach, was about to enter the great church of Milan, Ambrose met him at the porch and sternly forbade him to appear in the holy place. The emperor pleaded the example of David : — "You have imitated David in his crime, imitate him in his repentance," was the reply; and Theodosius was compelled, not only to perform a pen- ance, but to sign an edict, which oi- dained that an interval of thirty days should pass before any sentence of 38 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. death or of coafiscation should be ex- ecuted. I), at Milan, in 397. AMBROSINI. Ambrozio, a Ferrarese ; author of several oratorios, canzoni, and sonnets. D. 1700. — Giulio, a Mantuan. autlior of a work on " Deinonology.'' B. 1580. AMEILIION, Hubert Pascal, a learned Frenchman, author of "His- toire du Bas Empire," of a celebrated work on the "Commerce of the Egyp- tians," and of "Eesearches into the Mechanical Arts of the Ancients." B. 1730; d. 1811. AMELIA, Anne, princess of Prussia, sister of Frederic the Great. She was distinguished by her taste for the arts, and set to music "The Death of the Messiah," by EanUer. B. 1723 ; d. 1787. — Duchess dowager of Saxe Weimar, duchess of Brunswick and Luneburg, who liberally patronized men of learn- ing and genius, among whom were Wieland, Goethe, Schiller, and Herder. B. 1739; d. 1807.— Youngest child of George HI. and Queen Charlotte; a princess who in mind and manners was amiable and accomplished. B. 1783; d. 1810. AMELOT, Nicolas, a French minister of state in 1788, who was accused of per- secuting one Latude, as the agent ot M. Pompadour, during the ancient regime. For some offence to the republicans, he was imprisoned in the Luxemburg, where his life was saved and prolonged by a young female, who avowed a pas- sion for him ; but at length he died in the prison. His victim, Latude, on escaping from the Bastile, broucjht an action of damages, and recovered from Amelot's heirs. AMELOT DE LA HOUSSAYE, Nicholas, a French historian of the 17th century. He resided for some time at Venice, as secretary to the French em- bassy, and wrote a history of its gov- ernment. He also translated "The Prince," by Machiavel, and other Italian works into French. D. 1706. AMELUNGHI, Jerome, a Pisan goet, preceding Tasso in the mock- eroic style; author of "La Gigantea del Foral^osco," in 1547. AMENTA, N., an admired Neapolitan poet. B. 1659. AMEKBACH, John, a printer of Basil, in the 15th century ; the first who used the Roman type instead of Gothic and Italian. D. 1515. — Boniface, son of the above, syndic of Basil ; and inti- mate friend of Erasmus. D. 1562. — ^''iTJks, a learned professor at Wittem- bur^, in the 16th century; editor of the orations of Isocrates and Demosthenes ; and translator of selections from Epi- phanius and Chrysostom. AMERICUS VESPUCIUS, or, more properly, Amerigo Vespucci, an eminent navigator, v.as born at Florence, in 1451, After receiving a liberal education, he was sent by his father to Spain for the purpose of conducting his commercial affairs ; and, being at Seville when Co- lumbus was making preparations for his second voyage, he resolved to quit mer- cantile pursuits, and enter on the career of discovery. His fii-st expedition to the new continent was in 1499, under the command of Ojeda, a year after the discovery and examination of that part of the coast by Columbus. After this he entered the service of King Emman- uel of Portugal, and made two voyages in Portuguese ships : the first in i5bl ; the second in 1503. Tlie object of this last voyage was to find a westerly pas-^ sage to Malacca. He arrived at Brazil,* and discovered the Bay of All Saints. In 1505 he again entered the service of the king of Spain, but made no more voyages, as appears from memoranda, showing that he was at Seville till 1508, ' at which time he was appointed prin- cipal pilot. His duties were to prepare charts, and prescribe routes for vessels in their voyages to the new world, which took his name, though the honor clearly belonged to Columbus, whose priority of discovery is not to be ques- tioned. D. 1516. AMES, William, a native of Norfolk, who, after being educated at Christ's col- lege, Cambridge, left his country, where his Calvinistical tenets were becoming unpopular, and settled as professor in the university of Franeker, m Holland. Here he enjoyed fame and independ- ence ; but as the air of the place was too sharp for his asthmatic constitntion, he removed to Rotterdam, with the inten- tion of passing into New England. He, however, d. At Rotterdam, 1663, aged 57. He was a learned divine, and his wri- tings were voluminous, his principal ij work being " Medulla Theologica." — Jo-"- SEPH, a ship-chandler of Wapping, who. in an advanced period of lite, studied antiq[uities, and rose by his genius and application to consequence, and to the secretaryship of the Society of Antiqua- ries. He published an account of the earliest printers, with a register of the books which they printed, in quarto, 1749, besides the "list of English heada ^ engraved in mezzotinto, &c., in 8vo,.i. ami] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHl 39 He also compiled the "Parentalia," from Wren's papers. He d. Oct. 7th, 1759, and the tollowing year his curious collection of fossils, shells, medals, &c., W!vs sold by public auction. His daughter marrieu Captain Dampier, in the East India sea-service. — Fisher, LL.D., one of the most eloquent of American statesmen and writers, was b. at Dedham, in Massachusetts, April 9, 1758. He was educated at Harvard uni- versity, where he received his degree in 1774. He studied law in Boston, and commenced the practice of it in his native village. But the affairs of the revolution soon drew his attention to Eolitics, and he became conspicuous by is speeches, and by his animated and beautiful style as an essay writer. He distinguished himself as a member of the Massachusetts convention for ratifying the constitution, in 1788, and from this body passed to the house of representa- tives in the state legislature. Soon after he was elected the representative of the Suffolk district in the congress of the United States, where he remained with the highest honor during the eight yeai's of Washington's administration. On the retirement of Washington, Mr. A. returned to his residence at Dedham, where he occupied himself with the management of nis farm and the prac- tice of the law. The latter he relin- quished, a few years afterwards, in con- sequence of his declining health; but he felt too deep an interest in the wel- fare of his country to withdraw his mind and pen from politics. He wrote much in tne public papers, relating to the contest between Great Britain and revolutionary France, as it might affect the liberty and prosperity of America. In 1804 he was chosen" president of Harvard college — an honor which he declined. He d. July 4th, 1808. His writings, in the following year, were published in one volume octavo, pre- faced by a memoir of his life, from the pen of the Rev. Dr. Kirkland. AMHERST, Jeffrey, Lord, an En- glish general of considerable celebrity, descended from an ancient family seated at Sevenoaks, in Kent. He was' b. 1727, and at the age of fourteen embraced the military profession. In 1741 he was aid-de-camp to General Ligonier, at the battles of Dettingen, Fontenoy, and Ro- coux, and in 1756 obtained' the colo- nelcy of the 15th regiment of foot. His abilities and experience were now called into action; he was employed, 1758, at the siege of LouLsbourg, and was made governor of Virf^inia, and commander- in-chief of the forces in America ; and, in this part of the world, the fall of Ni- agara, Ticonderoga, Quebec, and Mon- treal, with the submission of all Canada, marked the progress of his judicious and successful measures. His great ser- vices were honorably rewarded by the court; he was made a knight of the Bath, in 1771, appointed governor of Guei-nsey, the next year lieutenant-gen- eral of the ordnance, and in 1776, created baron Amherst of Holmsdale. In 1778 he was made commander-in-chief, and though upon the change of ministry these offices were withdrawn, he was again reinstated in 1793, when, two years after, he resigned the command of the forces to the duke of York, and was raised to the rank of field-marshid. D. 1797. AMHURST, Nicholas, an English political and miscellaneous writer. B. at Marden, Kent, 1701, and d. 1742. He was author of the " Terrse Filius,"'a satirical work on the university of Ox- ford ; and published, with the assistance of Pulteney and Lord Bolingbroke, the work by which he is most known, en- titled ""The Craftsman." AMICO, Antonio, a Sicilian priest, and canon of the cathedral of Palermo, distinguished by some considerable works in history, for which Philip IV. of Spain made him historiographer royal. D. 1641. — Vrro Maria, a pro- fessor of theology in the 18th century ; principally known by his Sicilian an- tiquities. AMICONI, GiACOMo, a Venetian his- torical and portrait painter, who visited England in 1729. He afterwards went to Spain, and was appointed portrait painter to the king. D. 1752. AMILCAR, a Carthaginian general, of great valor, was descended from the ancient kings of Tyre ; and being early intrusted with military command, he distinguished himself in the wars of Carthage, particularly against the Ro- mans, towards whom he bore an im- placable hatred. He was the father of Hannibal. AMIOT, Father, one of the most learned of the French missionaries to China. B. at Toulon, 1718, and d. at Pekin, 1794. This zealous Jesuit, who arrived at Macao in 1750, was invited to Pekin, in 1751, by the emperor of China, and remained in that capital 43 years. By continued apphcation he be- came acquainted with the Chinese and Tartar languages; and, from time to 40 CYCLOP.'EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [amo nis labors, which afterwards appeared in several publications. AMINTA, T., author of the mock- heroic poem, " La Nanea," in 1566. AMMAN, JoHx Co.vKAD, a native of Schaff liausen. B. 1669 ; d. 1724, in the Netlierlands. He was chiefly distin- guished by his success in teaching per- sons born deaf and dumb to speak. — JoHX, his son, was a fellow of the Koyal Society in London, and a member of the Academy of Sciences at Petersburgh, where he lectured on botany, and ac- quired great reputation. D. 1740. — Paul, was a native of Breslaw, who set- tled in 1674 at Leipsic, where he gave lectures on physiology, natural history, and botany. D. 1691. — Justus, a famous engraver and painter at Zurich, in the 16th century. He painted with great brilliancy on glass, but excelled chiefly in engraving, both on wood and copper. D. 1591. AMMANATI, Bartolomeo, a Floren- tine architect and sculptor in the 16th century, whose chief performances are the colossal statue of Neptune at Venice and the statue of Hercules at Padua. AMMIANUS, Maroellinus, a Latin historian of the 4th century, b. at Anti- och. He wrote the Eoman history from the reign of Nerva to the death of Valens, in 31 books, of which only 18 are extant. T). about 890. AMMIEATO, Scipio, an esteemed Neapolitan poet, b. in 1531 ; author of a " History of Florence," which he wrote at the instance of the Grand-Duke Cosmo; of the "Argomenti" to "Or- lando Furioso;" and of numerous prose tracts, political and historical. D. 1601. AMMON, Andreas, a Latin poet, b. «t Lucca, in Italy, of whose genius Eras- mus made frequent and honorable men- tion. He was sent to England in an official character. AMMONIUS, a surgeon of Alexandria, who invented a method of extracting the stone from the bladder, which procured him the surname of the Lithotomist. — Levinus, a monk of Flanders, much esteemed by Erasmus for his learning and piety. D. 1556. — Saccas, a philos- opher of the 3d century, founder of the neo-platonic sect, who d. about 243. — Andrew, a learned native of Lucca, who settled in England. Ho lived some time in Sir Thomas More's house, and afterwards in St. Thomas's college ; for he w as not in circumstances sufficient to hire or keep a house of his own. There subsisted a strong friendship and close correspondence between him and Eras- mus. The advice which Erasmus gives him in regard to pushing his fortune, has a good deal of'humor in it, and was certainly intended as a satire on the art- ful methods generally practised bv the selfish and ambitious part of mankind. " In the first place (says he) throw off all sense of shame ; thrust yourself into every one's business, and elbow out whomsoever you can ; neither love nor hate any one ; measure every thing by your own advantage; let this be the scope and drift of all your actions. Give nothing but what is to be returned with usury, and be complaisant to every body. Have always two strings to your bow. Feign that you are solicited "by many from abroad, and get every thing ready for your departure. Show letters in- viting you elsewhere, with great prom- ises." Fortune, at length, began to smile upon Amraonius, for he w-as ap- Eointed secretary to Henry VIII., and onored by Pope Leo X. with a public character at the court of that prince; and in all appearance he would have soon risen higher, had not death carried him off when he was but of a middle age. He d. of the sweating sickness in 1517. Aramonius wrote several Latin poeticiil pieces. AMONTONS, William, was b. in Normandy, 1663. He was in the third form of the Latin school at Paris, when, after a dangerous illness, he contracted such a deafness as obliged him to re- nounce almost aU conversation with mankind. In this situation he began to think of employing himself in tlie in- vention of machines; he applied, there- fore, to the study of geometry ; and, it is said, that he would not trv any reme- dy to cure his deafness, eitlier because he thought it incurable, or because it in- creased his attention. He studied with great care the nature of barometers and thermometers; and, in 1687, presented a new hygroscope to the Royal Academy of Sciences, which was very much ap- proved. Amoritons found out a method to acquaint people at a great distance, in a very little time, with whatever one pleaseVl. This method was as follows : Let there be people placed in several stations, at such a distance from one another, that, by the help of a telescope, a man in one station may see a signal made by the next before him ; he must immediately make the same signal, that it may be seen by persons in tiie station next after him, who are to eoramunicato it to those in the following stations, and amy] CYCLOPuEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 41 so on. In this probably originated the modern telegraph. When the Royal Academy was newly regulated in 1699, Amontons was admitted a member of it, and read tliere his " New Theory of" Friction," in which he happily cleared up a very important part of mechanics. D. 1705. AMORE, S. D., a Sicilian poet, author of "L'Augusto," and "II Sesostri," tragedies. "B. 1644. AMORETTI, Charles, a mineralogist. He became one of the keepers of the Ambrosian library, at Milan, and pub- lished, in Italian, "A Tour from Milan to the Three Lakes of Como, Lugano, and Maior." B. 1740 ; d. 1816. AMORY, Thomas, D. D., was son of a grocer at Taunton in Somersetshire, and distinguished himself as a preacher among the dissenters. After passing the greatest part of his life near the place of his nativity, as public teacher, and as iastructor of youth, he removed to Lon- don, where he formed an intimate ac- quaintance with the most respectable members of his persuasion. He was a bold asserter of toleration, and, there- fore, warmly espoused the cause of those who solicited the repeal of the test act. His discourses from the pulpit were ex- cellent, and his writings, which were mostly on theological subjects, have been enumerated by Dr. Kippis, Biogr. Brit. I. p. 178. !B. 1700; d. 1774.— Thomas, an eccentric character, son of counsellor Amory, who went with king William to Ireland, and acquired con- siderable property in the county of Clare. Young Amory was not born in Ireland, though he resided there, and frequently accompanied Dean Swift in his walks and excursions round Dublin. He shun- ned all company, and only walked abroad during the night. The most remarkable of his publications are his " Memoirs on the lives of several ladies," and his life of John Buncle, Esq. In this last he is supposed to give a description of him- self. He is said, by a person who knew him, to have had a peculiar look, though not without the deportment of the gen- tleman. His application to his studies was intense, and his walks through the most crowded streets exhibited him wrapped in the deepest meditation, and inattentive to what surrounded him. B. 1692; d. 1789. AMPERE, Andre Marie, whose name is imperishably connected with the great discoveries in electro-magnetism, was b. at Lyons, 1775. In 1804 he was nomi- nated professor in the Polytechnic School 4* of Paris ; and here, in connection with Oersted, Faraday, and other distinguish- ed men of science, with whom he was in constant correspondence, he paved the way for those brilliant discoveries that have already issued in the electric tele- graph, and promise an illimitable exten- sion of the boundaries of science. D. 1836. AMSDORF, Nicholas,, a spirited fol- lovv^er of Luther, and bishop of Nurem- burg. He d. at Magdeburg, 1541, and the sect who adhered to his tenets, and maintained, in opposition to Melancthon, that good works are not necessary to salvation, were called Amsdorfians. AMURATH I., an Ottoman emperor, who succeeded his father Orchan, and was known for his cruelties towards his son, and those who espoused his cause. He was a great warrior, and obtained 37 Tictories, in the last of which he perish- ed, 1389, aged 71, by the hand of a sol- dier. He was the irst who established the formidable force of the Janizaries.— II., emperor of the Turks, was son of Mahomet I., whom he succeeded in 1421. He was an exceedingly warlike prince, and among his numerous victories was that of Varna, in 1444, when the Chris- tians were defeated, and numbered among their slain the king of Hungary. George Castriot, celebrated by the name of Scanderbeg, at length put a period to the career of Amu rath, who d. of chagrin at his reverses, in 1451. — III. succeeded his father, Selim II., in 1575. On his accession, he caused his five brothers to be murdered. D. 1596. — IV. succeeded his uncle Mustapha in 1622. He recov- ered Bagdad from the Persians in 1637; after which he nut 30,000 of his prison- ers to the sword. D. 1640. AMYN AHMED, a learned Persian of the 17th century, who wrote an elab- orate work, entitled, "The Seven Cli- mates, or a Geographical Description of the East." AMYOT, James, was b. at Milan, 1513, of an obscure family ; but though of a dull understanding, he improved him- self by indefatigable application, and after studying at Paris, ne acquired in- dependence and reputation, as tutor to the children of persons of resp.eetability. His merit recommended him to Margaret of Berri, sister to Francis I., and he was promoted to a public professorship in the university of Bourges. His time was here usefully devoted to literature, and he piiblished translations of the loves of Theagenes and Chariclea, be- sides Plutarch's lives and morals. He 42 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ana visited Venice and Rome, and on his re- turn to France he was, at the recom- mendation of cardinal de Tournon, intrusted with the care of the king's two younger sons, and for his meritorious services was raised to the bishopric of Auxerre, tlie abbey of Cornelius de Compiegne, the high office of great al- moner and curator of the university of Paris, and commander of the order of the Holy Ghost. Among his various works, chiefly translations, the most celebrated is his version of Plutarch, which remains unsurpassed in the French language. B. 1514; d. 1593. AMYEAULT, MosEs, a French Prot- estant divine. B. at Bourgii^il in Tou- raine, 1596. He at first studied the law, but afterwards entered the church and was divinity professor at Saumur, and distinguished himself by his zeid and activity so much, that he was deputed by the national council of Charenton to present an address to the French king, concerning the inspection of edicts in favor of the Protestants, without, how- ever, paying homage upon his knees. Eichelieu, who was present at this inter- view, saw and admired the bold char- acter of Amyrault, and wished to use his abilities to procure a reconciliation between the Roman church and the Protestants, but in vain. His life was passed in the midst of theological dis- putes, and his works, which are very numerous, are chiefly theological. D. 1664. AMYRUTZES, a i)hilosopher of Treb- izond, who was carried to Constantino- ple with David, emperor of Trebizond, when that city was reduced, 1461. He renounced the Christian faith for Ma- hometanism, and assumed the name of Mahomet Beg. He translated several books into Arabic, at the desire of Ma- homet 11., whose favor he enjoved. AN ACHARSIS, an illustrious Scythi- an nhilosopher. He travelled to Athens in tlie time of Solon, with whom he con- tracted an intimate friendship ; and Solon not only instructed him, but sought all opportunities of doing him honor. He had a quick and lively genius, a strong and masterly eloquence ; and there was something so determined and resolute in his manner, that those who imitated him were said to speak in the Scythian Btyle. He was extremely fond of poetry, and wrote upon certain laws of tlie Scythians and Greeks. Croesus invited him to Sardis, and offered him money : but the philosopher answered, " that he was come to Greece to learn the laws and manners of that country ; that he had no occasion for gold or silver ; and that it would suffice for him to return to Scythia a wiser and tnore intelligent man tiian he came from thence." After stay- ing long in Greece, he prepared to return home : and passing through Cyzicum, he found that city celebrating very, solemnly the feast of Cybele, and vowecl to do the same, if he should get home in safety. Upon his arrival in Scythia, he attempted to change the ancient customs of his country, and to establish those of Greece, which proved extremely dis- agreeable to the Scythians, and at length destructive to himself. For entering one day a thick wood, to perform his vow to Cybele as secretly as might be, he was discovered in the midst of the solemnity, and shot dead with an arrow by the Icing himself. There are many beautiful apophthegms of this philoso- pher preserved by Laertius, Plutarch, and other writers. ANACLETUS, or CLETUS, reckoned by Roman Catholics the third pope, suc- ceeded Sinus, as bishop of the church of the Romans, in 79, and held that of- fice till his death in 92, when he was enrolled amonsr the saints and martyrs. ANACREON, a Greek poet, b. at Teos, a seaport of Ionia, flourished about the 62d Olympiad. This poet had a most delicious wit, and love and wine had the disposal of all his hours. The manner of his death, which hap- pened at Abdcra, is said to have been very extraordinary ; for they tell us, he was choked with a grape-stone, which he swallowed as be was regaling on some new wine. A small part only of Anacreon's works remains ; and these consist chiefly of bacchanalian songs and love sonnets! " The odes of Anacreon (says Rapin) are flowers, beauties, and perpetual graces." ANARIA, G. L., a noble Calabrian cosmographer. B. 1561 ; author of a celebratea work on demonology, pub- lished at Venice, "apud Alduin." D. 1589. ANASTASTUS T., emperor of the East. B. at lllyricum, 430, and d. 518. He was elevated to the throne in 491. — II., raised to the throne of Constantino- ple from the condition of secretary, 713, was a man of learning, and a zealous Catholic, vet he did not neglect the de- fence of tlie empire, then threatened by the Saracens, lie was put to death by Leo, who had usurped the crown. ANASTASIUS L, pope, a Roman, succeeded Siricius in 328, and d. 402. ANC] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 43 His epistle tv^ John, bishop of Jerusa- lem, who had written to him in behalf ofRiiihuus, a presbyter of Aquileia, is extant, together with Euffinns' apology. — II., son of a Roman citizen, succeecTed Pope Gelasius in 496, and d. in 498. — III., a Roman by birth, was raised to the papal chair, after Sergius, 911, and d. two years afterwards. — IV., succeed- ed Eugenius III., 1153, and d. the fol- lowing year. Ten letters of this pope are preserved in the Collections of Coun- cils by Labbe and Harduin, and in Du Chesne's History of France. — Theopoli- TANUS, bishop of Antioch in the 6th century, banished by Justin the Young- er for holding the opinion that the body of Christ was incapable of suffering even before the resurrection. He was after- wards restored to his see by Mauritius. D. 599. — BiBLioTHECAKius, a Roman ab- bot, of Greek origin, of the 9th century ; author of " Liber rontificalis." He was principal librarian in the Vatican. ANAXAGORAS, of Clazomense, a cel- ebrated philosopher. B. 500 b. c. He inherited a considerable estate in his own country, which he relinquished to indulge his thirst for knowledge at Athens, where he applied to the study of poetry and eloquence, and taught philosophy, having had among his pu- pils Euripides, the tragedian, and Peri- cles, the orator. His reputation, how- ever, created him enemies, and he Avas condemned to death on a charge of atheism, but the sentence was com- muted into banishment. Anaxagoras then withdrew to Lampsacus, where he taught philosophy undisturbed until his death, which happened in his 72d year, 428 B. 0. ANAXANDRIDES, a Greek comic poet, said to have been the first who in- troduced love adventures on the stage. He was a native of Rhodes, and starved to dedfh at Athens, for libelling the gov- ernment. B. 400 B. c. ANAXAECHUS, a Grecian philoso- pher of the Eleatic sect of Leucippus. He was the friend and companion of Alexander the Great. ANAXIMANDER, the friend and disciple of Thales, of Miletus. B. 610 B. c. He had a considerable knowledge of astronomy and geography, and was the first who noticed the obliquity of the ecliptic: he also taught that the moon receives her light from the sun, and that the earth is globular; and to him is ascribed the invention of the sphere and geogratOiical charts. ANAXIMENES, the pupil and suc- cessor of Anaximander. He maintained that air is the first princi])le of all things ; and Pliny attributes to him the inven- tion of the sun-dial. — A Greek historian and philosopher of Lampsacus, son of Aristocles. He was one of the preceptors of Alexander the Great, whom he ac- companied in most of his campaigns, and afterwards wrote the historv of his reign, and that of his father Philip. ANCHIETA, Jos., a Portuguese Jes- uit, surnamed the Apostle of the New World. B. at Teneriffe, 1588, and d. 1597. At the age of 28 he went to Bra- zil, where he founded the first college for the conversion of the savage natives. ANCHWITZ, N., the Cracovian nun- cio to the Polish Diet : a man as talented as base ; who sold Poland to Russia and lier partitionary colleagues, in 1782, and was hanged tlie year after, in an insur- rection of the people. ANCILLON, David, a Protestant di- vine. B. at Metz, who in his youth refused to sacrifice his religion to the solicitations of the Jesuits. He studied divinity and philosophy at Geneva, un- der Du Pin, Spanheim, the Deodati, &c., and deserved to be recommended by the synod of Charenton to the church of Meaux. After the revocation of the edict of Nantes, he retired to Frankfort, and settled at Hanau, where his dis- courses were heard and admired by the most crowded audiences. His colleagues in the ministry, however, were jealous of his popularity, and their little in- trigues forced him to abandon the place. He went to settle at Berlin, where he was received with kindness by the court, and had the satisfaction to see his fiimily promoted to places of honor and trust. As his learning was very extensive, he published several useful works, and from the afflnence of his circumstances, he made so judicious a collection of books, that it was frequently visited as a curiosity by foreigners wlio travelled through Metz. The best known of his works are, "A relation of the contro- versy concerning traditions, 1657 ;" "An apologv for Luther, Zuinglius, and Beza, 1666 ;" " The Life of William Farel;" "Conversations;" two volumes, 12mo, published by his son. D. 1692.— Charles, eldest son of the foregoing, was b. at Metz, July 29th, 1659, aiicl was made inspector of the French courts of justice, in Berlin, and historiographer to the king. He wrote on the edict of Nantes, and the persecution of the Protestants, &c. D. at Berlin, 1751. ANCOURT, Florent Carton d', a 44 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [and French actor and dramatic writer. B. at Fontainbleau, 1661. The Jesuits tried to gain him into their society, but he pre- ferred tlie study of philosophy and law to divinity, and at last turned liis thoughts to the stage by marrying an actress. In this attempt he obtained credit to him- self and wealth to the actors. His con- versation was so agreeable that he was universally courted, and Louis XIV. be- stowed many marks of his favor upon him» as also the duke of Bavaria, Avhose arrival at Paris was celebrated by the poet, by a particular entertainment writ- ten on the occasion. Ancourt retired, in 1713, to his estate at Courcelles le Koy. in Berry, that he might devote himself to religion. He there translated the Psalms into verse, and wrote a sacred tragedy, never printed. He d. 6th De- cember, 1726, m his sixty-fifth year. His plavs were fifty-two in number. ANGUS MARTIUS, fourth king of Eome, elected on the death of TuUus Hostilius, 634 b. c. During his reiern, Eome was enlarged by taking in the walls of the Aventine Hill, and occupy- ing the hill Janiculum, beyond the Ti- ber. He also built the bridge called Sublicius, erected a public prison in the forum, extended the territories of Rome quite to the sea, and built the town and port of Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber. Ancus died after a prosperous reign of 24 years. -' ANDERSON, Adam, a native of Scot- land, was for many years a managing clerk in the South-Sea House, a trustee for the settlements in Georgia, and in the court of the Scotch corporation in London. He wrote a work on the " His- torical and Chronological Deduction of Trade and Commerce." B. 1695; d. 1765. — Alexander, an eminent scholar of the 17th century, born at Aberdeen, and afterwards professor of mathematics at Paris ; author of various treatises principally cormected with his favorite science. — Sir Edmund, lord chief-justice of the Common Pleas under Queen Eliz- abeth, to which situation he was pro- moted in 1582. He sat on the trials of the unfortunate Mary, queen of Scots, and of Davidson, the secretary, for issuing the warrant under which she was executed. " Anderson's Reports," folio, 1644, is still a book of autnority. D. 1605. — George, a native of Tundern, Sleswick. During 1644, and the six fol- lowing years, he spent his time in trav- elling through the East, and visited the Arabias, Persia, India, China, the Ja- panese Islands, Tartary, and the Holy Land. The Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. on his return, having vainly endeavored to induce him to commit his adventures to writing, employed his librarian, Ole- arius, to take down the account from his own mouth as he related them to his highness, the scribe being concealed behind the tapestry of the apartment. This work was afterwards published in Sleswick, 1669. — George, a young man of extraordinary talents, born at Wes- ton, Buckinghamshire, in 1760. His parents were peasants, and he worked as a day-laborer in the fields ; his genius, however, overcame every diificulty, and he attained of himself so great a knowl- edge of the mathematics, as procured him a clerk's place at the Board of Con- trol, and afterward the situation of head- accomptant. Mr. Anderson published a " General View of the Affairs of the East India Company, since the conclu- sion of the War in 1784 ;" and translated from the Greek of Archimedes, " Are- narius, or a Treatise on numbering the Sand." D. 1796. — James, an advocate at the Scottish bar, eminent for his learning and antiquarian research. B. at Edinburgh, 1662. His first work, " An Essay, proving the Independence of the Crown of Scotland," published 1705, procured him the thanks of the Scottisn parliament, under whose aus- pices he subsequently produced a series of the "Charters and Seals of the Scot- tish Monarchs from the earliest Anti- quity down to the Union with England." But the book which gained him the greatest reputation was, " Selectus Di- plomatum et Numismatum Scotise The- saurus." D. 1798. — James, a Scottish miscellaneous writer. B. at Hernnston, near Edinburgh, 1789. Ho published a series of "Essays on Planting," which procured him*^ nuich reputation as an agriculturist; and, in 1/80, the university of Aberdeen conferred on him the "degree of LL.D. In 1783 he removed to Edinburgh, and projected the establishment of the North British Fisheries ; for which purpose he was employed by erovernment to survey the coast of Scotland, and received great commendation for his services. Dr. Anderson was the author of a number of publications chiefly on agricultural affairs ; he also wrote" for the Encyclo- paedia Britannica, and was a monthly reviewer. D. 1808. — John, F.R.S., professor of natural philosophy in the university of Glasgow, and founder of the useful institution in that city bear- ing his name, was born in 1726, at Rose- and] CYCLOPAEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY. 45 neath, in Dumbartonshire. His great characteristic was an ardent desire for the instruction of liis fellow-men, and he was indefatigable in studying and exemplifying the application of science to mechanical practice ; for which pur- f)0se, in addition to his academical aboiB, he taught his antl-toga-class^ as he called it, twice every week, during the session, to the end of his life. He died in 1796, directing by his will that the whole of his property should be de- voted to the establishment of an educa- tional institution in Glasgow, to be de- nominated Anderson's tfniversity, for the use of the unacademical classes ; which may justly be considered as the parent of the various Meclianics' Insti- tutions which have of late years arisen throughout the country. — John, son of a merchant at Phunburgh, of which city he himself became principal magistrate in 1725. He was employed in various negotiations to difierent European courts ; and during his residence there, he cultivated an acquaintance with all whom he found distmguished for their literary attainments, and kept up a vo- hxminous correspondence with them after his return. His principal work is, " The Natural History of Greenland, Davis's Straits, and the Countries situ- ated in the Arctic Circle." D. 1743.— Lawrence, one of the chief promoters of tlie reformation of religion in Sweden. He was chan ellor to Gustavus Vasa ; but having engaged in a conspiracy, he passed the years of life left to him by the king's clemency, in retirement. D. 1552. — RoBEKT, M.D., a native of Carn- wath, in Lanarkshire; author of nu- merous works, critical and biographical . Of those most higlily valued are tne fol- lowing : " Lives of the British Poets," in 14 vols., published in 1795 ; " Works and Life of Tobias Smollett;" and the " Life of Samuel Johnson." He was the friend and. patron of genius, where- ever it appeared. As it was chiefly owing to him that Campbell's " Pleas- ures of Hope" was brought out, the poem was dedicated to liim. D. 1830. ANDRADA, Diego de Payva d', a learned Portuguese divine, distinguish- ed by his eloquence at the council of Trent. D. 1575.— Frakcis, his brother, wrote the history of John HL, kinj^ of Portugal. — Thomas, another brother, was an Augustin friar, who wrote the 'Sufferings of Jesus." ANDRAL, William, an eminent French physician, first brought into notice by Murat. He was born at Ea- pedaillac, in 1769. — Gabriel, his son, equally eminent in the same profession^ He was the professor of Hygiene in the faculty at Paris. B. 1797; His " Cli- nique Medicale," and " Precis d' Anato- mic Pathologique," had a great influ- ence in undermining the system of Broussais. ANDRE, C. C, a German writer on science, and editor of the "Compcn- dione Bibliothek." B. 1763. — There was a German composer of the name of Andre, whose son, J. A. Andre, first applied lithography to the printing of music. — John, an adjutant-general in the British army during the American war. He was originally a merchant's clerk ; emploved to negotiate tlie treason of General Arnold, who proposed to surrender the American works at West Point. He was seized in disguise and sent prisoner to the commander-in- chief, General Washington. His case was submitted to a board of general officers, by whom he was condemned to death, as a spy, and hung, Oct. 2, 1780. His youth, his accomplishincnts, and his character, created a great deal of sym- pathy in his behalf. A monument to nis memory lias been erected in West- minster Abbey. — Yves Mari, a French Jesuit and mathematical writer. B. 1675; d. 1764. ANDREA, Caval Canti, an Italian writer of novels and poetry, whose style was admired for its elegance. D. 1672. — Cecchini, a Tuscan poet, who pub- lished a tragedy, called "Troja De- strutta," in 1663. — Salvadore, another Tuscan poet, who flourished at the be- ginning of the 17th century. B. 1600. ANDREAADA, Ferdinand, a Por- tuguese admiral, who led the first Eu- ropean fleet that visited China. He reached the coast in 1518. ANDREAL, John Reinhard, a Han- overian naturalist. B. 1724 ; d. 1793. ANDREAS, James, a reformer of Wirtemberg, and chancellor of the uni- versity of Tubingen. B. 1528 ; d .1590. — John, a bishop of Aleria, in Corsica, and a great promoter of the art of print- ing. B. 1417 ; d. 1475. — John, a famous canonist of Florence. His austerity was such that he was said to have laid upon the bare ground for twenty years, with nothing to cover him but a bear-skin. He had a daughter, of great beauty and learning, who was accustomed to lecture to his students durii^^his absence. Her name was Novella, and in her honor he called one of his commentaries " The Novellae." D. of the plague in 1848.— 46 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [and John was b. a Mahometan, at Xativa, in the kingdom of VaJencia, and suc- ceeded liis lather in the dignity of alfaqui of that city. He was enliglitened with the knowledge of tlie Christian religion, by being present at a sennon in the great cliurch ot Valencia on the day of the As- Bumption of the blessed Virgin, in 1417. Dpon this he desired to be baptized; and in memory of the calling of St. John and St. Andrew, he took the names of John Andreas. At the desire of Martin Garcia, bishop of Barcelona, he under- took to translate from the Arabic, into the language of Ari-a^on, the wiiole law of the Moors ; and after having finished this undertaking, he composed his fa- mous work of " The Confcsion of the Sect of Mahomet :" it contains 12 chap- ters, wherein he has collected the fabu- lous stories, absurdities, impossibilities, lies, and contradictions, wliich Mahomet has dispersed in the Koran. This book, which was published at first in Spanish, has been translated into several lan- guages ; and all those who write against the Mahometans quote it very much. ANDREINI, Isabella, a native of Padua, an excellent poetess and most celebrated actress toward the beginning of the 17th century. — Francis, a cel- ebrated comic writer of Pistoa. D. 1616. — John Baptists, his son, a dramatic writer, whose "L'Adamo" is said to have suggested to Milton Jiis "Paradise Lost." ANDEELINI, Publio Festo, an Ital- ian, who was poet-laureate to Louis XII. D. 1518. ANDEEOSSI, Anthony Francis, a count of France, distinguished as a mil- itary officer and diplomatist, who served under Napoleon, both in Italy and Egypt. He was afterwards an ambassador to London, Vienna, and Constantinople, and author of several military memoirs. B. 1761; d. 1828.— Francis, a French engineer, who assisted in forming the canal of Languedoc. 1). 1688. ANDKEOZZI, a celebrated Italian composer. B. 1767. ANDEES, Don Juan, a Spanish au- thor, who wrote on the " Origin of Let- ters." ANDEE DES VOSGES, J. F., author of " Le Tartare ;" " Paris." B. 1744. ANDEEW, John, a learned bishop of Aleria, in Corsica; and editor of the works of Herodotus, Livy, and other classics. D. 1493.— Bishop of Crete. B. at Damascus, and d. about 720. He wrote commentaries on the Scriptures, &c., published at Paris, 1644. — oi Eatis- bon, an historian of the 15th century, who wrote a chronicle of the dukes oi Bavaria, and a history of Bohemia. — Of Pisa, a sculptor and architect. B. 1270; d. 1345. He built several grand struc- tures at Florence and Venice ; and also obtained great reputation as a painter, poet, and musician. — Of Cyrcne, an im- postor who, in the reign of Trajan, had the art to deceive his fellow-countrymen, the Jews, into a belief that he was or- dained to be their liberator. They ac- cordingly revolted, and horrible cruelties were committed on both sides before they were reduced to obedience. ANDEEWS, Henry, a self-taught mathematician. B. of poor parents at Frieston, near Grantham, 1774, and d. Jan. 26, 1820. Having, while in a menial employment, occupied his leisure mo- ments in the study of astronomical sci- ence, he attained therein great proficien- cy, and for more than 40 years was a computer of the Nautical Ephemeris, and the calculator of Moore't Almanac. — James Pettit, an English miscellane- ous writer, youngest son of Joseph An- drews, Esq., of Newbury, Berks, where he was b. 1737, and d. at Brompton, 1797. — Lancelot, an eminent English divine, bishop of Winchester in the reigns of James I. and Charles I. B. in London, 1565. There is a pleasant story related of him, in the life of Waller the poet, who, going to see the king at dinner, overheard a verv extraordinary conver- sation between tis majesty, the bishop of Winchester, and Neal'e, bishop of Durham. These two prelates standing behind the king's chair, his majesty asked them, " My lords," said he, " can- not I take my subjects' money when I want it, without all this formality in par- liament ?" The bishop of Durham readi- ly answered, " God torbid, sir, but you should ; you are the breath of our nos- trils." Whereupon the kin^ turned, and said to the bishop of Winchester, " Well, my lord, what say you ?" " Sir,'* replied the bishop, "I have no skill to judge of parliamentary cases." The king answered, " No put-offs, my lord : answer me presently." " Then, sir,'' said he, "I think it lawful for you to take my brother Neale's money, for he offers it." This prelate d. September 27, 1626, having written many tracts, particularly " A Manual of Private De- votions and Meditations for every Day in the Week ;" " A Manual of JDirec- tions for the Visitation of the Sick," and " Tortura Torti." — Loring, an editor of Boston. D. 1805. — John, provost of the anf] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 47 university of Pennsylvania, distinguish- ed as a scholar. B. 1746 ; d. 1813. ANDEIEN. Berteand, of Bordeaux, the restorer of the art of en^ravhig med- als, which had declined after the reign of Louis XIV. B. 1761 ; d. 1822. ANDEIEUX, Frederick William John Stanislaus, a fertile dramatic poet of France, whose works have great pop- ularity. He was a deputy in 1798, and distinguished himself by his speeches in favor of primary schools and the liberty of the press. He opposed the measures of Napoleon when he was first consul, but the emperor gave him the legion of honor, ancl made him a profes- sor in the college of France. His prin- cipal works are " Anaximander," " Les Etourdes," " Decade Philosophique," "Moliere avec ses Amis," "Brutus," and the " Examen Critique du Theatre des Grecs." B. 1759 ; d. 1833, ANDRIOLI, M. A., a Veronese phy- sician ; author of a work on " Platonic Love," 1676. ANDRISCUS, a man of mean. extrac- tion, who, pretending to be the son of Perseus, the last king of Macedonia, took the name of Philip, and was called Pseudo Philippus. Having obtained a signal victory over Juvcntus, the Eoman prsetor, he assumed the kingly power ; but in the end was conquered oy Me- tellus, before whom he walked in chains. ANDROMACHUS, of Crete, physi- cian to Nero ; he wrote, in elegiac verse, a description of the Theriaca, a medi- cine which he invented. — Of Cyresthes, a Greek architect, who built the famous octagonal Temple of the Winds, at Athens, which, till lately, was used as a mosque by the Turks. He is also said to be the inventor of the weathercock. — Livius, the oldest dramatic author in the Latin language, who flourished . about 240 years b. c. — Of Rhodes, a fol- lower of Aristotle, and to whom we are indebted for restoring and publishing the works of that philosopher, 63 b. c. — Of Thessalonica, a learned Greek of the 15th century. D. 1478. — L, emperor of of the East, was the son of Isaac, and grandson of Alexis Comnenus. He was of an active martial mind, and eloquent: but had many vices. On the death or his cousin, the emperor Manuel, in 1163, he was chosen partner in the govern- ment with Alexis IL, who, being a mere youth, soon fell a sacrifice to his coad- jutor's thirst for power ; but the people, exasperated at his various cruelties, pro- claimed Isaac Angelus emperor, put out the eyes « f Andi-onicus, led him through the streets in derision, and at lengtt stabbed him, aged 73. a. p. 1185. ANDRONICUS PAL^OLOGUS IL. surnamed the Elder, succeeded Michael VIIL, in 1283; but was glad to find refuge in a cloister, in 1325, his grand- son having driven him from the throne. ANDROUET DU CERCEAU, James, an eminent French architect of the 16th century, who designed the Pont Neuf, and commenced tne building of it in 1578. He was also employed, in 1596, to continue the gallery of the Louvre ; but was obliged to quit France during the persecution of the Protestants. ANDROS, Edmund, a governor of the province of New York in 1674, and sub- sequently of New England. He was a tyrant and a bigot, who restrained the press, imposed taxes, prohibited mar- riage, according to his will. At length his capricious and arbitrary conduct roused the people into revolt. On the morning of April 18, 1689, the people of Boston took up arms against hirri, assisted by some from the country, seized both the council and the gov- ernor and had them confined. In' the February following he was sent to En- gland for trial, but the case involved the government in such a dilemma that they dismissed it without coming to a final decision. In 1692 he was made governor of Virginia, where he con- ducted himself with more discretion. He died in London, in 1714. Fort An- droscogijin was named after him. ANDRUS, Joseph Y., one of the first agents of the Colonization Society, who died at Sierra Leone, in 1821. ANDRY, Nicholas, a physician and medical author, of Lyons, in the 17th century ; afterwards dean of the faculty of medicine in the royal college of Paris where he also filled a professor's chair. D. 1742. ANEURIN, a British poet and chief- tain of the 6th century, supposed by some authors to be the same with Gil- das, the historian ; he took part in the battle of Cattraeth, which he made the subject of a poem; this, and "Odes of the Months,^' form the whole of his known works ; and are to be found iL the Welsh Archeeology. D. 570. ANFOSSI, Pasquale, an Italian mu- sician, b. at Naples, who was compo- ser to the theatre at Rome, and after- wards travelled to Paris, where ho per- formed his "Persecited Unknown," but the delicate and beautiful music of the piece did not find the warmest re- ception. From France he went to Lon- 48 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. L' don, where he was director of the Italian theatre in I76'i. lie returned to Kome in 1795, and brought out several pieces, whose success eouipensated him for his many disappointments. He frequently reminds us of Sacchini and Piccini, his masters, after whom he formed his style; but his taste, expression, and stjrle of progression are extraordinary. His principal works .are, "La Fruta Gardinieri," "II Geloso di Cimento," " Avaro," " II Carioso Indiscreto," " Viaggiatori Felici," &c., which arc mostly comic operas. He wrote, be- sides, sevei'al oratorios and psalms. B. 1729: d. 1795. ANGE, Francis, a planter of Penn- sylvania, who lived till he was 134 years old. He remembered the death of Charles I., and at 130 was in good health and sound mind. D. 1767. ANGE BE ST. JOSEPH, le Pere, a Carmelite of Toulouse, whose real name was la Brosse. He travelled into Per- sia as missionary, and translated the Persian pharmacopoeia into Latin, be- sides writing a treatise on the language of the country, a useful and very valua- ble performance. He d. at Perpignan, 1697. ANGELI, Bona VENTURA, a celebrated historian, of Parma. D. 1576.— Peter, a distinguished modern Latin poet. B. at Barga, Tuscany, 1517 ; d. 1596. ANGELICO, John, an Italian Domin- ican, who painted the chapel of Nicholas V. D. 1448. ANGELIS, Stephen de, an Italian mathematician of the 17th century; he was for some time a Jesuit, but quitted the order, and became a teacher of mathematics at Padua. ANGELO, Fioriozzoli, a Florentine poet, honored by Clement Vllth's friend- ship, and much esteemed; author of " Discorso degli Animali," " I Lucidi," and "La Trinuzzia," comedies, and a great variety of other works. He is chiefly admired by his countrymen for the purity and beauty of his diction. B. 1548. — Policiano, b. in 1454 ; author of numerous works, in prose and verse, translations from Greek and Latin: "Kusticus," "Orfeo Favola," &c.— Mi- chael Buonarotti, the greatest of Italian artists, alike eminent in painting, sculp- ture, and architecture, no bad poet, and a noble-hearted man. He was descend- ed from an ancient family of the counts of Canosa, and was b. at Caprese or Chiusi, in 1474. It is said that he was suckled by a woman of Settinianno, who was the wife of a distinguished sculp- tor, so that he drank in the influences of one of the great arts in which he was destined to excel with his milk. He gave evidence of genius at an early age. so nuich so as to excite the jealousy or his young rivals, one of whom, Forrigi- ano, gave him a blow, the marks of which he carried to his grave. Per- haps, however, the impetuous boldness of Michael was as much the cause of their encounter as his genius. Ghirlan- daio was his first master in drawing, and Bertholdo in statuary. Before he Avas 16 he copied the head of a satyr in marble with such skill as to excite uni- versal admiration. Attracting no less attention as a painter, he was commis- sioned, in connection with Leonardo da Vinci, to decorate the senate hall of Flo- rence. In the prosecution of this order, he sketched his fiimous cartoon of a scene from the Pisan war. Pope Julius II. then invited him to Rome, and in- trusted him with the erection of his se- pulchral monument. This work was twice interrupted, once by the artist himself, whose pride had b'een offended by the pope, and a second time by the petty envy of his cotemporary. Bra- mante and Juliano du San Goello per- suaded the ^ope to get Michael to paint the dome ot tlie Sistine chapel, in the hope that ho would fail, and so abandon . the favor of his patron. Angelo refused the task, but bein^ ordered to undertake it, he executed the frescoes with such masterly genius that they excited gen- eral wonder and praise. 'The chapel is to this day one of the grandest monu- ments of art. Michael tlien returned to his labors for the sepulchre, when Julius died. But Adrian VI. commissioned him to complete the work, which he did, making many statues for it, and Sarticularly the statues of Moses and hrist, which were afterwards placed in the church "della Minerva," at Rome. Under Clement VII. he finished the new Sacristy, and Laurentindan library at Florence. In the first the monuments of the Medici are bv him, e. g., the fig- ures of Day and T^ight. Tumultuous times followed in Italy, which separated him from his public labor for a while, but when these had passed, he was en- gaged to paint the Last Judgment for the Sistine chapel. He was already sixty years of age, and hesitated about under- taking a work which might hazard his fame. But the subject was one con- genial to his own profound and lofty tone of thought. How he accomplished it, the grand and gigantic picture which ang] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 49 has ever since been alike the worship and the despair of succeeding artists, is the proof. liis subhme and inexhausti- ble mind poured over the broad and high walls of the chapel the profoundest studies, the richest experience, and the holiest sentiments of the man. At a later day he painted a " Conversion of St". Paul," , and a "Crucifixion of St. Peter," and he sculptured a ground of the "Descent of Christ into HeU," and a Bacchus, which Eaphael said was equal to the masterpieces of Phidias and Praxiteles. In 1546 he was compelled to continue the building of St. Peter's, the plans of which he recovered from their confusion, and corrected. The capitol of the Farnese palace and other edifices were the work of his hands. His style in architecture was grand and imposing, full of untamed imagination and native original strength. Indeed, uU his works, his poetical and prose writing as well as his statues, partook of the character of the man, wlio was ardent, severe, firm, and haughty, but profound, original, and true. JD. at Korae in 1564. — Michael, another of the name, but better known as Caravaggio, from the place of his birth, was at first no other than a day-laborer ; but having seen some painters at work upon a brick wall which he had helped to raise, he was so charmed with their art, that he immediately applied himself to the study of it, and in a few years made so con- siderable a progress, that in Venice, Eome, and other parts of Italy, he was cried up and admired as the author of a new style in painting. His pieces are to be rout with in most of the cabinets in Europe; and one picture of his drawing is in the Dominican church at Antwerp, which Kubens used to call his master. B. 1569 ; d. 1609. ANGELONI, Francesco, an Italian historian, principally known by an elab- orate worK on the history of Eome, which he illustrated by a reference to ancient medals. D. 1652. — Luigi, a dis- tinguished Italian writer, who lived at Paris. 7\NGELUCCI, Theodore, an Italian poei; and physician, who held a profes- sorship at Padua, was a member of the academy of Venice, and principal phy- sician at Montagnana, where he d. 1600. ANGELUS, Christopher, a Greek, who, being driven from his own country by the Turks, found an asylum in En- gland in 1608 ; and, under the patron- age of the bishop of Norwich, he was placed in Trinity college, Cambridge, 5 whence he removed to Baliol college, Oxfordj where he was of great service to the junior students, and where he d. 1638. He published many works in Greek, English, and Latin. ANGEESTEIN, John Julius, a dis- tinguished patron of the fine arts. B. at St. Petersburg, 1735 ; d. at Blackheath, Jan. 22, 1822. He removed to England under the patronage of the late Andrew- Thompson, and was the first who pro- posed a reward of £2000 from the lund at Lloyd's to the inventor of the life- boats. His celebrated collection of paintings, esteemed inferior to none of the same extent in Europe, was pur- chased by the English government for £60,000, and forms the nucleus of a national gallery. ANGHIEEA, Peo^er Martyr d'. an Italian scholar of a noble Milanese fam- ily. B. 1455 ; d. 1526, at Grenada, leav- ing several historical works, which are usually quoted under the name of Peter Martvr. ANGILBEET, St., the son-in-law of Charlemagne, and afterwards abbot of St. Eiquier. He had a great taste for poetry, but nothing remains of him ex- cept a history of his monastery. D. 814 ANGIOLELLO, John Mario, a Vene- tian historian of the 15th century, taken captive by the Turks, and made slave to sultan Mustapha, whom he attended in an expedition to Persia, 1473, and wrote the history of Mahomet II., in the Turk- ish and Italian languages ; also the his- tory of Ussun Cassan. He d. about 1530. ANGLES, Count Boissy d', one of the committee of Public Safety during the French revolution. B. 1756 ; d. 1824. ANGIOLINI, Francesco, an eminent Italian Jesuit, professor at Modena and in Eussia. He translated Josephus and the tragedies of Euripides and Sophocles, and wrote a history of his order. B. 1738 ; d. 1788. ANGLUS, Thomas, an English priest, the friend of Sir Kenelm Digby, known by the several names of Albius Candidus, Bianchi, Eichworth, White, and Vitus, which he assumed in the different coun- tries of Europe, where he spent the greatest part of his life. He distinguish- ed himself by his learning and genius, but his fondness for the Peripatetic phi- losophy, and his attempts to apply the principles of Aristotle to explain the mysteries of religion, created him many enemies, who procured the condemna- tion of his writings, both at Douay and at Eome. He d. after the restoration of Charles IL, but tlie year is unknown. 50 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [\NU ANGOULEME, Chables db Valois, duke d', natural son of Charles IX. B. 1575; d. 1650. Catherine de Medicis bequeathed to him her estates, but the will was set aside in favor of Margaret de Valois. Charles, however, retained the title of count d'Auvergne, and in 1619 was made duke d'Angouleme. He gamed great reputation as a military commander, but was twice charged with treason, and the second time condemned to death, which sentence was changed into perpetual imprisonment. He was, however, once more pardoned, and em- ploy^ed both in a military capacity and in various embassies ; he also wrote his owj? memoirs. — Louis Antoixe de Bour- bon, duke d', nephew of Louis XVIIL, who fought against Bonaparte, and after the downfall of that leader, was president of the electoral college in the department of the Gironde. B. 1775. — Maria Teresa Charlotte, duchess d', daughter of Louis XVI., a princess of understanding and character. B. 1778; d. 1851. ANGUIER, Francis and Michael, two sculptors, natives of Eu, Normandy. Erancis, the eldest, was keeper of the royal cabinet of antiquities, and executed several great works, particularly the mausoleum of the duke of Montmorency. Michael's best piece was a crucifix over the altar of the church of the Sorbonne. The former d. 1669 : the latter, 1686. ANGUILLARA, John Andrew Dell', one of the most celebrated Italian poets of the 16th century, was b. at Sutri, in Tuscany, about 1517. His principal work is his translation of Ovid's Meta- morphoses, which, though often un- faithful, and sinning against good taste, has great merit. For the representation of his tragedy of (Edipus, a theatre was built at Vincenza by the celebrated Pal- ladio. Anguillara, however, lived and died in poverty. D. 1564. ANGtJSCIOLA, SoPHONisBA, a native of Almona in Italy, eminent for her his- torical and portrait paintings, and also a writer of some repute. She bestowed such attention to her profession that she became blind. Her sisters Lucia and Europa also excelled in the execution of the pencil. B. 1550 ; d. 1626. ANICH, Peter, son of a turner, was t. at Oberpersuf, near Inspruck, 1723, and after bein^ employed as a laborer and a shepherd, his genius for mechan- ics burst torth, and was improved and corrected by the friendly assistance of Father Hill, a Jesuit. He was admired for his knowledge of astronomy, for the •legance and accuracy of the maps and charts which he drew ; and for thti supe- rior beauty of the pair of globes which lie made for the university of Inspruck. D. 1766. ANICHINI, Lewis, a Venetian en- graver, much celebrated for the delicacy and precision with which he engraved even the minutest objects. It was at the sight of his pieces that Michael Au- gelo exclaimed, that the art of engraving under his hand had reached the summit of perfection. His best pieces was a medal of Alexander the Great, pros- trating himself before the high-pi'iest at Jerusalem, the head of Pope Paul III. and Henry III. of France on the reverse. ANKEKSTROEM, John James, a Swedish officer, who, in the war carried on by Sweden against Russia, took part against his country because of an ani- mosity he cherished against the king. He was discovered and sentenced to death, but the pardon of the king, in- stead of producing gratitude and loyalty, rendered his hatred more inveterate. lie conspired with the counts Horn and Ribbing, barons Badke and Pechlin, and Col. Liljehorn, and others, against Gus- tavus, and as the unsuspecting monarch entered a room where a masked ball was assembled, the assassin discharged at him a pistol containing two balls and some nails. The wound was mortal, and the king expired, 29tli March, 1792. The 27th of April following the mur- derer was led to execution, but instead of repenting he gloried in his deed. His right hand and his head were cut off. The others were banished. ANNA COMNENA, daughter of Alexis Comnenus, emperor of Constan- tinople, and celebrated for the Greek history wliich she has written, in which, with great elegance and spirit, though often with partiality, she records Ihe events which distinguished her father's reign. D. 1148. ANNA IVANOVNA, daughter of Ivan Alexiovitch, emperor of Russia, married in 1710 Frederic William, duke of Courland, and succeeded Peter II. on the throne, 1730. At the death of her husband, 1719, she took for her favorite, Biren, a person of low birth, but great duplicity ; and when raised to the throne her subjects were ruled by this capri- cious and cruel ininion, who, it is said, banished no less tlian 20,000 persons to Siberia through pique, malice, and re- venge. Anna d. 1740, aged 47. ANNAND, William, A.M., a native of Edinburgh, who was chosen one of tb ) ministers and became a popular lNqJ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 51 preacher there. He behaved with great Kindness towards the persecuted Pres- byterians, and opposed James when he wished to dispense with the penal laws. At the revolution he was made dean of Kaphoe, in Ireland, where he died, 1710, aged 64. He wrote a volume of valu- able sermons, little known. ANNAT, Francis, a native of Eou- ergue, of the order of the Jesuits, teacher of philosophy at Toulouse, and afterwards employed at Rome and in France, in the service of the pope. He was made confessor to the French king 1654, which office he held 16 years, and then solicited his dismission from in- creasing infirmities. He is known for his great zeal in opposing the Jansen- ists. D. 1670. ANNE, of Austria, queen of France, eldest daughter of Philip HI. of Spain ; married Louis XIII.. of France, 1615, at whose death, 1643, she was declared sole legent during the minority of her son, Louis XIV., who assumed the reins of government, 1661. Anne then retired, passing the remainder of her life in pious exercises. B. 1604; d. 1666. — Anne, of Beaujeu, daughter of Louis XI. of France, and wife of Peter Beau- jeu, duke of Bourbon ; appointed by her father's will gouvernante during the minority of his son, Charles VIII. This preference excited a civil commotion, which was terminated by the defeat, of the insurgent nobles, 1488. The prin- cess held the reins with much firmness, and in general acted prudently. D. 1522. — Anne, of Brittany, queen of France, daughter and heiress of Francis XL, duke of Brittany ; married to Charles VIII., of France, 1491: and. on his death, 1499, to Louis XII. This prin- cess first instituted the order of maids of honor to the queen ; first had the pre- rogative of guards and gentlemen of her own, and was the first who gave audi- ence to foreign ambassadors. B. 1476 : d. 1514. — Anne, of Cleves, daughter of John, third duke of Cleves, and wife of Henry VIII. of England, who divorced her. D. 1557. — Anne, queen of Great Britain, second daughter of James II., by his first wife, Anne Hyde, was born in 1664 ; married to Prince George of Denmark, 1688 ; succeeded to the crown on the death of William III., 1702 ; and died, 1714, aged 50. The contention of parties during the reign of Anne was extremely violent, in consequence of the hopes entertained by the Jacobites that she would be induced by natural feel- ings to favor the succession of her brother, the Pretender. Her reign was also much distinguished for learning; and the number of eminent writers who flourished under her, several of whom rose to high stations, has rendered it a sort of Augustan age of English litera- ture, though her own acquirements had no share in making it such. ANNESLEY, Arthur, earl of An- glesea, born at Dublin, 1614. At the commencement of the civU wars he joined the royal party, and sat in the parliament at Oxford, 1643 ; but hav- ing made peace with the republicans, he was sent commissioner to Ulster, 1645. He, however, took an active part in the restoration of the king, for which he was created earl of Anglesea, made treasurer of the navy, and, shortly after- wards, lord privy seal. D. 1686. — Samuel, an English divine, born in Warwickshire about 1620 ; d. 1696. At the time of the rebellion, he preached some violent sermons against the crown and church, for which he received the vicarage of St. Giles, Cripplegate ; but, in 1662, he was ejected from it for non- conformity. ANNET, Peter, a deistical writer of the 18th century ; author of " The Free Enquirer," and other works of a skep- tical turn. He was a native of Liver- pool. D. 1778,. ANNIUS, of Viterbo, a Dominican monk, who wrote various books which he pretended were the remains of emi- nent ancient authors, particularly Ma- netho, Archilochus, and Xenophon. For a time the imposture succeeded, and they were printed in 1498. D. 1502. ANNO, archbishop of Cologne in the 11th century. He was chancellor to the emperor Henry III., and regent during the minority of Henry IV. ; and from the exemplary conduct he displayed in those situations, as well as from the sanctity of his life, he acquired the title of Saint. ANQUETIL, Louis Pierre, a cele- brated historian, writer of a "Universal History." B. at Paris, 1728; d. 180S. — Du Perron, Abraham Hyaointhe, brother of the preceding, was born at Paris, 1731. In order to gratify his taste for oriental literature, he joined the expedition fitting out for India, in 1574, as a private soldier ; employed every moment of his leisure in the study of the Sanscrit; and made suf- ficient progress in that tongue to trans- late the "Vendidade Sade," a diction- ary of the language. On the taking of Pondicherry by the English, he returned 52 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ant to Europe, visited London and Oxford, and conveyed the various MSS. he had obtained to Paris. He was then ap- pointed oriental interpreter in the king s library, with a pension, and devoted himself to the publication of his re- searches. D. 1805. ANSALDI, C. J., a celebrated man of learning, of Piacenza. B. in 1700. His best antiquarian treatises are in Latin. ANSAKT, Andrew Joseph, a French historian and ecclesiastical writer. He became a Benedictine, but, being ap- Eointed to a place of trust in his order, e decamped with the funds, and joined the order of Malta. B. 1729 ; d. 1790. ANSCARIUS, bishop of Hamburgh rtnd Bremen. B. in France, 801 ; d. 8(54. He preached the gospel to the Danes and Swedes, and was very instrumental in converting the northern nations to Christianity. ANSELM, archbishop of Canterbury in the reigns of William Eufus and Henry L, born at Aost, Piedmont, 1038 : died at Canterbury, 1109, and canonized in the reign of Henry VII. ANSELME, of Paris, an Augustine monk, the original compiler of the "His- torical Genealogies of the House of France." B. 1625; d. 1691.— George. There were two of this name : the elder, a mathematician of some eminence in the early part of the loth century. D. 1440. The latter, his grandson, who assumed the name of Nepos, was phy- sician at Parma, of which city he was a native. D. 1528. ANSON, Georoe, Lord, a British commander, who managed the fleet of ships sent out during the Spanish war^ to attack the enemy on the coast ot South Carolina, where he landed and founded a town. But he did not ac- quire celebrity till he was placed at the head of an expedition to the South Sea, in 1740. After losing all his ships but one, and encountering many difficulties, but not without having severely har- assed the Spanish settlements, he was so fortunate as to capture a rich galleon, on her passage from Acapulco to Ma- nilla, and to reach England in safety, after an absence of nearly four years. He was successively made rear-admiral of the blue, a lord of the admiralty, rear- admiral of the white, and vice-admiral of the blue. In 1747 he defeated a French squadron, and captured six men of war and four East Indiamen. He was rewarded with a barony, and rose through all the intermediate ranks of Xhe navy till he became admiral, and commander-in-chief of the British fleet. D. 1762. — Peter Hubert, a miscellane- ous French writer. B. 1744 ; d. 1810. ANSPACH, Elizabeth, Margravine of, was the youngest daughter of the earl of Berkeley. When little more than sixteen, she married Mr. (afterward:* earl of) Craven, by whom she had seven children; but after living to- gether thirteen years, they separated from mutual feelings of dissatistaction. Lady Craven made a tour, and took up her residence in the court of Anspach, where she established a theatre, wrote plays, directed the performance, and became a principal personage with the margrave. ANSTEY, Christopher, a poet, was born in 1724 ; studied at Eton and Cambridge ; and on succeeding to some patrimonial property, resided principally at Bath. He blended the avocations of a country gentleman with literary pur- suits, and, among many other things, Produced that humorous poem, "The 'ew Bath Guide," which obtained a rapid and deserved popularity. D, 1805. ANSTIS, John, an antiquary, and the author of various heraldic works, was born at St. Neots, Cornwall, in 1669, and educated at Oxford. He was member for St. Germains, and in 1713 appointed garter king at arms. D. 1744. ANTAR, an Arabian chief and dis- tinguished poet, who lived in the 6th cefltury. His works, which form a por- tion of the famous Moallakah, are de- voted to the description of his wai'like deeds, and his love for the fair Abla. The celebrated Arabian romance, en- titled "Antar," by Asinai, atibrds a perfect idea of the manners, opinions, and superstitions of the early Arabians; and of this there is an English version, entitled " Antar, a Bedoueen Romance, translated from the Arabic by Terrick Hamilton," in 4 vols. 12mo. ANTHEMIUS, Procopius, of the family of the tyrant Procopius, married Flavia Euphemia, daughter of Marcian. His alliance as well as his valor pro- cured him the title of Augustus, 467. He gave his daughter in marriage to Eicimer, a general, who soon after at- tacked Rome and imbrued his hands in the blood of his father-in-law, 472.— A Lydian, eminent as an architect, sculp- tor, and mathematician. He was em- ployed by the Emperor Justinian. D. 534. ANTHING, Frederic, the com- panion in arms and biographer of the famous Marshal Suwarrow, was bom ant] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 53 at Gotha, in Saxony, and died at St. Petersburg, in 1805. ANTHONY, Saint, the founder of monastic life, was born at Coma, in Egypt, 251. He sold his possessions, wliich he distributed to the poor, and retired into the desert, where, for 20 years, his virtue was exposed to the greatest temptations from the wiles of §atan, till he prevailed, and saw himself at last surrounded by a crowd of fol- lowers, zealous to merit his blessings and to imitate his piety. He twice visited Alexandria to give assistance to the suffering Christians under the per- secution of Arius. He died 356, in the 105th year of his age. — Feancis, was born in London, 1550, and studied at Cambridge, where he laid the founda- tion of that chemical knowledge which enabled him to impose upon the credu- lous and the unwary, by selling his panacea of potable gold, on which a treatise was printed at Hamburgh, 1598. His success as an empiric was great, but he was violently opposed by Drs. Gwinne and Cotta, and it was con- fidently asserted that his nostrum was Eoisonous, and many on their death ed attributed their death to it. The inoffensiveness of his manners, his learning and his private virtues, how- ever, stemmed the torrent of unpopu- larity, and though he was fined and imprisoned for practising without a license, his reputation and his fortune increased. D. 1623. — King of Navarre, was son of Charles of Bourbon, duke of Vendome, and married Joan d'Al- bret, 1548, who brought him the prin- cipality of Bearne and the kingdom of IN avarre. He was a weak and irresolute prince. He abandoned the Protestant tenets for the Catholic faith, and then formed, with the duke of Guise and the constable Montmorency, the famous league called triumvirate. During the civil wars, in 1562, he took the com- mand of the army, and Blois^ Tours, and Eouen surrendered to his arms. He was wounded on the shoulder at the siege of this last place, and died 35 days after at Andeli, 17th Nov., 1562. His sou was afterwards the celebrated Henry IV., of France.— A titular king of Portugal, was son of Lewis, the second son of King Emanuel. His pretensions to the throne were opposed by Philip n. of Spain, wlio sent the duke of Alva against him, 1580, and obliged him to fly from his dominions. Anthony was a wretched fugitive in H( ''and, France, wd England. D. at Parif,, 1595. 5* ANTIGNAC, a popular French song writer. B. 1770. ANTIGONUS, one of the generals of Alexander the Great, the most powerful who shared the Grecian empire, elain at the battle of Ipsus, 301 b. c. ANTIMACHU, Mark Anthony, au Italian author, who translated much from the Greek. B. 1472 ; d. 1552. ANTINE, Maub Francois v\ a French Benedictine monk ; author of an " Essay on the Art of verify uig Dates," &c. B. 1688; d. 1748. ANTIOCHUS THE GEE AT, king of Syria and Asia. He conquered the greatest part of Greece, of which some cities implored the aid of Rome ; and Hannibal, who had taken refuge at his court, encouraged him to make war against Italy ; but his measures were not agreeable to the advice of Hannibal, and he was conquered and obliged to retire beyond Mount Taurus, and pay a yearly fine of 2000 talents to the Ro- mans. His revenues being unable to pay the fine, he attempted to plunder the temple of Belus in Susiana, which so incensed the inhabitants, that they killed him with his followers, 187 b. o. — Of Ascalon, a philosopher, and dis- ciple of Philo, the Platonist. — A monk of Seba, Palestine, who wrote in the 7th century 190 homilies on the Scriptures, still extant. ANTIPATEE, a native of Macedon, pupil of Aristotle, and the faithful min- ister of Philip and Alexander. While Alexander was abroad, he left Antipater in the government of Macedon ; and bv his prudent management he kept all Greece in order. On the death of his master, in the distribution of his ter- ritories, Antipater obtained the Euro- pean provinces. Not long after the confederate states of Greece attacked him, but he subdued them, and sub- verted their democratic forms of govern- ment, on which he was called the father of Greece. He died 318 b. c. — L^tius CiETius, a Eoman historian, who lived in the time of Gracchus, and wrote an account of the Second Punic War. —Of Sidon, a Stoic philosopher and poet, much praised by Cicero and Seneca. He lived about 140 b. c. ANTIPANES, a Greek comic poet, in the time of Alexander, who gained three prizes at the Olympic games. ANTIPHILUS, a painter, rival of Apelles; celebrated for a fine drawing representing a youth blowing a spark of fire. ANTIPHON, the Ehamnusian, an 54 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [ant Athenian orator, who flourished 430 b.c. He was the first who laid down the rules of oratory, and assisted in establishing the tyranny of the four hundred ; for which he was put to death, 411 b. c. ANTIQUARIOUS, James, a learned Italian scholar of Carapanus. D. 1512. ANTISTHENES, founder of the sect of the Cynics, by whose means Melitus was put to death, and Anytus banished, for tneir persecution of Socrates. He was born at Athens. 423 b. o. ANTOINETTE, Marie, of Lorraine, archduchess of Austria and queen of France, born at Vienna, in 1755, was the daughter of the Emperor Francis I. and Mai-ia Theresa. In 1770, when only 15 years of age, she was married to Louis XVI. ; and when her husband ascended the throne she gained the af- fections of the people by repeated acts of generosity. It was, however, soon observed that her natural liveliness brought upon her the scandal of her enemies about the court, who attributed the undisguised frankness and cheer- fulness of her nature to levity and indis- cretion. An extraordinary occurrence added fuel to the flame of calumny, while it subjected the name of the queen to a disgraceful law-suit. Two jewellers demanded the payment of an immense price for a necklace, which had been purchased in the name of the queen. In the examination which she demanded, it was proved that she had never ordered the purchase. A lady of her size and complexion had impudently passed herself off for the q[ueen, and at midnight had a meeting with a cardinal in the park of Versailles. She was be- headed during the revolution of 1792. Her fate produced a profound impres- sion on the world. ANTONELLE, Peter Antony, Mar- quis d' ; a conspictious character in the French revolution. lie voted for the death of the c[ueen, and for the destruc- tion of the Girondists. He was himself near meeting the fate to which he con- signed others, as he was tried for com- Elicity in the conspiracy of Babeuf; but e was fortunate enough to be acquitted, and d. at an advanced age, in 1817. ANTONELLI, Nicholas Maria, count of Pergola, who rose through various ecclesiastical promotions to the cardinal- ship. B. 1697 ; d. 1767. ANTONI, Sebastiano Degli, a Vicen- zan noble author. B. in 1665; author of " The Conspiracy of Brutus," a tra- gedy. A!NT0NIAN0. Sylvio, an Italian poet, made a cardinal by Clement VIII. B. 1540 ; d. 1603. ANTONIDES, or VANDER GOES, John, a Dutch poet. B. in Zealand, 1647. He is principally known by hia Soem in honor of the" river Y, which ows through Amsterdam ; in which city his works were collected and pub- lished, 1714. D. 1684. ANTONINE, DE FoRciGLioNi, a Roman prelate and saint. B. at Flo- rence, 1389; d. 1459, and canonized in 1523. He highly distinguished himself at the council of Florence, where he dis- puted with the Greeks. ANTONINI, Annibal and Joseph, two brothers, natives of Italy, in the I7th and 18th centuries : they wrote in conjunction the history of Lucania ; and Annibal was the compiler of an Italian grammar and dictionary. ANTONINUS PIUS, Trrus Aukeltos FuLvius, emperor of Rome, was b. at Lanuvium, 86; succeeded Adrian, 138* and d. 161. His reign was distinguished by tranquiUity, and by such excellent management, as procured him the title of Pirn. — Marcus Annius Aubelius, surnamed the Philosopher. B. 121 ; adopted by Pius Antoninus, whom he succeeded, in conjunction with Lucius Verus, as emperor of Rome ; and d. 180. His death occasioned universal mourn- ing throughout the empire ; the Roman senate and people voted him a god, and his image was long afterwards regarded with peculiar veneration. This emper- or's book of meditations in Greek and Latin has been often printed, and uni- versally admired for the excellence of its morality. — A geographical author, the writer of a valuable Itinerarium, whose age is unknown. Burton published an excellent commentary on it, as far as re- lates to Britain. ANTONIO, or ANTONELLO, b. at Messina, Sicily, 1426 ; d. 1475. He is said to have been the first artist who in- troduced oil painting into Italy. — Nich- olas, a Spanish historian, B. at Seville, 1617 ; d. 1684. ANTONIUS, GoDEFROY, a lawyer, who became chancellor of the university of Giessen. — Marcus, one of the greatest orators ever known at Rome. It was owing to him, according to Cicero, that Rome might boast herself a rival even to Greece itself in the art of eloquence. He defended, among many others, Mar- cus Aquilius ; and moved the judges in so sensible a manner, by the tears he shed, and the scars he showed upon the breast of his :lient, that he carried bin ape] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 55 cause. He was unfortunately killed, during the disturbances raised at Kome by Marius and Cinna, in the year of Eome, 667. — Makcus, the trium\ir, was son of Antonii.s Creticus, by Julia, a noble lady of such merit, that Plutarch affirms her to have been " comparable to the wisest and most virtuous ladies of that age." Marc Antony, losing his father when young, launched out at once into all the excess of riot and de- bauchery, and wasted his whole patri- mony before he had put on the manly gown. He afterwards went abroad to learn the art of war under Gabinus, who gave him the command of his horse in Syria, where he signalized his courage in the restoration of Ptolemy king of Egypt. From Egypt he went to Caesar, in Gaul ; and after some stay there, be- ing furnished with money and credit by Caesar, returned to Eome to sue for the questorship. In this suit he succeeded, and afterwards obtained the tribunate, in which office he was amazingly active for Caesar, who, when he had made himself master of Eome, gave Antony the government of Italy, with the com- mand over the legions there, in wliich post he gained the love of the soldiery. But what was more to his honor, he as- sisted Caesar so successfully on several occasions, that, twice particularly, when Caesar's army had been put to flight, he rallied the scattered troops, and gained the victory. He was afterwards a col- league of Caesar in the consulship, and on the death of the latter, strove to get possession of the sovereigi^ power. But the patriots of the day tooK part with Octavius, Caesar's son, against him, when he went with an army to Cisalpine Gaul, and laid siege to Mantua, which Deci- mus Brutus valiantly defended. It was during this absence that Cicero spoke those famous orations against Antony. The senate declared him a public enemy, and both consuls, Hirtius and Pausa, accompanied by Octavius, met him in the field. At first he vanquished Pausa, but was afterwards subdued by Hirtius. Both consuls fell, and Octavius took command of the republican army ; An- tony fled with his troops over the Alps. But Octavius betrayed the senate, and joined with Antony and Lepidus to form a triumvirate. Their return to Eome was marked by violence, bloodshed, and proscription. They were opposed by Brutus and Cassias,' who were, however, •lefeated at Philippi. Owing chiefly to the military skill of the latter, Antony obtained the sovereign dominion, an(i went into Asia, where he had the most splendid court that ever was seen. The kmgs and princes of Asia came to hi» levee, and acknowledged no other sov- ereign in the East but him. Queens and princesses, knowing him, doubtless, to be a man of amour and gallantry, strove who should win his heart; ana the famous Cleopatra of Egypt suc- ceeded. When that queen gave out a false report of her death, Antony threw himself upon his sword and perished — a fit end to a life of dissolute violence and crime. — JElius Nebrissensis, a Spanish writer, and an eminent profes sor at the university of Salamanca, who wrote the " History of New Spain," and other works. B. 1442 ; d. 1520. ANTONY, of Bourbon, son of Charles of Bourbon, duke of Vendome. B. 1527 ; married Joan of Albret, queen of Navarre, 1548 ; and d. from a wound received in the shoulder at the siege of Eouen, 1562. — St., of Padua, a learned Franciscan monk, was b. at Lisbon, 1195 ; d. at Padua, 1231 ; and was can- onized. His works were printed at the Hague, 1641. AN VAEI, a Persian poet. B. at Cho- rassan. He was well versed in astrol ■ ogy, and composed several books ou that science ; but having failed in a pre- diction, he retired from the court of the sultan Sangler, and d. at Balke in 1206. ANVILLE, John Baptist Boxtrignon d', a most famous French writer on ge- ography. B. at Paris, 1702 ; d. at Paris, 1782. As much esteemed for the gentle- ness and simplicity of his manners as for his extensive knowledge. He labored at his maps 15 hours a day for 50 years. ANYSIUS, or ANISO, Giovanni, an Italian poet of some celebrity. B. at Naples, about 1472 ; d. 1540. ANYTA, an ancient Greek poetess, some of whose compositions are still preserved. ANYTUS, an Athenian rhetorician, who aided in procuring the condemna- tion of Socrates, and was himself after- wards banished. APEL, JoHx, of Nuremberg, one of the earliest preachers of the Eeforma- tion, and originally a lawyer. B. 1486 ; d. 1536. APELLES, one of the most celebrated painters of antiquity, was b. in the isle of Cos, and flourished in the time of Alexander the Great. He was in high favor with that prince, who made a law that no other person should draw his picture but Apelles, who accordingly drew him holding a thunderbolt in nui 56 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [apo hand. The piece was finished with so much skill and dexterity, that it used to be said there were two Alexanders : one invincible, the son of Philip ; the other inimitable, the production of Apelles. Alexander gave him likewise another remarkable proof of his regard : for when he employed Apelles to draw Campaspe, oneof nis mistresses, having found that the painter had conceived an aifection for her, he resigned her to him ; and it • was from her that Apelles is said to have drawn his Venus Auadyomene. One of Apelles' chief characteristics was, the making his pictures so exactly resemble the persons represented, that the physi- ognomists were able to form a judgment as readily from his portraits as if they had seen the originals. His readiness and dexterity at taking a likeness was once of singular service in extricating him from a difficulty in which he was involved at the court of E^ypt : he had not the good fortune to be in favor with Ptolemy: a storm forced him, however, to take shelter at Alexandria during the reign of that prince ; where a misciiiev- ous fellow, in order to do him an un- kindness, went to him, and in the kin;^'s Bame invited him to dinner. Apelles went : and seeing the king in a prodigi- ous passion, told him, by way of excuse, that he should not have come to his table but by his order. He was com- manded to show the man who had in- vited him ; which was impossible, the person who had put the trick upon him not being present: Apelles, however, drew a sketch of his image upon the wall with a coal, the outlines of which discovered him immediately to Ptolemy. — ^There was a native of Syria of the same name, who was the founder of an heretical sect, some time during the 2d century. APfiLLICUS, a philosopher to whom the world is indebted for the works of Aristotle, which he collected, at great expense, about 90 years b. o. APER, Marcus, a Gaul, who was among the finest orators of his time. D, 85. APIAN, Peteb, a German mathema- tician and astronomer, who made several valuable observations on comets. B. 1495 ; d. 1589. APICIUS. There were three noted Eoman epicures of this name : the first lived in the time of the republic, the second under Tiberius and Augustus, and the third in the time of Trajan. It was the second one, however, who was the most famous. He is said to have wasted £1,250,000 on the luxuries of the table, wrote a book on the pleasures and incitements of eating, and finding hiss finances reduced, hung himself from fear of starvation. APION, a historian of Oasis in Egypt, who was a professor at Eome durin^^ the 1st century. His "Antiquities oi the Jews," in which he attacked that nation, was answered by Josephus. APOLLINARIUS, Claudius, a bishop of Hieropolis, who wrote a defence of the Christian religion about 177. It was addressed to Marcus Aurelius. — There was a presbyter of Alexandria of this name, in the 4th century, who wrote a history of the Hebrews in Greek heroics. — His son became bishop of Laodicea, and wrote a treatise, which he sent to Julian, against pairanism. D. 382. APOLLODOKUS, a grammarian of Athens, flourished 104 b. c. — A famous painter at Athens, 408 b. c. Pliny men- tions two pictures by him, one of a priest of Apollo at the altar, and the other of the shipwreck of Ajax. — A celebrated architect. B. at Damascus, and lived under Tra.jan and Adrian. He was em- ployed by the former in building the great stone bridge over the Danube, and other structures ; but, falling into dis- grace with Adrian, he lost his life through that emoeror's caprice. APOLLONIA, a female Christian martyr, who, at a very advanced age, fell a sacrifice to intolerance at Alexan- dria, 248. APOLLONIUS, CoLLATius, a monk and poet of Navarre in the 15th century, who published an epic on the siege of Jerusalem, and other pieces. — Dyscolus, a grammarian of Alexandria in the 2d century, who wrote a work on syntax ; a collection of historical curiosities is also ascribed to him. — There was another grammarian of this name, who lived in the reign of Augustus Caesar, and com- piled a Lexicon Homericum, printed at Paris, 1778. — A mathematician of Alex- andria, about 240 years b. c. He com- posed several curious geometrical works, of which his book on conic sections alone exists. — Rhodus, so called from the city of Rhodes, in which he presided over a school of rhetoric, was a native of Alex- andria, and afterwards became keeper of the celebrated library there, in wliich situation he remained until his death, 240 B. c. He wrote a poem, in foui books, on the expedition of the Argo- nauts. — Tyaxeus, a philosopliic empiric of Tyana, in Cappadocia. B. about the Christian era. He visited Rome, where AQU] CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY. 57 Vespasian became his dupe ; but Domi- tian sent him to prison. — A Roman sen- ator and Christian martyr, who lived in the reign of Commodus, and probably suffered death about 186. APONO, or ABANO, Peter of, an astrologer and physician, born at Abano, who made himself celebrated by a work entitled, " Conciliator Differentiorum Philosophorum et precipue Medicorum." B. 1250 ; d. 1316. APOSTOLIUS, Michael, a learned Greek of the 15th century. APPIAN, an ancient historian. B. at Alexandria, whence he went to Kome, in the reign of Trajan, and became an emi- nent pleader. He wrote the history of Eome in Greek. APPIANI, Andre, a celebrated Mi- lanese painter. B. 1750. His pieces are found m most of the palaces of Milan ; but his masterpiece, in fresco, adorns the cupola of Santa Maria de S. Celso. B. 1750 ; d. 1818. APPLETON, Nathaniel, Congrega- tional minister of Cambridge, Mass. He was b. Dec. 9, 1693, at Ipswich ; gradu- ated, in 1712, at Harvard university; and was ordained Oct. 9, 1717. He was much distinguished in his time, for learning and moral worth. In 1771 his alma mater conferred on him the degree of doctor of divinity, an honor which had been conferred upon but one per- son. Increase Mather, about 80 years be- fore. He d. Feb. 9, 1784, in the 91st year of his age. — Jesse, D.I)., graduated at Dartmouth college, in 1792. He was ordained pastor of the Congregational church at Hampton, N. H. in Feb. 1797. In 1807 he was chosen president of Bowdoin college, the duties of which station he faithfully performed for about 10 years, when his nealth became im- paired. D. 1819. APREECE, or EHESE, John, a learn- ed antiquary. B. in Wales in the early part of the 16th century, and d. in the reign of queen Mary. One of his works, entitled " Fides Historiae Britannise," is preserved in manuscript in the Cottonian collection. APROSIO, Angelico, an Augustine monk, born at Genoa. He wrote a num- ber of books, but is best known by a work, entitled " Bibliotheca Aprosiana." B. 1607: d. 1681. APTHONIUS, a rhetorician of Anti- och, who wrote a book called " Progym- nasmatii Rhetorica," in the 3d century. APTHORP, East, a learned divine. B. in New England, 1732, and d. at rianterbury, 1816. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts sent him out as one of their mis- sionaries to Cambridge, Massachusetts, in which state he resided for a short time, and then returned to England, and obtained the living of Croydon. Surrey, about 1765. In 1778 he took the degree of D.D., and was appointed to the rec- tory of St. Mary-le-Bow, London ; but, in 1793, he resigned his living on obtain- ing the valuable stall of Finsbury, in St. Paul's cathedral. APULEIUS, Lucius, a Platonic phi- losopher in the 2d century, b. at Madaura, Africa. He composed several books, the chief of which is a romance, entitled " The Golden Ass," which lias been translated into almost all the modem European languages. AQUAVIVA, Andrew Matthew, duke of Atri, Naples, was celebratea both as' a scholar and a soldier. B. 1456 ; d. 1528.— Claude, b. at Naples, 1542, became general of the order of Jesuits, and d. 1615. — Octavio, a prelate of great reputed piety and learning. D. arch- bishop of Naples, 1612. AQUILA, of Sihope, Pontus, an ar- chitect and mathematician in the time of Adrian, by whom he was employed in the rebuilding of Jerusalem, where he embraced the Christian religion, but was afterwards excommunicated for prac- tising astrology, when he turned Jew. AQUILANO, Seraeino, an admired Italian poet. B. at Aquila, Abruzzo, 1466 ; d. 1500. AQUIL ANUS, Sebastianus, a Neapol- itan physician of Padua. D. 1543. AQUINAS, St. Thomas, called the angelical doctor, was of the noble family of Aquine, descended from the kings of Aragon and Sicily. He was educated by the monks ot Mount Cassino, and removed to Naples ; but the inclination which he had to embrace an ecclesiasti cal life was opposed by his mother, who, after great difficulties, obtained him from the power of the monks, and confined him in her castle for two years. He, however, escaped, and fled to Naples, and afterwards to Rome ; and when im- proved by study, and the famous lectures of Albertus Magnus at Cologne, he ap- peared at Paris, and read public lectures to an applauding audience. On his re- turn to Italy, he became divinity pro- fessor to several universities, and at last settled at Naples, where he led an ex- emplary life of chastity and devotion, and refused the archbishopric of the city, in the most disinterested manner, when offered by Clement IV. Gregory 58 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ARi X. invited him to the council of Lyons, to read the book which lie had written against the Greeks; and he d. on his way to join the pontiff at the monastery of Fossanova, near Terracina, 7th March, 1274, in his 50th year. He was canon- ized, 1323. His writings, which are nu- merous, and mostly upon theological subjects, prove him to have been a man of great learning, and extensive knowl- edge. They have been published, in 17 vols, folio. It was in detence of Thomas Aquinas that Henry Vlll. composed the book which procured him from the pope the title of Defender of the Faith. AQUINO, Chakles d', a Neapolitan Jesuit, and an eminent teacher of rhet- oric at Eome. B. 1654; d. 1740. — Louis Claude d', a distinguished musician. At the age of 6 he performed on the harpsichord before Louis XIV". ; at 8, the celebrated Bernier declared he could teach him no more ; and at 12 he became organist of a church at Paris. B. 1694 ; ,d. 1772. — Philip, a learned Jew of the 17th century, b. at Avignon, converted to the Christian faith, and received bap- tism at A.quino, Naples, whence he de- rived his name. He was celebrated for his skill in the Hebrew language ; and was intrusted by Le Jay with the care of printing and correcting the He- brew and Chaldee text of his Polyglot Bible. AKABSCHAH, a Mahometan histo- rian, who wrote a history of Tamerlane, and a treatise on the divine unity. He was a native of Damascus, where he d. 1450. ARABELLA STUART, commonly called the Lady Arabella, was the only child of Charles Stuart, earl of Lennox, the brother of Henry Lord Darnley, father to James VI. of Scotland, by Elizabeth, daughter of Sir WiUiam Cav- endish. This innocent victim of jeal- ousy and state policy, while an infant, lost her father, and thus became heiress to a large estate. Several matches were projected for her at home and abroad ; and her cousin. King James, was inclined to marry her to Lord Esme Stuart, whom he had created duke of Lennox, and whom, before his marriage, he consider- ed as his heir ; but this union was pre- vented by Queen Elizabeth, who held the Lady ArabeUa under restraint. She was finally married in secret to the earl of Hertford, but some Scottish noble- men conspiring to place her on the throne, the plot was discovered and she waB wrongfully arrested as an aceom- pii-xj of their design. She was com- mitted to the Tower, where she passed the rest of her life in close and melan- choly confinement. D. 1615, in hei 38th year. ARAGON, TuLLiA d', a poetess of the 16th century; descended from an ille- gitimate branch of the royal family of Spain ; and highly celebrated for her wit, beauty, and various accomplishments. ARAJA, Francisco, a Neapolitan musician and composer in the 18th cen- tury, who entered the service of the Empress Catherine of Russia, and pro- duced at St. Petersburgh "Ccphtilo et Procris," the first opera written in the Russian lan^tiage. ARAM, Eugene, was a native of Ramsgill, Yorkshire, and the son of a gardener. His genius displayed itself while he followed the humble occupa- tion of his father; mathematical cal- culations and geometricid knowledge were quickly acquired by him, and, with the most indefatigable zeal, Lilly's gram- mar, though in unintelligible language, was learned by heart, and afterwards Camden's Greek. He then with rapid steps advanced to the comprehension of more difficult authors, till the whole store of Latin and Greek literature was open to his understanding. He also studied and made himselt perfect in Hebrew, and with these great acquire- ments he gained his livelihood, by en- gaging in several schools in the south of England. In 1757 he came to the free school at Lynn, a perfect master of the most abstruse studies, and ac- quainted with heraldry and botany. He had begun to make collections for radical comparisons between the mod- em languages and ancient tongues, and already more than 3000 words had been selected to establish their affinity in a comparative lexicon, when his labors were stopped by the hands of justice. He was arrested at Lynn, 1758, for the murder of Daniel Clarke, a shoemaker of Knaresborough, who had been mur- dered thirteen years before ; and, after a trial, in which he defended himself with coolness and ability, he was found guilty of the crime, and failing in an atternpt to commit suicide, he suffered death at York, August, 1759. He ac- knowledged the justice of his sentence, and attributed the crime to a suspicion of adultery between his wife and Clarke. Mr. Bulwer has made his stoiy the sub- ject of a most romantic fiction, in which, however, he has taken great liberties with the facts of the case. ARATOR, a Latin poet of the 5tU arc] cyclop^dta of biography. M century. Lorn in Liguria, who turned the Acts of the Apostles into verse. AKATUS, a Sicilian astronomer and poet, whose " Phaenomena" was trans- lated by Cicero, and from which St. Paul quotes in his address at Athens. — The son of Clinias, who restored Sicyon, brought about the Achajan league, and rescued Corinth from the Macedonian Antigonus. He wrote " Commentaries" on his own life. D. 216 b. c. ARBOG AST, Louis Fe. Au., a French- man, professor of mathematics at Stras- burg, and eminent as a geometrician. D. 1803. AEBOGASTES, a French soldier of fortune, who went to Eome at the time of Valentinian the Younger, became a general of the army, and after the death of the emperor, caused the rhetorician Eugenius to assume the purple. He was defeated by Theodosius, fled to his native mountains and put an end to his life, about 395. ARBRISSEL, Robert of, founder of the abbey of Fontevraud, was born in the village of Arbrissel, Brittany, about 1047. D. 1117. ARBUCKLE, James, a Scotch poet, born at Glasgow, and died in the north of Ireland, where he had settled as a schoolmaster, 1734. ARBUTHNOT, Alexander, a Scot- tish divine and a zealous reformer, was born in 1538, and died in 1583. — John, a celebrated writer and physician in the reign of Queen Anne, was born at Ar- buthnot, near Montrose, and educated at Aberdeen. He was appointed phy- sician in ordinary to the queen, and ad- mitted a fellow of the college. He en- gaged with Pope and Swift in many of their literary schemes, particularly in the satire under the title of " Martinus Scriblerus." In 1727, Dr. Arbuthnot pubhshed "Tables or Ancient Coins, Weights, and Measures," which valu- able work was followed by an " Essay concerning Aliments," &c., and another on the ''Effects of Air on Human Bodies." So excellent a character did he bear with his cotemporaries, that Swift thus pithily describes him: "He has more wit than all our race, and his humanity is equal to our wit." D. 1735. ARCERE, Anthony, a very learned Frenchman, who applied to the study of the oriental languages, made a tour into the East, and returned richly fur- nished with manuscripts. B. 1664; d. 1699. — Louis Stephen, a French eccle- Hiastic, poet, and historian of the 18th century; chiefly known by his works on Rochelle and Amiens. ARCESILAUS, a Greek philosopher, the founder of the second or middle academy, was born at Pitane, in ^olia. 316 B. c. — A king of Macedon, natural son of Perdiccas II. , whom he su'^ceeded, after murdering his brother Alcetas. He liberally encouraged literature and the arts, entertained and patronized Euripides and Zeuxis, 398 b. o. — A GreeK philosopher, the disciple and suc- cessor of Anaxagoras at Lampsacus, but removed afterwards to Athens, where he had Socrates for a pupil. — A geog- rapher; author of a treatise on all the countries conquered by Alexander, in whose time he lived. — A Christian di- vine, bishop of Mesopotamia, who flour- ished under Probus, about 278, and was a zealous champion for the Catholic faith, against the Manicha^ans. ARCHENHOLZ, John, a Swedish historian, born at Helsingfors, 1695; d. 1777. — John William von, a very volu- minous German author. His two most important works are " Annals of British History," 20 vols., and a "History of the Seven Years' War." B. 1742 ; d. 1818. ARCHIAS, AuLUs Licinius, a native of Antioch, chiefly known from the elo- quent orations made by Cicero, to de- fend his right to the citizenship of- Eome. ARCHIGENES, a Greek physician of the Pneumatic sect, who flourished in the times of Domitian and Trajan. His works are frequently referred to by Galen. ARCHILOCHUS, a Greek satirist, born in the isle of Paros, 660 b. c. The invention of the Iambic metre is at- tributed to him. ARCHIMEDES, the most celebrated mathematician among the ancients, was a native of Syracuse, and related to King Hiero. He was equally skilled in the sciences of astronomy, geometry, mechanics, hydrostatics, and optics; his aptness in solving problems had be- come proverbial in Cicero's days, and his singular ingenuity in the invention and construction of warlike engines is much dwelt upon by Livy. The com- bination of pulleys for raising immense weights, the endless screw, &c., were invented by him ; but his genius for in- vention was never more signally dis- played than in the defence of Syracuse, when it was besieged by Marcellus ; for among other astonishing novelties, he produced a burning glass, composoa of 60 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. reflecting mirrors, by which he fired the enemy's fleet. At length, however, the city was taken bv stoim, and Ar- chimedes, then in his 74th year, was among the shiin, 212 b. c. ARCHINTO, Chakles, a learned Mi- lanese of noble family, who founded an academy for the sciences and mechanics in his native city, which he enriched with an extensive hbrary, &c. B. 1669. ARCIION, Louis, an antiquary, chap- lain to Louis XIV..; author of a "His- tory of the Royal Chapel of France." B. 1645; d. 1717. AKCHYTAS, a Pythacforean philos- opher and mathematician of Tarentum, who was one of the first who applied the theory of mathematics to practical purposes, 400 b. c. AKCO, Nicholas, Count, a Latin poet, born at Arco, in the Tvrol, 1479; d. 1546. ARGON, J. C. Eleonore Lemiceaud, a French oflicer, born at Pontarlier, 1733 ; d. 1800. ARCUDIUS, Peter, a Greek priest, born in the isle of Corfu, who wrote several pieces in defence of the Roman church, and was sent by Clement VIIL to Russia, to settle some religious dif- ferences. D. 1635. ARCUDI, Alexander Thohas d', a Dominican of Venice, who wrote sev- eral works, chiefiy biographical, of which the "Galatana Letterata" is the principal. D. 1720. ARCULPHUS, a French divine of the 7th century, who visited the Holy Land, and wrote an account of his travels. ARCY, Patrick, a military writer of the 18th century, born at Gal way. D. }779. ARDENE, EsPRrr Jean de Rome d', a French author, bom at Marseilles, 1684 ; d. 1748.— John Paul, brother of the preceding, was a priest at Marseilles, and superior of a college ; but more celebrated as a florist than as an eccle- siastic. D. 1769. ARDERN, John, an English surgeon of Newark-upon-Trent, to whom the credit of being the reviver of surgery in England in the 14th century has been given. ARDERNE, James, an English di- vine, made dean of Chester by Charles IL D. 1691. ARDINGHELLI, Maria, a Neapol- itan author, of noble origin, born in 1730. He was distinguished in algebra and the physical sciences. AEEAGATHUS, a Greek physician, who lived 269 b. o., and practised witL repute at Rome ; but havmg introduced the use of caustics and the knife, he was banished. ARENA, Anthony de, a French writer of the 16th century, chiefly known by his poem on the war of Pro- vence, carried on by Charles V. J). 1544. — James de, a learned civilian and writer in the 13th century. He was professor of law at Padua and Bologna, and wrote "Commentsries on tlie Di- gest and the Code." — Joseph de, an officer in the French service, born in Corsica ; arrested at the opera, Aug. 10, 1801, and executed Jan. 31 following, for im attempt on the life of Bonaparte, then first consul. ARENDT, Martin Frederic, a cele- brated traveller, was born at Altona, in 1769. He commenced his travels in 1798, visiting the northern parts of Eu- rope, and making researches into the antiquities of the countries through whicn he passed. He afterwards trav- elled throu^^h Spain, Italy, and Hun- gary; and it was his practice to carry all his papers with him, live on the charitv of others, and sleep in the open air. D. 1824. ARESI, Paul, bishop of Tortona, Mi- lan, who taught theology, philosophy, and rhetoric, at Rome and Naples, and wrote some philosophical and religious pieces. B. 1574; d. 1644. ARETiEUS, a Greek physician in the time of Vespasian ; his works are held in great esteem. ARETIN, A. and J. G., brothers. B. in 1769 and 1771 ; authors of several German works on the fine arts, "Ma- gazin des Arts du Dessin." — Christo- pher, Baron. B. in 1773; a laborious German bibliograph, curator of the Royal library at Munich, and member of the most famous German academics. Among his works are, "Historical and Literary Memoirs :" a " Historv of the Jews of Bavaria ;'^ " On the Eflects of Printing;" and many curious treatises on Mnemonics, a Universal Language, the Divining Rod, &c. He edited the "Aurora" in 1806, and published the " Nouvel Indicateur Litteraire," at Tu- bingen. 1808. D. 1824. ARETINO, Charles, b. in Tuscany, in the 15th century. He was secretary to the republic of' Florence ; and emi- nent both as a Greek scholar and a Latin poet. D. 1470. — Francis, a learned ci- vilian of Italy in the 15th century. — GuiDO, a Benedictine monk, who lived in the 11th centurv. He rendered him- arg] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. ^ self famous bj discovering a new method of learning music, or rather by restoring the true principle of the ancient Greek music ; and was said to have been the inventor of the six notes in music, Ut, Ee, Mi, Fa, Sol, La. They are thought to have been taken from a hymn of St. John, composed by Paul, in 770, and which runs as follows : Ut queant laxis Re sonare fibris 3fi ra gestonini. Fa muli tuonun, Sol ve pollutis, la bias reatum. — Leonakdo, was one of the ablest men in eloquence and science of the 15th cen- tury; and left several works, the cata- logue of which may be seen in Gesner's " Bibliotheca." He d. about 1443, being then 74 years of age, at Florence ; where there is a marble monument erected to him in the church of the Holy Cross, with an inscription to the following purport: — " Since the death of Leonar- do, history is in mourning; eloquence is become mute; the Greek and Latin muses cannot forbear shedding tears." — Francisco, a man of great reading, and well acquainted with the Greek lan- guage. He studied at Sienna, about the year 1443; and afterwards taught law there with such a vivacity of genius, that they called him the Prince of Sub- tleties, and his wit became a proverb. He taught also in the university of Pisa, and in that of Ferrara. — ^Pietbo, a na- tive of Arezzo, who lived in the 16th century. He was fiunous for his satir- ical writings, and was so bold in his in- vectives against sovereigns, that he got the title of the Scourge of Princes. He used to boast that his lampoons did more service to the world than sermons ; and it was said of him, that he had sub- jected more princes by his pen than the greatest warriors had ever done by their arms. Aretino wrote also many irreligious and obscene pieces, and was the author of some comedies, which were esteemed pretty good of their kind. B. 1491 ; d. 1556. AEETIUS, Benedict, an ecclesiastic, distinguished for his botanical and the- ological attainments, who lived at Berne, Switzerland. D. 1574. AKGAIK, Gregoet, a Spanish Ben- edictine, who wrote an ecclesiastical history of Spain, which he ascribed to St. Gregory. He lived at Madrid, du- ring the 17th century. AEG ALL, EicHABD, a poet, who flour- ished in England in the time of James I. — Samuel, a depu.ty-governor of Vir- ginia, who in 1612 carried off Pocahon- 6 tas to Jamestown, whose attack on the settlement in Acadie began the war be- tween the French and English, and who subdued the Dutch settlements on the Hudson. He was knighted by King James, in 1623. AEGELLATI, Philepo, a printer at Bologna, afterwards a magistrate. B. 1685. — Francisco, his son, author of a "Decamarone," written in imitation of Boccacio. D. 1754. AEGENS, John Baptiste de Botee, Marquis d', a French miscellaneous writer, who was invited by Frederic WUliam, king of Prussia, to become one of his chamberlains. B. 1704; d. 1771. AEGENSOLA, Lupebcio Leonardo d', a Spanish historian and poet. B. in Aragon, about 1565; d. 1613. — Bar- tholomew, his brother, was canon of Saragossa, and chaplain of the Empress Maria, of Austria. He was the author of a " History of the Conq^uest of the Moluccas," and of a continuation of " Zurita's History of Aragon." It waft said of the two brothers, that the per- fect resemblance of their talents made their countrymen believe them to be twins of Apollo and a Muse. B. 1566 ; d. 1631. AEGENSON, Mark Eene le Voter, Marquis d', celebrated as the first who introduced lettres de cachet, during his administration of the Police at Paris, 1697, was b. at Venice, where his father was ambassador from the French court. He was highly respected for his abilities, and the firmness of his character. He succeeded d'Aguesseau in the office of chancellor, 1719, but was disgraced the following year, and d. of a broken heart in 1721. AEGENTEEO, a celebrated Pied- montese physician, who translated Ga- len. B. 1558. AEGENTIE, John, an eminent Ital- ian physician. B. 1513 ; d. 1572. AEGOLI, John, the son of Andrew, a celebrated mathematician, was b. in 1609, at Tagliacozzo, in the' Neapolitan territory, and d. about the year 1660. Several' philological and archaeological works proceeded from his pen, but he is best known as a poet. When only" fifteen, he wrote his Idyl on the silk- worm, and two years subsequently, his Endymion, in twelve cantos, which he completed in seven months, during which period he shut himself up, and suffered no one to enter his room, ex- cept to bring his food. AEGONNE, Don Bonaventure d', a native of Paris, author of some useful m CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ari works, especially miscellanies of history and literature, replete with entertaining anecdotes and valuable reflections, pub- lisned under the name of Vigneul de Marville. lie d. a Carthusian monk at Gaillon, near Rouen, 1704, aged 64. He wrote also a method of reading the church fathers. AKCtUELLES, Augustus, a Spanish patriot daring the revolution of 1812. B. 1775. ARGUSTIN, Antonio, a Spanish an- tiquarian, and author of "Dialogos de los xMedallas." B. 1517, ARGYROPYLUS, Joannes, a learned man who fled from Constantinople when taken by Mahomet II., and contributed to the revival of Greek literature in Eu- rope. He was received with kindness by Cosmo de Medicis, duke of Tuscany, placed in the professor's chair at Flo- rence, and made tutor in the prince's family. He retired from thence, during the plague, to Rome, where he lectured on Aristotle. He d. of a fever occasioned by eating melons, in his 70th year, about 1478. He translated several of Aris- totle's works, in a manner which proved him to be an able Grecian, and a scholar of the most comprehensive erudition. He was an intemperate epicure, so that the whole of his fortune was squandered in supplying the delicacies of his table. He treated the character of Cicero with contempt, because he had said of his favorite Greek, that it is a language ver- borum mops. He left some sons equally learned. ARIADNE, daughter of Leo I. mar- ried to Zeno, who succeeded as emperor, 474. She was so disgusted with the in- temperance of her husband, and so eager to enjoy the company of her fa- vorite Anastasius, that she forgot her dignity and character in barbarity. Ze- no, when intoxicated, was shut up in a sepulchre, where he was suffered to die ; and Anastasius, though of obscure origin, was placed on the throne. D. 515. ARIAS MONTANUS, Benedict, a native of Seville, eminent for his knowl- edge of modern and ancient literature. He was engaged by Philip II. of- Spain, to publish an edition of the polyglot Bible, which he completed, and pub- lished at Antwerp, 1569-72. The mon- arch liberally offered the author a bish- opric, but it was modestly refused, and only a pension of 2000 ducats accepted, with the honor of being chaplain to the king. Arias wrote some biblical and histoncal treatises, besides translating the Psalter into Latin verse. B. 1527; d. 1598. ARI ERODE, an Icelandic scholar of the 11th century, and the earliest of the northern historians. Of his numerous writings only the Schedse and Land- namabok remain. ARION, a Lesbian poet, the inventor of dythrambics, but his hymn to Nep- tune is all that remains of his works. ARIOSTO, Attilio, a Bolognese com- poser, who gave lessons to Handel, with whom and Bononcini, he composed his well-known opera of "Muzio Scevola." His masterly execution on the viol d'amore, a new instrument, gave him applause and opulence in England. D. 1725. — LuDovico, an illustrious poet. B. at Reggio, 1474, of a family allied to the duKes of Ferrara. His early genius displayed itself in the composi- tion of the play of Pyraraus and ThLsbe, which he acted with his brothers and sisters ; but his father, like the father of Ovid, viewed his studies with a jedous eye, and bade him forsake the muses for the bar. This he did for a while ; but after his father's decease he returned to his favorite pursuits, and, under the friendly patronage of Hippolito, cardinal d'Este, he began the plan of a poem, which was to immortalize the Italian muse. The cardinal seems to have valued him rather as a scholar and man of business than as a poet^ for when Ariosto presented a copy of his immortal Orlando, the cardinal inquired, " Where did you pick up this trumpery, master Ludovico ?" He was invited to write in Latin by Cardinal Bembo ; but with the ardor of a poet he replied, that he aspired to the first rank of Italian composition, while he could only stand as second as the votary of the Latin muse. He read with attention the works of Homer and Virgil, and, with a mind stored with all the learning^ of ancient times, he bor- rowed a subject from Bojardo's Orlando Inamorato, and produced his incompar- able poem of Orlando Furioso. Though devoted to poetry, Ariosto was at times employed in negotiations ; and when,, on the death of Hippolito, Alphonso, duke of Ferrara succeeded as patron or the poet, he showed his regard for him by appointing him governor of Graffig- nana, a post which he discharged with honor and fidelity. For his retirement, he built a house at Ferrara ; and when questioned why he, who shone in the ■] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. k description of magnificent lialls, and Bplendid palaces, had made it so small, he replied, that words were cheaper than stones. He read his poems with so sweet a voice, that his triends were en- raptured to hear him ; and he possessed so delicate an ear, with, at the same time, so sensitive and so choleric a tem- per, that he once entered into the shop of a potter, who had been repeating some of his verses with an improper ac- cent, and broke a great number of the pots exposed to sale. The man expos- tulated in vain at the violence of the stranger, I have not sufficiently re- venged myself on thee, exclaimed Ari- osto"; I have broke only a few pots, and you have spoiled the most beautiful of compositions to my face. He d. at Fer- rara, 8th July, 1533, in his 59th year. Ariosto possesses all the fire of genuine poetry ; he passes with incredible rapid- ity and ease from the terrible to the ten- der, from the soft to the sublime ; every character is interesting ; his heroes are valiant without rashness ; his hero- ines are feminine without weakness ; and nature appears in all her native ma- jesty, adornecl by all the graces of art, and recommended by the most enchant- ing language of poetry. Besides the Orlando, Ariosto wrote satires, comedies, and miscellaneous poems. His principal works have been translated into the various languages of Europe, and he ranks among the classics of the world. — Gabriel, brother of the above, very in- ferior to him in genius, but a respectable Latin poet. His works were published at Ferrara in'l582. — Horace, son of the last named ; author of a poem entitled Alphseus, several comedies, and a de- fence of the Orlando against the criti- cism of Pellegrini. ARISI, Francis, an eminent advocate of Cremona; author of various works, of which the most valuable is his "Cre- mona Literati." B. 1657 ; d. 1743. AEIST^NATUS, a Greek writer of the 4th century, praised by Ammianus Marcellinus, but only known now by two books of eleerant Amatory Epistles. AEISTAECHUS, a critic and gram- marian, of Samothrace, who flourished about 150 B. c. Having settled at Alex- andria, he was made tutor to the son of Ptolemy Philomater. His criticisms were so severe that his name has be- come proverbial. — A Greek philosopher, supposed to have flourished about 4 centuries b. c. He is said to be the first wY o knew of the earth's rotatory motion on its own axis ; and a work of £is treats of the magnitude and distance of the sun and moon. ARISTEAS, a Jew, in the employ- ment of Ptolemy Philadelphus, who as- sisted in the Septuagint translation of the Bible. ARISTIDES, an Athenian, whose equity and integrity gained for him the glorious appellation of the Just, was the son of Lysimachus. Being an admirer of the laws of Lycurgus, he preferred an oligarchy to a democracy, and was, con- sequently, the great opponent of The- mistocles, the head of the democratical party. The dissensions between these two eminent men were so prejudicial to the common weal, that Aristides himself once exclaimed, that "the Athenians would never prosper till he and The- mistocles were consigned to the dungeon for condemned criminals." The self- denial and patriotism of Aristides were strongly manifested by his giving up his share of the commancl to Miltiades, be- fore the battle of Marathon ; and his con- duct after the battle, when intrusted to divide the spoils, was equally praise- worthy. In the year 491 b. c. he wae archon, or chief magistrate ; an officj which he filled with high reputation. Themistocles, however, succeeded in having him sentenced to banishment by ostracism. On this occasion, a voter who could not write, and did not' know him, met him, and asked him to inscribe the name of Aristides on the shell for him. " Did Aristides ever injure you ?" said the patriot. " No," replied the man, " but I am weary of hearing nira called the Just." Aristides wrote his own name, and returned the shell. Be- ing recalled from banishment, when Xerxes was preparing to invade Greece, he laid all private differences aside, and acted in perfect concert with Themisto- cles. At the battle of Plataea he com- manded the Athenian forces, and fought bravely, and, subsequent to the battle, his wisdom put an end to a dangerous quarrel which arose between the con- federates. He d. of old age aooiit 467 years b. c, and did not leave sufficient property to defray the expense of his fu- neral. He was buried at the public cost, a pension and an estate were given to Ma son, and suitable portions to his daugh- ters. — ^Elius, a native of Adriani, in Mysia ; an orator of great practice and ability during the reigns of Antoninus, Aureiius, and Commodus. — A Christian philosopher, of Athens, in the 2d cen- tury. Jerome praises his " Apology f )T the Christian Faith," but none o^ hia u CVCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ari writings are extaiiu. — A painter of Thebes in the 3d century b. o., famous for his power of representing the passions. — QuiNTiLiAN, a Greek musician, who, about the year 130, wrote a treatise on music. — An historian of Miletus, often mentioned by Plutarch. ARISTIPPUS, founder of the Cyre- naic sect of philosophers, was b. at Gy- rene about 4 centuries b. c. He became a pupil of Socrates, but his mode of life was so effeminate as to induce that great man to compose the lecture on pleasures, which is preserved in the Memorabiha of Xenophon. Excellent as that lecture is, it had little effect on Aristippus ; who, both in lecturing and living, made pleasure the chief good. At Corinth he was the companion of the courtesan Lais ; and, at Syracuscj he was tlivored by the tyrant, Dionysius, to whom he paid his court. He established a school of philosophy at Cyrene, which con- tinued for about a century, when it was merged into the sect of l!picurus. ARISTO, of Chios, a Stoic phUosopher, 260 B. c. — An Aristotelian philosopher, of Ceos, 230 b. c. A work of his, en- titled "Amatory Similes," is cited by Athenseus. ARISTOGITON, a citizen of Athens, 516 B.C., who was executed, after being horribly treated, for conspiring with his friend Harmodius to slay the tyrants Hippias and Hipparchus. Hipparchus they succeeded in slaying ; and Hippias, who put Aristogiton to death, was ex- pelled the state about three years after- wards, when the statues of Aristogiton and Harmodius were placed in the forum, and it was decreed that no slave should ever bear the name of either. AEISTOMENES, a Greek, son of' Nieomedes, a descendant of the regal family of Messene, whose exertions caused the Messenians, in conjunction with the Arcadians and Argives, to com- mence the second Messenian war, 685 B. c, in order to shake off the yoke of Sparta. The Messenians, however, were unsuccessful, and went over to Sicily, where thev founded the city of Messina. ARISTOPHANES, a dramatic poet of Athens, cotemporary with Socrates, Plato, &c., in the 5th century b. c. His comedies were marked by a severity of satire which made him at once feared and popular; and his description of Athenian manners was so exact, that when Dionysius, of Syracuse, wished to study the language and manners of Athen."<, Plato sent him the comedies of Aristophanes as the readiest means of doing so. Only 11 of his 50 oc (nediea remain. These are Plutus, The Clouds, The Knights, The Aeharnenses, The Wasps, Peace, The Birds, Tlie Female Orators, the Priestesses of Ceres, and Lysistrata. " The Clouds," which he wrote in ridicule of Socrates, is the most celebrated of all his comedies : Madame Dacier tell* us, she was so much charm- ed with this performance, that, after she had translated it, and read it over 200 times, it did not become the least tedi- ous to her. Aristophanes, having con- ceived some aversion to the poet Euripides, satirizes him in several of his plays, particularly in his " Frogs" and his " Thesmophoriazusse." He wrote " The Lysistrata" when all Greece was involved* In war; in which comedy the women are introduced debating "upon the affairs of the commonwealth ; when they come to a resolution not to go to bed with their husbands till peace should be concluded. He invented a peculiar kind of verse, which was called by his name, and Suidas says, that he also was the inventor of the tetrameter and octa- meter verse. The time of his death is unknown. ARISTOTLE, the chief of the Peri patetic philosophers. B. at Stagyra, a small city in Macedon, in the 99th Olympiad, about 384 b. c, was the son of Michomachus, physician to Amyntas, the grandfather of Alexander the Great. By tne advice of the Delphic oracle he went to Athens when about 18, and studied under Plato till he was 37. He followed his studies with most extraor- dinary diligence, so that he soon sur- passed all in Plato's school. He ate little, and slept less ; and that he might not oversleep nimself, Diogenes Laertius tells us, that he laid always with one hand out of bed, having a ball of brass in it, which by its falling into a basin of the same metal, awaked nim. When he had studied about 15 years under Plato, he began to form different tenets from those of his master, who became highly piqued at his behavior. Upon the death of Plato, he quitted Athens, and retired to Atarnya, a little city of Mysia, where his old iriend Hermias reigned. Here he married Pythias, the sister of this prince, whom he is said to have loved so passionately, that he offered sacrifice to her. Some time after, Hermias hav- ing been taken prisoner by Maranon, the kinor of Persia's general, Aristotle went to Mitylene, the capital of Lesbos, where he remained till Philip, king of Macedon, having heard of his great reputation, kRM\ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. m sent for him to be tutor to his son Alex- ander, then about 14 years of age. Aris- totle accepted the oifer j and in eight years taught him rhetoric, natural phi- losophy, ethics, politics, and a certain sort of piiilosophy, according to Plutarch, which he taugiit nobody else. Philip erected statues in honor of Aristotle; and for his sake rebuilt Stagyra, which had been almost ruined by the wars. Aristotle having lost the favor of Alex- ander by adhering to Calisthenes, his kinsman, who was accused of a conspir- acy against Alexander's life, removed to Athens, where he set up his new school. The magistrates received him very kind- ly and gave him the Lycseum, so famous afterwards for the concourse of his dis- ciples ; and here it was, according to some authors, that he composed his principal works. When Aristotle was accused of impiety by one Eurymedon, a priest of Ceres, he wrote a large apol- ogy for himself, addressed to the magis- trates : but, knowing the Athenians to be extremely jealous about their religion, and remembering the fate of Socrates, he was so much alarmed that he retired to Chalcis, a city of Euboea, where he end- ed his days in the 63d year of his age, being the third of the l'l4th Olympiad, two years after Alexander. The Stagyr- ites carried away his body, and erected altars to his memory. ARIUS, a divine of the 4th century, and the head and founder of the Arians, a sect which denied the eternal divinity and consubstantiality of the Word. He was born in Libya, near Egypt. The Arian principles, according to Span- heim, were, that Christ was only called God by way of title ; that he was less than the Father, who only was eternal and without beginning; that he was a creature, having a beginning of exist- ence, created out of things, having no being before the beginning of all things : hence he was made God, and the Son of God by adoption, not by nature ; and that the Word was also subject to change; that the Father created all things by him as an instrument; and that he was the most excellent of aU creatures ; that the essence of the Father was different from the essence of the Son; neither was he co-eternal, co- equal, nor consubstantial >;vith the Fa- ther ; that the Holy Ghost was not God, but the creature of the Son, begot and createcJ by him, inferior in dignity to the Father and Son, and co-worker in the creation. His death happened in the year 336. e* AEKWEIGHT, Sir Richard, a man who was born in one of the lowest sta- tions of life, being literally a penny bar- ber at Manchester, but by uncommon genius and persevering industry in- vented and perfected a system of mar- chinery for spinning cotton, that had in vain been attempted by many of the first mechanics ot the 17th and 18th centuries; and which, by giving per- petual employment to many thousand families, increased the population, and was productive of great commercial ad- vantage to his country. Tiie machine is called a " Spinning Jenny." Sir Eichard died Aug. 3, 1792, leaving prop- erty to the amount of near half a mil- lion sterling. AELANl), James Anthony, a Gene- vese painter of great merit. His last work was the " Amour of Jupiter with Leda," which, from some whim unex- plained, he destroyed by cutting it to pieces. A copy of it was sold in the artist's lifetime for 600 guineas. B. 1668 ; d. 1743. AELOTTO, Mainardo, a facetious Florentine of the 15th century, and of whose witticisms a collection has been frequently printed, was a parish min- ister in the bishopric of Fiesole ; who, though regarded as a religious buffoon by some, was as benevolent as he was jocose. B. 1395 ; d. 1483. AEMELLINI, Mariaud, a learned Dominican, born at Ancona, was the author of " Bibliotheca Benedictino Ca- sinensis," and other works. D. 1737. AEMFELDT, Gustavus Maurice, Count, a Swedish statesman of some note. D. 1814. AEMINIUS, or HEEMANN, who by his intrepidity and success acquired the title of "the Deliverer of Germany," was the son of Segimer, a chief of the Catti. Having been sent to Eome as a hostage, he was there educated, served in the Eoman army, and for his valor was raised to citizenship and knighted. But his attachment to his native country induced him to revolt, and he became one of the most powerful leaders of the discontented German nations. He drew Varus, the Eoman commander on the Ehine, into that ambuscade in which he and nearly all his troops were slain, and completely baffled German- icus • but after having for years with- stood the vast power of Eome, Armi- nius was assassinated bj' one of his own countrymen, in the 37th year of his age, a.d. 21. — James, a native of Oude-water, in Holland, 1560, founder of the sect or 66 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [AtS the Arminians. As he lost his father early, he was supported at the uni- versity of Utrecht, and of Marpurg, by the liberality of his friends ; but when he returned home, in the midst of the ravages caused by the Spanish arms, instead of being received by his mother, he found that she, as well as her daugh- ters, and all her family, had been sac- riticed to the wantonness of the ferocious enemy. His distress was for a while in- consolable, but tlie thirst after distinc- tion called him to the newly founded university of Leyden, where his in- dustry acquired him the protection of the magistrates of Amsterdam, at whose expense he travelled to Geneva and Italy, to hear the lectures of Theodore Beza and James Zabarella. On his re- turn to Holland, he was ordained min- ister of Amsterdam, 1583. As professor of divinity at Leyden, to which office he was called, 1603, he distinguished him- self by three valuable orations on the object of theology — on the author and end of it — and on the i»ertainty of it — and he afterwards explaired the prophet Jonah. In his public and private life, Arminius has been admired for his moderation; and though many gross insinuations have been thrown against him, yet his memory has been fully vindicated by the ablest pens, and he seemed entitled to the motto which he assumed, — a good conscience is a para- dise. A life of perpetual labor and vex- ation of mind at last brought on a sick- ness of winch he died, October 19, 1619. His writings were all on controversial and theoloirical subjects. ARMSTKONG, Dr. John, a celebrated poet, born at Castleton, Edinburghshire, where his father and brother were min- isters. He took his degree of M.D. m the university of Edinburgh, 1732, but he did not meet with the success in his profession which his merits deserved. His first exertions for the amusement of the public were some small medical tracts, which were followed by the " Economy of Love," a poem after the manner ot' Ovid, objectionable for its licentiousness, though admired for the spirit of its lines, corrected and purged in the edition of 1768. In 1744 the " Art of Preserving Health" was pub- lished, and on this great and highly finished performance, the fame of Arm- strong totally depends. By means of his friends, the poet was recommended to the notice of the great. He was ap- pointed physician to" the lame and sick goldiers, behind Buckingham house, and in 1760, he was made physician to the army in Germany. It was at this time that he wrote his poem called "Day," inscribed to John Wilkes ; and the Ireedoni of remark which he used in one passage upon Churchill not only drew the vengeance of the satirist upon him, but dissolved the friendship which had before cordially existed with Wilkes. He collected his scattered pieces which he published in 1770, and the following year he wrote a " Short Eamble through France and Italy," by Lancelot Temple He died in September, 1779, leaving be hind liim about £3000, a sum which surprised his friends, as they knew that his income was small. — John, a phy- sician and medical writer, celebrated for his researches on the causes and phe- nomena of febrile diseases. B. 1784; d. 1829. — John, an American general, distinguished in the Indian wars. He defended Fort Moultrie, and was in the battle of Germantown. D. 1795. — John, son of the preceding, was also a gen- eral, who at the age of 18 joined the revolutionary army, contrary to the wishes of his parents, was aid to Mer- cer at the battle of Princeton, receiving him into his arms when he fell, and afterwards served as major under Gates. Just before the close of the war, he wrote a series of anonymous addresses which are celebrated as the " Newburg Letters," and the effect of which was so great, that Washington felt called upon to issue an address to counter- mand their influence. He was sub- sequently secretaiy of state for Penn- sylvania, a member of the old congress, a United States senator from New York, minister to France under Jefferson, and secretary of war under Madison. He passed the latter part of his life in lite- rary and agricultural pursuits. B. 1758 ; d. 1848. ARMYNE, Lady Mary, daughter of Henry Talbot, the fourth son of George, earl of Shrewsbury, married Sir William Armyne, and rendered herself distin- guished by her piety and benevolence, as well as her knowledge of history, of divinity, and of the lang lages. She en- dowed three hospitals. D. 1675. ARNALD, RicH.vKD, B.D., a native of London, educated at Benet's and Emanuel college, and presented to the rectory of Thurcaston in Leicestershire. He published several sermons, but his best known performance is his "Com- mentary on the Apocrypha." D. 1756. ARNALL, William, an attorney's clerk, who became a political writer in arn] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. m the pay of Sir Kobert Walpole. It ap- pears from the report of a secret com- mittee, that, in four years, he received £10,997 6s. 8d. for his pamphlets ; and though so liberally rewarded, he died of a broken heart and in debt, 1741, aged 26. AKNAUD, Francis Thomas Bacu- LARi) d', a prolific French writer of the time of Voltaire. His principal works were " Epreuves des Sentiments^'' •'Loisirs Utiles," "Coligny," &c. B. 1718 ; d. 1751. AKNAUD DE VILLA NOVA, a physician, who improved himself by travelling through Europe, and created himself enemies by havmg recourse to astrology. He enjoyed some reputation at Paris, and afterwards retired to SicUy, to Frederic, king of Aragon. He was shipwrecked on the coast of Genoa as he was returning to attend Pope Clem- ent, who labored under a severe ill- ness, 1310 or 1313. AENAULD, Henby, a French ecde- slasrlc, the son of an eminent advocate, was born in 1597, and, after having been intrusted with important missions to Rome, and other Italian courts, was made bishop of Angers, in 1649, and thenceforth devoted himself strictly to the performance of his episcopal duties. His piety and charity were exemplary, and the only time, during nearly half a century, that he quitted his "diocese, was to reconcile the prince of Tarento with his father. Angers having re- volted, the queen mother threatened that city with severe vengeance, and was long inflexible. Arnaidd at length saved it, by saying, when he adminis- tered to her the sacrament, "Receive, madam, your God, who pardoned his enemies, even when he was dying on the cross," To a friend who told him that he ought to take one day in the week for recreation, he replied, " I will readily do so, if you will point out any day on which I am not a bishop." D. 1692. — Anthony, brother of Henry, was born at Paris, in 1612, studied in the colleges of Calvi and the Sorbonne, and took his doctor's degree in 1641. The publishing, in 1643, of his work on ''Frequent Communion," which was virulently attacked by the Jesuits, was his first appearance on the arena of con- troversy, where, during the remainder of his "life, iie made so conspicuous a figure. He next espoused the cause of Jansenius, for which he was expelled from the Sorbonne. The result of this «ra8, that he was compelled to live in retirement till the year 1668, and, while thus secluded, he produced many trea- tises. The Calvinists were the next ob- jects of his attack ; after which he had a contest with MaJebranche. The in- trigues of his enemies having rendered it necessary for him to quit France, he withdrew to the Netherlands, where he continued hostilities against the Jesuits and Protestants. He died at Brussels, in 1694. Arnauld was a man of exten- sive erudition, and an indefatigable and excellent writer on a variety of subjects, literary and philosophical as well as the- ological. His works extend to no less than forty-five quarto volumes. Though in social life his manners were mild and simple, he was of an impetuous dis- position. Nicole, his fellow-laborer in some of his controversies, having de- clared to him that he was tired of this ceaseless warfare, and wished to rest, " Rest !" exclaimed Arnauld, " wUl you not have all eternity to rest in ?" ARNAULT, Antoine Vincent, an esteemed dramatic poet of France, who laid the foundation of his fame by the tragedy of " Marius a Minturnes," which was first performed in 1791. He soon after published his " Lucrece," and then " Cincinnatus" and " Orcas," besides several operas. In 1797 Bonaparte com- mitted to him the organization of the government of the Ionian isles. While there he wrote his " Veneticus." In 1805 he was made president of the Nar- tional Institute. After the restoration he was banished, and resided in Bel- gium and Holland. His tragedy of " Germanicus," when first performed in 1817, excited a furious contest be- tween the opposite political parties. Two years after he returned to Paris, and subsequently wrote "Les Guelfes et lea Gibelins," "Lycurge," and "Gnilham I.," besides contributing to several peri- odicals, and editing a life of Napoleon. In 1833 he was appointed perpetual secretary of the academy. He took an active part in the literary controversy between the classic and romantic schools, in favor of t'le former. D. 1834. ARNDT, Christian, professor of logic at Rostock, in Germany ; author of " Observations on the Right Use of Loiric in Divinity," &c. B. 1623; d. 1683.— Joshua, brother of the above, and his successor in the chair at Rostock ; author of a " Dictionary of Ecclesiasti- cal Antiquities," and ' other valuable works. B; 1626; d. 1685.— Gottlieb Von, imperial Russian counsellor, assist- ant to the Empress Catherine II. in her 68 CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY. [arn literary employment, and author of a learned worK on " The Origin of Euro- pean Dialects," published in 1318. D. 1829. — Charlks, son of the last-named^ Hebrew professor at Rostock ; author ot *' Philoloitical Discourses," " Bibliotheca Politico Heraldica," &c. B. 1673; d. 1781. — John, a native of Anhalt; author of a treatise " On True Christianity." B. 1555; d. 1621. ARNE, Dr. Thomas Augustine, a cel- ebrated composer of music. At the early age of 18 he produced an opera, entitled " Rosamond," and shortly afterwards composed the music for a masque, en- titled " Alfred," written by Thompson and Mallet. On the masque' of " Comus" being adapted to the sttige, ArneV music for it obtained him so high a reputation, and such constant employment, that a mere catalogue of the various works he was subsequently the author of, would demand a far larger space than we can afford. His sister was the celebrated Mrs. Gibber. B. 1704; d. 1778.— Mi- chael, son of the preceding, and, like him, a musical composer ; author of the music of Alcmena and of Cymon. ARNIGIO, Bartholomew, an Italian poet, was originally a blacksmith, but at 18 years of age devoted himself to litera- ture, and distinguished himself so much, that the university of Padua gave him the degree of doctor. As a physician, which profession he followed, he was far less distinguished than as a poet. His works are numerous. B. 1523 ; d. 1577. ARNIM, LuDWia Aghin von, a Ger- man poet, and writer of romances, was b. at Berlin, studied at Gottingen, and passed his life in literary leisure and independence, at Heidelberg, Berlin, and his country seat. His chief works are "Ariel's Offenbarun^en," "Der Knabe Wunderhorn," "Der Winter- garten," "Grafin Dolores," "Die Kro- nen- Wachter," "Die Gieichan." D. 1831. His wife, Beti'ina Bkentano, is still more celebrated than himself, both from her own writings, and the interest- ing relation in which she stood as a child to the illustrious Goethe, her cor- respondence with whom, so singularly fresh, impulsive, and full of sentiment, has been translated into several lan- guages. ARNOLD, Christopher, a German peasant, whose energy and natural ge- nius enabled him to become one of the most accomplished astronomers of his age. The only work he left was entitled "Signs of Di-ine Grace, exhibited in a Solar Miracle." B. 1646; d. 1695.— John, an English watchmaker, and au- thor of many inventions for the more accurate mensuration of time. B. 1744; d. 1799. — John, a miller, celebrated in consequence of the interference on his behalf of Frederic the Great of Prussia. Believing that Arnold had been wronged of territorial land, by the decision against him of a lawsuit, I'rederic reversed the sentence, and imprisoned the judges. — Dr. Samuel, a musical composer of em- inence. He edited the works of Handel, and composed the "Prodigal Son," and other excellent oratorios. His opera of the " Maid of the Mill" still keeps the stage. B. 1789; d. 1802.— Thomas, an English physician, eminent for his skUl in the ti-eatment of mental insanity. He was the author of " Observations on the Management of the Insane," " A Case of Hydrophobia successfully treated," &c. B. 1742; d. 1816.— Rev. Thomas, D.D., head-master of Rugby school, and professor of modern history in the uni- versity of Oxford, was b. at Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, and educated at Win- chester and Corpus Christi college, Oxford. Dr. Arnold was a most accom- plished scholar, a successful instructor of youth, and an author of sterling value. In proof of the latter it is necessary only to mention his admirable History of Rome, his edition of Thucydides, his Lectures on Modern History, and his various pamphlets on political and eccle- siastical subjects. From the time of his appointment to the head-mastership of Rugby, in 1828, the school which had previously been declining, rose rapidly in public estimation, and at the time of his death contained 370 boys, including those on the foundation. His singu- larly upright character, and Iiis warm- hearted benevolence, joined to the ac- complishment of the scholar and the gentleman, gave him great influence over all whom he approached. His me- moirs is one of the most interesting and instructive books of the day. — B. 1795 ; d. 1842. — Nicholas, a professor of the- ology at Franeker, in Friesland, whose sermons and polemical works are not without merit. B. 1628; d. 1680.— Jef- FBEY, the writer of a History of Mystic Theology, and also a History of the Church and of Heretics, — himself a zeal- ous pietist, who preached at Perleburg. D. 1714. — Benedict, the most notorious of the name, was b. in Connecticut, of obscure parentage, and was in early life, a dealer in horses, which may account for some parts of his subsequent con- arn] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 9^ duct. On the breaking out«pf the revo- lutionary war, he espoused the cause of the colonists with enthusiasm. He was chosen to the command of a volunteer military company of New Haven, and immediately after the battle of Lexing- ton, ioined the army of Washington, at Cambridge, 1775. The Massachusetts committee of safety appointed him a a colonel, and authorized him to raise four hundred men for the purpose of taking Ticonderoga, which he took with the aid of Col. Allen, on the 10th of May. He commanded the expedition sent against Canada the same year. He commenced his march on the 16th of Sept., through the wilderness of Maine, with about one thousand men, and quit- ted Canada on the 18th of June follow- ing. After this he was appointed to the command of the American fleet on Lake Champlain. In the northern cam- paign of 1777, he acted a conspicuous part under Gen. Gates, and was present at the capture of Burgoyne's army. Be- ing rendered unfit for actual service by a severe wound in the leg after the re- covery of Philadelphia, he was appointed to the command of the American garri- son. All the while the thoughtless ex- travagance of his living, reduced him to the necessity of resorting to every and any means to support it. He was guilty of every species of artifice by which Eroperty both public and private might e obtained, and converted to his own use. More than half of the amount of his accounts were rejected, first by the commissioners, and afterwards by con- gress. He was soon obliged to abide the decision of a court-martial, upon charges preferred against him by the executive of the state of Pennsylvania, and he was subjected to the mortification of receiv- ing a reprimand from the commander- in-chief. His trial commenced in June, 1778, and ended Jan. 26, 1779. The sentence of reprimand was approved by congress, and soon afterwards carried into execution. It is probable that this was the moment, when, smarting under the inflictions of supposed injuries, he resolved to obtain revenge by the sacri- fice of his country. Obtaining by arti- fice the command of the important post of West Point, he, in a letter addressed to Col. Beverly Eobinson, signified his change of principles and his wish to re- store hilnself to the favor of his prince by some signal proof of his repentance. T'his led the way to a correspondence between him and Sir Henry Clinton, the 'Object of which was to concert the means of putting West Point into the hands of the Britisn. The plan was well laid, and the execution certain, but a fortunate accident thwarted the design. The ar- rangement was effected through the agency of major John Andre, aid-de- camp to Sir Henry and adjutant-general of the British army. Andre who had effected aU the arrangements with Ar- nold, had procured a pass from him, authorizing him, under the feigned name of John Anderson, to proceed on pubhc service to White Plains, or lower, if he thought proper. He had passed all the guards and posts on the road without suspicion, and was nearing New York in perfect security, when the reins of his bridle were seized and his horse stopped. Andre, instead ot producing his pasf(, asked the man hastily, where he belonged, and being answered, "fe helow,^'' replied immedi- ately, " and so do I." He then declared himself to be a British officer on urgent business, and begged that he might not be detained. The man who stopped him was a militia man, and being in- stantly joined by two others, Andr^ discovered his mistake, but it was too late to repair it. The militia men could neither be coaxed nor bribed from doing their duty. Andre contrived to apprize Arnold of his danger, and he effected his escape. When the great soul of Washington learned the defection of his general, he was almost overwhelmed by his discovery. " I thought," he said, " that a man who had shed his blood in the cause of his country could be trusted, but I am convinced now, that those who are wanting in private probity are unworthy of public confi- dence." Arnold, with the hope of al- luring the discontented to his standard, published an address to the inhabitants of America, in which he endeavored to Justify his conduct. This was followed in about a fortnight, by a proclamation, addressed '_' to the ofiicers and soldiers of the continental army, who have the real interest of their country at heart, and who are determined to be no longer the tools of congress and of France." These proclamations did not produce the effect designed, and in all the hard- ships, sufferings, and irritations of the war, Arnold remains the solitary in- stance of an American oflftcer who aban- doned the side first embraced in the contest, to turn his sword upon his former companions in arms. He was soon dispatched, by Sir Henry Clinton, to make a diversion in Virginia; ana 7a CYCLOP JSDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [arn committed extensive ravages on the rivers, and along the unprotected coasts. It is said that, wliile on this expedition, Arnold inquired of an American cap- tain, whom he had taken prisoner, what the Americans would do with him, if he should fall into their hands. The officer replied, that they would cut off his lame leg, and bury it with the honors of war, and hang the remainder of his body on a gibbet. After his recall from Virginia, he conducted an expedition against New London, in his native state of Connecticut. Burning the town and the stores which were in it, Arnold re- turned to New York in eight days. He survived the war but to drag out a dis- honorable life, and transmit to his chil- dren a name of hateful celebrity. He obtained only a part of the debasing sti- pend of an abortive treason. He enjoy- ed the rank of brigadier-general; but the officers of the Sritish army mani- fested a strong repugnance to serve with him. He resided principally in England after the conclusion of the war, was in Nova Scotia, and afterwards in the West Indies, where he was taken prisoner by the French, but making his escape, and returning to England, lie d. in Glouces- ter-place, LondoUj June 14th, 1801. — Arnold, of Brescia, a bold and inde- pendent reformer of the 12th century^ was originally one of the disciples ot Abelard, in whose instructions he found, not only the profoundest theological learning, but the noblest spirit of free- dom. Keturning to his native city in 1136, he began to preach against the abuses of the church, when his accurate knowledge of Christian antiquities, his dauntless spirit, and his vehement elo- quence, gave force as well as authority to his harangues. Thus he instigated the people against the clergy; and, in France, where he was obliged to flee in 1139, he also found numerous adhe- rents ; for the immorality and arrogance of the clergy had everywhere excited discontent. The fierce flame which he had kindled could not be extinguished by the excommunication pronounced against him and his adherents by Inno- cent II. Arnold preached his doctrine in safety at Zurich, in Switzerland, un- til 1144, when he appeared at Kome, and by the powers of his eloquence, occasioned a violent excitement among the people against the clergy. The fu- rious multitude, which he could no lon- ger restrain, revered him as their father, and even the senate protected him, till Adrian IV., in 11.5.5. laid an interdict upon the city. This disgrace, nevei before experienced, subdued the Ko- mans. They sued for mercy, and Ar nold was obliged to fly. He was taken in Campania, and burned at Kome, as a heretic and a rebel ; his ashes were thrown into the Tiber, and his party was suppressed. But the spirit of his doctrine descended upon the sects which arose during the same and the following centuries. AENOLDE, Richard, a citizen of London in the 16th century, and author of a work entitled " Arnolde's Chroni- cle," containing much valuable infor- mation. AENOT, Hugo, an eminent Scottish writer. He was educated for the bar, but illness rendering him unfit for so laborious a profession, he devoted him- self to literature. His "History of Edinburgh," and collection of celebrated criminal trials, show him to have pos- sessed very considerable abilities. He only survived the publication of this work about a twelvemonth j the asthma made rapid advances on him, and long before his death reduced his person al- most to a shadow. Harry Erskine, meeting him one day eating a dried haddock or spclding, is said to have accosted him thus : " Mr. Arnot, I am flad to see you looking like your meat." Ir. Arnot when at the bar was so little of a casuist, that he would ne'vcr under- take a case, unless perfectly satisfied as to its justice. One being brought before him, of the merits of which ne had a very bad opinion, he said to the intend- ing litigant, in a serious manner, " Prav. what do you suppose me to bef" "Why," answered the client, "I un- derstand you to be a lawyer." "I thought, sir," said Arnot sternly, "you took me for a scoundrel." B. 1749 ; d. 1786. A.ENOUL, an eminent French pre- late of the 12th century; author of vari- ous works in prose and verse, to be found in the Spicilegiura of D'Acheri and the Bibliotheca Patrum. AENOULT, Jean Baptiste, a French Jesuit and author. The most valuable of his works is " Le Precepteur," which was the model of Dodsley's Preceptor. B. 1689. — Sophie, a Parisian actress, famous in the annals of gallantry and wit. She was on the stage from 1767 to 1778. Her father kept a Hotel Garni and had given her a good education. The princess of Modena, having by chance heard her sing, during Passion week, while the former was at the con- akt] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. rt fessional, "brouglit her to the attention of Madame de Pompadour, who got her a place at the opera. Her beauty and her exquisite performance soon en- chanted the pubUc. Persons of rank and the hterati souarht her acquaint- ance, among the rest Rousseau, Duclos, Helvetius, Mably, and Diderot. She was compared to Ninon de I'Enclos and Aspasia. Her wit was so successful that her hmi, mots were collected. It is related that when she saw the heads of Sully and Choiseul on a box, during the revolution, she exclaimed, C^est la recette et la dl'pense. While the priest was giv- ing her extreme unction on her death- bed, she said to him suddenly, Je 8uis cormne Magdeleine^ hea/ucoup des feches me seront remis, car fai beaucoup aime. B. 1740 ; d. 1802. AENULPH, or EENULPHUS, bishop of Eochester in the reign of Henry I. ; author of " Textus Eotfensis," an ac- count of the charters, &c., of his cathe- dral. D. 1124. AEOMATEI, Joseph, an Italian phy- Bician ; author of " Eiposte alle consi- derazione di Alessandro Tassoni Sopra ie rime del Petrarca." B. 1586 ; d. 1660. AEPINO, JosEPHiNo, an Italian paint- er, patronized by Pope Gregory XIII. B. 1560; d. 1640. AEEIA, a Eoman lady, who, when her husband, Cajcina Paetus, was order- ed to put himself to death, for rebellion against the Emperor Claudius, perceiv- ing him hesitate, plunged a dagger into her bosom, exclaiming, '■'■Pcetus! non dnkV AEEIAN, a Greek historian^ who took up his residence at Eome m the 2d century. He was patronized by the emperor Adrian ; and the younger Pliny admired him so much as to address to him no fewer than seven of his epistles. The historical writings of Arrian were numerous, but two of them only remain entire, viz., seven books on the expedi- tion of Alexander, and a book on the affairs of India: the latter being a se- quel to the former. There are some historical fragments of Arrian in Pho- tius. In addition to the above, we have of Arrian's writing, " Enchridion," a moral treatise, an epistle to Adrian, &c. AEEIAZZI Y SUPEEVIELA, Don Juan Baptista be, a distinguished poet of Madrid. His principal works were "Emilia," and "Pcesias Patrioticas," and are more remarkable for their ele- gance of diction than for vigor of imagi- nation or intensity of feeling. B. 1770 ; d. 1887. AEEIBAVENE, John Francis, an Italian poet of the 16th century; author of "Maritime Eclogues," &c. AEEIGHETTI, Philip, an ecclesiastic of Florence ; author of a life of St. Fran- cis, and translator of the Ehetoric and Poetics of Aristotle into Italian. B. 1582; d. 1662. AEEIGHETTO, or AEIGGO, Uenby, a Florentine poet and ecclesiastic of the 12th century. His poems are still pop- ular for their pathos and elegance of style. AEEIGHITTI, a Jesuit of the 18th century j author of a work on the The- ory of Fire. AEEOWSMITH, Aaron, an eminent geographer and hydi ographer. His maps and charts are ve'ry numerous, and held in high estimation ; and his tract, enti- tled " A Companion to the Map of the- World," contains much valuable infor- mation. D. 1750; d. 1823. AESACES I., the founder of the Parr thian monarchy, and of the dynasty of the Arsacides, :&ourished in the 3d cen- tury B. c. In revenge for an ungrateful insult offered to his brother by the gov- ernor of a province, he raised the stand- ard of revolt in Parthia against Seleucus ; and, having succeeded in emancipating his countrymen, they elected him their king. He reigned prosperously for 38 years. AESENIUS, a Eoman deacon of the 4th century, and tutor to Arcadius, son of Theodosius. The emperor coming into his study, and seeing the pupil sit- ting and the master standing, ordered his son to rise, and receive his lessons in a becoming posture, which so irri- tated the prince, that he directed an officer to dispatch Arsenius ; but the officer gave nim information of the prince's baseness, on which he fled into Egypt, where he d. at the age of 95. AESILLA, Francesco, an Italian phy- sician of the 16th century ; author of a poem, "De Poetis Urbanis." D. 1540. AETALIS, Joseph, a Sicilian gentle- man, who distinguished himself for courage at the memorable siege of Can- dia ; author of "La Pasife," an opera, and numerouspoems. B. 1628 ; d. 1679. AETAXEEXES I., surnamed Longi- manus, was the third son of Xerxes, king of Persia. He slew his brother Darius on suspicion of his being guilty of the murder of his father. Artaxerx- es then ascended the throne 465 b. c, and in his time peace was restored be- tween Persia and Athens, after a war of 51 years. D. 424 b. o. — II., surnamed 72 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. Mnemon, was the eldest son of Darius Nothus, and began his reign, 404 b. o. He d. at the age of 94, after reij^ning 62 years. — III., succeeded his father, the Preceding monarch, 359 b. c. He mur- ered two of his brothers, and after- wards put to death all the remaining branches of the family. In Egypt he slew the sacred bull Apis, and gave the flesh to his soldiers • for which his eunuch, Bagoas, an Egyptian, caused him to be poisoned, and after giving the carcass to the cats, made knife han- dles of his bones. ARTAXERXES BEBEGAN, or ARD- SHIR, the first king of Persia, of the race of Sassanides, was the son of a shep- herd. On the death of his grandfather, Jie solicited the government, but being refused, he retired to Persia Proper, where lie excited the people to revolt. He defeated and slew Ardavan and his son. He married the daughter of Ar- davan, who attempted to poison him, for which she was sentenced to death. The officer, however, to whom the exe- cution was committed, concealed the queen, who was in a state of pregnancy, and she was afterwards delivered of a son. The secret being discovered to the king, he applauded the conduct of the officer, and acknowledged the child as his heir. He d. a. d. 240. ARTEAGA, Stephen, a Spanish Jes- uit of the 18th century; author of a Treatise on Ideal Beauty ; a History of Italian Theatrical Music, &c. D. 1799. ARTEDI, Peter, a Swedish physician and naturalist. After his death, his "Bibliotheca Icthyologica," and "Phi- losophia Icthyologica," were edited by Linnaeus. B. 1705 ; accidentally drown- ed, 1785. ARTEMIDORUS, Daldianus, an Ephesian; author of a IVeatise on Dreams. He lived in the reign of An- toninus Pius. — Also an Ephesian; au- thor of a geographical work, of which only some fragments remain. He flour- ished in the 1st century b. c. ARTEMISIA, (meen of Caira, and one of the allies of Xerxes at the famous battle of Salamis. — Another queen of Caira, whose splendid monument to her husband, Mausolus, was the origin of the word mausoleum. This monument was regarded as one of the seven won- ders of the world. The gi-eatest artists of Greece labored upon it: Bryaxes, Scopas, Leochares, Timotheus, and some say, Praxiteles. It was an oblong square, 400 feet in circumference, and 130 feet high. The principal side was adorned with 36 columns, and 24 steps led to the entrance. D. 351 b. o. ARTEMON, the inventor of the bat- tering ram and the testudo, was a native of Clazomene, and cotemporary with Pericles. — Also a heretic of the 3d cen- turv. IRTEVELDE, James von, a rich brewer, of Ghent, who by his wealth, eloquence, and talents, acquired un- bounded influence over his countrymen. Having compelled the count of Flanders to take refuge in France, he formed an alliance with Edward III. of England, and strove to transfer the Flemish sov- ereignty to the Black Prince. He was killed in a popular tumult, at Ghent, in 1345. — Philip, his son, a man of restless but determined spirit, was chosen the leader of the Flemings in their revolt of 1382. He made himself master of Bruges, but the same year was defeated and Killed at the battle of Rosbec. The leading events of his life have been wrought into a beautiful drama, by Mr. Henry Taylor — a drama which is to be numbered among the most pleasing and noble specimens of English literature. ARTHUR, sometimes called Artus, an ancient British prince, whose story is so interwoven with the romantic fic- tion of a later age, that it is difficult to separate the genuine incidents of his life from those' which are fictitious. He was born about 501, of an adulterous connection between the princess Igeina of Cornwall, and Uther a chief of the Britons. He married the celebrated Ginevra, of the family of the dukes of Cornwall, established the famous order of the Round Table, performed many heroic deeds against tlie Picts, Scots, and Saxons, and, as the poets relate, against the Danes, French, and Norse, killing the giants of Spain, crushinsr re- bellion at home, and performing a jour- ney to Rome. D. 542. XRTIGUS, Don John, was born at Monte Video, in 1760, and was originallj- in the Spanish service, but quitted it to fight for the independence of his coun- try. After having greatly contributed to establish the republic of Buenos Ayres, he became an object of suspicion to the government of that state, was declared a traitor, and compelled to take up arms. For some years he kept possession of the territory called the Banda Oriental. At length, however, he was defeated, and compelled to seek refuge in Paraguay, where he d. in 1826. ARTIZENIUS, Henby, professor of rhetoric and history at Nimeugen; ASCJ CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 78 author of a treatise " De Nnptiis inter Fratem et Sororem," &c. B. 1702 ; d. 1750.— John- Henrt, son of the above, professor of law at Utrecht ; author of a work " On the Jurisprudence of the Nethcrhiuds," and editor of the works of Arator, &c. B. 1734; d. 1797.— Otho, uncle of the last named, professor of the belles lettres at Amsterdam, au- thor of a dissertation " De Milliario Aureo." &c. B. 1703 ; d. 1763. ARTHSI, Giovanni Maria, an ecclesi- astic of Bologna ; author of " The Art of Counterpoint," and other musical works. ARUNDEL, Thomas, son of the earl of Arundel, was made bishop of Ely, though only 21 years old, under Ed- ward III., and afterwards translated to York, and from thence to Canterbury. He also held with the primacy the office of lord chancellor. His quarrel with Richard II. obliged him to leave the kingdom, and to fly to Rome, and to his resentment may in some degree be attributed the success with which Henry IV. invaded England, and seized the crown. He was a zealous defender of the temporal power of the church, and he persecuted the followers of Wickliff witri great severity, and forbade the translation of the Bible into the vulgar tongue. D. 1414. — Thomas Howard, earl of, is famous for the discovery of the Parian marbles which bear his name, and which he gave to the uni- versity of Oxford. Prideaux, Chandler, and Mattaire are in the number of those wno published an account of thfise valuable relics of antiquity, — Blanche, daughter of Lord Worcester, and wife of Lord Arundel, is celebrated for her brave defence of Wardour cas- tle against the paiiiamentary forces. Though assisted only by 25 men, she resisted the attack of 1300 men, and at last capitulated on honorable terms, which the conquerors basely violated. B. 1603; d. 1669. ARVIEUX, Laurent d', a native of Marseilles, who, during 12 years resi- dence in Palestine, acquired the oriental languages, and was employed as a use- ful negotiator for the French court. His name deserves to be mentioned with every mark of respect, for his de- liverance of 380 captives from the dun- geon of Tunis, who, in mark of their gratitude, presented him with a purse of 600 pistoles, which he generously re- fused. He also redeemed 240 slaves at Algiers, and served his country at Con- stantinople, Aleppo, and other places. B. 1635 ; d. 1702. 7 ASAPH, Saint, a British monk of the 5tL century, who wrote a life of Vor- tigern. The Welsh See has taken its name from this saint. ASBURY, Francis, senior bishop of the Methodist Episcopal church in the United States. He was born in En- gland, but passed the most of his life in the ardent service of the American Methodists. B. 1745 ; d. 1816. ASCHAM, Roger, an eminent En- glish writer, born at Kirkby Wiske, near Northallerton, in Yorkshire, about the year 1515. He was entered at Cam- bridge in 1530, chosen fellow in 1534, and tutor in 1537. It was then a period of literary and religious revolution, and Ascham joined the party of those who were endeavoring to enlarge the bounds of knowledge and truth. He became a Protestant, and applied himself par- ticularly to the Greek language, in which he attained to an excellence pe- culiar to himself, and as there was np public lecturer in Greek read it publicly in the university with universal ap- plause. In order to relax his mind after severe studies, he thought some diver- sion necessary ; and shooting with the bow was his favorite amusement, as ap- pears by his "Treatise on Archery," which he dedicated to King Henry VIII., who settled a pension upon him, at the recommendation of Sir William Paget. Mr. Ascham, being remarkable for writing a fine hand, was employed to teach this art to Prince Edward, the lady Elizabeth, and the two brothers, Henry and Charles, dukes of Suffolk. In Feb. 1548, he was sent for to court, to instruct the lady Elizabeth in the learned languages, and had the honor of assisting this lady in her studies for two years ; when he desired leave to return to Cambridge, where he resumed his office of public orator. He was afterwards Latin secretary to King Ed- ward, Queen Mary, and Queen Eliza- beth. Being one day in company with Eersons of the first distinction,' there appened to be high disputes about the different methods of Education; this gave rise to his treatise on that subject, entitled "The Schoolmaster," which he undertook at the particular request of Sir Richard Sackville. This work was in high esteem among the best judges, and is frequently quoted by Dr. Johnson in his Dictionary. His style, in his own age, was mellifluous and elegant, and is still valuable as a specimen of genuine English. D. 1568. — Anthont, an ambassador of Crom- 74 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [ash well to Spain in the year 1640, where he and his interpreter were assassinated, it is supposed by some of the adherents to the cause of the royal family. A dis- course on the "Kevolutions and Con- fusions of Government," was the work of his pen. ASCLEPIADES, a famous physician of Bithynia, who flourished at Rome during the time of Pompey, and founded a new medical sect, about 20 years b. c. The new order preserved their secrets as an hereditary possession, and gave themselves out, at the same time, as physicians, prophets, and priests. They Jived in the temple of the god Escula- pius, and by exciting the imaginations of the sick prepared them to receive healing dreams and divine apparitions ; observed carefully the course of dis- ease ; applied, besides their conjurations and charms, real magnetic remedies, and noted down the results of their practice. They were, therefore, the founders of scientific medicine. In the course of time strangers were initiated into their mysteries. ASCOLI, Legco di, a Bolognese math- ematician burned to death as a heretic, at Florence, in the year 1358. ASDEUBAL, the brother-in-law of Hannibal, who succeeded Hamilcar, in the command of the Carthaginian army in Spain. Carthagena, or as it was then called. New Carthage, was built by him, and he extended the Carthaginian con- quests greatly by his courage and ability. He was assassinated, 220 b. c. ASELLIUS, Caspab, a professor of anatomy at the university of Padua, who discovered the lacteals, a system of vessels whose office is to absorb the chyle formed in the intestines. They were observed as he was dissecting a dog, and published in 1627. ASGILL, Sir Chakles, a military of- ficer, who was to have suffered death by order of Washington, in retaliation for the death of the American captain Hardy, but was spared at the interces- sion of the queen of France. D. 1823. — John, an English barrister, whose wit and whose misfortunes alike were re- markable. He was brought up at Lin- coln's inn under the patronage of Judge Eyre in King WUliam's reign, and his abilities were such that he rose to con- sequence and employment. Two trea- tises replete with humor and sarcasm had already given him popularity, when he published another on the possibility of avoiding death, which drew down upon him the odium of the friends of the church, and particularly of Dr. Sacheverell ; so that, when he after- wards went to Ireland, and by success in the law purchased an estate, and pro- cured a seat in the house of commons, he was ignominiously expelled for the contents of his pamphlet. On his re- turn to England, he was returned lor Bramber, in Sussex ; and here the mo- rality of his writings was also called in question, and though he made an elo- quent defence in favor of his opinions, which he refused to retract, he was ex- pelled as a disgraced and unwortliy member. This blow hastened the ruin of his fortunes, he became a prisoner of the King's Bench and afterwards of the Fleet, where he continued to subsist by writing poUtical pamphlets, and by transacting some professional busi- ness. After 30 years thus spent in confinement and poverty, he expired in November, 1738, aged upwards of 80. ASH, John, a Baptist divine, pastor of a congregation at Pershore. He was author of a " Dictionary of the English Language," and he also wrote an "In- troduction to Lowth's Grammar," which has passed through a vast num- ber of editions. B. 1724 ; d. 1779. ASHBURTON, Alexander Baring, Lord, the second son of Sir Francis Baring, Bart., and for many years the head of the great mercantile house, Baring Brothers & Co., was b. in 1774. After due initiation into business in London, he came to the United States, where he aided in swelling tne fortimes of his firm. His political life com- menced in 1812 as member for Taunton, which he continued to represent till 1820 ; after which he sat for Callington in successive parliaments till 1831, and in 1832 he was returned for North Es- sex. Lord Ashburton commenced life as a Whig. On the formation of the Peel ministry in 1834, he became presi- dent of the Board of Trade ; and in 1835 he was raised to the peerage. In 1842 he was appointed by Sir Robert Peel as a special commissioner to settle the dis- putes about the Oregon territory, which then threatened to involve this country in a war with England. Lord Ashbur- ton continued to support the policy of Sir Robert Peel, until the final measure of free trade in corn was proposed in 1846, wlien his position as a peer and a great land-owner probably overcome his convictions as a man. Lord Ashburt<.»n married, in 1798, the daughter of Wil- liam Bingham, Esq., of Pliladelphia, ash] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. •» and by that lady, who survived him, he loft a nnmerons family. D. 1848. ASHE. Simeon, a nonconformist, chaplain to Lord Warwick during the civil wars. He was a man of property, and of great influence amonsr his per- suasion. He was educated at Etnmanuel college, and settled in Statfordshire, where he became acquainted with Dod, Ball, Hildersham, Langley, and others. His principles were offensive to Crom- well's party, and it is said, that he was greatlv instrumental in the restoration of Charles II. He d. 1662. He puh- lished sermons, and also edited B:xll's works. ASHLEY, EoBERT, a native of Nash- hill in Wilts, educated at Harthall, Ox- ford, and the Middle Temple, London. He was called to the bar, and distin- guished himself as an eminent writer, as a collector of books, in Holland, France, &c., and as a benefactor to the society to' which he belonged. He pub- lished" a " Relation of the Kingdom of Cochin China," and the " Life of Al- manzor," &c., and d. October, 1641, in an advanced old age. ASHMUN, John Hooker, a distin- guished Atnerican scholar, was b. at Blanford, Mass., on the 3d July, 1800. He was graduated at Harvard university in 1818, and appointed professor of law in the same institution, in 1829. Al- though he did not reach the age of 33 years he acquired an enviable reputa- tion. " The honors of the universitv," says Judge Story, in his funeral (dis- course, "were never more worthily be- Btowed, never more meekly worn, and never more steadily brightened. He gathered about him all the honors, which are usually the harvest of the ripest life." D. 1833. — Jehudi, an agent of the American Colonization So- ciety, was b. at Champlain, N. Y., edu- cate'd at Burlington college, and made a professor in the Bangor theological school. He afterwards joined the Epis- copal church, and edited the " Theolo- gical Repository." Being appointed to take charge of a reinforcement to the colony at Liberia, he embarked for Af- rica, June 19, 1822, and arrived at Cape Monserado, August 8th. About three months after his arrival, while his whole force was 35 men and boys, he was at- tacked by 800 armed savages, but by his energy afid desperate valor the as- sailants were repulsed, and again, in a few days, when they returned with re- doubled numbers, were utterly defeated. When ill health compelled hira to take a voyage to America, he was escorted to the place of embarkation by three com- panies of the militia : and the men, wo- men, and children of Monrovia parted with him with tears. He left a com- munity of 1200 freemen. He arrived at New Haven, August 10, 1828, a fort- night before his death. He was a per- son of great energy of character, and most devoted piety, and his services to the infant colony were invaluable. ASHMOLE, Elias, a celebrated En- glish philosopher and antiquary, and founder of the Ashmolean museum at Oxford, was born at Lichfield, in Staf- fordshire, the 23d of May, 1617. Be- sides filling several offices, civil and military, he was a diligent and curious collector of manuscripts. In 1650 he published a treatise written by Dr. Arthur Dee, relating' to the philoso- pher's stone; together with another tract on the same subject, by an un- known author. About the same time he was busied in preparing for the press a complete collection of the works of such English chemists as had till then remained in manuscript: this un- dertaking cost him great labor and ex- pense ; and at length appeared towards the close of the year 1652. The title of this work was, " Theatrum Chemicum Britannicnm," &e., &c. He then ap- plied himself to the study of antiquity and records. In 1658 he began to col- lect materials for his "History of the Order of the Garter ;" which he lived to finish, and thereby did no less honor to the order than to himself. In Sep- tember following he made a journey to Oxford ; where he set about a full and particular description of the coins given to the public library by Archbishop Laud. Upon the restoration of King Charles II., Mr. Ashmole was appointed to give a description of his medals, which were accordingly delivered into his possession ; and King Henry VIII. 's closet was assigned for his use. On the 8th of May, 1672, he presented his "In- stitution, Laws, and Ceremonies, of the most noble Order of the Garter," to the king, who received it very graciously, and, as' a mark of his approbation, granted him a privy seal for £400. In 1679 a fire broke out in the Middle Temple, in the next chamber to Mr. Ashmole's, by which he lost a noble library, with a collection of 9000 coins ancient and modern, and a vast repos itory of seals, charters, and other an tiquities and curiosities ; but his manu scripts, and his most valuable gold med- 76 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [asp als, were at his house at South Lam- beth. In 1683 the university of Oxford having finished a maarniflcent repository near the theatre, Mr. Ashtnole sent tliither his curious collection of rarities ; and tills benefaction was consideraTjly augmented by the addition of his man- uscripts and library at his death, in 1692. ASHTON, Charles, a learned critic, was elected master of Jesus college, Cambridge, July 5, 1701, and installed in a prebend of Ely on the 14th of the same month. His great knowledge in ecclesiastical antiquities was excelled by none, and equalled by few. — Thomas, rector of St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, a Sopular preacher and excellent divine, i. 1716; d. 1775. ASH WELL, Georoe, an English di- vine of the 17th century : author of several religious works. B. 1612; d. 1693. ASHWORTH, Caleb, a native of Northamptonshire, who, from the hum- ble employment of carpenter, rose, by the instruction and patronage of Dr. Doddridge, to the respectability of min- ister of a dissenting congregation, and at last successor in the school of his able master. He wrote Paradigms of Hebrew verbs, and other works, and was respect- ed as a man and as a scholar. B. 1709 ; d. 1774. ASKEW, Anne, an accomplished lady, daughter of Sir William Askew, of KeV say, in Lincolnshire. B. in 1529. She received a learned education, and in early life showed a predilection for the- ological studies. By these she was led to favor the Reformation ; in conse- quence of which she was arrested, and, having confessed her religious princi- ples, committed to Newgate. She was first racked with brutal cruelty in the Tower, and afterwards burned alive in Smithfield, July 16, 1546 ; a punishment which she endured with amazing courage and firmness. — Anthony, a physician and scholar of the 18th century ; author of an appendix to the Greek Lexicon of Scapula, &c. B. at Kendid, 1722; d. 1784. ASP AST A, a celebrated female, native of Miletus, Avho went as an adventurer to Athens in the time of Pericles, and by the combined charms of her manners and conversation, completely won the affections of that eminent man. Her station hal free 1 her from the restraints which custom had laid upon the educa- tion of the Athenian matron, and she had enriched her mind with accomplish- ments rare even among men. Aftet parting with his wife, by mutual con- sent, Pericles attached himself to Aspa- sia, by the most intimate lies which the laws allowed him to contract with a foreign woman, and she acquired an as- ceitdency over him which soon became notorious, furnished themes for the comic satirist, and subjects for graver strictures by liis more serious enemies. But many of the rumors which were set afloat in rcj^ard to them were unques- tionably without foundation. They had their origin in the peculiar nature of Aspasia's private circles ; which, with a bold neglect of established usage, were composed not only of the most intelligent men to be found at Athens, but also of matrons, whose husbands carried them thither to profit by her conversation. This must have been instructive as well as brilliant, indeed, since Plato did not hesitate to describe her as the precep- tress of Socrates, and to assert that she both formed the rhetoric of Plato, and composed one of his most admired harangues, the funeral oration. Her- mippus, the comic poet, brought a crim- inal prosecution against her, on the ground of offences against religion, and as a corruptor of the Athenian women ; but the indictment was not sustained. Atter the death of Pericles, Aspasia at- tached herself to an obscure youth named Lysicles, whom she fitted for and raised to some of the highest employments in the republic. — There was another of the same name, a native of Phocoea, in Asia Minor, who seems to have been almost as extraordinary a person as the first. She was so remarkable for her beauty that a satrap of Persia carried her off and made her a present to Cyrus the Young- er. Her modesty and grace won his af- fections, and he lived with her as with a wife, so that their attachment was cele- brated throughout Greece. Her original name had been Milto, but Cyrus changed it to Aspasia. AVhen he died she fell into the hands of Artaxerxes, vvliom she despised, and who relinquished her to his son Darius. She was afterwards made a priestess of Diana of Ecbatana, but Justin savs a priestess of the sun. ASPINWALL, William, a skilful and noted physician, was b. in 1743, at Brookline, in Massachusetts, and took his degree at Harvard college, during the revolution. He was appointed a surgeon in the army, and at the battle of Lexing- ton fousrht as a volunteer. He was par- ticularly successful in the treatment of small-pox ; yet when vaccine inoculation CYCLOP-fiDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. ast] was introduced, he warmly adopted the practice, and abandoned- his hospital, although it greatly i*educed his profes- sional "emoluments. D. 1823. ASSALINI, PiETRO, a physician of Modena, who was surgeon-major in the French army, and accompanied Napo- leon in his expedition to Egypt. He saw a great deal of the plague at Jaffa, and wrote intelligently of that pest. He also wrote on yellow fever, dysentery, dis- eases of the eyes, and improved several surgical instruments. ASSAKOTTI, OcTAvius. B. at Genoa in 1753, and d. there in 1829. The Abbe Assarotti was one of those few noble spirits whose lives are devoted to the amelioration of the miseries of their fellow-creatures. He was the great rival of the Abbe I'Epee in the estab- lishment of institutions for the instruc- tion of the deaf and dumb : a model of piety, humanity, and charity. ASSELYN, John, a Dutch painter of the 17th century, was pupil to Isaiah Vandervelde, and afterwards went to Rome. Settling at Amsterdam, in 1645, he obtained great reputation by the pro- ductions of his pencil, which consisted principally of historical paintings, battle- pieces, and landscapes with ruins, and were distinguished for their adherence to nature, and a correct style of coloring. A set of his landscapes (24 in number) has been engraved by Perelle. D. 1650. ASSEMANI, Joseph Simon, an arch- bishop of Tyre, and librarian at the Vat- ican. He was profoundly skilled in the oriental languages, and published sev- eral learned works, such as the " Bibli- otheca Orientalica," " Italicae Historiae, &c.," "Kalendica," "Ecclesiae Univer- 886," &c. B. 1687; d. 1768.— vStephen EvoDius, his nephew, bishop of Apamea, succeeded him as keeper ot the Vatican library, and was also an oriental scholar. He published an Oriental Catalogue, and " Acta Sanctorum Martyrum," &c. ASSER, a Rabbi of the 5th century; one of the compilers of the Babylonian Tdmud. D. 427. ASSERIUS MENEVENSIS, a learned ecclesiastic, the tutor, friend, and biog- rapher of Alfred the Great, by whom he was made bishop of Sherborne. His "Annals" contain, at once, the fullest and most authentic account of the life of his august sovereign and friend. D. 909. AST, George Anthony Frederick, a German philologist. B. at Gotha, who wrote an introduction to the study of die works of Plato, which is one of the \* n best of the kind. He also put forth an admirable edition of those works, with a Latin translation, and able and ex- panded commentaries, to which was added subsequently, a " Lexicon Pla- tonicum." He was professor at the university of Landschut, and afterwarcs at that of Munich. B. 1778 ; d. 1841. ASTELL, Mary, b. at Newcastle- upon-Tyne, about the year 1688. Her uncle, a clergyman, observing marks of a promising genius, took her under his tuition, and taught her mathematics, logic, and philosophy. She left the place of her nativity when she was about 20 years of age, and spent the re- maining part of her life at London and Chelsea, in writing for the advancement of learning, religion, and virtue, and in the practice of those religious duties which she so zealously commended to others. D. 1731. ASTLE, Thomas, an eminant archaeo- logical writer, and author of a Treatise " On the Origin and Progress of Wri- ting," &c., &c. D. 1803.— John, a por- trait painter, pupil of Hudson, who married Lady Daniel, and gained great wealth. D. 1787. ASTLEY, Philip, author of "Re- marks on the Profession and Duty of a Soldier," " A system of Equestrian Ed- ucation," &c. ; "but better known as the founder, and for many years the man- ager of the Amphitheatre in London, which still goes by his name. B. 1742 ; d. 1814. ASTON, Sir Arthur, a brave com- mander of the royalist troops in the reign of Charles I., who greatly distin- guished himself at the battle of Edge- hill, &c. He was governor of Drogheda in 1649, when it was taken by Cromwell, and is said to have had his brains beaten out with his own .wooden leg. — Sir Thomas, also a royalist, who, in the civil wars, raised a troop of horse for the king's service ; and was high sheriff of Cheshire, in 1635. He was killed while attempting to escape after being cap- tured by the republicans, in 1645, ASTOR, John Jacob, a New York merchant, noticeable for the enterprise and energy by which he accumulated ore of the largest fortunes in America, was b. at Waldorf, Germany, in 1763, He came to this country, m 1784, a poor orphan boy, landing at Baltimore ; sup- ported himself as he could for a while, but gradually got into the fur business, which rapidly enlarging by a profitable trade he carried on with 'the Moh," /k Indians, when New Y"ork was a wile ^r- 78 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. b neas, enabled him to project that stu- Eeudous expedition across the Rocky louiitains, and around Cape Horn, by which tlie American fur trade was es- tablished on the coasts of the Pacific. Washington Irving, in liis " Astoria," and " The Adventures of Captain Bon- neville," has written charming descrip- tions of the various incidents of these gigantic enterprises. lie was subse- quently engaged in the Canton trade. By his will, Mr. Astor established a pubUc library in the city of New York, which bids fair to become one of the most extensive and valuable institutions of the kind within the limits of the United States. D. 1848. ASTOKGA, a Spanish marquis and grandee, declared a traitor by Napoleon, m 1808. ASTORGAS, Marchioxess n', a avo- man in the reign of Charles II. of Spain, who killed with her own hands a beau- tiful :nistrcss to whom her husband was attached. She afterwards prepared the heart of her victim for her husband to eat, which, when he had done so, she rolled the bleeding head of his mistress before him on the table. This wretched woman escaped into a convent, where she became insane through rage and jealousy. ASTORI, JoHx Anthony, secretary to the academy of the Anemosi, at Venice, and also to that of the academy at Rome, who wrote copiously on Greek and Ro- man literature and antiquities. B. 1672 ; d. 1743. ASTORINI, Elias, a professor of mathematics and natural philosophy, at Cosenza, who published a dissertation on the life of the Foetus, a translation of Euclid's Elements, and another of Apollonius Pergseus on Conic Sections. D. 1702. ASTRUC, John, a French physician, who wrote several medical dissertations, and a Natund History of Languedoc. B. 1684; d. 1766. ATAHUALPA, or ATABALIPA, the last of the Incas, succeeded his fiither, in 1529, on the throne of Quito, whilst his brother Huascar, obtained the kingdom of Peru. They soon made war against each other, and when the latter was defeated, his kingdom fell into the hands of Atahualpa. The Spaniards, under Pizarro, taking advan- tage of these internal disturbances, in- vaded Peru, where they were entertained with no little hospitality by the king and his people ; but, instead of returning the kindness, they took Atahualpa cap- tive, and recjuested him to acknowledge the king ot Spain as his master, and embrace the Christian religion. Upon his asking their authority tor this re- quest, the friar Valverde gave him the breviary as authority. Atahualpa put- ting it to his ear, said, "It tells mo nothing ;" and then threw it away. This was made a pretext for a massacre of the people and the imprisonment of the Inca. lie olfered a large sum of gold as a ransom : this the Spaniards took, but still kept him prisoner. At last, he was burnt, in 1533. ATA IDE, Don Louis d', a Portuguese noble and military officer, who was ap- pointed vicerov of India, in 1569, at a period when all the native powers were combined to expel the Portuguese. His etibrts to quell the revolt were success- ful, and he returned ; but on being scut out a second time, he d. at Goa, 1580. ATANAGI, Denis, an Italian authoi and editor, who lived at Urbino. Among his works are a " Treatise on the Excel- lence and Perfection of History ;" and an edition of the " Rhetoric of Aristotle," a translation of the " Lives of Illustrious Men," ascribed to Pliny, but really writ- ten by Aurelius Vietro. He was per- sonally chastised for the publication of the latter, by a student who called the translation his own, and denounced Atanagi as a barefaced plagiarist. D. about 1570. ATIIA, a famous Turkish impostor, who flourished during the 8th century at Meron. He was originally a fuller, hut entered as a soldier in the army of Abu Moslem, who was a leader of a fanati- cal sect, to the command of which Athn succeeded. He pretended to divine in- spiration, and when he was attacked and besieged in the castle of Rech, by the troops of the reigning caliph, he set fire to the place and destroyed himself, his wives, and his followers in the flames. D'Herbelot says that he caused them to drink poisoned wine. Having been de- prived of one eye in battle, he wore a golden veil, and was therefore called Mokanna. Moore's beautiful poem nf the Veiled Prophet of Khorassan is founded upon his story. ATHANASIUS, St., bishop of Alex- andria, a renowned father of the church. B. in that city about the year 296. He had a Christian education, and came into the family of Alexander, afterwards arch- bishop of Alexandria, whose private secretary he became. He then went to St. Anthony, led an ascetic life with "-yhat renowned anchorita, bu.*. at length re- ath] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 79 turned to Alexandria, where he became a deacon. Alexander took him to the council ab Nice, where he gained the highest esteem of the fathers, by the talents which he displayed in the Arian controversy. He had a great share in the decrees passed here, and tliereby drew on himself tiie hatred of the Arians. After six months he was appointed the successor of Alexander. The complaints and accusations of his enemies induced the Emperor Constantine to oummon him, in 3S4, before the councils of Tyre and Jerusalem. Athanasius brouarht to light the iniquitous arts which hadfbeen practised against him, and threw his judges, who were likewise his enemies, into such confusion, that the imperial deputies could with difficulty rescue him from their anger. They could do noth- ing, however, further tfian suspend him from his office. He still continued in the discharge of his duties, until the emperor, deceived by new falsehoods, banished him to Treves. At the end of a year and some months, Constantius, having succeeded his father as emperor of the East, recalled him from banish- ment. His return to Alexandria resem- bled a triumph. The Arians made new complaints against him, and he was con- demned by ninety bishops, assembled at Antioch. On the contrary, a hundred bishops, assembled at Alexandria, de- clarecl him innocent; and Pope Julius confirmed this sentence in conjunction with more than 300 bishops assembled at Sardis, from the East and West. In consequence of this, he returned a second time to his diocese. But when Con- stans, emperor of the West, died, and Constantius became master olf the whole empire, the Arians ventured to rise up against Athanasius. They condemned him in the councils of Aries and Milan, and, as he refused to listen to any thing but an express command of the emperor, when he was one day preparing to cele- brate a festival in the church, 5000 sol- diers suddenly rushed in to make him prisoner. But the surrounding priests and r.'.onks placed him in security. Dis- placed for a third time, he fled into the deserts of Egypt, and composed many writings, fuiro'f eloquence, to strengthen the faith of the believers, or expose the falsehood of his enemies. When Julian the apostate ascended the throne, he re- called the orthodox bishops to their churches. Athanasius therefore return- ed, after an absence of six years. The mildness which he exercised towards hij enemies was imitated in Gaul, Spain, Italy, and Greece, and restored peace to the church. But this peace was inter- rupted by the complaints of the heathen, whose temples were kept empty by his zeal. They excited the emperor against him, and he fled to Thebais. He re- turned under Valens eight months after, but was again compelled to fly. He con- cealed himself in the tomb of his father, where he remained four months, when Valens allowed him to return, and he remained undisturbed in his office till his death, in 373. He was a man of great mind, noble heart, invincible cour- age, unaffected humility, and lofty elo- quence. His writings were on polem- ical, moral, and historical subjects, the latter especially of great importance in church history. His style was remark- able in that age for clearness and moder- ation, his Apology, addressed to Con- stantine, being a masterpiece. ATHELSTAN, an illegitimate son of Edward the Elder, king of England, who succeeded his father in 925, in pref- erence to the legitimate children, because of his maturer age and acknowledged capacity. He repressed the Danes at Northumberland, and defeated a com- bination of the Welsh and Scotch. He reigned 16 years. ATHELI"NG, Edgah, grandson of Edmund Ironside, regarded as the fu- ture monarch, but defeated by the in- trigues of Harold. He was in the first crusade under Baldwin I., and behaved with great intrepidity. ATHENAGOKAS, an Athenian phi- losopher of the 2d century. He became a convert to Christianity, and Clement of Alexandria was among his pupils. He wrote £^n " Apology for the Chris- tians," and a treatise " On the Eesur- rection of the Dead," written about 178. ATHEN^US, a learned grammarian. B. at Naucratis, in Egypt, in the 3d cen- tury. The only work of his now extant is "The Deipnosophists, or the Table Talk of the Sophists." — One of the same name, of Bj^zantium, was an engineer in the time of the Emperor Gallienus, and an author of a treatise on the Machines of War. ATHENAIS, empress of the West, the daughter of an Athenian sophist, but whose learning and beauty induced The- odosius the Younger to marry her, and she took the name of Eudoxia. The emperor, however, became jealous of her, and she was banished to Jerusalem, where she died, in 460. Among her writings was a poetical translation of part of the Old Testament. 80 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [att ATHEATON, Humphret, a major- general who came to this country in 1636, and was much employed in nego- tiations with the Indians. D. 1661. ATHOL, John Murray, duke of, a governor-general of the Isle of Man. D. 1830. ATKINSON, Theodore, chief justice of New Hampshire, and a delegate to the congress at Albany in 1754. D. 1779. — Thomas, a miscellaneous writer of some note, was b. at Glasgow, 1801. Among other works, he published (in two senses, for he was a bookseller as well as an author) the Chameleon and the Ant, a weekly periodical, and was an extensive contributor to many of the local publica- tions. D. 1838. ATKYNS, Sir Robert, a distinguished lawyer and patriot, who aided in the de- fence of Lord William Kussel, and con- ducted that of Sir W. Williams, speaker of the House of Commons, Avhen pros- ecuted for signing the orders to print Bangerfield's narrative of the popish Elot. He also distinguished himself by is opposition to the arbitrary measures of James II., and at the revolution was made chief baron of the exchequer. He subsequently was made speaker. B. 1621 ; d. 1709.— Sir Egbert, son of the preceding, was the author of the " An- cient and Present State of Gloucester." B. 1646 ; d. 1711. — Eichard, of the same family, wrote the " Origin and Growth of Printing." D. 1677. ATLEE, Samuel John, a colonel in the old French war, who also acquired distinction at the battle of Long Island. In 1780 he was elected to Congress. D. 1786. ATEATUS, Hugo, an English cardi- nal, known as Hugh the Black ; a skilful mathematician and natural philosopher ; author of "Canones Medicinales," &c. ATTAIGNANT, Gabriel Charles de l', a French ecclesiastic and poet ; author of " Pieces Derobees a un Ami," &c. B. 1697 ; d. 1779. ATTEEBUEY, Francis, a celebrated English prelate, was born in 1662, and received nis education at Westminster, where he was elected a student of Christ-church college, Oxford. He dis- tinguished himself at the university as a Classical scholar, and gave proofs of an elegant taste for poetry. In 1687 he took his degree of M.A., and for the first time appeared ae a controversialist in a defence of the character of Luther, entitled " Considerations on the Spirit of Martin Luther," &c. He was also thought to have assisted his pupil, the Hon. Mr. Boyle, in his famous contro- versy with ;6eutley on the Epistles of Phalarius. Having taken orders in 1691, he settled in Loudon, where he became chaplain to William and Mary, preacher of Bridewell, and lecturer of St. Bride's, and soon distinguished him- self by the spirit and -elegance of his pulpit compositions, but not without incurring opposition, on the score of their tendency and doctrine, from Hoadly and others. Controversy, how- ever, was altogether congenial to the disposition of Atterbury, who, in 1706, commenced one with Doctor Wake, which lusted 4 years, on the rights, Srivileges, and powers of convocations, 'or this service, he received the tlianlis of the lower house of convocation, and the degree of doctor of divinity from Oxford. Soon after the accession of Queen Anne, he was made dean of Car- lisle, and, besides his dispute with Hoadly on the subject of passive obe- dience, he aided in the defeuce of the famous Saclieverell, and wrote a " Rep- resentation of the present State of Ee- ligion," which was deemed too violent to be presented to the queen, although privately circulated. In 1712 he was made dean of Christ-church, and, in 1713, bishop of Eochester and dean of Westminster. The death of the queen, in 1714, put an end to his hopes of fur- ther advancement; for the new king treated him -with great coolness, doubt- less aware of either the report or the fact of his offer, on the death of Anne, to proclaim the Pretender in full canon- icals, if allowed a sufficient guard. At- terbury not only refused to sign the loyal declaration of the bishops in the rebellion of 1715, but suspended a cler- gyman for lending his church, for the performance of divine service, to the Dutch troops brought over to act against the rebels. Not content with a con- stitutional opposition, he entered into a correspondence with the Pretender's party, was apprehended in August, 1722, and committed to the Tower; and, in the March following, a bill was brought into the house of commons for the infliction of pains and penalties. This measure met with considerable op- position in the house of lords, and was resisted with great firnuiess and elo- quence by the bishop, who maintained his innocence with his usual acuteness and dexterity. His guilt, however, has been tolerably well proved by docu- ments since published. He was de- prived of his dignities, and outlawed. AUDj CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 81 ac i went to Paris, where he chiefly oc- cupied himself in study, and in corre- spondence with men of letters. But. e\'en. here, in 1725, he was actively en- gaged in fomenting discontent in the Highlands of Scotland. D. 1731. As a composer of sermons, he still retains a great portion of his original reputa- tion. His letters, also, are extremely easy and elegant ; but, as a critic and a controversialist, he is deemed rather dexterous and popular, than accurate and profound. — Lewis, an elder brother of the above, author of some " Ser- mons," "Tracts against Popery," &c. B. 1656 ; d. 1731. ATTICUS, son of Julius Atticus, and a descendant from the family of Mil- tiades. acquired so much reputation as a teacner of eloquence at Athens, that he was invited by Titus Antoninus to superintend the education of his adopted sons, Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Ve- rus. He subsequently became consul, prefect of the free cities of Asia, &c. He employed his great wealth in public works ; but at the close of his life he retired to Marathon, his native place, where he d., a. d. 185. — Titus Pompo- Nius, a Roman knight, whose vast wealth enabled him to aid men of all Earties, while his prudence prevented iiu from siding with any ot them in their public measures. He thus escaped injury simid the contentions of Cinna and Marius, Caasar and Pompey, and in the horrible times of the Triumvirate. Of the ability and influence of Atticus, we may form some opinion from the correspondence between him and Cicero. He is said to have written "Annals" of great value ; but it is for his pru- dence, his wealth, and, above all, his friendship with Cicero, that he is now remembered. D. 33 b. o. ATTIRET, John Francis, a French Jesuit and painter. Being appointed missionary to Pekin, he acquired by means of his pictures, great tavor with the Emperor Kien Long, of whose gar- dens he wrote a very amusing account. B. 1702; d. 1768. AT WOOD, George, an eminent mathematician, author of a "Disser- tation on the Construction and Prop- erties of Arches," and many other valuable works on mechanical and mathematical science. B. 1745 ; d. 1807. — Thomas, an eminent musician and compo?.::r, who commenced his m-usical edueaticn under Dr. Nares. In 1783 he set out for Naples, and after studying for a time with Filippo Cinque and" La- tilla, he proceeded to Vienna, where he reaped great advantages from the cele- brated Mozart. In 1796 he was ap- pointed organist of St. Paul's cathedrd, and composer to the chapel royal; he also held the situation of organist at the chapel of the Pavilion, Brighton. His compositions consist of several dramatic pieces, numerous services and anthems, songs, glees, sonatas, and other pieces for the pianoforte. B. 1767 ; d. 1838. AUBAIS, Charles de Baschi, Mar- quis of, an ingenious Frenchman, who pubhshed a work on "Historical Ge- ography," and furnished materials for Menard's "Pieces fugitives pour 1' His- toire de France." D. 1777. AUBAT, Abbe, censeur royal in 1784 ; a sarcastic French fabulist, whom Vol- taire pronounces first after La Fontaine. AUBIGNE, Theodore Agrippa d', a French Calvinist of good family, re- markable for his attachment to Jlenry IV., and for the honesty with which he spoke the truth to that "king even when it was least agreeable. He spent the latter part of his life in retirement at Geneva. D. 1630. — Constant d', son of the above, and father of the notorious Madame de Maintenon. His moral character was very inferior to that of his father; but as an author, his " Uni- versal History," and his satires, poems, memoirs, &c., do him considerable credit. AUBLET, John Baptist Chbistopheb FuvEE, an able French botanist, author of " Histoires des Plantes de la Guienne FraiiQoise." It was in honor of him that Linnaeus gave the name of Verbena Aubletia to a species of vervain. B. 1720: d. 1778. AUBREY, John, an eminent English topographer and antiquary. He left a vast number .of MSS., evincing great re- search, of which Wood has availed him- self in his Oxford biographies ; but he only published one work, entitled " Mis- cellanies," a collection of popular super- stitions. Many of his MSS. are in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. B. 1626 ; d. 1700. AUBRIET, Claude, a French painter of natural history subjects. D. 1740. AUBRtOT, Hugh, a French merchant, mayor of Paris, and superintendent of finance to Charles V. He was im- prisoned for heresy, but the populace, who had risen against the taxes termed Maillotins, released him, and he escaped to Burgundy. It was from him that the French reformers had the name of Hu- guenots. 82 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [aud AUBEY DE MONTDIDIER, a French knight of the time of Charles v., who, according to tradition, was basely murdered, in 1371, by his com- panion in arms, Eichard de Macaire. The murder was discovered by means of a dog of the deceased, who showed the most hostile disposition to the mur- derer. The king compelled Macaire to Sight with his accuser, the dog, in order iK> decide the case; and the murderer was conquered. From this story the drama of "The Dog of Montargis" has been taken. — John Baptist, a French prior who was deprived of his situation at the revolution, author of " Questions Philosophiques sur la Eeligion Natu- reUe," &c. B. 1735 ; d. 1809.— Mlle., a figurante of the French opera, who, in 1793, publicly personated the " God- dess of Eeason" at Paris. — A Parisian librarian, and profound matheinatician, author of a work addressed to the legis- lative body in 1799, " On Weights and Measures ;" and another, " On the Decimal System." B. 1746. — John Fkancis, a French physician of the 18th century, author of "Les Oracles de Cos," a review of the practice of Hip- pocrates, and other ancient physicians. — DuBo::CHET N., a deputy of the Tiers Etats in 1789 ; and author of sev- eral works on political economy. — F., one of the French committee of public safety in 1794. who aimed at counter- revolution. He deprived Bonaparte, after the siege of Toulon, of military employments, and reduced him to great distress; the latter revenged himself afterwards, by preventing nis re-entry into France after his deportation to Cayenne, on the return of some of his fellow- victims. — De Gouges, Marie- Olympie, a female republican, celebrated for her beauty and talents- She founded the popular female societies called Tri- coteuses, and was a perfect enthusiast in her political opinions. At length she was put to death by Eobespierre's party, in consequence of her having denounced them in a pamphlet called the " Trois Urnes." She died with heroic spirit. She is the author of the " Memoires de Madame de Valmont ;" of " L' ^sclavage des Negres," a melodrame; "Le Mar- riage de Cherubim," a comedy; and "Moliere chez Ninon," an episodical piece, &c. B. 1755. AUBUSSON, Peter b\ suruamed the Buckler of the Church, after having Berved with ^reat distinction under the Emperor Sigismund against the Turks, entered the Order of St. John of Jeru- salem, became grand-master, and, in 1480, compelled Mahomet II. to raise the siege of Ehodes. D. 1503. AUCHMUTY, Sir Samuel, a distin- guished English general. He served with great zeal and ability in North and South America, and when commanding in India, reduced to tlie dominion of Great Britain the rich settlements o*^" Java and Batavia. On his return to Europe, he was appointed to the com- mand of Ireland, where he d, in 1822. AUCKLAND, William Euen, Lord, an able negotiator, who was the third son of Sir Robert Eden, Bart,, of West Auckland, Durham. He was appointed under-secretary of state in 1772; went to Ireland in 1780 with Lord Carlisle, as chief secretary ; in 1788 was ambassa- dor to Spain ; and in the year following was ambassador to Holland. He wrote "The Principles of Penal Laws," "The History of New Holland," and numerous other valuable works. JB. 1744; d. 1814. AUDE, Joseph, knight of Malta, sec- retary to the Neapolitan philosophical minister, Carraccioli, and subsequently to the French Pliny, Buffon, whose life he published in 1788. He is the author of several dramas; "Le Heline An- floise," "Le Eetour de Camille," "Le Touveau Eicco," and some melodrames ; " The Exiles of Siberia," &c. B. 1755. AUDEBERT, Germain, a French lawyer of the 16th century, author of "Eoma," "Venetia," and other Latin Eoems. D. 1598 — John Baptlst, a oele- rated French engraver of natural his- tory. The spirit of his engraving of monkeys, snakes, birds, &c., is inim- itable. B. 1759 ; d. 1800. AUDI FEED I, John Baptist, a famous Italian astronomer, author of " Demon- strazione della Stazione della Cometa, 1769," &c. B. 1714. AUDIFFEEDY, Therese, born in Guinea in 1757. When returning thither, at 18, from Bordeaux, she was exposed, through the effect of her youthful beauty, to the rejected love of tlie captain of the vessel, but was relieved from his offered violence by Sonnini and the Chevalier Audiffredy, the latter of whom she married ; aud becoming one of the richest proprietors in "Cayenne, she saved Piehegru, and the numerous de- ported victims of the 18th Fructidor, from beinsr starved to death. AUDINOT. founder of the Theatre Audinot, and the inventor of melo- drames. He was a favorite actor in, as well as author of, iiianv of the latter. B. 1750; d. 1801. aud] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHr. 83 AUD.LEY, Thomas, chancellor of En- gland, during tbe reign of Henry VIII., was b. in 14SS, of a noble family in the county of Essex, and in addition to con- siderable abilities and erudition, was possessed of an ample fortune. How- ever, notwithstanding all these advan- tages, 1)6 was, during the whole period of his public life, one of the most vile and fawning hirelings of the king. He was appointed to succeed Sir Thomas More, as chancellor, having long acted as a mere instrument as speaker of the parliament, so justly denominated the ''Black Parliament," — and although Queen Ann Boleyn had been in many instances his patroness, yet he sat in judgment upon her, and also on his pre- decessor Sir Thomas More, and Bishop Fisher. In the affairs of Ann of Cleves and Catharine Howard, he was likewise made an active tool, and in short, re- fused no undertaking, however incon- sistent and miserable, imposed upon him by the wayward and haughty Henry, As a reward for these base services, the title of Lord Audley of Walden was conferred upon him ; he also received the order of the Garter. He d. in 1544, having been a liberal patron to Magdalen college, Oxford. AUDOUIN, Jean Victor, one of the most diligent zoologists of his day. He was professor of the Museum of Natural History at Paris, and lectured as well as wrote extensively on entomology. B. 1797 ; d. 1841. AUDEAN, the name of a family of French artists, of whom the following are the most eminent — Charles, the elder, whose works are numerous and excellent. B. 1594; d. 1679. — Claude, a nephew of the preceding, was b. at Lyons, in 1639, and studied under his uncle. He was employed by Le Brun in painting part of the pictures of Alex- ander's battles at Versailles, and became Srofessor of painting in the Royal Aca- emy of Paris, where he d. in 1684.— GiRARD, the brother of the last-men- tioned, and the most celebrated of the family, was b. at Lyons, in 1640 ; studied under Le Brun at' Paris ; and engraved that artist's pictures in a masterly style. D. 1703. — Claude, a nephew of iGrirard, was b. at Lyons, in 1685. He was cele- brated for ornamental designs j appoint- ed kirg's painter. D. 1734.— Joun, bro- ther of Claude, was b, in 1GG7 ; studied engraving under his uncle, and d. at Paris, in 1756. AUDEIEN, Yves M., a French eo- tlesiastic, who joined Robespierre, de- clared for the revolution, and proposed his " Plan d' Education," to withdraw the education of youth from the priest- hood. In 1800, while proceeding to his bishopric, he was dragged out of his carriage by the Chouans, and assassin- ated. AUDUBON, John James, an eminent American ornithologist, whose fame be- longs to the world, while it is the pecu- liar pride of America, was the son of an admiral in the French navy, living on a plantation in Louisiana, who took him to France, where he received a varied and accomplished education. At the age of 17 he returned from France — then in the midst of its revolution — ^to the woods of the new world, with fresh ardor, and began a collection of draw- ings, under the title of the "Birds of America." This collection multiplied upon his hands, and after many years ot devoted toil, he was persuacled to undertake the publication of his great work, and with the view of obtaining subscribers he visited Europe in 1824. Everywhere was he well received. On the Continent, Herschel, Cuvier, and Humboldt, whom he had encountered in America, gave him a hearty reception. In Edinburgh he was warmly received bv Brewster, Jeffrey, Wilson, and Sir Walter Scott. Professor Wilson gives a graphic description of Audubon in an article in " Blackwood's Magazine," and he was everywhere hailed as the Amer- ican backwoodsman, who shared the highest elevations of science with Erro- Eean celebrities. He published, after is second return to America, a work on the Animals similar to his work on Birds. He pursued the objects of his puj-suit into their native haunts, sometimes spending years away from his family, and painted them from nature. The life-like fidelity and beauty of his delin- eations placed "him in the first rank as an artist, whilst his minute accuracy in describing their habits proves him to have been the closest observer. He was as stanch as a man as he was renowned as a naturalist. The childlike simplicity of his manners, and cheerfulness of temper, were worthy of all imitation, and made him beloved by all who knew him. At the age of 60 years, when he was first personally known to the writer of this sketch, he' had all the sprightli- ness and vigor of a young man. In person he was tall, and remarkably well made. His aspect sweet and animated. His whole head was remarkably striking. The forehead high, arched, and uncloua 84« JYCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [auq ing ; the hairs of the brow prominent, particularly at the root of the nose, which was long and aquiline ; chin prominent, and mouth characterized by energy and determination. The eyes were dark gray, set deeply in the head, and as restless as the glance of the eagle. D. 1851. AUEKBAOH, Henby, the builder of the court and cellar at Leipsic, men- tioned in Goethe's Faust. His real name was Stromer, but according to the fashion of the time, he took the name of the place where he was born. The building was erected in 1530, and tradition says that five years afterwards Doctor Faust was seen riding out of it in a barrel of wine. AUGEliEAU, PiERKE F. Charles, duke of Castiglioue, marshal of France, was the son of a fruit merchant, served as a carbinier in the French army, went from thence into the Neapolitan service, established himself at Naples, in 1787, as a fencing master, and was banished thence, in 1792, with the rest of his countrymen. He served, afterwards, as a volunteer in the army of Italy, in which his talents and courage soon gained him promotion. He distinguished liimself m 1794, as general of brigade in the army of the Fvrenees, and in 1796, as general of division in tlie army of Italy. He took the pass of Millesimo ; made him- self master of the intrenched camp of the Piedmontese at Ceva, afterwards of that at Oasale ; threw himself on the bridge of Lodi, and carried it with the enemy's intrenchments. June 16th, he passed the Po, and made prisoners the f)apal troops, together with the cardinal egate and the general's staff. Aug. 1st, he came to the assistance of Massena ; maintained, during a whole day, a most obstinate struggle against a superior number of troops, and took the village of Castiglione, from which he derived his ducal title. In the battle of Arcole, when the French columns wavered, he seized a standard, rushed upon the ene- my, and gained the victory. The direc- tory bestowed this standard on him, Jan. 27th, 1797. He was the instrument of the violent proceedings of the 18th of Fructidor, and was saluted, by the deci- mated legislative body, as the saviour of his country. In 1799 he was chosen a member of* the council of five hundred, and, therefore, resigned his command. He then obtained from the consul, Bona- f)arte, the command of the army in Hol- and. He led the French and Batavian army on the Lower Khine to the support of Moreau, passed the river at Frank- fort, and fought with the imperial gen- eral, with various success, until the battle of Hohenlinden ended the campaign. In October, 1801, being superseded by General Victor, he remained without employment till 1803, when he was ap- Eointed to lead the army, collected at >ayonne, against Portugal". When this enterprise failed, he went back to Paris- and. May 19tli, 1804, was named marshal of the empire, and grand officer of the legion of honor. At the end of 1805, he was at the head of a corps of the great army in Germany, formed of troops col- lected under his command at Brest. He contributed to the successes which gave birth to the peace of Presburg, and in March, 1806, had possession of VVetzler and the country around, until, in the autumn of this year, a new war called him to Prussia. The wounds wliich he received in the battle of Eylau compelled him to return to France. " He was tifter- wards made a peer by Louis XVIIl.; quarrelled with Napoleon, who proclaim- ed him a traitor in 1815. D. 1816. AUGER, Athaxasius, a learned abbe, and professor of rlietoric at the college of St. Rouen. He published several political works (among others "Cate- chisme du Citoyen Francois," &c.) in favor of the revolution. His learned publications are numerous: "Constitu- tion des Romains ;" " De la Tragedie Grecque ;" the complete works of Iso- crates, Lvsias, Xenophon, &c. B. 1734 ; d. 1792. " AUGURELLO, Giovanni Aurelio. an Italian poet and professor of the Belles Lettres ; author of " Chrysopaeia," and other poems, Latin and Italian. B. 1440 ; d. 1524. AUGUSTIN, St., bishop of Hippo, and one of the fathers of the Christian cliurch, was b. at Tagaste, in Africa, A. D. 354. He was in his youth attached to the Manichean doctrines, and of very loose morals ; but his conversion from his errors was complete and permanent ; and he wrote with great zeal, and very voluminously, against all the sects which the church lield to be heretical. D. 480. — Saint Anthony, a Spanish prelate of the 16th century; author of some trea- tises on law and on medals. D. 1586.— One called the Apostle of the Enorlish, flourished at the close of the 6th century He was sent, with 40 monks, by Gregory, to introduce Christianity into the Saxon kingdoms. He was kindly received by Ethelbert, king of Kent, whom he soon converted : and such was his success with his subjects, that he is said to have aur] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. m. baptized 10,000 in one day. This suc- cess may be attributed to liis reputation of miraculous power in the restoration of sight and life, more probably than any other cause. He has the merit of allowing no coercive measures to be used in the propagation of the gospel. Elated by the rapid progress he had made, Augustin became ambitious of possessing the supreme authority over the English churches as archbishop of Canterbury, and received the archiepis- copal pall from the pope, with instruc- tions to establish 12 sees in his province. The British bishops in Wales, successors of the British converts of the 2d century, had never submitted to the jurisdiction of the church of Rome, and Augustin endeavored to persuade them to unite with the new English church. They asserted their independence, and 1200 Welsh monks were soon after put to the sword, as thought, at his instigation. D. 604. AUGUSTULUS, Komulus, the last emperor of the West, was raised to the throne by his father, the patrician Orestes, who deposed Julius Nepos, in 476 ; but his reign was little more than nominal, and of very short duration ; being soon after conquered and de- throned by Odoacer, king of the Heruli, who spared his life, and allowed him a pension. AUGUSTUS, Caius Julius C^ar Oc- TAViANus, a Roman emperor, was the son of Caius Octavius and Accia, niece of Julius Caesar, who, on the death of his father, which happened when he was only four years old, adopted him as his son. W^hen Caesar was assassinated, Octavius (for by that name he was called before his accession to the throne) was in Epirus, whence he immediately re- turned to secure his inheritance, and entered into an alliance with Antony and Lepidus, though he at first was in- imical to the former. The triumvirate thus formed shed the best blood of Rome ; and Octavius was fully as guilty as either of his associates. At length Lepidus was deposed, Antony hurried to ruin and death, and Octavius, then 36 years of age, became emperor, with the title of Augustus. As- emperor, his course was wise and beneficent ; litera- ture and the arts flourished under his auspices ; good laws were enacted ; and he was in many respects deserving of the lavish praise heaped upon him by the writers of that time. B. 63 b. c. : d. A. D. 14. AULISIO, Dominic, a Neapolitan pro- 8 fessor of civil law, but more celebrated as a linguist, and for his great proficien- cy in general science and the belles lettres. He was author of " Commen- taries on Civil Law," a " History of the Rise and Progress of Medicine," &c. B. 1689 ; d. 1717. AULNAGE, F. H. S. de, a Spanish writer. B. in 1739 ; author of a work on ancient pantomime, and of " Histoire Generale des Religions," &c. AULUS GELLIUS, a grammarian in the reigns of Trajan and Marcus Auro- lius ; chiefly remembered for his " Noctea Atticse." AUNGERVILLE, Richard, or Rich- ard DE Bury, was the tutor of Edwanl III., by whom he was made bishop of London, lord high chancellor, lord high treasurer, &c. He was a munificent f)atron of learning, and the author of a earned work, entitled " Philobiblion." B. 1281 ; d. 1345. AUNOY, countess of, a lively French authoress of the 17th century. D. 1705. AURELIAN, Lucius Domitius, a Ro- man emperor, was the son of a peasant, and b. in Pannonia, about the year 220. Having throughout an active life greatly distinguished himself as a skilful, val- iant, and successful general, he was chosen emperor on the death of Claudius IL in 270. He drove the barbarians from Italy, conquered Teti'icus, who had assumed the purple in Gaul, and van- quished the celebrated Zenobia, of Pal- myra, and carried her a prisoner to Rome ; but while on his march towards Persia, in 275, he was assassinated by his mutinous troops. AURELIO, Louis, an Italian monk of the 17th century ; author of an account of the Bohemian rebellion. He also abridged the Universal History of Tur- sellinus, and other works. D. 1637. AURIA, ViNCENTio, author of a his- tory of eminent Sicilians. B. 1625; d. 1710. AURIGNI, Giles, a French lawyer and poet of the 16th century; author of a poem, entitled "Tuteur d' Amour," and some other works of no great value. AURUNGZEBE, the great Mogul, or emperor of Hindostan, was the third son of Shah Jehan. His early life was marked by gravity and seeming devo- tion, but these were merely the disguise of an ambitious and crafty spirit. He deposed his father, put to death two of his brothers, and the son of the elder of them, and assumed the sovereign au- thority. Ill, however, as he obtained his power, he used it with skill and 8& CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [avi courage. He subdued Golconda, the I Carnatic, Visapour, and Bengal, and routed the pirates who had infested the month of the Ganges. His achieve- ments obtained him the respect of Eu- ropean as well as Asiatic powers. But the close of his life was embittered by the rebellious conduct of his sons, who aimed at deposing him, as he had de- posed his father. After the death of Aurungzebe, the might and splendor of the Mogul empire rapidly declined. B. 1618; d. 1707. AUSEGIUS, a French abbot of the 9th century, who made a collection of the capitularies of Charlemagne and his son Louis, which has been several times reprinted. D. 834. AUSONIUS, Decius Magnus, a Ko- man poet of the 4th century; son of Julius Ausonius, a physician of Bor- deaux. He early gave proof of genius, and was appointed tutor to Gratian, son of the emperor Valentinian; and when his pupil came to the throne, he made him praetorian prefect of Gaul, and sub- sequently raised him to the consulship. His poems are various both as to sub- ject and merit : but thoiigh they contain much that is beautiful, they are but too fi-equently deformed by licentiousness. AUSTEN, Jane, the celebrated au- thoress of "Pride and Prejudice," "Sense and Sensibility," and other prose fictions, was the daughter of a cler- gyman in Hampshire. B. 1775 ; d. 1817. AUSTREA, D. Juan, a Spanish ad- miral. B. in 1545 ; remembered as the conqueror of the Turks at Lepanto. AUVERGNE, Anthony, a French musician and composer of the 18th cen- tury, who composed the first comic opera ever performed in France. D. 1797. AVALOS, Ferdinand, marquis of Pescara, a brave Neapolitan soldier, and the autnor of a " Dialogue on Love," which he wrote while a prisoner of war, and dedicated to his wite, the beautiful Vittoria Colonna. B. 1489 ; d. 1525.— Alphonso, marquis del Vasto, nephew of the preceding, was b. at Naples, in 1502, and obtained the command of the imperial army at his uncle's death, for the brilliant valor he displayed at the siege of Pavia. D. 1546. AVAUX, Claude de Mesne, count of, a celebrated French diplomatist, and an accomplished scholar. D. 1650. AVELLANEDA, Alphonsus Fernan- dez DE, a Spanish writer, who, to the great annoyance of Cervantes, wrote a continuation of the first part of Don Quixote. AVELLONE, F., an Italian dramatic writer, whose pieces are numerous, and many of them successful; "Lanterne Magique," " Jules Willenvel," &c. B. 1756. AVENTINE, John, a native of Bava- ria; author of the "Annals of Bavaria," and of a curious work, entitled " Nu- merandi per Digitos," &c. B. 1466 ; d. 1534. AVENZOAR, or EBN ZOAR, an Arabian physician of tlie 12th century. B. at Seville ; author of a medical com- pendium, entitled " Al Theiser." AVERANI, Benedict, a Florentine, was a learned and voluminous prose wri- ter and poet. B. 1645; d. 1707. — Joseph, brother of the above ; author of various scientific treatises, and of a defence of Galileo. AVERDY, Clement Charles de l', comptroller-general of France in the 18th century; author of "Code Penal," and other useful works. He was guil- lotined in 1794, on a charge of having caused the scarcity of wheat which then afllicted France. AVERROES, or AVEN ROSCH, an Arabian philosopher and physician of the 12th century. His talents caused him to be made chief ruler of Morocco, by the caliph, Jacob Almanzor, but be- ing accused of heresy by the Mahometan priests, he was imprisoned and other- wise persecuted. Again, however, he acquired both the royal favor and the popular confidence, and d. at Morocco, in 1198, in possession of the highest honors below the sovereisrnty. He was author of a paraphrase of Plato's Repub- lic, and several other works. AVIGNY, a national French poet. B. at Martinique, in 1760 ; author of " Jeanne d'Arc," " Le Depart de la P6- rouse;" and some successful dramas, " Les Lettres," " Les Deux Jockeys," " Doria," &c. His best prose produc- tion is on the progress of the British power in India, inserted in Michard's " Histoire de Mysore." AVILA, John d', a Spanish priest, who for the soace of 40 years journeyed through the Andalusian mountains and forests, enforcing by his precepts and example, the doctrine of the srospel ; on which account he acquired the appella- tion of the Apostle of Andalusia. D. 1569. AVILA Y ZUNIGA, Louts d\ a dis- tinguished diplomatist, warrior, and his- torian, under Charles V. He wrote "Commentaries" on the wars of his sovereign, who s •) much admired them. AZU] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGHaPHT. 8T that he deemed himself more fortunate than Alexander, in having such an his- torian. AVIRON, James le Bathelier, a French lawyer of the ^ 16th century ; author of "Commentaries on the Pro- vincial Laws of Normandy." AVISON, Charles, a composer and musician ; author of '' Essays on Musi- cal Expression," &c. D. 1770. AVITUS, Marcus M^cilius, raised to the empire of the West, on the death of Maxiuuis, in 455, but deposed after a reign of only 14 months. AVOGADRO, Lucia, an Italian poet- ess, whose early talents won the praise ofTasso. D. 1568. AY ALA, Peter Lopez d', a learned, brave, and eloquent Spanish statesman, was b. in Murcia, in 1332. After serv- ing under four Castilian monarchs, both in the eouncU and the field, he distin- guishing himself also as a man of erudi- tion. D. 1407. AYESIIA, daughter of Abubeker, and favorite wife of Mahomet. On the death of her husband she resorted to arms to oppose the succession of Ali; but though conquered by him, she was dismissed in safety, and d. in retirement, at Mecca, in 677. The Mussulmans venerate her memory, and designate her tJte proph- etess. AYLMER, John, bishop of London in tJie reign of Queen Elizabeth. He was a ready, but not very rigidly prin- cipled writer; and was more disposed to intolerance than is consistent with the character of a true Christian. B. 1521 ; d. 1594.— The true name of Jack Cade. A YLOFFE, Sir Joseph, an. able anti- quary of the 18th century. He was keeper of the state papers, and author of ''The Universal Librarian,"' besides numerous other works. B. 1708 ; d. 1781. AYMON, John, a Piedmontese priest of the 17th century. He abjured Pa- pacy for the doctrines of Calvin, but re- turned to liis original faitli, and had a pension from the Cardinal de Noailles. Availing liimself of his intimacy with the librarian of the royal collection at Paris, he stole some MSS., one of which, an account of the synod of Jerusalem in 1672, he published in Holland. He wrote a "Picture of the Court of Rome," and some other works. AYRAULT, Pierre, a French lawyer of the 16th century ; author of a treatise "De Patris Jure," occasioned by the leduction of Jiis son bv the Jesuits, and ?)ther works. B. 1526": d. 1601. AYRTON, EDMCTKn, a jomposer of cathedral music, and one of the directors of the Commemoration of Handel. B. 1734; d. 1808. AYSCOUGH, George Edward, son of the dean of Bristol, by a sister of the first Lord Lyttleton. He was the author of a volume of "Travels on tlie Conti- nent," "Index to Shakspeare," and the "Tragedy of Semiramis." D. 1779.— Samuel, an industrious literary charac- ter of the last century. He contributed largely to the British Critic and other periodicals; and compiled a variety of laborious indexes, of which his index to Shakboeare is the principal. He was curate* of St. Giles's, and lecturer at Shoreditch. B. 1745 ; d. 1804. AYSCUE, Sir George, a distinguished admiral in the time of Cromwell, and one of the coadjutors of Blake in his famous action with the Dutch admiral, Van Tromp. At the restoration he was made rear-admiral of the blue ; and be- ing captured in Albemarle's action off Dunkirk, remained many years a pris- oner. AYTON, Sir Robert, a native of Fife- shire, in Scotland, a poet of considerable merit. He wrote in Greek, Latin, and French, as well as English. B. 1570; d. 1638. AZAIS, P. H., author of a " Systerae Universel," and the ediior of several lite- rary and political works, " Le Mercure," " Aristarque," a poem — a poem full of genius and the true spirit of poetry — but not a play. Scott, however, was strongly taken by it ; his lines are well known : " Till Avon's swnns — while nmg the grove With Montfort's hiite, and Basil's love I— Awakening at the inspiring strain Deeni'd their own Shakspeare lived again !" In 1836 the authoress piiblished thre» more volumes of plays. Previous to this, in 1823, a long-promised collection of poetic miscellanies appeared, containing Scott's dramatic sketch of " Macduft"'s Cross," with, inter alia, some of Mrs. Heman's poetry and Miss Catharine Fan- shaw's Jeux (Vesprit. She always lived in retirement, and latterly in strict se- clusion, in her retreat at Hampstead. The literary fame which she had ac- quired by her own works, aided in no small degree by the long and loudly ex- pressed admiration of Walter Scott, who always visited her when in London, never succeeded in drawing her gener- ally into society. D. 1850. During the ^ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [baj greater part of her life she lived with a maiden sister, Agnes — also a poetess — to whom ?he addressed her beautiful Biithday poem. They were of a family in which talent and genius were he- reditary. Their father was a Scottish clergyman, and tlieir inother a sister of the celebrated Dr. William Hunter. — John, an active and able officer of the East India Company, went out to India as a cadet, in 1791, where at the com- mencement of the Mahratta war he ef- fected the peaceable transfer to the British dominions of a territory yielding an annual revenue of £225,000. On re- turning to England, Colonel Baillie was, in 1820, elected M. P. for Ilendon ; and subsequently represented the burghs of Inverness, &c. D. 1833. BAILLON, William de, a French physician, and author of Conciliorum Medicinalium. B. 1538 ; d. 1616. BAILLY, David, a painter, engraver, and author, of Ley den. B. 1630. — John Sylvain, a famous astronomer. B. at Paris, 15th September, 1736. The acci- dental friendship of the abbe de la Caille directed him in the pursuit of science ; and in 1763 he introduced to the acad- emy his observations on the moon, and the next year his treatise on the zodiacal stars. In 1766 he published his essay on the satellites of Jupiter, and in other treatises enlarged furtlier on the import- ant subiect. In 1775 the first volume of his history of ancient and modern astronomy appeared, and the third and last in 1779 ; and in 1787 that of Indian and oriental astronomy, in 3 vols. 4to. He was drawn from his literary retire- ment to public view as a deputy to the first national assembly ; and such was his popularity, that he was, on July 14th, 1789, nominated mayor of Paris. In this dangerous office he conducted himself in a very becoming manner, which of- fended the terrorists, and at the same time showing sympathy with the royal family, he became unpopular. He re- signed his office, and in 1793 was guil- lotined by order of the sanguinary tribunal of Robespierre, showing in his death as in his life, resignation, firmness, and dignity. BAILY, Francis, famous in the annals of astronomical science, was the son of a banker at Newbury, and for many years well known on the Stock Ex- change, in which busv arena he realized an ample fortune. I'he Astronomical Society was organized by him, and throughout life he was the most consid- erable contributor to its memoirs. Sys- tematic order and steady perseverance were the secrets of his success. D. 1844, aged 70. BAINBRIDGE, Dr. John, an eminent physician and astronomer. B. in 1582. He gained considerable reputation by his work entitled a "Description of the late Comet in 1628," and was appointed pro- fessor of astronomy at Oxford. D. 1643. — William, a commodore of the tJnited States navy, was b. at Princeton, N. J., May 7th, 1774. He was apprenticed to the sea-service at an early period of his life, and at the age of 19 rose to the com- mand of a merchant vessel. In 1798 he entered the naval service with the rank of lieutenant. In 1800 he sailed for Al- giers as commander of the frigate George W^ashington ; and in 1803 he sailed for Tripoli, as commander of the frigate Philadelphia, in consequence of the grounding of which he was captured. >n the 29th of December, 1812, having the frigate Constitution under his com- mand, fte captured, after a severe action, the British trigate Java ; and his gener- osity to the prisoners gained for him a strong expression of "their gratitude. Since the close of the war Commodore Bainbridge commanded, with great rep- utation and popularity, at several naval stations ; and tor several years filled the office of a commissioner of the Navy Board. He d. at Philadelphia, July 27th, 1833, in his 60th year. BAINE, Michael, a divine, deputy at Trent, whose writings were condemn- ed as Calvinistic. B. 1513 ; d. 1589. BAINES, a noted friend of civil and religious liberty in the British parlia- ment. He was originally a printer at Leeds, hut in 1833 was elected to parlia- ment, where he served 7 years. He wrote a " History of the reign of George III.," &c. B. 1774 ; d. 1848. BAIRD, Sir David, a distinguished English general, who served in the East Indies, Egypt, Cape of Good Hope, Spain, &c. D. 1829. BAJAZET I„ a warlike, but tyranni- cal sultan of Turkey, who succeeded Amurath, his father, in 1389, having strangled his rival brother, Jacob. The greatness and rapidity of his conquests got him the name of II Derim, or the Lightning. In three years he acquired Bulgaria, Macedonia, a part of Servia, Thessaly, and the states of Asia Minor. Constantinople was besieged by him for ten years, which at last yielded. He was finally defeated by Tamerlane on the plains of Agora. He d. in Timour's camp in 1403. — There wtis a second sul- bal] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 97 tan of this name, who was poisoned in 1512. BAKEK, David, an English monk of tlie Beneciictine order, originally a Pro- testant, but being converted to the Komish faith, he came to England as a missionary from Italy. He wrote an ex- position uf Hylton's " Scale of Perfec- tion." D. in IMl. — Sir Richaed, author of a " Chronicle of the Kings of En- gland," &c. B. 1568 ; d. 1645.— Thomas, a divini'. and antiquary ; author of " Re- flections on Learning," &c., &c. B. 1656 ; d. 1740.— Henry, a diligent and ingenious naturalist. He was originally brought up as a bookseller, and married one of the daughters of the celebrated Daniel De Foe. He obtained the gold medal of the Royal Society, for his mi- croscopical experiments on saline par- ticles ; and wrote "The Universe," a poem, "The Microscope made E^^v," &c. B. 1704 ; d. 1774.— David Eeskine, son of the above, was author of the " Companion to the Playhouse," subse- Squently enlarged by Stephen Jones, and iiblished under the title of " Biographia 'ramatiea." D. 1774. — Sir George, M.D., b. in 1722, was a physician of considerable reputation, and a fellow of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies. D. 1809. BAKEWELL, Robert, a country j^en- tleman of small fortune, who acquired considerable notoriety as a grazier at Dishley, in Leicestershire. He greatly improved his breeds of cattle andsheep. B. 1726; d. 1795. BARKER, Peter Hxtzinga, a Dutch poet ; author of a poem on the Inunda- tion of 1740, and 01 numerous songs and satires on England. B. 1715; d. ISOl. BAL AMI 0, Ferdinand, a Sicilian physician ; translator, into Latin, of sev- eral treatises by Galen. B. 1555. BALASSI, Mario, a Florentine paint- er. B. 1604 ; d. 1667. BALBI, Adrian, a geographer. B. at Venice, in 1784. He wrote a statistical Essay on the Kingdom of Portugal, an Ethnographic Atlas of the Globe, and an Abridgment of Geography, all works of profound and extensive research, which have made him an authority both m Europe and America. D. 1848. BALBINUS, Decimus C^lius, chosen emperor of Rome, in conjunction with Maximus, in 237 ; and murdered by the soldiery in the following year. BALBOA, Vasco Nunez de, a Castil- ian, one of the first who visited the West Indies. He established a colony on the isthmus of Panama, where he built the first town on the continent of South America, penetrated into the in- terior, discovered the Pacific Ocean, and obtained infonnati(jn respecting the em- pire of Peru. Jealous ot his talents and success, rival adventurers accused him of disloyalty, and he was put to death in 1517, by Pedrarias Davila, the Spanish governor of Darien. BALBUENA, Bernardo de, a Span- ish poet, and bishop of Porto Rico. D. 1627. BALBUS, Lxjcius Cornelius Theo- PHANEs, a native of Cadiz, whose military exploits caused Pompey to obtain for him the privileges of a "^Roman citizen ; and he subsequently became consul, beini^ the first foreigner on whom that diirnitv was conferred. BALCANQUAL, Walter, a Scotch divine, who accompanied James I. to England. He was made dean of Roches- ter and bishop of Durham, but in the civil wars he was a severe sufierer, being driven from place to place for shelter. He wrote the "Declaration of Charles i. concerning the late Tumults in Scot- land," &c. D. 1642. BALCHEN, John, an English admiral, who was lost, with all his crew, on board his ship the Victory, in a violent storm off Jersev, October 3, 1744. BALI)ERIC, bishop of Dol in Britan- nj, in the 12th century ; author of a history of the Crusade to the year 1099. BALDI, Bernard, an Italian mathe- matician and poet; author of Italian poems, lives of mathematicians, &c. He was a man of almost universal genius, and abbot of Guaitallo. B. at Urbino, 1558 ; d, 1617.— De Ubaldis, an Italian lawyer and author. B. 1319 ; d. 1400. — James, a German Jesuit and poet. B 1603; d. 1668. — Lazzaro, a Tuscan painter, employed by Alexander VII. to paint the gallery at Monte Cavallo. D. 1703. BALDTNGER, Ernest Godfrey, a German physician and author. B. 1738 : d. 1804. BALDINUCCI, Philip, a Florentine artist and connoisseur ; author of " A General Historv of Painters," &c. B. 1634; d. 1696. " BALDOCK, Ralph de, hishop of Lon- don, and lord high chancellor in the reign of Edward I. ; author of a "His- tory of British Affairs," which was ex- tant in Leland's time, but is now lost, D. 1307. — Robert de, a divine, who was favored by Edward II. He shared his royal master's misfortunes, and died in Newgate. m CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bal BA.LDWIN, William, an Enj^lish ■writer of the 16th century; one of the cliief authors of "The Mirror for Magis- trates." — Thomas, a Baptist minister' of JSoston, who was a while at the head of his denomination in New England. I). 1828. — Francis, a learned civilian of the 16th century, much employed by the po- tentates of his time. He wrote " Leges de Ke rnstica Novella," &c., &c. — Abra- ham, a president of the university of Georgia, member of the convention which passed the constitution of the TJ. S., and subsequently a member of congress. D. 1807. BALDWIN L, a distinguished leader in the 4th crusade. On the conquest of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204, he was elected emperor of the East; but being taken prisoner by the Greeks, he was never afterwards heard of. — IL, succeeded his brother Robert, as empe- ror of the East, in 1228. On the takmg of Constantinople, in 1261, by Michael Palseologus, Baldwin escaped to Italy, where he d. 1273. BALDWIN, archbishop of Canter- bury. This prelate accompanied Rich- ard I. to Palestine, and d. there, 1291. His writings were published by Tissier, in 1662. BALDWIN I., king of Jerusalem, succeeded to that dignity in 1100, took Antipatris, Csesarea, and Azotus in 1101, and Acre in 1104. D. 1118.— IL, king of Jerusalem, succeeded the above in 1118; Eustace, brother of Baldwin L, having renounced his claim to the throne. Baldwin II. was taken prisoner by the Saracens in 1124, and gave them the city of Tyre as his ransom. D. 1131. — III. succeeded to the throne in 1143. He took Ascalon and other places from the infidels. D. 1163.— IV., the son of Amaury, succeeded his father on the throne of Jerusalem in 1174. He subse- quently resigned in favor of his nephew. D. 1185. — VT, nephew and successor of the last named, was poisoned in 1186. BALE, John, an English ecclesiastic. B. at Cove, in 1495, who became bishop of Ossory, in Ireland. Educated a Ro- manist, he was converted to Protestant- ism. His clergy opposed and forsook him, and so furious was their opposition, that in one tumult five of his servants were murdered in his presence. He was obliged to fly, and after enduring many hardships, found shelter in Swit- zerland, where he remained till the death of Mary. On his return to England, he made no attempt to recover his Irish diocesa, but settled as a prebend of Canterbury, in 1563. He wrote "An account of the Ancient Writers of Bri- tain," several Scripture plays, and nu- merous polemical tracts. — Robert, prior of the Carmelites of Norwich ; author of "Annales Ordinis Carmelitarum," &c. D. 1503. BALECHOU Nicholas, a French en- graver, whose works are held in high estimation. B. 1710; d. 1765. BALEN, Heindrich van, a Dutch painter, whose "Judgment of Paris" and " Drowning of Pharaoh" are much admired. John van Balen, his son, was a distinguished historical and landscape painter. B. 1560; d. 1682. BALES, Peter, a skilful penman, em- ployed by Secretary Walsingham to im- itate writings. He published a work called "The Writing Master." B. 1547 ; d. 1600. BALES TR A, Antony, a Veronese his- torical painter. B. 1666; d. 1720. BALFOUR, Alexander, a novelist and miscellaneous writer, was a native of Forfarshire, Scotland. He was the author of "Highland Mary," besides other novels and poems, and for many years a contributor to various Scottish periodicals. B. 1767; d. 1829.— Sir An- drew, an eminent botanist and physi- cian, and one to whom medical science in Scotland owes a lasting debt of grati- tude for a botanic garden, museum, &c. B. 1630; d. 1694. BALGUY, John, an eminent divine of the church of England, and a theo- logical writer, was b. at Sheffield, in 1686, and in 1727 became a prebendary of Salisbury. He engaged deeply in the Bangorian controversy ; and among his several works may be noticed "An Es-, say on Redemption," a " Letter to a Deist on the Beauty and Excellence of Moral Virtue," &c. D. 174S.— Thomas, son of the above, prebend and archdea- con of Winchester; author of "Divine Benevolence, asserted and vindicated," a sermon on church government, &c. B. 1716; d. 1795. BALIOL, Sir .John de, a native of Durham, who, on the marriage of the daughter of Henry III. to Alexander III. of Scotland, was made one of the guardians of the royal pair. He found- ed Baliol college, (Oxford; and having sided with Henry III. against his re- volted barons, the latter seized upon his lands. D. 1269. — John de, son of the preceding, laid claim to the crown of Scotland on the death of Queen Mar- garet. His claim was disputed by f ev- eral competitors, one of whom was the bal] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. m famous Robert Rruce. But Edward I., to Avhorn the* uiatter was referred, de- cided in favor of Baliol. lie soon gave otfence to Edward; and being defeated by liim in a battle near Dunbar, he was sent, together witli liis son, to the Tow- er of London. The intercession of the pope having procured his release, he retired to France, where he d. in 1314. BALL, John, a puritan divine, who while he disapproved of the discipline of the church, wrote against separa- tion from it on that ground. B. 1585; d. 1640. BALLANDEN, Johx, a Scotch divine of the 16th century; author of various works, and translator of Hector BOe- thius's Historv of Scotland. D. 1550. BALLANI'YNE, James, a printer of considerable note in Edinburgh, and at whose press the whole of the produc- tions of Sir Walter Scott were printed, was a native of Kelso, where no first opened an office for the " Kelso Mail," ot which he was the editor. For many years he also conducted the "Edin- burgh Weekly Journal." He survived his friend and patron but a few months, dying in January, 1883. — Johx, his brotiier, was the confidant of Sir Walter, in keeping the secret of the authorship of " Waverley." He was a man of fine humor, with" an inexhaustible fund of anecdotes. D. 1821. BALLAKD, George, a native of Campden, in Gloucestershire, who, while the obscure apprentice of a habit-maker, employed the hours which his com- panions devoted to sleep to the acquisi- tion of the Saxon language, and recom- mended to the patronage of Lord Chedworth, he went to Oxford, where, by the kindness of Dr. Jenner, he was made one of the eight clerks of Magdalen college, and afterwards one of the beadles of the university. His weakly constitu- tion was impaired by the severity of his studies, and he d. June, 1755, in the prime of life. His access to the Bodleian was the means of his increasing his val- uable collections ; but he published only " Memoirs of British Ladies celebrated for their Writings," in 4to., 1752. — Vo- lant Vasiion, a rear-admiral of the Brit- ish navv, was b. in 1774. On entering naval lite he accompanied Vancouver on his laborious voyage of discovery to the northwest coast of America, in which he was absent from England nearly five vears. In 1807, when captain of the blonde frigate, he captured five French privateers. He afterwards distinguish- ed himself at the taking of Guadaloupe ; and eventually attained the rank of rear admiral, in 1825. D. 1832. BALLERINI, Peter and Jerome, two priests and brothers, natives of Verona, who, in the 18th century, conjointly wrote some works, and edited sevenJ editions of ecclesiastical authors. BALLESTEROS, Francis, an eminent Spanish officer. B. 1770. BALLEXFERD, N., a citizen of Ge- neva, author of a treatise on the "Phys- ical Education of v^hildren," &c. B. 1726 ; d. 1774. BALLI, Joseph, a Sicilian divine ; au- thor of a treatise "De Morte Corporum Naturalium," &c. D. 1640. BALLIANI, John Baptist, a senator of Genoa ; autlior of a treatise on tlie " Natural Motion of Heavy Bodies." B. 1586 ; d. 1666. BALLI N, Claude, a skilful artist cf chased work in gold and silver. He was b. at Paris in 1615, and brought up to the occupation of a goldsmith under his father, who exercised that art. He studied drawing, and improved his taste as a designer by copying the pictures of Poussin. When only 19 he made four silver basins, decorated with figures rep- resenting the four ages of the world. These were purchased by Cardinal Riche- lieu. He was subsequently employed in making plate services for Louis XlV., of which it is said the workmanship added ten times to the value of the ma- terial. D. 1678. BALMEZ, .James Lucien, one of the most renowned of the late Spanish wri- ters, and an ecclesiastic, whose phi- losophical, theological, and political treatises have given him a European fiime. He was b. at Vich, in Catalonia, in 1810. He was early distinguished for his acquirements, and in 1833 was ap- Eointed to the chair of mathematics in is native place. His writings were chiefly in defence of the Roman Catholic church, which he endeavored to restore to its ancient dignity and influence. His "Protestantism ancl Catholicism com- pared in their Effects on the Civilization of Europe," a very able book, has been translated into English, Fr.ench, and German. D. 1848. BALTITASAR, Christopher, a king's advocate at Auxerre, who abandoned the emoluments of his office, and the Catholic religion, to embrace the tenets of the Protestants, in whose favor he wrote several controversial treatises, especially against Baronius, which were received with great avidity. The synod of Loudun granted him, in 1659, a pen- 100 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bam sion of 750 livres, for his literary ser- vices. — J. A. Fklix de, author of a " Defenco of William Tell," and presi- dent of the council of Lucerne. D. 1810. BALTIIAZARINT, surnamed Beau- joveux, an Italian musician, recomraend- ect by Brissac, jrovernor of Piedmont, to Henry III. of France, by whom he was liberally patronized, and for the enter- tainment of whose court he wrote several ballads and pieces of music. He com- posed a ballet called Ceres and her nymphs, for the nuptials of the Due de Joyense with the queen's sister, Made- moiselle de Vaudemout ; and this is re- garded as the origin of the heroical ballet of France. B ALT US, John Franck, a Jesuit of Metz, author of several works, especially of an answer to Fontenelle's history of oracles, printed at Strasburg, 8vo. Baltus possessed considerable learning and tal- ents, which he wholly employed in de- fence of Roman Catholic orthodoxy. He d. librarian of Rheims, 1743, at the age of 76. BALUE, John, a cardinal, b. of mean parents, in Poitou. He raised himself to consequence by flattery and merit, and gradually became bishop of Evreux and of Arras. He was made a cardinal by Paul II., and when honored with the confidence of Louis XL, became his minister, and acted as general over his troops. Ungrateful to his duty and to his master, he formed intrigues with the dukes of Burgundy and Berri ; and when at last discovered by the king, he was imprisoned for eleven years, in an iron cage, after which he re'^paired to Rome, and rose to new preferments. He after- wards came to France as pope's legate, though he had so ill deserved of the con- fidence and honor of his country. He d. at Ancona, 1491. BALUZE, Stephen, a native of Tulles in Guienne, patronized by Peter de Marca, archbishop of Toulouse, by Tel- lier, afterwards chancellor of France, and by Colbert. He employed his lei- sure hours in enriching the libraries of his patrons with valuable manuscripts, till in his 3Dth year he was appointed professor of canon law in the royal college with every mark of distinction. His lives of the "Popes of Avignon" E roved so interesting to the king, that e granted the author a pension, but bis attachment to the duke of Bouillon, the history of whose family he had un- dertaken to write, but in which he in- ^erted some ofl'ensive remarks, was soon after productive of trouble. When the dtike was banished he shared the dis- grace, and was confined by a lettre de cachet at Orleans ; he however was re- stored to favor, though he was not re- placed in his directorial chair of the royal college, which he before held. He died 28th of Julv, 1718, in his 87th year, and left behind him the character of an indefatigable collector of curious manuscripts and annotations. BALZAC, John Louis Guez de, a French writer of great reputation, which he chiefly owed to the elegance of his style, author of "Letters," "The Prince" "The Christian Socrates," &c. B. 1594; d. 1654.— Honore de, one of the most distinguished as well as prolific novel writers of modern times, was born at Tours, 1799. Having com- pleted his studies at Vendome, he pub- lished, between 1821 and 1829, twenty or thirty volumes under various pseudo- nymes, with very equivocal success; but after this trying apprenticeship, he put forth all his powers under his own name, with what result those who have read " La Peau de Chagrin," " Les Chouans," " La Physiologic de Ma- nage," " Le Pere Goriot," " La Femme de Trente Ans," &c., can best testify. Since that period his productions suc- ceeded one another with wonderful ra- pidity; and it may be truly said that his literary strength grew with his years, for his " Medecin de Campagne," and his " Parens Pauvres," his last works, are his best. In addition to his romances, Balzac wrote some theatrical pieces, and for some time edited and contributed to the " Revue Parisienne ;" but his romances exhibit the highest evidences of genius. Since the re lu- tion of 1848, Balzac was engaged in visiting the battle-fields of Germany and Russia, and in collecting materials for a series of volumes, to be entitled "Scenes de la Vie Militaire." Next to his celebrity as an author, the most re- markable feature in his career was the deep passion which he formed for a Russian princess, who finally compen- sated him for long years of untiring de- votion by the gift of her hand in 1848. D. 1850." BAMBRIDE, Christopher, arch- bishop of York, was sent ambassador from Henry VIII. to Pope Julius II., who made him a cardinal. Died or poison administered by his servant, 1514. BAMFIELD, Francis, a nonconfor- mist divine, author of a work on the ban] CYCLOPEDIA ' OF BIOGRAl^flt^i' 101 " Obsei vance of the Sabbath." He was committed to Newgate for holding a conventicle, and died there, 1684. BAMPFYLDE, Sir Charles War- wick, Burt., a descendant of one of the oldest and most distinguished families in Devonsliire, and during seven suc- cessive parliaments one of the members for Exeter. In 1823, when he was 71 years of age, he was assassinated close to his own house, in Montague square, by a man named Moorland, who blew his own brains out immediately after. BANCHI, Seraphin, a priest of the Dominican order at Florence, to whom a tanatic, named Barriere, disclosed his intention to assassinate Henry IV. Ban- chi's information saved the king, who rewarded him with the archbishopric of Angouieme. BANCK, Lawrence, a Swedish law- yer, author of several works against Pa- pal usurpation. D. 1662. BANCROFT, Kichard, archbishop of Canterbury, a distinguished opponent of the Puritans and a supporter of the English church. B. 1544; d. 1610.— John, nephew of the above, bishop of Oxford, and builder of the palace of Cuddesden for the bishops of that see. D. 1640. — Aaron, a distinguished Uni- tarian pastor of Massachusetts, and au- thor of a "Life of Washington." B. 1755 ; d. 1839. BANDELLO, Matthew, a Dominican monk of the Milanese. He wrote tales in the manner of Boccacio, and proceed- ing to France obtained the bishopric of Agen. D. 1561. BANDINELLI, Baccio, a Florentine sculptor and painter. His group of the Laocoon is highly esteemed. B. 1487 ; d. 1559. BANDINI, Anoelo Maria, an Italian antiquary and bibliographer, author of " De Florentini Juntarum Typographia," &c. D. 1800. BANDUKI, Anselm, a Benedictine, who wrote several valuable antiquarian works. D. 1743. BANGIUS, Peter, a Swedish pro- fessor of theology at Abo, who wrote an "Ecclesiastical History of Sweden." D. 1696. — Thomas, a professor of di- vinitj^ and Hebrew at Copenhagen, who compiled a "Hebrew Lexicon." B. 1600; d. 1661. BANIER, Anthony, an industrious French author and compiler, who wrote some thirty difterent " Belles Lettres Essays," and an "Historical Explana- tion of Fables," &c., &e. B. 1673; d. 1741. 9* BANIM, John, au Irish novelist of distinction, was born near Kilkenny in 1800. Early in life he gave indications of poetical ability, and at the age of 17 became editor of the " Leinster Jour- nal." Ti)e next year he produced the somewhat famous melodrama of "Da- mon and Pythias." At 20 he was editor of the " Literary Register," but his fame began with the success of the " O'Hara Tales," in 1825. In these he was the first to depart from tiie path chosen by the Edgeworths and the Morgans, and to exhibit the crime, the passion, and the tragedy of the Irish cabin in all their dark colors. They were followed in rapid succession by "Boyne Water," "TJie Croppy," "The Denounced," "The Smuggler," "The Mayor of Wind^p," &c., (fee. Bo<- popular as his tales were, they afforded him only a precarious subsistence. He was compelled in his latter days, though enjoying a small pension from govern- ment, to depend on the bounty of friends. D. 1842. BANISTER, John, a learned phy- sician of the 16th century, who, after studying at Oxford and proceeding there to his first degree in physic in 1573, re- moved to Nottingham, where he ac- quired great reputation. He was author of several works on physic and surj^ery. — John, the first performer of celebrity on the violin, and the composer of the music to Davenant's opera of Circe. D. 1679. BANKES. Sir John, chief justice of the Common Pleas in the reign of Charles I. His wife, with the family, being at their seat at Corfe Castle, were sum- moned to surre'nder it, but she success- fully defended it against the parliamen- tary troops, till relieved by the arrival of Lord Carnarvon, with a body of horse. Sir John d. in 1644. BANKS, John, a bookseller, and au- thor of a " Critical Review of the Life of Cromwell," &c. B. 1709; d. 1751.— John, an English dramatist of the 18th century ; author of the " Earl of Essex," a tragedy, &c. — Sir Joseph, an eminent English naturalist, and for many years president of the Royal Society. His en- thusiasm in the study of natural history may be judged of fropi the fact, that it led him to accompany Cook in his first circumnavigation of the world. He pub- lished only one small work, a treatise on the " Blight, Mildew, or Rust in Corn." B. 1743 ; d. 1820.— Thomas, an eminent English sculptor. Among the best of his works are "Caractacus taken Prison- 102 OtOMPMDiA of' biography. BAH er to Eome," and "Achilles mourning the Loss of Briseis." He also executed the admirable inonmnent in Westmin- ster abbey, to the memory of Sir Eyre Coote. B. 1735; d. 180-3. " BANNAKEK, Benjamin, a ne^ro of Maryland, who by his own unaided ef- forts mastered the astronomical works and tables of Ferguson, and gained a complete knowledge of the mathematics, so that for yeai's he was the calculator and publisher of the Maryland Epheme- rides. BANNIER John, a Swedish general who served under Gustavus Adolphus, and at the death of that prince became commander-in-chief. B. 1601; d. 1641. BANNISTER, John, an admirablp comic actor, the son of Charles Bannis- ter, well known as a singer and a wit, was born in London, in 1760. Having secured the favor of the great Garrick, he made his debut at Drury lane thea- tre, as "Master J. Bannister," when twelve years of age ; he then quitted the boards for a time,' but obtained a perma- nent engagement in 1779. At nrst he aspired to tragedy, and gave it a decided preference ; but his talents so clearly lay m an opposite direction, that on the death of Edwin he at once supplied his place, giving proofs of first-rate poAvers, and establishing himself as a public favorite. The parts in which he excelled were mainly Sylvester Daggerwood, Lingo, Trudge, the Three Singles, Bobadil, Dr. Pangloss, Job Thornberry, Colonel Feign well, and Walter in " The Children in the Wood." Being much afflicted with the gout, he retired from the stage in 1815, having had the good fortune to earn a competence by his profession, and the prudence to keep it. He d. Novem- ber 8, 1836, respected and beloved by all who knew him. Nature had done much for Bannister, physically as well as men- tally: his face, figure, and voice wore excellent ; his spirits exuberant ; and an open manly countenance was a faithful index to the heart of " Gentleman Jack." BANTI, Brigida Georgi, a celebrated female Italian singer, was the daughter of a Venetian gondolier, and in her youth nothing more or less than a street singer in Georgi, her native town ; where a no- ble amateur, having noticed the brilliancy of her voice, had her instructed in sing- ing at his expense. It was probable she was shortly after advised to try her for- tune in a foreign countiy, for she soon left Venice on' her road to Paris; not however, as it would seem, in prosperous ciroumstaaces, since she sang at coffee- houses and inns at Lyons, and other towns, for small sums collected from the guests. M. de Visnes, who was 'then manager of the opera at Paris, relates, that, in the year 1778, he stopped one evening at a cotfee-house on the boule- vards, being struck by the sound of a very beautiful voice ; it was Banti whom he heard, as she was singing in the cof- fee-room. He put a louis d'or into her hand, desiring her to call on him the next morning The result was, that Monsieur de Visnes engaged her imme- diately for the Opera Bulfn, where she made her debut, by an air sung between the second and third acts of " Iphigenie en Aulide," and created a universal' sen- sation of delight. After the departure of the celebrated Agujari from London, the managers of the Pantheon engaged Madame Banti for three seasons, upon condition that £100 a year should be de- ducted from her salary, for the payment of an able master to cultivate her\'oice. Sacchini was the first appointed to this office ; but he found her so idle and ob- stinate, that he soon quitted her as an incurable patient. She was next assigned to Piozzi, whose patience was likewise soon exliausted by her incorrigible in- attention. Her last master in England was Abel ; soon after which she left this country, and sang with enthusiastic ap- plause at several of the German courts, and subsequently at almost every princi- pal town in Italy. Her great success certainly exemplified most strongly the truth of the olcl adage, " That there are a hundred requisites necessary to con stitute a good singer, of which, whoever possesses a fine voice, is already in pos- session of ninety-nine." After several years absence, Banti returned to England in the spring of 1790, when her perform- ance and singing in Gluck's opera of " Alceste," was thought to be most per- fect; every look, every action, every note, appearing to be strictly appropriate to the character she had assumed, and to no other. Soon after this, on the oc- casion of Lord' Howe's victory, Bnnti introduced in one of her cantatas the national air of "God save the kinsr," in a style which perfectly electrified the audience. In the year 1799 she enrap- tured every hearer by her performance in " Ines de Castro," composed by Bi- anchi, and then first produced. * The celebrated prayer in it, " Gran r>io che regoli," was given in a style of tender- ness and appropriate devotion, which perhaps has never been exceeded on the stage. We believe that the year 180? bar] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. idi was tlie last season of Banti's singing in England. She died at Bologna, in 1806, aged about 50. It is said, that, on open- ing her body, the lungs were found to be of an unusually large size. BAPTIST, John, a native of Lisle, resident for some time in England, as a painter of flowers. He studied atAnt- werp, and assisted Le Brun in painting the palace of Versailles, in which the flowers were his execution. The duke of Montague, who was ambassador in France, employed him with La Fosse and Eousseau in the decoration of Montague house, now the British Museum. A looking-glass which he adorned with a garland of flowers for Queen Mary is still preserved at Kensington palace. There is a print of him from a painting by Sir Godfrey Kneller, in Walpole's Anecdotes. He died 1699. — His son Anthony distinguished himself also in flower painting. — Another of the same name, who was born at Antwerp, paid a visit to England during the civil wars, and vvas engaged^ in General Lambert's service, and after the restoration he painted the attitudes and draperies of Sir Peter Lely's portraits. He died in 1691. BARAHONA Y SOTO, Louis, a Spanish physician and poet, a native of Luceria, in Andalusia, continued, under the title of the Tears of Angelica, the romance of Ariosto, and executed his task in such a manner as to gain the applause of Cervantes. He is also the author of some eclogues, stanzas, and sonnets. BARANZANO, Redemptus, a Barna- bite monk, who corresponded with Lord Bacon, by whom he was highly esteem- ed for his proficiency in mathematics. He wrote " Uranoscopia," " Campus Philosophorum," &c. B. 1590 ; d. 1622. BAR ATIER, John Philip, a person of prodigious memory. B. 1721, at Schwo- bach, in the margravate of Anspach. At the age of 4 he conversed with his mother in French, with his father in Latin, and with his servants in German. The rapidity of his improvements aug- mented with his years, so that he became perfectly acquainted with Greek at 6, with Hebrew at 8, and in his 11th year translated from the Hebrew into French the travels of the rabbi Benjamin of Tudela, which he enriched with valu- able annotations. His proficiency in mathematics was so great that he sub- mitted to the Royal Academy of Science, at Berlin, a plan for finding the longi- tude at sea, marked witt wonderful in- genuity, so that he was elected a member* In 1735 he went with his father to Halle ; at which university he was ofi'ered the degree of master of arts, or (as they call it) doctor in philosophy. Baratier drew up that night 14 theses in philosophy and the mathematics ; these he sent im- mediately to the press, and defended the next day so very ably, that all who heard him were delighted and amazed : he was then admitted to his degree. But this great application injured his health, and he d. before he was 20 years old. BARBARINO, Fkanoesco, an early Italian poet, who wrote " Documenti d'Amore." B. 1264 ; d. 1348. BARBAEO, Francis, a noble Vene- tian, distinguished by his leamii^ as' well as his political talents. He defend- ed Brescia, of which he was governor, against the Duke of Milan, and obliged tiie besiegers to retreat. He is princi- ?ally known by a partial translation of lutarch's works, and a treatise "DeEe Uxoria." The latter was published in 1515 at Paris. Some familiar epistles of his were also published as late as 1743. D. 1454. — Heemolao, the elder, nephew to Francis, was bishop of Trevisa, and afterwards of Verona, where he d. 1470. He translated some of JEsop's fables into Latin, when only 12 years old. — Her- MOLAus, grandson of Francis, a learned Venetian, employed by his countrymen as ambassador to the Emperor Frederic, to his son, Maximilian, and to Pope In- nocent VIII. He was honored by the pope with the vacant patriarchate of Aquileia against the wishes of his coun- trymen, who had passed a law that their ambassadors should accept no favor from the Roman pontiff; and so inexorable were the Venetians, that Barbaro's fa- ther, who was far advanced in years, and; intrusted M^th the first offices of the state, was unable to avert their resent- ment, and died, in consequence, of a broken heart. Barbaro wrote some ex- cellent treatises as well as poetry ; and in translations from Plutarch and Dios- corides he showed his abilities as a Greek scholar. D. 1493. — Daniel, co- adjutor of the patriarchate of AquUeia, with his uncle Hermolao, was sent as ambassador from Venice to England, where he continued till 1551. He d. 1570, and left several learned works be- hind him, among which were a " Trea- tise on Eloquence," "Venice," — an Italian translation of Vitruvius, and the " Practice of Perspective," folio. BARBAROSS A, Aruch, a well-known pirate, who made himself master of Al- 104 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bar ^ers, and murdered the king Selim Entemi, whom he had come to assist and defend against his Spanish invaders. He afterwards made himself master of Tunis, and of Tremecen, wliose sover- eign was assassinated by liis own sub- jects. His success was stopped by the marquis of Gomares, governor of Oran, whom the heir of the Tremecen domin- ions had invited to his support; but when besieged in the citadel he made his -escape by a subterraneous passage ; but being overtaken, he was cut to pieces with his followers. D. 1518. — Cheredin, a brother of the above, was an admiral under SeUm II. He obtained possession of Tunis, but was checked by Charles v., after which he plundered several towns of Italy, and then advanced to Yemen in Arabia, which he conquered. He d. in 1547, aged 80, leaving his son Asan in possession of the kingdom. — Haybadin, or Khaye Eddin, younger brother of the preceding. He was left by Aruch to secure Algiers, when he marched against Tunis, and, on his death, was proclaimed king in his place. Finding his authority insecure, he made application to the Ottoman Sultan Soli- man, oifering to recognize his superior- ity, and become tributary, provided a force was sent to him sufficient to main- tain him in his iisurpation. Soliman agreed to his proposals, and, ordering him a reinforcement of janizaries, in- vested him with the dignity of viceroy or pacha over the kingdom of Algiers. Thus reinforced, Hayradin built a wall for the improvement of the harbor, strengthened it with fortifications, and may be deemed the founder of that mis- chievous seat of piracy, as it has ever since existed. Such was his reputation for naval and military talents, that Soli- man II. made him ins capitan pacha. In this capacity he signalized himself by a long course of exploits against the Venetians and Genoese ; and, in 1543, when Francis I. made a league with Soliman, he left Constantinople, and, with a powerful fleet, having the French ambassador on board, took Eeggio, and sacked the coast of Italy. In conj unction with the French, he also besieged and took Nice, and refitting during the win- ter at Toulon, again ravaged the coast and islands of Italy in the ensuing spring, and returned with many prisoners and much spoil to Constantinople. From this time he seems to have declined active service, and to have given him- self up to a voluptuous life among his female captives, until the age of 80, when he d., and his su. lessor Hassan became possessed of his authority and riches. With the ferocity of a Turk and a corsair, he possessed some gener- ous sentiments, and obtained a character for honor and fidelity in his engage ments. BARBAULD, A.nn Letitia, daughter of the Eev. John Aikin, was born at Kibworth, in Leicestershire, June 20, 1743. She re; fcived from him a classical education, and early showed a disposi- tion for poetry. Her earliest produc- tion was a small volume of miscellaneous poems, printed in 1772, which, in tlie year following, was succeeded by a col- lection of pieces in prose, published in conjunction with her brother, Dr. John Aikin of Stoke Newington. In 1774 she accepted the hand of the Rev. Rochemont Barbauld, with whom she took up her residence at Palgrave, in Suffolk, and there composed the works on whioh the durability of her reputa- tion is most securely founded, viz., " Early Lessons and Hymns for Chil- dren," pieces which *are justly con- sidered as of standard merit. In 1785 she accompanied her husband on a tour to the Continent, and on his re- turn, resided for several vears at Hamp- stead, but in 1802 again removed to Stoke Newington, in order the more constantly to enjoy her brother's so- ciety. In 1812 app'eared the last of her separate publications, entitled "Eigh- teen Hundred and Eleven," a poem of considerable merit; previous to which she had edited a collection of English novels, and a similar collection of the best British essayists of the time of Anne, with Richardson s correspond- ence, and a memoir of his life and writings. T>. 1824. BARBAZAN, Arnold William, was a brave and noble French general, wliose valor, probity, and disinterested- ness during a long and successful career under the reigns of Charles VI. and VII. gained for him the glorious appel- lation of " the Irreproachable Knight." D. 1432. — Stephen, a French writer, au- thor of a "Father's Instructions to his Son," and editor of various old French tales and fables. B. 1696 ; d. 1770. BARBATELLI, Bernardino, an Ital- ian painter, particularly excellent in de- lineating flowers, fruits, and animals. B. 1542; d. 1612. BARBEAU DES BRUYERES, Jean Louis, son of a wood-monger at Paris, rose by the strength of his genius from the mean occupation of his father. He bar] CYCLQP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHr. 105' resided 10 or 15 years in Holland, and on lis return he assisted for 23 yeai's M. Bauclie in the completion of his works. His first publication in 1759, was his map " De Monde Historique," an ingenious chart, in wiiich was united all tiie information which geography, chronology, and history could produce. He published besides the " Tablcttes Chronologiques," of Lenglet, a transla- tion of Stralilemberg's JDescription of Russia, Le Croix" s Modern Geography, besides large contributions to tffe works of his friends, and the two last volumes of the " Bibliotheque de France," by Le Long. Barbeau had to struggle through life against poverty, but it did not rume his temper, or render him unwilling freely to communicate to others from the vast store of his knowledge in geog- raphy and history. D. 1781. BARBERINO, Francis, an Italian poet, author of "Precepts of Love." B. V2U; d. 1348. BARBEYRAC, Charles, a French physician, whom Locke ^^ompared to Sydenham, author of "Questions Me- dicae Duodecim," &c. B. 1629 ; d. 1699. — JoHX, nephew of the abovp., professor of law at Berne, and subsequently at Groningen. To the performance of his duty as a lecturer, he added most labo- rious exertions as an author. He trans- lated the most valuable portions of Gro- tius, Putfendorf, and other able civilians into French, and wrote a " History of Ancient Treatises," &c. B. 1674; d. 1747. BARBIER, Antonie Alexandre, bib- liograplier, was born at Coulomniers, in 1765, and, at the beginning of the rev- olution, was a vicar. In the year 1794, he went to Paris, where he was chosen a member of the committee appointed to collect works of literature and art existing in the monasteries, which were then suppressed. This was the cause of his being appointed, in 1798, keeper of the library of the comeil d'etat, col- lected by himself, and, when it was transported to Fontainbleau, in 1807, Napoleon appointed him his librarian. At the return of the king, he had the cure of his private library. He died in 1825. His excellent "Catalogue de la Bibliotheque de Conseil d'Etat," Paris, 1801-3, 2 vols., folio, is now very rare. His " Dictionnaire des Ouvrages Ano- nymes et Pseudonymes," is, on account of its plan, excellent. But he did not succeed so well with his "Examen Cri- tique et Complement des Dictionnaires Historiques," 1 vol., Paris, 1820, since the narrow circle of his studies and re- searches was not suflS^cient for such an extensive plan. BARBIERI, John Francis, also call- ed GUERCINI, an eminent historical painter. B. 1590; d. 1666.— Paul An- thony, brother of the above, an eminent painter of still-life subjects. D. 1640. BARBOSA, Arias, a learned Portu- guese professor of Greek at Salamanca, author of a treatise " On Prosody " antiquary. B. at Exeter, about 1572. He assisted Speed in his " His- tory of England ;" and was author of a " Display of Heraldrie," folio, 1611 ; but having composed this in his youth, and thinking it too light a subject to ac- knowledge, he j2:ave it to John Gwillin, a herald of his acquaintance, under whose name it has been repeatedly printed. D. 1642. BARCLAY, an English poet of some note, originally chaplain of St. Mary Ot- tery, in Devonshire, and afterwards a Benedictine monk of Ely. His death took place in 1552, a short time after he had been presented to the living of All- Hallows, in London. His principal work is a satire, entitled " The Ship ot Fools," a translation or imitation of a German, composition. He also wrote "Eclogues,'' 106 CYCLOFJEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bar which, according to Warton, the histo- rian of EngUsh poetry, are the earliest compositions of the kind in our language. —John, was b. at Pont-a-Mousson, and educated in the Jesuits' college at that place. He accompanied his father to Enriand, where he was much noticed by James I., to whom he dedicated one of his principal works, a political and satirical romance, entitled " Euphor- mio," in Latin, chiefly intended to ex- pose the Jesuits, against whom the author adduces some very serious accu- sations, lie wrote, also, several other works, among which is a singular ro- mance, in elegant Latin, entitled "Ar- genis," a political allegory, of a character similar to that of '^ Euphormio," and alluding to the political state of Europe, and especially France, during the league. — KoBERT, the celebrated apologist of the Quakers, was b. during 1648, at Gordonstown, in the shire of Moray, of an ancient and honorable family. The troubles of the country induced his father to send him to Paris, to be edu- cated under the care of his uncle, who was principal of the Scots college in that capital. Under his influence he was made a convert to the Roman Catholic religion, upon which his father sent for him to return home; and, soon after becoming a Quaker, the son soon fol- lowed his example. His first treatise in support of his adopted principles was published at Aberdeen, in 1670, under the title of "Truth cleared of Calum- nies," &c., being an answer to an attack on the Quakers by a Scottish minister of the name of Mitchell. It is written with great vigor, and with his subse- qiaent writings against the same otpo- nent, tended materially to rectify pub- lic sentiment in regard to the Quakers, as also to procure them greater indul- gence from government. To propagate the doctrines, as well as to mamtain the credit he had gained for the sect, he published, in 16?5, a regular treatise, in order to explain and defend the system of the Quakers, which production was also very favorably received. These and similar labors involved him in contro- versies with the leading members of the university of Aberdeen, and others ; but, notwithstanding so much engross- ment, his mind was, at the same time, busy with his great work, in Latin, "An Apology for the true Christiaji Di- vinity, as the same is preached and held forth by the People in scorn called Qua- kers." It Avas soon reprinted at Am- sterdam, and quickly translated into the German, Dutch, French, and Spanish languages, arid, by the author himself, into English. It met, of course, with many answers; but his fame was now widely diifused, and in his travels wHh the famous William Penn, through the greater part of England, Holland, and Germany, to spread" the opinions of the Quakers, he was received everywhere with the highest marks of respect. The last of his productions, in defence of the theory of the Quakers, was a long Latin letter, addressed, in 1676, to Adrian de Pacts, "On the Possibility of an Inward and Immediate Kevelation." It was not published in England until 1686; from which time Barclay, who had endured his share of persecution, and been more than once imprisoned, spent the remain- ing part of his life, in the bosom of a large family, in quiet and peace, He d. after a short illness, at his own house, in Ury, in 1690, in the 42d year of his age. With few exceptions, both parti- sans and opponents unite in the profes- sion of great respect for his character and talents. Besides the works already mentioned or alluded to, he wrote a treatise "On Universal Love," and va- rious replies to the most able opponents of his "Apology." — William, a learned civilian, was b. in Aberdeenshire, about 1541. He spent the early part of his life, and much of his fortune, at the court of Mary queen of Scots, from whose favor he expected preferment. In 1573, he went over to France, and at Bruges commenced student of civil law under the famous Cujacius. Having continued some years in that seminary, he took a doctor's degree, and was soon after appointed professor of civil law in the university or Pont-a-Mousson, then first founded by the duke of Lorraine. Having parted with his patron, Barclay embarked for Britain, Avhere King James I., who had now succeeded to the two crowns, offered him considerable prefer- ment, provided he would become a member of the church of England. Not choosing, however, to comply with this, he returned to France in 1604, and soon after his arrival was appointed professor of civil law in the university ot Angers, where he died the year following, and was buried in the Franciscan church. He was esteemed a learned civilian, and wrote elaborately in the defence of the divine right of kings, in answer to Bu- chanan and others. BARCOCHEBAS, a Jewish impostor, in the '2d centur\', who, during the reign of the emperor Adrian, caused bar] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 107 nimself to be proclaimed the Messiah and king of the Jews. Under his stand- ard they rose in rebellion against the Romans. lie tbrtitied himselt" with his deluded followers, in various places, and committed great barbarities, particularly against tiie Oiiristians, whom he massa- cred in vast numbers. Julius Severus, the greatest general of the time, took the conduct of the war against him, and adopted the policy of attacking and cut- ting his followers off separately. He fell at the siege of Bitten, after fifty thousand Jews had perished in consequence of his acts. BAKCOS, Martin de, a learned Jan- senist, who wrote a work called " Petrus Aurelius," "La Grandeur de L'Eglise Komaine," a treatise on the " Authority of St. Peter and St. Paul," and many controversial tracts. D. 1678. BARD, John, a learned physician. He engaged in business in Philadelphia, and afterwards removed to New York, where he remained till within a few months of his death. In the year 1795, when the yellow fever had put to flight a number of physicians, who were in the meridian of life, the veteran Dr. Bard remained at his post. He was the author of several papers on the yellow fever in the American Medical Register. In 1750 he assisted Dr. Middleton in the first recorded dissection in America. D. 1799. — Samuel, M.D., to obtain a thor- ough medical education, he spent five years in France, England, and Scotland. lie received his degree at Edinburgh in 1765. Dr. Bard formed the plan of the medical school of New York, which was established within a year after his return. He was appointed professor of the prac- tice of pliysic. Medical degrees were first conferred in 1769. By his exertions the hospital was founded. In 1774 he delivered a course of chemical lectures. In 1813 he was appointed president of the college of physicians and surgeons. His discourses on conferring degrees were very impressive. B. 1742 ; d. 1821. BARDE, John de la, an historian and diplomatist of the reign of Louis le Grand, who wrote a histoiy of France from the time of Louis XIII. to 1652. B. 1602 : d. 1692. BARDES ANES the Gnostic, a Syrian, who lived in the latter half of the second century, at Edessa, and was a favorite of the king Agbar Bar Maanu, is memor- able for the peculiarity of his doctrines. He considered the evil in the world only fts an accidental reaction of matter, and all lil'e as the offspring of male and fe- male ^Eone. He considered Jesus to be the ^on destined for the salvation of souls, only a feigned man, and his death only a feigned death, but his doctrine the & are means to fill the souls of men with ardent desires for their celestial home, and to lead them back to God, to whom they go immediately after death, and without a resurrection of the earthly body. He propagated this doctrine in Syrian hymns, and is the first writer of hymns in this language. His son Har- nionius studied in Athens, and strove, al^o, by means of hymns., to procure the reception of his doctrine. let the Bar- desanists did not formally separate them- selves from the orthodox Christian church. They maintained themselves until the 5th century. BARDIN, Pierre, a French writei author of "Le Grand Chambellan d: France," &c. He lost his life while attempting to rescue a drowning man, 1637. * BARDNEY, Richard, an English monk; author of the "Life of Robert Grosthead, bishop of Lincoln." D. 1504. BAREBONE, Praise-God, a notorious fanatic of the time of Cromwell, from whom the famous Barebone's Parlia- ment took its name. He was originally a leather-dealer, but a man of consider- able energy and influence. He was ar- rested in 1661 with Major Wildman and Harrington for a plot against the govern- ment, and committed to the Tower. What became of him on his release is not known. BARENT, Dietrich, a Dutch histori- cal and portrait painter. B. 1534; d. 1582. BARERE, Bertrand, one of the most conspicuous actors in the first French revolution, was born in 1755 at Tarbes, in Gascony, where his fiither possessed the small estate of Vieuzac. He was educated for the bar at Toulouse, prac- tised as an advocate with considerable success, and besides occupying himself with literary pursuits of a trivial charac- ter, wrote a dissertation which procured him a seat in tlie Toulouse Academy of Sciences. In 1785 he was elected one of the representatives of the Third Es- tate. When, in 1792, the legislative as- sembly invited the nation to elect an extraordinary convention, Barere was chosen one of its members by his own department. He voted for the death of the king, "sans appel et sans Bursis,'* in words that have been oft repeated, " L'arbre de la libcrte ne croit qu'arros^ par le sang des tyrans." After the fiUl tm CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bar of the monarch, he acted with the Gi- rondists, to wliom he made himself useful by the ease and fluency with which he could draw up reports. But he soon made common cause with the Mountain, whose designs he carried out ; and he bore a large siuire in the schemes subsei^uently planned during the " Reign of Terror," earning for the levity with which he discharged his office the nick- names of the Witling of Terror, and the Anacreon of the Guillotine. He fawned on Robespierre up to the 8th of Thermidor, and on the 9th he moved that Robespierre should be be- headed without a trial. On the fall of the convention he was sent a prisoner to the isle of Oleron ; but he made his escape to Bordeaux, where he remained four years in obscurity ; and on the estab- lishment of Napoleon's government he enlisted in its service, and for some years officiated in the double capacity of a wri- ter and a s}Ty. On the fall of Napoleon, in 1814, he again became a royalist. Du- ring the hundred days he was chosen by his native district a member of the cham'- ber of representatives ; but on the final return of the Bourbons, in 1815, he was compelled to retire into Belgium, where he resided till 1830. The revolution which then called Louis Philippe to the throne, enabled him to return to France ; but he was reduced to extreme indi- gence, and a small pension from the king and the government alone saved him from the necessity of begging his bread. D. 1841. Those who wish to see an instance of the literary tomahawk skilfully applied, will find it in an arti- cle devoted to Barere's life and character in the Edinburgh Review, vol. Ixxix., by Macaulav. BARETTI, Joseph, the son of an architect of Tnrin, b. in 1716, and who went to England in 1750, where he re- sided Twith a short interval) the remain- der or his life. Baretti had the good fortune to be introduced to Dr. Samuel Johnson, and between them a very long intimacy had place. From the time of his arrival in England he subsisted by teaching the Italian language and by the sale of his writings. In 1760 he made a tour to Italy, through Portugal and Spain, and returned to England after an absence of six years. In 1769 he was tried at the Old Bailey for having stabbed a man who violently assaulted him in the Ilayraarket. lie made a most admirable defence ; which, added to the bad reputation of his prosecutors, unpressed the court much in his favor. He was acquitted of the murder, and of the manslaughter: the verdict was selt- defence. Ait'ter this unfortunate trans- action he again sat down to his studies, and in 1770 published his "Travels," for which, it is said, he received £500. On the establishment of the Royal Acad- emy, he was appointed foreign secretary, a post of more honor than profit. He died May 5, 1789, without a struggle or sigh, the moment after taking a glass of wme, preserving his faculties to the last moment. BARGRAVE, Isaac, dean of Canter- bury and chaplain to James I. D. 1642. BARIIAM, RicuARD Hakuis, better known by his authorial name of Thomas lu^oldsby, was a native of Canterbury, and a graduate of Oxford, who adopted the clerical profession and discharged its duties, but who was far more of a wit than a sermonizer. lie became a minor canon of St. Paul's, and the friend of Sydney Smith, whom in some respects he resembled. His contributions to the leading English periodicals were remark- able for fancy and humor, but his fame will rest upon the 'i Ingoldsby Legends," which are full of quaint wit and iiappy turns of thought and expression. A novel of his, called " My Cousin Nicho- las," was popular at the time of its pub- lication. B. 1789; d. 1845. BARKER, Edmund Henry, a classical scholar, who edited Stepliens' Greek Thesaurus, Prolegomena to Homer, Lempriere, &c., and was a leading sup- porter of the classical journal, the British Critic and the Monthly Magazine, to which he contributed valuable disserta- tions on questions of philologv and an- tiquities. B. 1788; d. 1839.— Gkorge, an eminent lawyer of Birmingham, who aided Watt and Boulton in their gigantic railroad and other schemes. B. 1776 ; d. 1845. — Robert, inventor of the pano- rama, was b. at Kells, in Ireland, about 1740 ; and, having failed in business, became a miniature and portrait painter. He settled at Edinburgh in that capacity ; and, while viewing the landscape from the Calton Hill, was first struck with the idea of representing similar scenes in a circular picture. Eminent artists treat- ed the project as chimerical ; but he persisted, and ultimately succeeded in accomplishing what may be considered as the triumph of pictorial illusion. It was in 1787 that his first attempt was exhibited ; and his exhibition soon be- came so popular that he gained a con- siderable fortune. D. 1806.^ — Matthew Henry, a sea-captain, who in the latter bar] CYOLOP-^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. lOflr part of his life took to writing sea-novels, in which he attained great success, under the name of the Old Sailor. His " Tough Yarns," " Jim Bunt," " Land and Sea Tales," etc., have considerable merit. D. 1846.— George P., a distinguished lawyer and politician of Buffalo, attor- nev-general of the state of New York, wlio "d. in 1848, before he had fulfilled his promise. BAKKIiAM, John, a native of Exeter, who, after studying at Oxfoi-d, and hold- ing several places of preferment, d. at Booking, in Essex, of which he was rec- tor and dean. He is mentioned by Speed, and others, as possessing " learn- ing, virtue, and courtesy." His valuable collection of coins and medals, which he gave to Laud, was presented to the uni- versity. Though he never published any thing, yet his friends had reason to acknowledge his great erudition, so that Guillinr s display of heraldry, and Speed's Jolin and Henry IL are attributed to him. BARKSDALE, Clement, a native of Winchcomb, Gloucestershire, educated at Abingdon school and Oxford. He was elected master of Hereford school, but during the civil wars he left his situation, and took pupils at Hawling, in Glouces- tershire. On the restoration he was pi'esented to the living of Taunton, where he d. 1687, aged 78. His works are, besides several sermons, and some tracts, " Monumenta Literaria," " Sive Obitus et Elogia," " Doctorum Virorum ex Historiis Thuani," " Nympha Libe- thris, or the Corswold Muse," 1651 ; " The Life of Grotius," 1652 ; "Memo- rials of Worthy Persons," 1661. BAELAAM, a Greek monk, who, in 1339, was sent into the West, by the younger Andronicus, the Greek em- ?eror, to solicit assistance against the urks, and to negotiate a union between the Latin and Greek churches. On his return he was censured, as hetero- dox, by a council ; upon which he went back to Italy, and obtained the bishopric of Hieracium, in Calabria. He d. about IViS. Barlaam introduced the study of Grecian literature into Italy ; and Pe- trarch and Boccacio were his disciples. BARLvEUS, Gasparaus, a Latin poet of Antwerp, appointed subprincipal of the college of Leyden, but afterwards re- jected from his office for the zealous share which he took in the disputes of the Arminians. He now took his de- grees in physic at Caen, and in 1631 was invited bv the magistrates of Amster- '1am to fill the chair of professor of phi- 10 losophy, which he htld till his death iu 1648, in his 64th year, though his wri- tings in favor of Arminius raised him a number of enemies, who loudly called for his dismission. His orations are admired for their wit and purity, and his poems for their elegance and correct- ness. Two volumes of his letters were published after his death. He wrote also an account of Count Maurice's gov- ernment in Brazil. ^ARLETTA, Gabriel, a Dominican, b. at Barletta, in the kingdom of Naples. He acquired some celebrity as a writer and as a preacher, and it became pro- verbial to say, nesclt prcedica?'e qui nescit BarUttare. It is reported that his ser mons rapidly passed through 20 editions, but so incongruous was the composition, so full of serious reflections and ridicu- lous levities, of obsolete words, and of modern and ancie, t idioms, that more singular and extraordinarv pertbrmances scarcely ever appeared. Tihe best edition is that of Venice, 1577, two vols. 8vo. He was b. about 1040, but the time of his death is unknown. BARLOW, Thomas, an English pre- late, was b. in 1607, at Langhill, in Westmoreland, and educated at Oxford. He was raised to the bishopric of Lin- coln in 1675, and held it till his death, in 1691. His principles were any thing but inflexible. He wrote against popery during the reign- of Charles II. ; vindi- cated the regal power of dispensing with the laws, under James II. ; and finally Save his allegiance to William III. Noi id he properly fulfil his episcopjd duties He was, however, a learned and a toler ant man. His works consist of some tracts ; a Collection of Cases of Consci- ence Resolved ; and Genuine Remains. — Joel, was b. at Reading, in Connecti- cut, about 1755, and graduated at Yale college in 1778. After leaving college he engaged for a short time in the sturly of the law, but soon changed it for theolo- gy, and became a chaplain in the army, which station he retained until the return of peace. From 1783 to 1795 Mr. Bar- low was occupied with various private pursuits, in America and Europe ; and in the latter year was appointed by Pres- ident W^ashington consul at Algiers, with powers to negotiate a treaty of peace with the Dey, and redeem the American captives on the coast of Bar- bary. He concluded a treaty with Al- giers, and also negotiated one with Tripoli, and rescued many American citizens from slavery. In 1797 he re- signed his consulship. In 1805 he re* 110 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY'. [bak turned to the United States. In 1811 he was sent as minister plenipotentiary to the French government. He failed in the object of his mission, but in October, 1812, he was invited to a conference with the emperor at Wilna. The fatigue and exposure to which he subjected himself, to comply with this invitation, caused his death at Zarowitch, an obscure vil- lage near Cracow, in December, 1812. "W hile in college Mr. Barlow was a votary of the muses, and by that means ac- quired the friendship of Dr. Wright, ■who himself occasionally dabbled in verse. His " American Poems" were {)i'inted at Litchfield, shortly after he eft coUej^e. The " Vision of Oolumbus" appearea in 1787. He prepared a new version of Watts' Psalms for the clergy of his native state. While in France he became a warm friend of the leading Girondists. In England, about 1791, he printed his " Advice to the Privileged Orders," and afterwards the " Conspir- acy of Kings," and a "Letter to the National Convention." But his most popular poem was a mock heroic, in three cantos, called " Hasty Pudding," in which he celebrated a national New England dish. Ktturning to America, in 180S, he published a noticeable poem called the Columbiad, which is still ex- tant, and some people read. BAELOWE, William, a bishop of Bath and Wells under Queen Mary, and bishop of Winchester under Eliza- beth. D. 1658. — William, his son, arch- deacon of Sarum, skilled in natural phi- losophy, and the first English writer on tlie properties of the lomistone. D. 1625. BARNARD, Theodore, a Dutch Eainter who settled in England, said to ave painted the kings and bishops in Chichester cathedral. — John, D.D., pre- bendary of Lincoln in the reign of Charles II., author of a " Life of Dr. Heylyn," &c. D. 1683.— Sir John, lord mayor of London, and one of its repre- sentatives in parliament for forty years. He was an able speaker, and a remark- ably conscientious and religious man ; and so greatly was he respected by his fellow-citizens, that they erected a statue to his memory in the Roval Exchange. B. at Readinsr, 1685; d. 1764. BARN AVE, Anthony Peter Joseph. an eloquent and popular member of the French national assenibly. He was charged with the conveyance of the king from Varennes to Paris ; on which occasion he conducted himself with great delicacy and respect. Though he had retired to private life, he was ar- rested by the faction then in power, and guillotined in 1794. BARNES, Juliana, prioress of St. Alban's in the loth century, author of treatises on " Hunting, Hawking, and Heraldry." — Robert, D.D., chaplain to Henry VIII. ; burnt to death in Smith- field Vor Lutheranism, in 1540 ; authot of a treatise on " Justification," &c. — Joshua, a learned divine, educated at Christ's hospital, London, and Emman- uel college, Cambridge, author of the "Life of Edward III.," and a poem " On the History of Esther," and editor of the works of Euripides, Anacreon, and Homer. B. 1654; cl. 1712.— Thomas, a gentleman of famous literary ability, and principal editor of " The' Times,'" which journal owes much of its celebrity and influence to the powerful political leaders that came from his pen, as well as to the rare skill and discrimination he evinced in the general control and adaptation of the articles furnished by his coadjutors, &c. Notwithstanding the share he necessarily took in the strife of politics, it is recorded to his honor that he retained the friendship of all who had once intimately known him, how much soever they might chance to differ on questions of public interest. Mr. Barnes Avas educated at Christ's hospital and Pembroke college, Cambridge, where he took his B.A. and M.A. degrees. D. 1841, aged 55. — Daniel IL, a distinguished conchol- ogist, who, with Dr. Griscom, originated and conducted with great reputation the high school of New York. He was also a Baptist preacher. On Sunday, the day before his death, he preached at New Lebanon from the text, "Ye know not what shall be on the mor- row ;" on the next day, the driver hav- ing been thrown from his seat, Mr. Barnes in his alarm jumped from the carriage, fractured his skull, and died soon after. His learned communications on conchology were published in Silli- man's journal, with explanatory plates. BARNEY, Joshua, a distinguished commander in the American navy. He was employed in the public service du- ring the war of the revolution, and was twice captured. In a vessel named the Hyder Ali, carrying 4 nine and 12 six pounders he captured, after an action of 26 minutes, the Gen. Monk of 18 guns, nine-pounders, with the loss of 4 men killed, and 11 wounded. The Gen.r Monk lost 30 killed, and 53 wounded,^ He sailed in the Gen. Monk with dis-' bar] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. i: Eatches for Dr. Franklin at Paris, and rouglit back a valuable loan from the king of France. In 1796 he went to France with Mr. Munroe, deputed the bearer of the American flag to the Na- tional Convention. In 1813 he was ap- pointed to the command of the flotilla for the defence of the Cliesapeake. He participated in the battle of Bladeus- Durg, and was wounded by a ball in the thigh. In 1815 he was sent on a mission to Europe. He d. in 1819, aged 59. He had been 41 years in public service, and engaged in 26 battles. BARNEVELDT, John d' Olden, a Dutch statesman of great abilities, am- bassador to Elizabeth in England, and to Henry IV. of France. His attempts to limit the authority of Maurice the second stadtholder of Holland, raised him ene- mies, by whose virulence he was accused of designs to deliver the country to the Spaniards, and in consequence 'of this false charge, he was tried and beheaded in 1619. His sons, William and Rene, resented the cruelty exercised against their father, and though the elder es- caped, Rene felt the punishment due to a conspirator. The mother stepped in in defence of her son, and when Maurice expressed surprise to bee her eager to save him when she had seen his father fall unlamented, she indignantly re- plied, " I would not solicit a pardon for my husband, for he was innocent. I ask it for my son because he is guilty." BARO or BARONI, Peter, a native of Estampes, in France, who left his country on account of his attachment to Protestantism, and found a hospitable asylum in England, in the house of Lord Burleigh, and at Cambridge with Dr. Pierce, by whose influence he was chosen Margaret professor of divinity, 1574:. The tranquillity of his residence was however of short duration. He op- posed Whitacre, Tindal, and Chadder- ton, who violently supported the tenets of absolute predestination, and whilst he gave a more moderate explanation to tho doctrine in his sermons and in his lectures, he found himself cited before the vice chancellor, and accused before Archbishop Whitgift ; and though Lord Burleigh, the chancellor, disapproved of the virulence of his prosecutors, he found himself obliged to leave Cam- bridge for Crutchedfriars, London, where he died. Ilis writings were on divinity subjects, and in Latin, BAROCCIO, Frederic, a painter of Urbino, who learnt sculpture of his fa- Mier, and architecture, geometry, and perspective of his uncle, and drew tho h^ac^ of his Virgins after the features ot his sister, and those of his Jesuses after his -nephew. Cardinal de la Ro- vere became early his patron, but the jealousy of }ns rivals proved nearly fatal. He was maliciously poisonecl, and though he recovered by the im- mediate application of medicine, his constitution grew weak and languid, and he lingered in an unhealthy state, till his 84th year, 1612. His paintings are in good esteem, his historical pieces are deservedly admired, but he shines with superiorlustre in the execution of his devotional portraits. His merits were universally admitted, and his in- firmities alone prevented him from ac- cepting the honors which were liberally offered to him by the duke of Tuscany, the Emperor Rodolph II., and Philip II. of Spain. In correctness he is o;reat; he understood well the effects of light and shade, and though the attitudes of some of his figures are out of propor- tion, he may be said to approach the softness and graces of Correggio. BARON, Bona VENTURE, a native of Clonmel, Ireland, educated by his undo Luke Wadding, and afterwards em- ployed as divinity professor at Rome, where he spent 60 years, and died blind in a good old age, March 18th, 1696. He was a learned and voluminous writer. His " Theologia," in 6 vols., is his best performance. See a list of his works in Sir James Ware's writers of Ireland, p. 258. — Michael, son of a merchant ot Issondun, became cele- brated as a player. His powers in ex- pressing the passions were unusually great, and he was deservedly called the Roscius of his time. He was not insen- sible to the popularity which he enjoyed, and with arrogance and vanity he ob- served, that once in a century a Csesar might arise, but that 2000 years were requisite to produce a Baron. His su- perior excellence was in a great degree owing to his own exertions, so that Ra- cine in representing his Andromache to the actors, with the judgment and cor- rectness of a poet and of a man of feel- ing, paid him the highest compllinent, assuring him that he could give him no instructions, " for," added he, " your own heart will tell you more than any lessons of mine can suggest." He died at Paris, 22d Dec. 1729, aged 77. Three volumes in 12mo. of theatrical pieces, appeared in 1760, under his name, or which, however, some suppose that he was not the authoi. liib. dialogue is 113 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. lively, and his scenes diversified 5 but there is not very little of brilliancy of coloring which an acquaintance witn the manners of the great could have supplied. BAKONI, Adkiakne Basile, a native of Mantua, sister to the poet Basile. She was so admired for her beauty, her wit, and her accomplishments, that vol- umes were written in her praise. Her daughter Leonora possessed equal charms, and met equal admiration, and in 1639, a collection of pieces in Latin, Greek, Spanish, Italian, and French, was published, in which her beauty and her perfections were portrayed with all the graces of poetiy. She also wrote some poetical trifles. The daughter had profound skill in music, a sweet voice, and the utmost delicacy of manner. Mr. Bayle styles her one ot the finest singers in the world. BARONIUS, C^sAR, confessor to Cle- ment VIII., who made him cardinal and librarian of the Vatican ; author of " Ecclesiastical Annals." B. at Sora, 1588; d. 1607. BAROZZI, James, a celebrated archi- tect, successor to Michael Angelo as ar- chitect of St. Peter's ; author of " Rules for the Five Orders of Architecture," &c. B. 1507 ; d. 1577. BARRAL, Peter, a French abbe; author of a " Dictionary of Roman An- tiquities," &c. D. 1772. — Louis Mat- thias DE, bishop of Troves, was a native of Grenoble. He emigrated at the rev- olution ; but returning to France in 1801, Bonaparte made him bishop of Meaux, and afterwards archbishop of Tours, and almoner to the Empress Josephine. D. 1816. BARRAS, Pattl Fra-ncis John Nicho- las, Count de, was originally a sub- lieutenant in the regiment of Languedoc, and served for some time in India. Embracing revolutionary principles, he assisted at the attack on'the Bastile, and voted in the National Convention for the death of the unfortunate Louis XVI. He subsequently became one of the chiefs of the government, but retired from public life when Bonaparte as- sumed the direction of aifairs. For some years he resided at Rome, but returned to France in 1814, and remained there till his death in 1829. BARRE, William Vincent, a native of France, who, after serving in the Rus- sian navy with credit in his youth, re- turned to his own country on the break- ing out of the French revolution, joined his countrymen in arms, and was event- ually appointed interpreter to the French government; but having indulged his vein of sarcasm on the legitimacy of the First Consul, he was put under ar- rest. _ He escaped the vigilance of his enemies, and got to London, where he published a " History of the First Con- sulate." He translated into French Sir Sydney Smith's pamphlet on the expedi- tion into Egypt ; for which the English fovernment' rewarded him. While at hiblin, in 1829, he committed suicide. BARRELIER, James, a friar and bot- anist ; author of " Planta; per Galliam, Hispaniam," &c. B. 1696 ; d. 1763. BARRERE, Pierre, a French physi- cian ; author of a " Dissertation sar la couleur des Negres," &c. D. 1755. BARRET, George, a landscape paint- ery of considerable eminence. He was b. in Dublin, but passed most of his life in England, and was a chief founder of the Roval Academy. B. 1730 ; d. 1784. BARRETT, W^illiam, an English to- pographer; author of a "History of Bristol." D. 1789. HARRINGTON, John Shute, the first Viscount Barrington ; author of "An Essay on the several Dispensations of God to Mankind," the " Rights of Dis- senters," &c., &c. B. 1678; D. 1734.— Daines, fourth son of Viscount Barring- ton, was bred to the law, and rose to the oflftce of second justice of Chester. He was author of " Observations on the Statutes," &c. B. 1727 ; d. 1800.— Sam- uel, youngest brother of the last-named, entered early into the navy, ana became rear-admiral of the white. He took St. Lucia, in the face of a superior force ; and was conspicuous for his zeal and courage at the memorable relief of Gib- raltar^ by Lord Howe. D. 1800.— Shute, bishop of Durham, was the sixth son of the first Viscount Barrington, and b. in 1734. After obtaining a fellowship at Merton college, Oxford, and taking his degrees, he was appointed royal chaplain on the accession ot George HI. In 1768 he was made a canon of St. Paul's, and in the following year was raised to the bishopric of Llandaff. In 1782 he was promoted to the see of Salisbury, whence in 1791 he was translated to that of Dur- ham. He engaged in some controversial disputes both with the Calvinists and Catholics ; but, though hostile to the doctrines of the latter, he was a liberal benefactor of the French clergy who took refuge in Englsmd during the revolu- tion ; and few men were more munifi- cent in their charitable support of be- nevolent institutions. D. 1826. — The BAR CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 113 Hon. Geoboe, M. P., was b. at Durham in 1794, and entered the naval service at the usual fige. He obtained the rank of post-captain in 1826 ; and in the follow- ing year married Lady Caroline, third daughter of Earl Grey, who, on becom- ing prime minister, appointed Jiim a lord of the Admiralty. lie was returned one of the members for the newly-created borough of Sunderland in 1832, from wliich he afterwards retired in conse- quence of ill health, which continued until his death, in June, 1835. BARROS, John de, a learned Portu- guese, treasurer of the Indies, and author of a "History of Asia and the Indies." D. 1570. BARROW, Isaac, a learned mathema- tician and divine of an ancient family in Sutfolk, was b. in London. He was ad- mitted pensioner of Peter-house, Cam- bridge, 1643; but two years after he became member of Trinity college, after being ejected from Peter-bouse for wri- ting against the covenant. He was after- wards chosen fellow of the college. His studies were directed to divinity; but when he observed the connection which exists between chronology and astrono- my, he applied himself with indefatiga- ble zeal to those higher sciences, and made a rapid progress besides in anato- my, botany, and chemistry. Upon his disappointment in not being elected Greek professor, on the death of Dr. Duport, he resolved to travel, and to supply his expenses he parted with his books, and left the kingdom, 1655. He visited Paris, Leghorn, and Plorcnce, and everywhere enriched his mind by observation and inquisitive researches. From Leghorn he passed to Smyrna, and in his voyage displayed his uncommon courage by assisting the crew of the ves- sel in beating otf an Algerine corsair that threatened them with death or slavery. He passed from Smyrna to Con- stantinople, where he resided one year, and returned to England through Venice, Germany, and Holland, in 1659. He now took orders, agreeable to the statutes of his college, and in 1660 he was elected to the Greek professorship of the uni- versity, and two years after to that of geometry in Gresham college. The next year he was made Lucasian mathemati- cal ^ lecturer at Cambridge, an otRce which, in 1669, he resigned to his great friend Isaac Newton, that he might with closer application devote himself to di- vinity. He now received the preferment which was due to his merit from his uncle, bishop of St. Asaph, and from 10* Ward, bishop of SaV'^urv. %od, m 1672, the king, whom he served oy his con- duct, and flattered by his poetry, raised him to the mastership of Trinity college, observing, that he gave it to the best scholar in England. He was vice chan- cellor in 1675 ; but his public services were of short duration. He died of a fever, 4th May, 1677, aged 47, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, where his friends, by contribution, erected a monument over him, uf which the epi- taph was written by Dr. Mapletoft. The writings of Barrow are numerous and valuable, and chiefly on mathematical subjects. As a divme he was great as well as exemplary. His sermons are highly esteemed, and have been fre- quently edited. His works in English were published together by Dr. Tillot- son, in 3 vols, folio. — Sir John, Bart., for many years a secretary to the En- glish admiralty, an extensive traveller, and a voluminous writer of travels, bi- ographies, &c. B. 1764; d. 1848. BARRUEL, AcGLSTiN, a French eccle- siastic, and of some note as a man of letters during the French revolution, was bom in 1741. He was for some years editor of " Le Jouniixl Ecchsi- astique ;" but as the principles he there advocated were opposed to the revolu- tion, he was obliged to fly to England, where, in 1794, he published his ''His- tory of the French Clergy," &c. ; but his best known work is entitled "Memoirs for a History of Jacobinism, Impiety, and Anarchy," in 5 vols. 8vo. ; a pro- duction in which fact and fiction are so closely interwoven as to destroy its au- thenticity. He returned to France in 1802, and died there in 1820. — De Beauvert, Anthony Joseph, Count do, was boru at the castle of Beauvert, near Marseilles, in 1756. In 1790 he belonged to the national guard at Bag- nols ; and on the flight of the royal fam- ily to Varennes he offered himself as a hostage for Louis XVI. In 1795 he was editor of the journal entitled " Les Actes des Apotres ;" for which he was sen- tenced to deportation, but escaped. For a time during the consulate he was under the surveillance of the police ; but at length obtaining the protection of the Empress^ Josephine, he was aj^pointed to an oftice in the department of Jura; where he died in 1817. He wrote the " Life of Rousseau," and various works relative to the Bourbons during their exile. BARRY, GraALD, better known as Giraldus Cambrensis ; author of " Topo- 114 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bar graphia Hibernica," " Itinerarium Cam- brite," &c. He flourished in the 12th century. — Spranger, a celebrated actor, and, lor a time, tlie rival of Garrick, and, in the higher walks of the drama, is supposed by many to have greatly excelled him. B. 17ly; d. 1777.— Jamks, lord of Sautry, chief justice of the King's Bench in Ireland ; author of "The Case of Tenures upon the Commission of De- fective Titles." U. 1673.— James, an eminent painter, born at Cork, 1742; having early discovered great genius for the art, he was patronized by Mr. Burke, and brought to London, where he be- came a pupil to Sir Joshua Keynolds. When Mr. Burke came into administra- tion with the marquis of Rockingham, he sent Mr. Barry to Italy at his sole expense. After visiting all the celebrated schools of the continent, in which he occupied three years, he returned to London; and in lV7o published "An Inquiry into the Real and Imaginary Obstructions to the Acquisition of the Arts in England." About two years after this he was elected a royal acade- mician, and in 1786 made professor of painting to the Royal Academy; but in 179y, on an alleged addiction to demo- cratic principles^ was removed from that otfice. He seems soon afterwards to have taken disgust at society; from which he retired into obscurity, living unattended, and half-starved, till some friends raised about £1000, with which they purchased an annuity for him ; but before the first quarter's payment of it became due he died, 1806. His greatest ettbrt of art is a series of alle- gorical pictures, which he painted gra- tuitously lor the great room of the Society of Arts in the Adelphi. — William T., an American statesman, postmaster-gener- al under Jackson, and afterwards minis- ter to Spain. B. 1785; d. 1835. — John, a distinguished naval officer in the service of the United States, born at Wexford, in Ireland, who was of great assistance to Washington during the revolutionary war. He took many prizes, and conquered the British ship of war Atalanta. B. 1745; d. 1803.— Marie Jeanne Gomart de Vaubernier, Coun- tess Du, a celebrated mistress of Louis XV. of France, was the daughter of a commissioner of the customs at Vau- couleurs, became a milliner at Paris, and, on being seen by the king, soon took the place of Miidame de "Pompadour. She was married to the Count du Barry, and acquired prodigious influence at the court. She caused the ruin of the haughty Duke de Choiseul, and pro- moted the Duke d'Aiguillon. When the king died she was banished to an abbey near Meaux. During the revolu- tion she was condemned to death and executed. Her conduct in her last mo- ments betrayed the greatest weakness and fear. B. 1744; d. 1793. BART AS, William de Sallust du, a French poet, wan-ior, and statesman ; confldentially employed by Henry IV. ; author of " The Week of the Creation," (tec D. 1590. B A.RTH, John, a French naval officer, remarkable for his skill and daring as a pvjvateer. B. at Dunkirk, 1551 ; d. 1602. BARTIIE, Nicholas Thomas, a iYench dramatic writer, and translator of " Ovid's Art of Love" into French, &c. B. 1738; d. 1785. BARTHELEMI, Nicholas, a monk of the 15th century; author of a treatise " On the Active and Contemplative Life, &c. BARTHELEMY, John James, the learned author of "The Voyage of the Younger Anacharsis in Greece ;" was b. at Cassis, in Provence, 1716; d. 1795. BARTHEZ, Paul Joseph, an eminent French physician, was born at Montpe- lier in 1784, where he founded a medical school, which acquired great reputation throughout Europe. For many years he practised in Paris, and was consulted upon the most important cases ; he also wrote in the "Journal des Savans," the "Encyclopedic," &c., and was a mem- ber of* almost every learned society. Du- ring the revolution he suffered 'greatly in his fortune ; but Napoleon, who knew his great merits, restored him, in his old age, to wealth and honors. D. 1806. BARTHOLDY, Jacob Solomon, a Prussian diplomatist, bom a Jew, but after travelling in Greece he abjured Judaism, and became a Protestant. In 1807 he served against the French as an officer in the land-wehr of Vienna, and wrote a tract called "The War of the Tyrol," which produced a great sensa- tion. D. 1826. BARTHOLEMON, Francis Hppo- lite, a musical composer and violinist, was born at Bordeaux, in 1741, but resided chiefly in London, and was for many years leader at the opera-house. As a composer he was remarkable for rapidity; and as a performer for taste and execution. D. 1808. BARTLETT, Josiah, a governor of New Hampshire, who was originally a physician of merit, then commanded a '] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. llbf regimeat of militia in the revolution, was a member of the continental con- gress, an he politely refused, adding, "Madam, your uncle has done me too great an injury, to allow me to receive so much good from you." He was employed in embassies tv Louis XIII., and he pos- sessed all tlie requisites of a courtier, with great presence of mind, atFability, wit, and uncommon generosity. ite spoke the languages of Europe with great fluency. He was found dead in his bed, in 1646, in his 67th vear. BASTIAT, Frederic, a French polit- ical economist, who achieved a wide reputation by his writings. Without benig a discoverer of new truths, he possessed the rare faculty of expanding, with clearness, vivacity, and vigor, the grounds and the eftects of complex natural laws already developed by the technical processes of philosophy. The whole, or nearly the wliole, ot the tracts written by M. Bastiat, under the generic title_ of '^Sophismes Economiques," originally appeared in the Journal des Ecenomistes, a periodical of which, for the last six years, he has been a prin- cipal supporter. M. Bastiat was a mem- ber of the French national asseii.'"ly; and he bore the highest character as an able, upright, and zealous servant of his constituents and his country. D. 1850. BASTIDE, John Francis de la, aiv industrious French miscellaneous writer, was born at Marseilles in 1724. He settled in Paris, where he engaged in various literary enterprises ; of which the most voluminous were the "Bibli- otheque Universelle des Eoraains," in 112 vols., ajid the " Chois des Anciens Mercures,"'in 108 vols. _ BASTWICK, John, an English phy- sician, and a famous writer against the church in the time of Charles I. B. at Writtle, in Essex, 1593 ; d. 1650. BATE, George, physician to Charles I., Oliver Cromwell, and Charles II., and one of the first members of the Royal Society. He was the author of a Latin history of the civil wars, and some medical works. B. 1593 ; d. 1669.— Julius, an English divine, author of a "Hebrew Lexicon," &c. D. 1771. BATECUMBE, William, an English mathematician of the loth century, au- thor of a treatise, " De Sphsera So'lida," &c. BATEMAN, William, bishop of Nor- wich, a learned prelate, and the founder of Trinity Hall, Cambridge. D. 1354. BATES, William, a hon- conformist divine, author of "Lives of Learned and Pious Men," &c. B. 1625 ; d. 1699. «- John, an eminent musician, born at Halifax, Yorkshire, in 1740. He vran unanimously chosen conductor of the commemoration of Handel at West- minster Abbey; and till the year 1798 he conducted the choral performances of ancient music, when he retired, and was succeeded by Mr, Greatorex. His wife was a first-rate sinsrer. D. 1799. BATHALMUSI, an Arabian writer, author of a work on " Genealogies," &c. D. 421 oftheHegira. BATHE, William, an Irish Jesuit, governor of the Irish seminary at Sala- manca. D. 1641. BATIIURST, Kali r, dean of Wells, author of some elegant Latin poems, and oT.e of the founders of the Eoyal Society. B. 1620; d. 1704. —Allen, Earl I zealous opposer of the measures of Sir Robert Walpole, and the intimate friend of Bolingbroke, Pope, Addison, and the other eminent writers of his time. B. 1684; d. 1775.— Henry, Karl, son of the above, and lord chancellor of England, author of the " Theory of Evi- dence," &c. B. 1714; d. 1794.-^Henry, bishop of Norwich, was born at Brack- ley, in Northamptonshire, in 1744 ; and "ducated at Winchester, and New col- lege, Oxford. He was presented to the rectory of Witchingham, in Norfolk, in 1770, subsequently became dean of Dur- ham, and, in 1S05, was consecrated bishop of Norwich. In the house of lords. Dr. Bathurst was a strenuous supporter of the Catholic claims : in his diocese, an exemplary prelate. D. 1837. — Henry, archdeacon of Norwich, eldest son of the preceding, and rector of the valuable livings of North Creake, Nor- folk, and of Hollesley, Suffolk, was the author of " Memoirs" of his right rev- erend father ; a work overflowing with spleen and expressions of disappoint- ment, that one so faithful to his old ft-iends, the Whigs, should have never been preferred to a richer diocese ! D. 1844. BATHYLLAS, the cotemporary of Pylades, and one of the most celebrated pantomimists of antiquity, was born at Alexandria, and became the slave of Maecenas, who enfranchised him. The art of these celebrated mimics consisted in expressing the passions by gesture, attitudes, &c., not oy the modern fool- eries of harlequin, clown, and scenic changes. Batliyllus excelled in repre- senting comedy ; Pylades in tragedy. BATONI, PokPEo GiROLAMo,"an "Ital- ian painter, who was the restorer of the modern Roman school and had no rival but Mengs. AU his pieces are taken bad] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOQRAPHT. lis from nature. The manner in which he executed his } aintinga was peculiar. He covered his sketcli with a cloth, and began to paint tlie upper part on the lett hand, and proceeded gradually to- wards the right, never uncovering a new place before the first was entirely fin- ished. Boni, who compares him with Mengs, calls the latter the " painter of pliilosophy ;" the former, the "painter of nature." Batoni painted many altar- pieces, and numerous portraits; for instance, that of the Emperor Joseph and the Empress Maria Theresa, in the imperial gallery. His "Magdalen," in Dresden, and his " Eeturn ot the Prodi- gal Son," in Vienna, are celebrated. BATOU, or BATU KHAN, grandson of Zenghis Khan, and his successor in the northern part of his vast empire. He died, after a long reign and very numerous conquests, in 1276. BATSCH, Augustus John George Charles, an eminent German naturalist ; author of " Elenehus Fungorum," &c. B. 1761; d. 1801. BATTELY, John, archdeacon of Can- terbury, and chaplain to Archbishop Bancroft; author of " Antiquitates Ku- tupinae," &c. B. 1747 ; d. 1708. . BATTEUX, Charles, a French phi- losopher, eminent for his erudition, as well as for his private virtues, and the humanity which was directed to the maintenance of a numerous and im- poverished family. His works are vari- ous, but chiefly on classical literature, in which he displays frequently more method and labor than eloquence or purity or depth of thought. It is said that his deatli v;as accelerated by grief in observing that the elementary book which he wrote for the military school of Paris, did not succeed so well as he wished. Among other works he pub- lished the four poetics of Aristotle, Hor- ace, Vida, and Boileau, with notes. D. 1780. BATTHYANI, Count, a noble Hun- garian who took an indirect part in the attempt to redress the wrongs of his country in 1848. He was one of the deputation who undertook the recon- ciliation of the authorities and the people. But the deputation failed in its object, and this was his last public act. On the 8th of January, he was arrested in the drawing-room of his sister-in-law, at Pesth, transferred successively to Oeden- burg, Laybach, and Pesth, and, after nine months' imprisonment, was tried by court-martial, declared guilty of high- treoaon, and sentenced to die on the gal- lows, October 6, 1849. He heard the sen- tence with tranquillity and composure. Having taken leave of his wife, he en- deavored in the course of the night to open the veins of his neck by means of a blunt paper-knife, and thus to escape the last indiOTity of what the Austrians called the "law." But his attempt was discovered and his life preserved till he was formally executed, or rather mur- dered. He was never in open rebellion, and his efforts mainly had been to refonn and improve rather than revolutionize. But the detestable and cruel spirit of despotism makes no distinctions. BATTISHALL, Jonathan, an emi- nent musical composer, who added to profound knowledge great taste and a fine imagination. His " Kate of Aber- deen" will be celebrated (among numer- ous other of his compositions) as long as pure melody shall be admired. B. 1738; d. 1801. BATTIC, William, ft physician of eminence who was skilful in the treat- ment of diseases of the mind, and wrote a "Treatise on Mental Madness." B. 1708 ; d. 1776. BAUDELONQUE, John Louis, a French surgeon of distinction, appoint- ed by Napoleon to be midwife to Maria Louisa. His works on midwifery are in repute. B. 1746 ; d. 1810. BAUDIEK, Michael, a native of Lan- fuedoc, historiographer of France under louis XIIL He wrote the "History of the Mahometan Religion," the " Li^e of Cardinal Amboise," of " Marechal de Toiras," 1644, of"Ximenes," " Suger," and others; and though his style is heavy and inelegant, yet his works are curious and interesting, and valuable for their authenticity and the variety of his matter. BAUDIN, Nicholas, a well-known navigator, who contributed many speci- mens of natural history to the collections of Europe. B. 1750; d. 1803.— Peter Charles, a member of the French na- tional assembly and convention, and author of anecdotes "Sur le Constitu- tion." B. 1751 ; d. 1799. BAUDIUS, Dominique, a native of Lisle, who studied at Aix la Chapelle, Leyden, and Geneva. He visited En- gland in the suite of the ambassador of the states of Holland, and formed an acquaintance; with Sir Philip Sidney, and afterwards he went to France, where he staid 10 years, and by means of Achilles de Harlai he was admitted ad- vocate of the parliament of Paris. He next went to Leyden, where he wa» 120 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bau raised to the professorial chair of elo- quence, and with Meursius named his- toriographer of the states of Holland in 1611. lie was a man of genius as well as erudition, and in his Latin poems he displayed taste and elegance ot com- position. D. 1613. BAUDOT DE JUILLTj Nicholas, a native of Vendome, son ot a collector of excise, and author of several historical pieces, written with method and inge- nuity, though too much in the spirit of romance. His " History of the Conquest of England, by "William of Normandy," of " Philip Augustus," and " Charles VII.," are his best pieces. He wrote besides the " History of Catherine of France, queen of England ;" " Germaine de Foix;" the "Secret History of the Constable of Bourbon;" "Spain Inva- ded by the Moors," four vols., &c. D. 1759. BAUDRAND, Michael Antoine, an ecclesiastic, born at Paris. He visited Eome, Germany, and England, and dis- tinguished himself by his " Dictionnaire Geogruphique," two vols, fol., printed firstin Latm, and afterwards in French. B. 1633 ; d. 1700. BAUHINUS, or BAUHIN, John, a French physician and celebrated bota- nist; author of " Historia Plantarum," &c. B. 1541; d. 1613. — Gasp ard, brother of the above ; an excellent botanist, author of " Institutiones Anatomicae," " Phytopinax," " Pinax," and numerous other works. B. 1560 ; d. 1624. BAULDRI, Paul, professor of sacred historv at Utrecht ; author of " Chrono- logical Tables," &c. B. 1639 ; d. 1706. BAULOT, James, a French lithoto- mist, whose method was adopted and improved upon by the celebrated Ches- elden. B. 1651 ; cl. 1720. BAUME, James Francis de la, a French divine; author of "The Chris- tiade," &c. &c. D. 1757. — Anthony, a French chemist ; author of a " Treatise on Theoretical and Experimental Chem- istry," " A Manual ot Pharmacy," &c. D. 1805. — Nicholas Augustus de la, marquis of Montrcvel, and a marshal of France, was born 1636. It is related of him, that although from his earliest youth he had been distinguished by his claring valor, and had frequently braved death in the field of battle, yet such was his ridiculous superstition, that on the contents of a salt-cellar having been ac- cidentally thrown on him, he instant- ly exclaimed that he was a dead man, and expired from the terror with which it inspired him. D. 1716. BAUMER, John Wh-liam, a German physician ; author of a " Natural Histo- ry of the Mineral Kingdom," &c. B 1719; d. 1788. BAUMGARTEN, Alexander Got LiEB, an acute and clear thinker of the school of Wolf, was born in 1714, at Berlin, studied at Halle, and was for a time professor extraordinary there. In 1740 he was made professor of philoso- phy at Frankfort on the Oder, and died there in 1762. He is the founder of aesthetics as a science, and the inventor of this name. He derived the rules of art fBom the works of art and their ef- fects. His ideas of this science he first developed in his academical discussion, "De NonnuUis ad Poema pertinenti- bus." Meir's "Principles of all Liberal Sciences" originated from his sugges- tions. Eight years later, Baumgarten published his" " iEsthetica," a work which death prevented him from com- pleting. His theories of art are now- superseded in Germany by the more profound and extensive'works of Schil- ler, Schelling, Hegel, and their followers. BAUR, Frederic William Vox, a na- tive of Hessian Hanau, who served in the Hessian troops in the pay of Britain 1755. In 1757 he was made a general, and was ennobled by Frederic II. of Prussia, and in 1769 he entered into the service of the Russians, and was ap- pointed by Catherine inspector of the salt-works of Novogorod. His abilities as an engineer and mechanic were also employed in supplying Moscow with water,"^ and in making deeper the canal of Petersburg, and in constructing a capacious harbor at its extremity. He was also author of "Memoires Histori- ques et G^ographiques sur la Vala- chia," and of a " Chart of Moldavia," to illustrate the war between the Turks and Russians, in seven sheets. D. 1783. — John William, a painter of Stras- burgh ; chiefly noted for his architec- tural subjects. B. 1610; d. 1640. BAUSE, John Frederic, a distin- Suished German engraver. B. 1738 : . 1813. BAUSSET, Cardinal Louis Francis de, an eminent French prelate, born at Pondicherry in 1748, was educated in France, anJ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. IS-? and soon afterwards published some "^ of his principal works. Among these are a didactic poem on astronomy, and the masterly imitations of Delille's " L'Homme des Champs," and " Pope's Essay on Man." Louis Bonaparte, on his accession to the throne, appointed him his teacher of Dutch, and one of the first members of the national institute founded by him. After the incorpora- tion of Holland into the French empire, his muse was silent; but she rose the more vigorously after the deliverance of his country. D. 1831. BILFINGER, George Bernard, a German writer and professor of philoso- phy and theology. He was a man of most extensive learning, and the author of " DUucidationes Philosophicae," &c. B. 1688; d. 1750. BILGUER, John Elric, a Swiss sur- geon ; author of several professional treatises, in one of which he maintains the utility of amputation in cases of gun- shot wounds, D. 1796. BILLAUD, Vakennes de, the son of a French advocate at Eochclle, was edu- cated at the same college as Fouche, and proved himself one of the most violent and sanguinary characters of the French revolution. He bore a principal part in the murders and horrid massacres which followed the destruction of the Bastile ; voted immediate death to the unfortu- nate Louis XVL ; and officiated as presi- dent of the convention on the 18th of Oct., 1793. He was afterwards deported to Cayenne, and subsisted on a small pension allowed him by Pethion. D. at St. Domingo, in 1819. BILLING, SiGisiroND, a French liber- al, b. at Calmar, in Alsace, in 1773. He entered the army at the very commence- ment of the revolution, and distinguished himself at the battle of Genappe and on other occasions ; was commissary of war to the armies of the North, the Ehine, &c., in 1792, and to the army of Ger- many at the time of General Moreau's retreat, and was present in many cele- brated battles and sieges. When the reverses of Napoleon had endangered the safety of France, Billing, as the com- mander of a legion of the national guard, surrounded and defended the chamber of representatives while it was in the act of pronouncing the emperor's for- feiture, and was otherwise active in bringing about his abdication. He was also, in concert with General Lafayette, greatly instrumental in effecting the revolution of 1S30, which seated Louis Philippe on the throne. D. in 1832. 14 BILLINGTON^ Elizabeth, one of the greatest female singers of her own, or perhaps any other time, was of Gennan origin, but b. in England during 1770. At an early age she studied the piano- forte under Schroeter, and attained to an extraordinary proficiency. At four- teen, she made her first appearance as a singer at Oxford, and two years after- wards married Mr. Billington, a per- former on the double-bass. She appeared at Co vent- garden, for the first time, as Kosetta, in " Love in a Village," with such success as to secure her an imme- diate engagement at what was then con- sidered the enormous salary of £1000 for the rest of the season, besides a benefit ; the managers afterwards voluntarily giving her the profits of a second night. In 1785, she appeared at the concerts of ancient music with Madame Mara, whose brilliant performance she, to say the least, fully equalled. From this period, till 1793, no music meeting, opera, or con- cert of reputation was considered com- plete without her. In the last-named year she visited Italy, and performed, accompanied by her brother C. Weichsel, at the theatre of San Carlos at Naples; Bianchi composing expressly for her his celebrated opera " Inez de Castro." In 1801, her wonderful powers being then in their meridian, she returned to the London stage, appearing alternately at either house. In 1817, she quitted En- gland for ever, and d. after a short ill- ness, at her villa of St. Artien, an estate she had purchased in the Venetian ter- ritories. BINGLEY, the Garrick of the Dutch stage, was b. at Rotterdam, in 1755, of English parents. In 1779, in his twenty- fourth year, he made his debut at Am- sterdam. The public odium was then excited against England, on account of its ships having captured vessels under the Dutch flag, without any previous declaration of war, and Bingley was unfavorably received. But he soon con- quered this prejudice, and continued to be the favorite of the public. In 1796 he was di ector of a company of actors, who played principally at "Eotterdani and the Hague, but also visited other cities of Holland. One of his last repre- sentations, in which he was assisted by the great actress Wattier Ziesenis, was the part of Farnese, in Lalain's tragedy of " Maria," acted in 1818, before the royal family. In the same year, he d. at the Hague. BIOERNSTAEHL, James Jonas, a distinguished traveller, b. at Rotarbo. 158 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY". BIR in the Swedish province of Sundermann- land. in 1731, studied at Upaal, after- wards entered the liimily of Baron Rud- beok as tutor, and travelled with his son to England and the continent of Europe. While residing in Paris he studied Ori- ental languages. On the return of his pupil to Sweden, he was appointed by Gustavus III. to make the tour of Greece, Syria, and Egypt, receiving at the same time, the title of professor at the university of Lund. He now went, at the king's "expense, to Constantinople, in 177'J, where he remained, for some time, to learn the Turkish language. Ho then proceeded, on his travels as far as SaloniKi, where he d. of the plague, 1779. He had given an account of his travels, in the form of letters to his friend Gloerwell, who at first published them separately in a journal, which ap- peared in Stockholm; and afterwards in separate works. BION, b. in Smyrna or in its neighbor- hood ; a Grecian pastoral poet, of whose life no account is to be found. Among the few poems written by him, which have descended to our times, his elegy oil Adonis is considered as the best. His poems together with those of Mos- chus are generally found as an appendix to the idyls of Theocritus, and have been well translated by Fawkes. — Nich- olas, a French mathematician ; author of a "Treatise on the Use of the Globes," &c. D. 1733. BIEAGUE, Clement, an engraver on gems, said to have been the first discov- erer of the art of engraving on diamonds. He was b. at Milan, and "flourished du- ring the middle of the 16th century. — Bene de, a Milanese of noble family, who sought shelter in France from the vengeance of Louis Sforza, and became a cardinal and chancellor of France. He is infamously memorable as one of the authors of tlie massacre of St. Bartholo- mew. B. Io09; d. 1583. BIRCH, Thomas, an industrious histo- rian and biographer, was b. at London, in 1705. He became usher in three different schools, and afterwards took orders in the church, and obtained in 1732, a living in Essex, under the patronage of the attorney-general, after- wards Lord Hardwicke. In 1734 he en- gaged with some coadjutors in writing the "General Historical and Critical Dictionary," founded on that of Bayle, and completed in 10 vols, folio, 1741. He subsequently obtained various pre- ferments in the church. In January, 1765, he waM killed by a fall from his horse, on the road between London and Hampstead. Birch had formed very extensive manuscript collections, which, together with his library of printed books, he bequeathed to the British Museum. He was one of the pioneers of literature. Dr. Johnson was repeatedly obliged to him for literary information, bestowed on him a Greek epigram, and for many years corresponded with him. The lit- erature of his country is much indebted to the activity and dihgencc of this per- severing writer. — Samuel, who for many years played a distinguished part as a member of the corporation of London, was b. in that city in 1757, and succeed- ed his father in his well-established business of a pastry-cook, in Cornhill. He was the first to propose the measure of arming and training the inhabitants as volunteers; and he had the honor, successively, to become lieutenant, ma- jor, and lieutenant-colonel commandant of the first regiment of Loyal London Volunteers. Yet, although never un- mindful of his position as a party man in politics, he found leisure to employ his pen in various walks of literature. He was also among the earliest and most active supporters of the Literary Fund Society, to which he continued attached till his decease, and had long been the senior member of its council. In 1814 he filled the civic chair. D. 1841.— Harvey, the assumed name of Enoch Crosby, a person employed as a spy for the American army, and whose adven- tures have given occasion to one of the creations of Cooper, the American nov- elist. BIRD, William, an eminent musician in the reign of Elizabeth. He chiefly composed sacred music, and to him " Non nobis Domine" is attributed. B. 1543 ; d. 1653. — John, an eminent math- ematical instrument maker; author of "The Method of constructing Mural Quadrants," &c. D. 1766.— Edward, a painter, chiefly of comic subjects, but who also executed many religious and historical pieces, and was made histori- cal painter to the Princess Charlotte of Wales. B. 1772; d. 1819. BIREN, John Ernest de, duke of Courland, the son of a peasant, whose handsome person and address obtained him an unbounded influence over Anue. daughter of Peter I., and duchess of Courland, who, when she ascended the throne of Russia, committed the reins of government to his hands, made him duke of Courland, and at her death, in 1740, left him regent of the empire. He sis] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 159 was subsequently banished to Siberia ; recalled by Peter III., and his duchy re- stored to him by Catherine, in 1763, but which, six years afterwards, he rehn- quished in favor of his eldest son. B. 1687 ; d. 1772. BIKKBECK, George, M.D., president of the London Mechanics' Institute, was the son of a merchant and banker at Settle, in Yorkshire, where he was b. in 1776. In his boyhood he displayed a strong inclination for those mechanical pursuits to which he afterwards became so devoted ; but his friends having de- termined that ho should embrace the medical profession, he first studied for this object at Leeds, then removed to London to become a pupil of Dr. Baillie, and subsequently went to Edinburgh to complete his education. At the age of twenty-one he was appointed professor of natural history in the Andersonian Institution of Glasgow ; and having while there successfully established a mechanics' class, he was induced, in 1822, to found the London Mechanics' Institute in Chancery Lane, to which so- ciety he generously lent £3000 for erect- ing a museum, lecture-room, &c. Of this institution Dr. Birkbeek was elect- ed president, and from it nearly all die various mechanics' institutes through- out Great Britain have been established D. 1841. — Morris, an English gentleman who emigrated to America, where he purchased so vast a tract of land as to acquire the title of " Emperor of the Prairies ;" author of " Letters from Illi- nois, " Notes of a " Journey in Amer- ica," &c. He was accideutally drowned in 1825. BIRKENHEAD, Sir John, a political writer of the 17th century ; several times imprisoned during the commonwealth for writing in favor of the exiled king. B. 1615; d. 1679. BIRKHEAD, Henry, a modern Latin £oet, b. in 1617; author of •' Otium literarium," &c. He d. at the latter end of the 17th century. BIRON, Armand de Gontaitf, baron de, a celebrated French general, honor- ed with the friendship of Henry IV. He was slain at the siege of Eperriay, in Champagne, in 1592. — Charles de Gon- TAUT, duke de, son of the above ; ad- miral and marshal of France, and a favorite of Henry IV., who appointed him his ambassador to England, &c., and raised him to the dukedom. He was, however, seduced by the intrigues of the court of Spain to join in a conspir- acy against his royal and truly generous friend ; for which crime he was tried, condemned, and beheaded, in 1.602.— Duke de Lauzun, b. about 1760 ; one of the most celebrated men of the French revolution, remarkable at once for his amours, his attachment to liberty, and his military exploits. He served with Lafayette in America, and attached him- self to the party of the duke of Orleans, on his return. In 1792 he was joined with Talleyrand in a mission to this country; on his return, served under Rochambeau, in Flanders ; and perish- ed by the guillotine at the end of 1793, on a charge of counter-revolution. He d. stoically, ordering oysters, and drink- ing wine with the executioner. BISCHOP, John de, a Dutch histor- ical and landscape painter. B. 1646 ; d. 1686. — Samuel, an EngUsh divine and poet. B. 1731 ; d. 1795. BISCOE, Richard, an English divine ; author of " The History of the Acts of the Apostles, confirmed by other Au- thors.'^ D. 1748. BISI, Bonaventure, an esteemed Bo- lognese miniature and historical painter. D. 1662. BISSET, Charles, an able physician, and a writer on fortification, which art he studied while in the 42d regiment, and received promotion for his skill in it at the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom, by the duke of Cumberland. B. 1716 ; d. 1791 — James, an ingenious artist and amusing writer, was b.'at Perth, in 1762, but set- tled early in life at Birmingham, where he established a museum and shop for curiosities, which he afterwards removed to Leamington. He had a remarkable facility in writing rhymes ; and being ever ready to make his muse subserve the cause of loyalty, or aid the progress of art, his various works present a mot- ley appearance, and are often singularly droll and epigrammatic. " Guides," " Directories," and " Poetic Survej's" of the towns in which he lived, look oddly enough when placed in juxta- position Math " Patriotic Clarions," "Critical Essays," and "Comic Stric- tures on the Fine Arts ;" yet such were among his numerous productions, all of which are more or less indebted for their notoriety to the jingle of rhyme. D. 1832. — Robert, a native of Scotland; author of a " Life of Burke ;" a "Sketch of Democracy," &c. D. 1805. BISSON, Pierre T. J. G., b. 1767 ; a French general, who fought in most of Napoleon's campaigns, till his death, at his return in 1811. ' He was of prodigi- ous size, strength, and appetite, and Wiis leo CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bla always supplied with double rations of food, by' order of Napoleon. BITAUBE, Paul Jekemiah, the son of French refugee parents at Konigs- berg, where he was b. in 1732, but in after life settled in Paris. He was an author of considerable repute, and patronized by Frederick II. of Prussia, and by Napoleon. He translated Homer, and wrote " Joseph," and other poems. D. 1808. BIVAE, Don Rodrigo Dias de, or the Cid, a hero of Spain, whose astonishing valor in various encounters with the Moors, and his unjust banishment, af- forded rich materials both for history and romance. B. at Burgos, 1040 ; d. at Valencia, 1099. BIZOT, PiEKKE, a French writer ; au- thor of a curious work, entitled " His- toire M^daillique de la R^publique de Hollande." B. 1636 ; d. 1696. BLACK, Joseph, a celebrated chemist, b. at Bordeaux, of Scottish parents, in 1728, studied medicine at Glasgow. Dr. Cullen, his instructor, inspired him with a taste for chemical studies. In 1754 he was made doctor of medicine, at Edin- burgh, and delivered an inaugural dis- sertation, " De Humore acido a Cibis orto et Magnesia alba," which exhibits the outline of his discoveries relative to carbonic acid and the alkalies. In 1756 he published his Experiments on White Magnesia, Quicklime, and several other Allialine Substances, in the 2d volume of the Essays, Physical and Literary, of the Edinburgh Society. He demon- strates the existence of an aerial fluid in these substances, which he calls fixed air, the presence of which diminishes the corrosive power of the alkalies and the calcareous earths. This discovery formed the basis of all those which have immortalized the names of Cavendish, Priestley, Lavoisier, &c., and gave a new form to chemistry. In 1751 he en- riched this science with his doctrine of latent heat, which has led to such im- portant results. In 1756 he was ap- f)ointed professor of medicine and ecturer on chemistry in the university at Glasgow, in the place of Dr. Cullen, and, in 1765, when Cullen left the pro- fessor's chair in Edinburgh, he was there also succeeded by Black. No teacher inspired his disciples with such a zeal for study ; his lectures, therefore, contributed much to make the taste for chemical science general in England. Upon Lavoisier's proposal, the Academy or Sciences, in Paris, had appointed him one of its eight foreign members. His habits were siinple, his character cold and reserved. Though of eminent abil- ity as a chemist, he injured himself by his long opposition to the reception of the new chemical theory. At length, however, he was convinced of its supe- rior accuracy, and did justice to its mer- its. D. 1799. BLACKADDEE, John, a distinguish- ed preacher among the Scottish Cove- nanters. BLACKBURNE, Francis, an English divine, eminent as a theological writer, and remarkable for the publication or works favoring dissent from the church to which he belonged, was b. at Rich- mond, in Yorkshire, in 1705, and was educated at Cambridge. In 1750, he was made archdeacon of Cleveland. He was a friend to religious liberty, and hostUe to confessions of faith. On this subject he was deeply involved in controversy. The most celebrated of his performances on it is the Confessional, which appeared in 1776. His works have been collected in six volumes octavo. He d. in 1787. BLACKBURN, William, eminent as an architect and surveyor, was b. Decem- ber 20th, 1750, in Southwark. His na- tive genius overcame the disadvantages of a contracted education, and he ob- tained a medal from the Royal Academy, and the more flattering commendation of Sir Joshua Reynolds, for the best drawing of St. Stephen's church, Wal- brook. D. 1790. BLACKLOCK, Thomas, a divine and poet, was b. at Annan, in Dumfries, in 1721, and lost his si^ht by the small-pox when he was only six months old. To amuse and instruct him, his father and friend used to read to him, and by this means he acquired a fund of information, and even some knowledge of Latin. At the age of 12 he began to versify, and his devotion to the Muses was continued through life. Considering his circum- stances, his poems have great merit. He studied at the university of Edinburgh for ten years, and his progress in the sciences was very considerable. He was ordained minister of Kircudbright, but, being opposed by the parishioners, he retired on an annuity, and received stu- dents at Edinburgh as boarders, and as- sisted them in their studies. Besides his poems, he is the author of some the- ological works, and an article on the ed- ucation of the blind: the latter was printed in the Encyclopaedia Britannica. lie d. in July, 1791, regretted by all his friends. BLACKMORE, Sir Richard, a poet i*la] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 161 and physician, was b. in Wiltshire, ed- ucated at Oxford, took his degree at Pad- tia, and was knighted by William III., who also appointed him his physician. He was afterwards physician to Queen Anne. In 1696 he published his first poem, Prince Arthur, which was rapidly succeeded hy other works ; nor was he deterred from pursuing his career by the ridicule which was heaped upon him by Dryden, Pope, and nearly all the wits of the age, whose dislike of him was sharp- ened by his whig principles. He is the author of nearly thirty works, in verse and prose ; of the latter many are on medical subjects. His best poem is en- titled Creation. Blaekmore was an in- different poet, but he was undoubtedly possessed of considerable talent, anii was a pious and worthy man. He d. in 1729. BLACKSTONE, Sir William, an em- inent lawyer, was the third son of a silk mercer, and was b. at London, in 1723. After having been for several years at the Charter house, he completed his education at Pembroke college, Oxford, and at both seminaries displayed supe- rior talent. When he was only 29 he composed, for his own use, a Treatise on the Elements of Architecture. Plaving chosen the profession of the law, and entered the Middle Temple, in 1741 he wrote his eloquent valedictory poem, the Lawyer's Farewell to his Muse. In 1743 he was elected a fellow of All Souls, and in 1746 he was called to the bar, and went the circuit, but obtained little prac- tice. He remained in comparative ob- scurity till 1758, when he began to de- liver, at Oxford, his beautiful lectures on the English laws ; which, in 1765 and the four following years, he published, with the title of " Commentaries on the Laws of England." In consequence of these lectures, he was elected Vinerian professor of law in the universit.y, and obtained a great accession of business. In 1761 he sat in parliament as member for Hindon, and was made king's coun- sel, and solicitor-general to the queen. In 1770 he was oifered the place of so- licitor-general, but declined it, and was made a judge of the King's Bench, whence he was soon after transferred to the Common Pleas. His Law Tracts were published in 1762, and his Reports, two volumes folio, after his death. Blackstone was the first who wrote on the dry and repulsive subject of English law ill such a manner as. not to excite disgust in a reader of taste. Like al- most all lawyers, he leans to the side of 14* prerogative ; nor is there much more of enlargement in his principles of reli- gious liberty. For this reason he was exposed to attack from Priest}ey, Ben- tham, and Junius. D. 1780. BLACKW ALL, Anthony, an English divine, author of a " Latin Grammar," an " Introduction to the Classics," &o. D. 1730. BLACKWELL, Thomas, Greek pro- fessor of Aberdeen, author of " An In- quiry into the Life and Writings of Homer," "Memoirs of the Court of Augustus," &c. B. 1701; d. 1757.— Alexander and Elizabeth, husband and wife : the latter, a woman of talent, who in order to procure subsistence for her' husband while in prison for debt, pub- lished a " Herbal" in 2 vols., folio, with 500 plates, drawn, engraved, and colored by herself, all in the space of four years. The work succeeded, and her husband was liberated ; but he seemed doomed to be the sport of fortune ; for after hav- ing been invited to Stockholm, and pen- sioned by the king of Sweden, in con- sequence of his being the author of a work on agriculture which attracted the notice of that monarch ; and having also had the merit of successfully prescribing for his majesty when he was danger- ously ill, he was charged with being concerned in a plot with Count Tessin for overturning the kingdom, tried, and beheaded, in 1747. BLACKWOOD, Sir Henkt, a merito- rious British admiral, was the sixth son of Sir John Blackwood, Bart., and b. in 1770. He was present at Dogger-Bank, and with Nelson at Aboukir, and at Trafalgar. D. 1832.— Adam, a Scotch writer, author of "The Martyrdom of Marv Stuart," written in French, &c. B. 1539 ; d. 1613. BLADEN, Martin, a military oflRcer under the duke of Marlborough,' author of " Orpheus and Eurydice," a masque ; "A Translation of Cajsar's Commen- taries," &c. D. 1746. BLAEU, or JEMSSEN William, a celebrated geographer, and the disciple of Tycho Brahe. He was the author of a very magnificent atlas. D. 1638. BLAIR, John, a Scotch divine of the 14th century, author of a Latin poem on the " Death of Wallace." — Patrick, an eminent Scotch physician and botanist, of the 18th century, author of "Botanio Essays," &c. — John, a prebend of West- minster, author of " Chronological Ta- bles," and " Lectures on the Canon of the Old Testament." D. 1782.— Robert, a Scotch divine, author of the well- 162 CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY. [bla known and admirable poem, " The Grave." B. 1700; d. 1746.— Hugh, a celebrated divine, b. at Edinburgh in 1718. He was educated at the university of his native city, where he took his master's degree in 1736. He was soon invited to the second charge of the Can- nougate church of Edinburgh, and in 1758 he was promoted to tlie High church, and honored with the decree of D.D. by the sister university of St. Andrew's. In 1759 he appeared before the pubUc as lecturer in rhetoric and belles lettre?, and with such eifect, that the king in 1762 erected for his encour- agement, with a salary of £70 a year, a professorship on that branch of litera- ture in the university. His dissertation in support of the authenticity of 0*sian's poems, appeared in 1763, and in 1777 he published the first volume of his " Ser- mons," which met with such applause that in 1779 he printed a sfecond volume, and afterwards three volumes more ap- peared. These discourses became pop- ular, not only in Scotland and England, but were translated into foreign lan- guages, and claimed the admiration of the learned on the Continent. At the instance of the queen, to whom the ser- mons were dedicated, the worthy pro- fessor obtained a pension of £200 a year, which was increased £100 more in 1788, when his infirmities obliged him to re- sign his public offices. His "Lectures," in 3 vols., appeared in 1783, and obtained as rapid a sale and as wide a circulation as his sermons. D. at Edinburgh, 1800. — John, one of the associate judges of the supreme court of the United States, d. in 1800, aged 68. He was a judge of the court of appeals in Virginia in 1787, and in the same year, he was a member of the general convention which formed the constitution of the United States. To that instrument the names of Blair and Madison are affixed as the deputies from Virginia. When the new govern- ment commenced its operation, he was appointed by Washington to the office, which he held till his death.— Samuel, a Presbyterian minister, was a native of Ireland, and came to America in early life. In 1745 he established an academv at Fog's Manor, Chester county, Penn- sylvania, and took the pastoral care of the church in that place. He occupied the first rank among his eotemporaries in talents, learning, piety, and useful- ness, both as a preacher and an academ- ical instructor. I), about 1751. BLAIZE. a bishop martyred by the Emperui aj^oclesiaa, but principally cel- ebrated as the inventor of wool-comb- ing. BLAKE, Egbert, a famous English admiral, b. Aug. 15, 1599, at Bridge- water, in Somersetshire, where he waa educated at tlie grammar-school. Hav ing served some years in the parliament army, he was in Feb. 1648-9 appointed to command the fleet, in conjunction with Col. Deane and ^Col. Popham. During nine years' active service in the navy he performed exploits that, for the skill with which they were conducted, and the success that attended them, were never surpassed. His four vic- tories over the Dutch fleet under Van Tromp were his most bi'illiant exploits. He d. as the fleet was entering Ply- mouth, the 17th of Aug., 1657, aged 58. His body was conveyed to Westminster abbey, and interred" in Henry Vllth's chapel; but disgracefully disinterred from thence in 1661, by Charles II. and flung into a hole in St. Margaret's churchyard. — William, an engraver of great merit, but of eccentric taste ; he was a pupil of Basire. B. 1759 ; d. 1827. — John Bbadlky, b. in London, 1745, and educated at Westminster school. After acquiring a deep knowledge of chemistry and mathematics, in the pur- suit of his favorite study of botany, he went to China as supercargo of the India company, and with laudable assiduity collected and sent to Europe the seeds of all the vegetables of that remote country used by the natives for pur- poses either of medicine, food, or man- ufactures. He began likewise a valu- able collection of ores and fossils, but his great application weakened his con- stitution, he was afflicted with the stone, and the complaint when attended by a fever proved fatal. D. at Canton, 1773. — Joachim, a Spanish general, was b. at Velez Malaga, and served, flrst as cap- tain, and next as major, in the war. from 1793 to 1795, between France ana Spain. When Napoleon seized the crown of Spain, Blake espoused the cause of his country; but with more valor and zeal than success. Though defeated at Eio Seco and Espinosa, he still sustained his military character. In 1810 he was appointed one of the regency, from which rank he was trans- ferred to that of captain-general. Hav- ing been defeated at Murviedro, he shut himself up with his army in Valencia, but was a* length compelled to surren- der. In ':320,^on the establishment of the constitution, he was admitted into the council of state ; and his atts*^hment hLx] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 16S to that constitution subsequently ex- posed him to danger. D. 1827. — Joseph, governor of South Carolina, was a pro- prietary and a nephew of the famous .A-dmiral Blake. He was governor but one year. During Blake's adminis»tra- tion a set of 41 articles, called "The last Fundamental Constitutions," was Bent from England, by the earl of Bath, the palatine, and other patentees ; but the change in the government was never confirmed by the Carolina assembly. D. 1700. — William, a comedian of great accomplishments and talent, whose per- formances at Covent-garden were long the delight of London. D. 1835. BLAKELY, Johnston, a captain in the United States' navy during the late ■war, was b. in Ireland in 1781. Two years after his father emigrated to the United States, and settled in North Caro- lina. Young Blakely was placed, in 1796, at the university of North Caro- lina, but circumstances having deprived him of the means of adequate support, he left college, and in 1800 obtained a midshipman's warrant. In 1813 he was appointed to thei command of the Wasp, and in this vessel took his Britannic Majesty's ship Reindeer, after an action of nineteen minutes. The Wasp after- wards put into L'Orient; from which port she sailed August 27. On the eve- ning of the 1st of September, 1814, she fell in with four sail, at considerable dis- tances from each other. One of these was the brig-of-war Avon, which struck after a severe action ; but captain B. was prevented from taking possession by the approach of another vessel. The enemy reported that they had sunk the Wasp by the first broadside, but she was afterwards spoken by a vessel off the Western Isles. After this we hear of her no more. Captain Blakely was considered a man of uncommon courage and intellect. In testimony of respect to his memory, the legislature of North Carolina educated his only child, a (laughter, at the public expense. BLAMPINI, Thomas, a Benedic- tine monk, editor of a splendid edi- tion of the works of St. Augustin. D. 1710. BLANC, Antony de Guillet de, a French dramatist; author of "Manco Capao," a tragedy, and various other dramas. B. 1730 ; d. 1799.— John Beb- NARD LE, a French writer, author of "Letters on the English Nation," &c. B. 1707; d. 1781. BLANCHARD, James, an eminent painter, who bears the honorable de- nomination of the French Titian. He was an indefatigable artist, and let', many pictures. His finest work is the " Descent of the Holy Ghost," which is considered as one of the best produc- tions of the French school. B. 1600 ; d. 1638. — Fkancis, a celebi'ated French aero- naut, b. in 1738, was distinguished from his youth by his mechanical inventions. After making his first aerostatic voyage in 1784, he crossed the Channel Irora Dover to Calais, 1785, for which exploit he was rewarded by the king of France with 12,000 francs, and a pension of 1200 fr. He first made use of a para- chute in London, in 1785 ; went through various countries on the Continent, ex- hibiting his aeronautic skill; visited America with the same object ; and re- turning in 1798, ascended in Rouen with 16 persons in a large balloon, and de- scended at a place 15 miles distant. D. 1809. — Madame Blanchard, his wife, continued to make aerial voyages, but in June, 1819, having ascended from Tivoli, in Paris, her balloon took fire, at a considerable height, owing to some fireworks which she carried with her, the car fell, and the hapless aeronaut was dashed to pieces. — John Baptist, a French Jesuit, and professor of rhetoric, author of "The Temple of the Muses," &c. B. 1731 ; d. 1797. — Laman, a grace- ful periodical writer, was b. at Great Yarmouth, in 1803. His father having removed to London when he was 5 years of age, he received his education at St. Olave's school, Lambeth, and here was laid the groundwork of those lit- erary tastes and habits which distin- guished him through life. His first occupation was that of reader at Cox and Baylis' printing-office in Great Queen-street ; in 1827 he became secre- tary to the Zoological Society, and in 1831, editor of the Monthly Magazine. He subsequently became connected with the True Sun, the Constitutional, the Courier, the Court Journal, and the Ex- aminer, and was a constant contributor to the liffhter periodicals of the day. D. by suicide, 1845. BLANCHE, of Castile, queen of Louis VIII. of France. She died of grief, on account of the defeat and im- grisonment of her son, Louis IX., in 'alestine, 1252. BLANCHELANDE, Pierre, b. 1735, governor of St. Domingo when the de- cree of instant emancipation for the slaves caused a universal tumult. He urged the suspension of the decree, and, being arrested as a counter-revolutionist, 164 CYCLOP-fflDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. BLEJ was conducted to Paris, and perished by the guillotine in 1793. BLAiXCHET, Francis, the son of parents in humble life, was b. in 1707, at Angerville, and educated at the col- lege of Louis XIV. He was first a pro- fessor in two provincial colleges, next employed himself in private tuitioUj and lastly, obtained an office in the kuig's library and cabinet. Blanchet was one of the most amiable of men, and the most affectionately paternal of tutors. As an author he has great merit. His *' Apologues and Tales" are told with spirit and grace. B. 1748. BLAND, Maria Theresa, an actress and vocalist, was b. at Caen, in Nor- mandy, in 1770, and went to England with her parents, who were Italians, shortly after. When under 5 years of age she sang (as Miss Eomanizi) at Sad- ler's Wells ; obtained an engagement at Drury-lane theatre in 1789; and sub- sequently appeared as the heroine in the musical dramas written by Colman for his theatre in the Haymarket. In 1790 she was married to Mr. George Bland, brother of the celebrated Mrs. Jordan. She continued on the boards of Drury till that theatre was burnt, in 1809 ; and for many years delighted the lovers of simple melody with her strains at Vauxhall Gardens. Her latter years were clouded by a degree of mental im- becility which prevented her appearing in public; but in 1834, by the proceeds of a benefit which was granted to her at Drury-lane, together with a sum liber- ally given by the late Lord Egremont, an annuity of £70 was secured to her for life. b. 1837. — Elizabeth, an En- glish lady, eminent for her knowledge of Hebrew. A phylactery of her writ- ings is preserved by the Royal Society. D. 1720. — KicHARD, a political writer of Virginia, was for some years a principal member of the house of burgesses. In 1768 he was one of a comniittee to re- monstrate with parliament on the sub- ject of taxation ; in 1773 one of the com- mittee of correspondence ; in 1774 a delegate in congress. He was again chosen a deputy to congress in 1775. Though he declined the appointment from old age, he declared, he should ever be animated, " to support the glo- rious cause, in which America was en- gaged." D. 1778. — Theodoric, a patriot and statesman, was a native of Virginia. He was bred to medicine, but at the commencement of the revolutionary war, he took an active part in the cause of his country. He soon rose to the rank of colonel, and had the command of a regiment of dragoons. In 1779 he was appointed to the command of the convention troops at Albemarle barracks in Virginia. lie was chosen a repre- sentative from Virginia, in the first con- gress under the present constitution of the United States. D. 1790. BLANDRATA, George, an Italian physician, who renewed all the tenets of Arius with respect to the Trinity. He fled from the persecution of the in- quisitors of Pavia to Geneva, and after- wards to Poland, where the king, Ste- phen Battori, made him a privy coun- cillor. He attempted to make tne king a follower of his opinions, but fiiiled. He was strangled by his nephew, a worthless character, to whom he had left his property, 1593. BLANKOF,"JoHN Fennisz, a Dutch marine painter of considerable eminence. He was at the outset a scholar of Ever- dingen, but finished his studies at Rome. His best pictures represent storms on the coast of the Mediterranean, in which he combined Flemish fidelity with Ital-' ian grandeur. B. 1628. ^ BLASIUS, Gerard, a Flemish phys'-i cian, who distinguished himself by his- researches in anatomy and physiology. He was graduated at Leyden, and was afterwards a professor at Amsterdam. He was the earliest writer of importance, on comparative anatomy. His chief works were "Observata Anatomica,"^ &c., and "Zootonical, sen AnatomsB' variorum Aniinaliuin." D. 1682. BLAYNEY, Benjamix, a divine and biblical critic, was educated at Oxford, where he became M.A. in 1753, ana D.D. in 1787. He was professor of He-, brew at that university, canon of Christ-' church, and rector of Polshot, Wilts." He translated Jeremiah, the Lamenta-1 tions, and Zechariah ; edited the Oxford' Bible in 1769 ; and wrote a Dissertation on Daniel's Seventy Weeks. D. 1801. BLEDDIN, a British bard of the 18th century, many of whose pieces are in the Welsh Archseology. BLEDRI, bishop of Llandraff-in 1023 ; surnamed the wise on account of his great learning. BLEECKER, Ann Eliza, a ladj^ of some literary celebrity in New York, daughter of' Mr. Brandt Schuyler, and wife of John J. Bleeckcr. She resided after her marriage at Tomhanic, a soli- itary and beautiful place 18 miles above Albany, but was driven from it in the night by the approach of Burgoyne'a army. Her writings, both in prose aud * BLO CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAFHy. 165 poetry, were published in 1793, by her daughter, who likewise distinsruished herself as a writer, Margaret V. Fau- geres. B. 17.52; d. 1788.— Anthony, a poet of the city of New York, educated at Columbia college, and attained a re- spectable position as a lawyer. For nearly thirty years he was a leading con- tributor to the periodicals of New'York and Philadelphia. B. 1778; d. 1827. BLEFKEN, Dithmar, a voyager of the 16th century ; author of an exceedingly curious " Account of Iceland," &c. BLEISWICK, Peter van, b. in 1724 ; grand pensionary of the Dutch states- general at the revolution, by which he was divested of his office. He was the au- thor of a valuable work, " De Aggeribus." BLESSINGTON, Margaret Power, Countess of, celebrated for her beauty, accomplishments, and literary produc- tions, was b. in the county of Waterford in 1789. At the early age of 15 she con- tracted an ill-fated marriage with Captain Farmer, and soon after his death the Earl of Blessington sought and obtained her hand in 1818. After her marriage she passed several years abroad, but they are chiefly remarkable for having led to her acquaintance with Lord Byron, which soon ripened into intimacy, and enabled her subsequently to publish one of the most interfesting works, her " Con- versations with Lord Byron." Soon af- ter her husband's death in 1829, she fixed her residence in London, where she gain- ed a distinguished place in literary and 80-called fashionable society. Her house became the centre-point of every variety of talent ; and there were few literary celebrities, native or foreign, who did not share in the hospitalities of Gore House. Besides the " Conversations" above men- tioned, she published many novels, of which " Grace Cassady, or the Repeal- ers," " The Two Friends," "Meredith," " Stratherne," " The Lottery of Life," " The Victims of Society," &c., arc the chief; and several works full of person- al anecdote, epigram, sentiment, and description, such as " The Idler in Ita- ly," " The Idler in France," " Memoirs of a Femme de Chambre," " The Belle of the Season," &c. For many years she edited the fiir-famed annuals, " The Book of Beauty" and "The Keepsake." D. at Paris. 1849. BLETTERIE, John Philip Eene de LA, b. at Rennes. He was professor of eloquence at the Royal College, and a member of the Academy of Belles Lettres. He wrote Lives of Julian and /ovian ; and translated part of Tacitus. Gibbon highly praises the Lives, and his countrymen consider them as models of impartiality, precision, elegance, and judcrment." B. 1696 : D. 1772. BLIGH, George Miller, was the son of Admiral Sir R. R. Bligh. He entered the navy in 1794. He fought under Nel- son in the battle of Trafalgar, in whi;y several sov- ereigns. B. 1650 ; d. 171 5.— Johy Eras- mus, a gardener of C(?|>enhagen, who published a " Horticultura Danica" in 1647. — Benjamin, Jacob, and Daniel, of a family in Pomerania, distinguished as painters of architectural and historical pieces and portraits, Daniel excelling in the latter espec'ally. — George Caoto- 166 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAl HY. [blo lueNs. a native of Denmark, bishop of Ki- p«u, wlio wrote a botanical work in- tended to illustrate the Old Testament, called " Testamen Phoenicologices Sa- crae." D. 1773. BLOEMART, Abraham, a Dutch painter, b. at Gorcum, 1565, d. at Utrecht m 1647. His paintings are reproached with various faults, yet he is distinguish- ed by the brilliancy of his colors, and the richness of his invention. In the representation of the chiaro-oscuro he may be called great. He painted all sorts of objects ; but his landscapes are the most esteemed. He had four sons, of whonf the youngest Cobnelius, is the most distinguished. He was b. at Utrecht, 1603, and d. at Rome, 1680. He was an engraver, and his engravings are distinguislied for purity, elegance, and softness. He was the founder of a new school, from which proceeded Bau- dot, Poilly, Chasten, Speier, Roullat, &c. BLOMiEFlELD, Fkancis, an English topographer and divine ; author of " Col- lectanea Cantabrigiensia," &c. D. 1755. BLOMFIELD, Edward Valentine, a distinguished classical scholar, who received his education at Caius college, Cambridge, where, besides other prizes, he gained, in 1809, a medal for writing his beautiful ode, "In Desiderium Por- soni." B. 1786; d. 1816. BLOND, James Christopher le, a miniature painter ; and author of a trea- tise on a method of engraving in colors. B. 1670 ; d. 1741. BLONDEL, a mfnstrel, and favorite of Richard Coeur de Lion, whom he is said to have discovered in his German dungeon, by singing beneath its walls the m-st part of a song of their joint com- position. — David, a Protestant writer and minister, was b. in 1591, at Chalons Bur Marne. In 1650 he was invited to Amsterdam, to succeed Vasorius, as pro- fessor of history, and he d. there in 1 665, after having lost his sight in consequence of the humidity of the climate. Blondel was a man of learning, had a minute ac- quaintance with history, and was a fluent speaker. Amon^ his works, one of the most curious is his refutation of the silly story of Pope Joan. He has the merit of having written in favor of liberty of conscience. — Francis, an eminent French architect and diplomatist, was b. in 1617, at Ribemont, in Picardy. After having been sent as envoy to Constanti- nople, ho was appointed counsellor of state, one of the daupliin's preceptors, professor of the royal college, and mem- ber of the Academy of Sciences. The noble triumphal arch of St. Denis was erected by him. He wrote various works on literary, architectural, and mil- itary subjects. 1). 1686. — James Fran- cis, was b. at Rouen, in 1705, and, like his uncle, was an architect of great talent. The merit of a course of arclii- tectural lectures, which he delivered at Paris, obtained him the appointment of professor at the academy. In his final illness, he had himself removed to his school at the Louvre, that he might yield up his last breath where be had taught his art. Blondel is the author of French Architecture, a Course of Civil Architecture, and other works of a similar kind. D. 1775. BLOOD, Thomas, a singular and des- perate character, who was originally an officer in Cromwell's army. His first re- markable enterprise was an attempt to surprise the castle of Dublin, which was frustrated by the duke of Ormond. He subsequently seized the duke in the streets of London, Avith the intention of hanging him at Tyburn, and was very near accomplishing his purpose. His last exploit was an attempt to carry away the crown and regalia from the Tower. For some inexplicable reason, Charles II. not only pardoned hhn, but gave him an estate of £500 per annum. D. 1680. BLOOMFIELD, Robert, a poet, b. at Honington, in Sutfolk, in 1766, was the son of a tailor, and was early left father- less. He was taught to read by his mo- ther, who kept a village school, and this was, in fact, his only education. At the age of eleven he was employed in such husbandry labor as he could perform; but, his constitution being delicate, he was subsequently apprenticed to the trade of shocmaking, at which he work- ed as a journeyman for many years. His leisure hours were spent in reading, and in the composition of verses. His Eoem of the Farmer's Boy was at length rought before the public, by the benev- olent exertions of Capel Loft, and it pro- cured the author botn fame and profit. He subsequently published other poems, among which may be mentioned Wild Flowers, Hazlewood Hall, and the Banks of the Wye. Ill health and misfortune clouded the latter years of this modest and meritorious writer, and he d. in 1823, when he was almost on the verge of insanity. — Joseph, governor of New Jersey. He was a soldier of the revolu- tion. In the war of 1812 he was a brigadier-general. D. 1823. BLOUNT, Sir Henry, was b. at Tit- tenhangher, in Hertfordshire, in 1602 ; BLUj CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. m travelled in the East in 1634, 1635, and 1636 ; fought under the banner of Charles at EdgehSl ; was, nevertheless, employ- ed by Cromwell ; and d. in 1682. He is the author of a Voyage to the Levant ; the Exchange Walk, a satire ; and «ther works.— Sir Thomas Pope, eldest son of Sir Henry, was b. in 1649. and d. in 1697. He produced Cenaura Celebriorum Auc- torum ; De Ke Poetica ; Essays on sev- eral subjects ; and Natural "^History. — Charles, the youngest son of Sir Henry, was b. in 1654, and made himself con- spicuous by his deistical opinions, and by considerable talent. His "Anima Mundi" was suppressed, and publicly burnt. This work he followed u^ by three of the same kind : The Lite of ApoUonius Tyaneus ; Great is Diana of the Ephesians ; and Eeligio Laici. Of the revolution of 1688 he was a warm friend ; but he acted little in consonance with its principles, when he published his "King William and Queen Mary Conquerors," to assert their right to the crown by conquest. The commons ordered this tract to be burnt by the hangman. He shot himself in 1693, in consequence of the sister of his deceased wife having refused to marry him. — Thomas, was b. at Bardesley, in Wor- cestershire, in 1618, and d. in 1679. He published Glossographia ; a Law Dic- tionary ; and va^-ious other works ; the most curious and valuable of which is, " Fragmenta Antiquitatis, or Ancient Tenures of Land, and Jocular Customs of Manors." BLOW, John, a musician, was b. in 1648, at North Callingham, in Notting- hamshire, received a doctor's degree from Archbishop Sancroft ; and, on the death of Purcell, became organist of Westminster abbey. He d. in 1708. His secular compositions were collected, in 1700, under the title of " Amphion Anghcus." His church music receives qualified praise from Dr. Burney. BLUCHEK, Gebaral Lebrecht, Prince von, a Prussian field-marshal, b. at Eostock, Dec. 16, 1742. He served 45 years in the army ; and his celebrity in the field, though rarely victorious, obtained him the name of "Marshal Forwards." He aided Wellington in gaining the battle of Waterloo, by his timely arrival at the most decisive mo- ment. In reward for his services the king of Prussia created a special order of Knighthood. D. at Kriblowizt, 1819. BLUM, Joachim Christian, a Ger- man ; author of " Lyrical Poems," "The Promenades," "Dictionary of Proverbs," "The Deliverance of Ka- thenau," &c. B. 1789 ; d. 1790.— Egbert, whose commanding eloquence during his brief political career gained for him a high name, was b. at Cologne in 1807. Cradled in poverty, his education was completely neglected; but from his earliest years he manifested a thirst for learning. At the age of fourteen he was apprenticed to a goldsmith; he after- wards worked as a journeyman in dif- ferent parts of Germany, especially at Berlin ; but on his return to Cologne in 1830, he was obliged to accept the hum- ble office of box-opener in the theatre of that city. Amid all the difficulties with which he had to struggle, he acquired a liigh degree of cultivation, and succeed- ed in the management of various liter- ary and politick journals of Leipsic. In 1847 he became a bookseller. _ The events of March, 1848, brought him out as a politician. He represented Leipsic in the parliament at Frankfort. On the breaking out of the second revolution at Vienna, in October, 1848, he repaired thither with some other members of his party, to offer a congratulatory address to the Viennese. Here he harangued the people with great power and effect ; but after the suppression of the rebel- lion he was arrested, tried by court- martial, and condemned to be shot, Nov. 9, 1848. The news of his arrest and execution caused great consternation throughout Germany ; but it has not yet been resented, as it unquestionably will be, when the people rise once more to vindicate their rights. BLUMAUEE, Lewis, a German satir- ical poet ; author of a " Travesty of the JEneid," &c. B. 1755 ; d. 1798. BLUMENBACH, JohannFriederich, one of the greatest naturalists of modern times, was b. at Gotha in 1752. He early displayed a great aptitude for sci- entific pursuits, and before he had com- pleted his 24tn year, his fame as an inquirer into nature had spread through- out the civilized world. In 1776, he was appointed professor of medicine in the university of Gottingen, where he had been educated ; and here, for the long J)eriod of 61 years, he continued, by his ectures and 'his works, to extend the science of comparative anatomy, which has been so successfully cultivated in more recent times, and of which he may be truly said to have been the founder. D. 1837. BLUTEAU, DoM Raphaei., a Eo- man Catholic priest, b. in Linden, of French parents ; author of a valuable 168 CYCLaPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bG<3 Portuguese and Latin Dictionary. D. 1784. BOABDIL, or ABOUABOULA, the last Moorish king of Granada ; he was expelled for the last time from Granada by Ferdinand of Castile and Aragon, in 1491 ; and afterwards resided in Africa, where he was killed in battle in the ser- vice of the king of Fez. BO ADEN, James, a dramatic author and critic. Educated for the law, he was, like many young men similarly situated, a great lover and frequenter of the theati'e ; and, from loving the stage, he got to writing for it. His plays are numerous, but we believe there is not one of them that now keeps possession of the stage. Far more important are his dramatic memoirs, which are probably the best records we have of John Kem- ble, Mrs. Siddons, Mrs. Jordan, and Mrs. Inchbald. His "Inquiry into the authenticity of the various Pictures and Prints of Shakspeare," and a tract on "The Sonnets of Shakspeare," are also very valuable works. B. 1762; d. 1839. BOADICEA, or BONDUCA, queen of the Iceni, in Britain, during the reign of Nero, having been treated in the most ignominious manner by the Eomans, headed a general insurrection of the Britons, attacked the Koman settle- ments, reduced London to ashes, and put to the sword all strangers, to the number of 70,000. Suetonius, the Eo- man general, defeated her in a decisive battle, and rather than fall into the hands of her enemies, she put an end to her life by poison. This battle was fought A. D. 61. Cowper's beautiful poem on her, is one of his most deUghtful pro- ductions. BOBROFF, Simon SEROiEvrrscH, a Kussian poet, who enjoyed considerable reputation at St. Petersburgh. His best poem is said to be "The Chersonide, or a Summer's Day in the Crimea." His lyrical works have been collected in four volumes. D. 1810. BOCCACIO, Giovanni, one of the most enduring of the Italian prose writers, was born at Paris, of an illicit connec- tion, which his father formed in that city, in 1313. His family came original- ly from Certaldo, in Tuscany, whence he derives the appellation sometimes given him of Da Certaldo. He was ori- ginally intended by his father for a mercantile profession ; but after spend- ing six years with a merchant at Flor- ence and Paris, and turning his thoughts to the canon law, he abandoned the pur- suits which interest or authority dicta- ted, and devoted himself totally to liter- ature. He studied under his friend and patron Petrarch, by whose suggestions he retired from the tumults and factions of Florence, and visited Naples, where he was received with kindness by king Robert, of whose natural daughter he became enamored, and to whom he often pays his homage, in his various poetical pieces, as Fiannnetta. Placed in fortunate circumstances, with a lively and cheerful disposition, of a soft and pleasing address, the favored lover of a king's daughter, he regarded with more aversion than ever the station for which he had been intended. The fond- ness of the princess for poetry ; his own intimacy with scientific and literary men ; the tomb of Virgil, near Naples, which he used to visit in his walks ; the pres- ence of Petrarch, who was received with the highest distinction at the court of Naples, and who went from that city to Rome, to be crowned with the poetic laurel ; the intimacy which had arisen between the two poets — all operated powerfully on Boccacio, to strengthen and fix his natural inclination for poetry and literature. After living two years at Florence with his father, he returned to Naples, where he was very graciously received by the queen Joanna. It is thought that it was no less to gratify the young queen, than his Fiammetta, that he wrote his " Decameron," which has raised him to the rank of the first Italian prose writer. On the death of his fa- ther, becoming master of his own incli- nations, he settled at Florence, where his first work was a description of the plague, which forms the opening of the " Decameron." He passed the remain- der of his life in his native village, where his constitution was Aveakened by his great application, and where he d., of a sickness in the stomach, 1375. His works are some in Latin and some in Italian. He possessed uncommon learning, and he may honorably be reckoned as one of those whose great exertions contributed most to the revi- val of learning in Europe. His best- known composition is the before-men- tioned " Decameron," a romance occa- sionally licentious, but abounding with wit, satire, and elegance of diction. Ilia " Life of Dante," his " Genealogy of th« Gods," his "History of Rome," and hia "Thesis,'' are much admired. Though his poetry does not possess the sweet- ness of Petrarch's lines, his prose ig unequalled for its graceful simplicity and varied elegance. bod] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 169 BOCCAGE, Makie Anne du, a cele- brated French poetess, was b. at Eouen, 1710, became the wife of a receiver of taxes in Dieppe, who died soon after the marriiige, leaving her a youthful widow. She concealed her talents, however, till the charms of youth were past, and first published her productions m 1746. The tirst was a poem on the mutual influence of the fine arts and sciences. This gained the prize from the academy of Kouen. She next attempted an imitation of "Paradise Lost," in six cantos; then, of the " Death of Abel ;" next a tragedy, the " Amazons ;" and a poem in ten cantos, called the " Columbiad." There is a great deal of entertaining matter in the letters which she wrote on her travels in England and Holland, and in which one may plainly see the impression she made upon her cotemporaries. Her works have been translated into En- glish, Spanish, German, and Italian. D. 1802. BOCCALINI, Trajan, an Italian sat- irist; author of the "Political Touch- stone," a "Satire on the Spaniards," &c. His writings gave so much offence to the Spanish court, that it caused him to be murdered at Venice, 1613. BOCCHEEINI, LuiGi, a celebrated composer of instrumental music, pen- sioned for his merit by the king of Prussia, and warmly patronized by the king of Spain. B. 1740 ; d. 1805. BOCCIil, Achilles, a Bolognese, of a noble family, who distinguished himself in the 16th century by his attachment to literature ; author of " Apologia in Plautum," and numerous other works. BOCCOLD, John, or JOHN OF LEY- DEN, a fanatic of that city in the 16th century, who headed some revolters, and made themselves masters of Mun- ster, where he assumed the characters of king and prophet. The city was at length taken by the bishop, and Boccold was hanged. BOCCONE, Patjl, an Italian natural- ist ; author or " Musea di Plante rare." B. 1633; d. 1704. BOCCUCI, Joseph, a Spanish author, b. in 1775. He served at first in the army, in the campaigns of 1793 and 1794, against republican France, but after- wards devoted himself to letters. He is the author of several comedies played at the Madrid theatre. BOCIIART, Samuel, a French Prot- estant divine ; author of " Geographia Sacra," a treatise on the " Terrestrial Paradise," &c. B. 1599 ; d. 1667. BOCH, orBOCHIUS, John, a Flemish 15 writer of the 16th century; author of various Latin works, and styledj from his skill in Latin {)oetry, the Belgic Vir- gil. B. 1555 ; d. 1609. BOCQUILLOT, Lazaeus Andrew, a French divine ; author of a " Treatise on the Liturgy,' "Life of the Chjvalier Bayard," &c. D. 1728. BODAED DE TEZAZ, N. M. F., b. in 1758 ; a French poet and diplomatist ; ambassador to Naples for the republic in 1799; author of "Le Ballon," a comedy; "Allonsko," a melodrame; "Minette et Marine," an opera, &c. BODE, John Joachim Christopher, a German writer. He was originally a musician in a Hanoverian regiment ; he then became a bookseller, and finally rose to^ be privy councillor to the landgrave of Hesse Darmstadt. He translated some of the best French and English authors into German with considerablo taste and judgment. D. 1793. — Chris- topher Augustus, a learned German linguist and critic ; who edited the New Testament in Ethiopic, all the Evange- lists in Persian, St. Matthew in Arabic, &c. B. 1723 ; d. 1796.— John Elert, an astronomer, b. at Hamburg, 1747, early discovered an inclination for mathemati- cal science, in which his father, and afterwards the famous J. G. Busch, instructed him. He gave the first public proof of his knowledge by a short work on the solar eclipse of August 5th, 1766. The approbation which this received encouraged him to greater labors, and in 1768, appeared his " Introduction to the Knowledge of the Starry Heavens," a finniliar treatise on astronomy, which has done much to extend correct views upon the subject, and continues to do so, as it has kept pace in its successive editions with the progress of the science. In 1772 the Berlm academy chose him their astronomer, and ten years after- wards he was made a merriber of that institution. His best works are his "Astronomical Almanac," (commencing 1774,) a work indispensable to every astronomer ; and his large " Celestial Atlas" (Himmes atlas,) in twenty sheets, in which the industrious editor has given a catalogue of 17,240 stars, (12,000 more than in any former charts.) In 1825 he was released, at his own wish, from his duties in the academy of science, and the observatory in Berlin. D. 1827. BODIN, John, a native of Angers, who studied law at Toulouse, where he acquired reputation by his lectures. Ho came to Paris, but not succeeding at the 170 CrCLOPJSDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [boi bar, he devoted Jimself totallv to wri- ting books. His wit, as well as his merit, recommended him to public no- tice. Henry III. visited and admired him ; and in the company of the duke of Alenqon, he visited England, where he was flattered to see his book on " The Repub^c" approved and read in the uni- versity of Cambridge. Besides his " De la Republique," he wrote a " Commen- tary on Appian," "Discourses on Coins," " Methods of History," and "Demona- nia." D. of the plague, at Laon, 1596. BODLEY, Sir Thomas, from whom the Bodleian library at Oxford takes its name, was b. at Exeter, March 2, 1544. In 1585 he was made gentleman usher to Queen Elizabeth. From this time to 1597 he was honorably employed in embassies and negotiations with for- eign powers ; and on his revocation, he set about the work of restoring the pub- lic library at Oxford, which, in two years time, he brought to some degree of per- fection. He furnished it with a large collection of books, purchased in for- eign countries, at a great expense ; and this collection, in a short time, became so greatly enlarged, by the benefactions of several noblemen, bishops, and oth- ers, that neither the shelves nor the room could contain them. Whereupon Bodley offering to make considerable addition to the building, the motion was readily embraced. An annual speech in his praise is still made at Oxford. D. 1612. BODMER, John Jacob, a celebrated German poet and scholar, b. at Grei- ensee, near Zurich, 1698. Although he produced nothing remarkable of his own in poetry, he helped to open the way for the new German literature in this department. He was the antagonist of Gottsched, in Leipsic, who aspired to be the literary dictator of the day, and had embraced the French theory of taste, while Bodmer inclined to the En- glish. He has the honor of having had Klopstock and Wieland among his schol- ars, and was for a long time professor of history in Switzerland. He was a copious and indefatigable writer, and though he entertained many incorrect views, he was of service to the literature of his native land, which was then in a low and barbarous state. D. at Zurich, 1783. BODONI, CiAMBATiETA, Superintend- ent of the royal press at Parma, chief printer to the king of Spain, member of several academ'es of Italy, knight of several high ord irs, was b., 1740, at Sa- luzzo, in Piedmont, where Lis fiither owned a printing establishment. He j began, while yet a boy, to employ him- self in engraving on wood. His labors meeting with success, he went in 1758 to Rome, and was made compositor for the press of the " Propaganda." He next established a pnntmg-house at Parma, which he made the flrst of the kind in Europe, and gained the reputa- tion of having far surpassed all the splendid and beautiful productions of his predecessors in the art. The beauty of his type, ink, and paper, as well as the whole management of the technical part of the work, leaves nothing for us to wish, but the intrinsic value of his editions is seldom equal to their out- ward splendor. His Homer is a truly admirable and magnificent work; in- deed, his Greek letters are the most per- fect imitations that have been attempted, in modern times, of Greek manuscript. His splendid editions of Greek, Latin, Italian, and French classics are highly prized. D. at Padua, 1613. BOECE, Hector, a Scottish historian, was b. at Dundee about the year 1465. He studied at Aberdeen, and afterwards at Paris, where, in 1497, he became pro- fessor of philosophy in the college of Montacute. In 1500 he was elected principal of the college of Aberdeen, which was just then founded by Bishop Elphinstone. On the death of the bishop, in 1514, he resolved to give to the world an account of his life, in com- posing which he was led to write the history of the lives of the whole of the bishops of Aberdeen. It was published in 1522. He next wrote a " Ilistorv of Scotland," which was published at Paris, 1526. A second edition wa'& printed at Lausanne in 1574. D. 1534. BOEHM, Jacob, one of the most fa- mous mystics of modern times, was b. ' at Altseidenberg, Germany, in 1575, and passed the first years of his life, with- out instruction, in the tending of cattle in the fields. The beautiful and sub- lime objects of nature kindled his ima- gination, and inspired him with a pro- found piety. Raised by contem])lation above his" circumstances, and undis- turbed by exterior influences, a strong sense of the spiritual, particularly of the mysterious, was awakened in him, and he" saw in all the workings of nature upon his mind a revelation of God, and even imagined himself favored by di- vine inspirations. The education which he received at school, though very im- perfect, consisting only of writing, spell- bob] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 171 ing, and reading the Bill e, supplied new food for the excited i.iind ot the hoy. He became afterwards a shoe- maker; and this sedentary Hfe seems to have strengthened his contemplative habits. He was much interested in the disputes which prevailed on the subject of Cryptocalvinism in Saxony : though he never took a personal part in secta- rian controversies, and knew no higher delight than to elevate himself, undis- turbed, to the contemplation of the In- finite. His writings are very unequal, but always display a p /ofound feeling. In 1594 he became a master shoemaker in Gorlitz, married, and continued a shoemaker during his life. His first work appeared in 1616, and was call- ed " Aurora." It contains his revela- tions on God, man, and nature. This gave rise to a prosecution against him ; but he was acquitted, and called upon, from all sides, to continue wiiting. He did not, however, resume his pen until 1619. One of his most important works is " Desci'iption of the Three Principles of the Divine Being." His works con- tain profound and lofty ideas, mingled with many absurd and confused notions. He died, after several prosecutions and acquittals, in 1624. — William Anthony, a learned German divine, and chaplain to Prince George of Denmark. B. 1673 ; d. 1732. \ BOEHMEE, G. G., a professor at Got- tingen, b. in 1761. Always a liberal, and attached to the French party, he edited an independent journal in 1791. He congratulated the French republic on its union with Belgium in 1796, and was complimented with a seat in the convention. He was subsequently per- secuted by the anti-French party, and imprisoned at Ehrenbreitstein and Er- furt. He was author of a "Memoir to demonstrate the Ehine as the Natural Boundary of France," &c., and many political German works. BOEEHAAVE, Herman, one of the most eminent physicians of modern times, b. at Woornout, near Leyden. His knowledge as an anatomist, chemist, and . botanist, as well as in the causes, nature, and treatment of diseases, was unrivalled ; and his fame was spread over the world. Peter the Great visited him on his travels ; and a Chinese man- darin wrote to him with this address, " To Boerhaave, the celebrated physi- cian of Europe." No professor was ever attended, "in public as well as private lectures, by so great a number of stu- dents, from such different and distant parts for so many years successively: none heard him without conceiving a veneration for his person, at the same time that they expressed their surprise at his prodigious attainments ; and it may be justly affirmed, tliat none in so private a station ever attracted a more universal esteem. So unmoved was he by detraction, from which the best of men are not exempt, that he used to say, " The sparks of calumny will be present- ly extinct of themselves, unless you blow them." His writings are numerous, amon^ the principal may be mentioned, ''Institutiones Medicae ;" "Aphorismi de Cognoscendis et Curandis Morbis ;' * " Index Plantarum ;" and " Elementa Chimiaj." B. 166S ; d. 173S. BOETHIUS, Anicius Manlius Tor- QUATus Severinus, a Eoman philosopher, whose virtues, services, honor% and tragical end all combine to render his name memorable, was b. 470; studied at Eome and Athens ; was profoundly learned ; and filled the highest offices under the government of Theodorie the Goth. He was long the oracle of his sovereign and the idol of the people ; but his strict integrity and inflexible justice raised up enemies in those who loved extortion and oppression, and he at last fell a victim to their machinations. He was accused of a treasonable corre- spondence with the court of Constanti- nople, and executed in 524. While ho was at tlie helm of state, he found rec- reation from his toilsome occupations in the study of the sciences, and devoted a part of his leisure to the construction of mathematical and musical instru- ments, some of which he sent to Clo- thaire, king of Fiance. He was also much given to the study of the old Greek philosophers and mathematicians, and wrote Latin translations of several of them. His most celebrated work is that composed during his imprisonment, " On the Consolations of Philosophy," translated by two of the most illustrious English rulers, Alfred and Elizabeth. It is written in prose and verse inter- mixed. The elevation of thought, the nobleness of feeling, the ease and dis- tinctness of style which it exhibits, make this composition, short as it is, far supe- rior to anv other of the aare. BOETTCHEE, John 'Frederic, the inventor of the Dresden porcelain, b. February 5th, 1682, at Schleiz, in the Voigtland, in his 15th year went from Magdeburg, where he received his early education, to Berlin, as apprentice of an apothecary. There he devoted hia 172 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [boi nights to the making of gold out of other metals. Oct. Ist, 1701, he changed, as it is said, in the presence of several witnesses, eighteen pieces of silver into fine gold. As this was much talked of, the king desired to see him, and Boettcher, believing he was to be arrest- ed as an adept, fled to Saxony. The king of Saxony gave him large sums of money, and became very impatient to see tiio gold. Boettcher, in 1704, at- tempted to escape, but was overtaken, and, with the assistance of one Tschirn- luiusen, who had discovered a kind of porcelain, invented an improved com- position of it, with which he hoped to appease the king, who was in the habit ot spending immense sums in China- ware. In 1705 Boettcher invented the Dresden porcelain, which has since be- come^so famous. He made use of a clay found in the vicinity of Meissen. The king, upon this, made him a baron of the empire, and director of the new manufactory of porcelain in Meissen, though he was often treated as a prison- er, lest the secret should be betrayed. He was finally removed from his dignity on account of his immoral life. D. 1719, in 'the greatest poverty. BOGDANO WITSdH, Hippolyt Fed- EROwrrscH, the Eussian Anacreon, was b. in 1743, at Perewolotshna, in White Russia. His father was a physician. He was designed for an engineer; went, for the purpose of studying engineering, to Moscow, in 1754 ; but, having higher views, he applied himself to tlie study of the fine arts, and to learning foreign languages. He gained patrons and friends, and, in 1791, was made inspec- tor in the university of Moscow, and afterwards translator in the department of foreign affairs. In 1762 he travelled with Count Beloselsky, as secretary of legation, to Dresden, where he devoted his whole attention to the study of the fine arts and of poetry, till 1768. The beautiful pictures in the gallery of that place inspired him to write his " Psyche," (Duschenka,) which appeared in 1775, and fixed his fame on a lasting founda- tion. After this he devoted himself to music and poetry, in solitary study at Petersburg, till Catharine called him from his retirement. He then wrote, on ditferent occasions, several dramatic and historical pieces. In 1788 he was made president of the imperial archives. In 1792 he took leave of the court, and lived as a private man in Little Russia. Alexander recalled him to Petersburg, where he lived till 1803. BOGORIS, the first Christian king of Bulgaria ; converted by his sister, ivho had been taken prisoner by the troops of Theodosia, and was restored to him by that empress. 'BOGUE, David, a dissenting ministe? of very considerable acquirements ; pas- tor of a congregation at Gosport, Hants, where he also kept an establishment for the education of young men destined for the Christian ministry, in connection with the Independents. He is consid- ered as the father of the London Mis- sionary Society, and he also contributed greatly to the" formation of the British and Foreign Bible Society. He wrote an '* Essay on the Divine Authority of the New Testament," a " History of the Dissenters," &c. B. 1749 ; d. 1825. BOHEMOND, the first prince of An- tioch. He took Antioch in 1098, and subsequently took Laodicea. D. 1111. BOHN, John, a German physician ; author of a " Treatise on the Duties of a Physician," &c. B. 1640 ; d. 1719. BOHUN, Edmund, a political writer of note in the reign of James II. and William III. ; author of a "Defence of King Charles II. 's Declaration," a "Ge- ographical Dictionary," " Life of Bishop Jewell," &c. He was living at the ac- cession of Queen Anne, but the exact date of his death is uncertain. BOIARDO, Matteo Maria, count of Scandiano, was b. at a seat belonging to his family near Ferrara, in 1434. From 1488 to 1494, the period of his death, he was commander of the city and castle of Reggio, in the service of his protec- tor, Ercole d'Esle, duke of Modena. This accomplished courtier, scholar, and knight was particularly distinguished as a poet. His " Orlando Innamorato" is continued to the seventy-ninth canto, but not completed. He immortalized the names of liis own peasants, and the charms of the scenery at Scandiano, in the persons of his heroes and his descrip- tions of the beauties of nature. In lan- guage and versification he has been sur- passed by Ariosto, whom he equalled in invention, grace, and skilful conduct of complicated episodes. Domenichi, Ber- ni, and Agostini new modelled and con- tinued the work of Boiardo, without improving it. One continuation, only, will never be forgotten — the immortal " Orlando" of Ariosto, In some of his works, Boiardo was led, by the spirit of his times, to a close imitation of the an- cients, as in his " Capit( li," also in a comedy borrowed from Lucian's " Ti- mon," and in his Latii eclogues and BOl] CYCLOPAEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY. 173 translations of Herodotus and Apu- leiiis. BOICHOT, Jean, a distinguished French sculptor. Tlie "Colossal Group of St. Michael," and the "Sitting Her- cules," are among his best works. The bas-reliefs of the rivers on tlie Trium- phal Arch of the Carousel arr his. B. 1738 ; d. 1814. BOIELDIEU, Adrien, a t jlebrated French musical composer, b. in 1775 ; author of numerous well-known operas ; " Le Calife de Bagdad," " Jean de Pa- ris," &c. " Telomaque" is thought his chef-d''(Buvr€. His style is characterized by a sweet and natural melody, much imaginative gayety, and simple but pleasing accompaniments. BOIGNE, Count, a French soldier of fortune, was b. at Chamberry, in 1751. When 17 years old he entered the French army, which he quitted for the Russian service in about 5 years, and was taken Erisoner at the siege of Tenedos. After eing released he left Russia, and in 1778 went into the service of the East India Company ; but fancying himself neglect- ed, he offered himself to the notice of Mahajee Scindiah, the celebrated prince of the Mahrattas, to whom he was of the greatest use during his campaigns, and who loaded him with honors and riches. Having remitted his vast fortune to En- gland, and wishing to return to Europe for the sake of his' health, he left India in 1795, and settled at Chamberry. He d. in 1830, possessed of about twenty millions of francs, the greater part of which he bequeathed to Ids son. BOILEAU, James, b. at Paris, in 1635, was a doctor of the Sorbonne, a canon, and dean, and grand vicar of Sens. He is the author of several theo- logical and other works in the Latin language, the most celebrated of which is the " Historia Flagellantium." James Boileau was caustic and witty. Being asked why he always wrote in Latin, he replied, "for fear the bishops should read me, in which case I should be per- secuted." The Jesuits he designated as men "who lengthened the creed, and abridged the decalogue." D, 1716. — Giles, a French writer; author of a translation of Epictetus, &c. B. 1 631 ; d. 1669. — John James, a French divine ; author of " Letters on Morality and De- votion," &c. D. 1735. — Nicholas, Sieur des Preux, a celebrated poet, b. at Paris, 1636. His father, who left him an or- phan before he was 17, had not formed the most promising expe and observations, and may be considered one of the best works of the kind in German literature. D. 1828. BOWDICH, Thomas Edward, a wri- ter in the service of the English African Company, was a native of Bristol. He was selected to conduct a mission to the king of Ashantee, of which mission he published a very interesting account. He again set out to explore the interior of Africa, and had already reached the river Gambia, when a fever, produced chiefly by anxiety, terminated nis life in 1824. He was an excellent linguist and % pleasing writer ; and besides the work dlready mentioned, the public are in- 17* debted to him for a translation of Mol- lah's '* Travels to the Sources of the Sen- egal and Gambia," and other works. B. 1798. BOW DITCH, Nathaniel, president of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, was b. at Salem, Mass., March 26, 1773. On account of the straitened circumstances of his parents, he had no advantages of education than those af- forded by the common town schools of that period ; and ^he was taken from school at the early periorl of 10 years. At the age of 12 or 13, he x as placed as an apprentice, or clerk, in a ship-chandler's shop, where he remained till he was 21. In his 22d year he went to sea in the capacity of captain's clerk ; and he spent about nine years in a seafaring life, during which he made five voyages, four of them to the East Indies ; first as captain's clerk, afterwards as supercar- go, and finally as master. After relin- quishing his nautical life, he became, in 1804, president of a marine insurance company, in Salem, which station he held till 1823, when, on the establish- ment of the Massachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Company, in Boston, he was induced to leave his native place, and take charge of the institution. Notwith- standing his limited advantages of edu- cation, and his engagements, through life, in laborious employments, by his extraordinary genius, and almost equally extraordinary economy of time, he gain- ed a knowledge of the Latin, Greek, Ital- ian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, and German languages, made himself the most eminent mathematician and astron- omer that America lias produced, and did more for the reputation of his coun- try among men of science abroad, than has been done by any other man, except, perhaps, Audubon and Dr. Franklin. His first publication was his well-known " Practical Navigation," of which the first edition appeared in 1802, while the author was engaged in a sea- faring life, in the capacity of supercargo. From that period it has been the stand- ard work on the subject ; and in point of practical utility, it is esteemed one of the most valuable works extant. Among his scientific labors were numerous and important communications to the Mem- oirs of the American Academy ; but the great work upon which his fame, as a man of science will principally rest, is his copious and profound commentary upon the " Mechanique Celeste" of La Place, of which he made the first entire trans- lation, and which he has elucidated in a 198 CYCl-PPiEDIA OF ^JQORAPHr. [bot mjmneT fh&t, commands th© admiration 9f men of science. D. 1838. BOWDLER, Thomas, an English phy- sician ; author of " Letters from Hol- land," and editor of the " Family Shak- speare," &c. B. 1754 ; d. 1825.— Hannah, was sister of the above ; author of "Poems and Essays," and of some popu- lar "Sermons on the Doctrines and Du- ties of Christianity." D. 1830. BOWDOIN, James, a governor of Massachusetts, was born at Boston, in the year 1727, and 'was graduated at Harvard college, in 1745. He took an early stand against the encroachments of the British government upon the provincial rights, and iil 1774 was elected a delegate to the first congress. The state of his health prevented his attend- ance, and his place was afterwards filled by Mr. Hancock. In 1778 he was chosen president of the convention which formed the constitution of Massachu- setts, and in 1785 was appointed gov- ernor of that state. He was a member of the Massacliusetts convention assem- bled to deliberate on the adoption of the constitution of the United States, and exerted himself in its favor. He was the first president of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, established at Boston in 1780, and was admitted a member of several foreign societies of distinction. D. at Boston, 1790. BO WEE, Archibald, a native of Dun- dec, b. in 1686, was educated at St. Omer, entered the order of the Jesuits, and be- came a secounllor of the Inquisition, at Macerata, in the Papal States. He, how- ever, fled to England, in 1726, embraced the Protestant faith, and was patronized by persons of eminence. His sincerity was much doubted, and his conduct was attacked by many, particularly by Dr. Douglas-, the detector of Lauder. Bower conducted the " Historia Literaria ;" wrote a very indifferent " History of the Popes," and contributed largely to the "Universal History." D. 1766. BOWLES, Kev. William Lisle, whose sonnets exercised no unimportant influ- ence on English literature, was b. at fCing's Sutton, in Northamptonshire, a parish of which his father was vicar, in 1762. He was educated at Winchester and at Trinity college, Oxford, where he took his degree in 1792, On leaving the university he entered into holy orders, and was appointed to a curacy'in Wilt- shire ; from which he was preferred to a living in Gloucestershire, and in 1803 to a canonry in Salisbury cathedral. His pext step was to the rectory of BremhiU in Wiltshire, to which he was presented by Archbishop Moore. His first ap- pearance as a poet was in a small collec- tion of sonnets, which were published in 1789, and may be reckoned among the first-fruits of a new era in poetry. In these sonnets there were observed grace of expression, a musical versifica- tion, and especially an air of melancholy tenderness, so congenial to the poetical temperament. The subsequent poems of Mr. Bowles did not belie the promise of his youth. The chief of these were his " Hope, an Allegorical Sketch " " St. Michael's Mount," "Coombe Ellen," and " Grave of Howard." His " Spirit of Discovery by Sea," the longest of his groductions, was publislied in 1804. Mr. lowles j)ublished also an edition of Pope, which involved him in the famous controversy with Lord Byron — as weU as a great variety of small tracts, litera- ry, antiquarian, and theological. He was, in fact, a very frequent, though he cannot be called a voluminous, contribu- tor to the literature of the present cen- tury. D. 1850. BOWYEE, William, an eminent scholar and typographer, was b. in London, in 1699, and after having been for some time at St. John's college, Cambridge, became a partner with his father in the printing business. He was printer to various learned bodies, and to the house of lords. He published several philological tracts, and added notes to many erudite works from his press ; but his principal production is an edition of the New Testament in Greek, with conjectural emendations. D. 1777. BOXHORN, Mark Zuerius, professor of rhetoric, politics, and history, in tlie university of Leyden ; author of a trea- tise on the Discovery of Printing, and of numerous Latin works, both prose and verse. B. 1612; d. 1653. BOYCE, William, doctor of music, and an eminent composer both of sacred and secular pieces. B. 1710 ; d. 1779. BOYD, Mark Alexander, an eminent Scotch writer; author of "Epistolae He- roidis," &c. B. 1562; d. 1601.— Hugh Macauley, a Scotch political writer, to whom, without any sufficing reason, the celebrated Letters of Junius were at one time attributed. He accompanied Lord Macartney to Madras. D. 1791. — Rob- ert, an eminent Scotch divine, b. at Glasgow, in 1578 ; d. 1627. — Zachary, a Scotch divine of the 17th century, and twice rector of the university of Glas- gow. Among various other works which boy] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 199 he published, is "The Last Battle of the Soul in Death:" and among the nu- merous MSS. he left, is a collection of quaint poems, entitled, " Zion's Flow- ers," popularly called " Zachary Boyd's Bible. ' D. 1653, leaving a considerable legacy to the Glasgow college. BOYDELL, John, a worthy alderman of London, and distinguished encour- ager of the arts of painting and engrav- ing, b. at Dormgton, in Shropshire, 1719, and intended for a land-surveyor, which was the profession of his father; but chance having thrown in his way "Bad- deley's Views of different Country Seats," he determined on quitting the pen for the graver j and at above 20 years of age put himself apprentice for seven years to Mr. Toms, whom he served six years, and bought up the seventh. He then applied closely till he had engraved 152 prints, which he published in a book at the price of five guineas. With the profits of this he set about encour- aging other professors of the art ; he discovered the talents of WooUett, and employed him to engrave the two fa- mous pictures of "Niobe" and "Phae- ton." He soon commenced a great foreign trade in English prints, and realized by his spirit of industry and enterprise a considerable fortune, form- ing too the well-known "Shakspeare Gallery." The long duration. ot the French war, however, having almost wholly stopped his export trade, in which he had embarked large sums of money, he was, in the spring of 1804, induced to crave permission of parlia- ment to dispose of the "Shakspeare Gallery" by lottery. D. 1804. BOYELblEU, Adrian, one of the most celebrated opera composers of France. He was b. at Rouen, 1775, but went early to Paris, where he was ap- pointed professor of the piano at the Conservatoire. He wrote "Ma Tante Aurora," and the "Calife de Bagdad," when he was made chapel-master to Alexander of Eussia, and repaired to St. Petersburg. In 1811 he returned to Paris, and wrote "Le Dot de Susette," "Jean de Paris," " Le Chaperon Eouj^e," and best of all, " La Dame Blanche." A sweet and natural melody, simple but agreeable accompaniments, an expres- sive gayety, and great variety, _ are the characteristic excellences of his style. D. 1834. BOYER, Able, a well-known glossog- rapher; b. at Castres, in France, 1664. Th^ work he is chiefly known by, is a yejT excellent " French and Englis*h, and English and French Dictionary." He wrote also " A French Grammar" in English, which still retains a high rank in our schools. D. 1729. — John Baptist Nicholas, a French physician, eminently skilful in the treatment of infectious dis- eases; author of a " Pharmacopseia," tracts on Contagious Disorders, &c. D. 1768. — Jean Pierbe, a celebrated mu- latto president of the island of Hayti ; who was b. at Port au Prince in 1780. His mother was a negress from Congo, and his father a shopkeeper and tailor of good repute. Attaching himself to Rigaud, he set out for France, but was captured by the Americans, but was released at the close of the war between France and the United States. He took part in Leclerc's expedition against St. Domingo, but afterwards joined Petion's party, and rapidly rose till he was named Petion's successor in the presidency Adroitly placing himself at the head of the vivrious insurgents as they rose, he reduced the whole island to one repub- lican government. He was subsequently obliged to seek safety from an insurrec- tion excited by his violence, in the island of Jamaica. BOYLE, Robert, a philosopher, who ranks witn Bacon and with Newton i was the seventh son of the celebrated earl of Cork, and was b. at Lismore, in Ireland, January the 26th, 1626, the year that Bacon died. Eton has the honor of his early education, which was perfected by private tutors, and lastly at Geneva. After having travelled over various parts of the Continent, he settled in England, and devoted himself to sci- ence, especially to natural philosophy and to chemistry. Every year of his life was marked by new experiments. We are indebted to him for'the first cer- tain knowledge of the absorption of air in calcination and combustion, and of the increase of weight which metals gain by oxidation. He first studied the chem- ical phenomena of the atmosphere, and was thus the predecessor of Mayow, Hales, Cavendish, and Priestley. In all philosophical inquiries, he displayed an accurate and methodical mind, relying wholly upon experiments. At the same time his imagination was warm and lively, and incfined to romantic notions, which were first produced in his child- hood, by the perusal of Amadis of Gaul, and always exercised a visible influence on his. character. He was naturally in- clined to melancholy, and this temper of mind was increased by cii-cumstances. The sight of the great Carthusian jjxoii^ 200 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bot astery at Grenofjle, the wildness of the country, as well as the severe ascetic life of the monks, riade a deep impression upon him. The devil, as he said, taking advantage of his melancholy disposition, filled his soul with terror, and with doubts concerning the fundamental doc- trines of religion. This condition was so insufferable, that he was tempted to free himself from it by committing sui- cide, and was only prevented by the fear of hell. While endeavoring to settle his faith, he found those defences of the Christian religion, which had been pub- lished before his time, unsatisfactory. In order therefore to read the original works which are considered the founda- tion of Christianity, he studied the Ori- ental languages, and formed connections with Pococke, Thomas Hyde, Samuel Clarke, Thomas Barlow, &c. The result of his studies was a conviction of its truthj which was manifested not only by his theological writings, but by his benevolence and generous disinterested- ness. He instituted public lectures for the defence of Christianity. D. 1691. — KiCHARD. earl of Cork, an eminent states- man in the reign of James I. ; and foun- der of a family greatly distinguished in the arts, sciences, and literature. B. at Canterbury, 1566 ; d. 1643.— Eoger, earl of Orrery, fifth son of the above. When only 7 years old he was created Baron Broghill; and, from an early age, was conspicuous for his zeal in the king's service. But after the king was put to death, the baron transferred his services to Cromwell, by whom he was greatly trusted and employed. At the death of Cromwell he aided in bringing back Charles 11., and was created earl of Orrery for his service on that occasion. B. 1621 ; d. 1679.— Chakles, Lord Boyle, second son of Eoger, earl of Orrery, a statesman and scholar; editor of the "Epistles of Phalaris," and author of some slight but clever literary papers. B. 1676 ; d. 1781.— John, earl of Cork and Orrery, only son of the last named ; author of a translation, with notes, of the "Epistles of Pliny the Younger," "Ee- marks on the Life and Writings of Swift," papers in the Connoisseur and the World, &e. B. 1707; d. 1762.— EiOHARD, third earl of Burlington, and fourth earl of Cork, another branch of the same distinguished family. He was an enthusiastic amateur of architecture, and a very generous friend to nlen of letters. In him, Bishop Berkeley found his earliest and most efficient patron; *nd Pope did him the honor to address to him his fourth epistle. B. 1695: d. 1753. BOYLSTON, Zabdiel, wash, at Brook- line, Massachusetts, in 1684. He studied medicine at Boston, and entered into the firactice of his profession in that place, n 1721, when the small-pox broke out in Boston, and spread alarm through the whole country, the practice of inocula- tion was introduced by Dr. Boylston, notwithstanding it was discouraged by the rest of the faculty, and a public or- dinance was passed to prohibit it. He persevered in his practice in spite of the most violent opposition, and had the satisfaction of seeing inoculation in gen- eral use in New England, for some time before it became common in Great Brit- ain. In 1725 he visited England, where he was received with much attention, and was elected a fellow of the Eoyal Society. Upon his return, he continued at the head of his profession for many years, and accumulated a large fortune. Besides communications to the Eoyal Society, he published two treatises on the Small Pox. D. 1766.— Nicholas, a benefactor of Harvard college, who had been an eminent merchant, and was about to retire from business, to enjoy the fruit of his industry, when he d. He bequeathed to the university at Cam- bridge £1500, as the foundation of a lectureship on rhetoric and oratory. John Quincy Adams, in 1806, was the first occupant of the chair thus created. D. 1771.— Ward Nicholas, also a dis- tinguished patron of Harvard college, having given to the medical school a collection of medical and anatomical books, and made provision for its en • largement. BOYS, William, b. at Deal, in Kent, 1735, was bred a surgeon, but devoted much of his time to antiquarian re- seai-ches, and published, besides other works, an elaborate and valuable " His- tory of Sandwich, with Notices of the other Cinque Ports, and of Eichbor- ough." D. 1803. BOYSE, John, one of the translators of the Bible in the reign of James I., was b. at Nettlestead, in Suffolk, 1560, and d. 1648. leaving a great many manu- scripts behind him, particularly a com- mentary on almost all the books of the New Testament. — Samuel, a very in- genious person, but as remarkable for imprudence as for inirenuitv, b. in Dub- lin, 1709. In 1731' he published, at Edinburgh, a volume of poems addressed to the countess of Eglinton. He wrote also an elegy upon the death of Iiady braJ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. '^H Stormont, entitled " The Tears of the Muses;" with which Lord Stormont was so much pleased that he ordered Boyse a handsome present. Thene pub- lications, and the honorable notice taken of them, were the means of recommend- ing him to very high persons, who were desirous of serving him ; but Boyse was not a man to be served. He made an improper use of these recommendations, and had often recourse to tlie meanest arts to procure benefactions. At some times he would raise subscriptions for poems which did not exist ; and at others, ordered his wife to inform peo- ple that he was just expiring, to move the compassion of his friends, who were frequently surprised to meet the man in the street to-day who was, yesterday, said to be at the point of death. In May, 1749, however, he d., after a lingering illness, in obscxire lodgings, near Shoe- lane, where he was buried at the ex- pense of the parish. BOZE, Claude Geos de, b. at Lyons, 1680, distinguished for his knowledge of antiquities and medals, which gained the patronage of Chancellor Pontchar- train, and other illustrious characters, and the honor of a seat in the French Academy, and iii the Academy of Belles- Lettres, of which he became perpetual secretary. He was respectecl for his private "cliaracter, as well as his great learning. His works were on medallic subjects, besides historical panegyrics on the members of the Academy, the first 15 vols, of which he published — and a valuable catalogue of his own libraiy. D. at Paris, 1753. BEACCIOLINI DELL' API, Francis, an ItaUan poet of Pistoya, who, at the age of 40, Decame an ecclesiastic, and was patronized by Pope Urban VIII., and by Cardinal Antnony Barberini, with whom he had been secretary. He wrote several tragedies, comedies, and pastorals — besides " La Croce Eiacqui- stata," a poem which the Italians rank next to Tasso's " Jerusalem," and a poem in twenty-three cantos, on the pope's election, for which, at his patron's de- sire, he assumed the surname of Delia Api, and added to his arms three bees. D. at the age of 80, 1645. BKACHMANN, Louisa, b. 1777, a poetess styled the " Sappho of Ger- many ;" she was found drowned in 1822: it was supposed that she threw herself into the water. _ BEACKENKIDGE, Hugh Henry, a judge of the supreme court of Pennsyl- vania. He was graduated at Princeton college in 1771. In 1781 he settled at Pittsburg, which was then almost a wil- derness, but he predicted that it would soon become a large town, and in ity improvement he engaged with zeal. I^ 1789 he was appointed judge. He pub- lished a poem on the "Eising Glory of America," 1774' " Eulogium of the Brave Men who tell in the Contest witlj Great Britain," 1779 ; " Modern Chival- ry, the Adventures of Capt. Farrago," 1792 ; " Incidents of the Insurrection in 1794 in Pennsylvania," 1795 ; " Law of Miscellanies, containing Instructions for the Study of the Law," 1814. D. 1816. • BEACKETT, Joshua, a physician, Graduated at Harvard college, 1752. He rst became a -readier, but gave up that profession for the study of medicine. He established himself in Portsmoutlj, New Hampshire, and continued ther^ during life. He took a deep interest in the promotion of natural history at Cam- bridge, and requested his wife to appro- priate $1500 towards the professorship of that science in Harvard college. She complied with his request, and added to the amount. He was a benefactor of the N. H. Medical Society, of which he was president from 1793 to 1799, presenting to it, at its establishment, 143 vols, of valuable medical books. 1). 1802. BEACTON, Henry de, a native ol" Devonshire, who studied at Oxford, and became eminent as a lawyer, and in 1244 was made one of the judges itinerant by Henry III. He is chiefly known by his excellent work " De Legibus and Consu- etudinibus Anglise," a most finished and valuable performance, divided into five books, and containing, in good language, a curious and interesting detail of the legal learning, the laws and customs of our ancestors. Though blamed by Houard for mingling too much of the civil and canon law in his compositions, he has long been held as a writer of great authority, and deservedly esteemed by Lord Coke, and other great lawyers, as the first source of legal Knowledge. BEADBUEY, Thomas, a native of London, educated at Clapham, in com- pany with Dr. Watts, and distinguished among the Nonconformists as a bold and eloquent preacher in defence of Calvin- istical doctrines and revolution princi- ples. He wrote some theologicsJ trea- tises, besides three volumes of sermons, and the "Mystery of Godliness." D. 1757. BEADDOCK, Edward, major-general and commander of the British army iu the expedition against the French, on tlie river Ohio, m 1755, arrived in Virgiuiii 202 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bra in Febiniary of that year, and, in the spring, marched against Fort du Quesne, now rittsburg. He reached the Monon- gahela, July 8th, at the head of 1200 men, the baggage having been left be- hind, under the care of Colonel Dunbar, to advance by slower marches. On the next day he moved forward to invest the fort, and, by disregarding the caution of nis provincial officers, who warned him against the danger of a surprise in an Indian war, fell into an ambuscade, by which he lost nearly one half of his troops, and received himself a mortal wound. All his officers on horseback, except Colonel, afterwards General, Washington, who acted as aid, being killed, the army retreated precipitately near forty miles, to Dunbar's camp, where the general, who was conveyed there in a tumbril, expired. BRADFORD, William, the second governor of Plymouth Colony, was b. at Austerfleld, England, in 1588. At the age of 18 he joined those dissenters who fled to Holland, to enjoy religious free- dom. His leisure hours were passed in learning the art of silk dyeing. After a residence of ten years he removed to America. His wite fell into the sea and was drowned, just before the place for the colony was selected. In 1621 he was appointed governor of the new settle- ment, when one of his first acts was to secure the friendship of the Indian Massassoit, and all his subsequent ca- reer was one of devotion to his duties. The original government of Plymouth was founded entirely on mutual consent. The first patent was obtained in the name of John Pierce ; but another pat- ent of larger extent was obtained of the council for New Enafland, in 1630, in the name of William Bradford, his heirs, associates, and assigns. In the year 1640 the general court requested Gov- ernor Bradford to surrender the patent into their hands. With this request he cheerfully complied, and after the sur- render the patent was immediately de- livered again into his custody. Mr. Bradford was annually chosen governor as long as he lived, excepting in the years 1683, 1634, 1636, 1638, and 1644. At these times it was by his own request that the people did not elect him. D. 1657. — William, a lawyer of eminence, b. in Philadelphia, 1755. In the spring of 1769 he entered the college at Prince- ton, then under the direction of the learned Dr. John Wotherspoon. In 1779 he was admitted to the bar of the su- preme court of Pennsylvania, where hia character soon introduced hira to an un- usual share of business ; and, in August, 1780, only one year after he was licensed to practice, he was appointed attorney- general of the state of Pennsylvania. August 22d, 1791, he was made a judge of the supreme court of Pennsylvania. His industry, integrity, and ability, en- abled him to give general satisfaction in this office. On the attorney-general of the United StJites being promoted to the office of the secretary ot state, Bradford was appointed to the vacant office, Janu- ary 28th, 1794. This office he held till his death. In 1793 he published an "Inquiry how far the Punishm'^nt of Death is necessary in Pennsylvi.nia.'' This performance justly gained hiin great credit. D. 1795. — Samuel, was b. in Blackfriars, 20th December, 1652, and after studying at St. Paul's school, the Charter house, and Benet's college, Cambridge, he went abroad on account of some scruples of conscience, and ap- plied himself to physic. He afterwards was reconciled to the doctrines of the church, and as the friend of Archbishop Sancrort, and the chaplain of King ^Vil- liam, he rose in ecclesiastical preferment to the rectory of St. Mary-le-bow, a pre- bend of Westminster, and the master- ship of his own college. In 1718 he became bishop of Carlisle, and in 1723 of Rochester, which he held to the time of his death, 1731. He edited "Tillot- son's Sermons." — John, an English mar- tyr, b. of a respectable family at Man- chester. He was for some time clerk to Sir John Harrington, the treasurer of the English forces at Calais, but after- wards turned his thoughts to the study of divinity, and took his master's degree at Cambridge. He was eloquent as a preacher, and his abiUties exposed him to persecution in Mary's reign, so that, after a long imprisonment, he was burnt in Smithfield, Ist July, 1555. Some of his letters are extant. BRADLEY, James, a celebrated as- tronomer, was b. at Sherborne, in the year 1692. He studied theology at Ox- ford, and took orders ; but his taste for astronomy soon led him to change the course of his life. His uncle instructed him in the elements of mathematics, his own industry did every thing else, and, in 1721, he was appointed professor of astronomy at Oxford. Six years after- wards, he made known his discovery of the aberration of light. But, although this discovery gave a greater degree of accuracy to astronomical observations, and altnough the discrepancies of differ- CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 203 ent observations w.ere much diminished, yet slight ditferences remained, and did not escape his observation. He studied them during 18 years with the greatest perseverance, and finally discovered that they were fully explained by the supposi- tion of an oscillating motion of the earth's axis, completed during a revolution of the moon's nodes, in eighteen years. He called this phenomenon the nutation of the eartWs axis; and published, in 1748, (Philosoph. Trans. No. 785,) his account of the apparent motion of the fixed stars, with its laws, arising from this phenomenon of nutation. D°Alem- bert afterwards explained the physical causes of this phenomenon, upon the principal of universal attraction. By these two discoveries, astronomers were for the first time enabled to make tables of the motions of the heavenly bodies with the necessary accuracy. Bradley had alreadyj in 1726, explained the me- thod of obtaming the longitude by means of the eclipse of Jupiter's first satellite. In 1741, at the death of Doctor Halley, he received the appointment of astronomer royal, and removed to the observatory at Greenwich. Here he spent the remain- der of his life, entirely devoted to his astronomical studies, and left thirteen volumes folio of his own observations, in manuscript. Of these, the first vol- ume was published by Horcsby, 1798, The whole appeared under the title of "Astronomical Observations made at the Observatory at Greenwich," 1750-62 ; Oxford, 1805. D. 1762.— Kichard, pro- fessor of botany at Cambridge, and au- thor of several works, chiefly compila- tions on botany and horticulture. . Dr. Brewster's popular invention, the ka- leidoscope, was at one time said to be due to Bradley ; but it appears that the doc- tor's instrument and the one proposed by Bradley are quite different, and that the latter would be very inferior. D. 1732. BRADSHAW, John, celebrated as president of the tribunal by which Charles I. was tried, is said by some to have been b. in Derbyshire, and by others in Cheshire, in 1586. He studied the law in Gray's Inn. In the contest between Charles and the people, Brad- shaw espoused the cause of the latter. The parliament made him chief justice of Chester, and he was also chosen to preside in the high court of justice which sat upon the king. Cromwell, to whose usurpation he was hostile, de- prived him of the chief justiceship. D. 1659 ; but, at the restoration, such was the vehemence of the roy Jist bigotry, his remains were disinterred, and hang- ed at Tyburn. BEADSTREET, Simon, governor of Massachusetts. He was in March, 1630, chosen an assistant of the colony about to be established there, and arrived at Salem, in the summer of the same year. He was at the first court which was held at Charlestown, August 23d. He was afterwards secretary and agent of Mas- sachusetts, and commissioner of the united colonies. He was sent with Mr. Norton, in 1662, to congratulate King Charles on his restoration, and as agent of the colony to promote its interests. From 1673 to 1679, he was deputy-gov- ernor. In this last year, he succeeded Mr. Leverett as governor, and remained in office till May, 1686, when the charter was dissolved, and Joseph Dudley com- menced his administration as president of New England. In May, 1689, after the imprisonment of Andros, he was replaced in the office of governor, which station he held, till the arrival of Sir William Phipps, in May, 1692, with a charter, which deprived the people of the right of electing their chief magis- trate. D. 1697. — Anne, entitled to re- membrance as the author of the first volume of poetry published in America. Her volume was dedicated to her father, in a copy of verses, dated March 20, 1642. The title is, "Several Poems, compiled with great variety of wit and learning, full of delight ; wherein espe- cially is contained a complete discourse and description of the four elements, constituting, ages of man, seasons of the year, together with an exact epitome of the three first monarchies, viz. : the Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, and Roman commonwealth, from the beginning to the end of their last king, with divers other pleasant and serious poems. Bv a Gentlewoman of New England." A third edition was published in 1758. D. 1672, aged 60. — John, a major-general in America, appointed by the king of Great Britain, was, in 1746, lieutenant- governor of St. John's, Newfoundland. He was afterwards distinguished for his military services. It was thought of the highest importance, in the year 1756, to keep open the communication with Fort Oswego, on lake Ontario. General Shirley accordingly enlisted forty com- panies of boatmen, and placed* tliem under the command of Bradstreet. lu the spring of this year, a small stock- aded post of 25 men had been cut off. It became necessary to pass through th« 204 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOa^APHY. BRAJ country with large squadrons of boats, as the enemy infested the passage through the Onondaga river. On his return from Oswego, July, 1756, Ool. Bradsti-eet, who was apprehensive of bein^ ambushed, ordered the several divisions to proceed as near each other as possible. He was at the head of about 3U0 boatmen in the fii'st division, when at the distance of nine miles from the fort, the enemy rose from their am- buscade and attacked him. He in- stantly landed upon a small island, and with but six men maintained his posi- tion, till he was reinforced. A general engagement ensued, in which Brad- street with gallantry rushed upon a more numerous enemy, and entirely routed them, kilhng and wounding about 200 men. His own loss was about 30. In the year 1758, he was intrusted with the command of 3000 men on an expedition asrainst Fort Frontenac, which was planned by himself. On the 27th of August it was surrendered to him. In 1764 he compelled the Delawares, Shawnese, and other Indians, to terms of peace. He was appointed major- general in 1772. D. 1774. BRADWAKDIN, Thomas, a native of Hatfield in Sussex, educated at Ox- ford, where he was proctor and divinity professor. For his great merit as a mathematician, philosopher, and divine, he was made confessor to Edward III. during his wars in France, where as a preacher his eloquenoi? had great in- fluence in restraining the violence and lawless conduct of the military. He became archbishop of Canterbury in 1348, and from his learning was called the " Profound Doctor." Among other things he pubhshed a tract called " Causa Dei," besides " Geometria Speculativa," " Arithmetica Specula- tiva," "Traetatus Proportionum," Ven- ice, 1505. He was consecrated at Avignon. D. 1549. BRADY, Nicholas, an English di- vine ; translator of the ^neid, and, in conjunction with Tate, of the Psalms. B. at Bandon, Ireland, 1659 ; d. 1726.— Robert, an English physician and his- torical writer. D. 1700. BRAKE, TycHo, who has been called the restorer of astronomy, was b. at Knudstorp, in Scania, 1546, of a noble family. His love of astronomy was ear- ly manifested, and his discovery in 1572, of a new star in the constellation Cassi- opeia, made him known to the scientific world. After many travels and adven- tures, he was patronized by his sov- ereign, Fredexick II., who gave him a pension, and the island of Hwen, in the Sound, on which Brahe built a splendid observatory, named Uraniburgh. There he resided nearly twenty years, assidu- ously laboring in his astronomical pur- suits. Soon after the death of Frederic, however, Brahe lost his pensions, be- came an object of persecution, and was compelled to quit his country. The Emperor Rodolph invited him to Prague, and the expatriated astronomer settlea there, in 1598 ; but he did not long sur- vive this removal, for he d. in the Bo- hemian capital, 1601. Brahe discovered two new inequalities in tlie motion of of the moon, made other valuable ob- servations on that satelUte, was, perhaps, the first who had correct ideas of the nature of comets, and, with less happi- ness, invented a new planetary system, which was vainly intended to supersede that of Copernicus. He is the autlior of a " Treatise on the New Phenomena of the Heavens ;" and other astronomical works written in Latin. His poems do not possess much merit, though, on the whole, he was one of the most remarka- ble men of his age. BRAIDWOOD, Thomas, a native of Edinburgh, the first person in Great Britain who, to any extent, undertook to atford instruction to the deaf and dumb. In 1763 he began to practise his valuable ait ; and, in 1723, he removed his establishment from Edinburgh to Hackney. D. 1806. His daughter, who d. in 1819, also conducted a seminary of the same kind. BRAINARD, James G. C, a poet and man of letters, b. in Connecticut, was graduated at Yale college in 1815. He studied the profession of the law and entered into practice at Middletown, Conn. ; but not finding the degree of success that he expected, he returned in a sliort time to his native town, whence he removed to Hartford, to undertake the editorial charge of the " Connecticut Mirror." His poems were chiefly short pieces, composed for the columns of this paper, and afterwards collected in a vol- ume. They display much pathos, bold- ness, and originality. D. of consump- tion, 1828. — David, the celebrated mis- sionary, was b. at Haddam, Connecticut, in 1718. From an early period he was remarkable for a religious turn of mind, and in 1739 became a member of Yale college, where he was distinguished for application and general correctness of conduct. He was expelled from this in- stitution in 1742, in consequence of 9RA\ CYGLOP^EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 205 having said, in the warmth of his reli- gious zeal, that one of the tutors was as devoid of grace as a chair. In the spring of 1743 he began the study of divinity, and at the end of July was licensed to preach. Having received from the So- ciety for propagating Christian Knowl- edge an appointment as missionary to the Indians, he commenced his labors at Kaunameek, a village of Massachusetts, situated between Stockbridge and Alba- ny. He remained there about twelve months, and on the removal of the Kaunameeks to Stockbridge, he turned his attention towards the Delaware In- dians. In 1744 he was ordained at Newark, New Jersey, and fixed his res- idence near the forks of the Delaware in Pennsylvania, where he remained about a year. From this place he re- moved to Crosweeksung, in New Jersey, where his efforts among the Indians were crowned with great success. In 1747 he went to Northampton, Massa- chusetts, wliere he passed the remainder of his life in the family of the celebrated Jonathan Edwards. His publications are a narrative of his labors at Kauna- neek, and his journal of a remarkable work of grace among a number of In- dians in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, 1746. D. 1747. BRAITHWAITE, John, an ingenious mechanic, constructor of a diving ma- chine, with which he explored the Royal George, sunk off Spithead ; the Hartwell East Indiaman, off one of the Cape de Verde Islands; and the Abergavenny East Indiaman, off the Isle of Portland. From the first he only succeeded in raising some guns and an anchor; but from the second and third he brought up property to a very large amount. D. 1818. BRAMAH, Joseph, an English en- gineer, distinguished for the number, value, and ingenuity of his mechanical inventions. Among these were his in- valuable hydrostatic press, his safety .ocks, various improvements in the steam-engine, in the process of making paper, in the construction of main-pipes, wheel-carriages, the beer-machine, &c. .3. 1749 ; d. 1814. BRAMANTE, D'URBINO, Lazaho, & celebrated Italian architect, much em- ployed by Pope Julius II., and who first designed and commenced the church of St. Peter at Rome. He was a skilful painter and musician as well as archi- tect, and a volume of poems from his pen was printed in 1756. D. 1514. BRANCAS, Lauraguais, duke de, 18 a French nobleman, distinguished for his scientific attainments ; discoverer of the composition of the diamond, and a great improver of the manufacture of porcelain. B. 1735 ; d. 1824. BRAND, John, an able and volumi- nous writer on politics and political economy ; author of numerous political pamphlets and some poems. He was rector of Wickham Market, in Suffolk, and of St. George, South wark. D. 1809. — John, an English divine and antiqua- ry; author of the "History and An- tiqiiities of the Town of Newcastle," " Observations on Popular Antiquities," &c. B. 1743; d. 1806. BRANDER, Gustavus, an English an- tiquary and naturalist. He was of a Swedish family, but born in London, where he was an eminent merchant and a director of the bank. He contributed largely to the Transactions of the Anti- quarian Societj. &c. B. 1720; d. 1787. BR ANDES, 'i^RNEST, a Hanoverian author and statesman, b. 1758. He was a friend of Burke ; and published a work on the French revolution, in refutation of Barruel. D. 1810. BRANDT, Sebastian, chancellor of Strasburg ; author of " Varia Carmina," " Navis Stultifera," &c. D. 1520.— Nich- olas, a German chemist, who is said to have discovered phosphorus in 1667, while attempting to find a solvent by which to convert silver into gold. — Ernevold, count de, a Danish states- man, convicted of being concerned in the conspiracy of Count Struensee, and executed in 1772. — George, an eminent Swedish natural philosopher ; author of accounts of various valuable expeu- ments made by him upon the metals. D. 1768. BRANTOME, or Pierre de BOUR- DEILLES, a celebrated French chron- icler. He was a favored attendant upon Charles IX., Henry III., and the duke d'AleuQon ; and his memoirs, though somewhat too free in their details, are highly valuable as graphic and faithful illustrations of an interesting period of French history. BRATTLE, William, a man of ex- traordinary talents and character, grad- uated at Harvard college, 1722. He studied theology and preached with acceptance. His eminence as a lawyer drew around him an abundance 'of clients. As a physician his practice was extensive and celebrated. He was also a military man, and obtained the ap- pointment of major-general of militia. While he secured the favor of the gov- w^ CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bre ernor of the state, he aiso ingratiated himself with the people. At the com- meucement of the American revolution. ail unhappy sympaiiy in the plans ot General Gage induced him to retire into Boston, from which place he accom- panied the troops to Halifax, where he d. 1775. BKAUN, George, a German ecclesi- astic; author of " Lives of Jesus Christ and the Virgin Mary ;" an oration against dissolute clerics, &c. D. 1622. BEAY, Sir Keginald, an Enirlish statesman, and favorite of Henry Vll. He was a frank friend to that sovereign : disdaining to withhold his disapproval when it was deserved. He is chiefly memorable for having superintended the erection of that beautiful structure, Henry VII. 's chapel at Westminster, and for having finisned that of St. George at Windsor. D. 1503. — Thomas, an En- glish divine, who labored with great zeal in propagating the gospel in foreign parts, and who came several times to America to promote that object. B. 1656 ; d. rector of St. Botolph's, Aid- gate, 1730. — William, an industrious antiquary ; editor of Evelyn's Diary and Memo'rs, and a contributor to the Arcliceo.ogia, &c. D. 1832, aged 97. BKEBLUF, George de, a French poet; author of "Lucan Travestie," ''Poetical Eulogies," &c. D. 1661. BREDA, John van, a Dutch painter • a very close imitator of the style oi Wouvermans, D. 1750. BREENBERG, Bartholomew, a cel- ebrated seek refuge in a foreign country. 1, this attempt they were opposed by t! e government, and he was seized with Mr. Bradford and others, just as they were going to Hol- land, in 1607, and imprisoned at Boston, in Lincolnshire. He was the greatest sufferer of the company, because he had the most property. Having with much difficulty and expense obtained his liberty, he first assisted the poor of the society in their embarkation, and then followed them to Holland. His estate being exhausted, he opened a school at Leyden for teaching the En- glish tongue, and being familiar with the Latin, he found no impediment from the want of a language common to both. By means of a grammar, which he formed himself, he soon assisted them to a correct knowledge of the English. ^ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. b By the help of some friends he also set up a printing-press, and published sev- end books against the hierarchy, which could not obtain a license for publication in England. Such was his reputation in the church at Leyden, that he was chosen a ruling &lder, and he accompan- ied the members of it who came to New England in 1620, where he acted for several years as a preacher. D. 1644. BKEYNIUS, James, a botanist of Dantzic ; author of " Fasciculus Planta- rum Rariorum," &c. D. 1697.— John Philip, a naturalist of the 18th century ; author of a treatise on the kermes in- sect, &c. BRIDAINE, James, an eminent French ecclesiastic, whose indefatigable zeal, or itinerant propensities, induced him to undertake 256 journeys, so that his powers were displayed in almost every village throughout France. He was the author of "Spiritual Songs," which were extremely popular. B. 1701 ; d. 1767. BRIDGEWATER, Francis Egebton, duke of, a nobleman who devoted much attention to, and expended large sums In the improvement and extension of canal navigation, seconded by the skill of Brindley. B. 1736 ; d. 1803. BRIDPORT, Alexander Hood, Ad- miral Lord, the youngest brother of Viscount Hood, like his relative, entered the navy early ; and, like him, distin- guished himself on many occasions, as an able and gallant seaman. He bore a fart in the action of the 1st of June, 794, and in June, 1795, defeated a French squadron, and captured three sail of the line. He was created an Irish peer in 1794, an English peer in 1796. D. 1814. BRIENNE, Walter de, a native of Champagne, distinguished for his cour- age at the siege of Acre against the Saracens. He was afterwards king of Sicily, and duke of Apulia, and was killed in 1205, in defending the invaded rights of his wife, Maria Alberic, by whom he obtained his dukedom. His Bon and successor, of the same name, surnamed the great, distinguished him- self also against the Saracens, by whom he was taken prisoner and cruelly put to death, 1251. BRIGHAM, Amariah, a distinguished physician and philanthropist, formerly principtd of the Insan*^ Retreat at Hart- ford, and from 1842 till his death, su- perintendant of the State Asylum for the Insane at Utica, N. Y. B. 1798 : d. 1849. BRIGGS, Henry, a mathematician, b. near Halifax, in 1536, was educated at St. John's, Cambridge, and was first professor of geometry at Grcsham col- lege, and afterwards at Oxford. He resided at Oxford till his decease, 1630. Briggs was a friend of Lord Napier, and mainly contributed to improve and dif- fuse the vtduable invention of loga- rithms. To him also, in fact, belongs the discovery of the binominal theorem, the ditferential method, and other things which have been atti''^ited to a later period. Among his wc. ks are " Arith- metica Logarithmica," ''Trigonometria Britannica," completed by Gellibrand, and "Tables for the Improvement of Navigation." BRIL, Matthew and Paul, natives of Antwerp, and good painters, b. in 1550 and 1554, and eminent for per- formances in history and landscape. Matthew d. 1584; Paul 1626. BRILLAT-SAVARIN, Anthelme, was b. at Belley, on the Savoy frontier of France, in 1755, and at the time of his death, in 1826, filled a place in one of the highest French tribunals. He produced various works; but is best known by his "Physiology of Taste, or Meditations on Transcendental Gas- tronomy," which has passed through several editions. BRINDLEY, James, an imcommon genius for mechanical inventions, and particularly excellent in planning and conducting inland navigations, was b. 1716, at Tunsted, in Derbyshire, and d. at Turnhurst, in Statfordshire, Sep. 27, 1772, having shortened his days by too intense application; for he never in- dulged or relaxed himself in the com- mon diversions of life, not having the least relish for them ; and though once prevailed on to see a play in London, yet he declared that he would on no account be present at another, because it so disturbed his ideas for several days after, as to render him unfit for business. When any extraordinary dif- ficulty occurred to him in the execution of his works, he generally retired to bed ; and has been known to lie thei'e one, two, or three days, till he has sur- mounted it. He would then get up, and execute his design without any drawing or model; for he had a pro- digious memory, and carried every thing in his head. His first great work was the construction of the aqueduct of the Worsley canal over the river Irwell. Among his other most remark- able works were, the canal which joined CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, 209' the navigation of Bristol with that of Liverpool, by the union of the Grand Trunk near Haywood, in Staffordshire to the Severn near Bewdley, and his plan to clear the Liverpool docks from mud, and to check the intrusions of the sea, by walls built without mortar. His at- tachment to inland navigation was such, that when asked the use of rivers, in the house of commons, he bluntly re- plied, to feed navigable canals. BRINVILLIERS, Maria Margaret d'Acbrai, marchioness of, a French lady, known for her intrigues and her crimes. She was, when very young, married, in 16")1, to the marquis of Brinvilliers, and for some time main- tained a character of prudence and chastity. The introduction of a young officer of Gaseony, called de St. 'Croix, into her house, by her husband, how- ever, proved the beginning of her life of irregularity and crime. She loved this stranger with great ardor; but her father, who was sensible of her conduct, confined her lover in the prison of the Bastile, whilst his daughter, devoted herself to religious duties, and assumed the appearance of sanctity. After a year's confinement, de St. Croix, who had in the prison learned the art of mix- ing poison from an Italian of the name of Exili, was permitted to visit his fa- vorite. He communicated the fatal secret of poison, and she with alacrity received it, and unsuspected, by slow degrees, cut off her father, her two bro- thers, and her sister, in 1670; and if she spared her husband, it was because he looked with indifference and without jealousy on her lewdness. An accident brought her crimes to light. St. Croix, in working some subtile poison, was suddenly overpowered by its effluvia, and dropped down dead."^ As no rela- tion appeared to claim his property, it was sealed; but the marchioness in- sisted with such importunity upon ob- taining possession of a particular box, that its contents were examined upon suspicion, and it was discovered to con- tain papers with directions, full of slow poison. After making her escape, she was arrested, put to the torture and condemned to death. Both at the trial and the execution she manifested the most extraordinary self-possession and courage. She was killed, 1676. BRISBANE, Sir Charles, an English admiral, who served at the sieges of Toulon and Bastia. D. 1829. BRISSON, or BRISSONIUS, Barna- bas, an eminent French lawyer and phi- 1ft* lologist, author of a treatise " De Eegio Persarum Principatio," &c. During the siege of Paris by Henry IV., in 1579, he remained in the city, and was com- pelled by the partisans of the League to act as the first president of the parlia- ment ; and his conduct as a magistrate was made the pretext for putting him to death, in 1591. — Mathurin James, a French chemist and naturalist, author of a treatise on " Ornithology," &c. B. 1723; d. 1806. BRISSOT DE WARVILLE, Jean Pierre, one of the most active of the French revolutionists, and from whom a faction was denominated, was b. near Chartres, in 1757, and was originally brought up to the law. He, however, abandoned that pursuit, and became a literary character, and editor of the " Oourrier de I'Ei ope." His first works of any importance were a "Theory of Criminal Law," and a "Philosophical Library of Criminal Law." After hav- ing visited England, he returned to Paris, was patronized by the duke of Orleans, and was sent to the Bastile for an alleged libel. A second time he was on the point of being imprisoned, but he made his escape. In 1788 he went to America; but he did not long remain there. He came back to France in 1789, published his "Travels," and became an active political writer, particularly in the journal called the " French Patriot." To royalty he was decidedly hostile. In 1791 he was elected a member of the legislative assembly, and he bore a pro- minent part in it, as well as in its suc- cessor, the convention. The war be- . tween France and Austria and Great Britain was brought about chiefly by his exertions and intrigues. After tlie death of Louis XVI. the jacobin faction gained the ascendency, and Brissot was at length sent to the scaffold, on the 31st October, 1793. BRITANNICUS, John, an Italian critic and grammarian, b. at Palazzolo near Brescia, about the middle of the loth century, and d. 1510. BRITTON, Thomas, a native of Hic- ham Ferrers, was b. 1654, and, from lus trade and his musical taste, was known as "the musical small coal man." Though he cried his small coal about the streets, he gave concerts at his humble dwelling, at which some of the most eminent professors and persons of fashion attended. He was also a pro- ficient in chemistry, and a collector of books and curiosities. Britton was at last frightened to death, in 1714, by 8 210 OYGLOPJSDIA OF BIO&RAPHY. b brutal ventriloquist, who predicted to him his approaching end. The- terrified votary of music took to his bed, and died in a few days. BROCK, Isaac, major-general in the British army, captured Gen. Hull and his whole army at Detroit, August 16, 1812. He afterwards proceeded to the Niagara frontier, and was killed in the buttle of Queenstown, Oct. 13th. He was rallying his troops, which had been put to flight by a desperate charge of Col. Chrvstie, when he was pierced by three balls. He was a brave and gen- erous officer. During his funeral the guns of the American fort were fired as a token of respect. BEOCKLESBY, Kiuhaed, a physi- cian, was b. at Minehead, in 1722, took his degree at Leydeii, in 1745, and, after having been physician to the army in Germany, settled in London, where he became popular. D. 1797. Brocklesby was a liberal-minded man, and was in habits of friendship with the most emi- nent of his cotemporaries. Some med- cal tracts, and a " Dissertation on the Siusic of the Ancients," are his only productions. BRODEAU, John, was b. at Tours, in 1500, and rose to such eminence as a scholar and critic, that Scaliger,. Grotius, and others, have bestowed on his merits the most unbounded encomiums. He studied law under Alciat, and afterwards applied himself to philosophy and belles lettres, of which he became the support and the ornament. After travelling in Italy, he returned to France, where he lived in literary retirement, and honor- able independence. D. 1563. His an- notations on several of the classics vere published after his death. BRODZINSKI, CAsmm, one of the most distinguished of the modern poets of Poland. He was b. near the town of Lipno, 1791, and in early life served in an artillery corps. He fought against Russia in 1812, and was at the battle of Leipsic, where he was taken prisoner. Being liberated on his parole he went to Cracow, and soon after to Warsaw, where he acted as professor of aesthetics in the university. He wrote vigorously in defence of the romanticists as against the classic school of critics. After the insurrection of 1831 the university oi* Warsaw was suppressed. This preyed upon his mind so that he d. at Dresden, 1835. BROECKHOUSEN, Jan Van, a dis- tinguished Dutch scholar; author of poems, and editor of some valuable edi- tions of Propertius, TibuUus, and other classics. D. 1707. BROGLIE, Victor Feancis, duke de, a giillant French general under the old monarchy, who emigrated at the com- mencement of the revolution, and put himself at the head of a corps of emi- grants at Champaigue. B. 1718 ; d. ISOi. BROGLIO, Victor Maurice, count de, marshal of France, was b. of an illustri- ous family at Quercy, and distinguished himself in the service of Louis XIV. D. 1727, aged 80. — Francis Marie, his son, was also marshal of France, and de- served the highest honors by his war- like conduct in Italy, and in the cam- paigns of 1733 and 1734. D. 1745.— Victor Francis, a son of the last, also a marshal, was the conqueror of Berngen, and greatly distinguished during the seven years' war. He quitted France in 1794, and retired to Russia, where he was received with honorable distinction, and raised to the same rank which he held in the emperor's service. — Clau- dius Victor, prince de Broglio, son of the preceding, espoused the party of the republicans at the beginning of the rev- olution, and was flattered by the dema- gogues with the title of marshal. His refusal to receive as law, while coimnan- der of the army of the Rhine, the de- cree which suspended the king's author- ity, proved fatal to him. He was called to Paris, and condemned to death by the revolutionary tribunal. He was guillo- tined, 1794, aged 37. BROKE, Sir Philip Bowes Vere, an English rear-admiral, who performed a great many services to his country, the chief of which was the capture of the American ship Chesapeake by the Shan- non in June, 1813. B. 1776 ; D. 1841. BROME, 2\.LEXANDER, an attorney and satirical poet, whose writings, on the side of Charles I., are said to have great- ly obstructed the progress of puritanism. In addition to writing satirical songs, he translated from Lucretius and Horace, and wrote a comedy, called " The Cun- ning Lovers." B.1620; d. 1666.— Rich- ard, an English dramatist, cotcmpora- ry with Ben Jonson, to whom he was originally servant, but who rose by force of his native genius to considerable emi- nence. His comedies were formerly very popular, but they are not now perform- ed. D. 1632. BROMFIELD, William, an eminent English surgeon; author of " Chirurgi- car Observations and Cases," " The City Match," a comedy, &c. B. 1712 ; d. 1792. BRONSTED, Peter Oluf, a philolo- BROJ CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHi Sll ger and antiquarian, of Jutland, vrho wrote an account of his " Travels and Eesearches in Greece," which is greatly esteemed by men of science. B. 1781 ; d. 1842. BRONGNIAKT, Axtgustus Louts, apotliecary to Louis XVI., was one of those who earliest and most sedulously contributed, by his lectures, to diffuse a knowledge of physics and chemistiy in France. D. at JParis, 1804. Besides many scientific essays, he is the author of an " Analytical Description of the Combinations and Decompositions of various Substances." BEONKHOEST. Petee Van, a Dutch painter, b. at Delft, 1588, and d. 1661. He painted, with great success, perspec- tive views of temples and churches, enlivened with small but well-executed human figures. In the town-house of Delft is his representation of Solomon's judgment. — John van, b. at Leyden, 1648, learned the art of painting with- out any instruction, and attained to a high degree of perfection. He princi- pally painted animals, and was particu- larly successful in his birds. The light- ness and brilliancy of the feathers are represented with much truth. He was a pastry-cook and painted merely for his amusement. — Another John van, b. at Utrecht, 1603, was a painter on glass. His works in the new church at Amster- dam are much esteemed. He has also engraved some works of Cornelius Poel- enburg. BRONZING, Anoelo, a painter of the Florentine school, and imitator of Michael Angelo, flourished about 1550. He painted a great number of portraits, and his historical paintings are distin- guished by the striking and pleasing features of the heads they contain. One of his best paintings is a " Christ," in the church of Santa Croce, at Florence. It is remarkable for its grouping and coloring, as well as for the heads, many of which are the portraits of his friends and cotemporaries ; yet it is not alto- gether free from mannerism and affecta- tion. D. at Florence, 1570. BEOOCMAN, Chables Ulkic, a Swe- dish writer on education, especially as regards the education of teachers. His Srincipal work is " An Account of the Iducational Institutions of Germany," from the earliest period up to his own time. D. 1812. BROOKE, Sir Eobert, chief justice of the common pleas in the reign of Queen Mary, and author of various legal works. D. 1558.— Feances, a clever novelist and dramatic writer ; authoress of " Lady Juliet Mandeville," and other novels ; the tragedies of " Virginia," and the "Siege of Sinope ;" "Eosina," a musical entertainment, &c. D. 1789. — Henry, a political and literary writer ; author of " Letters Addressed to the People of Ireland," "The Earl of Wesfc- mor eland," a tragedy, the celebrated novel of "The Fool of Quality," &c. B. at Rantavan, in Ireland, 1706 ; d. 1783. — James, a political writer and poet. He succeeded Wilkes as editor of the "North Briton," which he continued to conduct to the end of its publication. D. 1807. BROOKES, Joshua, an eminent anato- mist and surgeon, b. 1761. After study- ing under the most celebrated men of his day, commenced his career as a pro- fessor of anatomy, pathology, and sur- gery, when about 26 years of age. His museum was enriched with the choicest anatomical specimens and osteological preparations ; and the lectures on anato- my and its kindred sciences, which during a long life he was in the habit of delivering to his pupils, (of whom he could reckon 7000,) laid the foundation of their scientific fame to some of the most distinguislied members of the pro- fession. D. 1833. 'BROOKS, John, b. at Medford, Mass., 1752, was originally a physician, but oil the breaking out of the revolution, took up arms in behalf of his country. He was soon raised to the rank of major in the continental service, and was distin- guished for his knowledge of tactics, being associated with Baron Steuben, in. the duty of introducing a uniform sys- tem of exercise and manoeuvres. In 1777 he was appointed lieutenant-colo- nel, and had no small share in the capture of Burgoyne, on the 7th of October, at Saratoga. When the conspiracy of some of the officers against the commander- in-chief, in March, 1783, had well nigh ruined the country, "Washington rode up to Brooks and requested him to keep his officers within quarters, to prevent their attending the insurgent meeting. Brooks replica, "Sir, I have anticipated your wishes, and my orders are given." 'Washington took him by the hand, and said, " Colonel Brooks, this is just what I expected from you." He was one of the committee who brought in the reso- lutions of the officers, expressing' their abhorrence of this plot, and also one of that appointed by the officers to adjust their accounts with congress. After the army was disbanded, he resumed thQ practice of medicine in Medford. He 212 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bR6 was for many years major-general of the third division of the Massachusetts mi- litia. In 1812 he was appointed adju- tant-general, which office he held during the last war with England. In 1816 he was i-lected govenn)r almost without opposition, and was annually re-elected till 1838, when he declined being a can- didate. D. 1825. — Eleazer, a brigadier- general in Concord, Mass., in 1726. Without the advantages of education, he acquired a valuable fund of knowl- edge. It was his practice in early life to read the most approved books, and then to converse with the most intelli- gent men respecting them. In 1774 he was chosen a representative to the gen- eral court, and continued 37 years in public life, being successively a repre- sentative, a member of the senate, and of the council. He took a decided part in the American revolution. At the head of a regiment, he was engaged in the battle of White Plains, in 1776, and distinguished himself by his cool, de- termined bravery. D. 1806. BROOME, Dr. William, an English divine and poet. In addition to his own poems, and a translation of Anacreon's Odes, he contributed eight books to Pope s translation of the Odyssey ; but having complained of his scanty remu- neration, his brother bard rewarded him with a niche in the Dunciad. He was vicar of Eye, Suffolk. D. 1745. BROSCHI, Carlo, better known by the name of Farinelli, one of the finest singers ever known. He was retained to divert the melancholy of Philip V. of Spain, and acquired vast political power in the reigns of that monarch and his successor. Unlike the generality of royal favorites, he behaved with invari- able modesty and honor. B. at Naples, 1705; d. 1782. BROSSARD, Sebastian de, an emi- nent French musician ; author of " Pro- domus Musicalis," &c. D. 1730. BROSSE, Guy de la, a French botan- ist and physician to Louis XIII. ; author Df " L'Ouverture du Jardin Royal," and 3ther botanical works. D. 1751. BROSS ES, Charles de, a French law- yer, and the school-fellow and friend of Buffon ; author of " Letters on Hercu- laneum," &c. B. 1709 ; d. 1777. BROTHERS, Richard, a fanatic, who, in 1793, commenced his career as the apostle of a new religion, and announced himself as " nephew of the Almighty and prince of the Hebrews, appointed to lead them to the land of Canaan." He predicted various changes as about to occur, and his disciples were not con- fined to the poor and ignorant. The great orientalist, Halhed, and other men of unquestionable ability were advocates of his claims, but his career at lengtu attracted the notice of government, and he was committed to Bedlam for life as a confirmed lunatic. He published sev- eral works on his peculiar views of the- ology. BROTIER, Gabriel, a learned French Jesuit, and librarian to the college of Louis le Grand; author of a treatise " On the Ancient Hebrew, Greek, and Roman Coins," an excellent edition of "Tacitus," and other classics, &c. B. 1723; d. 1789. — Andrew Charles, a French abbe, nephew of the above. He was a friend to the royalist cause, and the editor of "L'Annee Litteraire," which was so obnoxious to the party in Eower that he was transported to Guiana. ►. 1798. BROUGHTON, Hugh, a learned He- brew scholar and polemical writer, who was educated at the expense of the cele- brated Bernard Gilpin. B. 1549 ; d. 1612. — Thomas, a prebendary of Salisbury, and a literary character of considerable merit; author of "Christianity distinct from the. Religion of Nature," "Disser- tations on the Prospects of Futurity," " Hercules," a drama, &c. He was also one of the principal contributors to the Biographia Britannica. D. 1774. BROUNCKER, William, Lord, the first president of the Royal Society at Oxford, and author of some papers in the Philosophical Transactions, &c. D. 1584. BROUSSAIS, Francois Joseph Vic- tor, a celebrated French physician ; the author of some very learned medical works, which for a time had the most extensive influence in France, and are still not without their adherents. B. 1772 ; d. 1838. BROUSSONET, Peter Augustus Ma- ria, an eminent French naturalist; au- thor of " Icthyologia," "Variae Positi- ones circa Respirationera," &c. B. 1761 ; d. 1807. BROUWER, Adrian, a celebrated painter of the Dutch school, was b. at Haerlem, in 1608, or more probably at Oudenarde, where his father was a painter of common paper hangings. Poverty contributed perhaps to form his talents. When a child, he painted flow- ers, and birds to be stitched on caps, which were sold by his mother.- Francis Hals, a skilful painter, expecting to profit by the talents of the young artist, took BRO] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 213 him to Haerlem. Here, amidst wearisome labors and poor diet, Brouwer spent the greater part of his time in a garret, occu- pied in making little paintings, of the value of which he was ignorant, while Hals kept the profits of them to himself. Two pretty painting of his, "The Five Senses" and "The Twelve Months," are mentioned as belonging to that period. By tlie advice of Adrian of Ostade, his fellow-pupil, he escaped to Amsterdam, where he was surprised to hear that his paintings were esteemed. He now gained considerable sums by his labors ; but, in- stead of devoting himself to his art, he made the inn his workshop, never ex- erting himself till the hostess insisted upon payment. He threw into the fire a painting for which he did not receive the price demanded, and began a new one with more care. Having gone to Antwerp during the wars of the Low Countries, he was thrown into prison as a spy. He declared that he was a paint- er, appealing to the duke of Ahremberg, who was likewise imprisoned there ; and, at the prince's intercession, having been provided with materials, he painted his guards playing at cards with so much expression and truth, that Rubens, at the sight of the picture exclaimed, " This is Brouwer's work; none but he can succeed so well in such subjects." Ru- bens effected his release by standing bail for him, clothed him, and received him into his house and at his table. Brouwer, however, instead of being grateful for this generosity, escaped secretly, to plunge into still greater ex- travagancies. He took lodgings with a baker, Craesbeke, who became a skUful painter by his instructions. This man, whose inclinations agreed with those of Brouwer, had a handsome wife, and the connection between these three persons became so intimate that they were obliged to flee from justice. Brouwer went to Paris, but finding no employ- ment there returned to Antwerp, where he d. in the hospital, in 1640. BROWALLIUS, John, bishop of Abo ; an eminent naturalist, and the author of various tracts on botany, &c. D. 1755. BROWN, John, an eminent clergy- man and multifarious writer, b. 1715, atRothbury, Northumberland, educated at St. John's college, Cambridge ; and after various church preferments became chaplain to the king. The chief of his numerous works are, "Essays on the Characteristics of the Earl of Shaftes- bury," " Barbarossa," a tragedy; an "Estimate of the Manners and Princi- ples of the Times," a "History of the Rise and Progress of Poetry," and "Thoughts on Civil Liberty, Licentious- ness, and Faction." It is supposed that his mental exertions were too great, for he fell into a state of deiection which terminated in his death by nis own hand, in 1766. — John, a Scotch painter and acthor, favorably known in the former character by his painting of the bust of Homer from the Townley marbles, and by his portrait of Pope. As an author he is even more distinguished bj? his " Letters on the Poetry and Music of the Italian Opera," which he addressed to his friend Lord Monboddo. B. 1752 ; d. 1787. — Robert, the founder of the sect of the Brownists, b. at Northamp- ton, was related to Lord Burleigh. He pursued his studies at Cambridge. About 1580, he began to attack the government and liturgy of the church, had many followers, and was soon im- prisoned by the ecclesiastical commis- sions, but was liberated by the interest of Loi'd Burleigh. He then settled at Middleburgh, in Holland, collected a congregation, and wrote a book, entitled a "Treatise of Reformation, without tarrying for any Man." In 1585, how- ever, he returned to England, became engaged in contests with the bishops, was disowned by his father, and was at length excommunicated. Conviction, or perhaps policy, now induced him to conform, and in 1590 he obtained a liv- ing in Northamptonshire. His end was in unison with his life. At the age of more than 80, he was committed to jaU for striking a constable and abusing a magistrate, and he d. shortly after his committal. He used to boast, " that he had been incarcerated in thirty-two prisons, in some of which he could not see his hand at noonday." His sect long survived him. In the civil wars it bore the name of the Independents.— Thomas, a writer of talent and of con siderable though coarse wit, was the son of a farmer at Shifnal, and was ed- ucated at Christ church, Oxford, but quitted college on account of his irregu- larities. For a while he was a school- master at Kingston, in Surrey. Quitting this situation, however, he settled in London, as an author by profession, and gained notoriety by his lampoons, his humor, and his conversational powers. He d. in 1704. His works form 4 vols. 12mo. — Ulysses Maximilian, an Austri- an field-marshal, the son of an expatria- ted Irish officer, was b. at Basil, in 1705 ; ^44 CrCLOPyEDIA OF BIOGRAPHf. [Bftd Berved with distinction against the Turks, and at the battles of Farma and Gaastalla; was made field-marshal in 1789 ; signalized his talents in Italy, from 1744 to 1746, particularlv at the bat- tle of Placentia ; and d. in the Bohemi- an capital in 1757, of the wounds which he received at the battle of Prague. — John, celebrated as the parent of the Brunonian system of medicine, b. 1735, at Buncle, in Berwickshire, originally studied with a view to the church, but afterwards commenced the study of Ehysic. For a while he was patronized y Dr. Cullen. He, however, quarrelled with that gentleman, and became his active opponent. After many strug- gles and vicissitudes he settled in Lon- don, in 1786, and d. there, October, 1788. leaving a numerous family in want'. His misfortunes principally arose from his habits of intemperance. His medi- cal system is developed in his " Elemen- ta Medicinse," and has, at least, the merit of simplicity, as it classes all dis- eases under two heads — those of defi- cient and those of redundant excitement. — John, an eminent landscape engraver, was a fellow-pupil of Woollet, and for some time worked in conjunction with him. Their teacher's name wasTinney. Brown acquired considerable reputation for the taste and spirit of his burin, and became an associate of the Royal Acade- my. D. at the age of 60, 1801.— Wil- liam, a celebrated gem engraver, b. 1748. At the commencement of his career he was patronized by Catharine of Eussia, and subsequently by Louis XVI. The French revolution drove him from Paris, and he settled in London, where he pro- duced many excellent works. D. 1825. —John, a painter, b. at Edinburgh, in 1752, resided 10 years in Italy, and ac- quired there a knowledge of all the ele- gant arts. On his return, he settled at Edinburgh, in which city he d. 1787. He was the intimate friend of Lord Mon- boddo, to whom he addressed his " Let- ters on the Poetry and Music of the Italian Opera." They were published by the learned judge in 1789. — Charles Brockden, an American novelist and man of letters, was b. in Philadelphia in January, 1771. After a good school ed- ucation, he commenced tlie study of the law, in the office of an eminent member of the bar. During the preparatory term, his mind was much engaged in literary pursuits, and when the time ap- proached for his admission into the courts, he resolved to abandon the pro- fession altogether. His passion for let- ters, and the weakness of his physical constitution,disqualifled him for the bus- tle of business. His first publication was " Alcuin, a Dialogue on the Rights of Women," written in the autumn and winter of 1797. The first of his novels, issued in 1798, was " Wieland," a power- ful and original romance, which soon ac- quired reputation. After this followed "Ormond," '' Artliar Mervyn," "Edgar Huntley," and "Clara Howard," in rapid succession, the last being published in 1801. The last of his novels, " Jane Talbot," was originally p4^iblished in London, in 1804, and is much inferior to its predecessors. In 1799, Brown published the first number of the "Monthly Magazine and American Re- view," a work which he continued for about a year and a half, with much in- dustry and ability. In 1805 he coiur- menced another journal, with the title of " The Literary Magazine and Ameri- can Register," and in this undertaking he persevered for five years. During the same interval he found time to write three large political pamphlets, on thd " Cession of Louisiana," on the "British Treaty," and on " Commercial Restric- tions." In 1806 he commenced a semi- annual " American Register," five vol- umes of which he lived to complete and publish, and which must long be con- sulted as a valuable body of annals. Be- sides these works, and many miscellane • ous pieces published in different peri- od] cms, he left in manuscript an unfin- ished system of geography, which ha8 been represented to possess uncommon merit. D. of consumption, 1810. — John, b. 1786, in Providence^ R. L, was a leader of the party which, in 1772, destroyed the British sloop of war Gasper, in Nar- raganset Bay. He became an enterpri- sing and wealthy merchant, and was the first in his native state who traded with the East Indies and China. He was chosen a member of congress, and was a generous patron of literature, and a freat projector of works of public utility. >. 1803. — Dr. Thomas, a man eminent as a metaphysician, moral philosopher, and poet, b. at Kirkmabreck, in Scot- land, in 1777, displayed an early acute- ness and thirst for knowledge. His first education was received in the vicinity of London, and was completed at the university of Edinburgh. At the age of twenty he wrote a masterly answer to Darwin's "Zoonomia." In 1810 he succeeded Mr. Stewart, at Edinburgh, as professor of moral philosophy, and soon gained universal admiration as a BRO] CiOLOPiEDlA OF BIOGRAPHY. n% lecturer, by his elor^uence and talents, and aifection loj his kindness to the students. His brilliant career was un- fortunately cut short, by consumption, on the 2d of April, 1820. As a philoso- Eher, his reputation is established by is inquiry into the " Relation of CausiB and Effect," "Lectures on the Philoso- phy of the Human Mind," and "Physi- ology of the Mind." As a poet, by his poems, in two volumes : " Agnes," "The Wanderer of Norway," and "The Paradise of Coquettes." — William, a poet, b. in 1590, was a native of Tavi- stock, and was educated at Oxford. In 1624 he became tutor to the earl of Caernarvon, who fell at the battle of Newbury, and he subsequently resided in the family of the earl of Pembroke. His death is supposed to have taken 'place about 1645. His " Britannia's Pas- torals," which were published in his 23d year, and his "Shepherd's Pipe," have great merit. Discursiveness and an occasional quaintness are the faults of his poetry ; but they are redeemed by a lively fancy, much power of de- scription, and flowing numbers. — Jacob, general, and at the time of his death at the head of the American army. In early life he belonged to the sect of the Quakers, and was employed as a teacher of youth. In 1799 he went on to the frontiers, and purchased a lot of land, took his axe, and began to fell the forest with his own hand, in order to com- mence a settlement. This was soon done. He purchased more land, and was made agent for M. Le Eoy de Chau- mont, a distinguished Frenchman, who owned a large 1;ruct of that country, and was industrious in obtaining settlers, and when he had enough for a company of militia, they were formed, and he so far shook off the Quaker as to take command of them, at their urgent re- quest. From the command of a compa- ny he soon found himself at the head of a regiment. At the commencement of the war of 1812 he was raised to the oflSce of major-general of militia. The general government soon after proffered him a high command in the army of the United States. It was accepted, and he moved on from one degree of fame to another in this short war, until he found himself at the head of the army ; and at the retuni of peace he made his head- quarters at Washington. D. 1828. BEOWNE, Sir Thomas, a physician and eminent writer, b. in London, 1605, and educated at Winchester and Oxford. He took his degree at Leyden, and set- tled at Norwich, where he gained extieil- sive practice. His "Eehgio Medici" having been surreptitiously published, he gave to the world a correct edition in 1642, which was soon translated into several languages, and repeatedly re- printed. It was attacked by many wri- tefs, some of whom, with equal absurdi- ty and injustice, accused the author of being an infidel, and even an atheist. This work was followed bv his celebria- ted "Treatise on Vulgar Errors," and " Hydriotaphia, or a Treatise on Urn Burial," published together with " The Garden of Cyrus." D. 1682. Browne was a man of great benevolence, and of extensive erudition. His style is singu- lar and pedantic, but has generally strength, and often felicity of expres- sion. — His son Edward, who was b. about 1642. and d. 1708, was president of the College of Physicians, and is the author of an account of his own "Trav- els in Austria, Hungary, Thessaly, and Italy."— Simon, b. at Shepton Mallet, 1680, became a dissenting minister, first at Portsmouth, and next in the Old Jewry, in which latter situation he re- mained till 1723, when his reason wa§ shaken by the loss of his wife and his only son. The monomania which afflict- ed him was of an extraordinary kind. Though retaining the power of reason- ing acutely, he believed that God "had annihilated in him the thinking sub- stance," and that though he seemed to speak rationally, he had "no more no- tion of what ne said than a parrot.'' Imagining himself no longer a moral agent, he refused to bear a part in any act of worship. While in this state, however, he continued to write forcibly, and, among other things, produced a "Defence of the Eeligion of Nature, and the Christian Eevelation, against Chris- tianity as old as the Creation." To thi^ he prefixed a dedication to Queen Cai-o- line, in which he affectingly expatiated on his soulless state. His friends sup- pressed this melancholy proof of his singular insanity ; but it is preserved in the "Adventurer." D. 1732. He U the author of hymns, sermons, and vari- ous controversial and theological pieces. — Sir William, a physician, an eccentrio but amiable character, b. 1692, studied at Cambridge, and settled at Lynn, whence he removed to London, where he d. 1774. In dress, style, and manners he was a complete oddity, a circumstance which exposed him to the shafts of satire. He had, however, the good sense and dignity of mind to smile &\ 216 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bru Buch attacks. At Lynn he nailed to his house door a pamplilet which was writ- ten against him ; and when Foote carica- tured him, in the " Devil on Two Sticks," Browne sent him a note, prais- ing the accuracy of the mimic's persona- tion, and sending him his own muff to complete the picture. Browne left three gold medals to be yearly given to Cam- bridge under-graduates, for Greek and Latin compositions ; and founded a scholarship at Peterhouse, where he was educated. He translated " Grego- ry's Elements of Dioptrics," and collect- ed, under the title of " Opuscula," his own light pieces. — George, count de, an Irish Catholic, b. in 1698, entered into the Russian service. He saved the Empress Anna Ivanovna from the con- spiracy of the guards, and served with distinction under Lascy, Munich, and Keith. On the banks of the Volga he stopped, with only three thousand men, the whole Turkish army. He was, how- ever, taken prisoner by the Turks, and sold as a slave, but escaped. In the seven years' war, he distinguished him- self at the battles of Prague, Kollin, Jaegendorf, and Zorndoi-ff. His services were rewarded with tlie government of Livonia. After having held it thirty years, he wished to retire, but Catherine II. replied, "Death alone shall part us." D. 1792. — Moses, a divine and poet, was b. in 1703, and was originally a pencut- ter; but, through the interest of Har- vey, he obtained orders, and the living of Olney, in Buckinghamshire. D. in 1787, at Morden college, of which he was chaplain. He is the author of sev- eral works, tlie principal of which are "Piscatory Eclogues, and "Sunday Thoughts." Browne was a great lover of angling, and published an edition of Walton's Angler. — Isaac Hawkins, a native of Burton-upon-Trent, b. 1706, studied at Westminster, Cambridge, ana Lincoln's Inn, was called to the bar, and became M. P. for Wenlock. Though a man of infinite wit, he was mute in par- liament. He is the author of an excel- lent Latin poem, on the "Immortality of the Soul," which has been niore than once translated, and also of "Poems." Of his minor poems, the " Pipe of To- bacco," in which he admirably imitates six poets of that period, is the best known, and is deservedly popular. D. 1766. — Patrick, a botanist and physi- cian, b. at Crossboyne, in Ireland, 1720 ; studied physic at Paris and Leyden. He then went to the West Indies, which he had visited in his youth, and finally took up his abode at Jamaica. Ketum- ing at length to Ireland, he d. in 1720, at Kusbrook, in the county of Mfuo. His chief work is the " Civil and Nat- ural History of Jamaica." — William Georue, an English traveller, a man of fortune, who penetrated into the interior of Africa, and was the first who gave an account of the African kingdoms of Darfur and Bornou. His " Travels in Africa, Egypt, and Assyria, from 1792 to 1798," were published in 1799. About the year 1814 he was murdered in Per- sia, while on his way to explore the re- gions south of the Caspian. BRUCE, Robert, the deliverer of Scot- land from the English yoke, a descend- ant, by the female side, from David, bro- ther of William I. Like his father, who was a competitor for the crown with Ba- liol, he at first fought under the English banners. He, however, at length asserted his right to the sovereignty, and was crowned at Scone, in lo06. After many reverses, he totally defeated Edward II., in 1814, at Bannockburn, and thus es- tablished himself firmly on the throne. He d. in 1329. Tradition says, that after one of the 'defeats which he sustained at the outset of his career, when Bruce was hiding from his enemies, and almost disposed to relinquish his enterprise in despair, he was animated to persever- ance by the example of a spider, which he saw foiled in nine attempts to reach a certain point, but which persisted, and succeeded in the tenth. — James, one of the most celebrated of modern travellers. F(ir a short time he held the post of British consul at Algiers, but resigned it in order to gratify his passion for travelling. After traversing the greater portion of Asia Minor, he set out on a journey to ascertain the source of the Nile. An account of this journey he subsequently published ; and some of his statements, particularly those which referred to the manners anfd customs of Abyssinia, were received with mingled incredulity and ridicule. Though greatly annoyed by the disgraceful illiberality with which he had been treated, he bore the taunts and sneers of his shallow critics with a taciturn pride, not deign- ing to satisfy disbelief, or to disarm ridi- cule, but trusting the day would ere long arrive when the truth of what he had written would be confirmed by others ; and it is now clearly proved, from the statements of many subsequent travel- lers, that he was every way undeserving of the censure bestowed upon him. B. at Kinnaird house, Stirlingshire, 1780; CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 217 and d. in consequence of an injury sus- tained by tjiHina: down stairs, at his pa- ternal estate, 1794. — John, an able writer on commerce, moral philosophy, and political economy ; author of " First rrinciples of Philosophy," " Annals of the Ejist India Comptiny," &c. D. 1826, aged 82. — Michael, a Scotch poet. His f)arents being of the poorest class, his ear- y life was one of considerable privation. This, and his ardent attachment to po- etry, probably aggravated a constitu- tional predisposition to consumption, and he d. in the 21st year of his age, in 1767. His poems are few in number, but singulany plaintive and elegant.—. Peter Henry, a German military officer of Scotch descent. He was at the battle of Pruth, and was several times em- ployed by the Kussian court in diplomat- ic missions. His memoirs, published after his death, give some curious details of his travels. He d. in Scotland, in 1757. BRUCKER, John James, a German Lutheran clergyman; author of " His- toria Critica Philosophise," &c. B. 1696 ; d. 1770. BRUCKNER, John, a Lutheran di- vine, pastor of the Walloon congrega- tion at Norwich ; author of " Theo'rie du Systeine Animale," " Criticism on the Diversions of Purley," &c. B. 1726 : d. 1804. BRUEYS, David Augustin, a French dramatic writer ; in early life a Protest- ant, but afterwards a bigoted adherent to the Catholic faith. B.'l640 ; d. 17.>3. — Francis Paul, a gallant French admi- ral, commanding the fleet which con- veyed the army of Bonaparte to Egypt, and killed at the battle of the Nile. BRUGMANS, Sebald Justinus, a learned Dutchman, physician-in-chief of the army, and the author of some valuable medical works. After the union of Holland with France, Napoleon made him inspector-general of the hos- pitals ; and it has been remarked that 80 skilful were his arrangements, that the number of deaths by" wounds and diseases was never increased by hospital fevers. After the battle of Waterloo, he promptlv procured medical aid for up- wards of 20,000 men. B. 1763 ; d. 1819. BRUGNATELLT, Louis, an Italian f)bysician and chemist ; author of " Bib- iotheca Tisica d'Europe," &c. B. 1726 ; d. 1818. BRUGUIERES, John William, a French naturalist and physician ; author of many essays on subjects of natural bibtory, the best of which is the " Nat- 19 ural History of Worms" in the Ency- clopedic Methodique. D. 17 /9. BRUGHL, Henry, count of, minister of Augustus III. king of Poland ; one of the most artful and expensive courtiers that ever governed a weak and credulous prince. He kept 200 domestics, paying them better than the king himself, ana furnishing a more sumptuous table ; but, as was natural, he plunged the country into debt and disgrace. B. 1700 ; d. 1763.— Frederic, a son of the preceding, besides being remarkable for his skill in the fine arts, wrote several good plays. D. 1793. — Hans Moritz, his nephew, gained sojne reputation a» an astronomer and political economist, and d. while Saxon ambassador in Lon- don, 1809. BRUMOY, Peter, a learned French Jesuit; author of the " Thekre des Grecs," " History of the Galilean Church," &c. B. 1688 ; d. 1742. BRUNCK, Richard Francis Philip, a profound classical scholar and critic, was b. at Strasburg, but educated by the Jesuits at Parish For some time he was employed in state affairs, but at length devoted himself wholly to study ; and produced the " Greek Anthology," be- sides highly viduable editions of Aris- tophanes, Sophocles, Virgil, &c. When the revolution broke out, he took part in it, and was imprisoned at l^esangon by the tyrant Robespierre, whose death, however, released him. B. 1729 ; d. 1803. BRUNEAU, Mathurin, an adventu- rer, who, in 1818, assumed the title of Charles of France, was the son of a clog- maker. After numerous efforts to pass for some person of importance, he was incarcerated, and from his confinement addressed a letter, signed Dauphin Bour- bon, to the governor of the Isle of Guernsey, requesting him to inform his Britannic Majesty of the captivity of Louis XVII. This letter being inter- cepted by the local authorities, Bruneau was transferred to the prison at Rouen , here he engaged a person named Bran- zon as his secretary, who found means so far to impose on the Duchess d'An- gouleme, as to obtain her interest ; and at length a party in his favor procured him abundant supplies. This encour- aged the enterprise, until the principal, his secretary, and many friends were brought before the bar of justice, where Bruneau was declared an impostor and a vagabond, and condemnen to seven years' imprisonment. Finding, how- ever, that the fraud was still maintained 218 CTCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bro by a powerful party, he was removed to the prison at Caen in 1821, and was af- terwards sent to end his days in the castle of Mont Saint Michael. BRUNEL, Sir Isambert, the well- known executor of that great work of engineering skill, the Thames Tunnel, was b. at Hacqueville, in Normandy, 1769. He was intended for the church; but he soon evinced so strong a predi- lection for the physical sciences, and so great a genius for mathematics, that he entered the royal navy, made several voyages to the West Indies, and returned home in 1792. During the French revo- lution he emigrated to the United States, where necessity fortunately compelled him to follow the natural bent of his mind, and to adopt the profession of a civil engineer. Here he was engaged in many ^reat works ; but, determined upon visiting England, he offered his services to the British government ; and, after much opposition to his plans for making ship-blocks by machinery, he was employed to execute them in Plymouth dock-yard. He selected Mr. Henry Maudsley to assist in the execu- tion of the work ; and thus was laid the foundation of one of the most extensive engineering establishments in the king- dom. The visit of the Emperor Alex- ander to England, after the peace, led him to submit to the emperor a plan for making a tunnel under the Neva ; where the accumulation of ice, and the sudden- ness with which it breaks up on the termination of winter, rendered the erec- tion of a bridge a work of great difficulty. This was the origin of his plan for a tunnel under the Thames, which had been twice before attempted without success. D. 1849. BRUNELLESCHI, Philip, a Floren- tine architect, patronized by Cosmo de Medici. Among the chief of his archi- tectural works are the Pitti palace^ the monastery of Fiesole, and the cupola of the cathedral church of Santa Maria del Friare at Florence. He was also a sculp- tor and a poet, as well as an architect ; and some of his burlesque verses are published with those of Burchiello. B. 1377 ; d. 1446. BRUNNER, John Conrad, Baron de Brunn, a Swiss physician and anato- mist ; author of various tracts on physi- ology and anatomy. B. 1653; d. 1727. BRUNO, a saint of the Roman calen- dar, and founder of the Carthusian order of monks, the first house of which he established in the desert of Chartreuse. B. 1030; d. 1101.— The Great, arch- bishop of Cologne and duke of Lorraine ; an able politician, who took a conspicu- ous part in all the great transactions of his time. He was the brother of the Emperor Otho I. D. 965. — Giordano, a Neapolitan, and originally a monk of the Dominican order. Tiie boldness with which he censured the irregulari- ties of his monastery obliged him to leave it ; and flying to Geneva, he em- braced the Protestant religion. Beza and Calvin, however, obliged him to quit that city, and he proceeded to Paris, where he excited much attention by his strictures on the Aristotelian philoso- phy. After visiting England he settled at Padua, where his freedom of speech attracted the attention of the Inquisition of Venice. He was apprehended, and refusing to recant, he was burnt in 1600. BRUNSWICK, Ferdinand, duke of, one of the principal generals in the seven years' war in Germany. B. 1721; d. 1792.— WOLFENBUTTEL, Maximilian Julius Leopold, brother of the prece- ding, a prince whose name is revered for his disinterested benevolence and hu- manity, of which the last action of his life is a striking example : — During a terrible inundation of the Oder, which spread destruction in the neighborhood of Frankfort, where the pi'ince com manded a regiment in the garrison, hia zeal to save the lives of a family sur- rounded by the waters, induced him to put off in a boat to their assistance, when he was swept away by the torrent and perished in the attempt. B. 1751 ; d. 1785. — LUNENBURGH, Charles WiLLLVM Ferdinand, duke of, nephew of the preceding, who highly distin- guished himself in the service of Fred- erick of Prussia. He was mortally wounded at the battle of Auerstadt in 1806. — OELS, Frederic Augustus, duke of, younger brother of the above, and a general officer in the Prussian service. He was more distinguished as an author than as a general ; his " Treatise on Great Men," " Remarks on the Charac- ter and Actions of Alexander the Great," and numerous other works, having been much admired, though only privately circulated. B. 1741; d. 1805.— Fred- erick William, duke of, youngest son of Charles William Ferdinand of Bruns- wick, and brother of Queen Caroline of England, was b. in 1771. He soon entered the Prussian army, and, stimu- lated by his father's fate, "took an active part in the war against revolutionary France. In 1809 he raised a body of volunteers in Bohemia; but finding no BRU] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. 219 chance of making an effectual stand against the power of France, he em- barked his troops for Enghmd, where they were taken into the British service, and employed in the Peninsula. Fore- seeing that great changes were likely to take place on the Continent, he hastened to his paternal dominions in 1818, raised a large body of troops, and was among the foremost to meet the French army in 1815, when, two days before the de- cisive battle of Waterloo, he fell, fight- ing at the head of his troops. BKUNTON, Mary, the daughter of Colonel Balfour, was b. in one of the Orkney isles ; married a minister of the Scotch church, and is known as the authoress of tne novels, " Discipline '' " Self-Control," and other works. B. 1778; d. 1818. BRUSONIUS, L. DoMiTius, author of a work entitled " Facetiarum Exemplo- rumque Libri VII.," but better known by the title of " Speculum Muudi." BRUTO, John Micfiael, an eminent traveller and writer of the 16th century; author of a "History of Hungary," " Critical Annotations on the Works of Cicero, Horace," &c., and of the "Eight First Books of the History of Florence." D. 1594. BEUTUS, Lrcius Junius, one of the most celebrated characters of antiquity, was the son of Marcus Junius, a wealthy patrician of Ronie. The father and bro- ther of Lucius Junius were assassinated by order of their relative, Tarquin the Proud ; and Lucius Junius owed the preservation of his life to an assumed idiotism. So completely did this impose iipon the tyrant, that he not only spared his young relative's life, but brought him up in his own family, where he was jreated as a mere idiot, and surnamed Brutus. He bore all contumely with patience until the outrage of Sextus Tar- quin [see Luoretia] aflfbrded him an op- portunity to arouse the people against both the king and his sons. Throwing oif his pretended want of intellect, and displaying an energy the more startling by contrast with his former manner, he joined with Lucretia's husband, Colla- tinus ; caused the gates to be shut, as- sembled the senate, dilated upon the tjTannies of Tarquin, and caused a de- cree to be made for banishing the king and establishing a republic. This great change accordingly took place, and Bru- tus and CoUatinus'were appointed chief magistrates of the commonwealth, with the title of consuls. Terrible as the ♦yranny of Tarquin had been, his ex- | pulsion, and the entire change in the torm of government, gave great offence to many of the Roman patricians ; and among those who were opposed to the new constitution were the two sons of Brutus and three nephews of Collatinus, all of whom conspired, with other mal- contents, to murder the two consuls and restore Tarquin and the monarchy. The intentions of the conspirators were dis- closed by a slave to Poplicola Valerius, a senator, and the conspirators were brought before the consular tribunal for judgment. Mischievous as were the intentions of the criminals, the people would fain have punished them only by banishment ; and Collatinus, in his affec- tion for his nephews, was equally dis- posed to be lenient. Brutus, on the con- trary, determined to show that no rank or relationship should avail the enemies of Roman liberty; and disregarding the entreaties of the multitude and his own feelings as a parent, he sternly sentenced his sons to death. Collatinus, even after this signal proof of the inflexibility of Brutus, endeavored to save his nephews. But the young men were executed, and Collatinus retired from the consulship. Poplicola Valerius was elected as his successor, and, in conjunction with Brutus, proceeded against the Veientes, who, with Tarquin and his partisans, were marching against Rome. The Ro- man cavalry was commanded by Brutus, while the enemy's cavalry was led on by Aruns, one of the sons of Tarquin. These leaders were speedily engaged hand to hand, and so great was their mutual hate, that each, in his desire to wound his opponent, neglected to pro- tect himself, and they both fell dead upon the field. The conflict ending in the victory of the Romans, the body of Brutus was interred with great solemni- ty, and a statue was erected to his memo- ry. D. 509, B. 0. — Marcus Junius, an illustrious Roman, and a descendant of the preceding. His mother was the sis- ter of Cato, and as she had disgraced herself by an intrigue with .Julius Caesar, Marcus was by many thought to be his son. He at first sided with Pompey, but being treated with great lenity aiid consideration after the battle of Phar- salia, he attached himself to Caesar, by whom he was greatly caressed and in- trusted. But the stern republican prin- ciple of his reputed ancestor, which he inherited, rendered it impossible for all Caesar's kindness to him to reconcile him to Caesar's ambition ; and he at length conspired with Cassias and 220 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [brt Others, and slew him, 89, b. o. Antony Bucceeded in exciting the popular indig- nation against the uiurderei-s of Caesar, who tied from Rome and raised an army, of which Brutus and Cassius took the command ; but being totally defeated at the battle of Philippi, where they en- countered the army of Antony, Brutus escaped with only a few friends, passed the night in a cave, and, as he saw his cause irretrievably ruined, requested Strato, one of his confidants, to kill him. For a long time his friend refused, but on hearing Brutus call one of his slaves to perform the fatal office, he ex- claimed, " Forbid it^ods, that it should ever be said that Brutus died by the hand of a slave for want of a friend !" and presenting the sword as he turned away his face, the noble Roman fell on it and expired, 42 b. c, in the 4:3d year of his age. BRUYERE, John de la, an eminent French writer; author of "Dialogues on Quietism," published after his de- cease ; and of " Theophrastns, translated from the Greek, with the Manners of ' the present Age." Of this admirable and admired work, Voltaii'e says, "Its rapid and nervous style struck the pub- lic at once; and the allusions to living persons, which abound through its pages, completed its success." B. 1644 ; a. 16K6. BRYAN, Michael, a connoisseur of paintings, whose judgment was highly esteemed, though he lost large sums by his own purchases. He was the author of a valuable "Biographical and Critical Dictionary of Painters and Engravers." B. 1757 ; 'd. 1821.— Sir Francis, a distin- guished soldier and statesman. He served with great credit against the French in the^earl of Surrey's expedi- tion, and subsequently became chief Jus- ticiary of Ireland. He is chiefly mem- orable, however, as a poet; his works being printed with those of his friends Wyatt and Lord Surrey. D. 1550. BRYANT, Jacob, a distinguished an- tiquarian and philologist ; author of an able, though singular " Analysis of An- cient Mythology," published in 3 vols. 4to. ; a treatise on the " Truth of Chris- tianity," a work in denial of the exist- ence of Troy, and various other publi- cations of great erudition and ingenuity. B. 1715; d. 1804. BRY'^DGES, Sir Samuel Eoerton, bart., a gentleman of versatile talents and eccentric character. B. 1762, at Wootton Court, in Kent, was educated at the King's school, (Canterbury, and at Queen's college, Cambridge. In 1790, after the death of the last duke of Chandos, he induced his elder brother, the Rev. E. T. Brydges, to prefer a claim to the barony of Chandos, the consid- era.ion of which was long procrasti- nated; but at length, in" 1803, the house of lords decided against its valid- ity. On the death of his brother, in 1807, Sir Egerton pertinaciously ad- hered to his favorite, though illusory notion of obtaining a coronet, main- taining that, though defeated by parlia- mentary law, he could, when he pleased, assert his rights by common law, while he regularly added to the si^tiature of his name — '"««?• legem terrcE, B. C. qfS.'^ — meaning Baron Chandos of Sudely. He made several unsuccessful attempts to obtain a seat in parliament, but was ultimately (1812) returned for Maid- stone, which borough he continued to represent about six years. In 1814 he was created a baronet; and in 1818, upon the loss of his seat in the house of commons, he visited many parts of the Continent. In 1826 he returned to England, for two years, and took up his abode at Lee Priory, the seat of Col. Brydges Barrett, his eldest son ; at the expiration of which time, his affiiirs be- coming inextrictvbly embarrassed, he finally quitted his native land, and re- moved to Geneva, where he remained in great seclusion until his death. His literary labors were exceedingly multi- farious : poetry, romance, politics, gen- ealogical antiquities, and topography, were the principal ; and in many he ac- quitted himself with considerable skill. His abilities as a genealogist, topo^ra- Eher, and bibliographer, are attested by is "Censura Literaria Restituta," 10 vols.; " Theatrum Poetarum ;" "Stem- mata lUustria;" "British Bibliog- raphy ;" " Lex Terrae," &c. Besides these, he published the novels of " Mary de Clifford," " Arthur Fitz-Albini," and " The Hall of Hellingsey ;" " Imaginary Biography," 8 vols. ; " Recollections of Foreign Travels," 2 vols. ; "The Auto- biography, Times, Opinions, and Co- temporaries of Sir Egerton Brydges," 2 vols. ; and numerous others, inde- pendent of contributions to many peri- odicals on almost everv subject. D. 1837. BRYDONE, Patrick, a Scotch gen- tleman; author of "Travels into Sicily and Malta," &c. B. 1741 ; d. 1819. BRYENNIUS, Manuel, an early mu- sical composer; he published, in the 14th century, a treatise on harmonies, of which a Latin translation, together BUCj CYCLOP-^EDIA OP BIOGRAPHY. with tlie compositions of the author, was published bv Dr. Wallis, in 1699. BIT ACHE, Philip, an able French hy- dro<;rapher; author of some valuable hyclrographical and geographical works. B. 1700; d. 1775. BUAT NANCAY, Louis Gabrikl dtj, an eminent French diplomatist and writer; author of a "History of the Ancient Nations of Europe," " Maxims of Monarchical Government," &c. B. 1732; d. 1787. BUG, Sir George, historian and anti- quary, was a gentleman of the privy clmmber to James I. ; and author of "The Life of Kichard IIL," "The Art of Revels." &c. BUCHER, Martin, a friend of Luther, and so eminent a preacher of the re- formed feith, that Cranmer, when arch- bishop of Canterbury, invited him to England, and he became professor of theology at Cambridge. B. 1491 ; d.l551. BUCHAN, Stuart Erskine, earl of, a nobleman devoted to literary and scien- tific pursuits, and founder of the Anti- quarian Society in Scotland. In 1791 ho instituted an annual commemoration at Ednam, the birthplace of Thomson, in honor of the poet ; and on that occa- sion, Burns composed his " Address to the Shade of the Bard of Ednam." D. 1829. — William, a native of Scotland, and author of the well-known "Domes- tic Medicine," &c. B. 1729 ; d. 1805. BUCHANAN, George, an eminent Scotch historian and poet. The few works which he wrote in his vernacular tongue are greatly admired ; but his fame chiefly rests on his Latin works, whicl. are singularly beautiful in their style. B. 1506; d. 1582. — Claudius, a Scotch divine, chaplain at Bengal, and professor and vice-provost of the college at Fort William. Of his numerous works, the most interesting are "Chris- tian Researches in Asia," and a " Mem- oir on the Expediency of an Ecclesias- tical Establishment in India." B. 1766 ; d. 1815. BUCHOZ, P. Joseph, a naturalist and botanist of Metz, who must have been one of the most industrious compilers that ever lived, his works forming more than 800 volumes. B. 1737 ; d. 1807. BUCKINGHAM, George Villiers, duke of, the favorite of James I. and Charles I., was raised to the highest of- fices in the state, became the dispenser of all favors and honors, and conducted himself with so much pride and inso- lence, as to excite popular hatred and disgust. Being intrusted with the com- 19* mand of an army, he lost the flower of it in an ill-conducted attack on flie Isle of Rhe, and returned to refit his shat- tered armament. W^hen he was again about to sail, he was assassinatea at Portsmouth, by a lieutenant of the name of Felton, August 23, 1628.— George Villiers, dukeof, son of the preceding. B. 1627; studied at Cambridge; served the king in the civil wars; had his es- tates seized by the parliament, which, however, were afterwards restored to him ; and he eventually became a min- ister to Charles II., and was one of his most profligate courtiers. His political conduct was, like his general behavior, characterized by unprincipled levity and imprudence ; and though his literary and conversational powers were far above mediocrity, yet he was an object of contempt, and d. unregretted at Kir- by Mooreside, Yorkshire, in 1688.— Anne Eliza, duchess of, daughter and heiress of the last duke of Chandos ; b. 1779 ; married to the marquis of Buck- ingham, then Earl Temple, in 1796. Throughout life this amiable and accom- plished woman displayed those traits of character which shed the brightest lus- tre on exalted rank, and hallow the memory of their possessors. She was boundless in her charities ; pious, affec- tionate, and sincere ; withdrawing from the "pomps and vanities" of the world, to indulge in the charms of retirement, where she could encourage the deserv- ing, reform the erring, and minister to the necessities of the distressed. D. at Stowe, 1836. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, John Shef- field, duke of, son of the earl of Mul- grave. B. 1649 ; served under Marshal Tureune, and took a part in the revolu- tion of 1668. He also distinguished himself as a poet. Buckingham house, in St. James's park, since converted into a royal pulace, was originally built for him. D. 1720. BUCKINK, Arnold, an artist of the 15th century, and the flrst who engraved maps on copper. He illustrated an edi- tion of Ptolemy, which was printed by Sweynheim, of Rome, one of the earliest printers in that eountrv. BUCKMINSTER, Joseph, a famous preacher of Portsmouth, N. H. He graduated at Yale college in 1770, and from 1774 to 1778 was a tutor in that seminary. He was ordained in 1779. After a ministry of thirty-three years his health became gi-eatly impaired. D. 1812, aged 60. It' is remarkable, that on the preceding day his eldest son, a 232 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bup dergyman in Boston, died after a week's illness. Although Dr. B. had not heard of his sickness, yet he said to his wife repeatedly a few hours before his own death, '■'Joseph is dead P^ He published a number of "Sermons," and a sliort "Sketch of Dr. Mackintosh." — Joseph Stevens, a preacher of tiie Brattle-street church in Boston. He graduated at Harvard college in 1800. The next four years were spent partly in the family of his relative Theodore Lyman of Walt- ham, partly as an assistant in the acad- emy at Exeter, and in the prosecution of theological studies. He was ordained in 1805, and, after a visit to Europe, preached for about five years, Mr. Buckminster was a very interesting and eloquent preacher, and perhaps as pop- ular as any one who ever occupied a pulpit in Boston, his hearers appearing, wherever he preached, to hang on his lips with delight. In 1808 he p^iiblished a "Collection of Hymns," for the use of his society, a number of "Keviews" in the "Monthly Anthology" and other f)eriodicals ; "The Kight^Hand of Fel- owship" at the ordination of the Kev. C. Lowell ; "A Sermon on the Death of Gov. Sullivan," 1809; "On the Death of W. Emerson," 1811: and "An Ad- dress befoi-e the Phi Beta Kappa So- ciety." D. 1812. BUCQUOI, Chaeles Bonaventuee de LoNGUEVAL, count dc, an eminent gen- eral, b. 1551, entered early into the Spanish service, and signalized his valor in the Low Countries. In 1620, in conjunction with the duke of Bava- ria, he entirely defeated the Protestant army near Prague ; but he stained his laurels by his subsequent cruelties. After having reduced Moravia, he was killed, in 1621, at the siege of Neu- hausel. BUDE, or BUD^US, William, b. at Paris, 1467, where he d. 1540, spent a youth of dissipation, but at length ap- f)lied himself so closely to study, that lis classical acquirements gained for liim the title of the Prodigy of France. He was employed on embassies by Louis XII. and Francis L, to the latter of wliom he was secretary and librarian. Bude translated some treatises from Plutarch, and wrote several works, the tjhief of which are, his "Tractatus de Asse," and "Commentarii Linguae 3UDGELL, Eustace, b. at St. Thomas, near Exeter, about 1685, and educated at Christ-church, Oxford. Addison, who was related to him, took him to Ireland, as one of his clerks, and in that country Budgell rose to offices of great trust and profit, and to be a member of the Irish parliament. While filling those offices with diligence and honor, he contributed to the "Spectator" ana "Guardian," translated ihe "Charac- ters of Theophrastus," and wrote vari- ous pieces in verse. The tide of fortune, however, at length turned against him. He was dismissed from his office of ac- comptant and comptroller general of Ireland, for satirizing the lord-lieutenant, who had treated him ill ; he lost £20,000 in the South Sea bubble; he spent £5000 more in vain attempts to obtain a seat in the house of commons; and at last became involved in lawsuits and embarrassments. The finishing stroke was put to his fate, by the setting aside the will of Dr. Matthew Tindall, in which appeared a bequest of £2000 to Budgell. His difficulties, and the dis- grace of having a forgery attributed to him, stung him to the heart, and he ended his existence by throwing him self into the Thames, May 4, 1737. Be- sides the works already mentioned he established a periodical called the "Bee," assisted in the " Craftsman," and wrote the "History of Cleomenes," and "Me- moirs of the Family of the Boyles." BUELL, Jesse, a distinguished agri- culturist, who devoted the best part of his life to the diffusion of knowledge in his favorite branch of practical science. In the year 1813 he established the " Albany Argus," a political paper, which he edited till 1821. He was for several years a member of the New York legislature, and once a candidate for governor. But he was best known as the editor of "The Cultivator," which attained a large circulation among farmers and others interested in agri- culture. B. 1787 ; d. 1839. BUFFIER, Claude, a Jesuit, b. m Poland, of French parents, 1661, studied at the college of Rouen, where he after- wards held the situation of theological professor. Buffier was employed in the " Memoires de Trevoux," and likewise produced a great number of theological, metaphysical, biographical, and geo- graphical works. Several of them were collected in a folio volume, Avith the title of a " Course of Sciences on new and simple Principles." Though some- times superficial, he is, on the whole, an elegant and instructive writer. D. 1737. BUFFON, George Louis le Clebc, count de, the "Pliny of France," was the son of a counsellor of the parliament bul] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 233 of Dijon, and was b. September 7, 1707, at Montoard, in Burgundy. He studied the law at Dijon, but never practised it; his inclinations leading him to math- ematical and physical science, and Eu- clid being his constant pocket com- panion. After having travelled into Italy and England, he succeeded to his paternal estate at Montbard, between which and Paris his time was spent. In 1739 he was appointed keeper of the royal garden and cabinet at Paris, the treasures of which he greatly increased. His patent of nobility he obtained in 1771. He was al.'^o'a member of the French Academy, and of the Academy of Sciences. Buffon d. April 16, 1788. As a man, he was fond of dress and display, lax in his morals, and immeas- uraoly vain. Newton, Bacon, Leib- nitz, Montesquieu, and himself, were the only persons whom he would allow to be great geniuses ! His first literary works were, "Translations of Hale's Vegetable Statics," and " Newton's Fluxions." But for his fame he is in- debted to his " Natural History," in 36 volumes, which has been naturalized in almost every European language. Though always immethodical, though often inaccurate, iand though full of the wildest theories, it is undoubtedly an astonishing work, whether we consider the extent of its information, the spirit of its descriptions, or the eloquence of its style. BUGEAUD, Marshal, duke of Isly, a distinguished French soldier, b. at Limoges, 1784, served under Napoleon at Austerlitz, and was made field- marshal for gaining a victory over the Moors in 1844. D. 1849. BUGGE, Chevalier Thomas, an emi- nent Danish astronomer; greatly dis- tinguished by his trigonometrical survey of the island of Zealand. His other chief works are a treatise on "Math- ematics," and " An Account of the state of the Arts and Sciences, &c., in France, at the close of the Eevolution." B. 1740 ; d. 1815. BULL, John, doctor of music, was chamber musician to James I. His compositions were very numerous ; the .aational anthem of " God save the King" Dcing among them. The time of his death is uncertain, but he was alive at the commencement of the year 1622. — Geouge, bishop of St, David's, a learned prelate, and a very industrious and able theological writer, author of "Harmonia Apostolica," "Defensio Fidei Nicenee," *c. B. 1634 ; d. 1709. BULLEK, Chaeles, a politician of rare promise, b. at Calcutta, 1806, re- ceived his education partly at Harrow, Edinburgh, and Cambridge, and from an early age gave promise of more than ordinary abilities. In his 24th year he entered parhament on the eve of the reform bill for the borough of West Looe, which belonged to his family. He voted for the bill. On all questions that came before parliament he took an active part ; and on many occasions his opin- ions were far in advance of the whig party, with whom he subsequently took office. In 1838 he accompanied Lord Durham to Canada as his private secre tary ; and in this capacity drew up the masterly report upon the afifairs ot that colony, which is considered as one of the most eifective state papers of the age. In 1841 he was appointed secre- tary to the Board of Control, an office, however, which he relinquished in 1842, on the formation of the Peel ministry. In 1846, on the formation of the whig cabinet, he was appointed judge advo- cate ; in November of the same year he was nominated a queen's counsel, sworn of the privy council in July, 1849, and in November exchanged the easy office of judge advocate for the onerous duties of chief commissioner of the poor laws, an office which he held till his death. Besides discharging faithfully his official duties, he found leisure for literary pur- suits, and many able articles in tho "Globe" and the " Edinburgh Review" emanated from his versatile pen. D, 1848. BULLET, Peter, an eminent Frencli architect of the 17th century. He con- structed the church of St. Thomas Aqui- nas, and many other splendid edifices in Paris, and wrote some good archi- tectural works. BULLIALDUS, Tsmael, a French as- tronomer and mathematician, author of " Philolaus ; a Dissertation on the True Svstem of the World," "Tabulae Phi- lolaicse," &c, B. 1605 ; d. 1694. BULLIARD, Pierre, a French bota- nist, author of " Dictionnaire Elemen- taire Botanique," "Herbier de la France," &c. He designed and en- graved his own plates. B.'l742; d. 1793 BULLINGEK, Henry, a Swiss pastoi of the reformed church, and the inti- mate friend of Zuinglius, whom he suc- ceeded as pastor of Zurich. His wri- tings were very numerous, but being almost entirely controversial, they are now little regarded. B. 1504; d. 1575. BULOW, Fredebio William, count Wk CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bur ity ot Oxford, and rector of Ewelme, was b. 1794 ; edu- cated at Westminster, and matriculated at Christ-cliurcli, Oxford. His talents, close application, and exemplary con- duct did not pass unnoticed ; and he rose from one honorable station to an- other. His various pamphlets, and the works he edited, prove that he was able and industrious. D. 1836. — John, an English divine and critic, author of various theological treatises, poetry in Gi-eek, Latin, and English, and other productions. D. J 771. — Kobert, an English divine, author of that sin- gular work, " The Anatomy of Mel- ancholy;" wbicli Archbishop Herring describes as "the pleasantest, the most learned, and the most full of sterling sense." The archbishop adds, that the wits of the reigns of Anne and the first George were deeply indebted to Burton ; and we may venture to say, that the *' wits" of the succeeding reigns have been no less so. B. 1576 ; d. 1640. BUSBY, EicHARD, the venerable mas- ter of Westminster school — celebrated for his abilities as a classical teacher and as an unfiinehing disciplinarian — was b. in 1606. He held the situation of head master from 1640 to the time of his de- cease, in 1695. BUSCHE, Herman von der, a learned German, friend and fellow-laborer of Luther, author of Scholia on ancient writers, Latin poems, &c., &c. D. 1534. BUSCHETTO DA DULTCHIO, a Greek architect of the 11th century. He erected the cathedral church of Pisa, the first specimen of the Lombard ec- clesiastical style of building. BUSCHING, Anthony Frederic, an able and industrious writer, to whom the science of statistics is greatly in- debted; author of a "Magazine of Mod- ern History and Geography;" "Ele- ments of Natural History , " Character of Frederic H. of Prussia;" "History and Theory of the Belles Lettres," &e. B. 1724 ; d. 1793. BUSHE, Sir Charles Kendal, was one of the most eminent of all the lawyers and tlie statesmen that made the courts and the parliament of Ireland so bril- liant towards the close of the 18th cen- tury. Though he had to contend against such opponents as Ponsouby, Plunkett, Flood, Grattan, Curran, and Saurin, he was never found unequal to the contest, whether at the bar or in the house. He was raised to the chief justicesliip of Ireland, and made a privy councillor in 1822, and shone in that high office as brightly as he had shone as advocate and orator. " The infirmities of a very advanced age at length compelled him to retire upon a pension of £3000 per annum. J). 1843. BUTE, John Stuart, earl of, a British statesman, descended from an ancient Scotch family, was b. early in the 18th ■ century. In 1738 he was appointed one of the lords of the bed-chamber to Fred- eric, prince of Wales, the father of George III. Soon after the young king's accession, over whom Bute possessed unbounded influence, he was made sec- retary of state, and quickly after, first lord of the treasury. Under his minis- try, a peace, which disappointed the hopes of the people, was concluded with France and Spain ; and what added greatly to his unpopularity, was the marked favoritism he showed for his countrymen, filling the most lucrative offices in the state with Scotchmen. Ho at length resigned his offices, and re- tired into private life, which he adorned by his benevolent disposition, and his love of science. Botany was his favorite study, and he expended vast snms in its pursuit. D. 1792. BUTLER, Alban, an English Catho- lic divine. He was for some time chap- lain to the duke of Norfolk, but at length became president of the college of St. Omer's. The chief of his works is the " Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other principal Saints." D. 1773.— Charles, a Eoman Catholic, bred to the legal profession, and a most indefatiga- ble and accomplished scholar. He Avas the author of " Lives of the Saints," " Historical Account of the Laws against the Eoman Catholics," "Book of the Catholic Church," &c. B. 1750 ; d. 1832. — Joseph, bishop of Durham, an ex- tremely learned and able prelate; au- thor of the well-known ana invaluable work, "The Analogy of Eeligion, Natu- ral and Eevealed, to the Course and Constitution of Nature," and an invalu- able collection of " Sermons." B. 1692; 1752.— Samuel, an English poet, Avhose principal work, "Hudibras,^' is proba- bly, both in design and execution, the most strikingly original we have. Wit abounds throughout it, and the odd double rhymes in which the autlior so much delighted, are singularly well adapted to add point to the ridicule he chose to inflict. His other works are bik] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 233 far inferior to " Hndibras ;" and of the thousand imitations of that work, not one has the true Jludihrastic commin- gJing of wit, humor, knowledge of the world, and facility of expression. B. 1612; d. 1680.— Samuel, biSliop of Lich- field, a learned and most exemplary En- glisii divine. In 1798 he was appointed to the mastership of Shrewsbnr^- school, and, about tlie same, lie was selected for the arduous task of preparing a new edi- tion of ^schylus for the university press. After receiving several minor prefer- ments, he was, in 1886, promoted to the bishopric of Lichfield. Though a per- fect martyr to ill health, he was a very voluminous autlior. His "Sketcli ot' Ancient and Modern Geography," and his " Ancient and Modern Atlases," are the best works of their kind. B. 1774; d. 1840. BUTTNER, Christopher William, a German naturalist and philologist, whose zeal in pursuit of his favorite studies was such, that in order to buy books, he re- stricted himself to what was barely ne- cessary to sustain life, never making more than one frugal meal a day. B. 1716; d. 1801. BUXHOWDEN, Frederic William, count of, a general in the Russian army. He entered on a military life at an early age, and was engaged in the war against the Turks in 1769; till, rising by de- grees, he, in 1794, obtained the "^com- mand of Warsaw and the administration of Poland. In 1805 he commanded the left wing of the army at the battle of Austerlitz, which advanced while the centre and right wins: were beaten ; but, after the battle of Pultusk, lie was su- perseded by Bennigsen. He was, how- ever, again made commander-in-chief, and, in 1808, conquered Finland. D. 1811. BUXTON, Jedewah, a singulariy gifted person, whose powers of calcula- tion, derived solely from nature, have probably never been equalled. It is said that he was asked this most diificult q^uestion — "In a body whose three sides are, respectively, 23,145,789 yards, 5,642,732 yards, and' 54,965 yards, how many cubical eighths of an incli are there?" and that, amid many distrac- tions, he gave the exact answer in little more than five hours ! But it was only ill calculating that he liad any intellect- ual superiority ; in other respects, his mind was rather below than above the average. D. 1775. — Sir Thomas Fowell, \ distinguished philanthropist. B. at EarFs Colne, Essex, in 1786; and re- 20 ceived his academical education ut Trinity college, Dublin. Having, in 1811, Joined the firm of Truman, Han- bury & Co., the eminent London brew- ers, his connection with the locality of Spitalfields made him personally ac- quainted with the sufferings of his poor neighbors ; and the powerful appeals he made in their favor in 1816 led to an ex- tensive and well-organized system for their relief. His success in tiiis charita- ble undertaking, induced him (in con- junction with his sister-in-law, Mrs. Fry, and his brother-in-law, Mr. Hoare,) to examine into the state of prisons, and to publish the result of his labors. This not only led to the formation of the Prison Discipline Society, but was the basis upon which many of the modern improvements in jails are founded. In 1818 he was returned M. P. for Wey- mouth, which borough he continued to represent till 1837, when he was defeat- ed by Mr. Villiers. During the time he held a seat in the house, his energies were almost unceasingly directed to ameliorate the condition of tlio oppress- ed. He became the recognized success- or of Mr. Wilberforce, and he had the supreme satisfaction of seeiiig his efforts for the abolition of slavery crowned with complete success. To other subjects of paramount interest, viz. : the reform of the criminal code — the civilization of Africa by commercial, agricultural, and missionary enterprise — the support of benevolent institutions, particularly such as had for their objects the education and improvement of the poor, he ap- plied himself with persevering assidu- ity. D. 1845. BUXTORF, John, a Calvinist divine, professor of Chaldee and Hebrew at Basle ; author of " Thesaurus Lingu89 Hebraicse," "Institutio Epistolaris He- braica," cfec. B. 1564; d. 1629.— John, son of the preceding, and his successor in the professorship at Basle; author of a "Chaldaic and Syriac Lexicon," &c., besides other classical and theological works. It is recorded of him, that, at the early age of four years, he was able to read Hebrew and £atin. — Two others of the same name, his son and nephew, were also noted for their skill in the Hebrew tongue. BYIffiS, Mather, D.D,, minister of Boston. He graduated at Harvard col- lege in 1725, and was ordained the first pastor of the church in Hollis-street, 1733. It was not long before he attained considerable eminence in his profession, and he became known by his publication 234 CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY. [byr of several pieces in prose and verso. He continued to live happily with his parish until tlie revolution began. Falling un- der the imputation of being a tory, he was in 1776 separated from his people, by the jealousy and violence of the times, and he was never afterwards reunited to them. In May, 1777, he was de- nounced in town meeting as a person inimical to America, and he was obliged to enter into bonds for his appearance at court the June folio vang. He was pronounced guilty, and sentenced to confinement on board a guard ship, and in forty days to be sent with his tamily to England. The sentence was after- wards altered to confinement in his own house, with a guard placed over him. This was accordingly done for a few weeks, and then the guard was removed. A short time afterwards a guard was again placed over him, and again dis- missed. Upon this occasion he observed, in his own manner, that he was sruarded, reguarded, and disreguarded. He pub- lished a number of essays in the " New England Weekly Journal," which are marked by one of the letters composing the word Celoiza ; a poem on the death of George I., and the accession of George II., 1727 ; a poetical epistle to Governor Belcher, on the death of his lady, 1736. A number of his miscellaneous poems were collected and printed in a volume in 1744. He also published numerous sermons. D. 1788. BYNG, JoHX, fourth son of Viscount Torrington, was, like his father, an ad- miral. After having frequently and highly distinguished himself, he was tried by court-martial for alleged cow- ardice. He was dispatched to the relief of Minorca, at that time blockaded by a French fleet; and his hesitation to en- gage an enemy of superior strength ex- cited the clamor of the nation against him. When the news arrived in En- gland, the ministry, wishing to avert the public odium from their unsuccess- ful measm*es, took advantage of the ad- miral's unpopularity; and though the court by which the ill-fated commander was tried, recommended him to mercy, they suifered the unjust sentence to be carried into execution. He was shot at Portsmouth; March 14, 1757, meeting his death with the firmness of a heTo and the resignation of a Christian. BYRNE, William, an eminent En- glish engraver. His works are very numerous, and remarkable for the ex- celleiiee nt their aerial perspective. D. 1805. BYROM, John, an ingenious prose writer and poet, and the inventor of a system of stenography. He was also a contributor to the Spectator, under the signature of " John Shadow.'' B. 1691 ; d. 1763. • BYRON, John, an eminent naval com- mander and circumnavigator, whose suf- ferings, when wrecked in the Wager, are graphically described in his " Narra- tive.'' He rose to the rank of admiral, and commanded in the West Indies during the American war. B. 1723 ; d. 1768. — George Gordon, Lord, grand- son of the preceding, b. January 22d, 1778, was the sixth son in descent from his ancestor, Sir John Byron, who re- ceived the estate of Newstead as a grant from King Henry VIII. The conduct of his father, Capt. Byron, who had de- serted his wife and squandered her for- tune, made him an exile from England ; and he d. in 1791, leaving his widow and son almost destitute. Mrs. Byron having previous to this event retired to her native city of Aberdeen, in order to live within the limits of her scanty in- come, placed her son early in the gram- mar school of that city; but when, in 1798, by the death of "^ his great- uncle, without issue, he became possessed of the family title and estates, he was placed under the guardianship of Lord Carlisle, who sent him to Harrow. His love of liberty and independence were promi- nent traits in his disposition, and they were seconded by a fixed aversion to control. In 1804 he went to Cambridge, and there became chiefly remarkable for his eccentric habits, and his defiance of the rules of discipline. On quitting Cambridge he took up his residence at Newstead abbey, and soon after pub- lished his " Hours of Idleness." Al- though marked by some features of juvenility, this production gave un- doubted indications of poetic genius ; but it met with most severe and un- merited censure from the "Edinburo^h Review." The ridicule thus cast by the critic on the poet was not suffered to rest there ; he exerted his powers, and amply revenged himself in the cele- brated satire of " English Bards and Scotch Reviewers." About that period he experienced a great disappointment in seemg Miss Chaworth, who had been the early object of his love, married to another. His course of life was now marked by extravagance and dissipa- tion, impairing both his health and tor- tune; and it was probably to extricate , himself from the snares by which lie cab] { was surrounded, that lie resolved on an excursion to the Continent. He was ac- companied by his friend and fellow-col- legian, John'Cam liobhoiise, esq. ; and after a stay of two years he returned, and gave to the world the first two can- tos of "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage." This was quickly succeeded by "The Giaour," "The' Bride of Abydos," " Lara," " The Corsair," &c. ; and the noble bard became the poetical idol of the day. In January, 1815, he married Anna Isabella, only daughter of Sir Ealph Milbanke Noel : but the union was not productive of happiness, and they separated soon after the birtli of a daughter This rupture gave rise to many rumors redounding little to Lord Byron's credit, and he again went to the Continent, with a determination not to return to his native country. He often changed his residence; and du- ring his various travels, while he visited the most celebrated parts of the south of Europe, his admirers in England were indulged with the productions of his powerful and versatile genius. In 1823 the state of the Greeks awoke his noble feeling of independence; and, with disinterested generosity he re- CYCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 235 solved to devote his fortune, his pen, and his sword to their cause. His en- ergies, however, were no sooner called into action, than he was assailed by dis- ease ; and he expired, of a fever, at Mis- solonghi, on the 19th of April, 1824, in the 37th year of his age, to the inex- {)ressib]e sorrow of the Greeks, by whom le was venerated for his personal exer- tions and liberal pecuniary aid. With faculties superior to those of most other men, he was capricious and unfixed ; and with a poetic taste that approached the sublime was sometimes mixed a reckless profligacy. In proportion, therefore, as we admire the commanding talents and poetic eloquence of Byron, so are we compelled to deprecate the selfish pur- poses to which they were too often made subservient. BYTHNEE, Victorinus, was a native of Poland, but educated in England, where he finally established himself as a physician ; author of " L>ra x-ropheti- ca Davidis Kegis," &c. D. 1664. BZOVIUS, or BZOVSKI, Abraham, a learned Pole ; professor of theology and philosophy. He wrote the "Lives of the Popes," " Annals of the Church," &c. B. 1567 ; d. 1637. CAAB, or CAB, Ben Zohair, an Ara- bian Jew, rabbi, and poet. He satirized Mahomet so severely, that " the Proph- et" made war on the Arabian Jews for the purpose of getting the poet into his power; but when Mahomet's success was no longer doubtful, Caab became his zealous panegyrist, abandoned Ju- daism for Mahonietanism, and was greatly in Mahomet's favor. He is said to have assisted in the composition of the Koran. D. 622. CABANIS, Peter John George, a French physician of considerable emi- nence. Becoming intimate with Mira- bcan, he was made a member of the council of Five Hundred ; and under the government of Napoleon he was one of the senators. His writings are chiefly medical ; but in addition to these he published an interesting account of the last illness and death of Mirabeau. B. 1757 ; d. 1807. CABAKRUS, Francois, Count, a Frenchman, who having settled in Spain in a commercial character, ren- dered that country considerable service in establishing a paper currency, when cut off from her resources in America. He was afterwards the Spanish mLnistei of finance ; to which office he was ap- pointed by Joseph Bonaparte. B. 1752 ; d. 1810. CABESTAN, or CABESTAING, William de, a Provengal poet of the 13th century, celebrated alike for his talents and misfortunes. Having ex- cited the jealousy of Eaymond de Seil- lans, he was put to death' ; and his heart was dressed and served up to the lady, who, on learning the horrible nature of her repast, died of grief. CABOT, Sebastian, an English navi- gator of great eminence, was the son of a skilful Venetian pilot, who resided at Bristol. He made several voyages with his father, (who had obtained from Henry VIII. letters patent, empowering him and his three sons to discover unknown lands and conquer them,) and they on one occasion discovered Newfoundland, and on another saw the mainland of America, being the first Europeans who had done so. He was among the first to 236 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [cad notice the variations of the needle. His skill in nmritimc affairs induced Edward VI. to settle a pension on him as grand pilot of England ; and he was consulted on all questions relating to trade and navigation. He published a map of the world, and a work entitled " Naviga- zione nelle parte Septentrionale." B. 1477 ; d. 1557. CABRAL, or CABEAEA, Pedro Alvarez, a celebrated Portuguese navi- gator of the 16th century. CACCIA, GuGLiELMo, sumamed, from his place of residence, II Monealvo, an excellent painter. He executed some fine altar-pieces, but his fame chiefly rests upon his small Madonnas, which are higlily valued. D. 1625. CACCINI, GiuLio, an Italian musician and composer. In conjunction with Peri, he composed the opera of "Eury- dice," on the occasion of the mari'iaije of Henri Quatre and Mary de Medici ; and it is said to have been the first opera performed in public. He was also the author of a work entitled " Nuovo Mu- siche." 1). 1615. — Francesca., daughter of the above, much celebrated at Flo- rence in the 17th century, as a poetess and composer of music. CADAMOSTO, Louis, a Venetian navigator, patronized and employed by the King of Portugal. He discovered the Cape Verd Islands. An account of his voyages and discoveries was pub- lished after his death, which took place in 1464. CADE, Jack, a noted rebel, a native of Ireland, who, during the feeble gov- ernment of Henry VI., put himself at the head of 20,000 men, collected from the populace in Kent, and marched into London, where he boldly proposed the rectifying of various abuses in the state. Elated with his popularity and success, he next assumed the title of Lord Mor- timer, declaring himself the rightfid heir to the tlirone, as a descendant of Ed- ward III. ; but this extravagance in- duced the citizens to resist him, and the insurgents were compelled to submit to the royal authority. All who returned to their homes were pardoned ; but Cade, who was excepted from the gen- eral amnesty, and for whose body 1000 marks were" offered by the government, wandered about the woods of Kent and Sussex for a time, till at length he was discovered, and killed in a garden at Holkfleld, Sussex, by a gentleman of Kent, named Alexander Eden. CADET DE VAUX, Anthony Alexis. a French author, editor, and member or various learned societies. He establish- ed the " Journal de Paris," and wrote several works connected with agricul- ture. B. 1743; d. 1828.— De G.vssi- couRT, Charles Louis, brother of the preceding; author of the "Dictionary of Chemistry," in 4 vols. ; various Travels ; " Letters on London and the English Nation," &c. B. 1760 ; d. 1821. CADMUS, the founder of Thebes. His history, like that of many other per- sonages of high antiquity, is much mingled with fable. It seems certain, however, that he was born in Phoenicia or Egypt, and that Greece owed to him the sixteen letters of which its alphabet originally consisted. He flourished in the 16th century b. o. — A Milesian, the first Greek author who wrote a prose history. Dionysius, of Halicarnassus, ascribes to this writer " The Antiquities of Miletus and all Ionia," but no portion of the work is now extant. CADOG, son of Brychan, a saint, and founder of some churches in Wales in the 5th century. — The Wise, a Welsh bard of the 6th century. He was the first who made a complete collection of British proverbs. CADOGAN, William, first earl of Cadogan, entered the army early in life ; and, after he had attained the rank of brigadier-general, distinguished himself at the battle of Blenheim. He was pres- ent with the duke of Marlborough ui all his great victories ; and, at his death, succeeded him as commander-in-chief and master of the ordnance. D. 1727. — William, a skilful English physician; author of a treatise on the gout, in which he wisely insists upon abstinence as the best preventive and cure; an "Essay on Nursing," &c. D. 1797. CADOUDAL, Georges, a famous Chouan chief. After the ill success of his efforts for the restoration of the Bourbons, he came to terms with Gen- eral Brune, in 1800, dispersed his troops, and proceeded to London. While there he was accused by the French govern- ment of planning the infernal machine, Georges liaving avowed a personal hos- tility to the first consul. lie afterwards, on receiving the cordon rouge from Charles X., and a lieutenant-general's commission, embarked with Pichegru in a secret expedition, and landed at Falaise. It has been said that the ob- ject was to assassinate Bonaparte, as well as to excite a counter-revolution; and Pitt was accused of sanctioning the en- terprise, by a letter to Lord Hutchinson, which is denied. He was traced b.y thd ( CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 237 Parisian police, and put under arrest, while descending from a cabriolet, du- ring which he wounded two of the offi- cers ; and, after a summary judicial "process, was executed on the 6th of June, 1804. The two brothers Polignac were also involved in the same process, and condemned to death, but escaped throuixh the humane exertions of Murat. CAbWALADYE, Casail, a Welsh poet of the 16th century; some of whose works still remain in MS., and indicate much ability. CADWALLAPEE, Thomas, a phy- sician of Philadelphia. He completed his medical education in Europe. From 1752 to his death he was one of the phy- sicians of the Pennsylvania hospital. His dissections for Dr. Shippen were among the earliest made in this country. He published an essay on the Iliac pas- sion, entitled, " An Essay on the West India Dry Gripes," 1745, in which he recommended the use of opiates and mild cathartics, instead of quicksilver, then employed. This was one of the earliest American medical treatises. D. 1779. — John, was appointed by the American congress a brigadier-general in the army, in February, 1777. He was a man of inflexible patriotism and un- doubted bravery. He fought a duel with General Conway, in consequence of the intrigue in which Conway was engaged for placing Gates at the head of the army. After the war he was a member of the assembly of Maryland. D. 1786. CiEDMON, a Saxon ecclesiastic, sup- posed to have flourished in the 5th cen- tury. A fragment of a hymn, by this author, is preserved in King Alfred's translation of Bede ; and is the oldest specimen extant of Saxon poetry. CiESALPINUS, Andrew, an Italian physician and natural philosopher. This enlightened man in some degree antici- pated the grand discoveries of Harvey and Linnaeus ; his " Qucestiones Peri- pateticae," containing some hints on the circulation of the blood, and his treatise *' De Plantis," giving the first example of a system of botanical arrangement, based on similarity of structure. D. 1603. CiESAE, Caitjs Julius, the first Eo- man emperor, and one of the greatest men that Eome produced. At the early age of 16 he lost his father, who was a praetor; and very shortly after that event, he married Cornelia, the daugh- ter of Cornelius Cinna, the friend of Marius. This connection gave great offence to the powerful Sylla who, hav- ing vainly endeavored to briug about a divorce, caused Caesar to be proscribed. Caesar, however, escaped the search that was made after him, and Sylla was at length induced to exempt him from prosecution, though he did so very un- willingly, telling those who interceded with him that they would repent their kindness, as he could see in Caesar the germ of many Mariuses. Having dis- tinguished himself as an orator jn the impeachment of Cornelius Dolabella, he speedily grew a public favorite, and became successively military tribune, quaestor, and aedile. The profusion with which he lavished his lioorality while in these oflftces, involved him very deep- ly in debt ; but having obtained the government of Spain, he contrived to amass money sufficient for their dis- charge, though they are said to have exceeded a million and a half sterling, a fact which, as he hela the* government only a year, says but little for his scru- pulousness as to the means he used for self-aggrandizement. Having united with Pompey and Crassus in the memorable coalition, called "the first triumvirate," he became consul, and then obtained the government of Gaul, with the com- mand of four legions. And now it was that his genius had ample scope. His military career was rapid and brilliant. Belgians, Helvetians, and Nervians suc- cumbed to him; the German tribes were repulsed, and Gaul was wholly subjected to the Eoman power. These transactions, and his invasion of Britain, are beautifully and graphically related in his " Commentaries.'^ His successes had the eflfect of exciting the jealousy of Pompey, who had influence enough in the senate to cause Caesar to be recalled from the government of Gaul. He re- fused to obey this order, and marched with his army into Italy, Pompey re- tiring into Greece. Having seized the public treasury, and commissioned Mark Antony to watch over his interests in Eome, he proceeded to Spain, where a large army remained in Pompey's in- terest, which he defeated, and on his return to Eome was declared dictator. He then followed Pompey into Greece, and defeated him in the memorable battle of Pliarsalia, from which Pompey escaped only to be assassinated in Egypt. Having crushed every attempt at resistance on the part of the sons and friends of Pompey, and having been honored with four*several triumphs, he was declared perpetual dictator ; a title 238 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [cAt which some of his friends wished to alter to that of king. And as the great body of the Roman people, dazzled by his military genius, and gratified by the liberality of his largesses, were insen- sible of, or indifferent to, his thirst for domination, it is more than probable that he would have become an absolute king, but that Brutus and other republicans penetrated his designs, and resolved to make his life a sacrifice to the freedom of his country. Notwithstanding dark hints had been given to him of his dan- ger, he attended a meeting of the senate without taking any measures for the safety of his person, and fell beneath the daggers of the conspirators on the ides of March, in the year 43 b. c, and in the 56th year of his age. — Sir Julius, an eminent English civilian, who filled various irnportant offices in the reigns of Queen Elizabeth and Kings James I. and Charles.I. His last office was that of master of the rolls, which he held above twenty years. B. 1557 ; d. 1636. CAFFA, Melchiob, an able sculptor, many of whose works adorned the churches of Eome. D. 1687. CAFFAEELLI, a republican French general, b. 1756. He protested against the despotism of Louis XVI., and served with great distinction under Kleber and Moreau on the Khine, where he lost a leg, and under Bonaparte in Egypt. He was killed at St. Jean d'Acre, in 1799, by a cannon-ball ; and his tomb still re- mains, without the walls. — Gaetano Majorano, a celebrated Italian singer. He studied under Porpira, who made him practise the elements of singing from a single sheet of music paper for five years. He was so well rewarded for his talent, that he purchased the dukedom of Santo Dorato. D. 1783. CAFFIAUX, Joseph, a Benedictine of the congregation of St. Maur, author of the "Genealogical Treasury," an " Essay towards a History of Music," &c. D. 1777. CAGLIAKT, Paul, see Paul Vero- nese. CAGLIOSTEO, Alexander, Count, the assumed title of an impostor, whose real name was Joseph Balsamo. He was b. at Palermo ; and having lost his fa- ther at an early age, he was placed under the protection of the friars of mercy, whose order he entered as a novice. Here he acquired the elements of chemistry and physic ; but he speed- ily made his escape, and committed so many frauds in Palermo, that he was obliged to abscond. After visiting va- rious parts, he at length reached Naples, where he married a woman of as aoan- doned a disposition as himself, with whom he travelled to Spain, Portugal, and England, pretending to supernatu- ral powers, and wringing considerable sums from those who iDecame his dupes. In England tliis exemplary couple estab- lished an order of Avhat they called Egyptian Masonry, and as their dupes were of the higher order, they easily obtained from them the loan of valuable jewels, on pretext of some intended ceremonials. With these they went off to Paris, and lived there in the utmost extravagance. The count, however, was thrown into the Bastile, on a charge of being concerned in the fraud of the celebrated diamond necklace of Marie Antoinette; and when he obtained his liberty, he judged it high time to quit France. He then went to Italy, where his wife divulged some of his crimes to the Inquisition, and he was confined in the dungeons of the castle of St. Angelo. D. 1794. CAIETAU, the assumed name, taken from that of his birthplace, of Thomas de Vio, a Neapolitan monk, and sub- sequently general of his order, author of a work on the "Power of the Pope," which procured him the archbishopric of Palermo, and a cardinalate ; " Com- mentaries on Aristotle and Aquinas," &c. D. 1534. CAILLE, Nicholas Louis de la, an eminent French mathematician and as- tronomer, author of "Elements of As- tronomy," and of numerous other valu- able works of science. B. 1713 ; d. 1762. CAIUS, otherwise GAIUS, an emi- nent Eoman lawyer, author of a valuable body of legal institutes. He died about the beginning of the 3d century. CALAMY, Edmund, a Presbyterian divine. He was educated at Cambridge, and obtained a living ; but he resigned it, and joined the nonconformists, rather than comply with the order for reading the "Book of Sports." He entered warmly into the religious disputes of the time, and was one of the writers of the treatise against episcopacy, entitled, from the initials of its authors, " Smec- tymnuus." Though he preached before the house of commons, and was one of the assembly of divines at Westminster, he opposed both the execution of Charles I. and the subsequent domination of Cromwell. At the death of the lattar he actively aided in the restoration, and became chaplain to Charles II. The act of uniformity caused him again to se- oalJ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 239 cede, and lie d. in retirement in 1656. — Edmund, grandson of the above, and a dissenting minister of great note. He was a very voluminous writer. Besides numerous sermons, and controversial tracts against Echard, Hoadley, and others, he published an abridgment of "Baxter's History of his Life and Times," with numerous supplementary articles. D. 1732. CALANUS, an Indian philosopher, much esteemed by Alexander the Great. At the age of 83, 'being afflicted with a painful illness, he caused a funeral pile to be erected, which he ascended with a composed countenance, and expired in the flames, saying, that having lost his health, and seen Alexander, life had no more charms for him. GALAS, John, a merchant of Tou- louse, memorable as the victim of judi- cial murder. His eldest son committed suicide ; and as he was known to be attached to the Eoman Catholic faith, a rabble cry arose that he had on that ac- count been murdered by his father. It was in vain that the unhappy parent pointed out the fact that he nad a Eo- man Catholic servant who was unin- jured. He was condemned literally without the shadow of a proof of his guUt, and put to death by being broken on the wheel. Voltaire and otheris sub- sequently caused the process to be re- vised, and the unhappy widow procured a pension. The unjust and ignominious death of Galas took place in 1762. CALCAGNINI, Ccelio, an Italian military officer, who bore arms under the Emperor Maximilian^ and Pope Julius II., and was distinguished ec|ually as a soldier and a negotiator. Quitting the profession of anns, he became pro- fessor of belles lettres in the university of Ferrara. His Latin poetry was much esteemed, but as a prose writer he is more valuable for his matter than for his style. D. 1541. GALDAEA, PoLrooRO, b. at Caravag- gio, 1495, went to Eome in his youth, carried bricks, at first, for the masons who worked in the Vatican, and felt a great desire to become a painter, from seeing several painters who were occu- Eied in the Vatican. Eaphael employed im in the galleries of that palace, where he painted, under his direction, several excellent friezes. At Messina, he exe- cuted an oil painting which represents Christ bearing the cross, contains a number of beautiful figures, and proves his ability to treat the most elevated subjects. He has approached, more than any one, to the style and the man- ner of the ancients, particularly in imi- tating their hasso-relievos. His figures are correct, well-distributed and ar- ranged ; the positions are natural, the heads full of expression and character. It is evident that he would have acquir- ed great celebrity if he had undertaken greater works. He applied himself to the cMuro-oscuro, particularly to that kind of it which is called sgraffiato, but showed, also much talent in his landscapes. At the sack of Eome, in 1527, he fled to Naples, and on his re- turn from that place to Eome, in 1543, was murdered by a domestic. — A cele- brated composer of the 18th century, b. at Venice, 1714, and d. 1768. His church compositions are still in repute. CALDAS, Francis Joseph, a distin- guished Spanish naturalist. He was employed by the congress of New Gra- nada to complete the Flora of Bogota, when the disturbed state of public affairs interrupted the work ; and this unfortu- nate gentleman and his colleague, Don Lozano, having sided with the patriot party, were put to death by the. Spanish general Murillo, in 1816. CALDEEON. Don Pedro Galderon DE LA Barca Henao y Eiano, descended from an ancient family, was b. at Madrid, Jan. 1, 1501, received his early educa- tion in the Jesuit's college of his native city, and studied at Salamanca, where he devoted himself chiefly to history, philosophy, and jurisprudence. His poetical genius earlj^ discovered itself, having even before his 14th year written his first play, " El Garro del Cielo." His talent for this species of poetry, which has brought his name down to posterity, and, perhaps, his powers of invention in the preparation of entertainments or festivals, soon gained him friends and pa- trons. When he left Salamanca, in 1625, to seek employment at the court of Ma- drid, many noblemen interested them- selves in bringing forward the young poet. But, having an inclination for the military profession, he entered the ser- vice in 1625, and bore arms with distinc- tion for 10 years in Milan and the Nether- lands. Inl636 he was recalled by Philip IV., who gave him the direction of the court entertainments, and, in particular, the preparation of plays for the court the- atre. The next year lie was made knight of the order of San Jago, and served in the campaign in Catalonia. The unex- Eected termination of the war restored im again to his peaceful occupation. The king now ccnferred on him a month- 240 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [CAL ly pension of thirty escudos d' oro ; but lie still employed his talents with unin- termitted industry in composing for the theatre and the church. Tlie king spared no cost in the representation of his theatrical pieces. Ten years after, in 1651, he procured permission from the order of San Jugo to enter the clerical profession, and, in 1653, obtained a chaplain's office in the archiepiscopal church at Toledo, without quitting, how- ever, his former occupation. But, as this situation removed him too far from court, he received, in 1663, another at the king's court-chapel, (being still allow- ed to hold the former,) and, at the same time, a pension was assigned him from tlie Sicilian revenue. His fame greatly increased his income, as he was solicited by the principal cities of Spain to com- Eose their autos sacramentales, for which e was liberally paid. He bestowed par- ticular pains on the composition of these pieces, and, in fact, eclipsed all that the Spanish literature, so rich in this depart- ment of fancy, had hitherto produced. Eeligion is the ruling idea, the central Eoint, of his poems. Whatever subject e handles, he exhibits true poetical genius. Even allowing that he is infe- rior in richness of invention to Lope de Vega, he certainly excels him in fineness of execution, elevation of feeling, and aptness of expression. The Spanish na- tion esteem Calderon among the greatest poetical geniuses, and many faults in his writings are certainly to be attributed to the age and circumstances of the author. Among his dramatic works are many pieces of intrigues, full of complicated ?lots, and rich in stirring incidents, 'here are, besides, heroic comedies and historical plays, some of which merit the name of tragedies. To this class belongs the " Constant Prince," which deserves an honorable place among ro- mantic tragedies of the first rank. Be- sides these, he has left 95 autos sacra- mentales, 200 loas, (preludes,) and 100 saynetes, (farces.) He wrote his last play in the 81st year of his age. The smaller poems of Calderon, his songs, sonnets, ballads, &c., notwithstanding the ap- plause which they i-eceived from his co- temporaries, are now forgotten ; but his plays have maintained their place on the stage even more than those of Lope de Vega. The number of his collected plays amounts to 128. He wrote, how- ever, many more, some of which were never published. D. May 25th, 1687. CALDERWOOD, David, a Scotch Presbyterian divine of the reign of Charles II. His opposition to episcopa- cy caused him to be banished, and he went to reside in Holland, where he published his celebrated "Altaire De- mascenum." He subsequently returned to Scotland, and by his writings and personal exertions greatly aided in the establishment of Presbyterianism. D. 1651. CALENIUS, Walter, a native of Wales and one of its historians. He was archdeacon of Oxford in 1120. CALENTIUS, Elisius, a Neapolitan poet and prose author. He was precep- tor to Frederic, the son of Ferdinand, king of Naples, and the earliest writer on the illegality of putting criminals to death except for murder. D. 1503. CALEPINO, Ambrosk, an Italian grammarian and philologist : author of a very valuable " Polyglot JDictionary," and other learned and useful works. D. 1510. CALETTI, Giuseppe, surnamed Ii Cremonese, an admirable Italian painter. His principal picture is that of St. Mark, in the church ban Benedetto, at Ferrara. In some of- his works he so closely imitated Titian, that connoisseurs can scarcely distinguish them. D. 1660. CALHOUN, John Caldwell, one of the most eminent of American states- men, was of Irish descent, but b. in Abbeville district, S. C, on the 18th March, 1782. The family originally re- sided in Pennsylvania, but' removed thence to Virginia, and afterwards to South Carolina. In 1802 he was sen^ to Yale college, studied law in Litch- field, Conn., and in 1807 was admitted to the bar of his native state. He was elected to the legislature the next year, and in 1811 was chosen to congress, where he soon greatly distinguished himself by his logical power as a debater, and where he remained till 1817, when he was made secretary of war, under President Monroe. In 1825 he was elected vice-president of the United States, and in 1831, a senator. In 1843 he was made secretary of state, and again became senator in 1845. Thus from the year 1821 till his death, March 31st, 1850, he was rarely absent from Washington. In all the political ques- tions which arose dui'ing that time he took an active and projoinent part, gen- erally on the side oi extreme state rights. His speeches were full of thought and knowledge, terse, bold, and manly, and his character was one of the greatest integrity and elevation. He left behind him several works on political subjects, which are soon to be published. '] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 241 CALKtITLA, Caitts C^sab Augustus Germanicus, th3 Komau emperor and tyrant, began his reigu a. t>. 37, with every promising appearance of becom- ing the real father and friend of his people ; bat at the end of eight months he Avas seized with a fever, which, it is charitably presumed, must have perma- nently deranged his intellect, for his dis- position totally changed, and he com- mitted the most atrocious acts of impiety, cruelty, and folly. He caused sacrifices to be 'offered to himself, his wife, and his favorite horse; murdered many of his subjects with his own hands : had others put to the rack while he was enjoying his meals, or beheaded in his presence. But in the midst of his enor- mities he was assassinated by a tribune of the people, as he came out of the thcLtre, A. D. 41, in the 29th year of his age. CALIPPUS, a Greek mathematician of the 4th century b. c, famous for hav- ing corrected the cycle of 19 years, invented by Meton, to show the corre- spondence of time in the revolutions of the sun and moon. CALLCOTT, John Wall, doctor of music, an eminent English composer. The Nobleman's Catch-club having pro- posed a prize, he sent in a hunared compositions. It was then ruled that no individual should send more than three compositions of a sort ; and Call- cott accoroingly, in 1789, sent twelve, four of which gained the four medals. For many years he carried off at least one annual prize, until 1793, when the prizes ceased to be given. He wrote, besides glees, catches, and other com- positions, a "Musical Grammar," and made some progress with a " Musical Dictionary." B. 1766; d. 1821.— Au- gustus Wall, brother of the above, an eminent English landscape painter, b. at Kensington, 1779. Originally a chor- ister in Westminster abbey, he was induced to try his hand at portrait paint- ing ; and such was his success, that he immediately followed the new pursuit to which his inclination pointed. Year after year his reputation increased ; and from 1799, when he first submitted a specimen of his abilities for exhibition at the Royal Academy, till 1810, when he was elected a royal academician, he had advanced almost to the summit of his profession. For many years his pictures of sea-coast views and English inland scenery were in considerable request ; nor were they ever deficient in number, his industry being on a par with his ability. On his marriage with the widow of Captain Graham, they made a conti- nental tour, and it was evident soon after his return that his study of Italian scenery and the Italian m'asters had wrought an entire change in his style of composition. No longer did we see rural scenes of England — mills, market- carts, or ferry-boats; but "Morning" and "Evening," Italian compositions; " Sunset near Canneglia," " Italian Girls at their First Communion," and othera of that class. Though for a time, how- ever, he had abandoned, he had not forgotten the studies of his earlier years ; and in 1837 the public were both sur- prised and delighted with a large picture of " Eaffaelle and the Fornarina," with figures the size of life. In that year he received the honor of knighthood. D. 1844, aged 65. — Makia, Lady, daughter of Kear-admiral George Dundas, b. 1779. was married at a very early age to Cap- tain Graham, E. N. ; she accompanied him to India, returned to England, and published her travels in the three presi- dencies before she was 24 years of age. Some years later she accompanied her husbaiid to South America, where he died, and she was in Chili during the temble earthquakes of 1822-3. Besides the "Travels" above named, she pub- lished a "History of Spain," a "Scrip- ture Herbal," and several minor works. Her second husband was Sir Augustus Callcott, the artist. U. 1842. CALLET, .John Francis, a celebrated French mathematician, hydrographer, and engineer; author of a " Memoir on the Discovery of the Longitude," a " Supplement' to Bezout's Trigonome- try," and a "Table of Logarithms, from 1 to 108,000." D. 1798. CALLIMACHUS, a sculptor and ar- chitect of Corinth. He is said to have invented the Corinthian order of archi- tecture, and to have taken the hint of its capital from a plant of the acanthus which surrounded a basket covered with a tile on a tomb. He flourished in the 6th century b. c, — A Greek poet and historian. The remains of his writings, consisting of elegies, hymns, and epi- grams, have been published by several eminent editors, and translated into En- glish by Dodd and Tytler. CALLINUS, a Grecian orator and poet, supposed to have lived in the 8th century n. c. Some of his poetry is in the collection of Stobicus, and" he is said to have been the inventor of elegiac V6rS6 CALLISTHENES, a Greek philoso- 242 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [CAL pher and poet, a relative and pupil of Aristotle, by whom lie was recommend- ed to Alexander the Great. He accom- panied that prince in the expedition against Persia, and was at first much esteemed by him. It seems, however, that the philosopher had no small por- tion of arrogance, a quality not likely to serve him with a despotic and irritable prince. He crowned the offences of his free speaking by boldly reprobating Alexander's assumption of divine hon- ors. For this he was put to death. CALLOT, James, an eminent French engraver. His plates are very numerous and highly esteemed, and his drawings scarcely less so. D. 1636. CALLY, Pierre, a French divine and philosopher. He was a stanch Cartesian, and was much engaged in philosophi- cal controversies. He also distinguish ed himself in converting Protestants to the church of Kome. In addition to his controversial works, he wrote some sermons, and an " Introduction to Philosophy," and edited "Boethius de Consolatione." D. 1709. CALMET, AuGUSTiN, a French Bene- dictine abbot of Senones ; author of a "Universal History," "Dictionary of the Bible," and other learned and well- known works. B. 1672 ; d. 1757. CALONNE, Charles Alexander de, an eminent French statesman, who suc- ceeded Necker as comptroller-general of the finances in 1783 ; but after four years of incessant endeavors at financial reform, was obliged to retire to En- gland. He wrote " Observations sur plusieurs Matieres du Droit Civile et Coutumier," &c. B. 1734; d. 1802. CALPRENEDE, Walter de Costes, lord of, a French nobleman and friend of the great Conde, who is said to have aided him in the composition of "Cas- sandra," "Pharamond," &c., volumi- nous romances, once very popular, but now sunk into almost entire oblivion. D. 1663. CALVAEE, Dexis, an eminent Dutch painter, who had the honor of giving the earliest instructions to Guido, Alba- no, and Domenichino. His cAef-d^ oeuvre is the picture of St. Michael, in the church of St. Peter, at Bologna, D. 1619. CALVERT, George, first Lord Balti- more, an English statesman. He was for some time secretary of state to James I., but was obliged to resign his office on becoming a Roman Catholic. He did not lose the favor of tlie king, how- ever ; but obtained a valuable grant of land in America, and by his wisQ and just conduct formed the colonv which lias in modern times increased to the Eopulous and wealthy state of Maryland. ►. 1632.— Frederick, seventh Lord Bal- timore; author of a "Tour to the East, with Remarks on Constantinople and the Turks," "Coelestes et Infcri," &c. D. 1771.— -Frederick, an ingenious and enterprising artist residing in London, whose numerous drawings and litho- fraphic prints afford ample evidence otti of his versatility and untiring as- siduity. D. 1835. — Leonard, first gov- ernor of Maryhxnd, was the brother of Cecilius Calvert, the proprietor, who sent him to America as the head of the colony, in 1633. He arrived with his colony at Point Comfort, in Virginia, 1634. On the 3d of March he proceeded in the bay of Chesapeake to the north- ward, and entered the Potomac, up which he sailed twelve leagues, and came to an anchor under an island, which he named St. Clement's. Here he fired his camion, erected a cross, and took possession, " in the name of the Saviour of the world, and of the king of England." Having obtained an in- terview with the Werowance, or prince, Calvert asked him whether he was will- ing that a settlement should be made in his own country. He replied, " I will not bid you go, neither will I bid you stay ; but you may use your own discre- tion." Having convinced the natives that his designs were honorable and pacific, the governor now sought a more suitable station for commencing his colony. He visited a creek on the north- ern side of the Potomac, about four leagues from its mouth, where was an Indian village. Here he acquainted the prince of the place with his intentions, and by presents to him, and his princi- pal men, conciliated his friendship so much as to obtain permission to reside in one part of the town until the next harvest, when it was stipulated the na- tives should entirely quit the place. Thus the governor took peaceable pos- session of the country of Maryland, and gave to the town the name of St. Mary's, and to the creek on which it was situa- ted the name of St. George. The prov- ince was established on the broad foun- dation of security of property and of freedom of religion. This liberal policy rendered a Roman Catholic colony an asylum for those wlio were driven from New England by the persecutions which were there experienced from Protest- ants. The governor superintended the affairs of the countrv till the civil war in '] CYCLOPiEWA OF BIOGRAPHY. 3^ England, when the name of a papist be- came so obnoxious that the parliament assumed the government of the prov- ince, and appointed a new governor. On the restoration, CeciUus Calvert re- covered his right. D. 1676. CALVI, Lazzako, an able Italian art- ist, but of so jealous and evil a disposi- tion, that he poisoned an artist who rivalled him ; and, on finding Luca Cam- braso's portion of the decoration of a church prefen-ed to his own, abandoned his own profession, and did not resume it for 20 vears. D. 1606. CALVIN, properly CAUVIN, John, after Luther the most eminent of the religious reformers. Plis writings, both controversial and practical, were very- numerous, and marked by great vigor and perspicuity ; and though they are now little read, the principles they in- culcate are held by a vast body in all countries in which the reformed religion is established or tolerated. There is, however, a deep stain in the character of this reformer. While vindicating the liberty of conscience, he so far forgot his own principles and disobeyed the behests ot the gospel, as to consign to the flames the unfortunate Servetus. The principal work of Calvin is his " Christian Institutes." B. at Noyon, in Picardy, 1509 ; d. 1564. CALVISIUS, Sellius, a German wri- ter; author of "Opus Ckronologicum," a work much praised by Scaliger and other learned men ; a treatise on music ; a work against the Gregorian calendar, &c. He also composed several psalms and other pieces of church music. D, 1615. C AMBACERES, Jean Jacques Regis, duke of Rome, &c., raised to distinction by the French revolution, was b. at Montpelier, in 1733, brought up to the legal profession, and by his talents soon attracted the notice of the convention, by whom he was appointed to various judicial offices. In the discussion rela- tive to the fate of Louis XVI., although he was one who declared him guilty, yet he disputed the right of the convention to judge him, and voted for his proviso- ry arrest, or, in case of hostile invasion, his death. For a time he had the man- agement of foreign aifairs ; and when Bonaparte was first consul, Catiibaceres was chosen second consul. After Napo- leon became emperor he was an especial favorite, and was created archchaneel- lor, grand officer of the legion of honor, and ultimately duke of Parma, and presi- 'dent of the chamber of peers. In fine, he always showed a sincere attachment to Napoleon, and devoted his best ener- gies to his cause ; and though he was banished on the second restoration of Louis XVIII., yet he was afterwards allowed to return to Paris, where he d. in 1824. CAMBRIDGE, Adolphus Frederic, duke of, the seventh and youngest son of Georore III., wash. 1774; d. 1850. CAMBRONNE, Pierre Jacques Etienne, baron de, a distinguished French general, was b. at Nantes, 1770. Entering the army in 1790, he served with distinction in the campaigns of the republic and the empire. He accom- panied Napoleon to Elba in 1814, re- turned with him in 1815, commanded a division of the Old Guard at the bat- tle of Waterloo, refused to surrender, though his men were nearly destroyed, and fell into the hands of the English, after being severely wounded. In 1816 he was brought before a council of war ; but though unanimously acquitted, he was placed in retirement, and did not re-enter his country's service till 1830. The celebrated words, " La Garde mcurt, et ne se rend pas," are attributed to him. D. 1842. CAMBYSES, king of Persia, succeed- ed his father, the great Cyrus, in 529 B. c. He was of a violent and vindictive disposition, which he manifested equal- ly by his invasions of Egypt and Ethi- opia, Jind by his cruel treatment of his own subjects. D. 521 b.o. CAMDEN, Charles Pratt, Earl, a distinguished British lawyer and states- man, was the third son of Sir John Pratt, chief justice of the court of King's Bench, b. 1713. In 1757 he was ap- pointed attorney-general ; and in 1762 made chief justice of the common pleas. In 1765 he was created a peer, and the year following advanced to the dignity of lord chancellor. On the question of libels Lord. Camden always opposed the doctrine laid down by liigh authority, viz., that juries were only the judges or the matter of fact, and not of the law. In 1782 he was appointed president of the council, which office he resigned the following year ; but he was afterwards reappointed, and held it till his death in 1794. — John Jeffreys Pratt, mar- quis of, was b. in 1759, beinsrtlie only son of Charles, first Earl Camden, some time lord high chancellor of England. He was educated at Trinity college, Cam- bridge ; and in 1780 he "was returned to parliament as one of the members for Bath ; st.ortly after which he received Ui CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY. [cam the appoic.tment of one of the tellers of the exchequer. In 1794 he succeeded his father in the peernare, and the year following he wa? made lord lieutenant of Ireland. Fur his eminent services to the state, he was created Marquis Cam- den and earl of Brecknock in 1812. D. 1840. — William, a learned English an- tiquary. He received his early educa- tion at Christ's hospital, and subse- quently studied at Oxford, where he took his B.A. degree. After filling the situations of second and chief master of Westminster school, his proficiency in antiquarian lore procured him the hon- orable and lucrative office of Claren- cieux king-at-arms. In addition to his great and well-known work, "The Britannia," he published "Annals of Queen Elizabeth," a Greek grammar, &c. B. 1551; d. 1623. CAMERARIUS, Joachim, a learned German writer, the frtend and biogra- pher of Melancthon. B. 1500 ; d. 1574. — Joachim, son of the above; author of some botanical essays, &c. B. 1534 ; d. 1598. CAMERON, John, a Scotch Protest- ant divine^ who, after filling the divin- ity chair at Glasgow, obtained that of Montauban, in France. Mild by nature and tolerant by Christian philosophy, he endeavored to' mediate between Protest- ants and Catholics; but some zealots belonging to the latter caused him to be so severely assaulted, that he died from the effects of the brutal attack. D. 1625. CAMILLA, daughter of Metabus, king of the Volsci. On succeeding her father she distinguished herself in arms, and fell in battle assisting Turnus against JEneas. CAMILLUS, Marcus FuRius, a Roman general. After obtaining the highest honors from his applauding compatriots he was charged with peculation, and ■went into exile. But when Brennus and his Gauls besieged the capital, Cam il his nobly set aside his private feelings, hastened to Rome, and freed it from the barbarians ; after which he was made dictator. D. 365 b. c. CAMOENS, Luiz de, the most cel- ebrated poet of the Portuguese, was b. at Lisbon, probably in 1§24; for it ap- pears, from a catalogue of persons em- barking for the East Indies in 1550, that Camoens, whose age is there given at twenty-five years, offered himself as a volunteer for the campaign. His father was a sea-captain, and perished by ship- wreck, on the coast of Goa, in 1556. Camoens studied at Coimbra, and hav- ing couLpleted his education, re mrned to Lisbon, where he fell deeply in love with a lady of the palace, Catharine d'Attayde. ' He was exiled to Santarem, on account of disputes in which thit' love involved him. From despair he became a soldier, and served in the fleet which the Portuguese sent against Morocco. He composed poetry in the midst of battles; and, as danger kindled his genius, so genius animated his courage. An arrow having deprived him of his right eye before Ccuta, he naturally hoped that his wounds would receive a recompense, though his talents were not appreciated; but envy opposed his claims. Full of indignation at seeing himself neglected, he embarked, in 1553, for India, and landed at Goa. His f)owerful imagination was excited by the leroic deeds of his countrymen in this quarter ; and, although he had much reason to complain of them, he could rtot resist the desire of celebrating their gloiy in an epic. But this vivacity of mind» essential to the poet, is not easily united with the moderation which a dependent condition demands. Camoens was dis- pleased with the abuses of the govern- ment in India, and wrote a satire, which caused his banishment to Macao, where he lived several years in no other society than that of natui'e, and composed his Lusiad, the subject of which is Vasco da Gama's expedition to India. The parts of it which are best known are the episode of Ines de Castro, and the ap- pearance of Adamastor, who, by means of his power over the storms, aims to stop Gama's voyage, when he is about to double the Cape. The versification of the Lusiad has something so charm- ing and splendid, that not only culti- vated minds, but even the common f)eople, are enraptured by its magic, and earn by heart and sing its beautiful stanzas. Being at last recalled from his banishment, at the mouth of the river Mecon, in Cochin-China, he was ship- wrecked, and saved himself by swim- ming ; holding in one hand, above the water, the manuscript of his poem, the only treasure which lie rescued from the waves, and which was dearer to liim than life. In Groa, he encountered new persecutions ; he was confined in prison for debt, and not allowed, until his friends became responsible for him, to embark and return to Lisbon, in 1569. King Sebastian, yet hardly past the age of childhood, took an interest in him. He accepted the dedication of his epic, (which appeared in 1572,) and, being on cam] CYCLOPiEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY. 245 the point of embarking on his expedi- tion against th.* Moors in Africa, he felt, more sensibly than others, the ge- nius of the poet, who, like him, loved dangers if they led to glory. But Sebas- tian was killed in a battle before Alcacar, in 1578, when every source of assist- ance, as well as every hope of Camoena, was destroyed by this event. So great was his poverty, that at night, a slave whom he had brought with him from India, begged in the streets, in order to support the life of his master. In this misery he yet wrote lyric poems, some of which contain the nlost moving com- plaints. This hero of Portuguese liter- ature, the ornament of his country and of Europe, d. at last, in 1579, in the hospital at Lisbon. CAMP AN, Jeanne Louise Heneiette ■ DE, distinguished no less for her amia- bility than, her acquirements, was b. at Paris, 1752. Attached to the court in the capacity of companion to the French princesses, she was particularly dis- tinguished by Marie Antoinette, whose good and evil fortune she shared with affecting fidelity and devotion. After the revolution she instituted a celebrated educational establishment at St. Ger- mains; she was subsequently appointed by Napoleon head of the institution for the education of the daughters of officers whom he had enrolled in the legion of honor ; but after the restoration of the Bourbons, this establishment was dis- solved, and her relationship to Marshal Ney involved her in various unpleasant investigations which imbittered lier life. She d. in 1822, leaving behind her, be- sides a respected name, many educa- tional works, (of which her *' Education des Filles" deserves particular notice,) and valuable memoirs, rich in interest- ing sketches of the private life of her former mistress and friend. CAMP AN ELLA, Thomas, an Italian monk of the Dominican order. Having strongly opposed the Peripatetic philos- ophy, his enemies caused him to be ac- cused of conspiracy, and he was confined first at Naples and afterwards at Rome. From the latter place he escaped to France, where Cardinal Eichelieu ob- tained him a pension. His best works are " De recta Eatione Studendi," and " Aphorisma Politica." D. 1639. CAMPBELL, ARcriraALD, marguis of Argyle, a zealous and gallant partisan of the Covenanters. At the restoration of Charles II. the marquis was commit- ted to the Tower. After remaining a orisoner about five months, he was sent 21* to Scotland, where he was tried for high treason, and beheaded in 1661. — Archi- bald, earl of Argyle, son of the above, and a zealous adherent of the royal cause, was excepted from the general ?ardon issued by Cromwell in 1654. hough he defeated the endeavors of his enemies to bring him to the scaflfold, he most unfortunately ventured to re- turn from Holland, where he had found shelter, an^ being apprehended, was conveyed to Edinburgh, and beheaded in 1685. — John, duke of Argyle and of Greenwich, was distinguished equally as a soldier and a statesman. He was brigadier-general at the famous battle of Ramilies, and commanded with bril- liant effect at Oudenarde and Malplaquet. To fhese services he added that of beat- ing the earl of Mar at Dumblain, and compelling the Pretender to quit the kingdom. These actions, and his ex- ertions in bringing about the i;nion, were rewarded with the garter and the English dukedom of Greenwich. He also held several offices, of which SirR. Walpole deprived him, but which he regamed on that ministers removal. B. 1671 ; d. 1743. — Archibald, a relative of the above, and bishop of Aberdeen; author of the very scarce and curious work, " The Poctrine of a Middle State between Death and the Resurrection." He resigned his bishopric in 1724, and d. 1744. — George, a Scotch divine, princi- pal of Marischal college, Aberdeen, and professor of divinity there ; author of the *' Philosophy of Rhetoric," — still a standard work, — a " Reply to Hume on the Miracles," " Lectures on Ecclesiasti- cal History," &c. B. 1709 ; d. 1796.— John, a Scotch architect, surveyor of the works at Greenwich ; author of " Vitruvius Britannieus." D. 1734. — John, a clever and industrious Scotch writer ; author of the " Militarj' His- tories of Prince Eugene and the duke of Marlborough ;" a " Political Survey of Britain," the "Lives of the Admirals," &e. D. 1775. — Neil, was the officer selected by the British government to accompany Napoleon to the island of Elba ; and it was during a short excur- sion, which his bad state of health ren- dered necessary, that Napoleon effected his escape. After spending thirty-one years in the service of his country, he fell a sacrifice to the noxious climate of Sierra Leone, of which colony he had been appointed commander-in-chief. D. 1827.— Thomas, an eminent poet, was the son of a Scotch merchant, who gave him an excellent education at Glasgo-w, 2# CrCLOPJiDiA OF BIOGRAPHY. [cam tvhere he j^reatly distinguished himself. A translation of his from Aristophanes was pronounced by the best juages to be the finest college exercise they had ever seen ; and, when little more than thirteen, he won a bursary in his college from a competitor nearly double his age. Leaving Glasgow at an eaily age, he settled in Edinburgh as a private tutor ; and here, when only in lijs twenty- second year, he published " The Pleas- ures of" Hope" — by all judges allowed to be one ot the most elegant poems in our language. Tlie success of this work was such as to allow of his making a tour on the Continent, whence he gave the world those splendid lyrics, " Ye Mariners of England," " TJie Exile of Erin," and " Hohenlinden." At the buttle of Holienlinden he was so near that he could see the returning conquer- ors wiping their blood-stained sabres \ipon their horses' manes ; a circum- stance to which, in after years, he was often heard to allude. Soon after his teturu from the Continent, Mr. Campbell married and settled in London, employ- ing himself not only in occasional com- §osition of poetry, but also in the rudgery of mere compilation. He published " Gertrude ot^ Wyoming," "The Battle of the Baltic,'"' "Lord TJllin's Daughter," and " O'Connor's Child ;" and he was engaged by Mr. Murray to write the admirable and well- known " Critical Essays and Speci- mens." Subsequently he edited the New Monthly and the Metropolitan Magazines, and published "Theodoric," a poem, besides editing some few re- prints and compilations. Early in his career he was relieved from the absolute want which too often stings genius into imprudence, by the kindness of Charles Fox, who put him on the pension list for £200 per annum. His health had for some years been but feeble, and in 1843 he retired to Boulogne, where he d. June 15, 1844, aged 67. CAMPE, Joachim Henry, a German writer, author of a " German Diction- ary," "Letters from Paris, eulogistic of the French Revolution," " Theoph- ron," and the " New Robinson Crusoe." The last-named work, by which he is ehiefly known in Engl.and, is founded on the popular work of Defoe. B. 1746 ; d. 1818. CAMPEGGIO, LoBENzo, originally a professor of civil law at Bologna, but on the death of his wife he entered the church, became a bishop, and at length a cardinal. In 1519 he was sent as le- gate to England, and while there waa nominated bishop of Salisbury. After being some time in Germany as legate, and employed in opposing Lutheranism, he again went to England to decide be- tween Henry VIH. and Catharine of Aragon, on which occasion he otfended Henry without being of any real service to the queen. He appears to have been a man of considerable learning and nat- ural ability; for he reckoned Erasmus and other eminent scholars among his friends. D. 1539. — A brother of the above, and a bishop, author of several' "Treatises on Canon Law." D. 1564. CAMPER, Peter, a Dutch physician and naturalist. His writings on various departments of " Natural History and Philosophy" are collected in 6 volumes; and, in addition to these, he wrote an ingenious treatise on "The Physiogno- mies of Men of Different Nations." B. 1722 ; d. 1789. CAMPHUYSEN, Dyrk, a Dutch land- scape painter of the 17th century, dis- tinguished for the excellence of his moonlight pieces. C AMPI, Bernardin, an Italian painter, and author of an excellent treatise on the principles of his art. D. 1584. — Various persons of this name are dis- tinguished in the annals of Italian art. CAMPIAN, Edmund, an English Je- suit. He was educated at Christ's hos- pital, and graduated at Oxford ; but on a visit to Ireland was induced to turn Catholic, and enter as a Jesuit at Douay. He wrote "Chronologia Universalis," and a drama, called " Nectar and Am brosia." Being chosen by Gregory XIII. to visit England as a missionary, he was discovered, tried for high treasonj and executed in 1581. CAMPISTRON, Jean Gualbert de, a French dramatic poet. Three volumes of his plays are extant; and some of them are thought to be but little inferior to those of his celebrated cotemporary, Racine. B. 1656 ; d. 1723. CAMPOMANES, Pedro Rodriguez, count de, a celebrated Spanish, states- man, whose profound views in political economy obtained him, in 1765, the ap- pointment of fiscal to the council of Castile. He was afterwards made min- ister of state, and wrote many useful works. D. 1789. CAMPS, Francis de, abbot of Ligny, author of a " History of France," "Dis- sertation on Medals,"" &c. D. 1723. CAMPSON, Gauri, raised by the Mamelukes to the sultanship of i%ypt , and slain, after a beneficent reign or 12 can] CYCLOPJEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT 347 years, in an action with Selim, emperor of the Turks, in 1516, CAMUS, Armand Gaston, was one of the deputies from Paris to the states- general in 1789; and, wlien a member of the convention, voted for the deatli of the king. Although he opposed the estabUslunent of the consular govern- ment, yet Bonaparte continued him in his office of archivist, which he held sevei-al years. B. 1740 ; d. 1804. — John Peter, a French prelate, remarkable for the raillery he introduced into his ser- mons. He was created bishop of Bellay by Henry IV., but his severe reproofs of the monks, and his endeavors to check their irregularities, made him many enemies, and he at length re- signed his bishopric and retired to a monastery. Among his writings were several religious romances, written with the intention to supplant the less edify- ing fictions which were just at that time so popular. B. 1582; d. 1652. OAMUSAT, Nicholas, canon of Troyes, author of "Melanges Histori- ques," "Historia Albigensium," &c. D. 1655. CANALETTI, or CANALE, Anto- nio, a Venetian painter, whose excel- lence was chiefly m landscape. To him is ascribed the merit of having been the first to make the camera obscura useful in painting. B. 1697 ; d. 1768. CANANI, John Baptist, an Italian anatomist, professor of anatomy and medicine at Ferrara, author of a valuable and scarce work, entitled "Musculorum Humani Corporis picturata Dissectio.?' Some writers attribute to him the dis- covery of the valves of the veins. D. 1590. CANDAULES, a king of Lydia, put to death by his favorite, Gyges, at the instigation of the queen. Gyges sub- sequently slew her also, and assumed the crown, 718 b. c. CANDIDO, Peter, whose real name is said to have been De Witte, was a native of Bruges, where he was dis- tinguished as an historical painter. Many of his works have been engraved. CANDOLLE, Axtgustin P. de, whose knowledge of botany has placed him in the same rank with "^ Linnaeus, was b. at Geneva, 1778. Having finished his studies at Paris, he soon attracted the notice of Cuvicr and Lamarck, whom he aided in various scientific researches ; and in 1808 he was appointed to the cha r of botany in Montpelier. Obliged to quit France for havmg taken office under Napoleon during the hundred days, he found refuge in his native city, where a chair of natural history waa expressly instituted for him, and where he continued, for many years, to extend the boundaries of his favorite science by his lectures and publications. His chief works are a " Theorie Elementaire de Botanique," " Eeo:ni Vegetabilis Sys- tema Naturale," " L'Organographie et la Physiologic Vegetales," &c. ; in all of which he seeks to enforce what is called the natural arrangement. D. 1841. CANGE, Charles du Fresne du, a French antiquary, author of a "History of the Empire of Constantinople," "By- zantine History," &c. D. 1688. CANNEMXN, Elias, a Dutch states- man, who, in 1798, joined the revolu- tion, and held a high financial post at the Hague, when Holland was united to France. In 1818 he was among the first to declare the independence ot Holland, and chief contributor to the restoration of the house of Orange. B. 1773. CANNES, Francis, ji learned Span- iard, the author of "A Spanish and Arabian Grammar and Dictionary." B. 1737 ; d. 1795. CANNING, George, a highly gift5d orator and distinguished politician, was b. in London, April 11, 1770. His fa- ther, who was from Ireland, was a man of considerable literary abilities ; but having otfended his family by marrying a lady without fortune, came to London, entered himself of the Middle Ternple, and was called to the bar. Like many others similarly situated, he soon aban- doned the law for literature ; but this failing to provide him with ths mean^ of support, he commenced business as d wine merchant, and failed. Eepeated disappointments seriously aflfected hid health and spirits, and he died, broken- hearted, on the very day that his infant son was one year old. His widow, re- duced by dire necessity, had recourse td the stage for support, and married an actor: he also died, and she then be- came the wife of Mr. Hunn, a linen- draper of Exeter. But she had th4 happiness to live to see the success of her son, and to receive from him at all times the tenderest marks of filial afiec- tion. The friends of his father first placed him at Hyde Abbey school, Win- chester, and afterwards at Eton, wherd he greatly distinguished himself as i scholar, and formed many connectiona which were of great service to him in his after life. While at Eton, he dis- played great skill as an author, in hifl contributions to the "Microcosm," d 248 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [cab periodical work conducted by the senior 1 scholais. At Oxford also lie distin- guished himself, and proceeded thence to Lincoln's Inn, his oratorical talents suggesting the bar as the profession best adapted for him. Being introduced to the house of commons by Mr. Pitt, he abandoned the bar, and devoted him- self wholly to politics. His strenuous and able support of the minister was rewarded in 1796 with an under secre- taryship of state ; and in the year 1800 he was placed in affluence by his mar- riage with Miss Joanna Scott, the daughter of General Scott, with a for- tune of £100,000. His talents as a poet and political writer were unquestion- able, and he made an expert use of them in the articles he contributed to the " Antijacobin," a celebrated pub- lication, in which the whigs were wit- tily, inimercifully, and in some cases unjustifiably, held up to popular con- tempt. After the death of Pitt, and the dissolution of the coalition ministry of Fox and Grenville, Canning became foreign secretary in Perceval's adminis- tration ; and to him may justly be ascribed the line of British pohcy in Spain, which destroyed the hopes of Kapoleon, and led to his final over- throw ; for, as he once emphatically de- clared, "his had been the hand which committed England to an alliance with Spain." Having, as it was alleged, un- fairly endeavored to procure the removal of Lord Castlereagh from office, a duel took place, and both parties had to quit office. In 1812 he was elected a member for the great commercial town of Liver- pool ; and in 1816 he again became min- ister, being appointed president of the board of control. In this situation he miide himself extremely unpopular by his defence of the Six Acts, and other no less obnoxious measures. On the return of Queen Caroline to England in 1820, Mr. Canning retired from office, that he might not have occasion to vote against her. This did not prevent his being appointed governor-general of India in 1822 ; and he had already made preparations for his departure, when the death of the marquis of London- derry caused the seals of the foreign office to be delivered to Mr. Canning. In conjunction with Mr. Iluskisson, he now advocated a course of both home and foreign polity strikingly at vari- ance with that of which he liacl for years been the wittiest and readiest, if not the most profound, defender. His new policy was as popular as his old had been obnoxious ; and the earl of Liver- pool being seized with paralysis, from which there was no hope of his recovery, Mr. Canning reached the grand object of his ambition — that of being the ac- knowledged head of the administration. But though the new premier was pop- ular with the country, the party with whom he had in a great measure ceased to act rendered his task a difficult one. The opposition to him was fierce, almost rancorous ; and it was soon obvious that he was sutfering both in mind and body from over-exertion and constant excite- ment. These, aggravating the effects of a severe cold, caught AvlVile attending the funeral of the duke of York, brought on a most painful inflammatory disease, which terminated his life at the age ol 57, in 1827. CANO, Alonzo, a Spanish painter, sculptor, and architect; he was sur- named the Michael Angelo of Spjiin. His colossal statues of St. Peter and St. Paul were so admirably executed, that foreign artists from all parts travelled to see and copy them. Unhappily, in the midst of his triumph and celebrity, he became the victim of a horrible suspi- cion. During his absence from home, his wife was murdered and his house robbed by an Italian servant ; .and Cano being suspected, was put to the rack. The torture itself could not shake his firmness, and as there was no evidence against him he was released. He then entered the church ; and although he strictly attended to his religious duties, his love of the arts was unabated, and the " ruling passion" was so strong, that on his death-bed, he averted his face from the crucifix of his confessor, be- cause it was ill-carved. B. 1608; d. 1676. — James, a Portuguese navigator, who in the 15th century discovered the kingdom of Congo. — John Sebastian, a Spanish navigator, Avho was employed as principal surveying officer by Magel- lan, who circumnavigated the globe in 1520-1. D. 1526. CANOVA, Antonio, a celebrated modern sculptor. He was b. in 1757, at the little village of Passagno, in the Venetian territory. The seigneur of the village, having seen the figure of a Hon modelled by Cauova when only 12 years of aire, was generous enough to plnce himWith Torretii, of Vienna, at that time the greatest living s&alptor. At the close of his studies at Vienna he settled at Venice, and manifested the originality of his powers by various works. From Venice lie passed to cap'] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 249 Eo -ne, where he was greatly patronized, and in a comparatively brief time he was admired by all Europe, and more or less employed by every European potentate. Fortune and honors flowed in upon him, and he used them wisely and honorably. Among his numerous works the finest are "Cupid and Psyche," "Venus and Adonis,'' "Mary Magdalen," and " Napoleon holding the Sceptre." D. 1822. CANOVAI, Stanislaus, an Italian mathematician, brought into notice by a work to prove that Anierico Vespuccio was the first discoverer of the New World. B. 1740. CANSTEIN, Charles Hildebrand, Baron, a German nobleman, distinguish- ed for an improvement in printing, anal- ogous to stereotyping. He caused bibles and testaments lo be printed from entire pages, the testaments being sold as low asfourpenee each. How the baron's pages were formed does not clearly ap- pear. D. 1719. CANTACUZENE, Prince, a Greek patriot, descended from the famous Eastern emperor, John, and one of the first to join Ypsilanti, in 1821, when de- claring for the liberty of Greece, since re-established. CANTACUZENUS, John, emperor of Constantinople. After filling several impoi'tant offices he was proclaimed emperor by the nobles and soldiery: and he endeavored to heal the wounds which five years of civil war had inflicted on the state ; but the jealousy of Palse- ologus, the rebellion of his own son, and other disasters, induced him to resign the crown and to retire to a mon- astery, where he employed himself in literary labors. He d; in 1411, being more than 100 years old ; and he may be considered as one of the greatest among the successors of Constantine. CANTAPJNI, Stmon, surnamed the Pezarese, an Italian painter, whose works are frequently mistaken for those of his great master, Guido. D. 1648. CAN TEMIR, Demetrius, a Moldavian prince ; author of " The System of the Mahotnetan Religion," a " History of the Rise and Fall of the Ottoman Empire," &c. D. 1723. — Antiochus, son of the above. He was educated in Russia, and employed in some important embassies from that country. He was the author of several poems, and translated Anac- reon into Russian. D. 1774. CANTERBURY, Charles Manners Sutton, Viscount, received his educa- tion at Eton and Trinity college, Cam- bridge ; entered parliament in 1807, as member for Knaresborough, which borough he represented till 1882, when he was elected for the university of Cambridge. In 1809 he was appointed to the office of judge advocate general; and on Mr. Abbot (afterwards Lord Colchester) retiring from the speaker- ship of the house of commons in 1817, the talent and political integrity of Mr. Manners Sutton recommended him to the house as one eminently qualified to fill so distinguished and honorable a situation. It being reported that he took an active part in the formation of the Peel ministry in 1834, the adherents and friends of Lord Melbourne put Mr. Aber- crombie in nomination for the speaker- ship, and he was chosen (Feb. 19, 1835) by a majority of 10. Mr. Manners Sut- ton was'shortly after called to the upper house by the titles of Viscount Canter- bury and Baron Bottesford. D. 1845. CANTIPRATANUS, Thomas, a di- vine and philosopher of the 13th cen- tury; author of two rare and curious treatises on the "Natural History of Bees." He is also said to have trans- lated into Latin the whole of the works of Aristotle -but Aventine attributes it to Henry of Brabant. CANTON, John, an ingenious En- glish mechanician and experimentalist. The chief of his discoveries was that of the means of making artificial magnets, for which the Royal Society gave him itf gold medal, and elected him a member He contributed some valuable papers to the transactions of the Royal Society, but published no separate work. B. 1718; d. 1772. CANUTE, surnamed the Great, king of Denmark by inheritance, and of En- gland by conquest. Though his autho- rity in England was ill-obtained, it seems to have been both wisely and justly administered. D, 1035. — ^IV., surnamed the Pious, king of Denmark. He endeavored to invade England, but was unsuccessful, and was slain by one of his subjects in a revolt, consequent on a grant he had made to the church. D. 1087. CAPASSO, Nicholas, an Italian di- vine, and professor of civil law in the university of Naples; author of some works on theology and jurisprudence, which are now but little known ; some spirited and popular poetry, Latin and Italian ; and a translation, which is highly popular in Naples, of " Homer's Iliad" into the Neapolitan patois. B. 1671 ; d. 1746. 250 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHi:. [car CAPEL, Aethihi Lord, a distin- guished royalist, wlu, in conjunction with Lord Norwich and Sir diaries Lucas, gallantly defended Colchester against the parliamentary troops. He at length surrendered on a promise of quarter, but was beheaded in 1648. While confined in the Tower he wrote some beautiful verses; and was the author also of a moral work, entitled *' Daily Meditations." — Akthur, earl of Essex, son of the above, was ambassador to Denmark and lord lieutenant of Ire- land. He subsequently, for a short time, held the office of first lord of the treas- ury ; but lost his favor at court by voting for the exclusion of the duke of York. Being accused of participation in the Eye-house plot, he was committed to the Tower, where he cut his throat, in 1683. CAPELL, EnwAKD, an eminent dra- matic critic ; editor of a volume of an- cient poetry, entitled "Prolusions," &c. ; but chiefly known for his edition of Shakspeare, a task which is said to have occupied him more than 20 years. B. 1713; d.l781. CAPELLO, BiANCA, at first the mis- tress, and afterwards the wife of Francis, son of the Grand-duke Cosmo de Medici. She was possessed of great ability, but was both artful and cruel, and her mem- ory is literally detested by the Floren- tines. The fact that her husband and herself died within a few days of each other, caused it to be surmised that they were poisoned, and rumor charged the dark deed upon the brother of her hus- band, the Cardinal Ferdinand. D. 1587. CAPISTKAN, John, a friar, who dis- tinguished himself in the 14:tia century by the zeal with which he labored against Turks and heretics. He headed a cru- sade against the Hussites, of whom he is said to have made many converts. D. 1456 ; and nearly two centuries after- wards was canonized. CAPISUCCHI, Blasius, marouis of Monterio, and general of the Catholic forces. Signalized himself by great da- ring and zeal against the Huguenots, especially in defending Poitiers against them in 1569. The besiegers threw a bridge across the river, when Capisucchi and two companions plunged in, and in the face of the enemy destroyed the fastenings of the bridge, thereby render- ing it useless. — Paul, bishop of Neocas- tro. He was appointed by the pope to examine the proceedings in the divorce of Henry VIII. and Queen Catharine, and reported that that measure was un- warranted. D. 1589. CAPMANI, Don Antokio, a Spanish philosopher, b. 1749 ; author of a Spanish dictionary and several elementary works. D. 1810. CAPO D'ISTKIA, John, count of, a Greek diplomatist, b. at Corfu, 1780 He was the son of a physician, and him- self studied physic at Venice. His fa- ther was governor of the seven Ionian islands, when occupied by Russia ; and when the treaty of Tilsit transferred them to France', Capo d'lstria entered the official service of the former, in Count Eomanzof's office. In 1812 he was sent on a diplomatic mission to Ad- miral Tchitchigotf. In 1813 the Em- peror Alexander being pleased with his conduct on that occasion, elevated him to the rank of foreign minister ; and in thi-s capacity his name is found at the foot of most of the treaties signed by the allies on the downfall of Bonaparte in 1813-14. Russia allowed him, in 1828j to quit office, in order to become president of the new Greek government. He was assassinated in the autumn of 1821. CAPPE, Newcome, an English dis senting divine, pupil of Dr. Doddridge ; author of " Illustrations of select Pas- sages of Scripture," "Discourses on the Providence and Government of God," &c. D. 1791. CAPEAEA, Cardinal, a distinguished Italian ecclesiastic, b. 1733. Attached to the principles of the French revolu- tion, he accompanied Bonaparte, in 1803, to Brussels, and Avas by him made arch- bishop of Milan. It was by Caprara that Bonaparte was crowned king of Italy in 1805. D. 1810. CAEACALLA, Marcus Aurelius An- toninus, a Eoman emperor. He was b. in 183, and, in conjunction with his brother, Geta, succeeded his father, Se- verus, in 211. Having murdered Geta, he was so much enraged at the people of Alexandria for their comments on that crime, that he entered the city with his troops and slew the inhabitants. After six years' reign he was murdered by one of his guarcis, in 217. CAEACCT, LuDovico, a celebrated Bo- lognese painter. His works are chiefly to'be found in the churches and palaces of Bologna, though some other Italian towns boast the possession of a few of them. He was an extremely amiable and disinterested man. B. 1555; d. 1619. — Annujale, cousin of the above, and still more eminent as a painter. His paint- ing in the palace of the Cardinal Far- nese, at Eonae, is said, by the famous OAR CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 251 Poussin, to excel the eiforts of all pre- ceding painters; yet for these wonder- ful works, which occupied him eight years, he received but five hundred gold crowns. 1). 1609. — Agostino, brother of the last named. He, like his distin- guished relatives, was an eminent paint- er, and worked sometimes in conjunc- tion with them; but he was still more distinguished as an engraver. His prints after Correggio, Paul Veronese, and Tin- toretto, are greatly admired. D. 1602. CAKACGIO, Antony, an ItaUan poet of the 17th century; author of " D Cor- radino," and other tragedies; and an epic poem, entitled '"Imperio Vindi- cato." CARACCIOLT, Francisco, Admiral, an Italian, b. 1770; one of the victims who perished by the sanguinary reaction at Naples in 1799, when the French abandoned the town, and the royal fam- ily were restored. Notwithstanding the capitulation with Cardinal Rutfo guar- anteed his life, he was hanged at the masthead of his vessel, and his body thrown into the sea. Much has been said of the evil influence used by Lady Hamilton over Nelson, then stationecl off Naples, to get him to sanction this outrage, but Lady Hamilton has vehe- mently doiied it. — Louis Antony, a French writer. His works are numer- ous; but none of them obtained so much notice as his pretended letters of Ganganelli, Pope Clement XIV. These are so superior to the other productions of their author, that the ruse succeeded in the outset; but his non-production of the original MSS., and certain anach- ronisms in the work, betrayed him. B. 1721 ; d. 1803.— EoBKRT, an Italian bish- op, much employed by popes Calixtus III. and Sixtus V. His sermons contain passages of great eloquence. D. 1496. CARACTACUS, whose real name was Caradog, was the king of an ancient British tribe inhabiting South Wales, called Silures. He gallantly resisted the Romans for a considerable time, but was at length defeated by Ostorius, a. d. 75. When taken prisoner and carried before the emperor Claudius, his magnanimous behavior and sensible appeal produced such an effect on the Roman emperor, that he gave him his liberty ; but what afterwards became of him is not re- corded. CARADOG, a British historian ; au- thor of " The Chronicle of Wales." Several MS. copies of them remain ; and one of them has been continued as far as 1280. D. 1156. CARAMUEL DE LOBKOWITZ, John, bishop of Messi, and one of the true chureh-militant ; tbr, though a bish- op, he fought in the Netherlands, and assisted in defending Prague against the Swedes. He was a voluminous but not very valuable controversialist, his zeal greatly outweighing his judgment. B. 1606 ; d. 1682. CARAVAGGIO, Michael Angelo Amerighi da, an eminent though self- taught Italian painter. B. 1569; d. 1609. CARAUSIUS, a bold Flemish pilot, who usurped the empire of Britain, and became so formidable by his possession of Boulogne and of a large fleet, that the Romans recognized him by treaty. He was an arbitrary tyrant, and was murdered by a servant in 293. CARDAN, Jerome, an Italian physi- cian of great note in his time. Thoiigh he appears to have been a consummate empiric, he certainly had considerable talent. He was an excellent matnema- tician, but so addicted to astrology, that, having predicted the time of his death, it is said he starved himself in order to verify his prediction. His works on va- rious subjects were printed in 10 vols, folio, at Lyons, in 1663. B. 1501 ; d 1576. CARDI, Louis, sometimes called Ci- voli and Cigoli, an eminent Tuscan paint- er and engraver. He greatly affected the style of Coi-reggio. The masterpiece of his pencil, "St. Peter Healing the Crip- ple," was unfortunately destroyed by the damp. D. 1613. CARDON, Antoine, an eminent Bel- gian engraver. B. 1739 ; d. 1813. CARDONNE, Dominic de, professor of the Turkish and Persian languages at Paris, and keeper of manuscripts in the royal library there ; author of a " His- tory of Africa and Spain under the Do- minion of the Arabs," "Indian Tales and Fables," &c. B. 1720 ; d. 1783. CAREW, George, an English mili- tary officer. After serving with great reputation, he was ennobled by James I., and made master-general of the ord- nance and a privy councillor. Charles I. greatly esteemed and raised him to the rank of earl of Totness. He wrote a " History of the Wars in Ireland," D. 1629. — Thomas, an English poet. His masque, "Coelum Britannicum," was performed before the court at Whitehall in 1663, and greatly admired. D. 1639. — Richard, an English writer, chiefly on topography: author of "A Survey of Cornwall," &c. D. 1620.— George, brother of the above ; was much em- ployed by Queen Elizabeth, who kaiglit- 25« CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY. [car ed him. He wroto an account of France and the court of Henry IV., which was not publislied till above a century after his death. D. 1614. CAKEY, Hknry, earl of Monmouth, an English nobleman, distinguished for his scliolarship, and especially for his acquaintance with modern languages. He translated numerous works from the French and the Italian, of which the most important are Biondi's "History of the Civil Wars of England," and Paul Paruta's " History of Venice." D. 1661. — Henry, an English musician and poet. Ho chiefly excelled in ballads, one of which, " Sally in our Alley," was praised by Addison for its words, and by the celebrated Geminiana for its music. He was the author of several burlesque and other dramatic pieces highly popular in their day. D. by his own hand, 1743. — ■ George' Saville, son of the above, in- herited much of his father's peculiar talent; and, though intended for the business of a printer, speedily aban- doned that for the stage. His songs, chiefly patriotic ones, were inferior to his father's both in poetry and music. Besides these and some farces, he wrote "A Rural Ramble," "Balnea," being sketches of the English watering-places, &e. D. 1801. — Joseph, a French printer, who made some important improve- ments in the art of stereotyping. D. 1801. — William, a celebrated Baptist missionary, b. at Paulerspury, North- ampconshire, 1761. His father kept a small school in the village, and appren- ticed his son to a shoemaker at Hack- leton, where his earnest i)iquiries upon religious subjects attracted the notice, and soon obtained him the friendship of the Rev. Tliomas Scott, of Raven- stone. He joined a congregation of Baptists, and in his 20th year began to preach, which he continued for two years, when he was publicly baptized in the river Nen. In 1787 he was intrusted with the cliarge of a congregation at Lei- cester; where, persevering in his benev- olent object of converting the heathen, he induced other ministers to join him ; and, in 1792, they formed themselves into a Baptist Missionary Society at Ket- tering. William Carey was nominated to go upon their first mission, and India was selected as the most desirable field for the commencement of his zealous efforts. He arrived in Bengal in 1794, but had the ill fortune to lose all his money and efteets by the sinking of a boat in the river Hooghly. Aft^r pa- tiently enduring severe toils and priva- tions for three years, (during which pe- riod however he acquired the Bengalee,) Mr. Carey preached publicly ; but as the East India Company were opposed to his object of forming an estaolishment inland, in 1799 he proceeded to tlie Danish settlement of Serampore. This little missionary settlement, consisting of four preachers only, with their wives and families, rapidly increased ; a school was opened, and type being sent from England, a translation of tlie Scriptures was printed in the Bengalee language. Mr. Carey having made himself a com- plete master of the native language, was, in 1801, appointed by the governor pro- fessor of Sanscrit and other oriental Ian guages at the college of Fort William, Calcutta. He had many ditficulties to contend with, both from the prejudices of the natives, and the political views of influential individuals at home. He never relaxed in the work he had begun, but translated the Scriptures into "sev- eral of the Indian languages, and lived to witness the success of his ardent ex- ertions for their dissemination among the native tribes. 13. 1834. — Matthew, a voluminous writer of Philadelphia, b. in Ireland. He was originally a printer and bookseller, but in 1779 wrote a pamphlet against the oppression of the Irish Catholics, which causing alarm for his safety, he was secretly sent to Dr. Franklin in Paris, and gained his friend- ship. In 1783 he set up the " Freeman's Journid," which plead the Irish cause with great warmth. He was prosecuted for a libel on John Foster, the British premier, and sentenced to Newgate, but he was released at the instance of the lord mayor of London, in 1784, and em- igrated to Philadelphia, where he pub- lished the "Pennsylvania Herald," the "Columbian Magazine," and the "Amer- ican Museum." He also wrote, in 1814, the " Olive Branch," and subsequently " Vindicite Hibernicas," the " Philoso"- phy of Common Sense," &c. B. 1760 ; d. 1839. CARISSIMI, GiAcoMo, a much ad- mired musical compo.ser of the 17th centurv. CARITEO, an Italian poet of the 15th and 16th centuries; author of "Opera Nuova e Amorosa Composta," &c. CARLETON, George, bishop of Chi- chester, was educated by tlie tamoua Bernard Gilpin, who sent him to Oxford. His literary powers are honorably men- tioned by Fuller, Camden, and Echard ; and his writings are very numerous. D. 1628.— Dudley, Lord Dorohester, ao CAHl GYCLOPJEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. ^5^ Englisn statesman during the reigns of James I. and Charles I. He was a man of great abihty ; but, like Laud and other statesmen of that time, he had a bigoted fondness for arbitrary govern- ment. As an author he is chiefly known by liis " Letters to and from Sir Dudley Carleton during his embassy to Holland, from January, 1616, to December, 1620." These letters, which were edited by Lord Hardwicke, contain much valuable information, though they also display much prejudice. D. 1632. — Guy, Lord Dorchester, a military officer of great courage and skill. Having passed through the subaltern ranks, he, in 1762, became a colonel, and distin- guished himself very greatly at the siege of Havanna. In 1772 he was raised to the rank of major-general, and in- trusted with the important office of gov- ernor of Quebec, in which situation he defended Canada against generals Ar- nold and Montgomery. For this Gen- eral Carleton was knighted, and promo- ted to the rank of lieutenant-general. He next succeeded General Clinton as commander-in-chief in America; and, at the conclusion of the war here, was raised to the peerage, and made gov- ernor of Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. D. 1808. CARLISLE, Anthony, one of the most distinguished anatomists and phy- siologists ot the age, was b. at Stilling- ton, Durham, 1768, and commenced his professional studies at York. He thence proceeded to London, and became a resident pupil of Mr. H. Watson, a sur- geon of Westminster hospital, and one of the court of examiners of Surgeons' hall, a man of the first rank in his pro- fession. In 1798, that gentleman dymg, Mr. Carlisle succeeded him in theTiospi- tal, and speedily distinguished himself, as much by his invariable humanity to the suffering poor as by his surgical skill. He was sdnior surgeon to the Westminster hospital, one of the coun- cil and court of examiners to the Eoyal College of Surgeons. D. 1840. — Nicho- las, an eminent antiquary, b. at York, 1771. After receiving what he himself calls an " humble education," he entered the naval service of the East India Com- pany, and gradually amassed a consider- able sum, which enabled him to be of great assistance to his brother, the emi- nent surgeon, at the beginning of his career. In 1807 he was elected secretary to the Society of Antiquarians, his com- petitor being the late Dr. Dibdin ; and ua this capacity he found leisure to com- 22 fdle many laborious and useful works, n 1812 he was appointed assistant libra- rian at Buckingham house; in 1828 he was nominated one of the gentlemen of the privy chamber; and m testimony of the estimation in which he was held, he received orders from Austria, Den- mark, and Hanover, and from Oxford the hoiorary degree of D. C. L., in 1835. D. 1847.— Howard, earl of, b. in 1748 ; uncle and guardian of Lord Byron ; to whom the latter dedicated his " Hours of Idleness ;" and finding them too feebly defended from the attacks of the northern critics by his noble relation, he subjected him to the rack of satire, along with his presumed enemies, in " English Bards." The earl of Carlisle always, after he was superseded by the duke of Portland, in Ireland, acted with the Whig opposition. Some of this nobleman's literary works deserve a higher character than they have attain- ed. "The Step-Mother," and "A Father's Vengeance," tragedies, are pub- lished with a collection of his lordship's poems, in 8vo. CARLOS, Don, son of Philip II. of Spain, was b. 1545. He was deformed and sickly, and of an extremely violent disposition. He was to have espoused Elizabeth of France, but his father, be- coming a widower, married that princess himself This circumstance greatly irri- tated him, and it is said that he had entered into a conspiracy against his king and father, On this charge he was thrown into prison, where he died about six months after his arrest. The man- ner of his death is variously stated, some affirming that he was poisoned, bled to death, or strangled, while others attri- bute his death to his own acts. B. 1545 ; d. 1567. CARLYLE, Joseph Dacke, an English divine and linguist. He accompanied Lord Elgin on his embassy to Constan- tinople, and took that opportunity to explore various parts of Asia Minory^ Egypt, &c. His specimens of Arabic poetry, and a learned summary of the affairs of Egypt, from the year 971 to the year 1453, wore published during his lifetime, and procured him considerable celebrity. After his death, a volume appeared of his "Poems suggested by Scenes in Asia Minor, Syria and Greece." D. 1804. CARMONTELLE, a French writer: author of "Proverbes Dramatiques,'' some romances, conversations, &c. D. 1806. CARNARVON, Henrt John Geokob 254 CrCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. C' Herbert, third earl of, eminent as an author, a traveller, and a politician, was b. 1800. After finishing his school edu- cation at Eton, he repaired to Christ- church, Oxford, and his university ca- reer tenniuiitcd, he entered upon a well- devised plan of travel, extendina: over Italy, the Peninsula, parts of Africa and Greece ; and the results of which he, from time to time, g:ave to the world in works abounding in animated and pic- turesque descriptions. His most popu- lar work was his "Portugal and Galli- cia," but his " Moor," apoein, and " Don Pedro," a tragedy, evince poetic powers of no mean order. D. 1849. CARNE, John, a modern author, who travelled for a considerable time in the East, and gave the fruits of his travels in the volume entitled " Letters from the East," which originally appeared as a scries of papers in the "^ew Monthly Magazine. ' Subsequently he publisheii " Eeeollections of the East," "Letters from Switzerland and Italy," " Lives of the most Eminent Missionaries," " Tales of the West," "Stratton Hill," &c. He had taken deacon's orders, but never officiated. B. 1789 ; d. 1844. CARNEADES, an eminent Greek philosopher. He was a pupil of Dioge- nes the Stoic, and, subsequently, of Egesinus. When he became a teacher he opposed Chrysippus, opposed the theology of the Stoics, and argued against their doctrine of fate. But though as a philosopher he was free from" many of the errors of his time, it was rather in a political than a philoso- ghical character that he was serviceable, ome having levied a fine on Athens, Carneades, with Diogenes and Critolaus, was sent to plead against it. He did so successfully, and so great a sensation did his eloquence make, thatCato feared its eftect on the Roman youth. D. 125 B. O. CARNOT, Lazare Nicholas Margue- rite, a French mathematician, and war minister under Napoleon, was b. in Bur- gundy, in 1753, entered the corps of engineers, and received promotion from the prince of Conde ; yet, at the com- mencement of the revolution he became a decided partisan of the republic, and, as a member of the convention, voted for the death of the king. During the reign of terror he took an active part in public afi'airs ; and, on the establish- ment of the executive directory, he be- came one of its five members. In this office he remained till 1797, when, with Barthelemy and others, he was accused as a royalist, and exiled, Bonaparte, on becoming first consul, recalled Cariiot, and made him minister of war. In this office he quarrelled so much with the finance minister.j, that he was at length compelled to resign. He subsequently served Bonapurte in various capacities, and under all the aspects of the em- peror's fortune ; but the emperor seems always to have undervalued his talents. As a writer, Carnot is very favorably known by his " Reflexions sur la Meta- physi(^ue du Calcul Infinitesimal," " La Geometric de Position," and other scien- tific treatises. D. 1823. CARO, Annibale, an Italian poet. His parents were very poor, but in early life he had the good fortune to be patron- ized by Pietro Ludovico Farnese. Sub- sequently he became secretary to the Cardinal Alexander Farnese, *who lit- erally heaped preferments upon him. Though greatly engaged in public affairs he wrote much. His original works, both prose and poetry, are of a very hign. order ; but his great merit is in his translations from the Greek and Latin. From the latter he translated the Jineid. B. 1507; d. 1666. CAROLINE, Amelia Elizabeth, wife of George IV., king of Great Britain and Hanover, second daughter of Duko Charles William Ferdinand of Bruns- wick, and of the Princess Augusta of England, sister of George III., was b. 1768; married the prince of Wales in 1795, and gave birth to the Princess Charlotte in the year following ; but was scarcely recovered from her confinement when her husband abandoned her, with- out assigning any other reason than that "no one could force his inclinations." The discarded princess retired to a man- sion at Blackheath, where she devoted herself to the arts and sciences, and dispensed no inconsiderable part of her income in acts of benevolence. Mean- while, the friends, or rather the spies, of the prince, circulated many reports of her, unfavorable to her general de- portment, accusing her of illicit connec- tions, and even asserting that she was the mother of a boy named William Austin, whom she had adopted, and that the father was Sir Sidney Smith. This led to a "delicate investigation," as it was termed ; and on the whole evidence being submitted to George III., he declared himself satisfied of her inno- cence, and received her with marks of his especial favor. In 1813 the contest was renewed between the two parties ; the princess of Wales complaining, as oar] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPRY. 255 a mother, of the difficulties opposed to her seeins: her dtuighter ; but the prince of Wales, then reagent, disregardeci these complaints. Upon this, in July, 1814, the princess obtained permission to afo to Brunswick, and, afterwards, +o make the tour of Italy and Greece. On quit- ting England, she assumed the title of countess of Wolfenbuttel ; and, while at Milan, took into her service an Italian, named Bartolomeo Bergami, in the capa- city of a courier, whom she soon eleva- ted to the office of chamberlain, and appointed his sister one of her maids of honor. For a time she resided at a villa on the banks of the lake of Como ; but afterwards visited Tunis, Malta, Athens, Constantinople, Ephesus, and lastly Je- rusalem. While there she exhibited extraordinary munificence in gifts to the conventual fathers, as well as to the poor ; and took upon herself to found a new order of knighthood, entitled the order of St. Caroline, of which she con- stituted Bergami grand master. Her indiscretion in thus exalting Bergami, and the improper familiarity with which it was alleged she treated him, became a theme of general conversation; and commissioners were secretly sent out to Milan by the prince regent, in order to make inquiries into her conduct, and to furnish the necessary evidence on which to obtain a divorce. All circumstances appeared favorable to him for the con- summation of this long-desired object. While absent from England, death had deprived her of her friends, George III., and the duke of Kent ; of her daughter, the Princess Charlotte ; and her brother, the duke of Brunswick, who fell in re- sisting the French, previous to the bat- tle of Waterloo. Yet, on the prince of W^ales ascending the throne, January 29, 1820, the ministry offered her an in- come of £50,000 sterling, the title of queen of England, and all the dignities appertaining thereto, on the condition that she should continue to reside abroad. This proposal she rejected with great indignation, accused her enemies of the basest conspiracy against her, and returned to England, cheered by the enthusiastic welcome of nine-tenths of the people. She was now publicly ac- cused by the minister. Lord Liverpool, of adultery : and, after a protracted trial, the bill of pains and penalties was passed to a third reading, by a trifling majority ; but governmentthought it prudent to withdraw it, and the proceedings drop- ped. After this outrage on public de- tsency, preparations were made for the king's coronation. Tlie queen at first demanded to be crowned with him ; and this being peremptorily refused, she re- quested to be present"^at the ceremony, but had to endure the mortification of being repeatedly turned from the doors of Westminster abbey, and refused ad- mission. The spirit of Caroline sunk under this last effort. She was sud- denly taken ill, while witnessing a per- formance at Drury-lane theatre, and d. 1821. Having expressed a wish that she should not be buried in England, her remains were removed to Brunswick, and deposited between those of her fixther and brother. On the funeral pro- cession passing through London, a vio- lent conflict took place between the life-guards, who were conducting it, and the populace. To what extent the queen was guilty no one can say, the evidence being most conflicting and unsatisfacto- ry ; but never was a woman more deci- dedly the victim of brutal vengeance, or one who had so many pleas to urge in extenuation of her crime, if really guilty. CAEPENTEE, Lant, an eminent theo- logical writer, b. at Kidderminster, 1780 ; was drowned 5th April, 1850. Dr. Car- S enter was a most industrious writer, lesides publishing numerous sermons and polemical pamphlets, he contributed largely to Eees's Cyclopaedia and many periodicals ; and his substantial works, {)ublished both during his life find since lis death, are masterpieces of style and argument. His " Apostolical Harmony of the Gospels" is referred to as an au- thority even by his theological oppo- nents. — EiciiARD, an English divine of the 17th century. He "was originally educated for the established church, but seceded from it, and became a Catho- lic priest. He again recanted, and ob- tained a vicarage in Sussex ; but at the rebellion he quitted England, and again professed himself a Catholic. Tlie res- toration caused him to return to En- gland, and turn Protestant. Here it might have been supposed his turnings would end, but he in fact changed once more, and died a Catholic. The writings of this unprincipled man are, " Expe- rience, History, and Divinity," and " The Pragmatical Jesuit." CAEPI, Udo da, a painter and engra- ver of the 16th century, to whom is generally attributed the invention of the kind of engraving called chiaro-oscuro. — GiROLAMi DA, a painter of the 1 Gth century, and a. very successful imitate of Correggio and Parmegiano, 25#^ CYCLDP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [car CARPTNI, John de Plano, a Domin- ican friar of the 18th century, and one of tlie embassy from Pope Innocent IV. to the descendants of Zenghis Khan, sent to prevent them from invading Europe, and to induce them rather to turn their arms against the Saracens and Turks. CARPOCRATES, a heretic of the 2d century, who denied the divine nature of Christ. His followers were accused of lewd and immoral practices, but Dr. Lardner tliinks the accuf^ation to have arisen rather from enmity than fact. CARR, John, an English attorney and writer; author of "The Stranger in France," " The Stranger in Ireland," "A Tour through Scotland," &c. While 'm Ireland, he was knighted by the lord lieutenant. D. 1822,— William Hol- WELL, an English clergyman, and a dis- tmguished patron of the fine arts. He spent large sums in pictures, which he bequeathed to the National Gallery. D. 1830. CARRA, John Louis, a French wri- ter and politician. In addition to a pe- riodical, entitled " Les Annales Poli- tiques et Litteraires," he published several essays. Having joined the party of Brissot, he was condemned on the fall of that leader, and guillotined in 1798. C ARR ANZ A, Bartholomew, a French Dominican, fie distinguished himself at the council of Trent, and had the honor to accompany Philip II. of Spain to England, where fie labored so zealous- ly to establish Catholicism, that the king made him archbishop of Toledo. Here, however, his success ended ; for being accused of heresy, he was imprisoned at Rome for 10 years, and subsequently sent to a monastery for the remainder of his life. His chief works are, a "Sum- mary of the Council," and a " Treatise on the Residence of Bishops." D. 1576. CARRE, Louis, an eminent French mathematician. Besides many import- ant contributions to the "Memoirs" of the Academy of Sciences, he published an elaborate " Method of Measuring Surfaces and Solids, and finding their centres of Gravity, Percussion, and Os- cillation." D. 1711. CARREL, Armand, chief editor of the " Paris National," and a distinguish- ed political writer. D. of a wound he received in a duel with M. Girardin, a few davs previous, July 24, 1886. CAliRENO DE MIRANDA, Juan, Don, an eminent Spanish painter, pa- tronized by Philip iV. In coloring lie surpasses all his countrymen, with the exception of Murillo. D. 1685. CARRERAS, Jose Miguel, Juan, and Luis, three brothers, distinguislied in the revolution of Chili ; who for patriot- ism, talents, and purity of character had not their equals in that country ; yet, by a singularly adverse fortune, they all perished at Mendoza, under the merci- less rule of O'Higgins and San Martin. With brutal cruelty the latter sent their aged father an account of the expenses of the execution of Juan and Luis, who suffered- in 1818, with an order for its immediate payment. He paid it, and, two days afterwards, expired of a broken heart. Don Jose Miguel did not meet his unhappy fa^^e till 1822, when endeav- oring to take advantage of a popular movement in his favor, he was sur- rounded by a superior force, made pris- oner, and executed on the very spot where his brothers had suffered. CARRIER,- John Baptist, a monster of ferocity, gendered in the French rev- olution, was b. near Aurillac, 1756. He was sent on a mission to La Vendee, where he caused thousands of victims, men, women, and children, to be drown- ed, beheaded, or shot, the ordinary mode of execution being too tardy for him. Fifteen thousand individuals per- ished in this way ; in short, the banks of the Loire were strewed with the dead bodies, and the water was so polluted, that it was prohibited to drink it. On the fall of the party called the Mountain, he was tried before the revolutionary tri- bunal which condemned him to the guil- lotine, 1794. CARRINGTON, Edward, a valuable officer in the American revolution, was some time quartermaster-general of the army under Gen. Greene, in tlie South, and'by his judicious counsels and unre- mittea exertions in supplying the army, greatly contributed to the advantages gained over the enemy. He afterwards was attached to the «rmy in the North, but, previously to the evacuation of Charleston, iiesumed his former t^tation. After the peace he was a representative in congress from Virginia. When Aaron Burr was tried for hiirh treason, he was foreman of the jury." B. 1749 ; d. 1810. CARROLL, John, first Catholic bish- op in the United States, was b. at Upper ]\Iarlborough in Maryland, 1734, and sent for education at the age of 13 to Flan- ders. From St. Omer's, where he re- mmned 6 years, he was transferred to the collep's of Liege and Bruges. He was ordained a priest and became a Jes- cab] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 25T uit. In 1775 he returned to America, and engaged in tlie duties of a parish priest. In 1736 lie was appointed vicar- general, and settled at Baltimore. In 17yO he was consecrated in England, Catholic bishop of the United States, and returned with the title of tlie bishop of Baltimore. A few years before his death he was created archbishop. D. 1815. — Charles, the last surviving sign- er of the Declaration of American Inde- pendence. He was b. at Annapolis, on the 20tli of Sept., 1737 ; and d. at Balti- more, Nov. 14, 1882, in his 96th year. He was descended of a respectable Irish family ; inherited a large estate, and was of the Catholic religion. He was educa- ted and studied civil law in France. Subsequently he went to England and pursued the study of common law at the Temple. At the' age of 27 years he re- turned to America, and was soon known as an advocate for liberty, and one of the ablest political writers"^ of Maryland. In 1776 he was elected a delegate to con- gress, and subscribed his name to the Declaration of Independence. In 1778 he left congress, and devoted himself to the councils of his native state ; in 1789 he was elected a senator in congress; and in 1810 he quitted public life at the age of 64, and passed the remainder of his days in tranquillity, beloved and revered by his friends and neighbors, and honored by his country. His mind was highly cultivated, and he was much distinguished for urbanity of manners and social virtue. CARSTARES, William, a Scotch di- vine, but of more influence as a politi- cian, was b. at Cathcart, 1 649. In order to remove him from the danger of being led into politics, his friends sent him from Edinburgh, where he had commenced his studies,to Utrecht. Becoming known to the prince of Orange he soon obtain- ed his confidence, and Avas much em- ployed by him in forwarding his inten- tions upon England. Being privy to the Rye-house plot he was apprehended, and put to the torture, which he bore with much fortitude, but at length was in- duced to make a statement, which was afterwards used against his friend, Mr. Baiilie. On his liberation he returned to Holland, where the prince received him very cordially, and made him his chaplain. He accompanied William to England, and thonghnominally only his chaplain, was in fact one of tlie most in- fluential and able of his state advisers. Under Queen Anne he had no political power, but she caused him to be made 22* principal of the university of Edinburgh, in which important post he gave satisfac- tion equally to her majesty and to the Scottish public. By the house of Han- over he was equally patronized, and he continued a favorite till his death, in 1715. CARSTENS, AsMus Jacob, a Danish painter of very considerable merit. His subjects, nearly all taken from the classic authors, exhibit gracefulness of attitude with vigorous expression. B. 1754 ; d. 1798. CARTE, Samuj:l, an English divine and antiquary, author of a valuable and elaborate work, entitled "Tabula Chro- nologica," &c. D. 1740.— Thomas, son of the above, and like him an antiquary and historian, and a divine. On the accession of George I., feeling that he could not conscientiously take the re- quired oaths, he abandoned his profes- sion; and during the rebellion of 1715 he was so strongly suspected, that a warrant was issued against him, but he was safely concealed in the house of a clergyman in Warwickshire. As an author he is chiefly known by his " His- tory of England," and that of the "Rev- olution of Portugal." B. 1686; d. 1754. CARTER, Elizabeth, an English lady, daughter of a clergyman residing at Deal, in Kent. Under the instructions of her father she became an admirable Greek and Latin scholar, and was well skilled in German, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Hebrew, and Ara- bic; nor was she a mere reader. She translated Crousaz's critique on Pope's '^ Essay on Man," Algarotti's explana- tion of Newton's philosophy, and Epic- tetus. These dissimilar labors appeared during her life ; and, after her decease, six volumes of her correspondence were published, which are calculated to give even a higher opinion of her intellect than her more learned and masculine performances. B. 1717 ; d. 1806. — Johx, an eminent draftsman, architect, and antiquary. In the latter character he wrote ably and zealously in reprobation of the disfigurement of the remains of ancient beauty by tasteless attempts at improvement. Ot'his ability as a drafts- man and engraver there "is abundant proof in the plates of the " Views in En- gland," &c. ; and it is worthy of notice, that his various powers were developed by his own industry, unaided by earl v ed- ucation. D. 1818.— Thomas, an eminent Irish musician and composer of vocal music. Among his compositions are the songs, " Oh, Nannie, wilt thou gang 258 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHt. [CAK wi' me !" and "Stand to your guns, my hearts of oak." D. 1804. — Nathaniel Hazeltixe, a scholar and traveller, grad- uated at Dartmouth college in 1811, and afterwards studied law. He was two or tliree years professor of languages in Dartnioutli university. In 1820 he be- came the proprietor and editor of a newspapejr in the state of New York. , From 1825 to 1827, he was abroad trav- elling upon the continent of Europe, as . the companion and guide of a young gentleman of New York, whose father defrayed the expenses of the tour. Du- nng his absence he enriched his paper with letters froni Europe, which on his return he collected and publislu-d, com- prising the "Journal of a Tour through Ireland, England, Scotland, France, Italy, and Switzerland," 1827. In 182y, lie relinquished his paper, and for tiie benefit of his health proceeded again to France. He d. at Marseilles, 1830, aged 42. He was a poet as well as a writer of prose; his largest poetical piece is entitled the " Pains of Imagination," delivered at Dartmouth college. CAKTEEET, Sir Geokge, one of the proprietors of New Jersey. The name of New Jersey was given, because Car- teret's family were from the isle of Jersey. Elizabethtown is said to have been "named from his wife. — John, earl of Granville, an eminent English states- man, was b. 1690. Immediately on at- taining his majority, he took his seat in the house of lords. Warmly supporting the Hanoverian succession, he was no- ticed by George I., and employed by him in various posts until 1721, when he succeeded Craggs as secretary of state. In 1723 he was appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland; and though he gave the irritable natives some offence by prosecuting the printer of the Dra- per's (Swift's) letters, he was on the whole a popular viceroy. In the reign of George 11. he again held that distin- guished post, and 'with even more suc- cess than before. On his return to England he became a strong opponent of Walpole ; and when he had succeeded in removing that statesman, and pro- curing office for himself, he supported measures similar to tliose he had for- merly condemned. But though as sec- retary of state, and as president of the oouncil, in which office he died, his conduct was marked by much vacilla- tion, he retained his court favor to the .ast. D. 1763. — Philip, a distinguished naval officer of the 18th century. In conjunction with Captain Wallis he commanded an expedition to the South Seas, in 1766. Of the discoveries they made, some account is given by Ilawkes- worth in the introduction to his narra- tive of Cook's voyage. CARTIER, James, a French navi- gator, who made several voyages of discovery on the coasts of North Amer- ica, especially in Canada, from 1534 to 1542. CARTWEIGHT, John, an English gentleman, distinguished for his zealous attachment to political reform. His writings in favor of American inde- pendence, and on universal liberty, as well as the public addresses which he promoted in furtherance of a radical reform of the government, made him conspicuous. He also displayed great flrmness and disinterestedness on all occasions where multitudes assembled to advocate and petition for popular rights. D. 1824, aged 84. — Edmund, brother of the preceding, and a clergy- man of the established church. In 1770 he published a poem called "Armine and Elvira;" but he is chiefly known by some valuable discoveries in me- chanics, which obtained for him £10,000 from parliament as the reward of his ingenuity. D. 1824. — Thomas, an emi- nent Puritan divine of the reigns of Elizabeth and James I., author of " Com- mentaria Practica in totam Historiam Evangelicam," a "Body of Divinity," "Commentaria Succinta et Dilucida in Proverbia Salomonis," &c. D. 1603, aged 68. — William, an English divine and poet. Both as a preacher, and as a member of the council of war at Oxford, he served the cause of Charles I. ; and his exertions in the latter capacity caused him to be for a short time imprisoned by the parliament. His literary talents must have been great, for Bishop Fell said that he was " all that man could arrive at ;" and Ben Jonson, in his familiar way, said, " My son, Cartwright, writes all like a man." But the remains of Cartwright are very disproportionate to these high praises, consisting only of four plays and a few poems. D. 1643. CARUSO, LuiGi, an eminent Nea- politan composer. His "II Fanatico per la Musica" is the work by which he is best known in this country ; but all his works are very popular in Italy and Ger- many. He died early in the present centiiry ; but it is not precisely known at what date. CARVER, John, first governor of Plymouth colony, was a native of En- gland, and was among the emigrants to car] CYCLOPJEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 250 Leyden who composed Mr. Robinson's church in that place. When a removal to America was contemplated, he was appointed one of the agents to negotiate witli the Virginia company in England for a suitable territory. He obtained a patent in 1619, and in the following year came to New England with the first company. As they arrived without the territory of the south Virginia company, from whom they had received the char- ter, which was thus rendered useless, it was thought best that a political asso- ciation should be formed. A written instrument was drawn up and sub- scribed before they landed, and Mr. Carver was unanimously elected gov- ernor for one year. He conducted the affairs of the colony with great prudence, and discovered great address in his management of the natives. In the ensuing March he was confirmed as governor for another year. He died suddenly in April following. — Jona- than, an enterprising traveller, was a native of Connecticut. He was intended for the profession of medicine, but he quitted it for a military life. He was ari officer in the French war, and served with reputation till the peace of 1763. After this he spent two years and five months in exploring the most interior parts of North America, and penetrated to the Pacific Ocean, over that broad part of the continent, which lies between the 43d and the 46th degrees of north latitude.* He hoped to facilitate the discovery of a northwest passage, or of a communication between Hudson's bay and the Pacific ocean. He^ arrived at Boston in October, 1768, after having travelled nearly 7000 miles. He went to England for the purpose of publish- ing his journals and charts. Though he presented a petition to the king, even his expenses were never refunded to him. When his papers were almost ready for the press, under a permission he had obtained for their publication, an order in council required him to deliver them into the plantation office, to do which, he was compelled to re- purchase them, from the bookseller, to whom he had sold them. About ten years afterwards he published an ac- count of his travels. D. in abject want in London, 1780, aged 48. CARY, Thomas, deputy governor of North Carolina for the proprietors, and collector of their quit rents, succeeded Daniel in the administration of the province, but was removed from his ofiSces in 1709, for neglecting to account to his employers. He continued to sit in the council, and the next year at- tempted to resume the reigns of gov- ernment by force, in order that he might retain the treasures which were in his hands. He armed a band of insurgents, but was at length repulsed and his fol- lowers dispersed, lie was carried to England for punishment, but was never tried. — Henky Francis, the well-known translator of Dante, was b. at Gibraltar, 1772. His father was a captain in the army ; but soon after the birtli of his son he settled in Staffordshire, and sent him when eight years old to Uxbridge school, and afterwards successively to Rugby and Birmingham. In 1790 he was admitted as a commoner of Christ- church, Oxford, and after finishing his college studies he was presented sac- cessively with the livings of Abbot's Bromley in Staffordshire and Kingsbury in Warwickshire. The delicacy of his health having obliged him to have re- course to the best medical advice, he went to London in 1808, and after hold- ing various cures in the metropolis and the vicinity, in 1825 he became assistant keeper of printed books in the British Museum, an office, however, which he resigned in 1837, when his application for the chief librarianship was rejected. Mr. Cary was addicted to literature from his youth up ; he contributed largely to the " Gentleman's" and the " London Magazine," produced translations of the "Birds" of Aristophanes and the " Odes" of Pindar, and wrote a series of "Lives of the English Poets," in continuation of Dr. Johnson's ; besides editing the works of Pope, Cowper, Milton, Thomson, and Young ; but liis chief reputation rests on his admirable translation of Dante, which, though somewhat neglected on its first appear- ance, has since received the meed of acknowledgment from all competent critics. D. 1844. — Robert, an English divine and writer. During the civil war he distinguished himself by leaving the established church and joined the Presbyterian party ; and, at the resto- ration, he disgraced the church by again espousing its principles. His tergiver- sation was rewarded by an archdeaconry, from which, however, he was ejected In 1664. He wrote a learned and useful work, entitled "Palaeologia Chronica." D. 1688. • CARYL, John, secretary to Mary, queen of James II. He remained taith- ful to that unfortunate prince, and was rewarded for his fidelity with the titles CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [CAS of Earl Caryl and Faron Dartford. In the reign of Queen Anne he was living in England, and was intimate with Pope. He was the author of some poems, some translations of psalms from the Vulgate, and of two plays, *' The English Trinccss," a tragedy; and " Sir Solomon, or the Cautious Coxcomb," a comedy. The date of his death is unknown. — Joseph, an eminent nonconformist divine, author of a vo- luminous and valuable "Commentary on Job." 1). 1678. CAS A, John ue la, secretary of state under Tope Paul IV. He was distin- guished as a statesman, and as an ec- clesiastic ; but his fame rests upon his writings, which are considered among the purest specimens of Tuscan com- position. Hxs poems, both light and serious, are of a very high order, but his chief work is a prose dialogue, " Ga- lateo, or the Art of Living in the World." B. 1503 ; d. 1556. CASANOVA, Mark Antony, a mod- ern Latin poet. He imitated Martial in his style, and made Pope Clement VII. a favorite object of his attack. He at lengtli olfended so greatly that he was condemned to die. Clement, however, was induced to pardon him. But tlie unlucky satirist escaped execution only to perish still more miserably; for, on the taking of Rome by the Imperialists, he was reduced to the necessity of lit- erally begging for bread, and at length died of disease produced by hunger, in 1527. — De Seingalt, Jean Jacques, whose career of adventure and intrigue in almost all the countries of Europe lias gained for him the name of the Gil Bias of the 18th century, was b. at V^enice, 1725. He figured as priest, soldier, and statesman, successively ; found means to gain the favor of some of the greatest potentates of Europe, among others, Erederic the Great and Catharine II. ; and after roaming from place to place (for his intriguing spirit frequently led to a forced change of quarters) he ended his long life of mingled eharlatanerie, Srofligacy, and ability at Vienna, 1803. ;is love of literature and science, and his proficiency in them, brought him acquainted witli Voltaire and other cele- brated literary men of the day ; and besides other works he left copious memoirs of his life and times. Brock- haus, the Leipsic bookseller, to whom the MS. was intrusted for publication, published them in 18:i2.— Francis, bro- ther of the preceding an eminent painter, chief y of landscapes and battle-pieces. He was employed by Catharine II., of Kussia, to paint the victories of her armies over the Turks. B. in London, 1727 ; d. 1805. — Jean Baptiste, another brotiier of the adventurer, was b. in London, 1730. He was a pupil of Mengs, and closely connected with Winckel- mann in his antiquarian researches. It is said that, by way of testing the saga- city of the German antiquary, he sent him two pictures, which he had him- self painted in the style of those a short time previously found at Ilerculaneum, declaring them to be ancient discoveries; and that Winckelmann was so taken in as to insert engravings of them in the first edition of his " History of Ancient Art," with an elaborate commentary upon their merits. Casanova was pro- fessor of painting in the Dresden Acad- emy ; and his works on ancient art are still cited by the Germans as authorities. D. 1798. CASAS, Bartholomew de las, a Spanish prelate, distinguished for his generous and constant, though unavail- ing, exertions in favor of the natives of South America. He was b. in 1474, and in his lyth year accompanied his tixther, who sailed with Columbus, to the West Indies. On his return to Spain he em- braced the ecclesiastical profession, in order that he might act as missionary in the western hemisphere, "there to spend his days in preaching the gospel to the Indians, and humanity to their oppressors." Never did man more zealously endeavor to effect a great and good object. Twelve times he crossed the ocean, to plead at the foot of the Spanish throne the cause of the wretched Indians, and passed fifty years of his life in attempting, though with little effect, their amelioration. He was made bishop of Chiapa in 1544, but he re- signed his see in 1551, returned to his native country, and d. at Madrid, 156j6. Of the writings of Las Casas, the most valuable is his " General History of the Indies." CASAUBON, Isaac, a native of Gene- va, distinguished by his great erudition and powers of criticism. For several years he held the Greek professorship^ at Geneva ; but at length feeling dissatis- fied with the amount of remuneration, he gave up his professorship, and re- moved to Paris. There he Wiis mado professor of the belles lettres, and had a pension, not very punctually paid, as- signed to him by' Henry IV. ; at whose death Casaubon went to England, and James 1. gave bim two prebends. In OAS] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 261 return, nowever, the pedantic king re- (^uired the aid of the great critic in wri- ting against tlie Koman Catholic?*. Casaubon's editions of clasHic authors are very numerous, and display im- mense industry and erudition. B. 1559 ; d. 1614. — Mekic, son of tlie above. His "Pietas contra Maledicos," written against the Catholics, and in vindication of his father, introduced him to the no- tice of King Charles I., by whom he was presented to some valuable church Ere ferments.. During the commonwealth e was persecuted and imprisoned, but remained unshaken in fidelity. At the restoration he recovered his livings. Among his writings the best is, *' A Treatise concerning Enthusiasm." D. 1671. CASE, John, an English physician and philosophical writer ; author of " Summa veterum Interpretum in uni- ^ersam Dialecticam Anstotelis." D. 1599 CASANEUVE, Pierre de, a learned French antiquarian ; author of " Ori- gines au Etymolo.gies FranQoises," " La Catalogue Fran^oise," &c. D. 1650. CASIMIR III., called the Great, one of the most illustrious sovereigns the world has over seen, was b. 1309. Hav- ing succeeded his father on the throne of Poland in 1333, he entered upon a course of vigorous and enlightened re- form, and closed a long life of devotion to his people's welfare in 1370. C ASLOjST, William, an English letter- founder, to whom we are indebted for improvements in printing type. B. 1692 ; d. 1766. CASS AGNES, Jacques, a French ec- clesiastic and poet. He was of so irri- table a nature, that a satire of Boileau's actually drove him mad, and he was obliged to be confined in the convent of St. Lazarus until his death, in 1679. CASSANDER, George, an able Ger- man controversialist. Of his writings, which are very numerous, the ablest and most elaborate is liis " Consultatio Cassandri." De Thou praises his mild- ness and modesty ; qualities but too rarely belonaring to controversialists. B. 1515; d. 1566. CASSAS, Louis Franqois, an eminent French antiquarian and artist ; author of " Voyage Pittoresque de la Syrie, de la Phenicie, de la Palestine, et de la Basse Egypte." B. 1756 ; d. 1827. CASSERIO, or CASSERIUS, Giulio, anatomical professor at Padua. He was at first the menial servant of the great ftTiatomist, Fabricius, at Aquapendente, to whom he became assistant, and, final- ly, successor in the prol'essorship. His only published work is "Pentaesthesion," or a treatise on the five senses. D. 1616. CA8SINI, John Dominic, an eminent astronomer, was b. at Perinaldo, nenr Nice, and studied at Geneva with tlie Jesuits. His fame reaching France, he was invited to pay a visit to that coun- try, where the kindness shown to him by Louis XTV., and his great minister, Colbert, caused him to remain for the rest of his life. He was the first resi- dent in the royal observatory at Paris, and he continued to inhabit it for up- wards of forty years. During that time he determined the parallax of Mars with the sun, demonstrated the diurnal mo- tion of Jupiter round his axis, and dis- covered the four satellites of Saturn, in addition to that which Huygens had dis- covered. D. 1712. — James, son of the preceding, and, like him, an eminent astronomer ; author of "A Treatise on the Figure and Magnitude of the Earth," " The Elements, or Theories of the Planets," &c. B. at Paris, 1677; d. 1756. — De Thury, C^sar Francis, son of the last named, and his successor in the royal observatory. Like his father and grandfather, he did much to ad- vance science ; and, having better in- struments than theirs, he was enabled to improve upon their labors. B. 1714; d.^ 1784.— The last member of this illus- trious family, whose name is also asso- ciated with theirs in the pursuit of science, d. in 1845. CASSIODORUS, Marcus Aurelius, a Roman statesman and historian. He was of a noble family, and held some of the highest offices of state, including that of consul. His writings are extremely valuable, especially his twelve books of epistles, on account of the light they throw upon the manners of his time; but his si vie is condemned by Gibbon as being quaint and declamatory. D. CASSIUS, LoNGiNus Caius, a Roman of the last age of the republic, and the associate of Brutus in the assassination of Julius Caesar. That his patriotism was sincere may fairly be inferred from his reply to Antony, who, on the day after the assassination of Caesar, taunt- ingly asked him if he had another dag- ger ; " Yes," was the reply, " if you become a tyrant." At the battle of Philippi he commanded the left wing, and on its giving way he retired to a tent with his freedman, by whom, as it is thought, he was slain, as he was found CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [CAS with his head severed from his body. Brutus, in lamenting him, called him " ultimas Romanorum." D. 42 b. c. CASTAGNO, Andreas del, so called, after t^e Tillage in which he was b., was the son of very poor parents, and, being earlv left an orphan, was adopt(i.d by an uncle, who employed him m tencling cattle in the fields. In this situation he made some attempts at drawing, which caused Bernard de Medici to place him with a master. While studying at Flo- rence he became acquainted with Do- menico Venetiano, who was acquainted with the new method of painting in oil and varnish. The splendor of this mode of coloring, the art of which was then unknown in Tuscany, was much ad- mired, and Castagno availed himself of Domenico's friendship to obtain the secret ; but not satisned with this, he was wretch enough to murder his friend and benefactor, in order to be the sole possessor. This he effected without suspicion, but just before his death con- fessed the horrid crime. B. 1409; d. 1480. CASTALIA, Sebastian, one of the earliest friends and fellow-laborers of Calvin. Unfortunately for Castalio's worldly condition, he differed from the great reformer on some theological ques- tions. He was in consequence deprived of his office of teacher in the college of Geneva, and repaired to Basle, where he occupied himself with a Latin and a French version of the Bible, gaining a scanty subsistence for his family by teaching Greek. Calvin, unmoved by the indigence to which his conscientious and candid opponent was reduced, used all his influence to thwart his exertions. He even brought against him an accu- Bation of theft, from which Castalio cleared himself triumphantly. D. 1563. CASTELL, Edmund", an English divine and lexicographer, was a native of Hat- ley, Cambridgeshire. He spent a hand- some fortune, and occupied seventeen years, in the composition of his "Lexi- con Heptaglotton," a dictionary in seven langujiges ; but nearly all the copies re- mained unsold, and but for some prefer- ment in the church, and the Arabic professor at Cambridge, his zeal, learn- ing, and diligence would have been unrewarded. B. 1606 ; d. 1685. CASTELLI, Bernardo, a Genoese painter, a friend of Tasso, for the plates of whose ".Jerusalem," engraved by Agostino Caracci, he drew the designs. D. 1629. GASTELLO, Gabriel Launo&lot, a Sicilian gentleman, distinguished for his zeal and talent as an antiquarian ; author of " The Literary History of Sicily," "Critical Remarks on a Book printed in Catania, in 1747," " Dissertation on a Marble Statue found in the Campagna of Alessa," &c. B. 1727 ; d. 1794. CASTELNAU, Michael le, lord of Mauvissiere, an eminent statesman and soldier in the reigns of Charles IX. and Henry III. He was very often in En- gland in the character of ambassador trom France. While resident there he acted with great kindness towards the unfortunate Mary, queen of Scots. He left memoirs of his negotiations, of which there is an English translation by his daughter. D. 1592. C ASTI, GiAMBATTisTA, an Italian poet ; author of an epic, entitled " Gli Animali Parlanti," translated into English bv Mr. Rose ; a satire, entitled " Tartaro , ' and some novels, &c. B. 1721 ; d. 1803. CASTIGLIONE, Balthazar, an Ital- ian statesman and writer. He was em- ployed by various princes in very delicate negotiations. In particular he was sent by the pope, Clement VII., as nuncio to the emperor, Charles V., on which occasion he displayed great talent and dexterity. His celeJDrity, however, chiefly rests upon his writings. His poems, both Latin and Italian, are much admired, as are his letters, which thro\r much light on the affairs of his time. But his chief work is " II Cortegiano," the courtier. This work, which is a body of information on the art of living at court, is so much admired by the Italians, that they call it " The Golden Book." B. 1468; d. 1529.— Giovanni Benedetto, a Genoese artist. He ex- celled in landscapes and animals, but his picture of " The Nativity" shows that he had power for the highest walk of art. He was also an admirable engraver. D. 1670. CASTILLO, Bernal diaz del, a Spanish officer of the 16th century, one of the companions of Fernando Cortez, in his expedition to South America. He wrote a work, rough in style, but full of valuable information, entitled "His- toria Verdadera de la Conquista de Nueva Espagna." CASTOLDI, Giovanno Giacomo, a musical composer of the 16th century. CASTRACANI, Castrtjccio, an Ital- ian general of great skill and courage. He rendered great service to the empe- ror, Louis V. of Bavaria, who rewarded him with the duchy of Lucca. Though he wm «4w>9»t constantly in service, he OAS] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 263 found time to cultivate his mind, and his name is among tlae minor Italian poets. B. 1281 : d. 1323. CASTRO, John de, a celebrated Por- tuguese general, who attended Charles V. in the expedition against Tunis, and was afterwards made governor of the Portuguese settlements in the East In- dies. He was as disinterested as brave, and at his death only three rials were found in his coffers. B. 1500; d. 1548. CASTRUCCI, PiETRo, a celebrated violinist, who led the orchestra at the King's Theatre in the early part of the last century. He was of a very irritable disposition ; and Hogarth has given an admirable caricature portrait of him in the well-known print of " The Enraged Musician." CASTRUCIO, Castbacani, a celebrated general, who was a foundling, discover- ed by the monk Antonio, and his sister Dianora, in a heap of leaves in a vine- yard, at Lucca, in Tuscany, in 1284. He was tenderly brought up by the human- ity of his preservers, and intended for the church ; but his fondness for bold exertions and military exercises made him prefer the profession of arms. He entered in his 18th year as a lieutenant in the army of the Ghibelins, whom the party of the Guelfs had just driven from Pavia. The valor and coolness which he displayed recommended him to the food opinion of Guinigi, the general, and e soon rose, though opposed and even imprisoned by his enemies, to the high- est honor, ancl was at last declared by the people of Lucca their sovereign prince. The Florentines, however, viewed his elevation with jealous en- mity, and 30,000 foot, and 10,000 horse appeared in the field, 22,000 of whom he destroyed, with the loss of only 1600 of his own men. But here fortune checked the career of his greatness ; fatigued after the bloody contest, and regardless of a chill north wind which blew upon him, he was seized with an ague, which carried him off in a few days, when he expected to rise to the sovereignty of Italy. D. 1328. CASWELL, Richard, governor of North Carolina. He was a member of the first congress, 1774. In 1776 he was at the head of a regiment, and was en- gaged by a body of loyaHsts under Gen- eral McDonald, at a place called Moore's creek bridge. McDonald was defeated, and taken prisoner by Caswell, with the loss of 70 men in killed and wounded, and 1500 excellent rifles. This victory vas of eminent ser^nce to the Americaia cause in North Carolina. He was pres- ident of the convention which formed the constitution of North Carolina in December, 1776, under which constitu- tion he was governor from 1777 to 1780, and from 1785 to 1787. D. 178y. CATALANI, Angelica, one of the most celebrated singers of modern times, was b. at Sinigaglia in the papal states, 1782. Her early years were spent in the convent of Gubio ; and so perfect were her vocai ^rgans, even in her infancy, that the sanctity of the church itself was violated by the applause which her choral performances called forth. Soon after quitting the convent, she made her debut in the theatre Argentina, at Rome, in 1802 ; and the immense success which she achieved on this stage procured her immediate engagements in all the the- atres of Italy. At Lisbon, Madrid, and Paris new triumphs awaited her; but even those were far outshone, in 1806, by the enthusiasm of her reception in England, where she remained eight years, delighting the metropolis with her appearance at the Italian opera, and reaping large harvests both of fame and wealth in her provincial tours. After the restoration of the Bourbons, she re- turned to Paris, where she undertook the management of the opera buffa ; but this speculation was unfortunate, and Madame Catalani, to repair her shattered fortunes, made a professional tour through all the capitals of Europe, and at length returned to England in 1822, when the enthusiasm of her reception suffered no abatement. There she re- mained three years. In 1825 she again visited Paris, and after once more going the round of Europe, she retired to Italy in 1830, when she purchased a villa near Florence, and spent the remainder of her life in the bosom of her family. She had been long married to a French captain, called Vallabregue. D. at Pari s, 1849. CATEL, Charles Simon, an eminent composer, b. 1773, at Paris, was the au- thor of the fnmous "Traite d'Har- mone," and of many operas, the chief of which are "Semiramis," " Lcs Baya- deres," " L'Auberge de Bagneres," &c. D. 1880. CATESBY, Mark, an eminent En- glish naturalist, patronized by Sir Hana Sloane and other wealthy lovers of science. He spent many years in Amer- ica, for the purpose of collecting and describing the most curious natural pro- ductions of that country. He fixed his residence in Carolina, whence he mado 264 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [cat excursions into Florida, Georgia, and tlie Bahama Islands. The result of his labors was " Tlie Natural History of Canada, Florida, and the Bahama Isl- ands ;" a very splendid work in two folio volumes, illustrated by upwards of 200 plates. B. 1680 ; d. 1749. CATHARINE, St., of Sienna, was b. at Sienna, 1847, and when she was 20 years of age became a sister of the order of St. Dominic. Having considerable ability and a very lively imagination, she became celebrated as a seer of visions. So great an influence, in fact, did her alleged visions and revelations obtain her, that she was able to prevail on Gregory XI. to be reconciled to the Florentines, and to remove the papal seat to Eome from Avignon, after it had for 70 years been fixed at the latter place. She wrote six treatises on the " Provi- dence of God," " The Divine Doctrine delivered by the Eternal Father speaking to the Spirits," some short prose pieces of devotion, and some poems. D. 1380, and was canonized by rope Pius II. in 1464. — Of France, daughter of Charles VI. of France, and the wife of Henry V. ef England, who, on his marriage to'her, was declared successor to the French crown. Their son, afterwards Henry VI., was crowned in both countries while still an infant. Being left a wid- ow, she privately espoused Owen Tudor, a Welsh gentleman, by whom she had two sons, "the elder of whom, Edmund, earl of Richmond, was father of Henry VII. B. 1401; d. 1438.— Of Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile, was b. 1483. In her 18th year she was married to Arthur, prince of Wales, eldest son of Henry VII. The young prince dying in a few months after his marriage, Henry's mercenary dread of losing the rich dowry of Catha- rine, induced her brother-in-law, after- wards Henry VIII., to marry her. The vast religious changes to which this marriage gave place, belong rather to history than to biography. Suffice it, therefore, to say, that after years of anxiety and spirited resistances, he was divorced. But though she was no lon- ger called queen at court, her attend- ants at Kimbolton castle, where she took up her residence, were never al- lowed to address her otherwise than as aueen, as she protested to the last that tne divorce was unjust and illegal. Just before her death she wrote so pathetic a letter to Henry in favor of Mary, their daughter, that, stern as the tyrant was, he is said to have shed tears as he pe- rused it. She possessed considerable literary ability, but some devotions! pieces, which are sometimes attributed to her pen, were in fact the production of Queen Cntharine Parr. 1). 1536. — The eldest daughter of Sir Thomas Parr, of Kendal, in Westmoreland. She was married early in life to Edward Burghe ; and, surviving him, she was next mar- ried to John" Neville. Lord Latimer. Her second husband, too, slie survived ; and, in 1643, was raised to the throne by King Henry VIII., being the sixth and last wife of that polygamic monarch. Her attachment to the reformed religion, and her kindness to those who support- ed it, gave deep and deadly offence to the still powerful Catholic faction. Gardiner, Wriothesley, and others, de- termined to remove, if possible, so dan- gerous an opponent from court, but failed. Though during the king's last illness he was, in the words of a writer of that time, "as furious as a chained lion," Catharine continued to retain her ascendency over him, and at his death he left her a legacy of £4000 in addition to her jointure, " for her great love, obe- dience, chasteness of life, and wisdom." She afterwards married Sir Thomas Sey- mour, uncle of Edward VI., but they lived by no means happily together; and when she died, though in childbed, it was currently reported that she was poisoned. D. 1548. — De Medici, the wife of Henry II. king of France, was the daughter of Lorenzo de Medici, duke of Urbino. In 1519, being then only in her 16th year, she was married to Henry, duke of Orleans, son and successor to Francis I. of France. Her beauty and accomplishments made her the orna- ment of the French court ; and young as she was, she had deceit and cunning enough to make herself acceptable to all Earties. For ten years she brought her usband no children, but she subse- (juently had 10, of whom three success- ively were kings of France. With pro- found policy she secured the affection and confidence of her children in their earliest youth, thereby assuring to her- self that influence which she desired to exercise over their maturer age. On the death of her husband, and the accession of Francis II., the powerful Guises shared her political power ; and it is f)robable that it was in order to avoid col- ision with them that she joined in their detestable fury against the Huguenots. But the reign of Francis was very brief; and when Charles IX., then only in his 11th year, succeeded him, Catharine had cat] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 265 all the authority of regent, though not the title. The death of the duke of Guise still further increased her power, and she was joined heart and soul with the Catholics in persecuting the Hugue- nots. To characterize her political con- duct at this time, we need only name the horrible massacre of St. Bartholomew, an atrocity which just and humane men of every creed, country, and age will join in reprobating. That Charles IX. was urged to this horrid act by the per- suasions of Catharine most historians admit ; and in less than two years after the massacre he died, worn out in mind and body by the stings of remorse. At the death of Charles, Catharine was de- clared regent until the arrival of her son Henry from Poland. During her regen- cy she governed rigorously and saga- ciously, and delivered up the kingdom to Henry III. on his arrival, in such or- der as with only common prudence and firmness, would have insured him a peaceable reign. But the new king's weakness soon relaxed the bands which his mother had so firmly drawn around faction, and civil disturbances ensued, by which Catharine's later years were much imbittered. Admitted by all to be a sagacious, adroit, and courageous woman, but detested by every party in the state, she d., aged 85, in 1589. — Of Braganza, daughter of John IV. of Por- tugal, and queen of Charles II. of En- gland. The dissolute conduct of her husband, and the shameful openness of his illicit amours, gave her much pain. But though neglected by him, she stead- ily and sternly preserved her own honor, and his so far as it depended on her. After his death she returned to Portu- gal, and when, in 1704, her brother, Don Pedro, was compelled by his increasing infirmities to retire, she was made re- gent. She held this office but for a brief space ; but her conduct, both as regards lier internal measures and her carrying Dn the war with Spain, showed consid- erable political ability. D. in the 67th year or her age, 1705.— I., empress of Kussia, was the illegitimate daughter of a Livonian peasant. After some years spent in the service of a clergyman, she married a Swedish dragoon, who shortly afterwards went on an expedition and never returned. She then resided, it is doubtful wliether as servant or para- mour, with the Russian general, Bauer, vhen Prince Menkzikoff became enam- ~ed ">f her charms, and made her his mistress. Peter I. now distinguished her by his notice, and she became at 23 first his mistress and afterwards his em- press. During his lifietime she showed great devotion to him, and at his death she was proclaimed his successor. But her reign was short ; for her indulgence in intoxicating liquors produced a dis- ease of which she d. in 1727, at the age of 41. — II., empress of Russia, was the daughter of the prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, b. 1729, and in 1745 became the wife of the emperor Peter III. This prince was addicted to low society and to the most scandalous excesses ; and Catharine, even in her youth, was by no means re- markable for chastity. With the incon- sistency usually to be observed in such cases, each party reproached the other ; Catharine, stung by her husband's bru- tality, became still more openly indeco- rous in her conduct, and Peter indulged in low wassail to such an extent that he must have been deranged. He at length became so infatuated by his disgust for Catharine and his passion for one of his mistresses, the Countess WoronzoflT, that he had determined to divorce and imprison the former, and make the lat- ter his empress. Informed of his de- signs, Catharine promptly exerted her self, caused her husband to be seized, and sent him as a prisoner to a small palace about 20 miles from St. Peters- burgh, where Prince Alexis Orlofl" put him to death, with the connivance, if not at the positive command, of the empress. This occurred in July, 1762, and in the next month Catharine was solemnly crowned empress of all the Russias. Ill as her power was obtain- ed, she used it wisely and well. She trod firmly in the footsteps of Peter the Great, aiming at once to enrich and civilize her dominions. Schools and towns were founded, public works of equal magnificence and use were com- menced and finished, and the horrible tortures which had been inflicted on Russian criminals were almost totally abolished. But her amours in the mean time injured her as a woman, and her tyrannous conduct towards Poland is a foul blot upon her escutcheon as a sover- eign. Ambition, however, and lack of female virtue did not wholly degrade her, for her internal policy was as much directed to the useful as" to the grand ; and amid all the distraction of business and dissipation she found time to en- courage literature. Indeed, she was herself the author of instructions for a code of laws, which she also translated into German; and she wrote sevtral dramatic pieces, and some moral tales 266 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [cat for the use of children. D. aged 67, 1796. CATHAEINUS, Aaibbose, an Italian divine ; author of " Treatises against the Doctrines of Lnther and Ochinus." He attended the coirncil of Trent, and be- came successively bishop of Minori and archbishop of Cauza. D. 1553. CATHKALL, Isaac, a physician in Philadelphia ; studied in that ciLy, and in London, Edinburgh, and Paris, and returned home in 1793. During the prevalence of the yellow fever in that year, and in 1797,' 1798, and 1799, he remained at his post, and even dis- sected those who died of the disease. He published "Eemarks on the Yellow Fever," 1794; "Buchan's Domestic Medicine," with notes, 1797 ; " Memoir on the Analysis of the Black Vomit," showing that it might be safely tasted, 1800, in 5th vol. of the transactions of the American Philosophical Society; and a pamphlet on the yellow fever, in conjunction with Dr. tarris, in 1802. D. 1819. CATILINE, Lucrtjs Sekgius Catalina, a Koman, of a noble family and great talents, but of most depraved habits and evil ambition. He was high in favor with Sylla, who advanced him to the qusestorship and other offices of honor and profit. After the death of this powerful patron, Catiline conspired with other dissolute nobles and their follow- ers, to murder the consuls and senators, and assume the government. Fortu- nately for Kome, Cicero was one of the consuls ; and he, on being made aware of Catiline's designs, branded him with them in those famous orations which alone would suffice to give him the first rank among orators, ancient or modern. Even the effrontery of Catiline quailed before the indignant eloquence of the consul. He left Eome and marched towards Cisalpine Gaul, his confederates in the mean time endeavoring to corrupt the ambassadors of the Allobroges. In this they were defeated by the vigilance and promptitude of Cicero ; and Catiline being stopped in his march by the pro- consul. Q. Metellus Celer, an engagement ensued, in which Catiline, at the head of his associates, fighting with the most most desperate courage, was slain, 62 B. C. CATINAT, Nicholas, an illustrious French general, as eminent for his vir- tues as for his military talents. He was educated for the law, but abandoned the bar for the army, and rose to the highest military honors by his skill and courage. He defeated the duke o Savoy very sig- nally in 1688, and in 1697 he took the fortress of Ath, in Flanders, after expe- riencing a desperate resistance. In 1701 he was appointed to the chief command of the army in Italy ; but either his skill was inferior to that of Prince Eugene, to whom he was opposed, or age had somewhat weakened liis high qualities, for he was decidedly worsted and com- pelled to retreat.' D. 1712. CATC, Marcus Fortius, surnamed the Censor, an illustrious Eoman. At the early age of 17 he commenced his career as a soldier, and distinguished himself equally by his courage and by his singular temperance. After some time he was made military tribune in Sicily, and then quaistor in Africa, under Scipio. In both these important situa- tions his conduct was marked by a rigid and honorable economy of the public money ; and in his 40th year he arrived at the high dignity of the consulship. In this situation he strongly opposed the luxury of the Eomans, and inces- santly endeavored to animate their ha- tred of the Carthaginians, by speeches in the senate, usually concluding with "Delenda est Carthago;" "Carthage must fall." He coinposed many works ; but only "De Ee Kustica," and some fragments of Eoman history, are all that we know of his writings. JHe was t-vvice married, and had a son by each of his wives. B. 232 b. c; d. 148.— Marcus Fortius, surnamed, from his birthplace, " of Utica," was grandson of the younger son of the last named. Being early left an orphan, he was taken into the family of his uncle, Livius Drusus. He served for some time in the army, and obtained the commission of tribune in the army sent against Macedonia. He then be- came quaestor, and exerted himself for the reformation of abuses. His conduct in this respect, and the unvarying gravi- ty of his demeanor, rendered him almost proverbial for integrity ; and Cicero, to whose consular exertions he gave his support, called him "the father of his country." Perceiving the designs of Caesar 5*^ he had the honesty and courage to oppose him ; and considering Caesar more dangerous than Pompey, he ranged himself under the banners of the latter. The fatal battle of Pharsalia compelled him to fly to his native Utica ; and wlien the triumphant Caesar arrived before that place, Cato calmly retired to his chamber, read Plato's Phaedo, or Dia- logue on the Immortality of the Soul, 1 aiid ended his life by falling upon his ■] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 267 •word, 45 B. c. — ^Valekius, a Latin poet and grammarian. All that remains of his writings is " Dirse," a poem, which is to be found in Muttaire's "Corpus Poetarum." D. 30 b. o. CATKOU, Francis, a learned French Jesuit; author of a "Translation of Virgil," "A History of the Empire of Mogul," "A Roman History," &c. ; and for many years a contributor to the "Journal de T^revoux." D. 1737. CATTENBUEG, Adrian Van, a Dutch divine of the sect of Eemon- strants, professor of theology at Kotter- dam ; author of " Syntagma Sapientiae Mosaicse." "The Life or Grotius," in Dutch, &c. D. 1737. CATULLUS, Caius Valerius, an ele- gant but licentious Koman poet. D. 40 B. c. C ATZ, James, a Dutch statesman and poet, was b. 1577, at Brouwershaven, in Zealand. He held various important offices, was twice ambassador to En- fland, and for fifteen years filled the igh station of pensionary in Holland. D. 1660. CAULAINCOURT, Armand Auous- TiN Louis de, duke of Vicenza, a descen- dant of a noble and ancient family of Picardy. In the early days of the rev- olution he was imprisoned as a suspected royalist, but was liberated on being drawn as a recruit for the republican army. There he rose from rank to rank until he became aid-de-camp to Bona- parte, whom he attended in the cam- paigns of 1805-6-7. Subsequently he was employed in confidential missions, and in the post of foreign minister. After the restoration he lived in retire- ment. B. 1773 ; d. 1827. CAUSSIN, Nicholas, a French Jesuit, confessor to Louis XIIL ; author of a treatise " De Eloquentia Sacra et Hu- mana," &c. He was banished from court for opposing Cardinal Richelieu. D. 1651. CAVALCANTI, Bartolomeo, a learn- ed Italian ; author of a work on " Rhet- oric," and of another on the "Forms of a Republic;" both able treatises. He served for some time as a military officer, and was employed in some iinporta}it negotiations by Pope Paul III. D. 1562. — GuiDo, a Florentine philosopher and poet of the 13th century, was a friend of Dante, and, like him, an active Ghib- elline. His poems, which are chiefly amorous, are above mediocrity. D. 1300. CAVALIER, John, the son of a French peasant, was b. 1679. He be- came leader of the Camisardes, or Prot- estants of Languedoc, when I hey re- volted against the tyranny of the king ; and led by him, they' forced Marshal Villars to make a treaty with them. Cavalier then became a colonel in the king's service, but fearing some treach- ery he transferred his skill and courage to England, and d. governor of Jersey, 1740. CAVALIERI, Bonaventube, an Ital- ian friar, who became a disciple of Gali- leo. He was professor of mathematics at Bologna, and wrote some valuable treatises on geometry, conic sections, &c. D. 1647. CAVALLINI, PiETRo, a Roman paint- er. He was pupil of Giotto, whom he assisted in the famous mosaic in St. Peter's. D. 1364. CAVALLO, Tiberius, an ingenious natural philosopher, b. at Naples 1749, who went to England for commercial objects, and was so struck with the dis- coveries at that period in physical sci- ence, that he abandoned Ms pursuits, settled in London, and devoted his future life to the advancement of science. He was author of many treatises on " Electricity," " Aerostation," " Mag- netism," &c., and contributed largely to the "Philosophical Transactions." D. 1809. ^ CAVE, Edward, an enterprising book- seller, was b. at Newton, WarwicKshire, 1691, and educated at Rugby school. Having been deprived of a clerkship in the post-office, in consequence of his resistance to some abuses of the privi- lege of franking, he took a shop by St. John's gate, Clerkenwell, and commen- ced the '' Gentleman's Magazine." The work was highly successful ; and among the contributors to it was the subse- quently famous Dr. Johnson, of whom Cave was one of the earliest friends and employers. D. 1754. — William, a learn- ed English divine; author of "Primi- tive Christianity," " Lives of the Apos- tles and Martyrs," and "Historia Lite- raria." The last-named work is an account of the writers against and in defence of Christianity down to the 14th century. B. 1637 ; d. 1713. CAVEDONE, GiACOMO, an eminent Italian painter. He was a disciple of the Caracci ; but though some of his works are said to be equal to those of his mas- ters, he d. in absolute destitution, in 1660. CAVENDISH, Thomas, an English navigator in the reign of Elizabeth, was a native of Sutfolk, where he inherited a good estate; but having injured hia CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [CJAZ fortune by early extravagances, he fitted out three vessels to cruise against the Spaniards ; and sailing for the coast of South America, succeeded in taking sev- eral valuable prizes. After circumnavi- gating the globe, he returned to England with a large fortune. This he soon dissi- pated, and again went to sea ; but meeting with no suece:^s, d. of chagrin while off the coast of Brazil, in 1592. — William, a native of Suffolk, was b. 1505. He ob- tained the office of usher to Cardinal Wolsey ; and the fidelity he displayed on the fall of his patron endeared him to Henry VIII., who took him into his service and knighted him. In the suc- ceeding reigns he was equally favored, and his son became the earl of Devon- shire. He wrote the life of his early friend and patron, Cardinal Wolsey. D. 1557. — William, duke of Newcastle, son of Sir Charles Cavendish, the youngest son of the last named. By James I. he was made a knight of the Bath, Baron Ogle, and Viscount Mansfield. Charles I. appointed him governor to the prince of Wales, and made him earl of New- castle. The earl proved himself worthy of the favor shown to him ; for, when Charles I. resolved on an expedition against the Scots, he contributed £10,000, — a very large sum at that time ■ — besides raising a troop of horse. Du- ring the civil war he belaaved with great gallantry; and when the royal cause became hopeless, he joined Charles II. in his exile. At the restoration, he was created duke of Newcastle. He was the author of several poems and plays, but is now chiefly remembered as an author for his treatise on " Horsemanship." B. 1592; d. 1676.— William, first duke of Devonshire, was the son of William, third earl of Devonshire. He was b. 1640, and attended James, duke of York, as a volunteer against the Dutch ; but he soon made himself obnoxious at court by his opposition in parliament. He gave evidence in favor of Lord Wil- liam Kussel, and even offered to ex- change clothes with that unfortunate nobleman to enable him to escape. In 1684 he succeeded to the title of earl of Devonshire, and was shortly afterwards imprisoned, and fined £30,000 for stri- king Colonel Culpepper, in the presence chamber. For the payment of tnis large sum he gave bond, but before it became due, the arrival of the prince of Orange had put an end for ever to the tyranny of James. The earl now became a favo- rite at court, and in 1694 his earldom was raised to a dukedom. D. 1707. — John, Lord, brother of the piecoding; an able statesman, who distinguishea himself by his opposition to Lord North, and succeeded that nobleman as chan- cellor of the exchequer. D. 1796.— Henry, a member of the Devonshire family, and one of the most eminent natural philosophers of modern times, devoted himself exclusively to scien- tific pursuits, acquiring a distinguished rank among those who have most con- tributed to the progress of chemistry ; and his reseai'ches relative to hydrogen gas, or infiammable air, gave rise to the practice of aerostation. By the death of an uncle, in 1773, he received a large addition to his fortune ; and, being ex- tremely regular and simple in his man- ner of living, he left at his death the enormous sum of £1,200,000, to his relations. It has been truly said of him, that he was "the richest among the learned, and the most learned among the rich men of his time." B. 1731 ; d. 1810. CAWTON, Thomas, a nonconformist divine. Being implicated in Love's plot against Crt)mwell, he fled to Holland, and became pastor of the English church at Rotterdam. He was skilled in the oriental languages, and assisted in the Polyglot Bible, and Dr. Castell's Poly- glot Lexicon. D. 1659. — Thomas, son of the above, and, like him, a Puritan divine and an oriental scliolar. He offi- ciated to a dissenting congregation in Westminster; and was author of "Dis- sertatio de Usu Linguaj Hebraicaj in Philosophia Theoretica," a "Life of his Father," &c. D. 1667. CAXTON, William, the earliest En- glish printer, was a native of Kent, b. about 1410. Having served his time as a mercer, he went abroad as agent to the Mercers' company, and afterwards was taken into the suite of Margaret of York, wife of the duke of Burgundy. W^hile residing in Flanders, he acquired a knowledge of the art of printing, and translated and printed in that countiw the " Eecuyell of the History of Troy." Eeturning to England, he set up a press in Westminster abbey ; and 1474 issued the "Game of Chess," the first book ever printed in England. D. 1491. CAYLUS, Anne Claude Philip de, count of, a French writer ; author of the " Description of the Gems in the Royal Cabinet," a truly splendid work ; " I)is- sertation on the* Arts," &c. ; and found- er of a prize for drawing in the Academy of Painting. B. 1720; d. 1765. CAZES, Pierre Jacques, a French cel] painter, pupil of Boulogne and the elder Houasso. His principal work is a noble Scripture piece of "The Woman with an Issue of Blood," in the Qhurch of Notre l)?me. B. 1676 ; d. 1754. CAZOTTE, John, a French writer; author of " Le Diable Amoureux," "Oli- vier," and other poems, chiefly of the humorous kind. In the revolution, which he opposed with all his power, he was thrown into the prison of the Abbaye, with his daughter Elizabeth ; and when the massacre of the prisoners took place, his daughter threw herself between him and the murderers, there- by preventing the execution of their purpose ; but he was again condemned to death, and perished by the guillotine, 171)2, at the age of 72. From the scaf- fold he cried with a firm voice to the multitude, " I die, as I have lived, faith- ful to God and to my king." CEB A, AuFALDo, a Genoese poet ; au- thor of two tragedies, a history of Rome, and two heroic poems, "II Furio Ca- millo," and " Esther." D. 1623. CEBES, a Theban philosopher, pupil of Socrates. The Tablaturc of Human Life, usually printed with the Enchiri- dion of Epictetus, is generally attributed to him, but by some his authorship is disputed. CECCO DE ASCOLI, whose proper name was Francis deou Stabili, an Italian physician, mechanician, and poet; author of "L'Acerta," a poem, &c. In 1322 he obtained the appoint- ment of professor of philosophy and as- trology at Bologna, and subsequently that of physician and astrologer to the duke of Calabria; but being accused of magic, he was condemned by the In- quisition, and burnt to death in 1327. CECIL, Robert, earl of Salisbury, was the second son of Lord Burleigh, the prudent minister of Queen Elizabeth. Trained to business under his father, he became first the assistant and then the successor of secretary Walsingham. Towards the close of Elizabeth's reign, he sedulously cultivated the friendship of James VI. of Scotland. The event justified his foresight, for he was made high treasurer, and created earl of Salis- bury almost immediately after James's accession to the English crown. He was an extremely able, and, generally speaking, upright minister; but the share he had in causing the deaths of Essex and Raleigh, tends much to sink him in the estimation of posterity. B. 1563; d. 1612. CECROPS, an Egyptian, who married 23* CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. the daughter of Actseus, a Grecian prince ; and founded Athens about 1556 ' CEDREMIS, George, a Greek monk of the 11th century, who wrote a "His- tory of the World, from the Creation to the Year 1057," which was printed with a Latin version at Paris in 1647. CELESTI, Andrea, a Venetian paint- er. He executed some beautiful land- scapes and some fine altar-pieces. D. 1706. CELESTINE I., saint and pope ; suc- cessor of Boniface I. He became pope in 422, condemned the doctrine of Nes- torius in 430, and d. in 432, with a high reputation for piety and wisdom. — III., pope, succeeded Clement III. in 1191. He claimed the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, and conferred the latter on Fred- eric, son of the Emperor Henry VI., on condition that he should be tributary to the holy see. D. 1198. — V., a pope and saint. He was a Benedictine monk, and founder of an order called Celes- tines, which was suppressed in France. He led a Ufe of great seclusion, and the fame of his austerity caused him to be elected pope in 1294. Cardinal Cajetan persuaded nim to resign, and then, hav- ing caused himself to be elected, bv the title of Boniface VIII. , imprisoned Ce- lestine. D. in confinement, in 1296. CELLARIUS, Christopher, a learned German writer, professor of history at Halle; author of "Notitia Orbis Anti- quse," "Atlas Coelestis," &c., and editor of several Greek and Latin authors. D. 1707. CELLIER, Reni, a learned French Benedictine; author of an "Apology for the Morality of the Fatl>ers," written against Barbeyrac, and compiler of a " General History of Sacred and Eccle- siastical Authors." D. 1761. CELLINI, Benvenuto, a Florentine artist, of equal genius and eccentricity. He was apprenticed to a goldsmith and jeweller, and at the same time learned drawing, engraving, and music. Clem- ent VII. employed him both as gold- smith and musician ; and such was hi» reputation for courage, that when Rome was besieged by theyvJiere he executed some magniflcei^t works, especially some large figures in metal. In five years he left France for Florence, wherehe was employed by the Grand-duke Cosmo. Working equally well in metal and marble, on tlie largest and the most minute scale, Cellini, even as an artist alone, was a most wonderful man. But when we remember that he was a musician, an author, and an ad- mirable master of the sword, it is im- possible to withhold our admiration trom the extent and variety of his genius. As an author, he produced a work on sculpture and the casting of metals, a treatise on the goldsmith's art, and an autobiography full of vivid and vigorous writing. This last work, which contains some details scarcely credible, even with a large allowance for the evident vanity of the author, has been translated into all the modern languages. B. 1500; d. 1570. • CELSIUS, Olaus, a learned Swede; the early patron of Linnaeus, and the first promoter of the science of natural history in Sweden. He published va- rious theological and other Avorks, par- ticularly one entitled " Hierobotanicou," an account of the plants mentioned in the Bible. B. 1670 ; d. 1756. CELSUS, AuKELius Cornelius, a Ro- man physician of the time of Tiberius ; author of treatises on agriculture, rheto- ric, and military affairs, and of 8 books on medicine.- All except the last work is lost, but that is used in the medical schools of every nation in Europe. — An Epicurean philosopher of the 2d cen- tury. He wrote a book against the Christian religion. It is not extant, but if we may judge from Origen's reply to it, Celsus was a keen disputant, even with the disadvantage of assailing truth and defending error. CELTES, CoNKAD, a modern Latin poet, native of Germany. He wrote odes, amatory poems, and' epigrams, and a prose history of Nuremburg. D. 1508. CENSORINUS, a Roman, twice con- sul. In 270 the soldiery compelled him 'a accept the purple, and murdered him d week after he had done so. CENTLIVRE, Susannah, an English dramatic writer and actress ; author of "The Busy Body," "A bold Stroke for a Wife," '&c. Her writings are viva- cious and elegant, but they are occasion- ally indelicate. D. 1728. CEOLW^ULF, a king of Northumber- land in the 8th century, of whom the Venerable Bede makes honorable men- tion as a just and pious king. His do- minions being overrun by Etlielbald, king of Mercia, Ceolwulf retired to the monastery of Lindisfarne, and spent the remainder of his life in retirement and prayer. CEPHALON, an Ionian author of an epitome of general history from the time of Ninus to that of the emperor Adrian, in whose reign he flourished, and of a history of Troy. In imitation of Herod- otus, he divided his epitome into nine books. CERACCHI, Joseph, a Roman sculp- tor, a pupil of the great Canova. He unfortunately involved himself in polit- ical disputes, and was obliged to seek shelter in France, where he was engaged in a conspiracy against the life of Bona- parte, for which he was executed in 1801. CERATINUS, James, a learned Dutch- man, professor of Greek at Leipsic, which office he owed to the recommendation of Erasmus. His true name was Teyng, that which he adopted being a Greek derivative equivalent to Horn, the name of his native place. He wrote "De Sono Graecarum Literarum," compiled a Greek and Latin lexicon, &c. D. 1530. CERCEAU, John Anthony du, a French poet. He wrote several critiques, some comedies, and Latin and French poems. B. 1676 ; and accidentally shot in 1730, by the prince of Conti, to whom he was tutor. CERDA, Bernakda Ferreira de la, a Portuguese ladv of the l7th century, remarkable for the extent and variety of her accomplishments. She was well versed in the ancient and modern lan- guages ; excelled in rhetoric, mathemat- ics, and philosophy ; was a most skilful musician ; and wrote various poems and comedies of great merit. CERE, John Nicholas, a distinguish- ed French botanist, director of tfie bo- tanic garden in the Isle of France. He greatly extended the culture of cloves and other spices in the island, and pub- lished a valuable memoir on the cultiva- tion of rice. D. 1810. CERINI, Giovanni Domenico, an Ital- ian painter, chiefly of historical subjects. B. 1606; d. 1681.— Joseph, an Italian poet and dramatist. B. 1788; d. 1779. CERINTHUS, a heresiarch of the 1st century. He was by birth a Jew, and is supposed to have been a pupil of Simon cha] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 271 Magus. His doctrine was a compound of Judaism, Christianity, and the specu- lations of the Gnostics. CERUTI, Frederic, a learned Italian schoolmaster. He wrote a Latin dia- logue on the " Right Education of Youth,' and another on " Comedy," and published editions of Horace, Juve- nal, and Perseus, each with a para- phrase. B. 1541; d. 1579. CERUTTI, Joseph Anthony Joachim, a Jesuit, for some time professor in the society's college at Lyons ; author of an " Apology" fo"r his order, and of various miscellaneous pieces. He entered with ardor into the atfairs of the revolution, and conducted a paper called "Feuille Villaireoise." B. 1735 ; d. 1792. CERVANTES, de Saavedra, Migitel, the celebrated Spanish novelist, was b. 1547. Although he gave early promise of literary talent, he was compelled, through poverty, to seek a subsistence in some other profession, and became a page to the cardinal Giulio Aquaviva, in Rome. He then entered the navy, and lost his left arm at the famous battle of Lepanto. After this, he joined the troops at Naples, in the service of the Spanish king; but, returning home- ward, he was unfortunately taken pris- oner by a corsair, and remained in slavery at Algiers five years. When he was at length ransomed, he settled at Madrid, married, and published in the course of 10 years about 80 dramas ; but though he snowed great genius, he was not so successful as his rival, Lope de Vega, and he reluctantly abandoned this species of composition for that which has immortalized his name — the produc- tion of " Don Quixote." Cervantes had in view, by this work, to reform the taste and opinions of his countrymen. He wished to ridicule that adventurous heroism which was the source of innu- merable novels on knight-errantry. The work was, at first, coldly received, but it soon met with applause, and it may now safely be said to be the most popu- lar work that was ever written. Still its extraordinary good fortune did not ex- tend to the author, who struggled on for many years with nothing to console him in his poverty but his genius, and a proper estimation of his own merit. D. 1G16. • _ CERVETTO, a celebrated Italian mu- sician, who performed at Drury-lane in the time of Garrick. He much of- fended that irritable performer by loudly snoring one night, when the audience was in a state ot the most perfect silence. Garrick reproached him in the green- room, but trie fiddler appeased the actor by exclaiming, " Ah, Mr. Garrick, it ia alvay the vay ven I be ver much please 1" D. 1783, at the age of 103. CESARINI, Julian, a cardinal. He was employed by Martin V. and Euge- nius IV., in political negotiations. Be- ing sent by the latter pope to Hungary, he persuaded Ladislaus to break truce with the Turks. The battle of Varna ensued, and the cardinal was slain, 1444. — VntGiNio, an Italian writer, whose Latin and Italian poems are distin- guished bv great elegance. D. 1624. CESAROTTI, Melchior, an Italian poet, and professor of rhetoric, Greek, and Hebrew, in the university of Padua; author of "Essays on the Origin and Progress of Poetry," " On the Italian Language," &c. ; and translator into Italian of the "Iliad," and of "Ossian'a Poems." B. 1730 ; d. 1808. CES PEDES, Paul, an eminent Span- ish painter. His principal work is " The Last Supper," an admirable picture in the cathedral of Cordova. He was the author of a learned treatise on ancient and modern painting. D. 1608. CEZELLI, Constance, a heroine of the 16th century. Her husband, while defending Leucate, was taken by the Spaniards, and they threatened Con- stance that they would put him to death if she did not surrender the fortress. She refused, but offered all her property to ransom him. This was unavailing: and being foiled in two assaults, they raised the siege, and put their barbarous threat in force. CHABERT, Joseph Bernard, mar- quis of, a distinguished navigator, as- tronomer, and geographer, b. at Toulon, 1724. He performed several distant voy- ages, and formed the project of a chart of the Mediterranean ; but the American war interrupted the work, and called Chabert to nis post, where he distin- guished himself so higlily, that, in 1781, he was made commander of a squadron. The revolution drove him to England. In 1800 he lost his sight, in consequence of his intense app]ic^^tion to study ; and, in 1802, he returned to Paris, where Bonaparte assigned him a pension. D. 1805. CHABRET, Pierre, an able French advocate ; author of a work entitled " The French Monarchy and its Laws." D. 1786. CHABRIAS, an Athenian general, to whom a statue was erected, for aiding the Boeotians against Agesilaus. H« fm CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [CHA conquered Cyprus for the king of Egypt, and was slain at Chio, 585 b. c. CHABRY, Makk, a French painter and sculptor. His best works, inclu- ding a fine equestrian statue of Louis XIV., adorned the city of Lyons, but they were destroyed by the revolution- ary rabble. D. 1727. CHAIS, Chakles, a Protestant divine. He was a native of Geneva, but for many years officiated as pastor of the French church at the Hague. He was author of " An Apology for Lioculation," some theological essays, and a French transla- tion of the Bible. D. 1785. CHAISE, Francis de la, a French Jesuit, confessor to Louis XIV., over whom he acquired a vast influence. D. 1709. The site of his house and grounds at Paris is now occupied by the beauti- ful cemeterv which bears his name. CHALCIDIUS, a Platonic philosopher of the 3d century. He wrote a com- mentary on the Timaeus of Plato, of which a Latin version was published at Levden. OHALCONDYLES, Demetrius, a learned Greek, who, on the taking of Constantinople in 1479, established him- self as a teacher of Greek in Italy. He wrote a Greek grammar, and edited the lexicon of Suidas. D. 1518. CHALES, Claudius Francis de, a French Jesuit, professor of hydrogra- phy and mathematics ; author of a "History of Mathematics," a " Treatise on Navigation," "Eesearehes on the Centre oi Gravity," &c D. 1678. CHALLE, Charles Michael Angelo, a French painter, and professor of paint- ing in the Paris academy. He was a successful imitator of Salvator Eosa and of Guido. D. 1778. CHALMEES, Alexander, was b. 1759, at Aberdeen, where his lather carried on business as a printer. When he was 18 years of age, an appointment of assist- ant surgeon in the West Indies was procured for him ; but, instead of sail- ing for Jamaica he proceeded to Lon- don, where he connected himself with the press. He became editor of the " Public Ledger" and " London Packet" newspapers, during the period of the American war. Party politics were then running high, and Mr. Chalmers ob- tained much credit as a political writer to other journals, under the signature of Senex. He was for a long time a contributor to the " Morning Chroni- cle," and afterwards editor of the "Morn- ing Herald." He also entered into en- gagements with several publishers, to edit their books, and published many works in his own name. In 1812 the first portion of the work appeared, which, of all his productions, has the most largely contributed to his fame, namely, "Tlie General Biographical Dic- tionary," which was completed in 1817 ; and he continiied to occupy himself in literary pursuits till ill-health compelled him to abandon them. D. 1834. — George, a Scotch writer of considerable ability and industry; author of "Cale- donia," "An Estimate of the Compara- tive Strength of Great Britain," the inventor of several kinds of cement, and wrote learnedly and well on national industry and chemistry. B. 1756; d. . 1832. CHARDIN, Sir John, a French trav- eller, whose travels in Persia and the East Indies are extremely valuable. The revocation of the edict of Nantes drove him to England, where he was well re- ceived by Charles IL, who knighted him. D. 1713. CHARENTON, Joseph Nicholas, a French Jesuit, and for many years a missionary in Persia. He translated Maricana's " History of Spain" into French, and appended some valuable notes. ■ D. 1735. GHARETTE DE LA COINTRE, Francis Athanasius de, a French roy- alist, and leader of the party in La Ven- dee. He displayed great bravery in numberless combats, but being at length defeated by the republicans, and wound- ed, he was taken prisoner, and shot at Nantes, in 179S. CHARLEMAGNE, or Charles the Great, king of the Franks, and subse- quently emperor of the West, was b. 742. He was the son of Pepin, and suc- ceeded his elder brother, Carloman, in 771. Having defeated the Saxons, and overrun Lombardy, he was crowned emperor in»800. Though of a warlike turn, and continually engaged in war, he was a great friend to learning, found- ed several universities, and attracted by his liberality the most distinguished scholars at his court; among others, Alcuin, from England, whom he chose for his own instructor. He completed many important national works, encour- aged agriculture and tlie arts, and ren- dered his name immortal by the wisdom of his laws. In private life, Charle- magne was exceedingly amiable, a good father, and generous friend. His do- mestic economy afibrded a model of frugality ; his person a rare example of simplicity and greatness. He despised extravagance oi" dress in men, though, on solemn occasions, he appeared in alt the splendor of state ; and as his person was commanding and liis counte lance oha] CYCLOPEDIA Oi BIOGRAPHY. 277 noble and beneficent, he inspired those who saw him, with sentiments of love and respect. He d. at Aix-la-Chapelle, in 8U. CHARLEMONT, James Caulfield. earl of, au Irish nobleman, distingaisheo. as the political coadjutor of Bnrke, Flood, Grattau, and the other patriotic advo- cates of Ireland, and as the commander of the h'ish volunteers. He possessed considerable literary talents, and, after his death, his correspondence with Burke and other eminent men was pub- lished. B. 1728 ; d. 1709. CHAELES IV., emperor of Germany, son of .John of Luxemburg, and grand- son of the emperor, Henry VII., ascend- ed the throne in 1347. His reign was distinguished by the golden bull of the diet of Nuremburg, by which the Ger- manic constitution was established. D. 1378. — v., emperor of Germany and king of Spain, succeeded his grandfather, Ferdinand, on the throne of Spain, in 1516, and became emperor of Germany on the death of Maximilian, in 1519. His title to the imperial crown was dis- puted by Francis I. of France; but, aided by Henry VIII. of England, Charles maintained himself, and, at the battle of Pa via, even took his rival pris- oner. His whole reign, however, was stormy — France, the Moors, and the Protestant princes of Germany gave him full employment, until, in l.lSG, he re- signed the crown to his son, and sought in private life the happiness he had not found in governing an empire. Taken altogether, he is one of the most remark- able characters in history. He exhibited no talents in his youth, it not being till his 30th year that he showed himself active and independent ; but, from that time till his abdication, he was, through- out a monarch. He was indefatigable in business, weighing the reasons on both sides of every case with great minuteness ; very slow in deciding, but firm of purpose, and prompt to execute. Being equally rich in resources and saga- cious in the use of them; gifted with a cool judgment, and always master of himself, he steadily pursued his plans, and was generally able to ovefcome the greatest obstacles. D. 1558. — VI., son of the Emperor Leopold, was declared king of Spam by his father, in 1703, and crowned emperor in 1711. The taking of Belgrade by his general, Prince Eu- gene, compelled the Turks to make peace with him ; and his alliance with Holland, France, and England enabled him to obtain considerable advantaget 24 over Spain. Subsequently, however, he was at war with his allies, and thus lost Naples and Sicily; and was also en- faged in an injurious contest with Tur- ey. D. 1740. — VIII., elector of Bavaria, was raised to the empire of Germany in 1742, by the influence of France and Prussia, though he had a powerful rival in Maria Theresa of Hungary, who was supported by England and Sardinia. D. 1745. — II., surnamed the Bold, king of France. He was crowned king in 840, and elected emperor by the Romans in 875. D., supposed by poison, in 877. — III., king of France, surnamed the Simple. He ascended the throne in 893. His whole reign was one of struggle against the Normans and his turbulent barons, who at length caused Robert, a prince of the blood royal, to be crown- ed. In the battle fought between the two sovereigns, Robert was slain; but his son, Hugh the Great, pressed Charles so hard, that he sought shelter in the castle of the count of Vermandois, where he d. 929.— IV., son of Philip the Fair, succeeded to the crown of France in 1322. His reign lasted only six years, and in that brief time he was deprived by England of the province of Guienne. D. 1328. — v., surnamed the Wise, was the first prince who bore the title of dauphin, on the death of his brother, in 1364. His reign was very beneficial to his people, whose commerce and agri- culture he greatly promoted. He found- ed the library of Paris, and gained several advantages over the English. D. 1380.— VI., surnamed the Well-beloved, was son and successor of the above. Owing to the feuds of the dukes of Bur- gundy and Orleans, and the misconduct of his ministers, he was unable to resist the warlike Edward of England, who conquered France and disinherited the dauphin. D. 1422.— VII., surnamed the Victorious. He was crowned in 1422, and recovered the whole of his domin- ions from the English, with the excep- tion of Calais. D. 1461.— VIIL, king of France, surnamed the Afiable, was the son of Louis XL, and ascended the throne of France in 1483, at the early age of thirteen. He was a warlike prince, and, in 1495, obtained a victory over an army of Italians five times as numerous as his own. D. 1498. — IX., king of France, succeeded to the throne in 1650. The civil wars, and, above all, the massacre of Paris, have left an in- delible stain upon the memory of this prince. D.1574.— X., or Charles-Phi- lippe DE Bourbon, (known as Count m CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [CHA d'Anois until the accession of his brother Louis XVIIL, and afterwards as Monsieur,) was the fifth and youngest son of the dauphin Louis, son of Louis XV., and was b. 17.">7. In 1773 he mar- ried tlie princess Maria Tlieresa, daugh- ter of Victor Amadeus III., liing of Sardinia. On his succeeding to the throne of France in 1824, it was seen that he adhered too much to the ex- ploded dogmas of the old regime to ac- quire the same degree of popuhvrity that, by ^ood tact and a more complying dis- gosition, his predecessor had enjoyed, 'n the 25th of July, 1830, in conse- quence of the result of a general election, Charles X. issued his two fatal ordi- nances, one abolishing the freedom of the press, and the other changing the mode of election. As a resiut, "the glorious revolution of 1830" took place, in Paris, and paved the way for Louis Philippe. The king retreated from St. Cloud to Rambouillet, where he offered to abdicate in favor of his grandson, the duke of Bordeaux, and requested from the provisional government a safe -con- duct to a seaport. Embarking at Cher- bourg he sailed for England, and for a time took up his residence at Lulworth castle, and then removed to Holyrood house, the scene of his former exile. There he remained about a twelvemonth, and afterwards retired to. the Austrian dominions. D. at Goritz, in lUyria, 1837. The latter years of this monarch were passed in acts of superstitious de- votion : he constantly wore hair-cloth next his skin, he fasted much, and fre- quejitly imposed upon himself, as a penance for some hasty expression, an absolute silence for several hours. The dukes d'Angouleme and de Berri were his sons. — II., surnamed the Bad, king of Navarre. He succeeded to his king- dom when only 18 years of age, and his reign was marked by much wickedness. He murdered the constable, Charles of Angouleme ; seduced the dauphin, after- wards Charles V., into rebellion against his father ; and was accused of employ- ing a person to administer poison to Charles V. His death was as horrible as his life had been wicked. Being ill of a leprosy, his physicians caused liim to be swathed in cloths dipped in spirits of wine, and covered with brimstone, and his page accidentally setting fire to these inflammable materials, Charles d. in great torture, in 1387. — I., king of Naples and Sicily. He was the son of Louis VIII. of France, and, marrying the daughter of the count of Provence, he became possessed of Provence, and of Anjou and Maine. Defeating Man- fred, the usurper of Sicily, he assumed the style of king of Naples ; and taking his rival, Conradin, duke of Suabia, and the duke of Austria prisoners, he eter- nally disgraced himself by causing them to be put to death on the scaffold. His tyranny at length so much enraged the Sicilians, that on Easter Monday, in 1282, they massacred 8000 of the French — an event spoken of in history as the '* Sicilian Vespers." After this they chose Peter of Aragon for their king. D. 1285. — XL, sou of the above, at the time of his lather's decease, was a pris- oner in the hands of the Sicilians, and would most probably been put to death by them but for the humane interces- sion of Constantia, the wife of Peter of Aragon. At her request he was set at liberty, in 1288, on condition of his re- nouncing all claim to the crown of Sicily ; a condition from which the pope ab- solved him. His attempts upon Sicily were, however, of no avail, and he was obliged to content himself with Naples, which he governed with wisdom and moderation. D. 1309. — III., king of Naples, great grandson of the last named. He married Margaret, niece of Joan, queen of Naples ; and when Joan was excommunicated, in 1380, he ob- tained that kingdom from the pope. He put the deposed queen to death, and was in his turn excommunicated by the pope. This did not prevent his endeavoring to possess himself of the crown of Hun- gary, but he was slain in the attempt in 1386. — X., GusTAvus, king of Sweden. He was the son of John Casimir, and ascended the throne on the abdication of queen Christina, in 1654. He was very successful against Poland, but was compelled to raise the siege of Copen- hagen, which he sought to possess him- self of, on account of Denmark having allied itself with Poland. D. 1660.— XI., king of Sweden, son and successor of the preceding. He lost several import- ant places during his. wiir with Denmark, but they were restored to him at the peace of Nimeguen. He greatly in- creased the power and resources of his kingdom. D. 1697. — XII., king of Sweden, son and successor of the pre- ceding. He was only 15 years of age when he ascended the throne, and his youth encouraged Russia, Denmark, and Poland to unite against him. Those powers, however, found him fully equal to the task of humbling them. Den- mark being subdued, he attacked Rua- cha] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 27$ sia ; and in the famous battle of Narva, in 1700, he is said to have slain 30,000 of the enemy, besides making 20,000 prisoners, though his own force was short of 10,000. Poland next felt his power ; he dethroned Augustus, and made Stanislaus king in his stead. Thus far his wliole course had been prosper- ous ; but in seeking utterly to crush Peter the Great, he sustained a terrible defeat at the battle of Pultowa, and was himself so severely wounded, that he was removed from' the field on a litter, and compelled to seek shelter in Turkey. Here his conduct was so violent that the Grand Seignior was compelled to besiege his residence. After desperate resistance Charles was overpowered, and for ten months he was kept a prisoner. He no sooner was allowed to return to his own dominions than he commenced an attack on Norway, and in besieging Frederiekshall was killed by a cannon- shot, in 1718. He was one of the great- est warriors of history. — XIII., king of Sweden, was b. in 1748 ; and* being ap- pointed, at his birth, high admiral of Sweden, his education was directed chiefly to the learning of naval tactics, and in 1788 he defeated the Russians in the gulf of Finland. On the murder of Gustavus III. he was placed at the head of the regency; but he resigned the government, in 1796, to Gustavus Adol- phus IV., who had become of age, and did not appear again in public life till a revolution hurled the King from the throne. He was then elected, and sub- sequently bestowed his entire confidence on jjlarshal Bernadotte, whom the estates had chosen to succeed Prince Christian in 1810. D. 1818.— Charles Albert, king of Sardinia, son of Carlo Emanuele, prince of Carignano, was b. 1798. At his birth he had but little chance of ever swaying the sceptre, for there were seven male heirs of the house of Savoy, through whom the crown might have descended. His early life was conse- quently passed in comparative insignifi- cance, and his name was but slightly known to Europe until the revolution of 1821, which broke out in support of the so-called Spanish constitution of 1812, compelled King Vittorio Emanuele to abdicate in favor of his brother, and led to Charles Albert's nomination as regent of the kingdom. Charles Albert, who had all along been in the secrets of the conspirators, took measures to carry out their designs ; but the duke of Genevois, in whose favor King Vittorio had resign- ed the crown, having refused to sanction the proceedings of the new government, and having taken instant measures to put down the insurgents, Charles Albert fled to No vara, and deserted and be- trayed the party with whom he had co- operated. Kenouncing the opinions he liad adopted, he acted as a volunteer in 1823, in Spain, under the duke d'An- gouleme, and thei'e lent his aid to crush the constitution, the principles of which he had so lately attempted to establish in Sardinia. On his return to Turin he re- mained in retirement until the death of Carlo Felice led to his accession to the throne, 27th April, 1831. During the first 17 years of his reign, few events occurred to give a clear insight into the natural bent of his mind ; but in March, 1848, after the Milanese had driven out the Austrians from Northern Italy, he a second time unfurled the revolutionary banner, and in a proclamation to the "people of Lombardy and Venice," espoused the cause of Italian regenera- tion against Austria. His arms were at first crowned with success; but the Austrian field-marshal Kadetzky having regained step by step the positions he had lost, at length compelled the Sar- dinian forces to evacuate Milan in Au- gust of the same year, and in September an annistice was signed by the contend- ing parties. In March, 1849, Charles Albert was forced, by the clamors of his subjects, to renew the war with Austria. But the Sardinian army was defeated at- all points by Marshal Radetzky in the shortest campaign on record, four days ; and immediately afterwards, on the 24th March, Charles Albert abdicated the throne in favor of his eldest son, and precipitately leaving Turin, took up his residence at Oporto, where he died, as it is alleged, of a broken heart, July 18, 1 849 .--Louis DE Lorraine, archduke of Austria, a distinguished military com- mander, son of Leopold II., and younger brother of Francis II., was b. 1771. He first entered on the career of arms under Prince Coburg in 1793; and his great abilities, not less than his exalted rank, rapidly procured his elevation in com- mand. After the battle of Nerwinde, which restored that rich province to the imperial power, he was appointed gov- ernor of the Low Countries, and was soon after created a field-marshal. In 1796 he was promoted to the command of the imperial armies on the Rhine, gained some advantages over the repub- lican generals, Jourdan and Moreau, whom he compelled to retire across the Rhine ; took Kehl in 1797 ; sul se iuently 280 CYCLOPEDIA OF BJOGKjvPHY, [cHi commanded in Italy against Bonaparte and Massena ; long disputed victory at Caldiero, EckmuhT, and Essling; but lost the decisive battle of Wagram, where he was wounded. After this event lie lived in retirement, during which lie wrote a luminous and impar- tial narrative of his campaigns, and en- riched military science with the profound views set forth in his "Principes de Strategic." D. 1847.— I., king of En- gland, was b. in Scotland, 1600. He was the second son of James VI. of Scotland, and I. of England, by Anne, daughter of the king of Denmark ; and upon the death of Prince Henry, his elder brother, in 1612, was created prince of Wales. On the death of his lather, in 1625, he ascended the throne, his kingdom being engaged in war with Spain, and much imbittered against his friend and minister Buckingham. It unfortunately happened for Charles I. that he had to the full as high and ex- acting a notion of the royal prerogative as either his father or Elizabeth, while he had to deal with an entirely ditferent state of public opinion. The parliament impeached Buckingham, and the king supported him ; war with France was declared, against the popular wish, be- cause Buckingham so willed it; and then the king, obstinate and impolitic in his enforcement and extension of his prerogative, got at loggerheads with his parliament, and ultimately forced the nation into civil war. The first battle between the king's forces and the par- liamentary army was at Edgehill, in which neither party had much to boast of. For some time, however, the royal- ists were generally successful ; but the battles of Marston Moor, Newbury, and Naseby were all singularly unfavorable to the royal cause. Indeed, after the defeat at Naseby, the king was so power- less, that he took the resolution of throwing himself upon the ^ood feel- ing of the Scottish army, then lying before Newark ; and by that army he was sold, and delivered into the hands of the parliament. For a time he was treated with much outward respect, but becoming alarmed for his personal safe- ty, he found means to make his escape from Hampton Court. On arriving on the coast, whither he went with the in- tention of quitting the kingdom, he could not obtain a vessel to go abroad, but crossed over to the Isle of Wight, where the governor, Harinnond, con- lined him in Carisbrook castle. While there, negotiations were carried on be- tween him and the parliament ; but the dominant party, commanding the army, cleared the house of commons of the moderate and timid members, and erected a court for the trial of the king. He was condemuvjd to death, and on the 30th January, 1649. beheaded at White- hall, a warning to hypocrites and tyrants. — 11. , son of the above, was b. in 1630. He was living a.s a refugee at the Hagiio when the sentence on his father was carried into execution. He, neverthe- less, assumed the regal title, and finding that the Scots had proclaimed him, he left the Hague for Scotland, and was crowned at Scone. Cromwell marched towards Scotland to give him battle, and Charles passed by forced marches into England. Cromwell, however, whose force was superior, discovering the manoeuvre, turned back in pursuit ; and the royal army was overtaken at Wor- cester, and utterly routed. After diffi- culties and escapes which have rather the air of romance than of fact, diaries escaped to France, where he resided for some years, keeping up the mimicry of a court, but freqiiently reduced to ex- treme distress. The death of Cromwell, the general discontent of the people, and the dexterous policy of General Monk, restored Charles to his crown and king- dom ; and he reigned with a power far greater than that for aiming at which his father had been put to death. Un- taught by adversity, he was luxurious, selfish, and indolent. The English non- conformists were treated with jealous rigor, and the Scottish Covenanters were shot and sabred without compunc- tion. And, perhaps, Charles's reply to some complaints made to him of Lau- derdale's cruelty in Scotland, will give quite as full a clew to his kingly char- acter as can be required : " I perceive," said Charles, " that Lauderdale has been guilty of many bad things against the people of Scotland ; but I cannot find that he has acted against my interest." D. 1685. During this monarch's reign the capital was visited by heavy calam- ities ; the plague in 1665, and the fire of London in the following year ; while preteiJded plots and conspiracies were made pretexts for bringing some emi- nent persons, who were obnoxious to the court, to an ignominious death. As to the character of Charles II., he was, in the fullest acceptation of the terms, a sensualist and voluptuary : encouraging, by his example, a taste for dissolute manners, which poisoned the moral health of society ; and thoiigh he pre- chaJ CTCLOP^EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 281 served a degree of popularity with the multitude, from the easiness of his mauners, yet he was totally destitute of exalted sentiments. — Edw.uid Stuajrt, called the Pretender, was the grandson of James II., and b. at Kome, 1720. In 1745 he landed in Scotland, and pub- lished a manifesto exhibiting the claims of his father to the English throne. He was joined by several of the Highlanders, and on entering Edinburgh, he caused his father to be proclaimed; on which General Cope hastened towards the capital, but was attacked by the Pre- tender at Preston Pans, and defeated. Instead of making a proper use of this victory, by advancing into England, Charles returned to Edinburgh, wasting his time in an idle parade of royalty. Afterwards, on being joined by lords Kilmarnock, Cromarty, Balmcrino, and other discontented chiefs, he marched as far as Manchester ; but hearing that the king was about to take the field, he returned to Scotland, where he defeated the English forces, under Hawley, at Falkirk. In the mean time the duke of Cumberland advanced to Edinburgh, and from thence to Aberdeen, the Pre- tender retreating before him. At last the two armies met at Culloden, April 27, 1746, when, after an obstinate con- flict, in which the Highlanders displayed prodigious courage, his army was sig- nally defeated, and entirely dispersed. Charles, after wandering about in dif- ferent disguises, chiefly among the He- brides, ettected his escape to France. D. at Florence, 1788. CHARLETON, Lewis, hishop of Hereford, an able prelate, distinguished for his proficiency in theology and the mathematics. D. 1369. — Walter, an Ensrlish physician. He resided abroad witlb Charles 11. , and returned with him at the restoration. His writings, in natural history, medicine, theology, and natural philosophy, are very- numerous and learned, especially his " Onomas- tlcon Zoicon" and " Chorea Gigantum ;" the former a classified arrangement of animals, the latter an essay on Stone- henge. D. 1707. CHARLEVOIX, Peter Francis Xa- viER, a French Jesuit, and for some time a missionary in America. On his return, he became conductor of the "Journal de Trevoux." In addition to his numerous contributions to that work, lie wrote " Histoire Generale de Paragnav," " Histoire Generale de la Nouvelle France," &c. I). 1761. CHARLOTTE AUGUSTA, daughter 24* of George IV. and Queen Caroline, was b. Jan. 7, 1796, and married to Prince Leopold of Cobiirg, May 2, 1816. Her marriage was the result of mutual esteem. But their anxious wishes as parents were suddenly blighted : on the 5th of November, 1817, the princess was delivered of a still-born child ; and, in a few hours after, she was seized with convulsions and expired. Never before, perhaps, was national and individual sorrow so strikingly expressed. The unhappy dissensions of her royal pa- rents, and the vicious blandishments of courtly parasites, were contrasted at Claremont by conjugal afiection and the pleasures of a virtuous life. CHARNOCK, John, an English naval officer and miscellaneous writer, author of a "History of Marine Architecture," "Biographia Navalis," a "Supplement to Campbell's Lives of the Admirals," &c. D. 1807. — Stephen, a nonconfor- mist divine. He was an eloquent and popular preacher, and advocated Calvin- istical doctrines with great force and originality. His " Discourse on Provi- dence" is considered the best of his writings. D. 1680. CHARPETIER, Francis, the author of a treatise " On the Excellence of the French Language," and other works. D. 1702. CHARRERIE, Madame de St. Hya- ciNTHE DE, a French lady of versatile ability ; authoress of " Lettres Neu- chatelloises," " Caliste, ou Lettres ecrites de Lausanne," and several suc- cessful novels and dramas. D. 1806. CHARRON, Peter, a French divine, and a friend of Montaigne, who, by will, left him the privilege of bearing his arras ; a strong proof, considering the pride of a Gascon, of his personal con- sideration. His chief works are " The Three Smiths," a "Treatise on Wis- dom," and a volume of " Christian Dis- courses." CHASE, Samuel, a judge of the su- preme court of the United States under the constitution of 1789. He was set- tled in the practice of law at Annapolis, at the commencement of the American revolution, was a delegate to thegenei'al convention at Philadelphia, 1774, and served in that body several years. When the proposition for independence was be fore congress, as he had been prohibited from voting for it, by the convention of Maryland, he immediately traversed the province, and summoned county meet- ings to address the convention. ' In this way that body was induced to vote for 282 CrCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY [CHA independence ; and with this authority- Mr. Chase returned again to congress in season to vote for the declaration. In 1783 he was sent to Enghmd as the agent of the state of Maryland to re- claim a large amount of property, which had been intrusted to the bank of En- gland. In 1785 he removed to Balti- more. In 1790 he was a member of the convention in Maryland for considering the constitution of the United States. In 1791 he was appointed chief justice of the general court of Maryland, and in 1796, an associate judge of the su- preme court of the United States, in which station he continued till his death. In 1803 Judge Chase was impeached for his conduct in the trials of Fries and Callender, solely on political grounds, and the senate acquitted him. D. 1811. CHASLES, Francis James, a French writer of the 18th century ; compiler of the " Dictionnaire de Justice." — Grego- ry DE, a French naval officer and a witty writer: author of " Les Illustres Fran- coises,'' "Journal d'un Voyage fait aux Indes Orientales," &c. D. 1720. CHASSENEUZ, Bartholomew de, an eminent French lawyer ; author of "Catalogus Gloriae Mu'ndi," "Consilia, or Consultations on Points of Law," &c. It is greatly to his credit that he used all his power as president of the parliament of Provence to delay the decree issued by that body against the Vaudois of Me- rfndol and Cabrieres. Indeed, it was suspected that his humanity caused his enemies to hasten his end by poison. D. 1541. CHASTELATN, Claude, a French ecclesiastical writer ; author of a " Uni- versal Martyrology," the " Roman Mar- tyrology," and a journal of his own life. t>. 1712. CHASTELARD, Pierre de Boscole »E, a Frencli gentleman, whom De Thou mpposes to have been grandson of the Chevalier Bayard. He went to Scotland in the suite of the unfortunate Mary, and became so violently enamored of his royal mistress, as to secrete himself in her apartment. Being discovered when the queen retired to rest, he was com- mitted to prison, and finally beheaded on a charsre of treason CHASTELER, John, marquis of, an eminent Austrian general. lie was se- verely wounded at the siege of Valen- ciennes in 1793, and was subsequently opposed successively to Lefevre and Murat. In 1808, with Hormayer, he was the soul of the famous Tyrolese insur- rection ; and he was characterized by Napoleon, in a wiatnrul proclamation, as " the leader of a band of robbers," and an outlaw. In all his engagements h.) displayed equal skill and courage, and was at length rewarded with the post of governor of Venice. B. 1763; d. 1820. CHASTELET,. Gabrielle Emilie dk Breteuil, marchioness of, a French lady, distinguished by her proficiency in science. She translated the "Insti- tutes of the Philosophy of Leibnitz " from the German, and subsequently be- couiing acquainted with the philosophy of Newton, she translated liis " Prin- cipia," and added an able commentary. B. 1706 ; d. 1749. CHASTELLUX, Francis John, Mar- quis de, a French field-marshal ; author of " Travels in North America," and a treatise on " Public Happiness." D. 1738. CHATEAUBRIAND, Francis Av- ousTE, vicomte de, whose checkered ca- reer and numerous productions gained him a prominent place in the history of his time, was b. at St. Malo, 1769. Aflc* pursuing his studies at Dol and Rennes, in liis 17th year he joined the regiment of Navarre as sub-lieutenant, and re- paired to Paris. On the eve of the meeting of the states-general in 1789, animated by a love of adventure, he went to America. Here he spent two years amid the wild grandeur of savage life, " the world forgetting, by the world for- got," wlien accident threw into his hands a journal whic a revealed to him the immense events which three years had suffered to bring about in his native country, and he returned. Wounded at the siege of Thionville in 1792, he was conveyed in a dying state to Jersey; and after a partial recovery sailed for England, where he suffered great priva- tions, which a few translations, and, as he subsequently made known, the time- ly aid of the Literary Fund Society, en- abled him to mitigate rather than relieve. Here he published his first work, enti- tled " Essai Historique et Politioue sur les Revolutions Anciennes et Moder- nes," 1797. After the 18th Brumaire he returned to France, and contributed to the Mercure. His " Attala" appeared in 1801 ; and was followed in 1802 by his most celebrated work, the " Genie du Christianismc." Soon afterwards he was appointed by Napoleon secretary to the French embassy at Rome. In March, 1804, he was nominated minister pleni- potentiary to Switzerland ; but he re- signed on learning the melancholy fate of the duke d'Enghien, and resisted all cha] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 283 the overtures which Napoleon subse- q^uently made to him. In 1807 he pub- lished "Les Martyrs," and four years later his " Itineraire de Paris a Jerusa- lem." In 1814, Chateaubriand hailed the restoration, in a brochure, entitled "Bonaparte et les Bourbons." At Ghent he was considered one of the ministers of Louis XVIII. ; in 1815 he was created a peer of France ; in the fol- lowing year he became a member of the Institute. " La Monarchic selon la Charte," which he published the same year, threw him for some years into dis- credit with the court ; but in 1820 the highest state appointments once more lay open to him, and he became success- ively ambassador at Berlin in 1820, and at London in 1822, and the same year minister of foreign affairs in the V'ilele ministry, when he organized the inva- sion of Spain under the duke d'Angou- leme, and took part in the congress of Verona, the history of which he after- wards recorded. In 1824, being sum- marily dismissed from office, he took refuge in the columns of the Journal des Debats, where he vigorously attack- ed his former colleagues ; and on their fall in 1828, he was sent as ambassador to Eome, but resigned his office in 1829, on the formation of the Polignac admin- istration. On the news of the ontbreak of the revolution of 1830, he hastened to Paris, where he was hailed with accla- mation by the people, but after deliver- ing a glowing oration in favor of the duke of Bordeaux, he retired from the chamber of peers, never to enter it again. From this period he personally took leave of politics ; but he continued to send forth from time to time pam- {)hlets on the government of Louis Phi- ippe, conceived in so Ijitter and violent a spirit, that he became an object of sus- picion to the ministry, and was summa- rily arrested, but soon discharged. His last years were spent in domestic privacy. Besides the works above mentioned, Chateaubriand wrote " Etudes Histo- riques," " Essai sur la Litt(^rature An- glaise," (a poor production,) and numer- ous painplilets upon historical subjects and tlie politics of the day. D. 1848. CHATE.\UBRUN, John Baptist Vi- vian DE, a French dramatic writer ; au- thor of " Philoctetes," " Mahomet II.," " Les Troyennes," &c. D. 1775. CriATEAUKENAUD, Francis Louis RoussELET, count of, a distinguished French admiral. He was a great scourge to the Sallee rovers, and signally defeat- ed the Dutch fleet in 1675. D. 1716. CHATEL, Fbanck du, a Flemish painter of the 16th century. His chief work, which is in the town-hall of Ghent, represents the king of Spain re- ceiving the oath of fidelity from the states of Flanders and Brabant. — Pierre Du, bishop of Orleans, a strenuous de- fender of the Galilean church. He was an excellent scholar, and assisted Eras- mus in his translations from the Greek. He wrote a Latin letter against the em- peror, Charles V., and two funeral ora- tions for Francis T. D. 1552. — Tanne- GUY DU, an able French general. He was in the famous battle of Agincourt ; and when the Burgundians surprised Paris, he was fortunate enough to save the dauphin, between whom and the duke of Burgundy he afterwards brought about a reconciliation. D. 1449. CHATELET, Paul du Hat, lord of, a French officer of state in the reign of Louis XIII. ; author of the " History of Bertrand du Guesclin," constable of France. D. 1686. CHATHAM, William Pitt, earl of, one of the most illustrious statesmen that ever graced the British senate, was b. 1708. After studying at Eton and Ox- ford, he entered the army as a cornet of dragoons, but quitted it on being re- turned to parliament as a member for Old Sarum. His talents as an orator were soon displayed in opposition to Sir Robert Walpole, and had so great an ef- fect, that the duchess of Marlborough, who had a deadly hatred to that minis- ter, bequeathed to Mr. Pitt a legacy of £10,000. On the change of administra- tion, he was made joint vice-treasurer of Ireland and paymaster-general of the army, which places he resigned in 1755: but the year following he was appointed secretary of state. In a few months he was again dismissed from office ; but an efficient administration being wanted in 1757, and tlie nation being enthusiasti- cally attached to him, he returned to his former situation as secretary of state. His great mind now revealed its full force, and his ascendency was complete over the parliament no less than in the ministry. He aroused the English na- tion to now activity, and, in the space of a few years, it recovered its superior- ity over France, am ihilating her navy, and stripping her of her colonies. France was beaten in the four quarters of the world. In 1760 he advised the declaration of war against Spain, while she was unprepared for resistance, as ho foresaw that she would assist France. The elevation of England on the riina 284 CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY. [CHA of the house of Bourbon was the great object of his policy. But his plans were suddenly interrupted by the doath of George 11., whose successor was preju- diced against Pitt by his adversary, the earl of Bute, a statesman jf* limited views. Pitt, therefore, resigned his post in 1761, only retaining bis seat in the house of commons. Foreseeing the separation of the American colonies from the mother country, if the arbitra- ry measures then adopted should be continued, he advocated, especially in 1766, a conciliatory policy, and the re- peal of the stamp act. In the same year he wp . ,nvited to assist in forming a new ministry, in which be took the office of privy seal, and was created vis- count "Burton, baron Pynsent, and earl of Chatham ; but in 1768 he resigned, as he found himself inadequately seconded by his colleagues. In the house of lords, he continued to recommend the abandonment of the coercive measures employed against America, particularly in 1774 : but his warning was rejected, and, in 1776, the colonies declared them- selves independent. He still, however, labored in the cause, and used all his efforts to induce the government to ef- fect a reconciliation with the American states ; and, as he was speaking with his accustomed energy on the subject, in the house of lords, April 8, 1778. he fell down in a convulsive fit. He d. on the 11th of the following month, and his body, after lying in state, was sol- emnly interred in Westminster abbey, where a superb monument was erected to his memory at the national expense. — John, earl of, &c., eldest son of the celebrated statesman, was b. 1756, and succeeded to the peerage on the death of his father, in 1778. On the death of the duke of Kent, he was appointed governor of Gibraltar, which he held, with other offices, to the time of his death, in 1885, He was the last peer of the Pitt family. CHATTERTON, Thomas, an English poet, whose precocious genius and mel- ancholy fate have gained him much celebrity, was b. at Bristol, 1752. His father was sexton of Redcliff church, Bristol, and young Chatterton professed to have received from him several an- cient MSS. These he palmed upon the world as the poems of Rowley, a priest of Bristol in the 15th century; and so 'admirably was his forgery executed, that it is even now rather assumed than proved. Having vainly endeavored to persuade Horace Waipole and other scholars of the genuineness of the MSS., Chatterton, though still a mere boy, be- came a party writer ; but even this re- source failed him, and in a state of deep despondency, produced by absolute want, he destroyed himself by poison, in 1770, at the age of 18. CHAUCER, Geoffrey, an immortal poet, to whom is justly given the title of the father of English poetry. He studied law in the Temple, but soon turned his attention to the court, and became successively yeoman and shield- bearer to Edward III., and comptroller to the customs of London. In the fol- lowing reign, having embraced the doc- trines of Wickliff, he was committed to prison, but released on recanting his opinions. He now retired to Wood- stock, where he composed his treatise on the astrolabe. He seems to have been fortunate beyond the usual lot of poets ; for, independent of bounties he had bestowed on him by the crown, he derived considerable property and influ- ence from his marriage with a connection of the great John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster. As a poet. Chancer is far less read and understood than he de- serves, for his writing has a fresh and lusty vigor, rarely to be met with in more modern poesy. B. 1828 ; d. 1400. CHAUNCEY, Charles, an American divine, and one of the most eminent writers of the Universalists ; author of " Thoughts on the State of Religion in New England," " The Benevolence of the Deity considered," " A True Sketch of the Sufferings and Misfortunes of the Town of Boston," &c. B. 1705 ; d. 1787. — Henrt, an English lawyer and antiquarian. He was knighted by Charles II. in 1681, and, in 1688, was made a Welsh judge. Just before his death he published the "Historical Antiquitiea of Hertfordshire," one of the most valu- able of English county histories. D. 1700. — Charles, second president of Harvard college, was b. in England, in 1589. He received his grammar educa- tion at Westminster, and took the degree of M. T). at the university of Cambridge. He emigrated to New England in 1638, and after serving for a number of years in the ministry at Scituate, was appoint- ed, in 1654, president of Harvard college. In this office he remained till his death, in 1671. — Isaac, a distinguished commo- dore of the navy of the United States. He was b. at Blackrock, Conn., and fol- lowed the sea in the earlier part of his life. In 1798 he was appointed lieuten- ant in the navy, and served with honor ;hb] CtCLOVMmA OF BIOGRAl'HY. 286 under Truxton, Preble, and others. During the war of 1812 he had com- mand of lake Ontario, and in 1816 nego- tiated the treaty with Algiers. D. 1840. CHAUSSE, Michael Angelo de la, a French archseological writer; author of "Museum Komanum," "Picturse An- tiquae Cryptarum Eomanarum," &c. D. 1724. CHEKE, John, an eminent English statesman and scholar, professor of Greek at Cambridge. Besides his cor- respondence with Gardiner, he wrote and translated several treatises. He also left in MS. an English translation of St. Matthew, in which no word was admitted of other than Saxon origin. B. 1514; d. 1557. CHEMNIZER, Ivan IvANOvrrcH, a Eussian soldier and poet. He served several campaigns in the imperial guards, and afterwards entered the corps of engineers. "When he at length retired he published various tales and fables, which the Eussian critics com- gare to those of La Fontaine. B. 1744 ; . 1784. CHENEVIX, EiCHARD, an Irish gen- tleman of great and versatile ability as a writer ; author of " Eemarks on Chemi- cal Nomenclature according to the Svs- tem of the French Neologists," " Ob- serx'ations on Mineralogical Systems," "The Mantuan Eivals," a comedy; "Henry VII.," a tragedy; "An Essay on National Character," &c. D. 1830. CHENIEE, Marie Joseph, a French writer; author of " Charles IX.," "The Death of Calas," and some other dra- mas; of several odes sung on public occasions during the revolution, and of " An Historical Sketch on the State and Progress of French Literature." t). 1841. (yHERON, Elizabeth Sophie, a French lady, eminent as a portrait painter. She possessed considerable talent for music and poetry, and wrote several psalms and canticles in French. D. 1711. — LouK, brother of the above, and also a painter. Being refused admittance to the academy of painting in Paris, on account of his being a Cmvinist, he went to England in 1695, and remained there till his death, .in 1713. CHEEUBIN, a French Capuchin friar, astronomer, and mathematician of the l''th century ; author of " Dioptrique Oculaire," "A Treatise on the Theory, Construction, and Use of the Telescope," and "La Vision Parfaite." CHEEUBINI, Salvador, a distin- gTiished musical composer, was b. at Florence in 1760. His precocious skill in music attracted the attention of the grand-duke of Tuscany, who gave him a pension, and this enabled him to complete his studies under Sarti, whom he afterwards assisted in his composi- tions. In 1784 he repaired to London, where he produced the " Finta Princi- pessa," and " Giulio Sabino." In 1786 ne settled in Paris, which thenceforward became his adopted country, and the scene of his greatest triumphs. His operas of " Iphigenia," "Lodoiska," " Ali Baba," would alone have testified to the extent and variety of his powers ; but his fame chiefly rests upon his sa- cred music, of which his " Eeijuiem," composed for his own obsequies, de- serves particular notice. He was di- rector of the Conservatoire at Paris. D. 1842. CHESELDEN, William, an emiijent English surgeon and anatomist ; author of a treatise on " The Anatomy of the Human Body," a treatise " On the High Operation for the Stone," " Osteography, or Anatomy of the Bones," a translation of "Le Dran's Surgery," &c. He was an admirable oculist; and invented a system of lithotomv. B. 1688 ; d. 1752. CHESTEEFIEL'D, Philip Dormer Stanhope, earl of, was b. 1694. He was a particular favorite of George II., on whose accession he was sworn a privy councillor ; was appointed, in 1728, am- bassador extraordinary to Holland ; made a knight of the Garter in 1730, and was appointed steward of the household. The latter office he soon afler resigned, and he continued for several years the strenuous opponent of Sir E. Walpole, distinguished himself by his writings in the "Craftsman," as well as by his powerful eloquence in the house. In 1745 the government once more availed itself of his talents, and he was sent to Ireland as lord-lieutenant, where he continued a year, exercising his power in a manner calculated to gain the ap- probation of the people. He was after- wards secretary of state, but deafness and declining health induced him to relinquish office in 1748. He wrote some papers in the " World," and sev- eral poetical pieces, but he is principally known as the author of " Letters to his Son." D. 1773. CHETHAM, HuMPHERY, a wealthy merchant of Manchester, to whose well- directed munificence that town owes ita collesre and library. D. 1653. CHETWOOD, Knightly, dean of Gloucester ; author of a " Life of Virgil," CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPH" fnm a " Life of Lycurgus," &c. D. 1720.— William: Eufus, a dramatic writer; author of some plays, and of a "Gen- eral History of the Stage." D. 1766. CHEVALIER, Antony Eodolph de, French tutor to Princess, afterwards Queen, Elizabeth of England. He was an erudite scholar, and published tin excellent "Hebrew Grammar," an im- proved edition of the "Thesaurus of Banct. Pagninus," &c. He had com- menced a Bible in four languages, but did not live to finish it. D. 1572. CHEVERUS, Lefebuke de Cardinal, archbishop of Bordeaux, was b. at May- enne, 1768; came to America after the French revolution, and was consecrated first Catholic bishop of Boston in 1810 ; returned to France by the invitation of Louis XVIII., and was consecrated bishop of Montauban in 1823, and arch- bishop of Bordeaux in 1826 ; and was in 1835, made a cardinal. He was a man of distinguished talents, and extensive scientific and literary acqiiirements. During his residence in Boston, he sustained the character of a most amia- ble, exemplary, and devout man. He devoted himself with great zeal and assiduity to the duties of his office, not overlooking the meanest of his flock; and he was regarded by Protestants, as well as by Catholics, with sincere affec- tion and high respect. D. July 19, 1836. CHEVILLIEE, Andkew, a French ecclesiastic and antiquary, librarian to the Sorbonne. He published a Latin dissertation on the " Council of Chalce- don," an historical dissertation on the " Origin of Printing in Paris," &c. D. 1700. CHEVREATJ, Urban, an eminent French scholar. He became secretary to Queen Christina of Sweden, and is said to have had considerable share in converting her to Catholicism. After acting as tutor and secretary to the duke of Maine, he at length retired from all f)ublic duties, and devoted himself to iterature. He wrote " Effets de la For- tune," a romance ; "A History of the World," some plays, &c. D. 1701. CHEYNE, George, an eminent phy- sician and writer, settled in London. His first publication was a mathematical treatise, entitled "Fluxionum Methodus inversa," which procured him consider- able reputation, and admission to the Royal Society. His chief works are "The English Malady, a Treatise on Nervous Disorders," " A Treatise on Gout," and an "Essay on Regimen." D. 1748 CHIABRERA, Gabriel, ciJled tne Italian Pindar, was b. at Savona, 1552. Besides odes and epic poems, which are chiefly Anacreontic, he wrote several dramas. D. 1637. CHIARAMONTI, Scn-io, an Italian ecclesiastic and writer. His works are very numerous, and are chiefly on the mathematics and natural philosophy. He founded the academy of the Otfus- cati, at Osena, in Bologna, and was president of it when he d., 1652. CHIARI, PiETRo, an Italian ecclesi- astic and poet of the 18th century. He was a rival of Goldoni, and his comedies attained considerable popularity. Those of Chiari were however much inferior to those of his rival. D. 1788. CHICHELEY, Henry, archbishop of Canterbury, an able and accomplished scholar and statesman, was b. at Higliam Ferrers, 1362. On the accession of the infant king, Henry VI., he became first privy councillor, and directed all his attention to church affairs, striving at once to check the progress of Wickliff- ism, and to moderate the ardor of the Catholic court. He founded and en- dowed All Soul's college, Oxford, made many important improvements in Lam- beth palace, and built the western tower of Canterbury cathedral at his own ex- pense. D. 1443. CHICOYNEAU, Francls, an eminent physician and professor of medicine at Montpelier. When the plague was ra- ging at Marseilles, he was sent to the relief of the sufferers, whom he reas- sured by his calm courage. The import- ant services he rendered on this occasion procured him a pension and several appointments at court. His principal litei-ary production is a work " On the Origin, Symptoms, and Cure of the Plague;" a work doubly valuable on account of the interesting narratives with which it is interspersed, being the result of the author's own experience. D. 1752. CHILD, JosiAH, an eminent London merchant of the 17th century, and au- thor of several works on subjects con- nected with political economy, among which may be noticed his "Discourse on Trade'" &c. B. 1630; d. 1699.— William, an English musical composer and musician. He was for many years organist in St. George's chapel, Wind- sor, and in the Chapel Royal, at White- hall. The simple style of his composi- tions caused them to be neglected in hia own time, but they are now much ad- mired. D. 1697. CHO] CYCLOP'^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 287 CHILDEBEET I., king of France, who ascended the throne in 511. Aided by his brothers, Clotaire and Clodomir, he attacked and defeated Sigismund, king of Burgundy. Childebert and Clotaire then turned their arms against Spain, but without success. D. 558. — II., king of France, succeeded his father, Sigebert, in 575. On the death of his uncle, Chilperic, king of Soissons, he gained the kingdoms of Orleans and Burgundy. D. by poison, 596. — III., king of France. He ascended the throne at the very early age of 12 years; of which circumstance Pepin, mayor of the palace, took advantage to govern both king and kingdom. D. 711. CHILDERIC I., king of France. He succeeded his father, Merovaeus, in 456 ; was deposed in the following year, and reinstated upon the throne in 463. D. 481. — II., king of France, was the son of Clovis II., and succeeded his brother, Clotaire III., in 673. He was a de- bauched and cruel tyrant, and, together with his wife and son, was assassinated in 673. — III., surnamed the Idiot, king of France, began his reign in 742, and was deposed in 752. CHILLINGWORTH, William, an English divine. He was a sound schol- ar, an able mathematician, and above mediocrity as a poet. But his chief bent was towards disputation and metaphys- ics : and he was so acute in discovering difficulties, that he doubted where men of far less natural capacity and acquired knowledge would have been presump- tuously certain. In this state of mind a Jesuit convinced him of the truth of the tenets of Papacy, and he actually went to the Jesuit's college at Douay. While there, he meditated the publica- tion of a_¥iudication of his conversion to the church of Rome, but Laud, then bishop of London, dissuaded him from his purpose. He subsequently returned to England, became a Protestant again, and published the masterly treatise, entitled "The Religion of Protestants, a safe Way to Salvation." Some hesi- tation about signing the thirty-nine articles prevented him from obtaining preferment in the church; but he at length consented to sign, and became chancellor of Salisbury, &c. At the breaking out of the civil war, he warmly espoused the royal cause, and published a treatise on the "Unlawfulness of Re- sisting the Lawful Prince, although most Tyrannous, Impious, and Idola- trous." He also invented a machine, or rather imitated one described by some ancient authors, for the attack of fortified places. D. 1644. CHILMEAD, Edmund, an English mathematician and musician; a^ithor of a treatise " On the Music of Ancient Greece ;" another, which was not printed, "On Sounds," and a "Catalogue of the Greek MSS. in the Bodleian Library." D. 1654. CHILO, one of the seven sages of Greece. He flourished in the 6tn cen- tury B. c, and was celebrated for his just conduct as a magistrate. It was ho who caused the celebrated "Know thy- self," to be graven on the temple of Delphi. CHIPMAN, Nathaniel, a distin- guished lawyer and judge of Vermont, b. at Salisbury, Ct., 1752, and in 1786 made judge of the supreme court of Vermont, whither he had removed. In 1791 he negotiated the admission of Vermont into the union as a state. In 1793 he published a small work called "Sketch of the Principles of Govern- ment," which was afterwards expanded in a larger work. D. 1843. CHITTENDEN, Thomas, first govern- or of Vermont, was a member of the convention which declared Vermont an independent state, and one of the com- mittee to solicit an admission into the union in 1778 ; he was elected governor, and continued so till his death. D. 1797. CHITTY, Joseph, an eminent special pleader, and the author of many well- known works, which have become in- dispensable auxiliaries to every legal student and practitioner. D. 1841, aged 65. CHOISEUL, Stephen Fkancis, duke of, entered the army early, was appoint- ed ambassador to Rome and Vienna, and honored with a peerage. He then be- came prime minister of France, to which station he was raised through the in- fluence of madame de Pompadour. He made many judicious reforms and alter- ations in the French army, increased the navy, and brought about the cele- brated family cornpact. In 1770 he was dismissed from office, and exiled to one of his estates. B. 1714 ; d. 1785. CHOISI, Francis Timoleon de, a French ecclesiastic and writer. In his youth he was of very debauched and abandoned habits. For some years he wore the dress of a woman, and passed by the name of the Countess des Barres ; but a severe illness had the good effect of awakening him from this way of life, and he became an abbe. Besides a " Life of David," a "Lift* of Solomon," CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHf. [CHR and a "History of the Church," he ^ve the " Memoirs of the Countess des Barres," containing some account of his youthful irregularities. He also wrote and translated several other pieces, but they arc held in very little estima- tion. D. 1724. CHOPIN, Frederic, a great modern composer and pianoforte player, was b. near Warsaw, 1810. Compelfed to leave Poland in consequence of political con- vulsions, he played in public at Vienna and Munich in 1831,andsoon afterwards repaired to Paris, where he continued to exercise his art till the revolution of 1848 drove him to England. He re- turned to Paris in 1849 ; and d. in the autumn leaving behind him a reputation, both as a player and a composer, which will not soon pass away. — Eene, an emi- nent French lawyer and writer, author of "The Custom of Anjou," "The Custom of Paris," " De Sacra Politica Monastica," &c. D. 1606. CHORIER, Nicholas, a French law- yer and writer, author of a " General History of Dauphiny," &c. D. 1692. CHOKIS, Louis, an eminent Eussian artist and traveller, b. 1795. He was appointed draughtsman to Captain Kot- zebue's expedition round the world in 1814, and on his return published his " Voyage Pittoresque," accompanied with Cuvier's descriptions. He also published " Les Cranes Humains," with observations by Dr. Gall and others. In 1827, M. Choris sailed from France, with the intention of travelling througn America; but while on his journey in Mexico, in company with an English gentleman, they were attacked by robbers near Xalapa, and Choris lost his life, March 19, 1828. CHRETIEN, Florent, a French poet of noble family, tutor to Henry IV. of France. Besides writing satires and tragedies, he translated Oppian, some of the plays of Aristophanes, and Paca- tus' panecrvric of Theodosius. D. 1596, CHEISflAN, Edward, an English lawyer, author of an " Account of the Origin of the Two Houses of Parliament with a Statement of the Privileges of the House of Commons," a " Treatise on the Bankrupt Laws," &c. He was Downing professor of law in the uni- versitv of Cambridge, and chief justice of the Isle of Ely. D. 1828. CHRISTIE, James, the son of an emi- nent auctioneer in London, was distin- guished for his critical taste in the fine arts, and his antiquarian knowledge. Though he followed his father's profes- sion, he found time to give to the world some ingenious and valuable works, viz., an "Essav on the Ancient Greek Game invented by Palamedes," show ing the origin of the game of chess; a " Disquisition upon Etruscan Vases ;" an " Essay on the Earliest Species of Idolatry," &c. D. 1831. CHRISTINA, Queen of Sweden. She was the only child of the famous Gusta- vus Adolphus, whom she succeeded in 16o2, being then only 6 years old. Du- ring her minority the kingdom was wisely governed by the Chancellor Ox- enstiern ; and when she was crowned, in 1550, she formally declared her cousin, the count palatine Charles Gus- tavus, her successor. For four years she governed the kingdom with an evi- dent desire to encourage learning and science ; and at the end of that time, weary either of the task of governing, or of the personal restraint which roy- alty imposed upon her, she abdicated in favor of her cousin, and proceeded to Rome, where she surrounded herself with learned men, and busied herself with learned pursuits. At Paris, on one of the various occasions of her vis- iting that city, she had her equerry, an Italian, named Monaldeschi, murdered in her own residence, and almost in her own presence ; a crime which seems to have had no other cause than the un- fortunate equerry's indifference to the blandishments of his mistress. In 1660, the death of the king, her cousin, caused her to go once more to Sweden ; but her change of religion, and the re- ports which had reached that country of her conduct elsewhere, had so dis- gusted her former subjects that they resolutely refused to reinstate her in the sovereignty. Being threatened with the loss of her revenues as well as her crown, she consented to preserve the former. by finally renouncing the latter; and she retired to Rome. D. 1689. CHRISTOPHE, Henry, a negro, one of the leaders of the insurgent slaves of St. Domingo. He possessed consider- able ability, but his courage was carried to ferocity. He successfully opposed the French, whose perfidious seizure of the negro chief, Toussaint Louverture, he amply revenged, and assumed the title of Henry I., king of Hayti ; but he acted so despotically that a consnoiracy was formed against him ; and Boyer, the successor of Petion, who had estab- lished a republic in the south of Do- mingo, was invited to take jjart with the discontented subjects of Christophe, and CHU] demanded his deposition. At length, finding that even his body-guard was no longer to be depended on, he shot himself through the heart, Oct. 8, 1820. CHRISTOPHERSON, John, bishop of Chichester, during the reigns of Henry VIII. and Edward VI. He translated, from Greek to Latin, Philo, Eusebius, and other authors ; but he was rather industrious than learned, and succeeding authors have been much misled bv him. D. 1558. CHRYSOLORAS, Manuel, a Greek of noble family. Being sent to Europe by the Emperor Manuel Palaeologus to solicit the Christian princes to aid Con- stantinople against the Turks, he settled at Florence as a teacher of Greek. Sub- sequently he taught at Milan ; but when the Emperor Manuel came to that city, he was employed by him in a mission to the court of the Emperor Sigismund, and aft. r wards to the general council at Constance, in which citv he died. He was author of a " Greek; Grammar," a " Parallel between Ancient and Modern Rome," &c. D. 1414. CHRYSOSTOM, John, St., was really named Secundus, but was called Chry- sostom, which signifies "golden mouth," on account of his eloquence. He was b. at Antioch, and was intended for the bar ; but being deeply impressed with religious feelings, he spent several years in solitary retirement, studying and meditating with .a view to the church. Having completed his voluntary proba- tion, he returned to Antioch, was or- dained, and became so celebrated for the eloquence of his preaching, that on the death of Nectarius, patriarch of Con- stantinople, he was raised to that high and important post. He now exerted himself so rigidly in repressing heresy and paganism, and in enforcing the ob- ligations of monachism, that Theophi- lus, bishop of Alexandria, aided and encouraged by the Empress Eudoxia, caussd him to be deposed at a synod held at Chalcedon, in 403. His deposi- tion gave so much offence to the people, by whom he was greatly beloved, that the empress was obliged to interfere for his reinstatement. He soon, however, provoked her anger by opposing the erection of her statue' near the great church ; and, in 404, another synod de- posed him, and exiled him to Armenia. Ho sustained his troubles with admira- ble courage ; but being ordered to a still greater distance from the capital, where is enemies still feared his influence, he died while on his journey. D. 407. CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. m CHUBB, Thom.\s, an English deistical writer, author of " The Supremacy of the Father asserted," "Discourse on Miracles," &c. B. 1679; d. 1747. CHURCH, Benjamin, celebrated for his exploits in the Indian wars of New England, was b. at Duxbury, Mass., 1639. He commanded the party that killed Philip in August, 1676.— Benja- min, a physician of some eminence, and an able writer, was graduated at Har- vard college in 1754, and practised med icine in Boston. For several years be- fore the revolution, he was a leading character among the whigs and patriots ; and on the commencement of tl e war he was appointed physician-general to the army. While in the performance of the duties assigned him in this capa- city, he was suspected of a treacherous correspondence with the enemy, and immediately arrested and imprisoned. After remaining some time in prison, he obtained permission to depart for the West Indies. The vessel in which he sailed was never heard from after- wards. He is the author of a number of occasional poems, serious, pathetic, and satirical, which possess considerable merit. CHURCHILL, Chables, an English clergyman and poet. The death of his fother, who was curate of St. John's, Westminster, brought him to London, and he obtained the vacant curacy. His income was small, while his love of gay and expensive pursuits was unboundec^ and he was on the verge of imprison- ment, when Dr. Lloyd, of Westminster school, interfered, and effected a com- position with the creditors. He now determined to exert the talents he had so long allowed to lie idle ; and his first production was " The Rosciad," an energetic description of the principal actors of the time. Public attention was fixed on this poem by the vehe- mence with which the players replied to it, and Churchill found it worth his while to give the town a new satire, under the title of an " Apology" for his former one. "Night," "The Ghost," — in which he assailed Dr. Johnson, at that time all but omnipotent in the lit- erary world — and the "Prophecy of Famine," followed ; he at length threw aside all regard for his profession, sep- arated from his wife, and became a com- plete "man of wit about town." He now rapidly produced an "Epistle to Hogarth." "The Conference." " Tne DuelUst." "The Author." "Gotham," " The Candidate," " The Times," " lu- 290 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [cic dependence," and " The Journey." The viffor clisplayed in these makes it Srobawe that he would in time have evoted himself to higher subjects than party politics, and have produced works calculated to give him a higher and more lasting fame ; but a fever hurried him to the grave, at the early age of 34, in 1764. — Winston, a Cavalier, whose estates were sequestered during the commonwealth ; but they were restored to him by Charles II., who also knighted him. He wrote "Divi Britannici ;" histories of the English monarchs. D. 1688. CHTJECHYAKD, Thomas, an English poet, author of "The Worthiness of Wales," &c. He flourished in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. CIACONIUS, Peter, an eminent Spanish scholar. Pope Gregory XIII. employed him to superintend an edition of the Bible, the " Decretal" of Gratian, and other works, which that pontiff caused to be printed at the Vatican press. He wrote some very learned notes on TertuUian, Pliny, Seneca, and other Latin writers ; a variety of tracts on Italian antiquities ; a treatise on the old Roman calendar, &c. ; and he aided Clavius in reforming the calendar. D. 1581. CIAMPINI, John Justin, a learned Italian, author of " Vetera Monumenta," a "History of the College of Abbrevia- tors," " Lives of the Popes," &c. He was one of the literary associates of Christina, queen of Sweden, during her residence at Rome, and was much aided by her in forming an academy for the study of mathematics, and another for the study of ecclesiastical history. D. 1698. CIBBEE, Collet, an actor and dram- atist, was the son of Gabriel Cibber, a celebrated sculptor, and b. in London, 1671. Being disappointed of a scholar- ship at Cambridge, he entered the army which did not suit his taste ; and when only about 18 years old he quitted it for the stage. For some time he had but little success; but his performance of Fondlewife, in the "Old Bachelor," made him very popular, and obtained him the monopoly of parts of that kind at Drury-lane. His first dramatic etfort, "Love's Last Shift," appeared in 1695 ; and it was followed by "Woman's Wit" and "The Careless Husband." His next production as a dramatist was an adaptation of Moliere's Tartuffe, under the title of the " Nonjuror." of whic'h. tte "Hypocrite" of the more modern stage is a new version. The piece was wonderfully popular, and, in addition to the large prints Cibber de- rived from its performance, it procured him the situation of poet-laureate. This appointment drew upon him the rancor of cotemporary wits and poets, and of Pope among the number; but Cibber had the good sense to think solid profit more important than the censure of the envious was injurious ; and he wore the bavs, and performed in his own pieces till he was nearly 74 yeafs of age. Be- sides tragedies and comedies^ to the number of twenty-five, some of which still continue to be played as stock Eieces, Cibber wrote an "Apology" for is own life ; an " Essay on the Charac- ter and Conduct of Cicero," and two expostulatory epistles to his assailant Pope. D. 1757. — Theophilus, son of the above, an actor and dramatist, but very inferior in both capacities to his father. He wrote a musical entertain- ment called "Pattie and Peggy," and altered some of Shakspeare's pla\s. " The Lives of the Poets of Great Brit- ain and Ireland" appeared with his name ; but the work was said to be written by Shields, subsequently aman- uensis to Dr. Johnson, from materials furnished by Thomas Coxeter. Cibber was of very extravagant habits, and his life was consequently spent in much distress. He was drowned in his pas- sage to Ireland, 1757. — Anna Maria, wife of the last named, and an actress of the highest class. Her union with Theophilus Cibber was productive of both discomfort and disgrace, and she was separated from him for many years. Her coaduct, however, made it evident that he had been more to blame for the circumstance than she ^ had; and she was as much respected in private life as she was admired on the stage. Her style of acting was avcU adapted to that of Garrick, with whom she frequently performed. D. 1766. CICCARELLI, Alphonso, an Italian physician ; author of " De Clitumno Flumine," " Istoria di Casa Monaldes- ca," &c. Having forged genealogies, and committed other literary impostures, he was executed at Rome, in 1580. CICERO, Marcus Tullius, the prince of Roman orators, was the son of noble Sarents, and at an early age gave such ecided indications of "his ability, that after having served in a single campaign under Sylla and P. Strabo, he devoted himself, "by the advice of- his friends, to I the bar. !For this purpose he studied cm CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. SSIt under Molo. an eminent lawyer, and Philo the Athenian, then resident at Eome ; and, at the age of 26, he com- menced practice as a pleader ; his first important cause bein^ the defence of Sextus Roscius Amarmus, who Was ac- cused of parricide by one Chrysogonus, a freedman of the dictator Sylla. He saved his client, but was obliged to with- draw to Athens from fear of resentment of the dictator. As long as Sylla lived Cicero remained at Athens, turning even his exile into a benefit by diligent- ly studying under Antiochus and other eminently learned men. When he re- turned to Rome he rapidly rose in his profession, and the qusestorship in Sicily was bestowed upon him. In this office he made himself very popular; and henceforth his course was all prosperous, until he attained the great object of his ambition — the consulship. 'The bold and evil designs of Catiline made Cicero's consular duty as difficult and dangerous as his performance of it was able and honorable. But his popularity declined very soon after the expiration of his consulship, and it was chiefly as an advocate and author that he for some time afterwards exerted his splendid talents. At length the task of averting ruin from his own head tasked even his powers to the utmost. Publius Clodius who had now become tribune of the people, raised such a storm against him that he was a second time obliged to go into exile. This time he sought shelter with his friend Plancus, in Thessalonica, until the repentant Romans recalled him, making him magnificent recompense for the depredation and devastation by which he had been impoverished. In the struggle between (Jaesar and Pom- {)ey, Cicero espoused the cause of the atter ; but after the fatal battle of Phar- salia he made his peace with the former, with whom he continued to all appear- ance friendly, until Caesar fell under the daggers of Brutus and his friends. He now took part with Octavius, and pro- nounced the bitter philippics against Antony, which at once shortened his life and added to his fame. Antony, stung to the quick, insisted upon the cleath of Cicero, and Octavius basely consented to the sacrifice. In endeavoring to escape from Tusculum, where he was living when the news of his proscription arrived, he wsis overtaken and murdered by a party of soldiers, headed by Popi- li'us Lfenas, whose life he had formerly saved by his eloquence ; and his head and hands were publicly exhibited on the rostrum at Rome. Cicero was b. at Arpinum, 106 b. c, and perished in his 64tli year, 43 b. o. He was a perfect model of eloquence ; and, as Augustns truly said, " he loved his country sin- cerely." Of his works, which are uni- versally known, and fiir too numerous to be even named here, there have been almost innumerable editions. CID, The, a Spanish hero, whose real name was Don Roderigo Dias de Bivar. He was knighted in consequence of the valor he had displayed in his very youth ; and, in 1063, maitehed with Don Sancho of Castile against Ramiro, king of Ara- gon, who fell in battle ; after which he went to the siege of Zamora, where Sancho, now become king, was slain. On Sancho's death, his brother Alfonso ascended the throne of Castile ; but Roderigo, instead of continuing the peaceful and obedient subject, declared himself independent, and, after depopu- lating the country, fixed his habitation at Pena de el Cid, the rock of the Cid, near Saragossa. He afterwards took Valentia, and maintained his independ- ence till his death, 1099. The history of this hero, whose name Cid signified lord, has been immortalized in the ro- mances of the Spaniards, and particu- larly in the popular tragedy of Corneille. CIMALINE, John, a Florentine paint- er. He painted only in distemper, oil colors bemg then undiscovered ; and though he painted historical subjects, he had no idea of light and shadow. Dante praises hira ; and, considering the bar- barism of the time at which he lived, the praise was not undeserved. CIMAROS A, DoMENico, a Neapolitan, famous as a musical composer. When the army of revolutionized France took possession of Italy, Cimarosa so openly sympathized with revolutionary princi- ples, that, when the French withdrew, he was thrown into prison, and treated with a rigor which is supposed to have materially shortened his life. Of twen- ty-six operas which he composed, and most of which are comic, " II Matrimo- nio Segreto" and " II Matrimonio per Susurro," are the most admired. B. 1754; d. 1801. CIMON, a celebrated Athenian gen- eral. He was the son of Miltiades, and first distinguished himself at- the battle of Salamis. Aristides, sumamed the Just, tliought so highly of him, notwith- standing his youth had been vary dis- sipated, that he initiated him into publio business. After having repeatedly beaten the Persians, and enriched hw CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [CLA country by the spoils he wrested from the enemy, the party of Pericles caused him to be ostracized, on a charge of having been bribed. At the end of five years, which was only half the term for which he had been banished, he was re- called, and again led the Athenians to victory over their Persian foe. While besieging Citium, in Cyprus, he died ; having served Athens, not only by his prowess as a soldier, but also by his wisdom in founding public schools. He flourished in the 5tli century b. o. CINCINNATUS, Lucius Quintus, one of the most illustrious characters of an- cient Rome. He was made consul when the senate and the people were striving for the ascendency ; and, being much incensed against the latter for having banished his son, he sternly resisted their demands. He was named consul a second time, but refused the office and retired to his farm, whence he did not again emerge until he was saluted dic- tator, and entreated to lend his aid against the ^qui, who had closely in- vested the consul Minucius, and the army under his command! Stepping at once from the petty details of a farm to the momentous duties of a general and a statesman, Cincinnatus exerted himself so efficiently, that the JEqui were fain to retire, after having passed under the yoke. Having caused nis son to be re- called from exile, after the chief witness against him had been convicted of per- jury, he laid down his vast authority and returned to his farm. He was again, though 80 years of age, made dictator, when Maelius conspired to overthrow the republic ; and he put down the domestic conspirator as promptly as he had for- merly repelled tne ^qui. He flourished in the 5th century b. c. CINELLI, Giovanni, a Florentine physician ; author of " Bibliotheca Vo- lante." B. 1625 ; d. 1706. CINNA, Lijcius Cornelius, a Eoraan ; the friend, partisan, and fellow-consul of Marius. He it was who drove Sylla from Rome, and recalled Marius from his African exile. He participated in the numerous murders which followed the return of Marius ; and when in his third consulship, and while preparing for hostilities with Sylla, was assassin- ated, 84 B. 0. CINO DA PISTOIA, an Italian juris- consult and poet, b. at Pistoia, 1270, whose proper name was Guittone. He was very eminent as a lawyer, and be- came a senator of Rome, and professor Buccessively at various universities. In addition to some elegant poetiy, by which he is chiefly known, he wrote a " Commentary on the Digest." D. 1336. CINQ-MAPS, He:s-hy Coiffier mar- quis of, was son of the marquis d'Effiat, marslml of France. He was introduced by Cardinal Richelieu to the notice of Louis XIII., and was for some time a most distinguished favorite of that mon- arch. Ungrateful equally to the cardinal and to the king, he instigated Gaston, duke of Orleans, the king's brother, to rebellion. They had proceeded so far in their treasonable designs as to set on foot a treaty with Spain, enffagin^ that power to assist them. But the vigilance of the cardinal discovered their plans, and the marquis was apprehended ^nd beheaded in 1642. CIPRIANI, John Baptist, an emiient painter, b. at Pistoia, in Tuscany. His drawings are greatly admired for their correctness, fertility of invention, and harmonious coloring ; and many exqui- site engravings were made from them by Bartolozzi. D. 1785. CIRCIGNANO, Nicholas, an Italian painter, several of whose works are in the churches of Loretto and Rome. D. 1588. — Anthony, son of the above, and also eminent as a painter. D. 1620. CIRILLO, Dominic, an Italian bota- nist, president of the Academy at Naples, and professor of medicine in the uni • versity of that city; author of "The Neapolitan Flora," a " Treatise on the Essential Characters of certain Plants," &c. When the French entered Naples, Cirillo took an active part against his sovereign, and on the restoration of le- gitimate government was executed as a traitor in 1795. CIVILIS, Claudius, sometimes called Julius, leader of the revolt of the Ger- manic nation of the Batftvi against the Romans, A. D. 69-70, as chronicled by Tacitus. CIVITALI, Matteo, an Italian sculptor and architect, b. at Lucca, 1435; d. 1501. He followed the occupation of a barber until about 1470, when he sud- denly rose to the highest rank among the sculptors of his time. His greatest works are six statues of white marble in the cathedral at Lucca, representing Old Testament personages Among his architectural works is the Bernardine palace at Lucca. CLAGGETT, John Thomas, first bishop of the Protestant episcopal church in Marvland, b. in Prince George's county, 1742; d. 1818. He graduated at Prince- ton in 1762 and immediately commenced Hk] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHr. 293 the study of divinity. The Bishop of London, to whose diocese all the Amer- ican colonies were attached, ordained him deacon in September, and priest in Oct., 1767. He was rector of All Saints' parish, Calvert county, up to the revolu- tionary war, and afterward annexed St. James's parish to his pastoral field. Upon the organization of the diocese of Mary- land he was elected its tirst bishop, and was consecrated in New York, 1792. — William, an P>nglish divine, author of four volumes of sermons, and of some tracts against dissent and Catholicism. CLAIKAULT, Alexb, a French mathematician; author of "Elements of Geometry," "Elements of Algebra," a " Treatise on the Figure of the Earth," &c. He was remarkable for the pre- cocity of his talent ; for at four years of age he could read and write, at nine he had so far studied mathematics as to be able to solve some difficult problems, and at eleven he published a work on curves. B 1713 ; d. 1765. CLAIRE, Martin, a French Jesuit, b. at St. Valery, 1612; d. 1693. He gained great distinction as a preacher, but he is now chiefly remembered for hav- ing remodelled the Latin hymns of his church in a pure, clear, and elegant style. CLAIKON, Claebe Josephine de" la TuDE, a celebrated French actress, b. near Conde, 1723, and who, commen- eing lier histrionic efforts at the early age of 12 years, soon became the first tragic performer of her age and country. B. 1803. CLAIRBOENE, William C. C, gov- ernor of Mississippi and Louisiana. Being bred a lawyer, he settled in Ten- nessee, of which state he assisted in forming the constitution, and afterwards represented it in congress. In 1802 he was appointed governor of the Mis- sissippi territory, and in 1804, of Louis- iana, to which office he was chosen by the people, after the adoption of its con- stitution, from 1812 to 1816. He was then elected a senator of the United States, but d. before he took his seat, in 1817. CLAPPERTON, Htron, the celebrated African traveller, was b. in Annan, Dum- friesshire, 1788, and at the age of 13 was apprenticed to the sea-service. Having during his apprenticeship inadvertently violated the excise laws, oy taking a few Eounds of rock salt to the mistress of a ouse which the crew frequented, he consented (rather than undergo a trial) to go on board the Clorinda frigate, ^mmanded by Capt. Briggs. Through 25* the interest of friends he was soon pro- moted to be a midshipman, and in 1814 was raised to the rank of lieutenant, and appointed to the command of the Con- fiance schooner, on lake Erie. In 1822 he was chosen to accompany Dr. Oud- ney and Lieutenant Denhain on an ex- pedition to Central Africa, and on his return to England he received the rank of captain. In six months afterwards he was dispatched on a second mission for exploring the country from Tripoli to Bornou, but was not allowed to enter the place. It was during the period of his detention that he was attacked with dysentery, which proved fatal at Sacka- too, on the 18th of April, 1827. CLARENDON, Edwakd Htde, earl of, lord high chancellor of England, was b. at Dintou, in Wiltshire, 1608. He was educated at Oxford, and studied law under his uncle, Nicholas Hyde, chief justice of the King's Bench. During the civil wars he zealously attached him- self to the royal cause, and contributed more than any other man to the resto- ration. In his judicial capacity his con- duct was irreproachable. thou»-h he was a strong loyalist. But ne at length be- came unpopular, and was removed from his high employments, and, in order to escape the consequences of impeach- ment, found it prudent to go into vol- untary exile. D. at Rouen, 1764. His " History of the Rel^ellion," taken as a whole, is an admirable work, and calcu- lated to secure to his memory a lasting fame. His daughter Anne was married to the duke of York, afterwards James II. ; and two daughters, Anne and Mary, the fruit of this marriage, both ascended the English throne. — Henky Hyde, earl of, son of the foregoing, was b. 1638. He was, for a short time, lord lieutenant of Ireland, in the reign of James IL, and wrote a "History of the Irish Re- bellion," &c. D. 1709. CLARK, William, originally of Vir- ginia, was b. 1770, and moved with his father's family to Kentucky, in 1784. They arrived at the falls of Ohio, where the city of Louisville now stands, on the 4th of March, the town then consisting of but a few log cabins, surrounding a fort, but a short time established by Gen. George Rogers Clark, the brother of the deceased. In 1808 he was ten- dered by Mr Jefferson, the appointment of captain of engineers, to assume joint command with Captain Merriwether Lewis^ of the northwestern expedition to the Pacific ocean. This was accepted, and the party left St. Louis for the vast 294 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [CLA and then unexplored reffions between the Mississippi river and the ocean, in March, 1804. On this perilous expedi- tion, he was the principal military di- rector, while Lewis, assisted by liimself, was the scientific manager. Gen. Clark kept and wrote the journal, which lias been since published', and assisted Lewis in all celestial observations when they were together. In 1813, President Mad- ison appointed him governor of the ter- ritory and superintendent of Indian affairs. He held these offices in junc- tion, until Missouri was admitted' into the union, in 1820. In 1822 he was ap- pointed, by President Monroe, superin- tendent of Indian affairs. As commis- sioner and superintendent of Indian affairs for a long series of years, he made treaties with almost every tribe of Indians. D. 1838. CLARKE, Adam, one of the most eminent modern scholars in the oriental languages, and biblical antiquities. He was b. in Ireland, and received the ru- diments of learning from his father, who was a schoolmaster in that coun- try; but' subsequently studied at the school founded by John Wesley, at Kings wood, near Bristol. At the early age of 18 he became a travelling preach- er in the Methodist connection, and for 20 years continued to be so. But though he was very popular as a preacher, it is chiefly as a writer that he is known. He published a very curious and useful "Bibliographical Dictionary;" a supple- ment to that work ; a laborious '* Com- mentary on the Bible;" a "Narrative of the last Illness and Death of Eichard Porson;" "Memoirs of the Wesley Family;" and edited "Baxter's Chris- tian Directory," and several other reli- gious works. His "Commentary on the Bible" alone would have been a long labor to a man of ordinary industry. But such were his energy and perseve- rance, that besides the above works and numerous sermons, he wrote four elab- orate and valuable reports on the state of the public records, and edited the first volume of a new and laborious edi- tion of Eymer's "Foedera." B. 1762; d. of cholera, 1832. — Edward Daniel, a celebrated modern traveller, and profes- sor of mineralogy at Cambridge, was b. 1767. He accompanied Lord Berwick to Italy in 1794 ; and in 1799 he com- menced a tour through Denmark, Swe- den, Lapland, Finland, Eussia, Tartary, CircaHsia, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Greece, and Turkey, returning in 1802, through Germany and France. By his exertions the library of Cam- bridge was enriched with nearly a hun- dred volumes of manuscripts, and the colossal statue of the Eleusinian Ceres. He also brought to England the sar- cophagus of Alexander, and a splendid collection of mineralogical specimens, which he turned to the best advantage in his subsequent popular lectures on mineralogy, when be was appointed to the profes'sor's chair in 1808. D. 1821. — Jekemiah, organist to St. Paul's ca- thedral. His compositions are not nu- merous, but they are remarkable for Eathetic melody. An imprudent and opeless passion for a lady of high rank so much disordered his mind, that he committed suicide, in 1707. — John, an American divine and writer ; author of " Funeral Discourses ;" a popular t-