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THE
CYCLOP J:DIA of BIOGRAPHY:
A RECORD OF THE
LIVES OF EMINENT PERSONS.
By PARKE GODWIN.
NEW EDITION.
WITH A SUPPLEMENT,
BROUGHT DOWN TO THE PRESENT TIME.
By GEORGE SHEPPARD.
^.* :•;:•::/
NEW YORK:
G P. PUTNAM; KURD AND HOUGHTON.
1866.
<^°"
'^^
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1865, by
George P. Putnam,
the Clerk's OflSce of the District Coxirt for the Southern District of New York.
SIYERSIDE, OAMBBIBGS:
ILEOTBOTTPED AND PBINTBD Bf
H. 0. HOUGHTON AND COMPANT.
ADVERTISEMENT.
The first edition of this work, prepared by Mr. Parke Godwin,
was published in 1851. In his prefatory remarks, Mr. Godwin
claimed for the compilation the compactness of Maunder's " Bio-
graphical Treasury," with improved comprehensiveness, and more
fidelity to the sympathies and principles which govern the Amer-
ican people. Presenting within small compass a great variety of
information, little scope was afforded for the expression of critical
opinions. The volume commended itself to popular favor by the
combination of accuracy and brevity, with a fuller record of names
and dates than could be found in any similar publication. In the
present edition an attempt has been made to supply the few notable
names that had been omitted. A copious supplement is appended,
embracing notices of persons who have died since the issue of the
original edition. These supplementary pages embrace more than
an average proportion of distinguished men, American and Euro-
pean. The great conflict now ended has been prolific in materials
for biography ; and though some names which deserve to be remem-
bered have doubtless been passed over, it is believed that the vol-
ume, as now published, embodies nearly all that will be looked for
in a manual which is intended to bring its information down to
the present time. To economize space, the arrangement of the
same generic names under one head has been adhered to; and
the letters b. and d. are used respectively for " bom " and ^^ died."
New York, August 5, 1865.
235171
Digitized by the Internet Arciiive
in 2007 \N\{h funding from
IVIicrosoft Corporation
littp://www.arcliive.org/details/cyclopediaofbiogOOgodwricli
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
AA, Peteb Van Der, an eminent
bookseller of Leyden. D. 1730.
AA, Charles Henry Vander, a Lu-
theran minister, who was among the
founders of the Academy of Sciences.
at Harlem, b. at Zwolle, 1718, d. 1795.
A family of this name was distinguished
in the annals of the United Provincesj
for their resistance to the tyranny ot
Philip II. of Spain.
AAGAKD, Christian, a Danish poet.
B. 1616 ; d. 1664.— Nicholas, a brother
of the above, b. 1612, d. 1657, was a
philosophical writer.
AALST, EvERARD, a Dutch painter
of fruit pieces. B. 1602; d. 1658.— His
nephew, Willl\m, also a painter, was b.
1620, d. 1679.
AAGKSEN, SvEND, a Danish histo-
rian of the 12th century. Sometimes
called Sueno Agonis.
AARON, St., a Briton, who suffered
martyrdom uiider Diocletian in 803, and
was canonized ten centuries later.
AARON, a physician and priest at
Alexandria in the 12th century; the
first man who described measles and
the small-pox, on their first appearance
in Ei^ypt.
AARON, OF Barcelona, a Spanish
Jew, who wrote a book called "Pre-
cepts of Moses," at Venice, in 1523.
AARON BEN ASSER, a Jew, who
is said to have invented the points in
Hebrew writing, in the 5th century.
AARSENS, Francis Van, lord of
Someldyck and Spyck, one of the
greatest ministers for negotiation that
the United Provinces of Holland have
at any time possessed. He was the
first person ever recognized as Dutch
ambassador by the French court: the
first of three extraordinary ambassadors
sent to England in 1620 ; and the second
in 1641, who were to treat about the
marriage of Prince "William, son of the
prince of Orange. Aarsens died at an
advanced age ; and left behind him very
accurate and judicious memoirs of all
embassies in which he was employed.
B. 1572 ; d. 1679.
ABACO, Avaristo Felice D' All, a
musical composer and violinist of Ve-
rona. There was another of the same
name, who flourished about the same
time in 1750.
ABAGA, an emperor of the Mogruls,
who opposed the Crusaders with firm-
ness and warlike skill, and d. in 1284.
ABARIS, a celebrated character of
antiquity, said to have possessed vast
abilities, and to have been endowed
with the power of performing miracu-
lous cures. He was a Scythian by birth.
ABAS, ScuAH, surnamed the Great,
7th king of Persia. D. in 1629.— Abas,
Schah, great grandson of the preceding,
was" a prince remarkable for mildness
and humanity. D. in 1^666.
ABASCAL, Don Jose Fernando,
viceroy of Peru during several years of
the South American war of indepen-
dence, was born at Oviedo in 1748, and
having entered the military service of
Spain, served in the numerous cam-
Eaigns of that country during the latter
alf of lust century in all parts of the
globe. Appointed viceroy of Peru in
1804, he governed with a firm but gentle
hand till 1816, when he was superseded
by General Pezuela ; and, on his retire-
ment, he left behind him a character for
ability and moderation which is still
held in grateful remembrance. D. at
Madrid, 1821.
ABASSA, or ABBASSA, sister of tha
CTCLpP-^EiaA OF "WlOGRAPHY.
[abd
caliph Haroun al Easchid, who gave her
in marriage to hia vizier Giafar, on con-
dition that their marriage should never
be consximmated ; but having broken
the contract, the caliph put Giafdr to
death, and banished his wife from the
palace, giving orders that no one should
aflFord her relief.
ABATE, Andrea, a Neapolitan artist,
who was employed, together with Luca
Giordio, in adorning "the Escurial for
Charles II. of Spain. D. 1732.
ABAUZITj FiRMiN, a French author
of great merit and erudition. He was
profoundly learned, and acquired the
mendship of Voltaire, Eousseau, and
Newton. B. at Uzes in 1679, and d. at
Geneva in 1767.
ABBADIE, James, an eminent Prot-
estant divine, who accompanied Mar-
shal Schomberg to England in 1688, and
was present when that great commander
fell at the battle of the Boyne. He wrote
many works, chiefly theological and in
the French language, the most esteem-
ed of which is entitled " Traits de la
Verity de la Eeligion Chretienne." B.
at Berne in 1658 ; d. in London, 1727.
ABBAS, the uncle of Mahomet, of
whom, though opposed to him at first,
he became a disciple, and served in his
army as a general. D. 658. — Ebn Abbas
Abdaxlah, son of the foregoing ; chief
of the " Sahabab," or companions of
the Prophet, and author ot a " Com-
mentary on the Koran." — Hali or
Magus, a Persian physician of the 10th
century ; author of a pompous book on
medicine, called "The Eoyal Work,"
whicli has been translated into Latin.
ABBATI, NicoLo, an Italian painter
in fresco • b. at Modena in 1612.
ABBATISSA, Paul, a poet of SicUy,
who flourished about the year 1570, and
translated the Jliad and Odyssey into
Latin verse.
ABBE, Louise, a French poet of the
17th century, surnamed "La Belle Cor-
donniere."
ABBIATI, Fixippo, an historical
painter, of considerable eminence. B.
at Milan in 1640 ; d. in 1715.
ABBON, or ABBO, Cernuus, a Nor-
man monk of the 9th century, who
wrote, in Latin verse, an account of the
siege of Paris by the Normans.
ABBO, Floriaoensis, a learned writer
of ecclesiastical biographies, who was
killed in 1004.
ABBOT, George, archbishop of Can-
terbury in the reign of James I. and
Charles I., and one of the most active
political characters of that period. He
was born, in 1562, -it Guildford, in Sur-
rey, where his fathgr was a weaver and
clothworker. He raised himself gradu-
ally till he became primate of all En-
gland ; was the autAor of several the-
ological works; and one of the eight
divines, who, in 1604, by the order of
James I., translated the edition of the
Bible now in use. D. at Croydon in
1638. — EoBERT, bishop of Salisbury, the
elder brother of the above, was an emi-
nent divine, and famous for his skill in
conducting. polemical discussions, and
vindicating the supremacy of kings. B.
1560; d. 1617. — Maurice, youngest
brother of the above, was an eminent
London merchant, knighted by Charles
I. Maurice's son, George, was the au-
thor of a Paraphrase on the Book of Job.
B. 1600; d. 1648.— Hull, a respectable
minister of Charlestown, (Mass.) B.
1696; d. 1774. — Samuel, one of the
founders of the Andover Theological
Seminary. B. 1732 ; d. 1812.— Abdiel,
a preacher, and author of several pub-
lished sermons. B. at Andover, 1770 ;
d. at Staten Island, 1828. — Charles, was
a celebrated statesman, once speaker of
the house of commons, and subseauent-
ly raised to the peerage as Lord Col-
chester. B. at Abingdon, 1757 ; d. 1829.
— Charles, a distinguished lawyer, who,
in 1818, was made lord chief justice of
the King's Bench, and during the pre-
miership of Mr. Canning, was created a
Seer, by the title of Lord Tenterden.
1. 17 ; d. 1832.
ABBT, Thomas, a German writer who
wrote a clever work, called "Historia
VitsQ Magistra," when he was only 13
years of age. He was professor of phi-
losophy at Frankfort, and of mathe-
matics at Eitelin ; wrote a treatise on
"Merit," and on the "Duty of Dying
for one's Country." B. at Ulm, in
Suabla, 1738 ; d. 1766.
ABDALLAH, a camel driver, the
father of Mahomet. He was so much
esteemed by his tribe, that the stories
relate how one hundred girls broke their
hearts on the night of his wedding.
ABD AS, a bishop of Persia, who in-
stigated the thirty years' persecution of
the Christians, under Theodosius the
Younger.
ABDIAS, author of a legend called
"Historia Certaminis Apostilici," pub-
lished at Basle in 1571.
ABDOLLATIPII, a Persian, who
wrote the historv of Egvpt, published
in Ensrland in 1800. B. at Baofdad 1161.
ABDOLMAMEN, a potter's son, who
became a general and conauered Mo-
abe]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
3
i^cco, and made himself monarch. D.
1156.
ABEEL, John Nelson, an eloquent
f Teacher, of New-York, who died in
812, asred 43.
ABEILLE, Gaspab, a French dra-
matic writer of extraordinary versatility
and wit. B. 1648; d. 1718.— Scipio, a
brother of the above, wrote a "History
of the Bones," and the "Complete
Army Surgeon." D. 1697.
ABEL, Thomas, teacher of grammar
and music to Queen Catharine, but hav-
ing opposed Henry VIII.'s separation
from ner, he was condemned and ex-
ecuted, under a pretence of denying the
king's supremacv, in 1540. — Gaspak, a
German historian. B. 1675; d. 1763.—
Charles Frederick, a famous German
composer, and player on the viol di
gamoa, appointed musician to Queen
harlotte. D. 1787.
ABEL A, John Francis, a commander
of the order of St. John of Jerusalem,
who wrote "Malta Tllustrata," which
was published in Malta in 1647.
ABELAKD, Peter, a native of Pa-
lais, in Brittany, made immortal rather
by his unfortunate love, than by his
immense and varied attainments. He
"Was educated at the University of Paris,
^nd became one of the most learned
aen of his day. He opened a school
of theology and rhetoric, which was so
popular that it attracted more than three
thousand pupils. But in the midday
of his fame he fell in love with a young
and beautiful scholar, called Heloise, the
niece of the canon of Paris, Fulbert.
He was then forty and she but fifteen,
yet the attachment grew into a passion
which for warmth and intensity has
never been surpassed. Abelard forgot
his lectures, his studies, and his fame
in liis abandonment to the raptures of
delight. Yet the attachment was an
unhappy one for both ; Fulbert sepa-
rated the lovers ; when Abelard betook
himself to the residence of his aunt in
Brittany, whither he was instantly fol-
lowed iDy Heloise, and where she gavB
birth to a son. Abelard would have
married her secretly, but she disdained
the restraints of wedlock, preferring her
free attachment to him to a relation
sanctioned and enforced by law. After
a while, however, she reluctantly con-
Bented to marry him, yet refused to con-
fess the marriage in public. She even
denied it under oath. Her uncle was
so incensed at this conduct, that he
treated her with great severity, to re-
lease hei from which Abelard carried
her away and placed her in the convent
of Argenteuil. Baffled by this ma-
noeuvre, Fulbert was so enraged that he
had x\belard ignominiously mutilated,
and thereby caused him, through sor-
row and shame, to become a monk of
St. Denis. When his mortification had
somewhat subsided, he began to lecture
again, but his enemies charged him
with heterodoxy, and had him condemn-
ed. He then erected an oratory, called
the Paraclete, in the diocese of Troy es,
but, being still pursued by bitter per-
secutions, after a few years of vicissi-
tude and desertion, died at the priory
of St. Marcel. Heloise, then abbess
of the Paraclete, did not desert him in
death, but had his ashes removed to a
place where, in a few years later, she
was destined to sleep by his side. The
remains of both were taken to Pere-la-
Chaise, in 1817, by order of the nation.
Abelard was a poet, an orator, a philos-
ophc^r and a mathematician — in short, a
man possessing the highest qualities of
mind and heart — but, while his Avorks
have mostly perished, his name is res-
cued from oblivion by the story of his
passion. The letters which passed be-
tween him and Heloise have been made
the foundation of many poems and
novels. The best of these is the cele-
brated version of Pope. B. 1079; d.
1142.
ABELL, John, a musician who flour-
ished at the court of Cliarles H.
ABELLI, LO01S, bishop of Ehodes,
and author of several theological works.
B. 1604; d. 1691.
ABERCEOMBIE, John, M. D., an
eminent Scotch physician and author,
was born at Aberdeen, Nov. 11, 1781.
Having taken his degree at Edinburgh
in 1803, he permanently fixed his resi-
dence in the Scotch metropolis, where
he soon gained the first ranK as a prac-
tising and consulting physician. But
the writings of Dr. Abercrombie con-
tributed more to his fame than his skill
as a physician. His purely professional
works are meritorious, but'the most per-
manent monuments to his memory are
his " Inquiries concerning the Intel-
lectual Powers, &c.," published 1830,
and the " Philosophy of the Moral Feel-
ings," published 1833. In these works
he has brought all the medical facts ac-
cumulated in the course of his extensive
experience and research to bear on va-
rious moral and metaphysical systems.
To his wide range of acquirements he
added a piety as genuine as it was un-
assuming, and he will long be remem-
CyCLOP-<EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[abr
bered for his large but unobtrusive be-
nevolence. D. 1844.
ABERCROMBY, Thomas, a Scotch
author, wlio was physician to James II.
D. 1726. — Sm Ralph, a Britisii general,
who served in the American war, in
Flanders, Holland, the West Indies,
Ireland, and in Egypt, near Alexandria,
where lie was mortally wounded, after
a desperate battle with the French,
whom he defeated. He was one of the
bravest of Britons, but of great modera-
tion and military skill, and high char-
acter. B. at Tillibodie, 1738 ; d. 1801.—
John, a horticultural author, who pub-
lished under the name of Mawe. B.
1724; d. 1806.
ABERLI, John, an eminent landscape
painter, of Switzerland. B. at Winter-
then, 1723: d. 1786.
ABERNETHY, John, an Irish dis-
senter and divine, of whose sermons
there are two volumes, which are held
in considerable esteem. B. at Coleraine,
1680 ; d. at Dubfrn, 1740.— John, F.R.S.,
a surgeon of great repute and extensive
practice. He was brought up under Sir
Charles Blick, surgeon of St. Bartholo-
mew's Hospital, and was acknowledged
to possess very considerable talent and
originality; though he doubtless owed
much of his fame to a blunt eccentricity
of maimer, of which a thousand various
anecdotes are still current. He was the
author of " Surgical Observations,"
'•Physiological Essays," &c. B. 1764;
d. 1831.
ABG AEUS, a king of Edessa, in Mes-
opotamia, cotemporary with our Sa-
viour, to wiiom he is said to have writ-
ten a letter and received an answer to it.
Both are supposed to ])e inventions.
ABGILLUS, surnamed Presteb John,
son of a king of the Frisi. He accom-
panied Charlemagne to the Holy Land ;
and after his leader's return to Europe
made vast conquests in Abyssinia,
which was lt)nw called " Prester John's
Dominion." He is reputed to have
written an account of Charlemagne's
deeds in the East.
ABILDGAARD, Philip Christian, a
Danish physician; one of the ablest
naturalists of the 18th century. — Nicho-
las Abraham, brother of the above ; a
clever historical painter, and author of
some equally elegant and useful essays
on taste in works of art. B. 1744; "d.
1809.
ABINGTON, Frances, a celebrated
comic actress. B. in London, 1731; d.
in Dublin, 1815.
ABINGER, Lord, (James Scarlett,) a
liberal and distinguished statesman of
England, who, both as a lawyer and a
politician, exhibited a high order of
abiHty. He was raised to "the bench in
1834 by Sir Robert Peel. B. in Jamaica,
1769: d. 1844.
ABISBAL, Henry O'Donxell, Count
of, a celebrated Spanish general, born m
Andalusia, 1770. Having entered the
royal guards at the age of fifteen, he
served in the war against the French
republic; and on Napoleon's invasion
of Spain, the part he took in the relief
of Gerona in 1809, led to his promotion
to the command of Catalonia, where he
displayed great energy, and reaped much
success. Though defeated in the plains
of Vich by General Sonham, he a month
afterwards forced Augereau to abandon
Lower Catalonia ; and, at the village of
Abisbal, he compelled the surrender of
a whole French column under General
Schwartz. From this action he took his
title. Towards the close of the war, he
commanded with brilliant success at the
capture of Pancorvo. In 1819 he sup-
pressed a mutiny of the troops in the
isle of Leon ; but he fell into disgrace
on suspicion of treachery, and it was
not till 1823, on the invasion of Spain
by the French under the Duke d An-
gouleme, that he recovered his position
and his fame. At\er the restoration of
Ferdinand he retired to France, where
he resided, almost entirely forgotten, till
his death in 1834.
ABNEY, Sir Thomas, Lord Mayor
of London, in 1700, and one of the
founders of the Bank of England. D.
1722.
ABRAHAM, Nicholas, a learned
Jesuit, and professor of theology in the
university of Pont-a-Mousson ; author
of a Comnjentary on Virgil and some of
Cicero's Orations. B. 1589 ; d. 1656.-—
A. Sancta Clara, a native of Suabia,
whose real name was Ulrich Megerle.
He was an Augustine friar, and ex-
tremely affected and eccentric as a
preacher. B. 1642 ; d. 1709.— A teacher
of music at Paris, composer of airs for
the clarionet, and author of a method
for the bassoon. D. 1805.
ABRASDATES, king of Susa, ren-
dered memorable by the affection of hi.s
wife.
ABRESCH, Frederick Louis, a cele-
brated Dutch critic and Greek scholar.
B. at Hamburgh, 1699; d. in Switzer-
land, 1782.
ABRILOLA, an Arabian poet. B
973; d. 1057.
ABROSI, John, an Italian physician
ACC]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
of the 16th century ; author of a Dia-
logue on Astroloary.
ABRUZZO, Balthazar, a Sicilian
philosoplier and civilian. B. in 1601 ;
d. 1665.
ABSTEMIUS, Laurentius, an Italian
writer, born at Mace rata, in La Marca
di Ancona, who devoted himself early
to the study of polite literature. He
published under the pontificate of Alex-
ander VI. a treatise, entitled " Heca-
tomythium," from its containing 100
fables, which have been often printed
with those of ^sop, Phsedrus, Gabrius,
Avienus, &c.
ABUBEKER, father-in-law and suc-
cessor of Mahomet. His original name
was changed to that of Abubeker, or
" Father of the Virgin," on the occasion
of his daughter Ayesha becoming the
bride of Mahomet. On succeeding his
son-in-law he assumed the title of caliph,
which signifies both successor and vicar,
and which was first borne by him. He
won vast territory from the Syrians,
Persians, and Greeks. D. 634.
ABULFARAGIUS, Gregory, son of
Aaron a physician, born in 1226, in the
city of Malatia. He wrote in Arabic a
history which consists of ten parts, and
is an epitome of universal history from
the creation of the world to his own
time.
ABULFEDA, Ismael, prince of Ha-
mah, in Syria, but better known as au-
thor of Tables of Geography of the
Regions beyond the River Oxus. He
began his reign in the 743d year of the
Hegira, and ended it three years after-
wards, aged 72.
ABULGARI, Bayatm, Klian of the
Tartars, and writer of a Tartar history,
which has been translated in German
and French. B. at Urgens, 1605; d.
1663.
ABU, Moslem, a governor of Koras-
san, put to death in 759.
ABU-NOW AS, an Arabian poet. B.
762 ; d. 810.
ABU-OBIDA, a friend of Mahomet,
who conquered Palestine and Syria, and
died of pestilence in 639.
ABU-TEMAN, an Arabian poet,
whose works have been translated into
English. D. 845.
ACACIUS, bishop of Berea, an op-
ponent of Chrysostom. D. 436. — There
was another bishop of the same name,
who flourished at Amida, on the Tigris,
in the 5th centAxry, and who is known
for his benevolence, in having sold his
church plate to ransom 7000 Persians
taken prisoners by Theodosius the
Younger. — Another was the founder of
the Acaciani sect, and d. about 865.
ACADEMUS, the founder of the
Academic sect at Athens, and of the
Academic grove.
ACAMPIXTLT, the first Mexican
king, who ruled forty years, and intro-
duced many good laws. D, 1420.
ACCA, St., an Anglo-Saxon, bishop
at Hexham, who wrote "Sufferings of
the Saints," and was a patron of artf:
and music. D. 740. — Laurentla, the
nurse of Romulus and Remus, to whom
the Romans decreed a festival.
ACCAIOLI — the name of a distin-
guished Florentine family — Donatus,
was a translator of Plutarch, and a
learned commentator on Aristotle;
John, was an author and public lec-
turer; Zenobiq, a poet and critic, -who
translated Politian s epigrams, d. 1520;
Magdalena, wrote " David Persecuted,"
and other poems, d. 1610 ; Renatus, wan
a general of the 14th century, who con
quered Athens, Corinth, and Boeotia.
ACCIO, ZucHio, a poet of Verona, in
the 15th century.
ACCIUS, Lucius, a Latin poet and
dramatist. D. about 180, b. c. — Tul-
Lius, prince of the Volsci, to whom
Coriolanus resorted for aid against
Rome.
ACCOLTI, Benedict, an Italian law-
yer, born at Florence in 1415, and au-
thor of many works, among which was
a narrative of the wars in Palestine, to
which Tasso was indebted in the " Jeru-
salem Delivered." D, 1466.— Benedict,
a relation of the preceding, born in
1497, was so perfect a master of the
Latin tongue, that he was called the
Cicero of the age. Clement VII. made
him a cardinal. D. 1549. — Peter, son
of the above, as cardinal of Ancona,
composed the Papal bull against Luther.
D. 1532. — Bernard, brother of the last
named, a poet of considerable powers ;
his works were published at Florence,
in 1513. — Francis, uncle of the above; a
lawyer and scholar of great ability, but
even more remarkable for his parsimony
than for his talents. — Benedict, a man
of violent passions, who conspired with
five others to murder Pius I\ . He suf-
fered death in 1564.
ACCORSO, Mariangelo, a native of
AquUa, in the 16th century; an emi-
nent critic and scholar. He published
remarks on Ausonius and Ovia, entitled
" Diatribe," and an edition of Ammia-
nus Marcellinus.
ACCUM, Frederick, an operative
chemist of eminence, who wrote several
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[aci
books of science. B. in Westphalia,
1769; d. 1838.
ACCURSIUS, Francis, an eminent
Italian lawyer, bom at Florence in 1182,
and died in 1229. This individual ren-
dered himself famous by his " Perpet-
ual Commentary," or " Great Gloss,"
in illustration of the code, the institutes,
and the digests.
ACERBI, Joseph, an Italian ; author
of " Vovajre au Cape Nord, par la
Suede," nri798.
ACERBO, Francis, an Italian Jesuit
and poet at Naples, in 1666.
ACH, Van, or ACHEN, John, an
eminent, iiistorical and portrait painter.
B. at Cologne, 1566 ; d. 1621.
ACIIiEDS, a Greek poet and satir-
ist, cotemporary with Ji^schylus. Yet
though he is said to have written forty
tragedies, nothing but a few fragments
lit present exist.
ACHARD, Anthony, a learned di-
vine, B. at Geneva, 1966; d. 1772.—
Francis Charles, a distinguished Prus-
sian chemist ; known as the first fabri-
cator of beet-root sugar, in 1792 ; and
author of several treatises on chemistry
and agriculture. D. 1821.
ACHARDS, Eleazer, bishop of Avig-
non, remarkable for the benevolent
courage he displayed when the plague
raged in his see. D. 1741.
ACHEN WALL, Godfrey, a lecturer
on history and jurisprudence, in the
unwersity of Gottingen. T>. 1772.
ACHEli, N., a French judge; author
of an " Abrcge des Hommes lllustres
de Plutarque," 1807.
ACHERI, Luc d', a Benedictine
monk ; author of " Lives of the Saints,"
&c. B. at St. Quintin, in Picardy,
1609 ; d. at Paris, 1685.
ACHILLES TATIUS, a native of
Alexandria, who lived during the 3d
century, and in his old age was con-
verted" to Christianity, and became a
bishop. He originally taught rhetoric
in his native city, and wrote a " Treatise
on the Sphere";" a "History of Great
Men ;" and a romance, entitled " The
Loves of Clitophon and Leucippe."
ACHlLLINl, Alexander, a Bolog-
nese physician, known by his publica-
tions on anatomy and medicine, D.
1512. — John Philotheus, brother of the
above, and author of a eulogistic poem.
Entitled " Viridario." D. 1538. — Claude,
a relation of the above, distinguished for
his knowledge of medicine, theology,
and jurisprudence. B. at Bologna,
1574; d. 1640.
ACHMET I., emperor of Turkey, son
and successor of Mahor. et III, B. 1588 ;
d. 1617. — Achmet II. succeeded his bro-
ther Solyman on the throne of Con-
stantinople. D. 1695. — Achmet III.,
son of Mahomet IV., was placed on the
throne by the heads of a taction Avhich
had deposed his brother, Mustapha II.
He was afterwards deposed, and his
nephew, Mahomet V., exalted to the
throne. D. in prison, 1736.
ACIDALTUS, Valens, a German au-
thor and critic. D. 1595.
ACKERMANN, Conrad, a German
comedian, and founder of the German
theatre. D. 1771.— John Christian Got-
lieb, an eminent physician and author.
B. 1756; d. 1801. — Rudolph, an enter-
prising tradesman, who went to En-
gland and became a print-seller, where
he published the " Forget Me Not,"
the first of a peculiar class of annual
books. He improved the lithographic
art, published several beautiful editions
of histories, and was the first person
who used gas-lights in London. B. at
Schuceberg, in Saxony, 1764; d. 1884.
ACKLAND, a British major in the
American war. He was taken prisoner
by Arnold, at Stillwater, Oct. 7, 1777.
When released he returned to England,
where he was shot in a duel by Lieut.
Lloyd, to whom he had given the lie,
when Lloyd charged the Americans
with cowardice. Lady Harriett, his
wife, lost her senses in consequence.
ACKMAN, William, a Scotch por-
trait painter, the first appreciator and
friend of the poet Thomson.
ACOLUTIIUS, Andrew, author of
" De Aquis Amaris." 13. 1704.
ACOSTA, Joseph, a Jesuit of Peru,
who wrote a good history of the West
Indies. D. 1600.
ACQUAVIVA, Andrew Matthew, a
learned Neapolitan, who published the
first Encyclopaedia. B. 1456 3 d. 1528.
ACRON, a Sicilian physician, who
expelled the plague from Athens, by
burning certain perfumes, about 473
' ACROPOLITA, George, a B;s^zantine
historian, learned in mathematics and
skilled in rhetoric. B. 1220 ; d. 1282.—
Constantine, son of the above, was
grand chancellor of the empire.
ACTON, Joseph, a Frenchman, who
entered the navy of the Grand Duke of
Tuscany, and rescued 4000 Spaniards
from the Barbaiy corsairs. B. 1737 ; d.
1808.
ACTUARIUS, a Greek physician, of
the 13th century, who used water and
mild cathartics as his principal remedies.
Ada]
ACUNA, Chbistopheb, a Jesuit mis-
sionary, who wrote an account of the
" Great Kiver of the Amazons." B. 1597.
— Feknando de, a Spanish poet. D.
*c Grenada, 1680.
ADAIR, James, a recorder of Lon-
?on, member of parliament, and chief-
lOfitice at Chester. D. 1798.— Another
James, was a trader among the North-
American Indians, in 1775, who wrote
a book to prove them descended from
the Jews.
ADALARD, or ADELAED, a Ger-
man divine and theological writer, the
grandson of Charles Martel, and cousin-
german of Charlemagne. He is most
distinguished for the foundation of a
distinct abbey, called New Corbie, as a
seminary for the education of mission-
aries, who were to be employed in the
conversion of the northern nations. B.
753 ; d. 827.
ADALBERT, archbishop of Prague,
in the 10th century. He was one ot the
first founders of the Christian religion
in Hungary ; and also preached the gos-
Eel in Prussia, and in Lithuania, where
e was murdered by Sego, a pagan
priest.
ADAM, ScoTus, a doctor of the Sor-
bonne, in the 12th century, and author
of a life of David I. of Scotland. — Alex-
ander, a learned Scotch schoohnaster,
well known to the literary and scholastic
world by his " Latin Lexicon," " Ro-
man Antiquities," &c. B. 1741 ; d.
1809. — Lambert Sigisbert, an eminent
French sculptor, many of whose works
were executed for the decoration of Ver-
sailles and St. Cloud. B. 1700 ; d. 1759.
— Nicholas Sebastian, brother of the
above, and eminent in the same pi'ofes-
sion. He executed the admired statue
of " Prometheus Chained." B. 1705 ; d.
1778. — Albert, a distinguished painter
of battle-scenes, born at Nordlingen, in
1786, who went to Russia with Eugene
Beauharnais in 1812, and afterwards
produced many of the pictures in the
gallery of the king of Bavaria. — Adol-
PHus Charles, a musical composer of
eminence, author of the " Postillion of
Lonjumeau," and other operas. B. at
Paris, 1804. — William, a lawyer and
politician of Pitt's time, and one of the
managers appointed by the commons to
conduct the impeachment of Warren
Hastings. B. 1751 ; d. 1839.— Melchior,
a German divine and biographical au-
thor of the 17th century. — Nicholas, a
French grammarian; author of "The
True Mode of acquiring a Language
whether Living or Dead, by means of
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
the French," and other works of con-
siderable ingenuity. B.1716; d. 1792.—
Robert, F.R.S., and F.S.A. ; a celebra-
ted architect, much employed upon the
public buildings and noblemen^s man-
sions of London. One of his works, ex-
ecuted in conjunction with his bi'other,
is the noble range of buildings called
the " Adelphi," the name being the
Greek word for " Brothers." He at one
time represented the county of Kinross
in parliament. B. at Kirkaldy, Fifeshire,
1728 ; d. 1792.— James, brother of the
above, and his coadjutor in most of his
labors. D. 1794.— Thomas, an English
divine, and for 58 years the rector of
Wintringhara, in Lincolnshire. B. at
Leeds, 1701 ; d. 1784.
ADAMANTEO, a learned Italian
mathematician and orientalist; author
of " Glossas et Interpretationes in Tal-
mud Hebraorum." D. 1581.
ADAMANTIUS, a Greek physician
of the 5th century ; author of a popular
work on physiognomy.
ADAM:AiSrUS, abbot of Icolmkil, in
the 8th century ; author of a life of St,
Coluraba.
AD AMI, Leonardo, an Italian schol-
ar, eminent for his skill in the Greek
and Oriental languages, and librarian to
Cardinal Imperiali. B. 1690, at Bolsema,
in Tuscany; d. 1719.
ADAMS, John, the second president
of the United States, and one of the
most able men America has produced,
was born at Braintree, Oct. 19, 1735.
He was descended from Henry Adams,
one of the original proprietors of the
town of Braintree, who fled from En-
gland with the Puritans, in the year
1630. Early in life he manifested great
quickness of parts, and was educated
in the best schools, and afterwards sent
to Cambridge College. After he left
college, he studied law with Col. James
Putnam, at Worcester, instructing pu-
pUs in the Latin and Greek languages
at the same time, to defray the exj:>ense.
Subsequently he entered the' office of
Jeremiah Gridley. In 1761 he was
admitted a barrister-at-law, and com-
menced practice. The attempts of En-
gland to coerce the colonies into obedi-
ence, which had exasperated the colo-
nials into most bitter indignation and
hatred, were opposed by Mr. Adams
from the outset, and on all the questions
which arose between the two countries,
he was on the side of the wronged and
oppressed. Yet his was not a mere
partisan zeal, but the just excitement
of one who thought and felt earuestlj
CrCLOP-SlDIA OF BIOGRAPflY.
[ada
and deei)ly. When, therefore, the re-
sistance of the colonists broke out into
open war, Adams was prepared to take
an intelligent and an active i>art in their
defence. In 1764 he married Abigail
Smith, second daughter of William
Smith, of Weymouth, and grand-daugh-
ter of Col. Quincy, of Wollaston, a wo-
man of fine personal appearance, good
education, noble powers 'of mind, and
the most patriotic devotion to the colo-
nies. A year afterwards he published
an Essay on Canon and Feudal Law,
which was reprinted in England and
much commended. In 1769 he was
appointed chairman of the committee,
appointed by the town of Boston, to
draw up instructions to its represent-
atives to resist British encroachments,
at the very time the town was invested
by an armed force both by sea and by
land. In 1770 he was sent to the legis-
lature, where he took a prominent part
in every important measure. In 1774
he was one of the committee who pre-
pared the celebrated resolutions on the
Boston Port Bill. The same year he
was elected to the first continental con-
gress, held in Philadelpliia. From the
outset he announced himself the friend
of independence, and when, therefore,
in 1775, the first blood was shed at Lex-
ington and Concord, he was ready for
war, and suggested the name of George
Washington, as commander-in-chief.
In 1776 he was appointed, 'with Jefibr-
Bon, Franklin, Sherman, and Living-
Bton, on the committee which reported
the immortal " Declaration of Inde-
pendence." In Nov. 1777, Mr. Adams
was sent as commissioner to the court
of Versailles, but treaties of commerce
and alliance with France had been sign-
ed before he arrived. Three months
after his return he was again sent
abroad, to negotiate a peace and a com-
mercial treaty with Great Britain. He
did not succeed in the former object
till Jan. 14th, 1783. In 1785 he was
appointed the first minister to England.
Wnile in London, he wrote his " De-
fence of the American Constitution."
After his return he was elected first
vice-president of the United States, and
re-elected in 1793. He discharged the
duties of the office till March 4th, 1797,
when he was chosen president. His ad-
ministration was a vigorous and im-
portimt one, but not without embarrass-
ments and opposition. In 1801 he was
defeated by Jefferson, and retired to his
Sirm at Quincy. He was chosen to one
or two inconsiderable t>osts afterwards,
and died on the 4th of July, 1826. His
last words were, " It is the glorious 4th
of July ! — God bless it — God bless you
all !" He was a man of intrepid and
honest character, great industry, a high
order of talent, ahd the most elevated
Christian sentiments. — Samuel, one of
the foremost patriots of the American
revolution, was born at Boston, Se}it.
27th, 1722. He was made a member of
the legislature in 1766, where he con-
tinued till 1774, when he was chosen to
the first congress under the confedera-
tion. He was a signer of the Declara-
tion of Independence. In 1794 he was
elected governor of Massachusetts, and
held the" office three years. He died in
1803, universally respected as a man of
the most exalted patriotism, and the
most inflexible integrity.— John Quinct,
son of John, and the sixth president of
the United States, was born July 11th,
1767, at Quincy. The position of his
father gave him great advantages of
education, which he diligently employ-
ed. He was abroad with his father
before 1780. He studied law with The-
ophilus Parsons, at Newburyport, and
attracted attention by certain essays he
published in the newspaper. Wash-
ington appointed him minister to the
Netherlands, in 1794, and afterwards
minister to Portugal, when his father,
who had become president, transferred
him to Berlin. In 1802 he was elected
to the senate of Massachusetts, and, in
1803, to the senate of the United States,
In 1806, he was appointed professor of
rhetoric in Harvard, and delivered a
course of lectures on "The Art of
Speaking Well," which was, also, pub-
lished in a book form. In June, 1809,
Madison appointed him minister to
Russia. lie was employed as one of
the commissioners who negotiated the
Seace between the United States and
Ingland, at Ghent, in 1814. Madison
sent him as minister to Great Britain
in 1815. President Monroe made him
secretary of state in 1817. In 1825 he
was chosen president by the house of
representatives, no choice having been
made by the people. In 1829 he re-
tired to private life, but, in 1831, was
chosen a representative to congress,
where he remained till 1848, when he
fell into a fit from which he died a few
hours after. "This," he exclaimed as
he fell, "is the last of earth." He
was an eloquent and incorruptible man,
of strong prejudices, but independent,
earnest, and true. — John, a poet and
preacher, of Newnoil. E. I., who d. in
add]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHl.
9
1740. — Ma. thew, a tradesman of Bos-
ton, who acquired some distinction as
a writer in the time of Dr. Franklin. —
Andrew, a chief-justice of Connecticut.
D. 17"J7. — Sm Thomas, an eminent citi-
zen of London, of which he was lord
mayor in 1645. B. atWem, in Shrop-
shire, 1586; d. 1667.— William, an En-
glish divine of the 18th century ; author
of an answer to Hume on the Miracles.
I). 1789. — Joseph, an able English phy-
sician, author of a treatise on epilepsy,
and numerous other medical works of
great merit. B. 1758 ; d. 1818.— George,
a celebrated maker of mathematical in-
struments: author of " Micographise
Illustrata,'' and other scientific works.
D. 1786. — George, son of the above, and
of the same profession ; author of " An
Essay on Vision," &c. B. 1750 ; d. 1795.
ADAMSON, Patrick, a Scotch arch-
bishop of the time of Queen Elizabeth,
noted for his violent disputes with the
Presbyters. B. 1586 ; d. 1599.
ADAMUS, DoRENsus, an English ab-
bot of the 13th century, who wrote on
music.
ADANSON, Michael, an eminent
French naturalist, who suffered much
during the French Eevolution. B. at
Aix, 1727 ; d. 1806.
ADDISON, Launcelot, an English
Divine, attached to the Stuart family, by
which he was made dean of Lichifield.
B. 1632 ; d. 1703.— Joseph, one of the
brightest names of English literature,
was b. May 1st, 1672, at Milston, Wilt-
shire, at wliich place his father was a rec-
tor of the church. He was graduated at
Queen's College, Oxford, Feb. 14, 1693,
where he had already achieved consid-
erable reputation in criticism and poetry,
and particularly in Latin composition.
In 1695 he wrote a Latin poem to King
William, and in 1697 another on the
peace of Kvswick. Two years after-
wards he o"btained a pension of £300,
that he might be enabled to travel. In
Italy he wrote his *' Dialogue on Med-
als," and also the Letter to Lord Hal-
ifax, which is among the most elegant
of his poems. A description of his
"Travels," written after his return,
gained great popularity. Lord Godol-
phin, in 1704, made him under-secre-
tarv of state, and subsequently, when
Wharton was made lord-lieutenant of
Ireland, Addison accompanied him, and
was appointed keeper of the records
hi Bermingham's Tower, at a salary
of £300 per annum. It was while he
was in Ireland that Sir Eichard Steele
hegan the publication of the " Tatler."
The first number of this periodical was
published April 12, 1769, and Addison's
first contribution appeared May 26. To
the Tatler, in about two months, suc-
ceeded the " Spectator," a series of es-
says of the same kind, but written with
less levity, upon a more regular plan._
and published daUy. The year 1713, ic
which " Cato" came upon the stage, was
the grand climacteric of Addison's rep-
utation. The whole nation was, at that
time, on fire with faction. The Whigs
applauded every line in which liberty
was mentioned, as a satire on the To-
ries ; and the Tories echoed every clap,
to show that the satire was unfelt.
Another daily paper, called the " Guar-
dian," was published about this time,
by Steele, to which Addison gave great
assistance. The papers of Addison are
marked in the Spectator by one of the
letters in the name of Clio, and in the
Guardian by a hand. It was not known
that Addison had tried a comedy on the
sttige, till Steele, after his death, de-
clared him the author of "The Drum-
mer;" this play Steele carried to the
theatre, and afterwards to the press, and
sold the copy for fifty guineas. In the
midst of these agreeable employments,
Mr. Addison was not an indifferent
spectator of public affairs. He wrote,
as different exigencies required, in 1707,
" The present State of the War, &c."
" The Whig Examiner •" and tl^ " Trial
of Count Tariff",'' "11 which tracfs, being
on temporary topics, expired with the
subjects which gave them birth. When
the house of Hanover took possession
of the throne, it was reasonaole to ex-
pect that the zeal of Addison would be
suitably rewarded. Before the arrival
of King George he was made secretary
to the regency, and was required by his
office to send notice to Hanover that the
queen was dead, and that the throne
was vacant. To do this would not have
been difficult to any man but Addi-
son, who was so overwhelmed with
the greatness of the event, and so dis
tracted by choice of expressions, that
the loi'ds, who could not wait for the
niceties of criticism, called Mr. South-
well, a clerk in the house, and ordered
him to dispatch the message. South-
well readily told what was necessaiy, in
the common style of business, and val-
ued himself upon having done what was
too hard for Addison. He was better
qualified for the " Freeholder," a paper
which he published twice a week, from
Dec. 23, 1715, to the middle of the next
year. This was undertaken in defence
10
CYCLOr.^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[ado
of the established government, some-
times with argument, sometimes with
mirth. In argument he had many equals,
but his humor was singular and match-
less. On the 2d of August, 1716, he mar-
ried the countess dowager of Warwick,
whom he is said to have first known by
becoming tutor to her son. This mar-
riage, however, made no addition to his
happiness; it neither found them nor
made them equal. She always remem-
bered her own rank, and thought herself
entitled to treat with very little ceremo-
ny, the tutor of her son. The year after,
1717, he rose to his highest elevation,
being made secretary of state ; but it is
universally confessed that he was une-
qual to the duties of his place. In the
house of commons he could not speak,
and therefore was useless to the defence
of the government. In the office he could
not issue an order without losing his
time in quest of fine expressions. What
he gained in rank he lost in credit ; and,
finding himself unequal to the position,
he solicited a dismission with a pension
of £1500 a year. lie subsequently wrote
a Defence of the Cln-istian Keligion, and
d. June 17th, 1719.
ADELAIDE, Madame, mother of
Louis XVI. of France ; fled from Paris
during the Revolution, and d. in Kus-
Bia, in 1799.
ADELAIDE, queen dowager, wife of
William''lV. of England. D. 1850.
ADELARD, a monk of Bath in the
12th century; a man of considerable
learning. lie travelled into Egypt and
Arabia, and translated Euclitl's Ele-
ments out of Arabic into Latin, before
any Greek copies had been discovered.
He also wrote several treatises on math-
ematical and medical subjects, which re-
main in MS. at Oxford.
ADELBOLD, bishop of Utrecht, the
cathedral of which he founded. He
wrote the life of his patron, the emperor
Henry II. D. 1027.
ADELER, CuBTius, named also Ser-
visen, an eminent naval commander. B.
in Norway, 1622. He went to Venice,
where he was made admiral ; and, after
performing many gallant exploits against
the Turks, retired to Constantinople,
where he ended his days in honor and
tranquillity, being made admiral-in-
chief of the Danish fleet, and created a
noble. He d. in 1675.
ADELHER, or ADELGER, a scho-
lastic philosopher and theologian of the
12th century, who is only remarkable
for his mode of conciliatino: the divine
prescience with free will. See his " Dc
Libero Arbitrio." He was a canon ol
Liege, and then monk of Cluny.
ADELUNG, John Christopher, a
German philologist of great merit;
chiefly celebrated for his " Gratnmatical
and Critical Dictionary," 5 vols. 4rto.
B. 1734 ; d. 1806.— Frederick, his neph-
ew, an historian ffnd linguist; president
of the Asiatic Society at'St. Petersburg.
His writings were numerous and valu-
able, relating chiefly to language and
arts. B. 1768.
ADEMAR, a monk of the 10th centu-
ry, who wrote the chronicles of France,
published by Labbe.
ADER, William, a physician of
Toulouse, who wrote a book in 1621,
entitled, " De iEgrotis et Morbis Evan-
gelieis ;" in which he proves that the
diseases healed hj our Saviour were in-
curable by medicine.
ADET, P. A., envoy from France to
the United States, in 1796 ; author of
several chemical works, original and
translated, and of a design' for new
chemical characters and nomenclature.
ADHAD-EDDOULAT, emperor of
Persia. B. about 935. In 977 he became
master of Bagdad, which he adorned
with hospitals, mosques, and other pub-
lic works. He was also a great encour-
ager of learning. 1). 932.
ADHELME, a learned prelate, under
the Saxon Heptarchy, and nephew to
King Ina. He was the first Englishn.an
who wrote in Latin, the first who
brought poetry into Britain, and the
first bishop of Sherborne. D. Y69.
ADLER, James George, a learned
Danish orientalist, b. in 1756 ; author
of " Museum Cuficum," some works on
the Jewish language, laws, and rites,
and several philological publications. —
Philip, a German engraver of the 16th
century, whose style of etching appears
to have founded a school which gave
rise to the Hopfers and Hollar. D. 1530.
ADLERFELDT, Gustavus, a Swedish
historian in the time of Charles XII.,
whom he accompanied throughout his
campaigns, of which he wrote an ac-
count, continued up to the day when a
cannon-ball deprived him of life, at the
battle of Pidtowa, in 1709.
ADLZREITER, John, a German his-
torian, and chancellor of Bavaria. D,
about 1662.
ADO, archbishop of Vienne, distin-
guished by his piety, and as an histo-
rian. D. 875.
ADOLFATI, an Italian composer an.l
autlior of severil operas.
ADOLPIIUS, emperor of Germiuiy.
aegJ
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT.
11
was the count of Naasati, and elevated
to the impel ial throne in 1292. — Adol-
puiTs, count of Cleves, celebrated by
the institution of the Order r>f Fools, in
1380, which ?onsisted of the principal
noblemen of Cleves. — FrederioIL, kin^
of Sweden, b. in 1710, and succeeded
his father, Frederick, in 1751. D. 1771.
— JoHX, a well-known barrister and his-
torian of London, who wrote histories
of Georcre III., of England, of the
French Revolution, and a memoir of
Bannister, the comedian.
ADRETS, Francis de Beaumont, Ba-
ron des, an Hungarian leader, of a cruel,
fiery, and enterprising spirit. Resent-
ment to the Dulce of Guise led him to
side with the Huguenot party in 1562;
and he signalized himself by many able
and daring exploits, the skill and bra-
very of which were soiled with the most
detestable cruelty. D. 1587.
ADRl A, John James, a Sicilian writer,
and physician-general to Charles V.
D. 1560.
ADRIAM, Marie, a female, who, at
the age of 16, fought valiantly during
the whole time that her native town,
Lyons, was besieged, in 1793. After
the engagement she was arrested, and
being asked how she had dared to use
arms, she replied, "I used them to
serve n.y country, and deliver it from
its oppressors." She was instantly con-
demned and executed.
ADRIAN, or HADRIAN, Pcbliits
^Lius, the Roman emperor. B. a, d. 76.
He married Sabina, the heiress of Tra-
jan, whom he accompanied in his expe-
ditions, and became successively praator,
governor of Pannonia, and consul. On
the death of Trajan, in 117, he assumed
the government, made peace with the
Persians, and remitted the debts of the
Roman people. In 120 he visited Gaul,
and thence passed over to Britain, where
he built a wall, 80 miles in length, from
the mouth of the Tyne to Solway Frith,
to secure the Roman provinces from the
incursions of the Caledonians. He next
travelled into Africa and Asia, and, on
his return, was initiated into the Eleu-
sinian mysteries at Athens. In his
reign the 'Christians suffered a dreadful
persecution ; he built a temple to Jupi-
ter on Mount Calvary, and d. at Baiae,
138. — There are several popes of that
name. — Adrian I., a Roman, raised to
he papal chair, and was a patron of arch-
tecture ; embellished St. Peter's, rebuilt
the walls of Rome, and restored the
ancient aqueducts. D. 795. — Adrian
n. succeeded to the pontificate in 867,
was designing and ambitious, and d.
872. — Adrian III. was chosen in 884,
and d. the next year. — Adrian IV.
was an Englishman — the only one who
ever became pope — named Breakspcar ;
in his youth extremely poor, but in 1146
made a cardinal by Eugenius III. He
was then sent as legate into Denmark,
and in 1154 chosen pope. He issued a
celebrated bull in favor of Henry II.
of England, sanctioning the conquest of
Ireland, and in 1155 excommunicated
the king of Sicily, for ravaging the ter-
ritories of the church. When the ar-
mies of Frederick entered Italy, Adrian
compelled him to make peace, and after-
wards crowned him king of the Romans.
D. 1159. — Adrian V. was a Genoese,
who held the pontificate only a month,
in 1276. — Ai>RiAN VI. was a native of
Utrecht, of mean parentage, but who
gradually rose from one ecclesiastical
office to another, till he was made pope /
in 1522. He attempted to reform the
papal court, and opposed classical learn-
ing, but his eiforts were frustrated by
the cardinals. His attempts to excite
Zuinglius and Erasmus against Luther,
were also without success. D. 1525. — ■
Adrian de Costello, a Tuscan of great
learning and ability, who received the
bishoprics of Hereford, Bath, and Wells
from Henry VII. He sold them to Car-
dinal Wolsey, and retired to Italy, where
he lived in great splendor out o.f the
revenues. A prophecy that an Adrian
should succeea Pope Leo X., betrayed
him into a conspiracy, which being dis-
covered, led to his banishment. What
became of him was never known.
ADRIANI, Marcel Virgil, a chan-
cellor of Florence, who translated Dios-
corides out of Greek into Latin. B. 1464 ;
d. 1521. — John Baptist, secretary of the
republic of Florence, who wrote a his-
tory of his own times. E. 1513 ; d. 1579.
— Marcel, his son, was also the author
of some works as profe-isor in the Acad-
emy at Florence. D. 1604.
ADRIANO, a Carmelite friar, who
was also a pai-nter in Spain. D. 1650.
ADRICHOMIUS, Christian, a Dutch
geographer and historian. B. 1533 ; d.
158-5.
ADRY, J. F., a French professor of
rhetoric, and author of several works,
chiefly histories. B. 1749 ; d. 1818.
JEDESIA, a female philosopher of the
modern Platonic school, wife of Hermias,
and mother of Ammonius, She was
celebrated for her beauty and virtue, as
well as her devotion to philosophy.
•jEGIDIUS, Colonna, a Romasi raonk,
12
CYCLOPJEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[aeh
distinguished as the scholastic preceptor
to Philip III. of France. He Avi-ote sev-
eral able metaphysical works, such as
"Tractatu de Esse et Essentia," and
" Quodlibeta." D. 1316.— Pkteb, a law-
yer of Antwerp, educated by Erasmus,
flnd the friend of Sir Thomas More.
B. 1486; d. 1533.
^GINETA, Paulus, a medical author,
who first noticed the cathartic virtues
of rhubarb. D. 630.
^^GINHARD, a German, secretary to
Charlemagne, who wrote the annals of
his reign from 741 to 889 ; famous, too,
for a singular love adventure with the
princess Imma, daughter^ of Charle-
magne ; who, carrying him across a
court-yard from her chamber, to pre-
vent the traces of his footsteps in the
snow, was observed by tjie emperor,
who generously agreed to their iinion.
jELFRlC, son of an earl of Kentj and
archbishop of Canterbury in the middle
of the lOtn century, was a luminary for
the age in which he lived. He became
a monk of the Benedictine order at
Abingdon, under the abbot Athelwold,
who, on his promotion to the see of
"Winchester, took ^Ifric with him to in-
struct youth in his cathedral. Here he
drew up his " Latin Saxon Vocabulary,"
which was published at Oxford in 1659.
He also translated from the Latin into
the Saxon language most of the histori-
cal books of the Old Testament, as well
as " Canons for the Regulation of the
Clergy, " which are inserted in Spelman's
Councils.. He subsequently became ab-
bot of iM. Alban's, and composed a
liturgy for the service of his abbey,
which was used in Leland's time. In
989, he was created bishop of Wilton :
and, in 994, was translated to the see of
Canterbury. D. 1005.
-iELIAN, Claudius, an historian and
rhetorician, was born in Italy, in 160.
He was surnamf-d Honeytongue, on ac-
count of the sweetness of his style.
^LIANUS, M'eccius, a Greek phy-
sician of the second century, and the
master of Galen, who mentions him in
terms of high praif>e. He was the first
who made use of th e theriaca as a rem-
edy and preservative against the plague.
!iELTUS, Sextus Pctetus Catus, a Ro-
man lawyer who was naade consul at the
close of the second Pui \ic war. He pub-
lished a collection, ent/tled ''Novella,"
which were called, after him, the ^Elian
laws ; and was author o^" " Tripartite,"
the oldest treatise on jurisprudence now
known.
-«^LST. EvEKHAKD VAN, a Putc.h paint-
er. B. at Delft in 1602; d. 1658. He
Avas fimious for his skill in painting
fruit pieces and dead game. — Wllliam,
his nephew, also distinguished himself
as a painter. D. 1679.
^AlILIANI, St. Jekome, a Venetian
nobleman, who, being taken prisoner in
his youth, made a vow that, on his re-
lease, he would devote his life to the
care of orphans. In pursuance of this
pledj^e, he laid the foundation of a
hospital and religious order, the object
of which was to instruct young persons,
and particularly orphans, in religion.
D. 1537.
^MILIUS, Paulus, an illustrious Ro-
man general, the son of Paulus ^milius,
the consul, who fell at Cannoe, was b.
about 228 b. c. He greatly enriched his
country by the spoil taken in his war-
fare whh Perses, king of Macedon,
whom he took prisoner to Rome, which
was so great, that it freed the Romans
from taxes for 125 years. — Paulus, an
historian of great celebrity, b. at Verona,
D. 1529.
^NEAS, or iENGUS, an Irish abbot
or bishop of the 8th century, who com-
piled a curious account of Irish saints
in five books, and also wrote the history
of the Old Testament in verse. D. 820.—
Gazeus, a Platonic philosopher, who em-
braced Christianity in the 5th century,
and wrote a book on the Immortality of
the Soul, &c. — Tacticus, an ancient
Greek writer, who flourished about 360
B. c. He is one of the oldest authors on
the art of war.
^PINUS, JoHX, a Franciscan friar,
who became a zealous and able follower
of Luther, and pastor of the church of
St. Peter, at Hamburgh. B. 1499; d.
1553.
^RSENS, Peter, called by the Italians
Pietro Longo, from his tallness, a cele-
brated painter, b. at Amsterdam in 1519.
He excelled very particularly in pfiint-
ing kitchens : but an altar-piece of his,
being a crucifix representing an execu-
tioner breaking with an iron bar the legs
of the thieves, was prodigiously admired.
This noble piece was destroyed by the
rabble in the time of the insurrection,
1566. He afterwards complained of this
to the populace in terms of such sever-
ity, that more than once they were going
to murder him. D. 1585.
AERTGEN, a painter of merit. B. at
Leyden in 1498. It was a custom with
this painter never to work on Mondays,
but to devote that day with his disciples
to the bottle. He used to stroll about
the streets in the night, playing on the
afrJ
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
13
German flute ; and in one of those frolics
was drowned in 1564.
JESCHINES, a pliilosoplier of Athens,
in the 4th century, b. c. He obtain-
ed instruction from Socrates, by whom
he was much esteemed. — JiIschines, a
celebrated orator, b. at Athens 327 b. c,
and d. at Samos, aged 75. He was a co-
teinporary and rival of Demosthenes.
JiSCHYLUS, one of the most famous
trajjic writers of Greece, was born at
Athens about 500 years b. c. His mind
very early received an impulse from the
Doetry of Homer • and, before his 25th
year, he composed pieces for public rep-
resentation. So great "v^as his fertility,
that he wrote 70 tragedies, of which 25
gained the prize. He may be called the
father of the Grecian stage, and has
never been surpassed, unless by Shak-
speare. J^^lian relates that when he was
once charged by the Athenians with
uttering blasphemies, and condemned
to be stoned to death, they were just
going to put the sentence in execution,
when Aminias, with a happy presence
of mind, throwing aside his cloak,
showed his arm without a hand, which
he had lost at the battle of Salamis in
defence of his country. This sight
made such an hnpression on the judges,
that, touched with the remembrance or
his valor, and the friendship lie showed
for his brother, they pardoned J])schy-
lus. After having lived some years at
Gela, we are told that he died of a frac-
ture of his skull, caused bv an eagle's
letting fall a tortoise on his head, in the
69th year of his age.
vESOP, the Phrygian, lived in the
time of Solon, about the 50th Olympiad,
under the reign of Croesus, the last King
of Lydia. St. Jerome, speaking of him,
Bays, he was unfortunate in his birth,
condition, and death, hinting thereby
at his deformity, servile state, and tra-
gical end. His great genius, however,
enabled him to support his misfortunes ;
and, in order to alleviate the hardships
of servitude, he composed those enter-
taining and instructive fables which
have acquired him so much reputation ;
and he is generally supposed to have
been the inventor of that kind of wri-
ting. Having had several masters, for
he was born a slave, ^sop at length
came under a philosopher named Xan-
thus, and it was in his service that he
first displayed his genius for fable. He
was afterwards sold to Idmon, or lad-
mon, the philosopher, who enfranchised
him. After he had recovered his lib-
erty, he soon acquired a great reputa-
tion amon^ the Greeks ; bO that, accord-
ing to Meziriac, the report of his wisdom
having reached Crcesus, this kin^ sent
to inquire after him, and engaged him
in his service. He travelled through
Greece, according to the same author;
but whether for his own pleasure, or
upon the alfairs of Croesus, is uncertain.
Passing by Athens soon after Pisistra-
tus had usurped the sovereign power,
and finding that the Athenians bore the
yoke very impatiently, he told them the
fable of the frogs who petitioned Jupiter
for a king. Some relate, that in order
to show that the life of man is full of
miseries, ^sop used to say, that when
Prometheus took the clay to form man
he tempered it with tears. iEsop was
put to death at Delphi. The inhabitants
of Delphi contrived an accusation of
sacrilege against him, and, pretending
that they had convicted him, threw him
headlong from a rock. They afterwards
endeavored to make an atonement by
raising a pyramid to his honor. — Clo-
Dius, a celebrated actor, who flourished
about the 670th year of Rome. He and
Roscius were cotemporaries, and both
friends of Cicero. He left a fortune of
£160,000.
-^TION, a Grecian painter of Alex-
ander's time.
JETIUS, a famous Eoman general
under Valentinian HI. — Also, a phy-
sician of Mesopotamia, who was the first
Christian physician whose writings have
come down to us.
AFER, DoMiTius, a great orator, con-
sul under Caligula.
AFFLITTO, Matthew, an Italiaii
lawyer and writer on law, who died in
1673.
AFFRY, Louis Augustine Philip, a
Swiss statesman and commander, who
bore a prominent part from the com-
mencement of the French revolution till
his death, in 1810.
AFRANIA, of Ferrara, inventor of
the bassoon, in the 16th century.
AFRANIUS, a Latin dramatist, who
flourished 100 b. c. — A Roman senator,
Avho wrote a satire on Nero, for which
he was put to death.
AFRICANUS, Julius, a Christian
historian, of 221.
AFRICANER, Christian, a Nama-
qua chief of South Africa, who, after a
long career of violence and bloodshed,
was converted to Christianity, and con-
tinued to aid the operations of the mis-
sionaries at the Cape of Good Hope till
his death in 1823. An interesting ac-
count of his life and adventures wiU be
T4
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY
[agi
found in Moffat's "Missionary Labors
and Scenes in Southern Africa."
AFZELIUS, AuAM, the hist pupil of
Linnteas, a linsruist and botanist of the
university of Upsal. — John and Peter,
bis brothers, are professors at the same
place, the one of chemistry, the otlier
of medicine. — Anurus Eric, a near
relative, is teaaher in the faculty of law,
at Abo. — Arvid Augustus, a clergyman
of Enkopin<r, who has published much
on the early literature of the North, and
written dramas.
AGAPETUS I., pope in 535, who
Eawned the sacred vessels to enable
im to travel to Constantinople. — The
second of the name was chosen in 946.
AGAED, Arthur, an English anti-
quarian. B. 1540; d. 1615.
AGAEDH, Charles Adolphus^ pro-
fessor of botany in the university of
Lund, Sweden.
AGASIAS, a sculptor of Ephesus,
who made the immortal gladiator which
was found with the Apollo Belvidere, at
Antium.
AGASSIZ, Louis, one of the most
eminent laaturalists of the day, b. at
Orbe, Switzerland, in 1807, educated at
the universities of Zurich, Heidelberg,
and Munich, has published extensively
on subjects of natural history, but
chiefly on Fishes and Molluscs. He is
now h.851) a professor at Cambridge,
near Boston.
AGATIIO, a tragic and comic writer
at Athens, in 935 b. c.
AGATHOCLES, the Sicilian tyrant,
was b. in Khegium, in Italy, and became
successively a soldier, centurion, gen-
eral, and pirate. After defeating the
Carthaginians, he proclaimed himself
king ot all SicUy. His soldiers, on ac-
count of arrears, obliged him to fly from
his camp, and murdered his sons, whom
he had left behind. Eeturning with a
strong force, he put to death the muti-
neers, with their wives and children.
Unable to live in tranquillity and inac-
tion, though now far advanced in years,
he made an expedition into Italy, and
thence to the Lipari Islands, which he
laid under contribution, and plundei'ed
of all the treasures of the temples. After
his return he is said to nave been
poisoned by means of an envenomed
toothpick, aged 95.
AGELAS, an admired Greek sculptor,
who lived about 435 b. c.
AGELNOTH, an Anglo-Saxon pre-
late, promoted to the see of Canterbury
in 1020. D. 1038.
AGELIUS, Anthony, a learned eccle-
siastic of Naples in the 16th century. D.
1608.
AGEE, or AGEEIUS, Nicholas, a
physician and botanist in the 17th cen-
tury, and professor of medicine at Straa-
burgh.
AGESANDEE, a Ehodian sculptor,
supposed to have lived in the 5th cen-
tury B. c. He is celebrated by having,
in conjunction with his sons, executed
that admirable monument of Grecian
art, the Laocoon, which was discovered
in the 16th centurv in the baths of Titus.
AGESILAUS. 'king of Sparta, suc-
ceeded his brother Agis. He acquired
freat renown by "his exploits against the
'ersians, and also against the Thebans
and Athenians, but was defeated by
Epaminondas. D. 360 b. c.
AGGAS, Ealph, a surveyor and en-
§ raver of the 16th century, who first
rew a plan of London, which, although
referred to the time of Henry VIII. and
Edward VI., appears not to have been
made on wood until about 1560. It was
republished in 1618, and re-engraved by
Vertue in 1748. D. 1579.
AGILULF, king of the Lombards,
crowned at Milan in 591. Soon after his
accession, he quitted the Arian com-
munion for the Catholic, in which he
was followed by numbers of his subjects,
many of whom had hitherto been Pagans.
D. in 619.
AGIS III., king of Sparta, succeeded
his father, Archidamus, 346 b. o. He
was a prince of great magnanimity ; and,
though he detested the Macedonian
domination, he would not expose his
country to ruin by resisting it, until
Alexander was deeply engaged in his
Persian expedition ; when he raised an
army of 20,000 men, which was defeated
by Antipater, governor of Maeedon, and
Agis himself slain, 337 b. c. — Aois IV.,
king of Sparta, was the son of Eudami-
das, and celebrated by his virtues and
death. His first attempt was to renew
the original law for the equal division of
landed property, which was opposed by
a party, at the head of which was his
colleague, Leonidas. The latter was
deposed, and the joint sovereignty de-
volved to his son Cleombrotus, who
entered into the views of Agis. Pre-
viously, however, to a partition of the
lands, Agesilaus, uncle to Agis, who was
deeply in debt, proposed the abolition
of all debts, which would render the
former measure more palatable. This
deed accomplished, the influential and
wily Spartan found means to postpone
the otner equalizing operation^ until
aor]
CYCLOPEDIA Oi BIOGRAPHr.
15
Agis was obliged to march on an expe-
dition. During his absence, Agesilaus
conducted himself so t^Tannically, that
a conspiracy was formed to restore the
deposed king, Leonidas ; which suc-
ceeding, Agis and his colleague, Cleom-
brotus, took sanctuary in a temple. The
latter was immediately dragged forth
and banished, but Agis remained a con-
siderable time in safety, until his friends
were bribed to betray him, and he was
thrown into a prison. He suffered death
with great mairnanimitv, 241 b. c.
AGLIONBY, Edward, an old English
poet, who wrote a genealogy of Queen
Elizabeth, for which she granted him a
pension. — John, a learned divine, chap-
lain to Queen Elizabetli ; was concerned
in the present translation of the New
Testament, and d. at Islip, in 1610. —
William, an English diplomatist and
polite writer, of the 17th and 18th cen-
turies ; author of a book entitled " Paint-
ing Illustrated."
AGNELLUS, Andrew, an abbot of
Eavenna, in the 9th century, often
confounded with a bishop of 'Ravenna
of the same name in the 6th century.
Agnellus wrote a history of the lives of
the prelates of Eavenna, which is often
quoted by Jerome Eubens, and is full
of uninteresting matter but deserved
sarcasm upon the debauchery of the
monks.
AGNESI, Marl\ Gaetana, a learned
Italian lady. B. at Milan, in 1718. In
her ninth year she spoke the Latin with
correctness, and also delivered an oration
in this language, in which she maintain-
ed that the study of the ancient languages
was proper for females. In her eleventh
year, she is said to have spoken Greek
as fluently as her mother tongue. She
now proceeded to perfect herself in the
oriental languages, so that she was usu-
ally called a~ living polyglot. She next
studied geometry and speculative phi-
losophy. Shortly subsequent to her
twentieth year she devoted herself to
mathematics, and composed a treatise
on conic sections ; besides which, in her
thirtieth year, she published a work on
the rudiments of analysis, which has
been considered as the best introduction
to Euler. This gained her so much rep-
utation, that she was aj^pointed, in her
thirty-second year, professor of math-
ematics at the university of Bologna.
But her deep study of" this abstruse
science seems to have cast a gloom over
her spirits ; and, secluding herself alto-
gether from society, retired to the strict
order of blue nuns, and d. 1799, in her
eighty-first year. — Marla. Teresa, sister
of the above, was a musician of nuich
genius. B. at Milan, 1750. She com-
posed three operas, " Sophonisba,"
" Ciro," and " Nitocri."
AGNOLO, Baccio d', a Florentine
sculptor and architect of great reputa-
tion. B. 1460 ; d. 1543.
AGOBAED, archbishop of Lyons,
was one of the most celebrated prelates
of the 9th century. His works were
buried in obscurity, until the manuscript
of them was accidentally found in a
bookseller's shop at Lyons. D. 840.
AGOP, John, a learned Armenian
critic and grammarian of the 17th cen-
tury. His works were printed at Eome,
1675.
AGOEACEITES, a Grecian statuary
in the 5th century b.c. He was a pupil
of Phidias, and one of the most skiltul
artists of his time.
AGOSTINI, Ijionardo, an eminent
antiquary of the 17th century, officially
emploved by Pope Alexander VII.
AGOSTINO, Paul, of Valerano, a
celebrated musician. B. 1593; d. 1629.
AGOULT, William d', a Provencal
poet. D. 1181.
AGEEDA, Maria d', t\e writer of
some wild legends, was b. at Agreda, in
Spain, in 1602 ; took the veil, 1620, in a
convent founded by her father and
mother, dedicated to the " Immaculate
Conception," of which she was chosen
I superior, 1627, and d. 1665.
AGEICOLA, Cneius Julius, an em-
inent Eoman commander, b. a. d. 40, in
the reign of Caligula. His first military
service was under Suetonius Paulinus in '
Britain ; and, on his return to Eome, he
was made quaestor in Asia, and became
tribune of the people and prietor under
Nero. By Vespasian, whose cause he
espoused, he was made a patrician and
governor of Aquitania ; the dignity of
consul followed ; and, in the same yeai,
77, heinarried his daughter to Tacitus,
the historian, who has so admirably
written his life. Next year he was ap-
Eointed governor of Britain ; extended
is conquests into Scotland: and built a
chain of forts from the Clyde to the
Frith of Forth, to prevent the incursions
of the inhabitants of the North. He de
feated Galgacus on the Grampian Hills,
and then made peace with tlie Caledo-
nians. On the accession of Domitian,
Agricola had a triumph decreed him,
but he was recalled, and sent governor
to Syria, where he d. a. d. 93 ; aged 54.
— George, the most celebrated metallur-
gist of his time. B. at Glauchen, Misnia
16
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[agtj
in 1494, and d. 1555. — Georoe Andrew,
a German physician, author of a curious
work on the multiplication of trees and
plants. B. at Katisbon, 1672, and d.
1738. — John, a polemical writer of ce-
lebrity. B. at Esleben, Saxony, 1492,
and d"^. at Berlin, 1566. From being the
friend and scholar, he became the antag-
onist of Martin Luther, against whom,
as well as Melancthon, he maintained a
spirited controversy, advocating the doe-
trine of faith in opposition to the works
of the law, whence the sect, of which he
became leader, received the name of
Antinomians. — ^Rodolphus, one of the
most learned men in the 15th century,
spoken of both by Erasmus and Bayle
with great respect. B. in Friesland, 1442,
and d. 1484. He was the first who in-
troduced the Greek language into Ger-
many.
AGKIPPA, Camille, a celebrated
architect of Milan in the 16th century,
who, under the pontificate of Gregory
XIII., accomplished the removal of a
vast obelisk to St. Peter's Square. —
Henry Cornelius, was b. in 1486, at
Cologne, of a noble family. He became
secretary to the emperor Maximilian, by
whom he was knighted for his bravery
in the Italian wars. He next travelled
through various parts of Europe, and,
while in England, wrote a commentarv
on St. Paul's Epistles. In 1518 he set-
tled at Metz, wliich place, however, he
was obliged to quit, at the instigation of
the monks, and went to Cologne, and
thence to Geneva. He next travelled to
Antwerp, in 1528, and was taken into
.the service of Margaret of Austria, gov-
erness of the Low Countries. In 1530
he published his treatise of the " Vanity
of the Sciences," and soon afterwards
his "Occult Philosophy." In 1535 he
was at Lyons, where he was imprisoned
for defaming the king's mother, but
soon obtained his discharge, and d. the
same year at Grenoble. All his works
were collected and printed at Lyons,
1550, in 3 vols. — I., Herod, grandson of
Herod the Great. He gave great offence
to Tiberius, who threw him into prison ;
but, on Caligula's succession, was not
only released, but received from that
emperor a golden chain equal in weight
to the iron one he had worn in his con-
finement, as also the kingdom of Judea.
He commenced a persecution of the
Christians, in whicli the apostle St.
James perished; and he is the person
represented to have boen eaten by
wornis, on account of his impiety in ac-
cepting the adoration of the people. —
II., Herod, son and successor of the
preceding, was the seventh and last of
the Jewish monarchs of the family of
Herod the Great. It Avas before this
prince that St. Paul pleaded his cause
with so much eloquence, that Agrippa
acknowledged he had almost persuaded
him to be a Christian. He d. at Rome
about the year 94. — ^Marcus Vipsanius,
the celebrated friend and general of
Augustus Caesar. D. 12 b. c. — Menexius,
consul of Rome, 503 b. c. He is cele-
brated for having appeased a commotion,
among the Romans, by the political fable
of the belly and the members ; and d. at
an advanced age, very poor, but uni-
versally esteemed for his wisdom and
integrity.
AGRIPPINA, the elder, daughter of
Marcus Agrippa, was married in the first
instance to Tiberius, who divorced her,
and she became the wife of Germanicus
Ctesar, whom she accompanied in his
military expeditions. On the death of
the latter at Antioch, a. d. 19, she return-
ed to Rome. Tiberius, jealous of the
affection of the people for Agrippina,
banished her to a small island, where
she d. of hunger, in 35. — Agrippina, tHe
younger, daughter of the foregoing, and
mother of Nero, was at once cruel and
licentious. After losing two husbands,
she married her uncle, the emperor
Claudius, whom she poisoned in 54, to
make way for her son Nero, who caused
her to be assassinated, and exhibited to
the senate a list of all the crimes of
which she had been guilty.
AGUESSEAU, Henry 'Francis d', the
descendant of a noble family of Sain-
tonge, was b. at Limoges, 1668, and after
completing his education, which was
begun under the direction of his fiither,
he cultivated poetry with taste and ele-
gance, and- acquired the esteem and
friendship of men of letters, particularly
of Boileau and Racine. In the office of
advocate-general of Paris, in 1691, and
nine years after, of procurer-general, he
displayed all the energies of his nature ;
he gave vigor and support to the laws,
banished corruption from the tribunals,
and distributed justice with an impartial
hand. His attention was particularly
directed to the management of the hos-
pitals ; and in the enlarged vieAVS of a
benevolent heart, he often resisted with
boldness and success the intrigues of
royal favorites, and even the prejudices
of Louis XIV. After this monarch's
death he was appointed by the Duke of
Orleans, the regent, to smoceed Voisin
as chancellor, and by his eloquence and
aik]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
17
firmness lie opposed and rejected the
Bcliemes of Law, which Avere afterwards
too fatnllj- adopted, and hurled the whole
kingdom into ruin and despondency.
The machinations of his enemies were,
however, too powerful against his integ-
rity of conduct, and Aguesseau was
twice obliged to resign the seals, and re-
tire in disgrace, and twice again he was
solicited by the regent to resume a situ-
ation which he adorned and dignified.
His moderation and equity were ever
apparent, and in his retirement at
Fresnes, where, as he says, he passed
the fairest days of his life, the chancel-
lor of France was employed in the edu-
cation of his children, in literary pursuits,
and often amused himself in digging the
ground. Temperance and cheerfulness
added to the pleasures of science, and
contributed to the health of the body
and vigor of the mind, and till his SOtfi
year he enjoyed a robust constitution.
At this advanced age infirmities came
upon him, he resigned the office of chan-
cellor, and d. soon after, on the 9th of
February, 1751.
AGUILLON, Francis, an eminent
mathematician, was a Jesuit of Brussels,
and d. at Seville, 1617.
AGUIRRA, Joseph Saens d', a Span-
ish Benedictine, made cardinal by In-
nocent XI. He wrote voluminously on
theology, philosophy, &c. D. 1699.
_ AGUJARI, LucRETiA, a celebrated
singer of Parma, who received a sal-
ary of £100 a-night for two songs. D.
1783.
AGYL^US, Henry, a lawyer and
general scholar. B. 1533; d. 1595.
AHLWART, Peter, a learned Ger-
man, son of a shoemaker at Greifswald,
where he was b. in 1710, and d. 1791.
He was the founder of -the Society of
Abelites, the object of which was to pro-
mote sinceritv.
AHMED-BEN-FARES, surnamed El
Razi, an Arabian lexicographer and
lawyer. D. 999.
AHMED - BEN - MOH AM MED, or
ABOU AMROU, a Spanish Moor, who
wrote poems in the Eastern style, and an
histoi ieal work on the annals of Spain.
D. in 970.
AHMED RESMY HAJI, a Turkish
historian, who was counsellor of the
Divan, and chancellor to the Sultan
Mustapha III.
AHMED SHAH EL ABDALY, foun-
der of the kinardom of Candahar and
Caubul. D. 1773.
AHRENDT, or ARENTS, Martin
Frederic, an antiquary and palaeograph-
2*
er, was a native of Holstein. He spent
forty years in travelling on foot through
Norway, Sweden, Denmark, France,
Spain, Italy, and other parts of Europe,
in search of Scandinavian antiquities and
Runic monuments, and carried on an
extensive correspondence with his learn-
ed cotemporaries relative to the objects
of his investigation. D. 1824.
AIDAN, a monk, who converted a
large portion of the northern part of
Britain to Christianity. D. 651.
AIGNAN, Stephen, a French writer,
and a member of the Academy. He was
a zealous republican, and at the early
age of 19, in the fiercest time of the rev-
olution, was appointed to an official sit-
uation in the district of Orleans. He
subsequently filled offices under Napo-
leon ; and also distinguished himseli as
the author of several dramas and poems,
as well as by the translation of part of
the works of Goldsmith and Pope. B.
1773 ; d. 1825.
AIKIN, Edmund, an architect, and
the aiithor of an account of St. Paul's
Cathedral. D. 1820.— John, M. D., b.
1747, at Kibworth, Leicestershire, was
the only son of Dr. T. Aikin, a dissent-
ing minister and schoolmaster. He
commenced his education at home ; from
thence he went to the dissenters' acad-
emy at Warrington, and in 1764 became
a student in the university of Edin-
burgh ; settled in Chester as a surgeon,
but soon removed to Warrington, where
he remained until 1784, in which year
he proceeded to Leyden, and graduated
as a physician. On his return he went
to Yarrnouth, Norfolk, where, with little
interruption, he continued till 1792,
when he removed to London. Dr.
Aikin devoted himself chiefly to liter-
ature, in which he was eminently suc-
cessful. In 1796 he became the editor
of the Monthly Magazine, which he
superintended from its commencement
till 1806. In 1799 he published, in con-
junction with Dr. Enfield, the first
volume of a General Biographical Dic-
tionary, in 4to, which, however, was not
completed till 1815. D. 1822.
AIKMAN, William, son of an advo-
cate of Scotland of the same name, was
b. 1784, and brought up to the profes-
sion of his father. A natural bias for
the arts, however, prevailed upon the
son to relinquish tlie honors of the
Scotch bar for distinction in the cultiva-
tion of painting ; and an absence of five
years in visiting Italy and Constantino-
ple and Smyrna, served to improve and
adorn his mind, and enlarge and correct
18
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAifHT.
[ala
hi 3 taste. As his fortune was indepen-
dent he did not court the patronage of
the great by flattery, and to his. merit
alone he was indebted for the esteem of
John duke of Argyle, and of the earl
of Burlington, and for the affectionate
friendship of Allan Ramsay, Thomson,
Swift, Pope, Arbuthnot, Gay, Somer-
ville, and the other wits of the age. His
genius was exerted in portrait painting,
and many of those who then shone in
rank and fashion will receive more ce-
lebrity from his pencil than from their
own merit. A picture of the royal fam-
ily of England, now in possession of the
duke of Devonshire, and several por-
traits of the earl of Buckingham's tam-
ilv, were among the last of his pieces.
1). 1731.
AILBY, Peter d', a cardinal and
legate, chancellor of the university of
Paris, and president of the famous
Council of Constance, which condemned
John Huss. B. 1350 : d. 1419.
AINSWORTH, Henry, a biblical
commentator of much learning and
acuteness, who was among the most
eminent of the English non-conformist
divines of his time. D. 1622. — Robert,
a grammarian, whose Latin dictionary
is well known. B. at Woodyale, Lanca-
shire, 1666 ; d. 1743.
AIRAULT, Peter, an advocate of
Paris, b. at Angers, where he also d.,
1601, July 21st, in his 65th year. As a
magistrate he behaved with firmness
and integrity, and was deservedly called
the rock of the accused. He left ten
children, the eldest of whom, Rene, was
intrusted to the Jesuits for his educa-
tion, and induced to enter into the order,
from which he never could extricate
himself, though his father procured the
interest of tlie king of France and of the
pope. Ren6 d. at la Fleohe, 1664, in his
77th year. His father wrote some
treatises, especially on the power of
fathers. &c.
AITON, William, a botanist of Lan-
arkshire, and head-gardener to George
III. at Kew. He formed the best col-
lection of exotics then known, and pub-
lished a cataioorue of them. I). 1793.
ATTKEN, Robert, a printer, who was
imprisoned by the British during the
American revolution, for his attachment
to liberty. Pie published a magazine, an
edition of the Bible, and the Am. Phil,
Trans. T>. 1802.
AITZEMA, Leo, of Friesland, wrote
a history of the United Provinces. B-
1600; d. 1669.
AKALIA, Maktin, physician to Henry
III., and author of several medical books.
B. 1479; d. 1588.
AKBAH, a celebrated Saracen, who
conquered the whole of Africa.
AKBERj Mohammed, a descendant of
Tamerlane, and sultan of the Moguls,
who ascended the throne when he was
only 14, and became distinguished as a
great conqueror, but a wise and clement
monarch.
AKENSIDE, Mark, a physician of
note, but more distinguished as a poet.
He was b. at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in
1721, and educated at Edmburgh and
Ley den. When only 23 years of age he
wrote a poem on the *" Pleasures of
Imagination," which gave him a poetical
fame which has lasted to the present day.
He also wrote several odes, a satire, and
some medical books, all of more or less
merit. D. 1770.
AKERLAD, John David, a Swede,
distinguished as an orientalist and anti-
quary. D. 1819.
AKIBA, a Jewish rabbi, of literary
taste, who joined Barcochebas, a pre-
tended Messiah, and was flayed alive,
at the age of 120, by the emperor Ha-
drian.
ALABASTER, William, an English
divine, author of a Latin tragedy called
Roxana, and a pentaglot dictionary. D.
1640.
ALAIN, Chartier, author of the
" Chronicles of Charles VII.," and other
French works, in the 14th century.—
De Lisle, surnamed the Universal Doo-
Ujv, because of his learning. D. 1294.
ALAMANNI, Louis, a Florentine
poet and statesman, distinguished for
liis love of philosophy and Greek lite-
rature. B. 1496 ; d. 1556. Two others
of the same name are known in the lit-
erary world.
ALAN, William, sometimes called
Alleyn, an eminent Catholic divine. B.
in 1580. He was educated at Oxford,
but changed his religion, and became
archbishop of Mechlin and a cardinal.
It was at his suggestion that Philip II.
undertook the invasion of England. He
was supposed to have been poisoned in
1594.
ALAND, Sir John Fortesctje, (Lord
Fortescue,) a baron of the exchequer,
and a puisne judsre of the courts of
King's Bench and Common Pleas, in the
reigns of George I. and II., was descend-
ed from the famous Sir John Fortescue ;
was b. in 1670 ; was an able lawyer, and
well versed in Saxon literature ; lived in
habits of intimacy with Pope, and the
other •\\its of the day; and wrote the
AtBJ
legal burlesque of "Stradling versus
Styles."
ALAKD, Francis, a native of Brus-
sels, was bred in the Koman church ;
out, meetincf with the works of Lutlier,
he turned Protestant, and escaped to
Witteniberg. After some time he re-
turned to Brussels, and d. in 1578. —
William, son of the above, became rec-
tor of the college of Krempen. D. 1644.
— Lambert, son of the last named, com-
piled a Greek Lexicon, wrote some the-
ological works and Latin poems, and
was inspector of the public schools of
Brunswick. D. 1672.
ALARIC L, king of the Visigoths,
and conqueror of Rome, was descended
from a noble family, and for some years
served in the imperial armies ; but, be-
ing refused preferment, he revolted
against Areadius, and desolated many
of the provinces, sparing neither age noV
sex. In the year 400, being then the
acknowledged sovereign of the Visi-
goths, he invaded Italy, and carried off
Tmmense plunder. In 402, he made a
second irruption, but was defeated by
8tilicho, and compelled to sue for peace.
After this, he was employed in the ser-
vice of tlie emperor Ilouorius, but soon
violated his engagements, and again
entered the Roman territory, and laid
siege to the capital. His terms were
complied with, and he retired into Tus-
cany ; but, being joined by his brother,
Ataulphus, he returned again to Rome,
which he sacked in 410. After ravaging
Italy, he sailed for Sicily, where, after
taking the city of Cosenza, he d. 410. —
Alario it., king of the Visigoths, suc-
ceeded his father Euric in 484, and
reigned over all the country between the
Rhone and the Garonne. He adapted
to his states the Theodosian collection
of laws, and published it as the law of
the Visigoths, since known 'by the title
of the code of Alaric. He was slain in
a battle by Clovis, king of the Franks,
507.
ALASCO, John, uncle to Sigismund,
king of Poland, was in great esteem with
most of the learned men of his day, and
enjoyed the friendship of many of them,
particularly Erasmus and Zuinglius,
through whom he became a convert to
the Protestant faith ; to which he was so
zealourt'.y devoted as to obtain the title
of the Reformer of Poland. B. 1499 ; d.
at Frankfort, 1560.
ALBAN, St., celebrated as the first
Christian martyr in Great Britain, was
b. at Verulara, near St. Alban's, Hert-
•♦brdshire, in the 3d century. D. 303.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
19
ALBANEZE, an Italian musician of
great repute. D. 1800.
ALBANI, Alexander, a cardinal and
virtuoso. In 1762, his collection of
drawings and engravings, consisting of
300 volumes, was purchased by George
III. for 14,000 crowns. B. 1692 ; d. 1779.
—John Francis, nepliew of the above,
in 1747 was made a cardinal, which was
followed by numerous preferments. He
opposed the suppression of the Jesuits.
He imitated his uncle in his encourage-
ment of letters ; but the French, when
they entered Rome, confiscated his es-
tates, and his valuable collection was
sent off to Paris. B. 1720 ; d. 1802.—
Louisa Maria Caboline, countess of,
married Charles Stuart, " the Pretend-
er." She was cousin of the last reigning
prince of Stolberg-Gedern ; married in
1772, when she took the title of countess
of Albaiii ; but to escape from the bar-
barity of her husband, who lived in a
continual state of intoxication, she re-
tired in 1780 to a cloister. B. 1752 ; d.
1824. — John Jerome, a civilian and the-
ological writer, b. at Bergamo in 1504,
arrived at the dignity of a cardinal in
1570, and d. in 1591.
ALBANO, Francisco, a celebrated
painter. B. at Bologna, 1578, and d. 1660.
Albano excelled in delmeating feminine
and infantine beauty ; and his pictures
are exceedingly valuable. — Giovanni
Baptista, younger brother of the above,
was also a painter, and chiefly excelled
in landscape.
ALBATEGNI, an Arabian chieftain
and astronomer. He lived in the 9th
century, and wrote a work entitled "The
Science of the Stars."
ALBERGATI, Capacelli, a Bolog-
nese marquis, dramatic writer and ac-
tor, and called the Garrick of Italy.
D. 1802.
ALBERIC, a monkish historian of the
13th century, who compiled a Chronicle
of Universal History up to 1241.
ALBERONI, GiuLio, a cardinal, and
minister of the kin^ of Spain, was the
son of a gardener ; but being possessed
of uncommon talents, and with a dispo-
sition suited to the intriguing policy of
the court, he obtained patronage, and
rapidly reached the highest office' in the
state. By his ability and activity he
created a naval force, reorganized the
army, and rendered Spain more power-
ful^ than it had been since the time of
Philip II. ; but he was eventually foiled
by the combined efforts of England and
France, who made his dismissal from
the councils of the Spanish monarch the
20
OTCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[alb
chief condition of peace. B. 1664; d.
1752.
ALBERT, Erasmus, a learned Ger-
man divine of the 16th century, who
composed a Latin work called " The
Koran of the Cordeliers." D. 1551.—
ALBiiRT of Aix, or Alburtus Aquensis, a
canon of Aix-la-Chapelle in the 12th
century. He wrote in Latin what ia
esteemed an accurate " Hi.«*tory of the
Expedition to Jerusalem, under Godfrey
of Bulloyn, and other Leaders," re-
printed in 1662. — Louis Joseph d', son
of Louis Charles, duke de Luynes. B.
in 1672, and d. 1758. He distinguished
himself in several battles, for which
he was appointed field-marshal by the
emperor Charles VIL, who sent him
amoassador to France, and created him
prince of Grimberghen, — Albert, of
Stade, a monk of the 13th century, who
wrote a " Chronicle from the Creation to
1256." — Albert, of Strasburg, the com-
piler of a «' Chronicle from 1273 to 1378."
— Henry Christian, a professor of the
English language at the university of
Hale, Germany. D. in 1800.— Albert L,
emperor and duke of Austria, surnamed
the Triumphant, was son of tne emperor
Eodolph of Hapsburg, and a competitor
for the imperial crown with Adolphus
of Nassau, whom he defeated and killed
in battle. B. 1248 ; d. by assassination,
1808. — Albert II., emperor and duke
of Austria, was son of Albert the fourth
duke of Austria, and succeeded to the
kingdom of Hungary and Bohemia on
the death of Sigismund, whose daugh-
ter he had married, D. 1429. — Albert,
archduke of Austria, son of Maximilian
II., was b. 1559. He was at first des-
tined for the church, and, when very
young, was created cardinal and arch-
bishop of Toledo. In 1598, Philip II.
of Spain contracted his daughter Isabel-
la to Albert, who thereupon renounced
his cardinal ate and ecclesiastical charac-
ter. The Netherlands, and the prov-
inces of Burgundy and Charleroi, were
her portion, and they were henceforth
considered as joint sovereigns of those
countries. D. 1621. — Jane d\ daugh-
ter of Margaret, queen of Navarre, and
the mother of Henry IV. of France. D.
1572. — Albert, king of Sweden, was
elected to the throne on the deposition
of Ma<rnu3 II. in 1363. The latter, sup-
ported by Denmark and Norway, en-
deavored' to recover his crown, but was
defeated by Albert, and taken prisoner.
The nobles, however, became dissatisfied
with his rule, and applied for aid to
Margaret, queen of Denmark and Nor-
way, by whom he was defeated in a
bloody battle, taken prisoner, and con-
fined for seven years. He was at length
liberated on condition of surrendering
Stockholm to Margaret ; and he passed
the remainder of his days at Mecklen-
burg, where he d. in 1412. — Albert,
marquis of Brandenburg-Culmbach, sur-
named the German Alcibiades, b. in
1522, was a principal actor in the troubles
of Germany during the reign of Charles
v., against whom he made war. D. in
indigence and exUe, 1558. — Charles d',
duke of Luynes. B. in 1578. Henry
IV., of France, who was his god-father,
placed him as a page about his son,
afterwards Louis XIIL, over whom, by
his artful manner, he gained such an
ascendency that he obtained the highest
honors in the state, and was made con-
stable of France ; but his ambition and
tyranny rendered him odious to the
people. D. 1621.
ALBEETET, a mathematician and
poet of Provence in the 13th century.
ALBERTI, Aristotile, a mechanic of
Bologna in the 15th century. It is said
he removed entire the tower of St. Mary
del Tempis 35 paces, and, at Cento, set
upright another which was five feet out
ot its perpendicular. — Cherubino, a
famous Florentine painter. B. 1552 ; d.
1615. — Giovanni, brother of the above,
was also an eminent painter at Rome,
and greatly admired for the e:scellence
of his perspective. — Dominico, a Ve-
netian composer and harpsichord player
of eminence in the last century. — George
William, a learned German divine. B.
1725 ; d. 1758. — John, a German lawyer,
who abridged the Koran, with notes,
and also published, in 1556, the New
Testament inSyriac. D. 1559. — Leander,
a Bolognese monk, author of a history
of his native city, and one of Italy. D.
1552. — Leoni Baptista, an eminent arch-
itect, painter, sculptor, and scholar. B.
at Venice in the beginning of the loth
century. At the age of 20 ne composed
a Latin comedy, entitled "Philodoxius,"
which many learned men believed at
first was the work of the ancient poet,
Lepidus ; and, as such, it was printed
by the younger Aldus. The invention
of the camera obseura has been attrib-
uted to him. D. 14S5.
ALBERTI Di VILLANOVA, Francis
T)\ an eminent Italian lexicographer. B.
1737; d. 1803.
ALBERTINI, Francis, an ecclesiastic
of Florence, and an able antiquary, in
the beginning of the 16th century ;
author of several valuable works. — ^Pattt.,
alb]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
21
a Venetian priest and author, who was
intrusted with an embasfiy to Turkey.
His preaching and his writings, chiefly
on theoloi^y, were so much vmued, that
at his. death a medal was struck to his
memory. B. 1430 ; d. 1475.
ALBERTUS, Magnus, a Dominican,
and one of the most celebrated school-
men of the 13th century, was b. at
Lauingen, Suabia. He was successively
vicar-general and provincial of his or-
der ; and his celebrity as a public pre-
ceptor attracted the attention of Pope
Alexander IV., who appointed him mas-
ter of the holy palace. In 1260, he was
elected bishop of Ratisbon, but after-
wards resigned this dignity, and went to
Cologne, where he d., in 1280. His
works, which were voluminous, and on
various subjects, were published at
Lyons, 1651.
ALBICUS, archbishop of Prague,
whose encouragement of John Huss
caused him to be much abused by the
opponents of that reformer.
ALBINOVANUS, C. Pedo, a Latin
poet of the time of Augustus. He was
the friend of Ovid, and author of several
poems, &c.
ALBINUS, a Roman, consul in the
year 157 b. c. 5 and author of a history
of Rome, written in Greek, which is
commended by Cicero. — Bebnaed Sieg-
FRED, one of the ablest anatomists of
modern times, was b. at Frankfort in
1696. He was a pupil of the celebrated
Boerhaave, and became a professor of
anatomy in the university of Leyden.
D. 1770. — Christian Bernard, brother
of the above, professor of anatomy at
Utrecht, and author of two valuable
works on that science. D. 1778.
ALBO, Joseph, a learned Spanish
rabbi, who assisted, in 1412, at a con-
ference between the Christians and
Jews, and wrote a book, called " Sepher
Hikknrira," against the gospels.
ALBOIN, king of the Lombards in
the 6th century. He succeeded his father,
Audoin, in 1561 ; conquered and slew
Cunimund, king of the Gepidse, whose
daugliter, Rosamond, he afterwards
married. He subjugated great part of
Italy ; but having incurred the just re-
sentment of his wife, by sending her
wine in a cup, WTOught from the skull of
her own father, and forcing her to drink
from it, she had him assassinated, a. d.
574.
ALBON, Jaqdes d', Marquis de Fron-
Bac, and Mareschal do St. Andre, a
French general, who acquired great rep-
■^tation about the middle of the 16th
century. Quesnoy, St. Quentin, Renti,
&c., were the chief scenes of his exploits.
At the death of Henry II. he was cliosea
one of the regency ; and fell in the bat-
tle of Dreux, 1562.
ALBRECIITSBERGER, a German
musician, and one of the most learned of
modern contrapuntists, was b. at Klostcr
Neubar, in 1736 ; became court organist
and a member of the academy at Vienna,
and was the instructor of Beethoven. D.
1803.
ALBRET, Charlotte d', sister of John
d'Albret, king of Navarre, and wife of
Caesar Borgia. She was a poetess of no
mean powers, and as remarKable for vir-
tue as her husband was for vfce. D.
1514. — Charles d', constable of France
in the reign of Charles VI., to whom he
was related by blood. He commanded
the French army at the famous battle of
Agincourt, in which he lost his life,
1514. — Jeanne d', daughter of Margaret,
queen of Navarre, and mother of Henry
of Navarre, afterwards Henry IV., of
France. D. in 1572.
ALBUQUERQUE, Maithlvs d', a
Portuguese general, who was sent to
Brazil in 1628, and successfully defend-
ed the province of Pernambuco against
the Dutch. He was made commander
of the army in 1643, when he gained the
decisive victory of Campo Major, and
was created a grandee of Portugal.—
CoELHo, Edward d\ a Portuguese noble-
man, in the 17th century, who fought
with great bravery against tl.e Dutch in
the Brazilian war, of which he wrote a
history. D. 1688. — Alfonso, a native
of Lisbon, whose great genius laid the
foundation of the Portuguese power in
India. He was sent by Emmanuel, king
of Portugal, in 1503, with his brother
Francis, to form an establishment in the
East; and by his spirited bravery, he
supported his allies, and maintained the
superiority of his nation. He gained
large possessions on the coast of Cochin,
which was secured by strong and im-
pregnable fortifications. His return to
Europe was attended by the death of his
brother, who perished in the voyage ;
but private sorrow gave way before pub-
lic concerns, and Albuquerque, in 1508,
invested with new power by his sover-
eign, sailed back to India. In his way
he plundered the coast of Arabia ; with
unparalleled boldness, having a corps of
only 470 men, he undertook the siege of
Ormuz, an island at the entrance of th«
Persian gulf, subject to a king of its own,
and defended by numerous forces ; and
after some months' obstinate resistance,
22
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[alc
the place submitted to the conqueror,
and the khig in despair became tributary
to Portugal. His arms were now direct-
ed against Goa, whicli he subdued ; and
his power was extended over the whole
coast of Malabar. Afterwards he sailed
towards the cast, and made the islands
of Sumatra, Malacca, and the neighbor-
ing cities tributary to the Portuguese
government. On his return to Goa he
meditated fresh conquests, when he sud-
denly fell sick, and d. 1515, in his 63d
year.
ALBUTIUS, Caius Silus, an eloquent
orator in Rome, in the age of Augustus.
He starved himself to death because of
an insult which had been inflicted upon
him.
ALCAMENES, a disciple of Phidias,
who afterward-s became a rival.
ALC-iEUS, an ancient lyric poet of
renown, who flourished at Miytelene
about 600 years before Christ. Horace
£■ ves him a high position. He lived at
esboe, and was a lover of Sappho. —
There was also an Athenian poet of the
same name.
ALCIATI, AxDEEW, a lawyer of emi-
nence at Milan, who d. 1550. — Francis,
nephew of Andrew; also an eminent
lawyer, whom Pope Pius VI. made a
cardinal. — Terence, a Jesuit, who aided
Cardinal Pallavicino in writing the his-
tory of the Council of Trent.
ALCIBIADES, a famous Greek, son
of Clineas and Dinomache, who lost his
father in the battle of Chaeronea, and
was educated by Pericles, his grand-
father by the mother's side. He early
excelled, both in mental and bodily ex-
ercises, while his beauty, his birth, and
the favor of Pericles, gained him position
and popularity. He became a friend of
Socrates, who instructed him in knowl-
edge and virtue. But so long as Cleon
lived he was luxurious and prodigal, and
it was only after the death of that dem-
agogue that he began to take part in
public affairs. He commanded the
Athenian fleets which devastated the
Peloponnesus, and was afterwards sent
on the expedition against Sicily, but du-
ring the preparations, all the statues of
Hermes having been broken one night,
he was accused of the impiety, recalled,
and condemned to death. He did not
return to Athens, but went to Sparta,
where he excited the Lacedemonians to
ally themselves with the Persian king
against his native country, then engaged
K^ith Chios. He next passed into Asia
Minor and roused all Ionia against
A.thens. After being reconciled to his
countrymen, he made war upon the
Ijacedemouians and the Persians, and
was successful both by sea and land. At
the instance of Lysander, who was him-
self instigated by the thirty tyrants, he
was burnt to death in the house of his
mistress Timandra, in Phrygia. Ho was
a man of rare personal address, great
eloquence and audacity, and command-
ing talents, but dissolute in his life, and
without elevation or dignity of soul. B.
450 B. c. ; d. 404 b. o.
ALCIDAMUS, ft Greek orator, who
lived about 400 b. c.
ALCINOUS, a commentator on Plato,
who flourished in the 2d century.
ALCIPHRON, an epistolary writer
among the Greelcs, who has given some
charming descriptions of the manners
and customs of his times.
ALCM^ON, the first anatomist, and
a disciple of Pythagoras. He lived at
Crotona.
ALCMAN, a Grecian lyric poet, who
lived 672 b. c.
ALCOCK, John, a learned English
bishop of the time of Edward IV., who
raised him to great dignities. D. 1500. —
John, author of some choral music. D.
1806. — Nathan, a celebrated physician
of the last century, who lectured at Ox-
ford on anatomy.
ALCU1NUS,*Flaccus, an English pre-
late, a pupil of Bede, and a teacher of
Charlemagne. His writings, most of
which are extant, are nu'mcrous • his
style is elegant and sprightly, and his
language sufficiently pure for the age ;
and he may be considered as one of the
learned few whose genius dissipated the
gloom of the 8th century. Andrew du
Chesne published his works in one vol-
ume, folio, 1617. D. at Tours, 804.
ALCYONIUS, Peter, an Italian, for
some time corrector of the press for
Aldus Manutius, and author of some
learned publications. He translated
some of Aristotle's treatises, and was
severely censured by Sepulveda for in-
accuracy. In his work on banishment
he displayed such a mixture of elegant
and barbarous words, that he Avas sus-
pected of largely borrowing from Cicero's
treatise de Gloria ; and it is said that to
avoid detection of this illiberal deed, he
burnt the only extant manuscript of
Cicero, which liad been given by Ber-
nard to the library of a nunnery, of
which Alcyonius was physician. At
Florence he was promoted to a profess-
or's chair, but the ambition of rising to
higher eminence drew him to Eome,
where he lost all his property during the
ale]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
23
insurrection of the Colonnas. When
the imperial troops took the city, 1527,
he espoused the cause of the pope, and
though wounded, joined him in the
castle of St. Angelo, and afterwards in
bold and elegant language he arraigned,
in two orations, the injustice of Charles
V. and the barbarity of his soldiers.
ALDEGRAEF, a Westphalian paint-
er and engraver. B. 1502.
ALDEN, John, a magistrate of Plym-
outh colony, one of the first company
who settled in New England. D. 1687.
ALDERETE, Diego Geatian de, a
Spanish author, who translated the
Greek classics. D. 1580. — Beknhard, a
Spanish Jesuit, who was the first to be
made a doctor by the university of Sal-
amanca. D. 1657.
ALDHELM, St., an English prelate,
b. at Malmesbury, where he founded a
monastery. D. 709.
ALDH'UN, an English bishop of the
10th centurv, the founder of the bishopric
ofDurhaml D. 101-8.
ALDIS, Asa, an eminent lawyer of
Vermont, and chief justice in 1816. B.
1770 ; d. 1847.
ALDOBR ANDINT, Sylvester, a Flo-
rentine lawyer and writer, appointed ad-
vocate of the treasury by Pope Paul III.
D. 1558. — Clement, son of the preced-
ing, became pope under the name of
Clement VIII. — Anthony, a Bolognese
lawyer and statesman. B. 1756. — John,
his brother, a professor of natural phi-
losophy at Bologna. He invented a
method of securing the human body
against fire, now superseded by that of
Paulin. B. 1762; d. 1834.— Tobias, a
physician and botanist of Cesena, was
superintendent of the Farnesian garden
at Rome, on which account his name
was prefixed to the description of it
written bv Peter Cashell.
ALDRED, the first English bishop
who visited Jerusalem. On the death
of Edward he crowned Harold, and
performed the same ceremony for Wil-
liam. D. 1068.
ALDRICH, Henry, b. in Westmin-
ster, 1647. From Westminster-school
he went to Christ Church, Oxford, and
was elected student, and afterwards
canon and dean. He built an elegant
chapel to Trinity college, and the beau-
tiful church of All Saints. He had also
great skill in music, and composed many
services for the church. D. 1710.—
Robert, a native of Buckinghamshire,
who became master and provost of Eton.
In 1537 he was made bisnop of Carlisle.
Xf, 1656.
ALDROVANDUS, Ulysses, a cele-
brated natural historian. B. at Bologna,
1522. He was a great traveller, and
formed a most superb collection of min-
erals, plants, animals, &c.j by which ho
ruined his fortune, and d. in an hospital,
1605.
ALDRUDE countess of Bertinoro, is
celebrated in Italy for her courage and
her eloquence. When Ancona was be-
sieged by the arms of the Venetians, and
of the emperor Frederic I. in 1172, she
Eitied the situation of the d. stressed in-
abitants, and with heroic intrepidity
flew to their relief, at the head of her de-
pendants and friends, and supported by
William Degli Adelardi, of Ferrara. Her
troops were animated by her eloquence
and her example, and the enemy fled at
her approach ; and though on her return
home she was attacked by some parties
of the enraged besiegers, she routed
them in every encounter, and added
fresh laurels to her fame. The history
of that memorable siege has been pub-
lished by Buon-Campagnono of Flo-
rence.
ALDUS, Manutitjs, a native of Bas-
sano, illustrious as a correct printer, and
as the restorer of the Greek and Latin
languages to Europe. He is the inven-
tor of the Italic letter, and was alone
permitted by the pope the use of it. D.
at Venice, 1516.
ALEANDER, Jerome, a cardinal, b.
in 1480, distinguished himself in the 16th
century as a violent opposer of Luther
and the reformation. D. 1542. — His
great nephew, of the same name, inher-
ited the ability of his ancestor, and wa?
eminent as a scholar and an autiquaiy.
ALEMAN, a cardinal of the 13th
century. He was degraded from the
purple for his opposition to Eugenius
IV. The sentence was reversed by
Nicholas V. ; and after the cardinal's
death, in 1400, he was canonized. —
Matthew, a Spaniard ; author of " Guz-
man de Alfarache," or the " Spanish
Rogue."
ALEMANNI, Nicholas, a learned
Greek antiquary, _b. 1583, and became
keeper of the Vatican library at Rome.
D. 1626.
ALEMBERT, Jean la Ronde d', on©
of the most famous philosophers and
mathematicians that Trance has pro-
duced. He was b. at Paris in 1717, but
was exposed by his parents, Madame de
Tencin, and the poet Destouches, at the
church of le Ronde, from which he took
part of his name. His talents were pre-
cocious, and at 4 years of age was sent
24:
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
U
to scliool, the principal of which de-
clared, when his pupil was only 10 years
old, that he could teach him no more.
He entered Mazarin College at the age of
;2. He wrote, in his earliest years, a
commentary on the epistle of raul to
the Romans. He studied law, but did
not cease to occupy himself with math-
ematics. Some philosophical papers,
which he wrote, made him a member of
the academy in 1741. He soon after
wrote a book on Dynamics, another on
Fluids, and a Theory of the Mind, and
assisted Euler and ISTewton in their sci-
entific researches. His astronomical
publications were also valuable. But in
the latter part of his life he devoted
himself to Belles Lettres, and became
one of the writers of the "Encyclo-
paedic." His literary works were dis-
tinguished by purity of language, as well
as vigor of thought. Though a man of
moderate means, he was noted for his
beneficence. He was a friend of Vol-
taire, Madame L'Espinasse, to whom he
was attached, Frederick II., and other
distinguished persons, but lived in mod-
est retirement. His opinions were de-
istical. D. 1783.
ALEN, John Van, an eminent Dutch
landscape painter. D. 1698.
ALENIO, Julius, a Jesuit of Brescia,
who rendered himself distinguished by
his zeal in propagating Christianity in
China. D. 1649.
ALER, Paul, a learned French Jes-
uit. D. 1727. His " Gradus ad Parnas-
sum" has been long in established use
in all the public schools of Europe.
ALES, Alexander, a native of Edin-
burgh, who warmly opposed the tenets
of Luther, which he afterwards as ea-
gerly embraced, when he had suffered
Eersecution for his religion, and seen the
rmness with which his countryman,
Patrick Hamilton, was burnt to death,
by Beaton, archbishop of St. Andrews,
for Protestantism. He came back to
London from Germany, when Henry
VIII. abolished the papal power in En-
gland, and he there enjoyed the friend-
ship of Cranmer, Cromwell, and Lati-
mer. He afterwards retired to Germany,
and was appointed to a professional chair
at Frankfort upon Oder, but persecuted
by the court of Bradenburg, at Leipsic ;
he d. 1565, in his sixty-fifth year. He
wrote a commentary on the writings of
St. John, on the epistle to Timothy, and
on the Psalms.
ALESIO, Matthew Perez d', a paint-
er and engraver at Rome, whose figure
of St. Christopher, in fresco, in "the
S-eat church of Seville, ijt^^ j j^ <lmired.
. 1600.
ALESSI, Galeas, an architect, b. at
Perusia, whose works are spread over
Germany and the south of Europe ; but
his fame principally rests on the monas-
tery and cnurch of the Escurial. D. 1572.
ALEXANDER THE GREAT, was
the son of Philip, king of Mac-edon, by
Olympias, daughter of Neoptolemus,
king of Epirus, and b. 356 b. c. ; the
same year m which the temple of Diana
at Epliesus was destroyed. Alexander
received his education under Lysima-
chus and Aristotle, and gave several
proofs of manly skill and c«ourage while
very young; one of which, the breakuig
in of his fiery steed, Bucephalus, is men-
tioned by all his historians as an incident
which convinced his father of his future
unconquerable spirit. Alexander was
much attached to his mother, and sided
with her m the disputes which led to
her divorce from Philip. While the lat-
ter was making preparations for hia
grand expedition into Asia, he was as-
sassinated by Pausanias ; an<^l Alexander
succeeded to the throne .n his 20th
year. His youth at first excited an in-
clination in several of the states of
Greece to throw off the yoke of the
Macedonian usurpation; but he soon
quelled the design, and was acknowl-
edged general of Greece. He then
marched into Thrace, and gained sev-
eral conquests. During his absence
Thebes revolted ; and when Alexander
returned, he took that city by storm,
made a dreadful carnage of the inhabi-
tants, and destroyed all the buildings
except the residence of Pindar the poet.
This severe example had its effect on
the other states ; and even Athens dis-
tinguished itself by a servile submission
to the conqueror. Alexander njxt turned
his arms against Darius, king of Persia ;
and, at 22, crossed the Hellespont, at
the head of 40,000 men. With this
force he defeated the Persians at the
Granicus, and made himself master of
numerous places. At Gordium, where
he assembled his army, he is said to
have cut the famous knot on which the
fate of Asia depended. Shortly after
this, he again defeated the king of Per-
sia near Issus, and took immense treas-
ures and many prisoners ; among wliom
were the mother, wife, and children of
Darius. This victory was followed by
the conquest of Phoenicia, Damascus,
and several other states. Alexander
next besieged Tyre, which long resisted
him, and, in revenge, he committed
ale]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPFIY.
i»
horrible cruelties on tlie inhabitants.
He then went to Jerusalem^ passed into
Egypt, subdned it, and tounded the
city of Alexandria. Darius now collect-
ed another army, and was defeated at
Arhela, which decided the fate of West-
ern Asia. This great battle was followed
by the capture of Susa and Persepolis ;
the last ot wliich Alexander destroyed at
the instigation of his mistress. He now
prepared for an expedition to India;
and, after a perilous march, reached the
Indus, 327 b. c, which he crossed at the
part where the city of Attock now
stands. Alexander received the sub-
uiission of several of the petty princes
of the country, but was opposed by
Porus, "who valiantly withstood the in-
vader; and, although conquered and
made prisoner, the victor, pleased with
his spirit, restored him his dominions,
and made him an ally. The conqueror
next entered the fertile plains now called
the Punjab, took the city of Sangala,
and directed his course to the Ganges ;
from which object, however, he was
diverted by the rainy season, and the
disaffection of his own troops. He ac-
cordingly erected twelve altars of an ex-
traordinary size to mark the limits of his
progress, remnants of which are said to
oe still in existence. Alexander, there-
fore, retraced his steps to the Hydaspes,
on the banks of which he built two
cities, Nicaea and Bucephala; and em-
barked, with his light troops, on board
a fleet he had constructed, leaving the
main ai*my to march by land. After a
severe contest with the^MaUii, in which
he was wounded and his whole army
nearly lost, he proceeded down the river
to Patala; and, having entered the In-
dian Ocean, and performed some rites
in honor of Neptune, he left his fleet;
giving orders to Nearchus, who had the
command, to sail to the Persian Gulf,
and thence up the Tigris to Mesopota-
mia. Alexander then prepared to march
to Babylon, towards which capital he
proceeded in a triumphal progress,
^caching Susa, he began to give way to
a passion for pleasure and joviality, "and
married Statira, the daughter of Darius.
At length he reached Babylon, where he
f»ave orders indicating future underta-
kings of great magnitude; when he was
seized with an illness, in consequence
of indulging in habits of intemperance,
and d. of a fever, in the 13th year of his
eventful reign, and the 33d of his Ufe,
823 B. 0. When required to name his
successor, he is said to have replied,
'*To the most worthy." Pursuant to
his own direction, his body was con-
veyed Lo Alexandria in a golden coffin,
inclosed in a sumptuous sarcophagus,
supposed to be now in the British Mu-
seum. — Severus, emperor of Rome, was
b. at Acre, in Phoenicia^ in 205. The
principal public event ot his reign was
the war with Artaxerxes, king of Persia,
over whom he gained a great victory in
Eerson, and on his return to Eome was
onored with a triumph. He next
marched against the Germans, who had
invaded Gaul ; and while there, a sedi-
tion broke out in his army, headed by
Maximin, and the emperor and his
mother were murdered, 235. — King of
Poland, elected on the death of his bro-
ther, John Albert, in 1501. D. 1506.—
I., bishop of Rome, succeeded Evaristus
in the tenth year of Trajan, aad suficred
martvrdom under Hadrian, in 119. This
pontiff is said to be the first who intro-
duced the use of holy water into the
Catholic church. — II., elected to the
papal throne in 1061, D. 1073,— HI.
succeeded Adrian IV. in 1159. D. at
Rome, 1181. — IV., ascended the papal
throne in 1254. D. 1261.— V., originally
a Greek monk from Candia, was raised
to the papid throne in 1409 by the coun-
cil of Pisa. His munificence, during
his pontificate, was so unbounded, that
he used to say, "When I became a
bishop, I was rich; when a cardinal,
poor; and when a pope, a beggar." D.
1410. — VI., a native of Valencia, in
Spain, was raised to the popedom in
1492. As an ecclesiastic, Alexander was
in the highest degree ambitious, bigoted,
and intolerant; and formed alliances
with all the princes of his time only to
break them. This pontiff pursued his
profligate career, till 1503, when he was
cut off by the same means he had used
for the ruin of others. At a banquet
which he and his son, the infamous
Ceesar Borgia, had prepared for some
newly created cardinals, the poison in-
tended for them was by some mistake
administered to the contrivers of the
plot ; and Alexander died the next day
in great agony, — 'VII. This pontiff ex-
pended vast sums in improving and
embellishing the city of Rome, and was
a great friend to the fine arts and lit-
erature. B. at Sienna, in 1559, elected
to the popedom in 1605, and d. in 1667.
— VIII., the last pope of that name, was
elected, 1689, at the advanced age of 60 ;
and d. two years afterwards.
ALEXANDER, I. king of Scotland,
son of Malcolm III,, ascended the throne
in 1107 ; and merited by the vigor and
S6
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOaRAPHY.
[ale
impetuosity of his character, tlie appel-
lation of The Fierce. D. 1124.— II., son
of William the Lion, was raised to tlie
throne of Scotland, 1214, being then in
his 16th year. In 1221, he married
Joan, sister of Henry III. of England ;
by which peace was restored to the two
kmgdoms. D. 1249. — III., son of the
preceding, succeeded, 1249, when only
8 years of age. He married Margaret,
daughter of Henry III. of England, and
lived upon terms of close friendship
with his father-in-law, whom, in his
wars with the barons, he assisted with
5000 men; accidentally killed while
hunting, in 1285. — A SiciHan abbot of
the 12th century ; author of a memoir
of Eoger, king of Sicily. — Ab Alexan-
DKo, a Neapolitan jurisconsult of the
12th century. He was much attached
to the belles lettres, and is chiefly known
by a work entitled " Dies Geniales," an
imitation of the Noctes Attica of Gel-
lius. — Tbaxlianus, a Greek physician
of the 6th century. His works are con-
sidered the best after those of Hippo-
crates. — Bishop of Alexandria, who op-
posed Arius. and condemned his errors
at the council of Nice. D. 326. — Bishop
of Hierapolis, in the 5th century, who
espoused" the doctrine that there were
two different natures in Christ; for
which he was banished by the council of
Ephesus. — Of ^gea, the tutor of Nero,
whom he is said to have corrupted by
his instructions. — De Medici, a licen-
tious duke of Florence, assassinated by
Lorenzo de Medici, a relation, at the in-
stigation of Strozzi, a republican, 1537. —
An English abbot, who supported the
rights of his master, Henry III., at the
court of Rome, with such boldness, that
Pandulphus, the pope's legate in En-
gland, excommunicated and imprisoned
nim. D. 1217. — Noel, a Dominican, a
laborious writer. B. at Rouen, 1639, and
d. at Paris, 1724. His most celebrated
work is a Latin Church History, in 26
vols. — Of Paris, a Norman poet of the
12th century, who wrote a metrical
poem called " Alexander the Great," in
verses of twelve syllables, which meas-
ure has ever since been called " Alexan-
drine." — Neuskoi, grand duke of Rus-
sia. B. 1218. The most noted action of
his life was a great victory he obtained
over the more northern tribes on the
banks of the Neva. D. 1263.— Sir Wil-
liam, earl of Stirling, an eminent Scot-
tish statesman and poet in the reigns
of James I. and Charles I. D. 1640. —
WiLLLOi, a major-general in the Amer-
ican army of the revolution. He wash.
in New York, 1726 ; received a classical
education; and was distinguished for
his knowledge of mathematics and as-
tronomy, ms father was a native of
Scotland, and he was the reputed right-
ful heir to an earldom in that country :
on which account he was usually called
Lord Stirling ; but was unsuccessful in
his efforts to obtain from the govern-
ment the acknowledgment of his claim.
At the commencement of the revolution
he joined the American army, and in
the battle on Long Island, August 27,
1776, was taken prisoner, after having,
by attacking Cornwallis, secured to a
part of the detachment an opportunity
to escape. He was always warmly at-
tached to General Washington, and the
cause which he had espoused. D. at
Albany, 1783. — William, an able artist.
B. at Maidstone, 1768. His father, who
was a coachmaker, gave him a good
education, and sent him at an early age
to study the fine arts in London, Avhich
he did with so much success, that he
was selected to accompany the embassy
of Lord Macartney to Cliina. On his
return, besides his drawings in illustra-
tion of the work of Sir George Staunton,
he published a splendid one of his own,
entitled, "The Costume of China," which
obtained so much notice that he was in-
duced to publish a second part. At the
time of his death, in 1816, he was keeper
of the antiquities at the British Museum.
— James, a native of Scotland, who came
to New York in 1715. He was bred to
the law, and became eminent in his
profession. By honest practice and un-
wearied application to Dusiness, he ac-
quired a great estate. For many years
he was a member of the legislature, and
of the council. In 1721, he was ap-
pointed attorney-general; and after-
wards was secretary of the province.
His death took place in the beginning
of 1756. — Nathaniel, a governor or
North Carolina. He received his col-
legiate education at Princeton, N. J.,
obtained his first degree in 1776, and
afterwards studied medicine. Subse-
quently he entered the army ; but at the
close of the war pursued his profession
m the state of which he became chief
magistrate in 1806. In all his public
stations he had the reputation ot con-
ducting with ability and firmnefs. D.
1808, aged 52 years.- Caleb, D.D., b.
in Northfield, Mass., and graduated at
Yale College in 1777. He was first set-
tled, as a Congregational minister at
New Marlborough; and, afterwards, at
Meudou, in his native state. His oon-
▲le]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
'^
tinuance in each of these situations -was
less than two years. The remaining
part of his life was spent in teaching,
and in other kindred pursuits. lie
published a Latin Grammar, an En-
glish Grammar, and some otiier small
works. D. 1828.— Thomas, earl of Sel-
kirk, known as the founder of a colony in
Canada, and for his writings on politics
and statistics. D. in 1820. — I., emperor
of Russia and king of Poland, eldest son
of Paul I., was b. Dec. 22, 1777 ; suc-
ceeded, March, 1801 ; and was crowned
at Moscow, September following. In
1803, Alexander oflFered his mediation
to effect a reconciliation between En-
gland and France; and in 1805, a con-
vention was entered into between Eus-
sia, England, Austria, and Sweden, for
the purpose of resisting the encroach-
ments of the French on the territories
of independent states. On the 2d of
December, the battle of Austerlitz took
place, at which Alexander appeared at
the head of 50,000 men, but was defeat-
ed, and compelled to retreat to his do-
minions. On November 26, 1806, was
fought the battle of Pultusk ; and on
the 7th and 8th February, 1807, that of
Eylau; on the 14th June the Russians
were completelv defeated at Friedland,
by Napoleon, the result of this victory
was an interview between the two em-
?erors, which led to the treaty of Tilsit,
he seizure of the Danish fleet by the
English occasioned a declaration of war
from Russia; but hostilities only ex-
tended to the cessation of trade between
the two nations. A second meeting of j
the French and Russian sovereigns took
place at Erfurt, Sept. 27, 1808'; Bona-
parte being anxious to secure the friend-
Bhip of Alexander previousljr to his
meditated subjugation of Spain. The
interruption of commerce with England
now began to be severely felt by Russia:
and Alexander determined to throw off
the French yoke. On the 23d March,
1812, an imperial ukase was issued, or-
dering a levy of two men out of every
500 throughout the Russian empire, and
all matters of dispute with Great Britain
were paciftcally arranged. On joining
his army in Poland, February, 1813,
Alexander published the famous mani-
festo, which served as the basis of the
coalition of the other European powers
against the French emperor. Germany,
and then France, became the scene of
hostilities; and the capture of Paris,
April 30, 1814, was followed by the ab-
dication of Bonaparte, and the restora-
tion of the Bourbons. After the con-
clusion of peace, Alexander visited En-
fland, in company with the king of
'russia. Ilis death took place at Tag-
anrock, in the Crimea, Dec. 1, 1825:
and he was succeeded by his second
brother, Nicholas, agreeable to a docu-
ment signed by his eldest brother, Con-
stantino, resigning to him the right of
succession.
ALEXANDRINI, Julius, a physician
of Trent, in the 16th century, fie was
*:he first who endeavored to prove the
connection of bodily diseases with the
passions.
ALEXIS, a Greek comic poet, uncle
and instructor of Alexander.
ALEXIS, MicHAELoviTSCH, czar of Rus-
sia. B. in 1630 ; succeeded his father
Michael in 1646 ; d. 1677. He was the
father of Peter the Great., and the first
Russian monarch who acted on the
policy of a more intimate connection
with the other European states. — Petro-
viTsoH, only son of Peter the Great. B.
1690. This unhappy prince opposed the
new policy of his father, and expressed
an unalterable attachment to the ancient
barbarous usages and customs of his
country 5 for which the czar resolved to
disinherit him. Alexis fled to his
brother-in-law, the emperor of Ger-
many, and lay concealed for some time
at Viennaj untU his retreat was discov-
ered by his father, before whom he was
conducted as a criminal, and compelled
formally to renounce the succession ;
after this he was tried by secret judges,
and condemned to death, 1719. — Del
Abco, a Spanish painter. B. at Madrid,
in 1625. lie was deaf and dumb ; but
his reputation as a portrait painter was
considerable. D. in 1700.
ALEXIUS L, CoMNENus, emperor of
the East. B. at Constantinople, 1048. He
signalized himself in the wars with the
Turks and Saracens, was bountiful to his
friends and clement to his enemies, a
lover of letters, and equally versed in the
arts of government and of war. D. 1118.
— II., CoMNENus, succeeded his father
Michael on the throne of Constantinople
in 1180, when only 12 years of age ; and,
with his mother, was murdered two
years afterwards by Andronicus, who
usurped the crown. — III., Angelus,
emperor in 1195, gained that station by
the basest perfidy towards his brother,
Isaac Angelus, whom he confined in
prison, and then caused his eyes to be put
out. His effeminate reisrn rendered him
despicable, and his capital was besieged
an J taken, 1203, by an army of Venetian
and French crusaders, headed by his
28
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[alf
nephew, Alexiuo, son of Isaac. The
usurper received the same punishment
he had inllicted on liis brother, and d. a
few years afterwards in a monastery at
Nice ; wid the conqueror phiced his
blind father on the throne, with whom
he reigned as Alexius IV. ; but his ele-
vation was succeeded by a rebellion, and
he was deposed, imprisoned, and put to
death, 1204. — V.j Ducas, surnamed
Murtzuffle, from his black shaggy eye-
brows, was raised to the throne after the
murder of Alexius IV., but deposed bv
the crusaders, who attacked and took
his capital, and he was put to an igno-
minious death.
ALEYN, Charles, an English histor-
ical poet. D. 1640.
ALFAEABI, an eminent Arabian
philosopher in the 10th century, who
obtained much reputation in his day,
both as a great traveller, and as a master
of 70 languages. Among his works is
an Encyclopsedia, the manuscript of
which is in the Escurial.
ALFARO Y GAMON, Juan de, a
distinguished Spanish painter. B. 1640.
ALFENUS VARUS, Publius, a Ro-
man civilian, who became consul, and is
mentioned by Horace and Virgil with
gratitude.
ALFIERI, ViTTORiA, count, was b, at
Asti, in Piedmont, in 1749, of a rich and
distinguished family. Ilis early educa-
tion was defective ; for, though sent to
the acaderav of Turin, he learned noth-
ing. He afterwards travelled over Italy,
France, England, Spain, Portugal, Ger-
many, Russia, and Holland, returned,
tried to study history, and then became
a wanderer again for three years. From
pure listlessness he took to" writing dra-
matic poetry, at the age of 27, and de-
voted the rest of life to becoming a tragic
poet. He first studied Latin and Tus-
can, for which purpose he went to
Tuscany ; meeting on the journey the
Countess of Albany, consort of the En-
glish pretender, he became attached to
her, and lived alternately, leading an
irregular and roving life, in England,
France, and Italy. He composed 21 tra-
gedies and 6 comedies, and is regarded
as the great tragic poet of his native
land. Above the degeneracy of his
times, cherishing an ardent hatred of
despotism, and possessing a free, proud,
and passionate heart, his works are per-
vaded by a decided political spirit. His
fityle was stifl' and unadorned, but bold,
lo'fty, and correct. D. 1803.
ALFORD, MicHAEL,an English Jesuit.
B. in London, 1587. He d. at St. Omer's,
1652, leaving behind him two celebrated
works, " Britannia lllustrata," and " An-
nales Ecclesiastici Britannorum."
ALFR AG AN, or AHMED BEN FER-
GAN, an Arabian astronomer of the
9th century ; author of an " Introduc-
tion to Astronomy," and other scientific
works.
ALFRAGO, Andrew, an Italian phy-
sician ; author of a history of Araoian
physicians and philosophers, and other
works connected with the East, where
he resided for some years. D. at Padua,
1520.
ALFRED THE GREAT. This mon-
arch was the youngest son of Ethelwolf,
king of the West Saxons, and was b. at
Wantage, Berks, in 849. On the death
of his brother Ethelred, Alfred suc-
ceeded to the throne of England, 871, at
a time when his kingdom was a prey to
domestic dissensions, and to the inva-
sions of the Danes, with whom, after a
disastrous engagement, he was forced to
conclude a treaty on disadvantageous
terms. The Danes soon violated their
engagement, and renewed their hostility
with such success, that, in 877, the king
was under the necessity of concealing
himself in the cottage of one of his
herdsmen. He afterwards retired to the
island of Athelney, and there received
information that one of his chiefs had
obtained a great victory over the Danes.
Alfred then disguised himself as a harp-
er, entered the Danish camp, and gained
a knowledge of the state of the enemy.
After this, lie directed his nobles to meet
him at Selwood, with their vassals, which
was done so secretly, that the Danes
were surprised at Eclciington, and com-
pletely routed. He now put his king-
dom into a state of defence, increased
his navy, and brought London into a
flourishing state ; but, after a rest of
some years, an immense number of
Danish forces landed in Kent, and com-
mitted great ravages ; they were, how-
ever, soon defeated by Alfred, who
caused several of the leaders to be ex-
ecuted at Winchester. Thus he secured
the peace of his dominions, and struck
terror into his enemies, after 56 battles
by sea and land, in all of which he was
personally engaged. But the warlike
exploits of Alfred formed, perhaps, the
least of the services he rendered his
country. He composed a body of stat-
utes, instituted the trial by jury, and
divided the kingdom into ' shires and
hundreds ; was so exact in his govern-
ment, that robbery was unheard of, and
valuable goods might be left on the high
ALl]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
roads. His ffreat council, consisting of
bishops, earls, aldermen, and thanes,
was, by an express law, called together
twice a-year in London, for the better
government of the realm. The state of
learning in his time was so low, that,
from the Thames to the Humber. scarce-
ly a man could be found who unaerstood
the service of the church, or could trans-
late a single sentence of Latin into En-
glish. To remedy this evil, he invited
men of learning from all quarters, and
placed them at the head of seminaries in
various parts of his kingdom ; and, if he
was not the founder of the university of
Oxford, it is certain he raised it to a
reoutation which it had never before
enjoyed. Alfred himself wrote several
works, and translated others from the
Latin, particularly " Orosius's History
of the Pagans," and " Boethius's Con-
solations of Philosophy." England is
indebted to him for the foundation of her
naval establishment, and he was the first
who sent out ships to make the discov-
ery of a northeast passage. To crown
his great public character, Alfred is de-
scribed as one of the most mild and ami-
able men in private life ; of a temper
serene and cheerful, and not averse to
society, or to innocent recreation ; he
was also personally well-favored, pos-
sessing a handsome and visorous form,
and a dignified and engaging aspect. D.
900.— "The Philosopher," an English-
man, was greatly esteemed at the court
of Rome, and wrote five books on the
"Consolations of Boethius." D. 1270.—
An English bishop of the 10th century ;
author of a " History of the Abbey of
Malmsbury," a treatise "Do Naturis
Rerum," &c.
AL6AEDI, Alexander, a Bolognese
sculptor of the 17th century.
ALGAKOTTI, Francis, an eminent
Italian writer. B. at Venice, 1712; d.
1764.
ALHAZEN, an Arabian mathema-
tician, who was the first that showed the
importance of refractions in astronomy.
D. at Cairo, in 1038.
ALT, cousin, son-in-law, and vizier of
Mahomet, and one of the main pillars of
the new faith. He obtained the name
of the Lion of God, always victorious ;
but was opposed in his succession to the
caliphate by Omar and Othman, and re-
tired into Arabia, and made a collection
of the sayings of the prophet. There he
laid the foundation of a new sect, and,
after the death of Othman, he was de-
clared caliph, 655 ; but was murdered
four years afterwards in the mosque.
8*
ALT BEG, a man of extraordinaTy
learning ard attainments, b. in Poland
of Christiati parents, but who was kid-
napped in his infancy by a horde of Tar-
tars, and sold to the I'urks, in whose
language and religion he was educated.
His skill in languages procured him the
post of chief interpreter to the grand
signior ; while his leisure hours were
employed in translating the Bible and
the catechism of the Church of England
into the Turkish language. D. 1675.
ALI BEY, a Greek, son of a Natolian
priest. B. 1728. He fell, when a child,
mto the hands of robbers, who carried
him to Cairo, and sold him to Ibrahim,
lieutenant of the Janizaries, who adopt-
ed him. Ali soon rose to the rank of
sangiak, or member of the council ; and
when his patron was assassinatecl by
Ibrahim, the Circassian, he avenged his
death, and slew the murderer with his
own hand. This action raised him
numerous enemies, and he was obliged
to fly to Jerusalem, and thence to Acre ;
but in time he was recalled by the peo-
ple, and, being placed at the head ot the
government, Egypt began to recover its
former splendor. In a battle fought
against the troops of a rebellious Mame-
luke, Ali was cut down, after defending
himself with a degree of desperate valor,
and d. of his wounds eight days after,
in 1778.
ALI PACHA, an Albanian, bom at
Zepelina, 1744, who, by fifty years of
constant warfare, brought under his
sway a large extent of territory, which
the 'Porte sanctioned. He took the
title of Pacha of Jannina, and received
agents from foreign powers. But the
Porte was made jealous by his intrigues
with England, Russia, and France, and
finally had him shot.
ALI AMET, James, a French engraver
of the last century.
ALIPAC, J., a French minor poet.
B. 1796.
ALISON, Archibald, a clergyman
of Edinburgh, educated at Oxford, and
afterwards preferred -to various livings
in the church of England. In 1780 he
Kublished his famous " Essay on tb'*
fature and Principles of Taste." He
subsequently published two sermons,
and a memoir of Lord Woodhousie.
B. 1757; d. 1839. — There is another
of the same name, distinguished for his
" Treatise on Population," and his
" History of Europe," still living.—
Richard, one of the ten composers who
set the psalms to music, at the order of
Queen Elizabeth,
30
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[au
ALIX, Peter, a French abbot and
author, of the 17th century.
ALKEMADE, Cornelius Van, a
Dutch antiquary and writer. D. 1676.
ALKMAAK, Henry d', a German
poet of the loth century, the reputed
author of that exquisite satire called
" Reynard the Fox."
ALLAINVAL, Leonob Soulas d', a
French abbot and dramatic poet. D. at
Paris, 17r>3.
ALLAINE, DE LA Courtiere, J., a
French author. B. 1750.
ALLAIS, Denus Vairasse, a French
author of the 17th century.
ALLAN, David, a Scotch painter,
born at Edinburgh. B. 1744 ; d. 1796.
He was called the Scottish Hogarth. —
George, son of David, a literary man,
who was elected to parliament for the
city of Durham. B. 1768 ; d. 1828.—
George, an attorney and antiquary. D.
1800. — Sir William, an eminent histor-
ical painter, was born at Edinburgh in
1782. Of humble parentage, he at an
early age evinced a decided predilection
for art ; and, when still a young man,
he pursued his favorite study with
equal enterprise and ability, visiting
Morocco, Greece, and Spain, and pene-
trating the remote and semi-barbarous
territories of Russia and Turkey, that
he might familiarize himself with the
rude and picturesque aspects there pre-
sented. " The Polish Captives," "The
Slave Market at Constantinople," and
various kindred subjects, testify to his
skill in this department of art ; but he
did much also to illustrate the historic
lore of his own land, as his vivid repre-
sentation of Mary and of Rizzio, the
murder of Archbishop Sharpe, and the
Battle of Waterloo, amply testify. He
was an old and attached friend of Sir
Walter Scott; and his amiable, unas-
suming manners, and his vast fund of
anecdote, procured him general love
and esteem. In 1841 he succeeded Sir
D. Wilkie as president of the Royal
Scottish Academy, and was soon after-
wards knighted. D. 1850.
ALLARiD, Guy, a French writer on
geological history. D. at Dauphiny,
1716. — Jean Francoise, a French gen-
eral officer, distinguished during the
emperorship of Napoleon, who after-
guards entered the Egyptian and Per-
sian service, and finally became an aid
of Runjeet-Singh. B. 1785 ; d. 1839.
ALLATIUS, Leo, a native of the
island of Scio, who studied belles lettres
and the languages at Rome. After
visiting Naples and his native country,
he returned to Rome, where he applied
himself to physic, in which he took a
degree, but literature was his favorite
Eursuit, and as his erudition was great,
e distinguished himself as a teacher in
the Greek college at Rome. He was af-
terwards employed by Pope Gregory
XV. to remove the elector palatine's
library from Germany to the Vatican,
in reward for which service, though for
a while neglected, he was appointed li-
brarian. Thougli bred and employed
among ecclesiastics, he never entered
into orders because, as he told the pope,
he wished to retain the privilege of
marrying if he pleased. His publica-
tions were numerous but chiefly on di-
vinity, and, though full of learning and
good sense, remarkable for unnecessary
digressions. In the controversy of the
gentlemen of the Port Royal with
iaude concerning the eucharist, he
greatly assisted the former, for which
e was severely abused by their bold
antagonist. It is said by Joannes Pa-
tricius that he wrote Greek for forty
years with the same pen, and that when
he lost it, he expressed his concern
even to the shedding of tears. D. at
Rome, in his 88d year, 1669.
ALLEGR^IN, Christopher Gabriel,
a French sculptor. D. 1795.
ALLEGRI, Alexander, an Italian
satirical poet, who flourished at Flor-
ence at the end of the 16th century. —
Gregorio, an eminent composer, whose
works are still used in the pope's chapel
at Rome. His "Miserere" is always
used on Good Friday, and is much ad-
mired. Cleinent XIV. sent a copy of
this beautiful composition to George III.
in 1773. To his extraordinary merit as
a composer of church music, he is said
to have joined a devout and benevo-
lent disposition, and an excellent moral
character. His famous Miserere was at
one time thought so sacred, tliat it was
forbidden to be copied on pain of ex-
communication. But Mozart disregard-
ed the injunction, and it has since been
published. B. at Rome, 1590 ; d. 1652.
ALLEIN, Joseph, a non-conformist
minister, who wrote the celebrated
" Alarm to Unconverted Sinners,"
which has been so frequently repub-
lished. B. at Devizes, 1623 ; d. 1688.
ALLEN, Ethan, one of the most dis-
tinguished of the generals of the Amer-
ican revolution. He was born at Salis-
bury, Connecticut, and educated in
Vermont. He early took a part with
the " Green Mountain Boys," against
the royal authorities. In 1775, soo;:
all]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
SI
after the battle of Lexington, at the re-
quest of the legislature of Connecticut,
he raised a body of 230 men, and as-
saulted and took the fortress of Ticon-
deroga. As he approached De La Place,
the commander, he demanded its sur-
render "in the name of Jehovah and
the continental congress." The same
year, he was taken prisoner in an at-
tempt to reduce Montreal. He was
sent to England and, after being cruelly
maltreated on the voyage, was confined
in Pendennis castle, near Falmouth.
He was next returned to Halifax and
then imprisoned five months in New
York. In 1778 he was exchanged for
Col. Campbell and returned to Ver-
mont, where he was welcomed with
great joy. Allen was a man of strong
mind, earnest and eccentric character,
devoted patriotism, and audacious bra-
verv. He published, besides a narrative
of his captivity, a " Vindication of the
Colonies," and a work on theology.
B. 1748; d. 1789.— Ira, a brother. of
Ethan, was the first secretaiy of Ver-
mont. He took an active part in the
war on the lakes in 1775, was a com-
missioner to congress, became agent of
the state, in Europe, for the purchase
of arms, was captured and imprisoned
in England, and afterwards in France ;
but after tedious litigation was released.
B. 1752 ; d. 1814:.-^There were seven
brothers of this family, all more or less
distinguished in the colonial annals. —
John, a chancellor of Ireland, who was
basely assassinated by the earl of KU.-
dare in 1534.— John, first minister of
Dedham, Massachusetts. B. 1590. —
Thomas, an eminent scholar and mathe-
matician of Elizabeth's time. B. 1642 ;
d. 1632. — Thomas, an antiquarian and
historical writer, who compiled the
" History and Antiquities of London,"
etc. B. 1803 ; d. 1833.— Matthew, one
of the first settlers of Connecticut, in
1692. — William, chief-justice of Penn-
sylvania, an early ffiend to Benjamin
West, and an acquaintance of Frank-
lin. D. 1780. — Solomon, a major in
the revolutionary war, who, after the
seizure of Andre, conducted him to
West Point. He was also concerned in
quelling Shay's insurrection, and after-
wards became a successful preacher. —
James, an eccentric poet of Boston. B.
1739; d. 1808. — William Henry, a
naval officer of the U. S. who was en-
gaged during the war of 1812, and was
killed in an action between the Argus
and the Pelican in the British Channel.
B. 1784; d. 1813.— Paul, a poet and
legislator of Ehode Island, who wrote
for the Port Folio and United States
Gazette. B. 1775; d. 1826.
ALLEESTAIN, a German Jesuit and
astronomer, who died as a missionary
in China, in 1778.
ALLERTON, Isaac, one of the first
settlers of Plymouth, who came over iu
the Mavflower.
ALL'ESTEY, Eichakd, an English
divine. B. 1619 ; d. 1680.
ALLEY, bishop of Exeter tinder
Elizabeth. D. 1570.
ALLEYN, Edward, an English actor
in the reigns of Elizabeth and James L,
but principally known as the founder
of Dulwich college, was born at St. Bo-
tolph, London, Sept. 1, 1566. He was
one of the original actors in Shak-
speare's plays, and his popularity pro-
cured him not only friends, but opu-
lence. He built at his own expense the
Fortune playhouse, Moorfields, and still
added to his income by being keeper of
the king's wild beasts, with a salary of
£500 per annum. His erection of Dul-
wich college is attributed to a supersti-
tious cause. Whilst with six others he
was acting the part of a demon in one
of Shakspeare's plays, he is said to
have been terrified by the real appear-
ance of the devU, and the power or the
imagination was so great that he made
a solemn vow to build the college,
which, in 1614, was begun under the
direction of Inigo Jones, and in three
years finished at the expense of £10,000.
This noble edifice, destined to atford an
asylum to indigence and infirmity, was
solemnly appropriated on the 13th Sept.
1619, to the humane purposes of tne
founder, who appointed himself its first
master. The original endowment was
£800 per annum, for the maintenance
of one master, one warden, always to
be unmarried and of the name of Alleyn,
four fellows, three of whom are in or-
ders, and the fourth an organist, besides
six poor men, and six women, and
twelve boys to be educated till the age
of fourteen or sixteen, and then to be
apprenticed. D. 1626,
ALLIONI, Charles, a celebrated phy-
sician, writer, and professor of botany in
the university of Turin. B. 1725 ; d.
1804.
ALLIX, Peter, a learned divine, b.
at AlenQon, in France, 1644, minister
of the Eeformed Church at Eouen and
Charenton, who went to England, was
created D.D. at Oxford, and made treas-
urer of the church at Salisbury. D. in
London, 1717.
CrCLOP-fiDIA OF BIOGRAPHlY.
[alm
ALLOISI, Balihazab, a Bolognese
Historical and portrait painter, wlio ob-
tained the name of Galanino. D. 1688.
ALLOEI, Alexander, a Florentine
painter, who excelled in naked figures.
I). 1607. — Christophano, the son of the
above, was also an eminent painter.
D. 1619.
ALLSTON, Washington, the greatest
historical painter that America has pro-
duced, was a native of Charleston, S. C,
but at the age of 7 was sent, by the ad-
vice of physicians, to Newport,"K. I. He
early discovered a taste for imitative art,
a taste which was fostered by his ac-
quaintance with Malbone, who became
a distinguished miniature painter. In
1796 he entered Harvard College, where
he was noted for the elegance of his
compositions; but his leisure hours
were chiefly d.evoted to the pencil. An
old rich-toned Italian landscape, some
Pictures by Pine, and a copy of Van-
yke's head of Cardinal Bentivoglio,
were his models. He went to London
in 1801, and entered as a student in the
Koyal Academy. He there made the ac-
quaintance of West and Fuseli, and ex-
hibited some of his pictures at Somerset
House in 1802. He next visited France,
and afterwards Italy. He pursued the
study of art at Kome for four years,
where he distinguished himself by his
coloring, which acj^uired for him the
name of the American Titian, and also
entered into relations of intimate friend-
ship with Thorwaldsen, Coleridge, and
other men of note. In 1809 he visited
America, and married the sister of Dr.
Channing. In 1811 he resumed his resi-
dence in London, where his first histor-
ical picture, the " Dead Man Revived,"
obtamed for him the first prize of the
British Institution. A small volume of
poems, called the " Sylph of the Season,
and other poems," was published bv
him in 1813. His wife died in 1815, anci
three years after he came home, bring-
ing with him the " Elijah in the Wil-
derness," having disposed of several
large and fine pictiires before he quitted
England, such as Uriel in the Sun,
Jacob's Dream, and St. Peter hberated
by the Angel. The Elijah was after-
wards purchased and taken .back to
Enjgland. During the next 12 years,
while he resided in Boston, he painted
several of his finest works, among others
his Jeremiah, Saul and the Witch of
Endor, Miriam, singing the song of tri-
umph, Dante's Beatrice, and the Valen-
tine. In 1830 he was married a second
dme to the daughter of the late Chief
Justice Dana, of Cambridge, where he
then took up his residence, and began
the largest and most ambitious of liis
pictures, the Feast of Belshazzar. This
work, owing to various hindrances, was
never finished, but what was done of it
will remain for ever a monument of his
surpassing genius and skill. In 1836
Mr. AUston was asked by congress to
fill two of the four vacant panels in the
Eotunda at Washington, but he declined
the request, in order that he might de-
vote his undivided energies to the com-
pletion of his Belshazzar. His friends,
m 1839, made a collection of more than
fifty of his pictures, which were publicly
exhibited in Boston, and gave to all who
saw them the rarest delight. Never be-
fore, we venture to say, on the continent
of America, had there been such an ex-
hibition. Two years afterwards Mr.
Allston published a highly successful
tale, called Monaldi, and thus, amidst
days passed in the exercise of his beau-
tiful art, and evenings of refined social
enjoyment, he enjoyed a happy old age,
rich in the possession of the highest
genius, and in the attachment of the
most accomplished friends. His char-
acter was without reproach, his feelings
tender, his conduct dignified, and his
attachments, as well as his opinions, pro-
found and sincere. He d. suddenly, on
9th of July, 1843.
ALLY, "Vizier, ex-nabob of Oude, was
the adopted son of the former nabob of
Oude, Yusuf ab Dowlah, who declared
him successor. The English govern-
ment, however, deposed him in iavor of
the brother of Yusuf, but settled on him
a pension of £25,000. While eng£^ed
with the agents of the East India Com-
pany, who had been sent to meet him at
Benares for the purpose of making ar-
rangements for his future residence, he
gave a signal, on which his armed fol-
lowers rushed in and treacherously mur-
dered the Company's officers. For a
time he made his et?cape, but surrender-
ed on condition that iiis life should be
spared. D. in prison, 1817, aged onlv 36.
ALMAGRO, Diego d', a Spaniard of
low origin, who accompanied Pizarro in
the expedition against Peru, in which
his valor, profligacy, and cruelty were
equally displayed. In 1525 he took
Cuzco, the capital of Chili, by storm, and
put Atahualpa, the last of the Incas, to a
most horrid death ; but quarrelling with
the brothers of Pizarro about the divi-
sion of their spoil, a schism ensued, and
Almagro was eventually taken prisoner
and strangled, 1538.
ALP
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
33
ALMAMON, or ABDALLAH, a ca-
liph of Bagdad, son of Haronn al Eas-
chid, who founded the academy of
Bagdad, and was a patron of science.
D. '833.
ALMANASOK, Jacob, a caliph of
the Saracens in Africa, who, after con-
quering a large territory, became a ba-
ker at Alexandria, where he died, 1205.
ALMANZOR, surnamed the Victo-
rious, the second caliph of the house of
Abas, succeeded to the throne in 753.
ALMAKUS, abbot of the monastery
of St. Austin, Canterbury, made bishop
of Sherborne, 102^.
ALMEIDA, Fkancisco, a Portuguese,
appointed, in 1 505, the first viceroy of
India. Aftor a perilous xojage, he
crossed the Cape of Good Hope, and
proceeded along- the coast of Africa,
spreading terror and desolation, but
was killed on his return in a quarrel
with the natives at the Cape, in 1509. —
Lorenzo, son of Francisco, was also an
enterprising commander and navigator,
hj whom Ceylon was made tributary to
Portugal. lie lost his life in an engage-
ment with the Eg}^)tian fleet in the bay
of Cambaya.
ALMELOVEEN, Theodore Jansen
Van, a most learned physician, born near
Utrecht, professor of history, the Greek
language, and medicine, at Harderwick.
D. 1742.
ALMINAEA, Marquis, Spanish en-
voy to France from Charles iV. ; diplo-
matist, and the author of an able " Ke-
ply to Cevallos," respecting the former's
abdication, and of "A History of the
Inquisition."
ALMON, John, a political writer and
fiublisher, and the friend of Wilkes.
n 1774 he commenced the Parliament-
ary Register ; he was also the author of
a '' Life of Lord Chatham," and various
biographical, political, and literary anec-
dotes. B. 1738 ; d. 1805.
ALOADDIN, commonly called the
Old Man of the Mountains. He was the
sheik of a Syrian tribe professing the
Mahometan religion, called the Arsa-
cides. He lived in a castle between
Damascus and Antioch, and was sur-
rounded by a number of intrepid
youths, whom he intoxicated with
Eleasures, and rendered subservient to
is views, by promising still greater
voluptuousness in the next world. As
these were too successfully employed
to stab his enemies, he was dreaded by
the neighboring princes. From the
name and character of his followers the
word assassin is derived.
ALOMPRA, the founder of the Bar-
man empire, a man of obscure birth,
but who established a new dynasty
about the middle of the 18th century.
ALONZO DE VI ADO, a Spanish
liberal and writer. B. 1775.
ALPAGO, Andrew, an Italian phy-
sician, who visited the East, and some
time resided at Damascus. On his re-
turn he was made professor of medicine
at Venice, where he translated Avicen-
na, Averroes, and Serapion, and en-
riched the work with notes, some of
which now remain in manuscript. D.
1555.
ALPHANUS, Benedict, archbishop
of Palermo, better known as a physician
and a poet. He was the author of tlie
lives of some saints in verse. D. 1086.
ALPHERY, Mekepper or Nicepho-
Rus, a native of Russia, descended from
the imperial family. During the civil
dissensions of his country he removed
to England and studied at Oxford.
In 1618 he succeeded to the living
of Wooley, in Huntingdonshire, and
though he was twice invited to return
to Russia with the certainty of being
placed on the throne, he preferred the
character of a parish priest in England
to the splendor of the purple. He was
ejected from his living during the civil
wars, and ill treated by the republican
soldiers, though his Presbyterian suc-
cessor behaved towards him with hu-
manity. He saw the restoration, and
was replaced in his living, but retired
to Hammersmith, where his son had
settled, and there died, aged about 80.
The last descendant of this family mar-
ried a Johnson, a cutler, at Huntingdon,
by whom she had eight children. She
was living in 1764.
ALPHONSO I., or ALONZO EN-
RIQUEZ, first king of Portugal, son of
Henry of Burgundy, count of Portugal.
He fought successfully against the
Moors, and raised his country to a pow-
erful monarchy. D. 1185. — III., the
Great, king of the Asturias, b. 847, suc-
ceeded his father Ordogeno, 865, and d.
at Zamora, 912. .He conquered many
f)laces from the Moors, was a patron of
earned men, and distinguished himself
for piety and justice.— IV., surnamed
the Brave, son of king Denis, whom
he succeeded, 1324, was an able and
impartial sovereign, and d. 1357. — V.j
surnamed the Magnanimous, king of
Arragon, b. 1384, succeeded his father,
Ferdinand the Just, 1416, and d. at
Naples, 1458, leaving his Neapolitan do-
minions to his natural son Ferdinand.
34
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[alt
and those of Spain, Sardinia, and Sicily
to his brother Juan, king of Navarre.
This monarch was accounted tlie most
accomplished prince of iiis time ; he gave
shelter to the Greek literati expelled
from Constantinople, and was in other
respects a great patron of learning. — X.,
called the wise, king of Leon and Cas-
tUe, succeeded his father, Ferdinand
III., 1251, and d. 1284, aged 81. As a
ruler, Alphonso was misguided and un-
fortunate ; but as a patron and an en-
courager of the sciences, he obtained
much reputation. He completed a code
of laws, oegan by his father, still known
under the title of " Las Partidas," and
preceded the other nations of Europe in
substituting the vernacular tongue for
the Latin in law proceedings. His fa-
vorite pursuit, however, was astronomy,
and he employed the most famous as-
tronomers to draw up the celebrated
tables called after him the Alphonsine
Tables, which were first published at
Venice, 1483.
ALPHONSUS, Tastadus, bishop of
Avila, a voluminous Spanish writer,
who nourished during the 15th century.
ALPINI, Prospero, a Venetian phy-
sician. B. 1553, and d. 1617. He was the
greatest botanist of his day, the first who
explained the impregnation and genera-
tion of plants by the sexual system, and
the author of many valuable works on
his favorite pursuit.
ALSOP, Anthony, an eminent En-
glish divine and scholar, who d. 1726.
His principal work was a selection from
.^sop, entitled " Fabularum ^sopica-
rum Delectus," published in 1698. —
Vincent, a nonconformist divine of the
17th century, b. in Northamptonshire.
D. 1703. — Richard, a native of Middle-
town, in Connecticut ; a miscellaneous
writer, and the translator of various
works from the French and Italian ;
among which was the " Natural and
Civil Historv of Chili," from the Italian
of Molina. B. 1759 ; d. 1815.
ALSTEDIUS, John Henry, a Ger-
•nau philosopher and Protestant divine.
B. 1588 : d. 1638.
ALSIO^ ,Charles, an eminent Scotch
physician and botanist ; author of " Tiro-
cinium Botanicum Edinburgense," &c. ;
and public lecturer at Edinburgh. B.
1683; d. 1760.— Joseph, governor of
South Carolina, after having been for
several years a distinguished member
of the legislature of that state, was elect-
ed chief magistrate in 1812. He married
the daughter of Aaron Burr, and in con-
sequence of that connection was unjust-
ly suspected of being .oncerned in the
reputed treasonable enterprises of that
individual. Mrs. Alston was lost on her
passage from Charleston to New York
in 1812. B. 1778; d. 1816.— William,
a volunteer of the revolutionary war,
who served as captain under Marion.
He was for several years member of the
senate of South CaroUna. B. 1756 ; d.
1839.
ALSTROEMER, Jonas, a distinguish-
ed Swede, b. of poor parents at Alin<?as,
West Gothland, in 1685. After strug-
gling with poverty for a long time, he
visited London, and paying particular
attention to the commercial and manu-
facturing sources of British prosperity,
he returned to Sweden in 1723, resolv-
ing to carry the plans he had formed
into execution. Having obtained a li-
• cense to establish manufactures in the
town in which he was born, it soon be-
came the seat of industry and activity,
which afforded an example to the whole
kingdom. He established a sugar-house
at Gottenburgh, and traded to the Indies
and the Levant ; improved rural econo-
my ; cultivated plants proper for dyeing ;
and improved the wool trade, by import-
ing sheep from Spain and England, and
the goat from Aneora. For these im-
portant benefits, Al?>troeraer received a
patent of nobility, was made Knight of
the Polar Star, and honored with the
title of Chancellor of Commerce; the
Academy of Sciences chose him a mem-
ber, and the national states decreed hin.'
a statue to be erected to his memorv on
the Exchansre of Stockholm. D. 1761.
ALTAEMPS, Mark, a nephew of
Pope Pius IV., memorable as one of the
cardinals in the council of Trent.
ALTER, Francis Charles, a German
Jesuit and laborious critic ; Greek teach-
er in the school of St. Anne at Vienna.
D. 1804.
ALTHAMERUS, a divine of Nurem-
berg ; author of various theological
works, and a principal promoter of the
Reformation in Berne, Switzerland. D.
1450.
ALTHUSEN, or ALTHUSIUS, John,
a German civilian, was b. about the
middle of the 16th century, andd. in the
17th. He was professor of law at Her-
born, and syndic of Bremen. In 1603
he published his "Politic! Methodice
Digesta," m which he boldly taucrht that
kings are nothing more tlinn magis-
trates, that to the people belongs the
sovereignty, and that, as a natural con-
sequence, they may cb-vn're an 1 even
DunisJj their rulers. Altbuseu was the
ALV]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
35
author of several other works, the prin-
cipal of whiiih is a Latin Treatise on
Roman Jurisprudence.
ALTICOZZI, LoRENEO, a Jesuit au-
thor and polemic, who wrote the "Sum
of St. Augustine," B. at Cortona, 1689 ;
d. 1777.
ALTILIO, Gabriel, a Neapolitan ;
author of some Latin poems of great
beauty. D. 1501.
ALTING, Henry, an eminent Ger-
man divine, distinguished himself at the
synod of Dort, as deputy from the Pal-
atinate, and did much in advancement
of the Protestant interest in Germany.
B. 1583; d. 1644.— James, son of the
above, was educated at Groningen, and
went to England, where he was ordain-
ed a priest of the church by the Bishop
of Worcester. In 1643 he was chosen
Hebrew professor at Groningen, and
afterwards professor of divinity. B.
1618 ; d. 1679. — Mensox, a burgomaster
of Groningerij author of the best descrip-
tion of the Low Countries now extant.
D. 1713.
ALTISSIMO, the poetical surname of
an Italian poet named Christopher. His
surname and a poetic crown were given
to him on account of his great popular-
ity as an improvisatore.
ALTMAN, John George, a Swiss
historian and divine, curate of Inns in
the same canton, and professor of moral
philosophy and Greek at Berne. B. 1697 ;
d. 1758.
ALTORF, Albert, a Bavarian painter,
architect, and engraver. He raised 'him-
self by his merits to the rank of senator
of Ratisbon, which city he adorned with
many handsome edifices. B. 1488 : d.
1578.
ALTON, Richard, count d', an Aus-
trian general, who had the command of
the Low Countries in 1787. Though
a strict disciplinarian and a man of
bravery, he betraj^ed weakness during
the insurrections in Brabant, 1789, for
which he was sent for to Vienna, to clear
his character. He d. on the journey. —
His brother distinguished himself against
the Turks, and also against the French
at the siege of Valenciennes. He was
killed near Bunkirk, 1793, much regret-
ted as a good soldier and an amiable
man.
ALURED, an ancient English his-
torian, who flourished in the beginning
of the 12th century. His anrials are
very valuable, and comprise the history
of the Britons, Saxons, and Normans,
down to his own time, 1129.
ALVA, Ferdinand Alvarez, duke of,
the desceivdant of an illustrious family
in Spain, was a famous general under
the emperors Charles V. and Philip II.
He made his first campaign at the battle
of Pa via. At the siege of Metz he per-
formed prodigies of valor ; and in the
war with the pope he was completely
successful ; but he was as cruel as he
was brave. In 1567, Philip sent him to
reduce the Low Countries, then in a
state of revolt. Here he landed with
10,000 men, and immediately comn.enced
a series of cruelties almost unparalleled
in the annals of history, annihilating
every remaining privilege of the people.
He was subsequently employed against
Don Antonio, who had assumed the
crown of Portugal, and drove him from
that kingdom, the whole of which he
reduced to Philip's authority. B. 1515 ;
d. 1589.
ALVARADO, Don Pedro, one of the
rapacious conquerors of Spanish Amer-
ica, who accompanied Cortes to America.
He was appointed to the government of
Guatimala, and was slain in 1541. — Al-
PHONSO d', a Spanish adventurer, who
accompanied Pizarro in his expedition to
Peru ; and who was eaually distinguish-
ed for his bravery and his cruelty. D.
1553.
ALVAREZ, Emanuel, a distinguished
Portuguese grammarian. B. at Madeira,
1526 ; d. at the college of Evora, of
which he was rector, 1582. — Francis, a
Portuguese divine, b. at Coimbra, to-
wards the end of the 15th century, and
d. 1540, leaving behind hi::n in Portu-
guese an account of his embassy to
David, king of Abyssinia, and a de-
scription of Ethiopian manners and cus-
toms, which is deemed the first accurate
account of Abyssinia. — Gomez, a Spanish
poet. The chief of his works, which
were written in Latin, is a poem on the
Order of the Golden Fleece. B. 1488 ;
d. 1538. — Don Jose, one of the most
eminent sculptors of the 19th century,
was b. near Cordova in Spain, 1768.
Patronized by Charles IV., he proceeded
to Paris in 1799, with a view of pros-
ecuting hie studies ; and he soon gained
himself a name in the French metropo-
lis. Napoleon presented him with a
gold medal ; but the great ca^^tain's sub-
sequent conduct towards Spain inspired
the artist with such aversion for him,
that he would never model his bust. He
was afterwards imprisoned for refusing
to take the oath of allegiance to Joseph
Bonaparte, when proclaimed king of
Spain. Manv of his best works aro at
Madrid. D."'l827.
36
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
I^AMA
ALVAROTTO, James, a lawyer of
Padua, distinguished for his attain-
ments both in the civil and canon law ;
autiior of " Commcntaria in Libros Feu-
dorum." B. 1474 ; d. lo42.
ALVENSLEBEN, Philip Charles,
count of, son of a counsellor of war at
Hanover, was a distinguished diplo-
matist, and in 1791 was placed at the
head of the department for foreign af-
fairs at Hanover, in which he gave gen-
eral satisfaction. The count wrote a
"History of the War from the Peace of
Munster to that of Hubertsbourg." B.
1745 ; d. 1802.
ALVIANO, Bartholomew, an emi-
nent Venetian general, whose exertions
against the Emperor Maximilian, in
1508, caused the republic to decree him
triumphal honors. In the siege of Pa-
dua by the emperor, and at the battles
of La Motte and Alariguano, Alviano
displayed the most heroic qualities.
His death was occasioned by excessive
fatigue while laying siege to Brescia.
B. 145?; d. 1515.
ALXINGEK, John Baptist d', a
German poet, born at Vienna, in 1755,
of a rich family, early acquired a
thorough knowledge o^ the classics.
Though he became a doctor of laws,
and held the title of court advocate, he
availed himself of his legal station only
to make up disputes, or plead for the
poor. Poetry was his favorite pursuit.
Besides minor pieces, he wrote " Doolin
of Mentz," and " Bliomberis," two
chivalresque epics, in Wieland's style.
Alxinger was lioeral, and firmly attached
to his'friends. D. 1797.
ALYPIUS, an architect of Antioch,
employed by Julian in his atteinpt to
rebuild the temple of Jerusalem. He
was subsequently banished, on a charge
of practising the black art, and died in
exile. Alypius vncote a "Geographical
Description of the World," published
in 1628 at Geneva. — ^Bishop of Tagasta,
Africa, the friend of St. Augustine^ with
whom he was baptized at Milan, in 388.
He opposed the Donatists and Pelagians
with great zeal ; and died in 430.
AMADEDDULAT, first sultan of the
Buiyan dynasty, was the son of a fisher-
man of Dilem, on the Caspian Sea. He
rose to distinction in the armies of
Makan, sultan of Dilem, and subse-
quently gained possession of Persia
Proper, Persian Irak, and Kerman, of
which he assumed the sovereignty, and
fixed the seat of his government at Shi-
raz, in 933. He died, 949, and left his
crowTi to his nephew, Adadeddulat.
AMADEUS v., count of Savoy, euc-
eeeded to the sovereignty of that state,
1285, and died at Avignon, 1323. Al-
though a prince of sucii small domin-
ions, he acquired the surname of Great,
from his wisdom and success. — VIII.,
count of Savoy, elected 1391. He was
one of the most singular men of his
time, and acquired the name of Pacific.
— IX., count of Savoy, who married
Jolande of France, and distinguished
himself by his good deeds, so that his
subjects called him the Blessed. D.
1472.
AMAIA, Francis, a Spanish lawyer
of much reputation, ana professor of
legal science at Salamanca. D. 1640.
AMAK, or ABULNAGIE AL BOK-
HAEI, a Persian poet of the 5th cen-
tury, entertained at the court of sultan
Khedar Khan, who instituted an acad-
emy of poets, of which he made Amak
president. His chief poem is the " His-
tory of the Loves of Joseph and Zo-
leiskah."
AMALARIUS, Fortunatus, arch-
bishop of Treves in 810. He established
Christianity in Saxony, consecrated a
church at Hamburgh, and was sent am-
bassa^dor in 813 to Constantinople by
Oharlemacrne. D. 814.
AMALTIIEUS, Attilius, archbishop
of Athens. D. 1600. — Jerome, an Italian
physician and poet of some repute. B.
1507 ; d. 1574. — John Baptist, brother
of the above, was born, 1525 ; attended
the Venetian ambassador to England,
and, oh his return, was made secretary
to Pope Pius IV. His Latin poems
were printed, 1550; and he died, 1573.
— Cornelius, another brother of the
above, was also eminent in physic and
poetry.
AMAND, Mark Anthony Gerard,
Sieur de St., a French poet. B. at
Rouen, 1594; d. 1661. He was one
of the first members of the French
academy.
AMAR DURIVIER, J. A., author of
a great variety of literary works, trans-
lations from Gay, Terence, Lucan, &c.
B. 1765.
AMARA-SINGHA, a Hindoo author
of great antiquity, who compiled a dic-
tionary of the Sanscrit language, part of
which was published at Rome, 1798.
AMARETTI, Abb(S C, a Milanese
mineralogist, born in 1743; author of
"Viaggio di Trilaghi," "Memoirs of
Leonardo di Vinci,"*' &c., &c. He was
a knight of Napoleon's order of the
Iron Crown.
AMASEO, Romulus, an eminent
a.mb]
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
37
teacher of the belles lettres at Padua.
His celebrity caused him to be invited
to Rome bj^ Paul III., by whom he was
employed in various embassies ; and by
Julius III. he was appointed secretary
of the briefs. He translated Pausanias
and the Cyrus of Xenophon into Latin ;
and published a volume of his own
Latin speeches. B. 1489 : d. 1552.
AMATI, a celebrated violin maker of
Cremona, about the year 1600.
AMATUS, a Portuguese Jew, born
1511, at Castel Bianco. He studied
medicine with success at the university
of Salamanca, and afterwards gave lec-
tures on the science at Ferrara, Ancona,
and other places.
AMAUEI, DE Chaktres, a French
visionary of the 13th century, who
maintained the eternity of matter, and
that religion had three epochs, agree-
able to tiie three persons of the Trinity.
His opinions were condemned by the
council of Paris, 1209, and some of his
followers burnt. To avoid a similar
fate, he renounced his errors, but died
of vexation.
AMBERGER, Christopher, a painter
of Nuremberg, in the 16th centuiy, was
a, disciple of Hans Holbein. He was
likewise a good engraver on wood. D.
1550.
AMBOISE, Francis, a French writer,
educated in the college of Navarre, and
afterwards an advocate in the parlia-
ment of Paris, and counsellor of state.
He published several poetical pieces in
French and Latin, but is chiefly known
as the collector and editor of the works
of the celebrated Abelard. D. 1612.—
George d', a French cardinal and min-
ister of state, born of a noble family,
1460. He became successively bishop
of Montauban, archbishop of Narbonne,
and lastly of Rouen. Louis XII. made
him prime minister, and he soon ac-
quired great popularity by taking off
the taxes which had been usually levied
on the people at the accession of every
new monarch. The king, by his acl-
vice, undertook the conquest of the
Milanese, which succeeded. Soon after
this, he was appointed the pope's legate
in France, witn the dignity of cardinal,
and in that capacity effected a great re-
form among the religious orders. He
d. 1510. — Amery d', a famous French
admiral, and brother of the above, who
gained a splendid victory over the sul-
tan of Egypt, in 1510, — Michael d', a
natural son of Amboise, admiral of
France, born at Naples. He was the
author of numerous poems in the
French language, which he published
under the name of the Signior de Cha-
villon. D. 1547.
AMBROGI, Antoine, a Roman Jesuit
and poet. He translated Virgil and
some of the works of Voltaire into Ital-
ian. B. 1712 ; d. 1788.
AMBROGIO, Tesco, one of the most
celebrated among the early Italian ori-
entalists. B. at Pavia, 1469 ; d. 1540.
AMBROSE, St., bishop of Milan, was
born, 340, at Aries, m Gallia Narbon-
ensis, of which province his father was
lieutenant. While yet a youth, he
pleaded causes with so much eloquence,
that Probus, prefect of Jtaly, chose him
one of his council, and "afterwards nom-
inated him governor of Milan, which
office he held 5 years. In 374, Auxen-
tius, bishop of Milan, died; and so
fierce was the contest in the election of
a successor to the vacant see, that the
governor was called upon to quell the
tumult. This he attempted by per-
suasion in the great church ; and at the
conclusion of his address, a voice in the
crowd exclaimed, " Ambrose is bishop."
This circumstance was considered as of
divine direction, and Ambrose was de-
clared to be the object not only of the
popular choice, but of divine selection.
His first efforts were directed to the ex-
termination of Arianism, which was
then making great progress. He also
successfully resisted the Pagans, who
were attempting to restore their ancient
worship. When Maximinus invaded
Italy, and actually entered Milan, Am-
brose remained at his post, to assuage
the calamities produced by the invading
army. When, in conseauence of a tu-
mult at Thessalonica, Theodosius sent
an order for a general massacre, Am-
brose repaired to the emperor, remon-
strated with him on his barbarity, and
prevailed on him to promise that the
command should be revoked. The
mandate was, however, carried into ex-
ecution, and 7000 persons were slaugh-
tered in cold blood. Shortly afterwards,
when Theodosius, in the anguish of
self-reproach, was about to enter the
great church of Milan, Ambrose met
him at the porch and sternly forbade
him to appear in the holy place. The
emperor pleaded the example of David :
— "You have imitated David in his
crime, imitate him in his repentance,"
was the reply; and Theodosius was
compelled, not only to perform a pen-
ance, but to sign an edict, which oi-
dained that an interval of thirty days
should pass before any sentence of
38
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
death or of coafiscation should be ex-
ecuted. I), at Milan, in 397.
AMBROSINI. Ambrozio, a Ferrarese ;
author of several oratorios, canzoni, and
sonnets. D. 1700. — Giulio, a Mantuan.
autlior of a work on " Deinonology.''
B. 1580.
AMEILIION, Hubert Pascal, a
learned Frenchman, author of "His-
toire du Bas Empire," of a celebrated
work on the "Commerce of the Egyp-
tians," and of "Eesearches into the
Mechanical Arts of the Ancients." B.
1730; d. 1811.
AMELIA, Anne, princess of Prussia,
sister of Frederic the Great. She was
distinguished by her taste for the arts,
and set to music "The Death of the
Messiah," by EanUer. B. 1723 ; d. 1787.
— Duchess dowager of Saxe Weimar,
duchess of Brunswick and Luneburg,
who liberally patronized men of learn-
ing and genius, among whom were
Wieland, Goethe, Schiller, and Herder.
B. 1739; d. 1807.— Youngest child of
George HI. and Queen Charlotte; a
princess who in mind and manners was
amiable and accomplished. B. 1783;
d. 1810.
AMELOT, Nicolas, a French minister
of state in 1788, who was accused of per-
secuting one Latude, as the agent ot M.
Pompadour, during the ancient regime.
For some offence to the republicans, he
was imprisoned in the Luxemburg,
where his life was saved and prolonged
by a young female, who avowed a pas-
sion for him ; but at length he died in
the prison. His victim, Latude, on
escaping from the Bastile, broucjht an
action of damages, and recovered from
Amelot's heirs.
AMELOT DE LA HOUSSAYE,
Nicholas, a French historian of the 17th
century. He resided for some time at
Venice, as secretary to the French em-
bassy, and wrote a history of its gov-
ernment. He also translated "The
Prince," by Machiavel, and other Italian
works into French. D. 1706.
AMELUNGHI, Jerome, a Pisan
goet, preceding Tasso in the mock-
eroic style; author of "La Gigantea
del Foral^osco," in 1547.
AMENTA, N., an admired Neapolitan
poet. B. 1659.
AMEKBACH, John, a printer of
Basil, in the 15th century ; the first who
used the Roman type instead of Gothic
and Italian. D. 1515. — Boniface, son
of the above, syndic of Basil ; and inti-
mate friend of Erasmus. D. 1562. —
^''iTJks, a learned professor at Wittem-
bur^, in the 16th century; editor of the
orations of Isocrates and Demosthenes ;
and translator of selections from Epi-
phanius and Chrysostom.
AMERICUS VESPUCIUS, or, more
properly, Amerigo Vespucci, an eminent
navigator, v.as born at Florence, in 1451,
After receiving a liberal education, he
was sent by his father to Spain for the
purpose of conducting his commercial
affairs ; and, being at Seville when Co-
lumbus was making preparations for his
second voyage, he resolved to quit mer-
cantile pursuits, and enter on the career
of discovery. His fii-st expedition to
the new continent was in 1499, under
the command of Ojeda, a year after the
discovery and examination of that part
of the coast by Columbus. After this
he entered the service of King Emman-
uel of Portugal, and made two voyages
in Portuguese ships : the first in i5bl ;
the second in 1503. Tlie object of this
last voyage was to find a westerly pas-^
sage to Malacca. He arrived at Brazil,*
and discovered the Bay of All Saints.
In 1505 he again entered the service of
the king of Spain, but made no more
voyages, as appears from memoranda,
showing that he was at Seville till 1508, '
at which time he was appointed prin-
cipal pilot. His duties were to prepare
charts, and prescribe routes for vessels
in their voyages to the new world,
which took his name, though the honor
clearly belonged to Columbus, whose
priority of discovery is not to be ques-
tioned. D. 1516.
AMES, William, a native of Norfolk,
who, after being educated at Christ's col-
lege, Cambridge, left his country, where
his Calvinistical tenets were becoming
unpopular, and settled as professor in
the university of Franeker, m Holland.
Here he enjoyed fame and independ-
ence ; but as the air of the place was too
sharp for his asthmatic constitntion, he
removed to Rotterdam, with the inten-
tion of passing into New England. He,
however, d. At Rotterdam, 1663, aged 57.
He was a learned divine, and his wri-
tings were voluminous, his principal ij
work being " Medulla Theologica." — Jo-"-
SEPH, a ship-chandler of Wapping, who.
in an advanced period of lite, studied
antiq[uities, and rose by his genius and
application to consequence, and to the
secretaryship of the Society of Antiqua-
ries. He published an account of the
earliest printers, with a register of the
books which they printed, in quarto,
1749, besides the "list of English heada ^
engraved in mezzotinto, &c., in 8vo,.i.
ami]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHl
39
He also compiled the "Parentalia,"
from Wren's papers. He d. Oct. 7th,
1759, and the tollowing year his curious
collection of fossils, shells, medals, &c.,
W!vs sold by public auction. His
daughter marrieu Captain Dampier, in
the East India sea-service. — Fisher,
LL.D., one of the most eloquent of
American statesmen and writers, was b.
at Dedham, in Massachusetts, April 9,
1758. He was educated at Harvard uni-
versity, where he received his degree in
1774. He studied law in Boston, and
commenced the practice of it in his
native village. But the affairs of the
revolution soon drew his attention to
Eolitics, and he became conspicuous by
is speeches, and by his animated and
beautiful style as an essay writer. He
distinguished himself as a member of the
Massachusetts convention for ratifying
the constitution, in 1788, and from this
body passed to the house of representa-
tives in the state legislature. Soon after
he was elected the representative of the
Suffolk district in the congress of the
United States, where he remained with
the highest honor during the eight yeai's
of Washington's administration. On
the retirement of Washington, Mr. A.
returned to his residence at Dedham,
where he occupied himself with the
management of nis farm and the prac-
tice of the law. The latter he relin-
quished, a few years afterwards, in con-
sequence of his declining health; but
he felt too deep an interest in the wel-
fare of his country to withdraw his
mind and pen from politics. He wrote
much in tne public papers, relating to
the contest between Great Britain and
revolutionary France, as it might affect
the liberty and prosperity of America.
In 1804 he was chosen" president of
Harvard college — an honor which he
declined. He d. July 4th, 1808. His
writings, in the following year, were
published in one volume octavo, pre-
faced by a memoir of his life, from the
pen of the Rev. Dr. Kirkland.
AMHERST, Jeffrey, Lord, an En-
glish general of considerable celebrity,
descended from an ancient family seated
at Sevenoaks, in Kent. He was' b. 1727,
and at the age of fourteen embraced the
military profession. In 1741 he was
aid-de-camp to General Ligonier, at the
battles of Dettingen, Fontenoy, and Ro-
coux, and in 1756 obtained' the colo-
nelcy of the 15th regiment of foot. His
abilities and experience were now called
into action; he was employed, 1758, at
the siege of LouLsbourg, and was made
governor of Virf^inia, and commander-
in-chief of the forces in America ; and,
in this part of the world, the fall of Ni-
agara, Ticonderoga, Quebec, and Mon-
treal, with the submission of all Canada,
marked the progress of his judicious
and successful measures. His great ser-
vices were honorably rewarded by the
court; he was made a knight of the
Bath, in 1771, appointed governor of
Guei-nsey, the next year lieutenant-gen-
eral of the ordnance, and in 1776, created
baron Amherst of Holmsdale. In 1778
he was made commander-in-chief, and
though upon the change of ministry
these offices were withdrawn, he was
again reinstated in 1793, when, two years
after, he resigned the command of the
forces to the duke of York, and was
raised to the rank of field-marshid. D.
1797.
AMHURST, Nicholas, an English
political and miscellaneous writer. B.
at Marden, Kent, 1701, and d. 1742. He
was author of the " Terrse Filius,"'a
satirical work on the university of Ox-
ford ; and published, with the assistance
of Pulteney and Lord Bolingbroke, the
work by which he is most known, en-
titled ""The Craftsman."
AMICO, Antonio, a Sicilian priest,
and canon of the cathedral of Palermo,
distinguished by some considerable
works in history, for which Philip IV.
of Spain made him historiographer
royal. D. 1641. — Vrro Maria, a pro-
fessor of theology in the 18th century ;
principally known by his Sicilian an-
tiquities.
AMICONI, GiACOMo, a Venetian his-
torical and portrait painter, who visited
England in 1729. He afterwards went
to Spain, and was appointed portrait
painter to the king. D. 1752.
AMILCAR, a Carthaginian general,
of great valor, was descended from the
ancient kings of Tyre ; and being early
intrusted with military command, he
distinguished himself in the wars of
Carthage, particularly against the Ro-
mans, towards whom he bore an im-
placable hatred. He was the father of
Hannibal.
AMIOT, Father, one of the most
learned of the French missionaries to
China. B. at Toulon, 1718, and d. at
Pekin, 1794. This zealous Jesuit, who
arrived at Macao in 1750, was invited
to Pekin, in 1751, by the emperor of
China, and remained in that capital 43
years. By continued apphcation he be-
came acquainted with the Chinese and
Tartar languages; and, from time to
40
CYCLOP.'EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[amo
nis labors, which afterwards appeared
in several publications.
AMINTA, T., author of the mock-
heroic poem, " La Nanea," in 1566.
AMMAN, JoHx Co.vKAD, a native of
Schaff liausen. B. 1669 ; d. 1724, in the
Netlierlands. He was chiefly distin-
guished by his success in teaching per-
sons born deaf and dumb to speak. —
JoHX, his son, was a fellow of the Koyal
Society in London, and a member of the
Academy of Sciences at Petersburgh,
where he lectured on botany, and ac-
quired great reputation. D. 1740. —
Paul, was a native of Breslaw, who set-
tled in 1674 at Leipsic, where he gave
lectures on physiology, natural history,
and botany. D. 1691. — Justus, a famous
engraver and painter at Zurich, in the
16th century. He painted with great
brilliancy on glass, but excelled chiefly
in engraving, both on wood and copper.
D. 1591.
AMMANATI, Bartolomeo, a Floren-
tine architect and sculptor in the 16th
century, whose chief performances are
the colossal statue of Neptune at Venice
and the statue of Hercules at Padua.
AMMIANUS, Maroellinus, a Latin
historian of the 4th century, b. at Anti-
och. He wrote the Eoman history from
the reign of Nerva to the death of Valens,
in 31 books, of which only 18 are extant.
T). about 890.
AMMIEATO, Scipio, an esteemed
Neapolitan poet, b. in 1531 ; author of
a " History of Florence," which he wrote
at the instance of the Grand-Duke
Cosmo; of the "Argomenti" to "Or-
lando Furioso;" and of numerous prose
tracts, political and historical. D. 1601.
AMMON, Andreas, a Latin poet, b.
«t Lucca, in Italy, of whose genius Eras-
mus made frequent and honorable men-
tion. He was sent to England in an
official character.
AMMONIUS, a surgeon of Alexandria,
who invented a method of extracting the
stone from the bladder, which procured
him the surname of the Lithotomist. —
Levinus, a monk of Flanders, much
esteemed by Erasmus for his learning
and piety. D. 1556. — Saccas, a philos-
opher of the 3d century, founder of
the neo-platonic sect, who d. about 243.
— Andrew, a learned native of Lucca,
who settled in England. Ho lived some
time in Sir Thomas More's house, and
afterwards in St. Thomas's college ; for
he w as not in circumstances sufficient to
hire or keep a house of his own. There
subsisted a strong friendship and close
correspondence between him and Eras-
mus. The advice which Erasmus gives
him in regard to pushing his fortune,
has a good deal of'humor in it, and was
certainly intended as a satire on the art-
ful methods generally practised bv the
selfish and ambitious part of mankind.
" In the first place (says he) throw off
all sense of shame ; thrust yourself into
every one's business, and elbow out
whomsoever you can ; neither love nor
hate any one ; measure every thing by
your own advantage; let this be the
scope and drift of all your actions. Give
nothing but what is to be returned with
usury, and be complaisant to every body.
Have always two strings to your bow.
Feign that you are solicited "by many
from abroad, and get every thing ready
for your departure. Show letters in-
viting you elsewhere, with great prom-
ises." Fortune, at length, began to
smile upon Amraonius, for he w-as ap-
Eointed secretary to Henry VIII., and
onored by Pope Leo X. with a public
character at the court of that prince;
and in all appearance he would have
soon risen higher, had not death carried
him off when he was but of a middle
age. He d. of the sweating sickness in
1517. Aramonius wrote several Latin
poeticiil pieces.
AMONTONS, William, was b. in
Normandy, 1663. He was in the third
form of the Latin school at Paris, when,
after a dangerous illness, he contracted
such a deafness as obliged him to re-
nounce almost aU conversation with
mankind. In this situation he began to
think of employing himself in tlie in-
vention of machines; he applied, there-
fore, to the study of geometry ; and, it
is said, that he would not trv any reme-
dy to cure his deafness, eitlier because
he thought it incurable, or because it in-
creased his attention. He studied with
great care the nature of barometers and
thermometers; and, in 1687, presented
a new hygroscope to the Royal Academy
of Sciences, which was very much ap-
proved. Amoritons found out a method
to acquaint people at a great distance, in
a very little time, with whatever one
pleaseVl. This method was as follows :
Let there be people placed in several
stations, at such a distance from one
another, that, by the help of a telescope,
a man in one station may see a signal
made by the next before him ; he must
immediately make the same signal, that
it may be seen by persons in tiie station
next after him, who are to eoramunicato
it to those in the following stations, and
amy]
CYCLOPuEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
41
so on. In this probably originated the
modern telegraph. When the Royal
Academy was newly regulated in 1699,
Amontons was admitted a member of it,
and read tliere his " New Theory of"
Friction," in which he happily cleared
up a very important part of mechanics.
D. 1705.
AMORE, S. D., a Sicilian poet, author
of "L'Augusto," and "II Sesostri,"
tragedies. "B. 1644.
AMORETTI, Charles, a mineralogist.
He became one of the keepers of the
Ambrosian library, at Milan, and pub-
lished, in Italian, "A Tour from Milan
to the Three Lakes of Como, Lugano,
and Maior." B. 1740 ; d. 1816.
AMORY, Thomas, D. D., was son of
a grocer at Taunton in Somersetshire,
and distinguished himself as a preacher
among the dissenters. After passing
the greatest part of his life near the place
of his nativity, as public teacher, and as
iastructor of youth, he removed to Lon-
don, where he formed an intimate ac-
quaintance with the most respectable
members of his persuasion. He was a
bold asserter of toleration, and, there-
fore, warmly espoused the cause of those
who solicited the repeal of the test act.
His discourses from the pulpit were ex-
cellent, and his writings, which were
mostly on theological subjects, have
been enumerated by Dr. Kippis, Biogr.
Brit. I. p. 178. !B. 1700; d. 1774.—
Thomas, an eccentric character, son of
counsellor Amory, who went with king
William to Ireland, and acquired con-
siderable property in the county of Clare.
Young Amory was not born in Ireland,
though he resided there, and frequently
accompanied Dean Swift in his walks
and excursions round Dublin. He shun-
ned all company, and only walked abroad
during the night. The most remarkable
of his publications are his " Memoirs on
the lives of several ladies," and his life
of John Buncle, Esq. In this last he is
supposed to give a description of him-
self. He is said, by a person who knew
him, to have had a peculiar look, though
not without the deportment of the gen-
tleman. His application to his studies
was intense, and his walks through the
most crowded streets exhibited him
wrapped in the deepest meditation, and
inattentive to what surrounded him. B.
1692; d. 1789.
AMPERE, Andre Marie, whose name
is imperishably connected with the great
discoveries in electro-magnetism, was b.
at Lyons, 1775. In 1804 he was nomi-
nated professor in the Polytechnic School
4*
of Paris ; and here, in connection with
Oersted, Faraday, and other distinguish-
ed men of science, with whom he was in
constant correspondence, he paved the
way for those brilliant discoveries that
have already issued in the electric tele-
graph, and promise an illimitable exten-
sion of the boundaries of science. D.
1836.
AMSDORF, Nicholas,, a spirited fol-
lovv^er of Luther, and bishop of Nurem-
burg. He d. at Magdeburg, 1541, and
the sect who adhered to his tenets, and
maintained, in opposition to Melancthon,
that good works are not necessary to
salvation, were called Amsdorfians.
AMURATH I., an Ottoman emperor,
who succeeded his father Orchan, and
was known for his cruelties towards his
son, and those who espoused his cause.
He was a great warrior, and obtained 37
Tictories, in the last of which he perish-
ed, 1389, aged 71, by the hand of a sol-
dier. He was the irst who established
the formidable force of the Janizaries.—
II., emperor of the Turks, was son of
Mahomet I., whom he succeeded in 1421.
He was an exceedingly warlike prince,
and among his numerous victories was
that of Varna, in 1444, when the Chris-
tians were defeated, and numbered
among their slain the king of Hungary.
George Castriot, celebrated by the name
of Scanderbeg, at length put a period to
the career of Amu rath, who d. of chagrin
at his reverses, in 1451. — III. succeeded
his father, Selim II., in 1575. On his
accession, he caused his five brothers to
be murdered. D. 1596. — IV. succeeded
his uncle Mustapha in 1622. He recov-
ered Bagdad from the Persians in 1637;
after which he nut 30,000 of his prison-
ers to the sword. D. 1640.
AMYN AHMED, a learned Persian
of the 17th century, who wrote an elab-
orate work, entitled, "The Seven Cli-
mates, or a Geographical Description of
the East."
AMYOT, James, was b. at Milan, 1513,
of an obscure family ; but though of a
dull understanding, he improved him-
self by indefatigable application, and
after studying at Paris, ne acquired in-
dependence and reputation, as tutor to
the children of persons of resp.eetability.
His merit recommended him to Margaret
of Berri, sister to Francis I., and he was
promoted to a public professorship in
the university of Bourges. His time
was here usefully devoted to literature,
and he piiblished translations of the
loves of Theagenes and Chariclea, be-
sides Plutarch's lives and morals. He
42
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[ana
visited Venice and Rome, and on his re-
turn to France he was, at the recom-
mendation of cardinal de Tournon,
intrusted with the care of the king's two
younger sons, and for his meritorious
services was raised to the bishopric of
Auxerre, tlie abbey of Cornelius de
Compiegne, the high office of great al-
moner and curator of the university of
Paris, and commander of the order of
the Holy Ghost. Among his various
works, chiefly translations, the most
celebrated is his version of Plutarch,
which remains unsurpassed in the
French language. B. 1514; d. 1593.
AMYEAULT, MosEs, a French Prot-
estant divine. B. at Bourgii^il in Tou-
raine, 1596. He at first studied the law,
but afterwards entered the church and
was divinity professor at Saumur, and
distinguished himself by his zeid and
activity so much, that he was deputed
by the national council of Charenton to
present an address to the French king,
concerning the inspection of edicts in
favor of the Protestants, without, how-
ever, paying homage upon his knees.
Eichelieu, who was present at this inter-
view, saw and admired the bold char-
acter of Amyrault, and wished to use
his abilities to procure a reconciliation
between the Roman church and the
Protestants, but in vain. His life was
passed in the midst of theological dis-
putes, and his works, which are very
numerous, are chiefly theological. D.
1664.
AMYRUTZES, a i)hilosopher of Treb-
izond, who was carried to Constantino-
ple with David, emperor of Trebizond,
when that city was reduced, 1461. He
renounced the Christian faith for Ma-
hometanism, and assumed the name of
Mahomet Beg. He translated several
books into Arabic, at the desire of Ma-
homet 11., whose favor he enjoved.
AN ACHARSIS, an illustrious Scythi-
an nhilosopher. He travelled to Athens
in tlie time of Solon, with whom he con-
tracted an intimate friendship ; and Solon
not only instructed him, but sought all
opportunities of doing him honor. He
had a quick and lively genius, a strong
and masterly eloquence ; and there was
something so determined and resolute
in his manner, that those who imitated
him were said to speak in the Scythian
Btyle. He was extremely fond of poetry,
and wrote upon certain laws of tlie
Scythians and Greeks. Croesus invited
him to Sardis, and offered him money :
but the philosopher answered, " that he
was come to Greece to learn the laws
and manners of that country ; that he
had no occasion for gold or silver ; and
that it would suffice for him to return to
Scythia a wiser and tnore intelligent man
tiian he came from thence." After stay-
ing long in Greece, he prepared to return
home : and passing through Cyzicum,
he found that city celebrating very,
solemnly the feast of Cybele, and vowecl
to do the same, if he should get home in
safety. Upon his arrival in Scythia, he
attempted to change the ancient customs
of his country, and to establish those of
Greece, which proved extremely dis-
agreeable to the Scythians, and at length
destructive to himself. For entering
one day a thick wood, to perform his
vow to Cybele as secretly as might be,
he was discovered in the midst of the
solemnity, and shot dead with an arrow
by the Icing himself. There are many
beautiful apophthegms of this philoso-
pher preserved by Laertius, Plutarch,
and other writers.
ANACLETUS, or CLETUS, reckoned
by Roman Catholics the third pope, suc-
ceeded Sinus, as bishop of the church
of the Romans, in 79, and held that of-
fice till his death in 92, when he was
enrolled amonsr the saints and martyrs.
ANACREON, a Greek poet, b. at
Teos, a seaport of Ionia, flourished
about the 62d Olympiad. This poet
had a most delicious wit, and love and
wine had the disposal of all his hours.
The manner of his death, which hap-
pened at Abdcra, is said to have been
very extraordinary ; for they tell us, he
was choked with a grape-stone, which
he swallowed as be was regaling on
some new wine. A small part only of
Anacreon's works remains ; and these
consist chiefly of bacchanalian songs and
love sonnets! " The odes of Anacreon
(says Rapin) are flowers, beauties, and
perpetual graces."
ANARIA, G. L., a noble Calabrian
cosmographer. B. 1561 ; author of a
celebratea work on demonology, pub-
lished at Venice, "apud Alduin." D.
1589.
ANASTASTUS T., emperor of the
East. B. at lllyricum, 430, and d. 518.
He was elevated to the throne in 491. —
II., raised to the throne of Constantino-
ple from the condition of secretary, 713,
was a man of learning, and a zealous
Catholic, vet he did not neglect the de-
fence of tlie empire, then threatened by
the Saracens, lie was put to death by
Leo, who had usurped the crown.
ANASTASIUS L, pope, a Roman,
succeeded Siricius in 328, and d. 402.
ANC]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
43
His epistle tv^ John, bishop of Jerusa-
lem, who had written to him in behalf
ofRiiihuus, a presbyter of Aquileia, is
extant, together with Euffinns' apology.
— II., son of a Roman citizen, succeecTed
Pope Gelasius in 496, and d. in 498. —
III., a Roman by birth, was raised to
the papal chair, after Sergius, 911, and
d. two years afterwards. — IV., succeed-
ed Eugenius III., 1153, and d. the fol-
lowing year. Ten letters of this pope
are preserved in the Collections of Coun-
cils by Labbe and Harduin, and in Du
Chesne's History of France. — Theopoli-
TANUS, bishop of Antioch in the 6th
century, banished by Justin the Young-
er for holding the opinion that the body
of Christ was incapable of suffering even
before the resurrection. He was after-
wards restored to his see by Mauritius.
D. 599. — BiBLioTHECAKius, a Roman ab-
bot, of Greek origin, of the 9th century ;
author of " Liber rontificalis." He was
principal librarian in the Vatican.
ANAXAGORAS, of Clazomense, a cel-
ebrated philosopher. B. 500 b. c. He
inherited a considerable estate in his
own country, which he relinquished to
indulge his thirst for knowledge at
Athens, where he applied to the study
of poetry and eloquence, and taught
philosophy, having had among his pu-
pils Euripides, the tragedian, and Peri-
cles, the orator. His reputation, how-
ever, created him enemies, and he Avas
condemned to death on a charge of
atheism, but the sentence was com-
muted into banishment. Anaxagoras
then withdrew to Lampsacus, where he
taught philosophy undisturbed until his
death, which happened in his 72d year,
428 B. 0.
ANAXANDRIDES, a Greek comic
poet, said to have been the first who in-
troduced love adventures on the stage.
He was a native of Rhodes, and starved
to dedfh at Athens, for libelling the gov-
ernment. B. 400 B. c.
ANAXAECHUS, a Grecian philoso-
pher of the Eleatic sect of Leucippus.
He was the friend and companion of
Alexander the Great.
ANAXIMANDER, the friend and
disciple of Thales, of Miletus. B. 610
B. c. He had a considerable knowledge
of astronomy and geography, and was
the first who noticed the obliquity of
the ecliptic: he also taught that the
moon receives her light from the sun,
and that the earth is globular; and to
him is ascribed the invention of the
sphere and geogratOiical charts.
ANAXIMENES, the pupil and suc-
cessor of Anaximander. He maintained
that air is the first princi])le of all things ;
and Pliny attributes to him the inven-
tion of the sun-dial. — A Greek historian
and philosopher of Lampsacus, son of
Aristocles. He was one of the preceptors
of Alexander the Great, whom he ac-
companied in most of his campaigns,
and afterwards wrote the historv of his
reign, and that of his father Philip.
ANCHIETA, Jos., a Portuguese Jes-
uit, surnamed the Apostle of the New
World. B. at Teneriffe, 1588, and d.
1597. At the age of 28 he went to Bra-
zil, where he founded the first college
for the conversion of the savage natives.
ANCHWITZ, N., the Cracovian nun-
cio to the Polish Diet : a man as talented
as base ; who sold Poland to Russia and
lier partitionary colleagues, in 1782, and
was hanged tlie year after, in an insur-
rection of the people.
ANCILLON, David, a Protestant di-
vine. B. at Metz, who in his youth
refused to sacrifice his religion to the
solicitations of the Jesuits. He studied
divinity and philosophy at Geneva, un-
der Du Pin, Spanheim, the Deodati,
&c., and deserved to be recommended
by the synod of Charenton to the church
of Meaux. After the revocation of the
edict of Nantes, he retired to Frankfort,
and settled at Hanau, where his dis-
courses were heard and admired by the
most crowded audiences. His colleagues
in the ministry, however, were jealous
of his popularity, and their little in-
trigues forced him to abandon the place.
He went to settle at Berlin, where he
was received with kindness by the court,
and had the satisfaction to see his fiimily
promoted to places of honor and trust.
As his learning was very extensive, he
published several useful works, and
from the afflnence of his circumstances,
he made so judicious a collection of
books, that it was frequently visited as
a curiosity by foreigners wlio travelled
through Metz. The best known of his
works are, "A relation of the contro-
versy concerning traditions, 1657 ;"
"An apologv for Luther, Zuinglius,
and Beza, 1666 ;" " The Life of William
Farel;" "Conversations;" two volumes,
12mo, published by his son. D. 1692.—
Charles, eldest son of the foregoing,
was b. at Metz, July 29th, 1659, aiicl was
made inspector of the French courts of
justice, in Berlin, and historiographer
to the king. He wrote on the edict of
Nantes, and the persecution of the
Protestants, &c. D. at Berlin, 1751.
ANCOURT, Florent Carton d', a
44
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[and
French actor and dramatic writer. B. at
Fontainbleau, 1661. The Jesuits tried to
gain him into their society, but he pre-
ferred tlie study of philosophy and law to
divinity, and at last turned liis thoughts
to the stage by marrying an actress. In
this attempt he obtained credit to him-
self and wealth to the actors. His con-
versation was so agreeable that he was
universally courted, and Louis XIV. be-
stowed many marks of his favor upon
him» as also the duke of Bavaria, Avhose
arrival at Paris was celebrated by the
poet, by a particular entertainment writ-
ten on the occasion. Ancourt retired, in
1713, to his estate at Courcelles le Koy.
in Berry, that he might devote himself
to religion. He there translated the
Psalms into verse, and wrote a sacred
tragedy, never printed. He d. 6th De-
cember, 1726, m his sixty-fifth year.
His plavs were fifty-two in number.
ANGUS MARTIUS, fourth king of
Eome, elected on the death of TuUus
Hostilius, 634 b. c. During his reiern,
Eome was enlarged by taking in the
walls of the Aventine Hill, and occupy-
ing the hill Janiculum, beyond the Ti-
ber. He also built the bridge called
Sublicius, erected a public prison in the
forum, extended the territories of Rome
quite to the sea, and built the town and
port of Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber.
Ancus died after a prosperous reign of
24 years. -'
ANDERSON, Adam, a native of Scot-
land, was for many years a managing
clerk in the South-Sea House, a trustee
for the settlements in Georgia, and in
the court of the Scotch corporation in
London. He wrote a work on the " His-
torical and Chronological Deduction of
Trade and Commerce." B. 1695; d.
1765. — Alexander, an eminent scholar
of the 17th century, born at Aberdeen,
and afterwards professor of mathematics
at Paris ; author of various treatises
principally cormected with his favorite
science. — Sir Edmund, lord chief-justice
of the Common Pleas under Queen Eliz-
abeth, to which situation he was pro-
moted in 1582. He sat on the trials of
the unfortunate Mary, queen of Scots,
and of Davidson, the secretary, for
issuing the warrant under which she
was executed. " Anderson's Reports,"
folio, 1644, is still a book of autnority.
D. 1605. — George, a native of Tundern,
Sleswick. During 1644, and the six fol-
lowing years, he spent his time in trav-
elling through the East, and visited the
Arabias, Persia, India, China, the Ja-
panese Islands, Tartary, and the Holy
Land. The Duke of Holstein-Gottorp.
on his return, having vainly endeavored
to induce him to commit his adventures
to writing, employed his librarian, Ole-
arius, to take down the account from his
own mouth as he related them to his
highness, the scribe being concealed
behind the tapestry of the apartment.
This work was afterwards published in
Sleswick, 1669. — George, a young man
of extraordinary talents, born at Wes-
ton, Buckinghamshire, in 1760. His
parents were peasants, and he worked
as a day-laborer in the fields ; his genius,
however, overcame every diificulty, and
he attained of himself so great a knowl-
edge of the mathematics, as procured
him a clerk's place at the Board of Con-
trol, and afterward the situation of head-
accomptant. Mr. Anderson published
a " General View of the Affairs of the
East India Company, since the conclu-
sion of the War in 1784 ;" and translated
from the Greek of Archimedes, " Are-
narius, or a Treatise on numbering the
Sand." D. 1796. — James, an advocate
at the Scottish bar, eminent for his
learning and antiquarian research. B.
at Edinburgh, 1662. His first work,
" An Essay, proving the Independence
of the Crown of Scotland," published
1705, procured him the thanks of the
Scottisn parliament, under whose aus-
pices he subsequently produced a series
of the "Charters and Seals of the Scot-
tish Monarchs from the earliest Anti-
quity down to the Union with England."
But the book which gained him the
greatest reputation was, " Selectus Di-
plomatum et Numismatum Scotise The-
saurus." D. 1798. — James, a Scottish
miscellaneous writer. B. at Hernnston,
near Edinburgh, 1789. Ho published
a series of "Essays on Planting,"
which procured him*^ nuich reputation
as an agriculturist; and, in 1/80, the
university of Aberdeen conferred on
him the "degree of LL.D. In 1783 he
removed to Edinburgh, and projected
the establishment of the North British
Fisheries ; for which purpose he was
employed by erovernment to survey the
coast of Scotland, and received great
commendation for his services. Dr.
Anderson was the author of a number
of publications chiefly on agricultural
affairs ; he also wrote" for the Encyclo-
paedia Britannica, and was a monthly
reviewer. D. 1808. — John, F.R.S.,
professor of natural philosophy in the
university of Glasgow, and founder of
the useful institution in that city bear-
ing his name, was born in 1726, at Rose-
and]
CYCLOPAEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
45
neath, in Dumbartonshire. His great
characteristic was an ardent desire for
the instruction of liis fellow-men, and
he was indefatigable in studying and
exemplifying the application of science
to mechanical practice ; for which pur-
f)0se, in addition to his academical
aboiB, he taught his antl-toga-class^ as
he called it, twice every week, during
the session, to the end of his life. He
died in 1796, directing by his will that
the whole of his property should be de-
voted to the establishment of an educa-
tional institution in Glasgow, to be de-
nominated Anderson's tfniversity, for
the use of the unacademical classes ;
which may justly be considered as the
parent of the various Meclianics' Insti-
tutions which have of late years arisen
throughout the country. — John, son of
a merchant at Phunburgh, of which city
he himself became principal magistrate
in 1725. He was employed in various
negotiations to difierent European
courts ; and during his residence there,
he cultivated an acquaintance with all
whom he found distmguished for their
literary attainments, and kept up a vo-
hxminous correspondence with them
after his return. His principal work
is, " The Natural History of Greenland,
Davis's Straits, and the Countries situ-
ated in the Arctic Circle." D. 1743.—
Lawrence, one of the chief promoters
of tlie reformation of religion in Sweden.
He was chan ellor to Gustavus Vasa ;
but having engaged in a conspiracy, he
passed the years of life left to him by
the king's clemency, in retirement. D.
1552. — RoBEKT, M.D., a native of Carn-
wath, in Lanarkshire; author of nu-
merous works, critical and biographical .
Of those most higlily valued are tne fol-
lowing : " Lives of the British Poets,"
in 14 vols., published in 1795 ; " Works
and Life of Tobias Smollett;" and the
" Life of Samuel Johnson." He was
the friend and. patron of genius, where-
ever it appeared. As it was chiefly
owing to him that Campbell's " Pleas-
ures of Hope" was brought out, the
poem was dedicated to liim. D. 1830.
ANDRADA, Diego de Payva d', a
learned Portuguese divine, distinguish-
ed by his eloquence at the council of
Trent. D. 1575.— Frakcis, his brother,
wrote the history of John HL, kinj^ of
Portugal. — Thomas, another brother,
was an Augustin friar, who wrote the
'Sufferings of Jesus."
ANDRAL, William, an eminent
French physician, first brought into
notice by Murat. He was born at Ea-
pedaillac, in 1769. — Gabriel, his son,
equally eminent in the same profession^
He was the professor of Hygiene in the
faculty at Paris. B. 1797; His " Cli-
nique Medicale," and " Precis d' Anato-
mic Pathologique," had a great influ-
ence in undermining the system of
Broussais.
ANDRE, C. C, a German writer on
science, and editor of the "Compcn-
dione Bibliothek." B. 1763. — There
was a German composer of the name of
Andre, whose son, J. A. Andre, first
applied lithography to the printing of
music. — John, an adjutant-general in
the British army during the American
war. He was originally a merchant's
clerk ; emploved to negotiate tlie treason
of General Arnold, who proposed to
surrender the American works at West
Point. He was seized in disguise and
sent prisoner to the commander-in-
chief, General Washington. His case
was submitted to a board of general
officers, by whom he was condemned to
death, as a spy, and hung, Oct. 2, 1780.
His youth, his accomplishincnts, and his
character, created a great deal of sym-
pathy in his behalf. A monument to
nis memory lias been erected in West-
minster Abbey. — Yves Mari, a French
Jesuit and mathematical writer. B.
1675; d. 1764.
ANDREA, Caval Canti, an Italian
writer of novels and poetry, whose style
was admired for its elegance. D. 1672.
— Cecchini, a Tuscan poet, who pub-
lished a tragedy, called "Troja De-
strutta," in 1663. — Salvadore, another
Tuscan poet, who flourished at the be-
ginning of the 17th century. B. 1600.
ANDREAADA, Ferdinand, a Por-
tuguese admiral, who led the first Eu-
ropean fleet that visited China. He
reached the coast in 1518.
ANDREAL, John Reinhard, a Han-
overian naturalist. B. 1724 ; d. 1793.
ANDREAS, James, a reformer of
Wirtemberg, and chancellor of the uni-
versity of Tubingen. B. 1528 ; d .1590.
— John, a bishop of Aleria, in Corsica,
and a great promoter of the art of print-
ing. B. 1417 ; d. 1475. — John, a famous
canonist of Florence. His austerity was
such that he was said to have laid upon
the bare ground for twenty years, with
nothing to cover him but a bear-skin.
He had a daughter, of great beauty and
learning, who was accustomed to lecture
to his students durii^^his absence. Her
name was Novella, and in her honor he
called one of his commentaries " The
Novellae." D. of the plague in 1848.—
46
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[and
John was b. a Mahometan, at Xativa,
in the kingdom of VaJencia, and suc-
ceeded liis lather in the dignity of alfaqui
of that city. He was enliglitened with
the knowledge of tlie Christian religion,
by being present at a sennon in the great
cliurch ot Valencia on the day of the As-
Bumption of the blessed Virgin, in 1417.
Dpon this he desired to be baptized;
and in memory of the calling of St. John
and St. Andrew, he took the names of
John Andreas. At the desire of Martin
Garcia, bishop of Barcelona, he under-
took to translate from the Arabic, into
the language of Ari-a^on, the wiiole law
of the Moors ; and after having finished
this undertaking, he composed his fa-
mous work of " The Confcsion of the
Sect of Mahomet :" it contains 12 chap-
ters, wherein he has collected the fabu-
lous stories, absurdities, impossibilities,
lies, and contradictions, wliich Mahomet
has dispersed in the Koran. This book,
which was published at first in Spanish,
has been translated into several lan-
guages ; and all those who write against
the Mahometans quote it very much.
ANDREINI, Isabella, a native of
Padua, an excellent poetess and most
celebrated actress toward the beginning
of the 17th century. — Francis, a cel-
ebrated comic writer of Pistoa. D. 1616.
— John Baptists, his son, a dramatic
writer, whose "L'Adamo" is said to
have suggested to Milton Jiis "Paradise
Lost."
ANDEELINI, Publio Festo, an Ital-
ian, who was poet-laureate to Louis XII.
D. 1518.
ANDEEOSSI, Anthony Francis, a
count of France, distinguished as a mil-
itary officer and diplomatist, who served
under Napoleon, both in Italy and Egypt.
He was afterwards an ambassador to
London, Vienna, and Constantinople,
and author of several military memoirs.
B. 1761; d. 1828.— Francis, a French
engineer, who assisted in forming the
canal of Languedoc. 1). 1688.
ANDKEOZZI, a celebrated Italian
composer. B. 1767.
ANDEES, Don Juan, a Spanish au-
thor, who wrote on the " Origin of Let-
ters."
ANDEE DES VOSGES, J. F., author
of " Le Tartare ;" " Paris." B. 1744.
ANDEEW, John, a learned bishop of
Aleria, in Corsica; and editor of the
works of Herodotus, Livy, and other
classics. D. 1493.— Bishop of Crete. B.
at Damascus, and d. about 720. He
wrote commentaries on the Scriptures,
&c., published at Paris, 1644. — oi Eatis-
bon, an historian of the 15th century,
who wrote a chronicle of the dukes oi
Bavaria, and a history of Bohemia. — Of
Pisa, a sculptor and architect. B. 1270;
d. 1345. He built several grand struc-
tures at Florence and Venice ; and also
obtained great reputation as a painter,
poet, and musician. — Of Cyrcne, an im-
postor who, in the reign of Trajan, had
the art to deceive his fellow-countrymen,
the Jews, into a belief that he was or-
dained to be their liberator. They ac-
cordingly revolted, and horrible cruelties
were committed on both sides before
they were reduced to obedience.
ANDEEWS, Henry, a self-taught
mathematician. B. of poor parents at
Frieston, near Grantham, 1774, and d.
Jan. 26, 1820. Having, while in a menial
employment, occupied his leisure mo-
ments in the study of astronomical sci-
ence, he attained therein great proficien-
cy, and for more than 40 years was a
computer of the Nautical Ephemeris,
and the calculator of Moore't Almanac.
— James Pettit, an English miscellane-
ous writer, youngest son of Joseph An-
drews, Esq., of Newbury, Berks, where
he was b. 1737, and d. at Brompton, 1797.
— Lancelot, an eminent English divine,
bishop of Winchester in the reigns of
James I. and Charles I. B. in London,
1565. There is a pleasant story related
of him, in the life of Waller the poet,
who, going to see the king at dinner,
overheard a verv extraordinary conver-
sation between tis majesty, the bishop
of Winchester, and Neal'e, bishop of
Durham. These two prelates standing
behind the king's chair, his majesty
asked them, " My lords," said he, " can-
not I take my subjects' money when I
want it, without all this formality in par-
liament ?" The bishop of Durham readi-
ly answered, " God torbid, sir, but you
should ; you are the breath of our nos-
trils." Whereupon the kin^ turned,
and said to the bishop of Winchester,
" Well, my lord, what say you ?" " Sir,'*
replied the bishop, "I have no skill to
judge of parliamentary cases." The
king answered, " No put-offs, my lord :
answer me presently." " Then, sir,''
said he, "I think it lawful for you to
take my brother Neale's money, for he
offers it." This prelate d. September
27, 1626, having written many tracts,
particularly " A Manual of Private De-
votions and Meditations for every Day
in the Week ;" " A Manual of JDirec-
tions for the Visitation of the Sick," and
" Tortura Torti." — Loring, an editor of
Boston. D. 1805. — John, provost of the
anf]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
47
university of Pennsylvania, distinguish-
ed as a scholar. B. 1746 ; d. 1813.
ANDEIEN. Berteand, of Bordeaux,
the restorer of the art of en^ravhig med-
als, which had declined after the reign
of Louis XIV. B. 1761 ; d. 1822.
ANDEIEUX, Frederick William
John Stanislaus, a fertile dramatic poet
of France, whose works have great pop-
ularity. He was a deputy in 1798, and
distinguished himself by his speeches
in favor of primary schools and the
liberty of the press. He opposed the
measures of Napoleon when he was first
consul, but the emperor gave him the
legion of honor, ancl made him a profes-
sor in the college of France. His prin-
cipal works are " Anaximander," " Les
Etourdes," " Decade Philosophique,"
"Moliere avec ses Amis," "Brutus,"
and the " Examen Critique du Theatre
des Grecs." B. 1759 ; d. 1833,
ANDRIOLI, M. A., a Veronese phy-
sician ; author of a work on " Platonic
Love," 1676.
ANDRISCUS, a man of mean. extrac-
tion, who, pretending to be the son of
Perseus, the last king of Macedonia,
took the name of Philip, and was called
Pseudo Philippus. Having obtained a
signal victory over Juvcntus, the Eoman
prsetor, he assumed the kingly power ;
but in the end was conquered oy Me-
tellus, before whom he walked in chains.
ANDROMACHUS, of Crete, physi-
cian to Nero ; he wrote, in elegiac verse,
a description of the Theriaca, a medi-
cine which he invented. — Of Cyresthes,
a Greek architect, who built the famous
octagonal Temple of the Winds, at
Athens, which, till lately, was used as
a mosque by the Turks. He is also said
to be the inventor of the weathercock.
— Livius, the oldest dramatic author in
the Latin language, who flourished
. about 240 years b. c. — Of Rhodes, a fol-
lower of Aristotle, and to whom we are
indebted for restoring and publishing
the works of that philosopher, 63 b. c. —
Of Thessalonica, a learned Greek of the
15th century. D. 1478. — L, emperor of
of the East, was the son of Isaac, and
grandson of Alexis Comnenus. He was
of an active martial mind, and eloquent:
but had many vices. On the death or
his cousin, the emperor Manuel, in 1163,
he was chosen partner in the govern-
ment with Alexis IL, who, being a mere
youth, soon fell a sacrifice to his coad-
jutor's thirst for power ; but the people,
exasperated at his various cruelties, pro-
claimed Isaac Angelus emperor, put out
the eyes « f Andi-onicus, led him through
the streets in derision, and at lengtt
stabbed him, aged 73. a. p. 1185.
ANDRONICUS PAL^OLOGUS IL.
surnamed the Elder, succeeded Michael
VIIL, in 1283; but was glad to find
refuge in a cloister, in 1325, his grand-
son having driven him from the throne.
ANDROUET DU CERCEAU, James,
an eminent French architect of the 16th
century, who designed the Pont Neuf,
and commenced tne building of it in
1578. He was also employed, in 1596,
to continue the gallery of the Louvre ;
but was obliged to quit France during
the persecution of the Protestants.
ANDROS, Edmund, a governor of the
province of New York in 1674, and sub-
sequently of New England. He was a
tyrant and a bigot, who restrained the
press, imposed taxes, prohibited mar-
riage, according to his will. At length
his capricious and arbitrary conduct
roused the people into revolt. On the
morning of April 18, 1689, the people
of Boston took up arms against hirri,
assisted by some from the country,
seized both the council and the gov-
ernor and had them confined. In' the
February following he was sent to En-
gland for trial, but the case involved the
government in such a dilemma that
they dismissed it without coming to a
final decision. In 1692 he was made
governor of Virginia, where he con-
ducted himself with more discretion.
He died in London, in 1714. Fort An-
droscogijin was named after him.
ANDRUS, Joseph Y., one of the first
agents of the Colonization Society, who
died at Sierra Leone, in 1821.
ANDRY, Nicholas, a physician and
medical author, of Lyons, in the 17th
century ; afterwards dean of the faculty
of medicine in the royal college of Paris
where he also filled a professor's chair.
D. 1742.
ANEURIN, a British poet and chief-
tain of the 6th century, supposed by
some authors to be the same with Gil-
das, the historian ; he took part in the
battle of Cattraeth, which he made the
subject of a poem; this, and "Odes of
the Months,^' form the whole of his
known works ; and are to be found iL
the Welsh Archeeology. D. 570.
ANFOSSI, Pasquale, an Italian mu-
sician, b. at Naples, who was compo-
ser to the theatre at Rome, and after-
wards travelled to Paris, where ho per-
formed his "Persecited Unknown,"
but the delicate and beautiful music of
the piece did not find the warmest re-
ception. From France he went to Lon-
48
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
L'
don, where he was director of the Italian
theatre in I76'i. lie returned to Kome
in 1795, and brought out several pieces,
whose success eouipensated him for his
many disappointments. He frequently
reminds us of Sacchini and Piccini, his
masters, after whom he formed his
style; but his taste, expression, and
stjrle of progression are extraordinary.
His principal works .are, "La Fruta
Gardinieri," "II Geloso di Cimento,"
" Avaro," " II Carioso Indiscreto,"
" Viaggiatori Felici," &c., which arc
mostly comic operas. He wrote, be-
sides, sevei'al oratorios and psalms. B.
1729: d. 1795.
ANGE, Francis, a planter of Penn-
sylvania, who lived till he was 134 years
old. He remembered the death of
Charles I., and at 130 was in good
health and sound mind. D. 1767.
ANGE BE ST. JOSEPH, le Pere, a
Carmelite of Toulouse, whose real name
was la Brosse. He travelled into Per-
sia as missionary, and translated the
Persian pharmacopoeia into Latin, be-
sides writing a treatise on the language
of the country, a useful and very valua-
ble performance. He d. at Perpignan,
1697.
ANGELI, Bona VENTURA, a celebrated
historian, of Parma. D. 1576.— Peter,
a distinguished modern Latin poet. B.
at Barga, Tuscany, 1517 ; d. 1596.
ANGELICO, John, an Italian Domin-
ican, who painted the chapel of Nicholas
V. D. 1448.
ANGELIS, Stephen de, an Italian
mathematician of the 17th century; he
was for some time a Jesuit, but quitted
the order, and became a teacher of
mathematics at Padua.
ANGELO, Fioriozzoli, a Florentine
poet, honored by Clement Vllth's friend-
ship, and much esteemed; author of
" Discorso degli Animali," " I Lucidi,"
and "La Trinuzzia," comedies, and a
great variety of other works. He is
chiefly admired by his countrymen for
the purity and beauty of his diction.
B. 1548. — Policiano, b. in 1454 ; author
of numerous works, in prose and verse,
translations from Greek and Latin:
"Kusticus," "Orfeo Favola," &c.— Mi-
chael Buonarotti, the greatest of Italian
artists, alike eminent in painting, sculp-
ture, and architecture, no bad poet, and
a noble-hearted man. He was descend-
ed from an ancient family of the counts
of Canosa, and was b. at Caprese or
Chiusi, in 1474. It is said that he was
suckled by a woman of Settinianno, who
was the wife of a distinguished sculp-
tor, so that he drank in the influences
of one of the great arts in which he was
destined to excel with his milk. He
gave evidence of genius at an early age.
so nuich so as to excite the jealousy or
his young rivals, one of whom, Forrigi-
ano, gave him a blow, the marks of
which he carried to his grave. Per-
haps, however, the impetuous boldness
of Michael was as much the cause of
their encounter as his genius. Ghirlan-
daio was his first master in drawing,
and Bertholdo in statuary. Before he
Avas 16 he copied the head of a satyr in
marble with such skill as to excite uni-
versal admiration. Attracting no less
attention as a painter, he was commis-
sioned, in connection with Leonardo da
Vinci, to decorate the senate hall of Flo-
rence. In the prosecution of this order,
he sketched his fiimous cartoon of a
scene from the Pisan war. Pope Julius
II. then invited him to Rome, and in-
trusted him with the erection of his se-
pulchral monument. This work was
twice interrupted, once by the artist
himself, whose pride had b'een offended
by the pope, and a second time by the
petty envy of his cotemporary. Bra-
mante and Juliano du San Goello per-
suaded the ^ope to get Michael to paint
the dome ot tlie Sistine chapel, in the
hope that ho would fail, and so abandon .
the favor of his patron. Angelo refused
the task, but bein^ ordered to undertake
it, he executed the frescoes with such
masterly genius that they excited gen-
eral wonder and praise. 'The chapel is
to this day one of the grandest monu-
ments of art. Michael tlien returned to
his labors for the sepulchre, when Julius
died. But Adrian VI. commissioned
him to complete the work, which he
did, making many statues for it, and
Sarticularly the statues of Moses and
hrist, which were afterwards placed in
the church "della Minerva," at Rome.
Under Clement VII. he finished the new
Sacristy, and Laurentindan library at
Florence. In the first the monuments
of the Medici are bv him, e. g., the fig-
ures of Day and T^ight. Tumultuous
times followed in Italy, which separated
him from his public labor for a while,
but when these had passed, he was en-
gaged to paint the Last Judgment for
the Sistine chapel. He was already sixty
years of age, and hesitated about under-
taking a work which might hazard his
fame. But the subject was one con-
genial to his own profound and lofty
tone of thought. How he accomplished
it, the grand and gigantic picture which
ang]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
49
has ever since been alike the worship
and the despair of succeeding artists, is
the proof. liis subhme and inexhausti-
ble mind poured over the broad and
high walls of the chapel the profoundest
studies, the richest experience, and the
holiest sentiments of the man. At a
later day he painted a " Conversion of
St". Paul," , and a "Crucifixion of St.
Peter," and he sculptured a ground of
the "Descent of Christ into HeU," and
a Bacchus, which Eaphael said was equal
to the masterpieces of Phidias and
Praxiteles. In 1546 he was compelled
to continue the building of St. Peter's,
the plans of which he recovered from
their confusion, and corrected. The
capitol of the Farnese palace and other
edifices were the work of his hands.
His style in architecture was grand and
imposing, full of untamed imagination
and native original strength. Indeed,
uU his works, his poetical and prose
writing as well as his statues, partook
of the character of the man, wlio was
ardent, severe, firm, and haughty, but
profound, original, and true. JD. at
Korae in 1564. — Michael, another of the
name, but better known as Caravaggio,
from the place of his birth, was at first
no other than a day-laborer ; but having
seen some painters at work upon a brick
wall which he had helped to raise, he
was so charmed with their art, that he
immediately applied himself to the study
of it, and in a few years made so con-
siderable a progress, that in Venice,
Eome, and other parts of Italy, he was
cried up and admired as the author of a
new style in painting. His pieces are
to be rout with in most of the cabinets
in Europe; and one picture of his
drawing is in the Dominican church at
Antwerp, which Kubens used to call
his master. B. 1569 ; d. 1609.
ANGELONI, Francesco, an Italian
historian, principally known by an elab-
orate worK on the history of Eome,
which he illustrated by a reference to
ancient medals. D. 1652. — Luigi, a dis-
tinguished Italian writer, who lived at
Paris.
7\NGELUCCI, Theodore, an Italian
poei; and physician, who held a profes-
sorship at Padua, was a member of the
academy of Venice, and principal phy-
sician at Montagnana, where he d. 1600.
ANGELUS, Christopher, a Greek,
who, being driven from his own country
by the Turks, found an asylum in En-
gland in 1608 ; and, under the patron-
age of the bishop of Norwich, he was
placed in Trinity college, Cambridge,
5
whence he removed to Baliol college,
Oxfordj where he was of great service
to the junior students, and where he d.
1638. He published many works in
Greek, English, and Latin.
ANGEESTEIN, John Julius, a dis-
tinguished patron of the fine arts. B. at
St. Petersburg, 1735 ; d. at Blackheath,
Jan. 22, 1822. He removed to England
under the patronage of the late Andrew-
Thompson, and was the first who pro-
posed a reward of £2000 from the lund
at Lloyd's to the inventor of the life-
boats. His celebrated collection of
paintings, esteemed inferior to none of
the same extent in Europe, was pur-
chased by the English government for
£60,000, and forms the nucleus of a
national gallery.
ANGHIEEA, Peo^er Martyr d'. an
Italian scholar of a noble Milanese fam-
ily. B. 1455 ; d. 1526, at Grenada, leav-
ing several historical works, which are
usually quoted under the name of Peter
Martvr.
ANGILBEET, St., the son-in-law of
Charlemagne, and afterwards abbot of
St. Eiquier. He had a great taste for
poetry, but nothing remains of him ex-
cept a history of his monastery. D. 814
ANGIOLELLO, John Mario, a Vene-
tian historian of the 15th century, taken
captive by the Turks, and made slave to
sultan Mustapha, whom he attended in
an expedition to Persia, 1473, and wrote
the history of Mahomet II., in the Turk-
ish and Italian languages ; also the his-
tory of Ussun Cassan. He d. about 1530.
ANGLES, Count Boissy d', one of the
committee of Public Safety during the
French revolution. B. 1756 ; d. 1824.
ANGIOLINI, Francesco, an eminent
Italian Jesuit, professor at Modena and
in Eussia. He translated Josephus and
the tragedies of Euripides and Sophocles,
and wrote a history of his order. B. 1738 ;
d. 1788.
ANGLUS, Thomas, an English priest,
the friend of Sir Kenelm Digby, known
by the several names of Albius Candidus,
Bianchi, Eichworth, White, and Vitus,
which he assumed in the different coun-
tries of Europe, where he spent the
greatest part of his life. He distinguish-
ed himself by his learning and genius,
but his fondness for the Peripatetic phi-
losophy, and his attempts to apply the
principles of Aristotle to explain the
mysteries of religion, created him many
enemies, who procured the condemna-
tion of his writings, both at Douay and
at Eome. He d. after the restoration of
Charles IL, but tlie year is unknown.
50
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT.
[\NU
ANGOULEME, Chables db Valois,
duke d', natural son of Charles IX. B.
1575; d. 1650. Catherine de Medicis
bequeathed to him her estates, but the
will was set aside in favor of Margaret
de Valois. Charles, however, retained
the title of count d'Auvergne, and in
1619 was made duke d'Angouleme. He
gamed great reputation as a military
commander, but was twice charged with
treason, and the second time condemned
to death, which sentence was changed
into perpetual imprisonment. He was,
however, once more pardoned, and em-
ploy^ed both in a military capacity and in
various embassies ; he also wrote his
owj? memoirs. — Louis Antoixe de Bour-
bon, duke d', nephew of Louis XVIIL,
who fought against Bonaparte, and after
the downfall of that leader, was president
of the electoral college in the department
of the Gironde. B. 1775. — Maria Teresa
Charlotte, duchess d', daughter of
Louis XVI., a princess of understanding
and character. B. 1778; d. 1851.
ANGUIER, Francis and Michael,
two sculptors, natives of Eu, Normandy.
Erancis, the eldest, was keeper of the
royal cabinet of antiquities, and executed
several great works, particularly the
mausoleum of the duke of Montmorency.
Michael's best piece was a crucifix over
the altar of the church of the Sorbonne.
The former d. 1669 : the latter, 1686.
ANGUILLARA, John Andrew Dell',
one of the most celebrated Italian poets
of the 16th century, was b. at Sutri, in
Tuscany, about 1517. His principal
work is his translation of Ovid's Meta-
morphoses, which, though often un-
faithful, and sinning against good taste,
has great merit. For the representation
of his tragedy of (Edipus, a theatre was
built at Vincenza by the celebrated Pal-
ladio. Anguillara, however, lived and
died in poverty. D. 1564.
ANGtJSCIOLA, SoPHONisBA, a native
of Almona in Italy, eminent for her his-
torical and portrait paintings, and also a
writer of some repute. She bestowed
such attention to her profession that she
became blind. Her sisters Lucia and
Europa also excelled in the execution of
the pencil. B. 1550 ; d. 1626.
ANICH, Peter, son of a turner, was
t. at Oberpersuf, near Inspruck, 1723,
and after bein^ employed as a laborer
and a shepherd, his genius for mechan-
ics burst torth, and was improved and
corrected by the friendly assistance of
Father Hill, a Jesuit. He was admired
for his knowledge of astronomy, for the
•legance and accuracy of the maps and
charts which he drew ; and for thti supe-
rior beauty of the pair of globes which
lie made for the university of Inspruck.
D. 1766.
ANICHINI, Lewis, a Venetian en-
graver, much celebrated for the delicacy
and precision with which he engraved
even the minutest objects. It was at
the sight of his pieces that Michael Au-
gelo exclaimed, that the art of engraving
under his hand had reached the summit
of perfection. His best pieces was a
medal of Alexander the Great, pros-
trating himself before the high-pi'iest at
Jerusalem, the head of Pope Paul III.
and Henry III. of France on the reverse.
ANKEKSTROEM, John James, a
Swedish officer, who, in the war carried
on by Sweden against Russia, took part
against his country because of an ani-
mosity he cherished against the king.
He was discovered and sentenced to
death, but the pardon of the king, in-
stead of producing gratitude and loyalty,
rendered his hatred more inveterate. lie
conspired with the counts Horn and
Ribbing, barons Badke and Pechlin, and
Col. Liljehorn, and others, against Gus-
tavus, and as the unsuspecting monarch
entered a room where a masked ball
was assembled, the assassin discharged
at him a pistol containing two balls and
some nails. The wound was mortal,
and the king expired, 29tli March, 1792.
The 27th of April following the mur-
derer was led to execution, but instead
of repenting he gloried in his deed.
His right hand and his head were cut
off. The others were banished.
ANNA COMNENA, daughter of
Alexis Comnenus, emperor of Constan-
tinople, and celebrated for the Greek
history wliich she has written, in which,
with great elegance and spirit, though
often with partiality, she records Ihe
events which distinguished her father's
reign. D. 1148.
ANNA IVANOVNA, daughter of
Ivan Alexiovitch, emperor of Russia,
married in 1710 Frederic William, duke
of Courland, and succeeded Peter II. on
the throne, 1730. At the death of her
husband, 1719, she took for her favorite,
Biren, a person of low birth, but great
duplicity ; and when raised to the throne
her subjects were ruled by this capri-
cious and cruel ininion, who, it is said,
banished no less tlian 20,000 persons to
Siberia through pique, malice, and re-
venge. Anna d. 1740, aged 47.
ANNAND, William, A.M., a native
of Edinburgh, who was chosen one of
tb ) ministers and became a popular
lNqJ
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
51
preacher there. He behaved with great
Kindness towards the persecuted Pres-
byterians, and opposed James when he
wished to dispense with the penal laws.
At the revolution he was made dean of
Kaphoe, in Ireland, where he died, 1710,
aged 64. He wrote a volume of valu-
able sermons, little known.
ANNAT, Francis, a native of Eou-
ergue, of the order of the Jesuits,
teacher of philosophy at Toulouse, and
afterwards employed at Rome and in
France, in the service of the pope. He
was made confessor to the French king
1654, which office he held 16 years, and
then solicited his dismission from in-
creasing infirmities. He is known for
his great zeal in opposing the Jansen-
ists. D. 1670.
ANNE, of Austria, queen of France,
eldest daughter of Philip HI. of Spain ;
married Louis XIII.. of France, 1615, at
whose death, 1643, she was declared sole
legent during the minority of her son,
Louis XIV., who assumed the reins of
government, 1661. Anne then retired,
passing the remainder of her life in
pious exercises. B. 1604; d. 1666. —
Anne, of Beaujeu, daughter of Louis
XI. of France, and wife of Peter Beau-
jeu, duke of Bourbon ; appointed by
her father's will gouvernante during the
minority of his son, Charles VIII. This
preference excited a civil commotion,
which was terminated by the defeat, of
the insurgent nobles, 1488. The prin-
cess held the reins with much firmness,
and in general acted prudently. D.
1522. — Anne, of Brittany, queen of
France, daughter and heiress of Francis
XL, duke of Brittany ; married to Charles
VIII., of France, 1491: and. on his
death, 1499, to Louis XII. This prin-
cess first instituted the order of maids
of honor to the queen ; first had the pre-
rogative of guards and gentlemen of her
own, and was the first who gave audi-
ence to foreign ambassadors. B. 1476 :
d. 1514. — Anne, of Cleves, daughter of
John, third duke of Cleves, and wife of
Henry VIII. of England, who divorced
her. D. 1557. — Anne, queen of Great
Britain, second daughter of James II.,
by his first wife, Anne Hyde, was born
in 1664 ; married to Prince George of
Denmark, 1688 ; succeeded to the crown
on the death of William III., 1702 ; and
died, 1714, aged 50. The contention of
parties during the reign of Anne was
extremely violent, in consequence of the
hopes entertained by the Jacobites that
she would be induced by natural feel-
ings to favor the succession of her
brother, the Pretender. Her reign was
also much distinguished for learning;
and the number of eminent writers who
flourished under her, several of whom
rose to high stations, has rendered it a
sort of Augustan age of English litera-
ture, though her own acquirements had
no share in making it such.
ANNESLEY, Arthur, earl of An-
glesea, born at Dublin, 1614. At the
commencement of the civU wars he
joined the royal party, and sat in the
parliament at Oxford, 1643 ; but hav-
ing made peace with the republicans, he
was sent commissioner to Ulster, 1645.
He, however, took an active part in the
restoration of the king, for which he
was created earl of Anglesea, made
treasurer of the navy, and, shortly after-
wards, lord privy seal. D. 1686. —
Samuel, an English divine, born in
Warwickshire about 1620 ; d. 1696. At
the time of the rebellion, he preached
some violent sermons against the crown
and church, for which he received the
vicarage of St. Giles, Cripplegate ; but,
in 1662, he was ejected from it for non-
conformity.
ANNET, Peter, a deistical writer of
the 18th century ; author of " The Free
Enquirer," and other works of a skep-
tical turn. He was a native of Liver-
pool. D. 1778,.
ANNIUS, of Viterbo, a Dominican
monk, who wrote various books which
he pretended were the remains of emi-
nent ancient authors, particularly Ma-
netho, Archilochus, and Xenophon. For
a time the imposture succeeded, and
they were printed in 1498. D. 1502.
ANNO, archbishop of Cologne in the
11th century. He was chancellor to the
emperor Henry III., and regent during
the minority of Henry IV. ; and from
the exemplary conduct he displayed in
those situations, as well as from the
sanctity of his life, he acquired the title
of Saint.
ANQUETIL, Louis Pierre, a cele-
brated historian, writer of a "Universal
History." B. at Paris, 1728; d. 180S.
— Du Perron, Abraham Hyaointhe,
brother of the preceding, was born at
Paris, 1731. In order to gratify his
taste for oriental literature, he joined
the expedition fitting out for India, in
1574, as a private soldier ; employed
every moment of his leisure in the
study of the Sanscrit; and made suf-
ficient progress in that tongue to trans-
late the "Vendidade Sade," a diction-
ary of the language. On the taking of
Pondicherry by the English, he returned
52
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[ant
to Europe, visited London and Oxford,
and conveyed the various MSS. he had
obtained to Paris. He was then ap-
pointed oriental interpreter in the king s
library, with a pension, and devoted
himself to the publication of his re-
searches. D. 1805.
ANSALDI, C. J., a celebrated man of
learning, of Piacenza. B. in 1700. His
best antiquarian treatises are in Latin.
ANSAKT, Andrew Joseph, a French
historian and ecclesiastical writer. He
became a Benedictine, but, being ap-
Eointed to a place of trust in his order,
e decamped with the funds, and joined
the order of Malta. B. 1729 ; d. 1790.
ANSCARIUS, bishop of Hamburgh
rtnd Bremen. B. in France, 801 ; d. 8(54.
He preached the gospel to the Danes
and Swedes, and was very instrumental
in converting the northern nations to
Christianity.
ANSELM, archbishop of Canterbury
in the reigns of William Eufus and
Henry L, born at Aost, Piedmont, 1038 :
died at Canterbury, 1109, and canonized
in the reign of Henry VII.
ANSELME, of Paris, an Augustine
monk, the original compiler of the "His-
torical Genealogies of the House of
France." B. 1625; d. 1691.— George.
There were two of this name : the elder,
a mathematician of some eminence in
the early part of the loth century. D.
1440. The latter, his grandson, who
assumed the name of Nepos, was phy-
sician at Parma, of which city he was a
native. D. 1528.
ANSON, Georoe, Lord, a British
commander, who managed the fleet of
ships sent out during the Spanish war^
to attack the enemy on the coast ot
South Carolina, where he landed and
founded a town. But he did not ac-
quire celebrity till he was placed at the
head of an expedition to the South Sea,
in 1740. After losing all his ships but
one, and encountering many difficulties,
but not without having severely har-
assed the Spanish settlements, he was
so fortunate as to capture a rich galleon,
on her passage from Acapulco to Ma-
nilla, and to reach England in safety,
after an absence of nearly four years.
He was successively made rear-admiral
of the blue, a lord of the admiralty, rear-
admiral of the white, and vice-admiral
of the blue. In 1747 he defeated a
French squadron, and captured six men
of war and four East Indiamen. He
was rewarded with a barony, and rose
through all the intermediate ranks of
Xhe navy till he became admiral, and
commander-in-chief of the British fleet.
D. 1762. — Peter Hubert, a miscellane-
ous French writer. B. 1744 ; d. 1810.
ANSPACH, Elizabeth, Margravine
of, was the youngest daughter of the
earl of Berkeley. When little more than
sixteen, she married Mr. (afterward:*
earl of) Craven, by whom she had
seven children; but after living to-
gether thirteen years, they separated
from mutual feelings of dissatistaction.
Lady Craven made a tour, and took up
her residence in the court of Anspach,
where she established a theatre, wrote
plays, directed the performance, and
became a principal personage with the
margrave.
ANSTEY, Christopher, a poet, was
born in 1724 ; studied at Eton and
Cambridge ; and on succeeding to some
patrimonial property, resided principally
at Bath. He blended the avocations of
a country gentleman with literary pur-
suits, and, among many other things,
Produced that humorous poem, "The
'ew Bath Guide," which obtained a
rapid and deserved popularity. D, 1805.
ANSTIS, John, an antiquary, and the
author of various heraldic works, was
born at St. Neots, Cornwall, in 1669, and
educated at Oxford. He was member
for St. Germains, and in 1713 appointed
garter king at arms. D. 1744.
ANTAR, an Arabian chief and dis-
tinguished poet, who lived in the 6th
cefltury. His works, which form a por-
tion of the famous Moallakah, are de-
voted to the description of his wai'like
deeds, and his love for the fair Abla.
The celebrated Arabian romance, en-
titled "Antar," by Asinai, atibrds a
perfect idea of the manners, opinions,
and superstitions of the early Arabians;
and of this there is an English version,
entitled " Antar, a Bedoueen Romance,
translated from the Arabic by Terrick
Hamilton," in 4 vols. 12mo.
ANTHEMIUS, Procopius, of the
family of the tyrant Procopius, married
Flavia Euphemia, daughter of Marcian.
His alliance as well as his valor pro-
cured him the title of Augustus, 467.
He gave his daughter in marriage to
Eicimer, a general, who soon after at-
tacked Rome and imbrued his hands in
the blood of his father-in-law, 472.— A
Lydian, eminent as an architect, sculp-
tor, and mathematician. He was em-
ployed by the Emperor Justinian. D.
534.
ANTHING, Frederic, the com-
panion in arms and biographer of the
famous Marshal Suwarrow, was bom
ant]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
53
at Gotha, in Saxony, and died at St.
Petersburg, in 1805.
ANTHONY, Saint, the founder of
monastic life, was born at Coma, in
Egypt, 251. He sold his possessions,
wliich he distributed to the poor, and
retired into the desert, where, for 20
years, his virtue was exposed to the
greatest temptations from the wiles of
§atan, till he prevailed, and saw himself
at last surrounded by a crowd of fol-
lowers, zealous to merit his blessings
and to imitate his piety. He twice
visited Alexandria to give assistance to
the suffering Christians under the per-
secution of Arius. He died 356, in the
105th year of his age. — Feancis, was
born in London, 1550, and studied at
Cambridge, where he laid the founda-
tion of that chemical knowledge which
enabled him to impose upon the credu-
lous and the unwary, by selling his
panacea of potable gold, on which a
treatise was printed at Hamburgh, 1598.
His success as an empiric was great, but
he was violently opposed by Drs.
Gwinne and Cotta, and it was con-
fidently asserted that his nostrum was
Eoisonous, and many on their death
ed attributed their death to it. The
inoffensiveness of his manners, his
learning and his private virtues, how-
ever, stemmed the torrent of unpopu-
larity, and though he was fined and
imprisoned for practising without a
license, his reputation and his fortune
increased. D. 1623. — King of Navarre,
was son of Charles of Bourbon, duke
of Vendome, and married Joan d'Al-
bret, 1548, who brought him the prin-
cipality of Bearne and the kingdom of
IN avarre. He was a weak and irresolute
prince. He abandoned the Protestant
tenets for the Catholic faith, and then
formed, with the duke of Guise and the
constable Montmorency, the famous
league called triumvirate. During the
civil wars, in 1562, he took the com-
mand of the army, and Blois^ Tours,
and Eouen surrendered to his arms.
He was wounded on the shoulder at the
siege of this last place, and died 35 days
after at Andeli, 17th Nov., 1562. His
sou was afterwards the celebrated
Henry IV., of France.— A titular king of
Portugal, was son of Lewis, the second
son of King Emanuel. His pretensions
to the throne were opposed by Philip
n. of Spain, wlio sent the duke of Alva
against him, 1580, and obliged him to
fly from his dominions. Anthony was
a wretched fugitive in H( ''and, France,
wd England. D. at Parif,, 1595.
5*
ANTIGNAC, a popular French song
writer. B. 1770.
ANTIGONUS, one of the generals of
Alexander the Great, the most powerful
who shared the Grecian empire, elain at
the battle of Ipsus, 301 b. c.
ANTIMACHU, Mark Anthony, au
Italian author, who translated much
from the Greek. B. 1472 ; d. 1552.
ANTINE, Maub Francois v\ a
French Benedictine monk ; author of
an " Essay on the Art of verify uig
Dates," &c. B. 1688; d. 1748.
ANTIOCHUS THE GEE AT, king
of Syria and Asia. He conquered the
greatest part of Greece, of which some
cities implored the aid of Rome ; and
Hannibal, who had taken refuge at his
court, encouraged him to make war
against Italy ; but his measures were
not agreeable to the advice of Hannibal,
and he was conquered and obliged to
retire beyond Mount Taurus, and pay
a yearly fine of 2000 talents to the Ro-
mans. His revenues being unable to
pay the fine, he attempted to plunder
the temple of Belus in Susiana, which
so incensed the inhabitants, that they
killed him with his followers, 187 b. o.
— Of Ascalon, a philosopher, and dis-
ciple of Philo, the Platonist. — A monk
of Seba, Palestine, who wrote in the 7th
century 190 homilies on the Scriptures,
still extant.
ANTIPATEE, a native of Macedon,
pupil of Aristotle, and the faithful min-
ister of Philip and Alexander. While
Alexander was abroad, he left Antipater
in the government of Macedon ; and bv
his prudent management he kept all
Greece in order. On the death of his
master, in the distribution of his ter-
ritories, Antipater obtained the Euro-
pean provinces. Not long after the
confederate states of Greece attacked
him, but he subdued them, and sub-
verted their democratic forms of govern-
ment, on which he was called the father
of Greece. He died 318 b. c. — L^tius
CiETius, a Eoman historian, who lived
in the time of Gracchus, and wrote an
account of the Second Punic War. —Of
Sidon, a Stoic philosopher and poet,
much praised by Cicero and Seneca.
He lived about 140 b. c.
ANTIPANES, a Greek comic poet,
in the time of Alexander, who gained
three prizes at the Olympic games.
ANTIPHILUS, a painter, rival of
Apelles; celebrated for a fine drawing
representing a youth blowing a spark
of fire.
ANTIPHON, the Ehamnusian, an
54
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT.
[ant
Athenian orator, who flourished 430 b.c.
He was the first who laid down the rules
of oratory, and assisted in establishing
the tyranny of the four hundred ; for
which he was put to death, 411 b. c.
ANTIQUARIOUS, James, a learned
Italian scholar of Carapanus. D. 1512.
ANTISTHENES, founder of the sect
of the Cynics, by whose means Melitus
was put to death, and Anytus banished,
for tneir persecution of Socrates. He
was born at Athens. 423 b. o.
ANTOINETTE, Marie, of Lorraine,
archduchess of Austria and queen of
France, born at Vienna, in 1755, was
the daughter of the Emperor Francis I.
and Mai-ia Theresa. In 1770, when only
15 years of age, she was married to
Louis XVI. ; and when her husband
ascended the throne she gained the af-
fections of the people by repeated acts
of generosity. It was, however, soon
observed that her natural liveliness
brought upon her the scandal of her
enemies about the court, who attributed
the undisguised frankness and cheer-
fulness of her nature to levity and indis-
cretion. An extraordinary occurrence
added fuel to the flame of calumny,
while it subjected the name of the
queen to a disgraceful law-suit. Two
jewellers demanded the payment of an
immense price for a necklace, which
had been purchased in the name of the
queen. In the examination which she
demanded, it was proved that she had
never ordered the purchase. A lady of
her size and complexion had impudently
passed herself off for the q[ueen, and at
midnight had a meeting with a cardinal
in the park of Versailles. She was be-
headed during the revolution of 1792.
Her fate produced a profound impres-
sion on the world.
ANTONELLE, Peter Antony, Mar-
quis d' ; a conspictious character in the
French revolution. lie voted for the
death of the c[ueen, and for the destruc-
tion of the Girondists. He was himself
near meeting the fate to which he con-
signed others, as he was tried for com-
Elicity in the conspiracy of Babeuf; but
e was fortunate enough to be acquitted,
and d. at an advanced age, in 1817.
ANTONELLI, Nicholas Maria, count
of Pergola, who rose through various
ecclesiastical promotions to the cardinal-
ship. B. 1697 ; d. 1767.
ANTONI, Sebastiano Degli, a Vicen-
zan noble author. B. in 1665; author
of " The Conspiracy of Brutus," a tra-
gedy.
A!NT0NIAN0. Sylvio, an Italian
poet, made a cardinal by Clement VIII.
B. 1540 ; d. 1603.
ANTONIDES, or VANDER GOES,
John, a Dutch poet. B. in Zealand,
1647. He is principally known by hia
Soem in honor of the" river Y, which
ows through Amsterdam ; in which
city his works were collected and pub-
lished, 1714. D. 1684.
ANTONINE, DE FoRciGLioNi, a
Roman prelate and saint. B. at Flo-
rence, 1389; d. 1459, and canonized in
1523. He highly distinguished himself
at the council of Florence, where he dis-
puted with the Greeks.
ANTONINI, Annibal and Joseph,
two brothers, natives of Italy, in the
I7th and 18th centuries : they wrote in
conjunction the history of Lucania ; and
Annibal was the compiler of an Italian
grammar and dictionary.
ANTONINUS PIUS, Trrus Aukeltos
FuLvius, emperor of Rome, was b. at
Lanuvium, 86; succeeded Adrian, 138*
and d. 161. His reign was distinguished
by tranquiUity, and by such excellent
management, as procured him the title
of Pirn. — Marcus Annius Aubelius,
surnamed the Philosopher. B. 121 ;
adopted by Pius Antoninus, whom he
succeeded, in conjunction with Lucius
Verus, as emperor of Rome ; and d. 180.
His death occasioned universal mourn-
ing throughout the empire ; the Roman
senate and people voted him a god, and
his image was long afterwards regarded
with peculiar veneration. This emper-
or's book of meditations in Greek and
Latin has been often printed, and uni-
versally admired for the excellence of its
morality. — A geographical author, the
writer of a valuable Itinerarium, whose
age is unknown. Burton published an
excellent commentary on it, as far as re-
lates to Britain.
ANTONIO, or ANTONELLO, b. at
Messina, Sicily, 1426 ; d. 1475. He is
said to have been the first artist who in-
troduced oil painting into Italy. — Nich-
olas, a Spanish historian, B. at Seville,
1617 ; d. 1684.
ANTONIUS, GoDEFROY, a lawyer,
who became chancellor of the university
of Giessen. — Marcus, one of the greatest
orators ever known at Rome. It was
owing to him, according to Cicero, that
Rome might boast herself a rival even
to Greece itself in the art of eloquence.
He defended, among many others, Mar-
cus Aquilius ; and moved the judges in
so sensible a manner, by the tears he
shed, and the scars he showed upon the
breast of his :lient, that he carried bin
ape]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
55
cause. He was unfortunately killed,
during the disturbances raised at Kome
by Marius and Cinna, in the year of
Eome, 667. — Makcus, the trium\ir, was
son of Antonii.s Creticus, by Julia, a
noble lady of such merit, that Plutarch
affirms her to have been " comparable
to the wisest and most virtuous ladies
of that age." Marc Antony, losing his
father when young, launched out at
once into all the excess of riot and de-
bauchery, and wasted his whole patri-
mony before he had put on the manly
gown. He afterwards went abroad to
learn the art of war under Gabinus, who
gave him the command of his horse in
Syria, where he signalized his courage
in the restoration of Ptolemy king of
Egypt. From Egypt he went to Caesar,
in Gaul ; and after some stay there, be-
ing furnished with money and credit by
Caesar, returned to Eome to sue for the
questorship. In this suit he succeeded,
and afterwards obtained the tribunate,
in which office he was amazingly active
for Caesar, who, when he had made
himself master of Eome, gave Antony
the government of Italy, with the com-
mand over the legions there, in wliich
post he gained the love of the soldiery.
But what was more to his honor, he as-
sisted Caesar so successfully on several
occasions, that, twice particularly, when
Caesar's army had been put to flight, he
rallied the scattered troops, and gained
the victory. He was afterwards a col-
league of Caesar in the consulship, and
on the death of the latter, strove to get
possession of the sovereigi^ power. But
the patriots of the day tooK part with
Octavius, Caesar's son, against him, when
he went with an army to Cisalpine Gaul,
and laid siege to Mantua, which Deci-
mus Brutus valiantly defended. It was
during this absence that Cicero spoke
those famous orations against Antony.
The senate declared him a public enemy,
and both consuls, Hirtius and Pausa,
accompanied by Octavius, met him in
the field. At first he vanquished Pausa,
but was afterwards subdued by Hirtius.
Both consuls fell, and Octavius took
command of the republican army ; An-
tony fled with his troops over the Alps.
But Octavius betrayed the senate, and
joined with Antony and Lepidus to form
a triumvirate. Their return to Eome
was marked by violence, bloodshed, and
proscription. They were opposed by
Brutus and Cassias,' who were, however,
•lefeated at Philippi. Owing chiefly to
the military skill of the latter, Antony
obtained the sovereign dominion, an(i
went into Asia, where he had the most
splendid court that ever was seen. The
kmgs and princes of Asia came to hi»
levee, and acknowledged no other sov-
ereign in the East but him. Queens
and princesses, knowing him, doubtless,
to be a man of amour and gallantry,
strove who should win his heart; ana
the famous Cleopatra of Egypt suc-
ceeded. When that queen gave out a
false report of her death, Antony threw
himself upon his sword and perished —
a fit end to a life of dissolute violence
and crime. — JElius Nebrissensis, a
Spanish writer, and an eminent profes
sor at the university of Salamanca, who
wrote the " History of New Spain," and
other works. B. 1442 ; d. 1520.
ANTONY, of Bourbon, son of Charles
of Bourbon, duke of Vendome. B.
1527 ; married Joan of Albret, queen
of Navarre, 1548 ; and d. from a wound
received in the shoulder at the siege of
Eouen, 1562. — St., of Padua, a learned
Franciscan monk, was b. at Lisbon,
1195 ; d. at Padua, 1231 ; and was can-
onized. His works were printed at the
Hague, 1641.
AN VAEI, a Persian poet. B. at Cho-
rassan. He was well versed in astrol ■
ogy, and composed several books ou
that science ; but having failed in a pre-
diction, he retired from the court of the
sultan Sangler, and d. at Balke in 1206.
ANVILLE, John Baptist Boxtrignon
d', a most famous French writer on ge-
ography. B. at Paris, 1702 ; d. at Paris,
1782. As much esteemed for the gentle-
ness and simplicity of his manners as for
his extensive knowledge. He labored
at his maps 15 hours a day for 50 years.
ANYSIUS, or ANISO, Giovanni, an
Italian poet of some celebrity. B. at
Naples, about 1472 ; d. 1540.
ANYTA, an ancient Greek poetess,
some of whose compositions are still
preserved.
ANYTUS, an Athenian rhetorician,
who aided in procuring the condemna-
tion of Socrates, and was himself after-
wards banished.
APEL, JoHx, of Nuremberg, one of
the earliest preachers of the Eeforma-
tion, and originally a lawyer. B. 1486 ;
d. 1536.
APELLES, one of the most celebrated
painters of antiquity, was b. in the isle
of Cos, and flourished in the time of
Alexander the Great. He was in high
favor with that prince, who made a law
that no other person should draw his
picture but Apelles, who accordingly
drew him holding a thunderbolt in nui
56
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[apo
hand. The piece was finished with so
much skill and dexterity, that it used to
be said there were two Alexanders : one
invincible, the son of Philip ; the other
inimitable, the production of Apelles.
Alexander gave him likewise another
remarkable proof of his regard : for when
he employed Apelles to draw Campaspe,
oneof nis mistresses, having found that
the painter had conceived an aifection
for her, he resigned her to him ; and it •
was from her that Apelles is said to have
drawn his Venus Auadyomene. One of
Apelles' chief characteristics was, the
making his pictures so exactly resemble
the persons represented, that the physi-
ognomists were able to form a judgment
as readily from his portraits as if they
had seen the originals. His readiness
and dexterity at taking a likeness was
once of singular service in extricating
him from a difficulty in which he was
involved at the court of E^ypt : he had
not the good fortune to be in favor with
Ptolemy: a storm forced him, however,
to take shelter at Alexandria during the
reign of that prince ; where a misciiiev-
ous fellow, in order to do him an un-
kindness, went to him, and in the kin;^'s
Bame invited him to dinner. Apelles
went : and seeing the king in a prodigi-
ous passion, told him, by way of excuse,
that he should not have come to his
table but by his order. He was com-
manded to show the man who had in-
vited him ; which was impossible, the
person who had put the trick upon him
not being present: Apelles, however,
drew a sketch of his image upon the
wall with a coal, the outlines of which
discovered him immediately to Ptolemy.
— ^There was a native of Syria of the
same name, who was the founder of an
heretical sect, some time during the 2d
century.
APfiLLICUS, a philosopher to whom
the world is indebted for the works of
Aristotle, which he collected, at great
expense, about 90 years b. o.
APER, Marcus, a Gaul, who was
among the finest orators of his time. D,
85.
APIAN, Peteb, a German mathema-
tician and astronomer, who made several
valuable observations on comets. B.
1495 ; d. 1589.
APICIUS. There were three noted
Eoman epicures of this name : the first
lived in the time of the republic, the
second under Tiberius and Augustus,
and the third in the time of Trajan. It
was the second one, however, who was
the most famous. He is said to have
wasted £1,250,000 on the luxuries of the
table, wrote a book on the pleasures and
incitements of eating, and finding hiss
finances reduced, hung himself from fear
of starvation.
APION, a historian of Oasis in Egypt,
who was a professor at Eome durin^^ the
1st century. His "Antiquities oi the
Jews," in which he attacked that nation,
was answered by Josephus.
APOLLINARIUS, Claudius, a bishop
of Hieropolis, who wrote a defence of the
Christian religion about 177. It was
addressed to Marcus Aurelius. — There
was a presbyter of Alexandria of this
name, in the 4th century, who wrote a
history of the Hebrews in Greek heroics.
— His son became bishop of Laodicea,
and wrote a treatise, which he sent to
Julian, against pairanism. D. 382.
APOLLODOKUS, a grammarian of
Athens, flourished 104 b. c. — A famous
painter at Athens, 408 b. c. Pliny men-
tions two pictures by him, one of a priest
of Apollo at the altar, and the other of
the shipwreck of Ajax. — A celebrated
architect. B. at Damascus, and lived
under Tra.jan and Adrian. He was em-
ployed by the former in building the
great stone bridge over the Danube, and
other structures ; but, falling into dis-
grace with Adrian, he lost his life through
that emoeror's caprice.
APOLLONIA, a female Christian
martyr, who, at a very advanced age,
fell a sacrifice to intolerance at Alexan-
dria, 248.
APOLLONIUS, CoLLATius, a monk
and poet of Navarre in the 15th century,
who published an epic on the siege of
Jerusalem, and other pieces. — Dyscolus,
a grammarian of Alexandria in the 2d
century, who wrote a work on syntax ;
a collection of historical curiosities is
also ascribed to him. — There was another
grammarian of this name, who lived in
the reign of Augustus Caesar, and com-
piled a Lexicon Homericum, printed at
Paris, 1778. — A mathematician of Alex-
andria, about 240 years b. c. He com-
posed several curious geometrical works,
of which his book on conic sections alone
exists. — Rhodus, so called from the city
of Rhodes, in which he presided over a
school of rhetoric, was a native of Alex-
andria, and afterwards became keeper
of the celebrated library there, in wliich
situation he remained until his death,
240 B. c. He wrote a poem, in foui
books, on the expedition of the Argo-
nauts. — Tyaxeus, a philosopliic empiric
of Tyana, in Cappadocia. B. about the
Christian era. He visited Rome, where
AQU]
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
57
Vespasian became his dupe ; but Domi-
tian sent him to prison. — A Roman sen-
ator and Christian martyr, who lived in
the reign of Commodus, and probably
suffered death about 186.
APONO, or ABANO, Peter of, an
astrologer and physician, born at Abano,
who made himself celebrated by a work
entitled, " Conciliator Differentiorum
Philosophorum et precipue Medicorum."
B. 1250 ; d. 1316.
APOSTOLIUS, Michael, a learned
Greek of the 15th century.
APPIAN, an ancient historian. B. at
Alexandria, whence he went to Kome, in
the reign of Trajan, and became an emi-
nent pleader. He wrote the history of
Eome in Greek.
APPIANI, Andre, a celebrated Mi-
lanese painter. B. 1750. His pieces are
found m most of the palaces of Milan ;
but his masterpiece, in fresco, adorns
the cupola of Santa Maria de S. Celso.
B. 1750 ; d. 1818.
APPLETON, Nathaniel, Congrega-
tional minister of Cambridge, Mass. He
was b. Dec. 9, 1693, at Ipswich ; gradu-
ated, in 1712, at Harvard university;
and was ordained Oct. 9, 1717. He was
much distinguished in his time, for
learning and moral worth. In 1771 his
alma mater conferred on him the degree
of doctor of divinity, an honor which
had been conferred upon but one per-
son. Increase Mather, about 80 years be-
fore. He d. Feb. 9, 1784, in the 91st
year of his age. — Jesse, D.I)., graduated
at Dartmouth college, in 1792. He was
ordained pastor of the Congregational
church at Hampton, N. H. in Feb. 1797.
In 1807 he was chosen president of
Bowdoin college, the duties of which
station he faithfully performed for about
10 years, when his nealth became im-
paired. D. 1819.
APREECE, or EHESE, John, a learn-
ed antiquary. B. in Wales in the early
part of the 16th century, and d. in the
reign of queen Mary. One of his works,
entitled " Fides Historiae Britannise," is
preserved in manuscript in the Cottonian
collection.
APROSIO, Angelico, an Augustine
monk, born at Genoa. He wrote a num-
ber of books, but is best known by a
work, entitled " Bibliotheca Aprosiana."
B. 1607: d. 1681.
APTHONIUS, a rhetorician of Anti-
och, who wrote a book called " Progym-
nasmatii Rhetorica," in the 3d century.
APTHORP, East, a learned divine.
B. in New England, 1732, and d. at
rianterbury, 1816. The Society for the
Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign
Parts sent him out as one of their mis-
sionaries to Cambridge, Massachusetts,
in which state he resided for a short
time, and then returned to England, and
obtained the living of Croydon. Surrey,
about 1765. In 1778 he took the degree
of D.D., and was appointed to the rec-
tory of St. Mary-le-Bow, London ; but,
in 1793, he resigned his living on obtain-
ing the valuable stall of Finsbury, in St.
Paul's cathedral.
APULEIUS, Lucius, a Platonic phi-
losopher in the 2d century, b. at Madaura,
Africa. He composed several books, the
chief of which is a romance, entitled
" The Golden Ass," which lias been
translated into almost all the modem
European languages.
AQUAVIVA, Andrew Matthew,
duke of Atri, Naples, was celebratea
both as' a scholar and a soldier. B. 1456 ;
d. 1528.— Claude, b. at Naples, 1542,
became general of the order of Jesuits,
and d. 1615. — Octavio, a prelate of great
reputed piety and learning. D. arch-
bishop of Naples, 1612.
AQUILA, of Sihope, Pontus, an ar-
chitect and mathematician in the time of
Adrian, by whom he was employed in
the rebuilding of Jerusalem, where he
embraced the Christian religion, but was
afterwards excommunicated for prac-
tising astrology, when he turned Jew.
AQUILANO, Seraeino, an admired
Italian poet. B. at Aquila, Abruzzo,
1466 ; d. 1500.
AQUIL ANUS, Sebastianus, a Neapol-
itan physician of Padua. D. 1543.
AQUINAS, St. Thomas, called the
angelical doctor, was of the noble family
of Aquine, descended from the kings of
Aragon and Sicily. He was educated
by the monks ot Mount Cassino, and
removed to Naples ; but the inclination
which he had to embrace an ecclesiasti
cal life was opposed by his mother, who,
after great difficulties, obtained him from
the power of the monks, and confined
him in her castle for two years. He,
however, escaped, and fled to Naples,
and afterwards to Rome ; and when im-
proved by study, and the famous lectures
of Albertus Magnus at Cologne, he ap-
peared at Paris, and read public lectures
to an applauding audience. On his re-
turn to Italy, he became divinity pro-
fessor to several universities, and at last
settled at Naples, where he led an ex-
emplary life of chastity and devotion,
and refused the archbishopric of the
city, in the most disinterested manner,
when offered by Clement IV. Gregory
58
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[ARi
X. invited him to the council of Lyons,
to read the book which lie had written
against the Greeks; and he d. on his
way to join the pontiff at the monastery
of Fossanova, near Terracina, 7th March,
1274, in his 50th year. He was canon-
ized, 1323. His writings, which are nu-
merous, and mostly upon theological
subjects, prove him to have been a man
of great learning, and extensive knowl-
edge. They have been published, in 17
vols, folio. It was in detence of Thomas
Aquinas that Henry Vlll. composed the
book which procured him from the pope
the title of Defender of the Faith.
AQUINO, Chakles d', a Neapolitan
Jesuit, and an eminent teacher of rhet-
oric at Eome. B. 1654; d. 1740. — Louis
Claude d', a distinguished musician.
At the age of 6 he performed on the
harpsichord before Louis XIV". ; at 8,
the celebrated Bernier declared he could
teach him no more ; and at 12 he became
organist of a church at Paris. B. 1694 ;
,d. 1772. — Philip, a learned Jew of the
17th century, b. at Avignon, converted
to the Christian faith, and received bap-
tism at A.quino, Naples, whence he de-
rived his name. He was celebrated for
his skill in the Hebrew language ; and
was intrusted by Le Jay with the care
of printing and correcting the He-
brew and Chaldee text of his Polyglot
Bible.
AKABSCHAH, a Mahometan histo-
rian, who wrote a history of Tamerlane,
and a treatise on the divine unity. He
was a native of Damascus, where he d.
1450.
ARABELLA STUART, commonly
called the Lady Arabella, was the only
child of Charles Stuart, earl of Lennox,
the brother of Henry Lord Darnley,
father to James VI. of Scotland, by
Elizabeth, daughter of Sir WiUiam Cav-
endish. This innocent victim of jeal-
ousy and state policy, while an infant,
lost her father, and thus became heiress
to a large estate. Several matches were
projected for her at home and abroad ;
and her cousin. King James, was inclined
to marry her to Lord Esme Stuart, whom
he had created duke of Lennox, and
whom, before his marriage, he consider-
ed as his heir ; but this union was pre-
vented by Queen Elizabeth, who held
the Lady ArabeUa under restraint. She
was finally married in secret to the earl
of Hertford, but some Scottish noble-
men conspiring to place her on the
throne, the plot was discovered and she
waB wrongfully arrested as an aceom-
pii-xj of their design. She was com-
mitted to the Tower, where she passed
the rest of her life in close and melan-
choly confinement. D. 1615, in hei
38th year.
ARAGON, TuLLiA d', a poetess of the
16th century; descended from an ille-
gitimate branch of the royal family of
Spain ; and highly celebrated for her wit,
beauty, and various accomplishments.
ARAJA, Francisco, a Neapolitan
musician and composer in the 18th cen-
tury, who entered the service of the
Empress Catherine of Russia, and pro-
duced at St. Petersburgh "Ccphtilo et
Procris," the first opera written in the
Russian lan^tiage.
ARAM, Eugene, was a native of
Ramsgill, Yorkshire, and the son of a
gardener. His genius displayed itself
while he followed the humble occupa-
tion of his father; mathematical cal-
culations and geometricid knowledge
were quickly acquired by him, and, with
the most indefatigable zeal, Lilly's gram-
mar, though in unintelligible language,
was learned by heart, and afterwards
Camden's Greek. He then with rapid
steps advanced to the comprehension
of more difficult authors, till the whole
store of Latin and Greek literature was
open to his understanding. He also
studied and made himselt perfect in
Hebrew, and with these great acquire-
ments he gained his livelihood, by en-
gaging in several schools in the south
of England. In 1757 he came to the
free school at Lynn, a perfect master of
the most abstruse studies, and ac-
quainted with heraldry and botany.
He had begun to make collections for
radical comparisons between the mod-
em languages and ancient tongues, and
already more than 3000 words had been
selected to establish their affinity in a
comparative lexicon, when his labors
were stopped by the hands of justice.
He was arrested at Lynn, 1758, for the
murder of Daniel Clarke, a shoemaker
of Knaresborough, who had been mur-
dered thirteen years before ; and, after
a trial, in which he defended himself
with coolness and ability, he was found
guilty of the crime, and failing in an
atternpt to commit suicide, he suffered
death at York, August, 1759. He ac-
knowledged the justice of his sentence,
and attributed the crime to a suspicion
of adultery between his wife and Clarke.
Mr. Bulwer has made his stoiy the sub-
ject of a most romantic fiction, in
which, however, he has taken great
liberties with the facts of the case.
ARATOR, a Latin poet of the 5tU
arc]
cyclop^dta of biography.
M
century. Lorn in Liguria, who turned
the Acts of the Apostles into verse.
AKATUS, a Sicilian astronomer and
poet, whose " Phaenomena" was trans-
lated by Cicero, and from which St.
Paul quotes in his address at Athens. —
The son of Clinias, who restored Sicyon,
brought about the Achajan league, and
rescued Corinth from the Macedonian
Antigonus. He wrote " Commentaries"
on his own life. D. 216 b. c.
ARBOG AST, Louis Fe. Au., a French-
man, professor of mathematics at Stras-
burg, and eminent as a geometrician.
D. 1803.
AEBOGASTES, a French soldier of
fortune, who went to Eome at the time
of Valentinian the Younger, became a
general of the army, and after the death
of the emperor, caused the rhetorician
Eugenius to assume the purple. He
was defeated by Theodosius, fled to his
native mountains and put an end to his
life, about 395.
ARBRISSEL, Robert of, founder of
the abbey of Fontevraud, was born in
the village of Arbrissel, Brittany, about
1047. D. 1117.
ARBUCKLE, James, a Scotch poet,
born at Glasgow, and died in the north
of Ireland, where he had settled as a
schoolmaster, 1734.
ARBUTHNOT, Alexander, a Scot-
tish divine and a zealous reformer, was
born in 1538, and died in 1583. — John,
a celebrated writer and physician in the
reign of Queen Anne, was born at Ar-
buthnot, near Montrose, and educated
at Aberdeen. He was appointed phy-
sician in ordinary to the queen, and ad-
mitted a fellow of the college. He en-
gaged with Pope and Swift in many of
their literary schemes, particularly in
the satire under the title of " Martinus
Scriblerus." In 1727, Dr. Arbuthnot
pubhshed "Tables or Ancient Coins,
Weights, and Measures," which valu-
able work was followed by an " Essay
concerning Aliments," &c., and another
on the ''Effects of Air on Human
Bodies." So excellent a character did
he bear with his cotemporaries, that
Swift thus pithily describes him: "He
has more wit than all our race, and his
humanity is equal to our wit." D.
1735.
ARCERE, Anthony, a very learned
Frenchman, who applied to the study
of the oriental languages, made a tour
into the East, and returned richly fur-
nished with manuscripts. B. 1664; d.
1699. — Louis Stephen, a French eccle-
Hiastic, poet, and historian of the 18th
century; chiefly known by his works
on Rochelle and Amiens.
ARCESILAUS, a Greek philosopher,
the founder of the second or middle
academy, was born at Pitane, in ^olia.
316 B. c. — A king of Macedon, natural
son of Perdiccas II. , whom he su'^ceeded,
after murdering his brother Alcetas.
He liberally encouraged literature and
the arts, entertained and patronized
Euripides and Zeuxis, 398 b. o. — A
GreeK philosopher, the disciple and suc-
cessor of Anaxagoras at Lampsacus, but
removed afterwards to Athens, where
he had Socrates for a pupil. — A geog-
rapher; author of a treatise on all the
countries conquered by Alexander, in
whose time he lived. — A Christian di-
vine, bishop of Mesopotamia, who flour-
ished under Probus, about 278, and was
a zealous champion for the Catholic
faith, against the Manicha^ans.
ARCHENHOLZ, John, a Swedish
historian, born at Helsingfors, 1695; d.
1777. — John William von, a very volu-
minous German author. His two most
important works are " Annals of British
History," 20 vols., and a "History of
the Seven Years' War." B. 1742 ; d.
1818.
ARCHIAS, AuLUs Licinius, a native
of Antioch, chiefly known from the elo-
quent orations made by Cicero, to de-
fend his right to the citizenship of-
Eome.
ARCHIGENES, a Greek physician
of the Pneumatic sect, who flourished
in the times of Domitian and Trajan.
His works are frequently referred to by
Galen.
ARCHILOCHUS, a Greek satirist,
born in the isle of Paros, 660 b. c. The
invention of the Iambic metre is at-
tributed to him.
ARCHIMEDES, the most celebrated
mathematician among the ancients, was
a native of Syracuse, and related to
King Hiero. He was equally skilled in
the sciences of astronomy, geometry,
mechanics, hydrostatics, and optics;
his aptness in solving problems had be-
come proverbial in Cicero's days, and
his singular ingenuity in the invention
and construction of warlike engines is
much dwelt upon by Livy. The com-
bination of pulleys for raising immense
weights, the endless screw, &c., were
invented by him ; but his genius for in-
vention was never more signally dis-
played than in the defence of Syracuse,
when it was besieged by Marcellus ; for
among other astonishing novelties, he
produced a burning glass, composoa of
60
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
reflecting mirrors, by which he fired
the enemy's fleet. At length, however,
the city was taken bv stoim, and Ar-
chimedes, then in his 74th year, was
among the shiin, 212 b. c.
ARCHINTO, Chakles, a learned Mi-
lanese of noble family, who founded an
academy for the sciences and mechanics
in his native city, which he enriched
with an extensive hbrary, &c. B. 1669.
ARCIION, Louis, an antiquary, chap-
lain to Louis XIV..; author of a "His-
tory of the Royal Chapel of France."
B. 1645; d. 1717.
AKCHYTAS, a Pythacforean philos-
opher and mathematician of Tarentum,
who was one of the first who applied
the theory of mathematics to practical
purposes, 400 b. c.
AKCO, Nicholas, Count, a Latin poet,
born at Arco, in the Tvrol, 1479; d.
1546.
ARGON, J. C. Eleonore Lemiceaud,
a French oflicer, born at Pontarlier,
1733 ; d. 1800.
ARCUDIUS, Peter, a Greek priest,
born in the isle of Corfu, who wrote
several pieces in defence of the Roman
church, and was sent by Clement VIIL
to Russia, to settle some religious dif-
ferences. D. 1635.
ARCUDI, Alexander Thohas d', a
Dominican of Venice, who wrote sev-
eral works, chiefiy biographical, of
which the "Galatana Letterata" is the
principal. D. 1720.
ARCULPHUS, a French divine of
the 7th century, who visited the Holy
Land, and wrote an account of his
travels.
ARCY, Patrick, a military writer of
the 18th century, born at Gal way. D.
}779.
ARDENE, EsPRrr Jean de Rome d',
a French author, bom at Marseilles,
1684 ; d. 1748.— John Paul, brother of
the preceding, was a priest at Marseilles,
and superior of a college ; but more
celebrated as a florist than as an eccle-
siastic. D. 1769.
ARDERN, John, an English surgeon
of Newark-upon-Trent, to whom the
credit of being the reviver of surgery in
England in the 14th century has been
given.
ARDERNE, James, an English di-
vine, made dean of Chester by Charles
IL D. 1691.
ARDINGHELLI, Maria, a Neapol-
itan author, of noble origin, born in
1730. He was distinguished in algebra
and the physical sciences.
AEEAGATHUS, a Greek physician,
who lived 269 b. o., and practised witL
repute at Rome ; but havmg introduced
the use of caustics and the knife, he
was banished.
ARENA, Anthony de, a French
writer of the 16th century, chiefly
known by his poem on the war of Pro-
vence, carried on by Charles V. J).
1544. — James de, a learned civilian and
writer in the 13th century. He was
professor of law at Padua and Bologna,
and wrote "Commentsries on tlie Di-
gest and the Code." — Joseph de, an
officer in the French service, born in
Corsica ; arrested at the opera, Aug. 10,
1801, and executed Jan. 31 following,
for im attempt on the life of Bonaparte,
then first consul.
ARENDT, Martin Frederic, a cele-
brated traveller, was born at Altona, in
1769. He commenced his travels in
1798, visiting the northern parts of Eu-
rope, and making researches into the
antiquities of the countries through
whicn he passed. He afterwards trav-
elled throu^^h Spain, Italy, and Hun-
gary; and it was his practice to carry
all his papers with him, live on the
charitv of others, and sleep in the open
air. D. 1824.
ARESI, Paul, bishop of Tortona, Mi-
lan, who taught theology, philosophy,
and rhetoric, at Rome and Naples, and
wrote some philosophical and religious
pieces. B. 1574; d. 1644.
ARETiEUS, a Greek physician in the
time of Vespasian ; his works are held
in great esteem.
ARETIN, A. and J. G., brothers. B.
in 1769 and 1771 ; authors of several
German works on the fine arts, "Ma-
gazin des Arts du Dessin." — Christo-
pher, Baron. B. in 1773; a laborious
German bibliograph, curator of the
Royal library at Munich, and member
of the most famous German academics.
Among his works are, "Historical and
Literary Memoirs :" a " Historv of the
Jews of Bavaria ;'^ " On the Eflects of
Printing;" and many curious treatises
on Mnemonics, a Universal Language,
the Divining Rod, &c. He edited the
"Aurora" in 1806, and published the
" Nouvel Indicateur Litteraire," at Tu-
bingen. 1808. D. 1824.
ARETINO, Charles, b. in Tuscany,
in the 15th century. He was secretary
to the republic of' Florence ; and emi-
nent both as a Greek scholar and a Latin
poet. D. 1470. — Francis, a learned ci-
vilian of Italy in the 15th century. —
GuiDO, a Benedictine monk, who lived
in the 11th centurv. He rendered him-
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CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
^
self famous bj discovering a new method
of learning music, or rather by restoring
the true principle of the ancient Greek
music ; and was said to have been the
inventor of the six notes in music, Ut,
Ee, Mi, Fa, Sol, La. They are thought
to have been taken from a hymn of St.
John, composed by Paul, in 770, and
which runs as follows :
Ut queant laxis Re sonare fibris
3fi ra gestonini. Fa muli tuonun,
Sol ve pollutis, la bias reatum. —
Leonakdo, was one of the ablest men in
eloquence and science of the 15th cen-
tury; and left several works, the cata-
logue of which may be seen in Gesner's
" Bibliotheca." He d. about 1443, being
then 74 years of age, at Florence ; where
there is a marble monument erected to
him in the church of the Holy Cross,
with an inscription to the following
purport: — " Since the death of Leonar-
do, history is in mourning; eloquence
is become mute; the Greek and Latin
muses cannot forbear shedding tears." —
Francisco, a man of great reading, and
well acquainted with the Greek lan-
guage. He studied at Sienna, about the
year 1443; and afterwards taught law
there with such a vivacity of genius,
that they called him the Prince of Sub-
tleties, and his wit became a proverb.
He taught also in the university of Pisa,
and in that of Ferrara. — ^Pietbo, a na-
tive of Arezzo, who lived in the 16th
century. He was fiunous for his satir-
ical writings, and was so bold in his in-
vectives against sovereigns, that he got
the title of the Scourge of Princes. He
used to boast that his lampoons did
more service to the world than sermons ;
and it was said of him, that he had sub-
jected more princes by his pen than
the greatest warriors had ever done by
their arms. Aretino wrote also many
irreligious and obscene pieces, and was
the author of some comedies, which
were esteemed pretty good of their kind.
B. 1491 ; d. 1556.
AEETIUS, Benedict, an ecclesiastic,
distinguished for his botanical and the-
ological attainments, who lived at Berne,
Switzerland. D. 1574.
AKGAIK, Gregoet, a Spanish Ben-
edictine, who wrote an ecclesiastical
history of Spain, which he ascribed to
St. Gregory. He lived at Madrid, du-
ring the 17th century.
AEG ALL, EicHABD, a poet, who flour-
ished in England in the time of James I.
— Samuel, a depu.ty-governor of Vir-
ginia, who in 1612 carried off Pocahon-
6
tas to Jamestown, whose attack on the
settlement in Acadie began the war be-
tween the French and English, and who
subdued the Dutch settlements on the
Hudson. He was knighted by King
James, in 1623.
AEGELLATI, Philepo, a printer at
Bologna, afterwards a magistrate. B.
1685. — Francisco, his son, author of a
"Decamarone," written in imitation of
Boccacio. D. 1754.
AEGENS, John Baptiste de Botee,
Marquis d', a French miscellaneous
writer, who was invited by Frederic
WUliam, king of Prussia, to become one
of his chamberlains. B. 1704; d. 1771.
AEGENSOLA, Lupebcio Leonardo
d', a Spanish historian and poet. B. in
Aragon, about 1565; d. 1613. — Bar-
tholomew, his brother, was canon of
Saragossa, and chaplain of the Empress
Maria, of Austria. He was the author
of a " History of the Conq^uest of the
Moluccas," and of a continuation of
" Zurita's History of Aragon." It waft
said of the two brothers, that the per-
fect resemblance of their talents made
their countrymen believe them to be
twins of Apollo and a Muse. B. 1566 ;
d. 1631.
AEGENSON, Mark Eene le Voter,
Marquis d', celebrated as the first who
introduced lettres de cachet, during his
administration of the Police at Paris,
1697, was b. at Venice, where his father
was ambassador from the French court.
He was highly respected for his abilities,
and the firmness of his character. He
succeeded d'Aguesseau in the office of
chancellor, 1719, but was disgraced the
following year, and d. of a broken heart
in 1721.
AEGENTEEO, a celebrated Pied-
montese physician, who translated Ga-
len. B. 1558.
AEGENTIE, John, an eminent Ital-
ian physician. B. 1513 ; d. 1572.
AEGOLI, John, the son of Andrew,
a celebrated mathematician, was b. in
1609, at Tagliacozzo, in the' Neapolitan
territory, and d. about the year 1660.
Several' philological and archaeological
works proceeded from his pen, but he
is best known as a poet. When only"
fifteen, he wrote his Idyl on the silk-
worm, and two years subsequently, his
Endymion, in twelve cantos, which he
completed in seven months, during
which period he shut himself up, and
suffered no one to enter his room, ex-
cept to bring his food.
AEGONNE, Don Bonaventure d', a
native of Paris, author of some useful
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CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
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works, especially miscellanies of history
and literature, replete with entertaining
anecdotes and valuable reflections, pub-
lisned under the name of Vigneul de
Marville. lie d. a Carthusian monk at
Gaillon, near Rouen, 1704, aged 64. He
wrote also a method of reading the
church fathers.
AKCtUELLES, Augustus, a Spanish
patriot daring the revolution of 1812.
B. 1775.
ARGUSTIN, Antonio, a Spanish an-
tiquarian, and author of "Dialogos de
los xMedallas." B. 1517,
ARGYROPYLUS, Joannes, a learned
man who fled from Constantinople when
taken by Mahomet II., and contributed
to the revival of Greek literature in Eu-
rope. He was received with kindness
by Cosmo de Medicis, duke of Tuscany,
placed in the professor's chair at Flo-
rence, and made tutor in the prince's
family. He retired from thence, during
the plague, to Rome, where he lectured
on Aristotle. He d. of a fever occasioned
by eating melons, in his 70th year, about
1478. He translated several of Aris-
totle's works, in a manner which proved
him to be an able Grecian, and a scholar
of the most comprehensive erudition.
He was an intemperate epicure, so that
the whole of his fortune was squandered
in supplying the delicacies of his table.
He treated the character of Cicero with
contempt, because he had said of his
favorite Greek, that it is a language ver-
borum mops. He left some sons equally
learned.
ARIADNE, daughter of Leo I. mar-
ried to Zeno, who succeeded as emperor,
474. She was so disgusted with the in-
temperance of her husband, and so
eager to enjoy the company of her fa-
vorite Anastasius, that she forgot her
dignity and character in barbarity. Ze-
no, when intoxicated, was shut up in a
sepulchre, where he was suffered to
die ; and Anastasius, though of obscure
origin, was placed on the throne. D.
515.
ARIAS MONTANUS, Benedict, a
native of Seville, eminent for his knowl-
edge of modern and ancient literature.
He was engaged by Philip II. of- Spain,
to publish an edition of the polyglot
Bible, which he completed, and pub-
lished at Antwerp, 1569-72. The mon-
arch liberally offered the author a bish-
opric, but it was modestly refused, and
only a pension of 2000 ducats accepted,
with the honor of being chaplain to the
king. Arias wrote some biblical and
histoncal treatises, besides translating
the Psalter into Latin verse. B. 1527;
d. 1598.
ARI ERODE, an Icelandic scholar of
the 11th century, and the earliest of the
northern historians. Of his numerous
writings only the Schedse and Land-
namabok remain.
ARION, a Lesbian poet, the inventor
of dythrambics, but his hymn to Nep-
tune is all that remains of his works.
ARIOSTO, Attilio, a Bolognese com-
poser, who gave lessons to Handel, with
whom and Bononcini, he composed his
well-known opera of "Muzio Scevola."
His masterly execution on the viol
d'amore, a new instrument, gave him
applause and opulence in England. D.
1725. — LuDovico, an illustrious poet.
B. at Reggio, 1474, of a family allied
to the duKes of Ferrara. His early
genius displayed itself in the composi-
tion of the play of Pyraraus and ThLsbe,
which he acted with his brothers and
sisters ; but his father, like the father of
Ovid, viewed his studies with a jedous
eye, and bade him forsake the muses for
the bar. This he did for a while ; but
after his father's decease he returned to
his favorite pursuits, and, under the
friendly patronage of Hippolito, cardinal
d'Este, he began the plan of a poem,
which was to immortalize the Italian
muse. The cardinal seems to have
valued him rather as a scholar and man
of business than as a poet^ for when
Ariosto presented a copy of his immortal
Orlando, the cardinal inquired, " Where
did you pick up this trumpery, master
Ludovico ?" He was invited to write in
Latin by Cardinal Bembo ; but with the
ardor of a poet he replied, that he aspired
to the first rank of Italian composition,
while he could only stand as second as
the votary of the Latin muse. He read
with attention the works of Homer and
Virgil, and, with a mind stored with all
the learning^ of ancient times, he bor-
rowed a subject from Bojardo's Orlando
Inamorato, and produced his incompar-
able poem of Orlando Furioso. Though
devoted to poetry, Ariosto was at times
employed in negotiations ; and when,,
on the death of Hippolito, Alphonso,
duke of Ferrara succeeded as patron or
the poet, he showed his regard for him
by appointing him governor of Graffig-
nana, a post which he discharged with
honor and fidelity. For his retirement,
he built a house at Ferrara ; and when
questioned why he, who shone in the
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CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
k
description of magnificent lialls, and
Bplendid palaces, had made it so small,
he replied, that words were cheaper than
stones. He read his poems with so
sweet a voice, that his triends were en-
raptured to hear him ; and he possessed
so delicate an ear, with, at the same
time, so sensitive and so choleric a tem-
per, that he once entered into the shop
of a potter, who had been repeating
some of his verses with an improper ac-
cent, and broke a great number of the
pots exposed to sale. The man expos-
tulated in vain at the violence of the
stranger, I have not sufficiently re-
venged myself on thee, exclaimed Ari-
osto"; I have broke only a few pots, and
you have spoiled the most beautiful of
compositions to my face. He d. at Fer-
rara, 8th July, 1533, in his 59th year.
Ariosto possesses all the fire of genuine
poetry ; he passes with incredible rapid-
ity and ease from the terrible to the ten-
der, from the soft to the sublime ; every
character is interesting ; his heroes are
valiant without rashness ; his hero-
ines are feminine without weakness ;
and nature appears in all her native ma-
jesty, adornecl by all the graces of art,
and recommended by the most enchant-
ing language of poetry. Besides the
Orlando, Ariosto wrote satires, comedies,
and miscellaneous poems. His principal
works have been translated into the
various languages of Europe, and he
ranks among the classics of the world. —
Gabriel, brother of the above, very in-
ferior to him in genius, but a respectable
Latin poet. His works were published
at Ferrara in'l582. — Horace, son of the
last named ; author of a poem entitled
Alphseus, several comedies, and a de-
fence of the Orlando against the criti-
cism of Pellegrini.
ARISI, Francis, an eminent advocate
of Cremona; author of various works,
of which the most valuable is his "Cre-
mona Literati." B. 1657 ; d. 1743.
AEIST^NATUS, a Greek writer of
the 4th century, praised by Ammianus
Marcellinus, but only known now by
two books of eleerant Amatory Epistles.
AEISTAECHUS, a critic and gram-
marian, of Samothrace, who flourished
about 150 B. c. Having settled at Alex-
andria, he was made tutor to the son of
Ptolemy Philomater. His criticisms
were so severe that his name has be-
come proverbial. — A Greek philosopher,
supposed to have flourished about 4
centuries b. c. He is said to be the first
wY o knew of the earth's rotatory motion
on its own axis ; and a work of £is treats
of the magnitude and distance of the sun
and moon.
ARISTEAS, a Jew, in the employ-
ment of Ptolemy Philadelphus, who as-
sisted in the Septuagint translation of
the Bible.
ARISTIDES, an Athenian, whose
equity and integrity gained for him the
glorious appellation of the Just, was the
son of Lysimachus. Being an admirer
of the laws of Lycurgus, he preferred an
oligarchy to a democracy, and was, con-
sequently, the great opponent of The-
mistocles, the head of the democratical
party. The dissensions between these
two eminent men were so prejudicial to
the common weal, that Aristides himself
once exclaimed, that "the Athenians
would never prosper till he and The-
mistocles were consigned to the dungeon
for condemned criminals." The self-
denial and patriotism of Aristides were
strongly manifested by his giving up his
share of the commancl to Miltiades, be-
fore the battle of Marathon ; and his con-
duct after the battle, when intrusted to
divide the spoils, was equally praise-
worthy. In the year 491 b. c. he wae
archon, or chief magistrate ; an officj
which he filled with high reputation.
Themistocles, however, succeeded in
having him sentenced to banishment by
ostracism. On this occasion, a voter
who could not write, and did not' know
him, met him, and asked him to inscribe
the name of Aristides on the shell for
him. " Did Aristides ever injure you ?"
said the patriot. " No," replied the
man, " but I am weary of hearing nira
called the Just." Aristides wrote his
own name, and returned the shell. Be-
ing recalled from banishment, when
Xerxes was preparing to invade Greece,
he laid all private differences aside, and
acted in perfect concert with Themisto-
cles. At the battle of Plataea he com-
manded the Athenian forces, and fought
bravely, and, subsequent to the battle,
his wisdom put an end to a dangerous
quarrel which arose between the con-
federates. He d. of old age aooiit 467
years b. c, and did not leave sufficient
property to defray the expense of his fu-
neral. He was buried at the public cost,
a pension and an estate were given to Ma
son, and suitable portions to his daugh-
ters. — ^Elius, a native of Adriani, in
Mysia ; an orator of great practice and
ability during the reigns of Antoninus,
Aureiius, and Commodus. — A Christian
philosopher, of Athens, in the 2d cen-
tury. Jerome praises his " Apology f )T
the Christian Faith," but none o^ hia
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CVCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[ari
writings are extaiiu. — A painter of Thebes
in the 3d century b. o., famous for his
power of representing the passions. —
QuiNTiLiAN, a Greek musician, who,
about the year 130, wrote a treatise on
music. — An historian of Miletus, often
mentioned by Plutarch.
ARISTIPPUS, founder of the Cyre-
naic sect of philosophers, was b. at Gy-
rene about 4 centuries b. c. He became
a pupil of Socrates, but his mode of life
was so effeminate as to induce that great
man to compose the lecture on pleasures,
which is preserved in the Memorabiha
of Xenophon. Excellent as that lecture
is, it had little effect on Aristippus ;
who, both in lecturing and living, made
pleasure the chief good. At Corinth he
was the companion of the courtesan
Lais ; and, at Syracuscj he was tlivored
by the tyrant, Dionysius, to whom he
paid his court. He established a school
of philosophy at Cyrene, which con-
tinued for about a century, when it was
merged into the sect of l!picurus.
ARISTO, of Chios, a Stoic phUosopher,
260 B. c. — An Aristotelian philosopher,
of Ceos, 230 b. c. A work of his, en-
titled "Amatory Similes," is cited by
Athenseus.
ARISTOGITON, a citizen of Athens,
516 B.C., who was executed, after being
horribly treated, for conspiring with his
friend Harmodius to slay the tyrants
Hippias and Hipparchus. Hipparchus
they succeeded in slaying ; and Hippias,
who put Aristogiton to death, was ex-
pelled the state about three years after-
wards, when the statues of Aristogiton
and Harmodius were placed in the forum,
and it was decreed that no slave should
ever bear the name of either.
AEISTOMENES, a Greek, son of'
Nieomedes, a descendant of the regal
family of Messene, whose exertions
caused the Messenians, in conjunction
with the Arcadians and Argives, to com-
mence the second Messenian war, 685
B. c, in order to shake off the yoke of
Sparta. The Messenians, however, were
unsuccessful, and went over to Sicily,
where thev founded the city of Messina.
ARISTOPHANES, a dramatic poet
of Athens, cotemporary with Socrates,
Plato, &c., in the 5th century b. c. His
comedies were marked by a severity of
satire which made him at once feared
and popular; and his description of
Athenian manners was so exact, that
when Dionysius, of Syracuse, wished to
study the language and manners of
Athen."<, Plato sent him the comedies of
Aristophanes as the readiest means of
doing so. Only 11 of his 50 oc (nediea
remain. These are Plutus, The Clouds,
The Knights, The Aeharnenses, The
Wasps, Peace, The Birds, Tlie Female
Orators, the Priestesses of Ceres, and
Lysistrata. " The Clouds," which he
wrote in ridicule of Socrates, is the most
celebrated of all his comedies : Madame
Dacier tell* us, she was so much charm-
ed with this performance, that, after she
had translated it, and read it over 200
times, it did not become the least tedi-
ous to her. Aristophanes, having con-
ceived some aversion to the poet
Euripides, satirizes him in several of his
plays, particularly in his " Frogs" and
his " Thesmophoriazusse." He wrote
" The Lysistrata" when all Greece was
involved* In war; in which comedy the
women are introduced debating "upon
the affairs of the commonwealth ; when
they come to a resolution not to go to
bed with their husbands till peace should
be concluded. He invented a peculiar
kind of verse, which was called by his
name, and Suidas says, that he also was
the inventor of the tetrameter and octa-
meter verse. The time of his death is
unknown.
ARISTOTLE, the chief of the Peri
patetic philosophers. B. at Stagyra, a
small city in Macedon, in the 99th
Olympiad, about 384 b. c, was the son
of Michomachus, physician to Amyntas,
the grandfather of Alexander the Great.
By tne advice of the Delphic oracle he
went to Athens when about 18, and
studied under Plato till he was 37. He
followed his studies with most extraor-
dinary diligence, so that he soon sur-
passed all in Plato's school. He ate
little, and slept less ; and that he might
not oversleep nimself, Diogenes Laertius
tells us, that he laid always with one
hand out of bed, having a ball of brass
in it, which by its falling into a basin of
the same metal, awaked nim. When he
had studied about 15 years under Plato,
he began to form different tenets from
those of his master, who became highly
piqued at his behavior. Upon the death
of Plato, he quitted Athens, and retired
to Atarnya, a little city of Mysia, where
his old iriend Hermias reigned. Here
he married Pythias, the sister of this
prince, whom he is said to have loved
so passionately, that he offered sacrifice
to her. Some time after, Hermias hav-
ing been taken prisoner by Maranon, the
kinor of Persia's general, Aristotle went
to Mitylene, the capital of Lesbos, where
he remained till Philip, king of Macedon,
having heard of his great reputation,
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CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
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sent for him to be tutor to his son Alex-
ander, then about 14 years of age. Aris-
totle accepted the oifer j and in eight
years taught him rhetoric, natural phi-
losophy, ethics, politics, and a certain
sort of piiilosophy, according to Plutarch,
which he taugiit nobody else. Philip
erected statues in honor of Aristotle;
and for his sake rebuilt Stagyra, which
had been almost ruined by the wars.
Aristotle having lost the favor of Alex-
ander by adhering to Calisthenes, his
kinsman, who was accused of a conspir-
acy against Alexander's life, removed to
Athens, where he set up his new school.
The magistrates received him very kind-
ly and gave him the Lycseum, so famous
afterwards for the concourse of his dis-
ciples ; and here it was, according to
some authors, that he composed his
principal works. When Aristotle was
accused of impiety by one Eurymedon,
a priest of Ceres, he wrote a large apol-
ogy for himself, addressed to the magis-
trates : but, knowing the Athenians to
be extremely jealous about their religion,
and remembering the fate of Socrates, he
was so much alarmed that he retired to
Chalcis, a city of Euboea, where he end-
ed his days in the 63d year of his age,
being the third of the l'l4th Olympiad,
two years after Alexander. The Stagyr-
ites carried away his body, and erected
altars to his memory.
ARIUS, a divine of the 4th century,
and the head and founder of the Arians,
a sect which denied the eternal divinity
and consubstantiality of the Word. He
was born in Libya, near Egypt. The
Arian principles, according to Span-
heim, were, that Christ was only called
God by way of title ; that he was less
than the Father, who only was eternal
and without beginning; that he was a
creature, having a beginning of exist-
ence, created out of things, having no
being before the beginning of all things :
hence he was made God, and the Son
of God by adoption, not by nature ; and
that the Word was also subject to
change; that the Father created all
things by him as an instrument; and
that he was the most excellent of aU
creatures ; that the essence of the Father
was different from the essence of the
Son; neither was he co-eternal, co-
equal, nor consubstantial >;vith the Fa-
ther ; that the Holy Ghost was not
God, but the creature of the Son, begot
and createcJ by him, inferior in dignity
to the Father and Son, and co-worker
in the creation. His death happened in
the year 336.
e*
AEKWEIGHT, Sir Richard, a man
who was born in one of the lowest sta-
tions of life, being literally a penny bar-
ber at Manchester, but by uncommon
genius and persevering industry in-
vented and perfected a system of mar-
chinery for spinning cotton, that had
in vain been attempted by many of the
first mechanics ot the 17th and 18th
centuries; and which, by giving per-
petual employment to many thousand
families, increased the population, and
was productive of great commercial ad-
vantage to his country. Tiie machine
is called a " Spinning Jenny." Sir
Eichard died Aug. 3, 1792, leaving prop-
erty to the amount of near half a mil-
lion sterling.
AELANl), James Anthony, a Gene-
vese painter of great merit. His last
work was the " Amour of Jupiter with
Leda," which, from some whim unex-
plained, he destroyed by cutting it to
pieces. A copy of it was sold in the
artist's lifetime for 600 guineas. B.
1668 ; d. 1743.
AELOTTO, Mainardo, a facetious
Florentine of the 15th century, and of
whose witticisms a collection has been
frequently printed, was a parish min-
ister in the bishopric of Fiesole ; who,
though regarded as a religious buffoon
by some, was as benevolent as he was
jocose. B. 1395 ; d. 1483.
AEMELLINI, Mariaud, a learned
Dominican, born at Ancona, was the
author of " Bibliotheca Benedictino Ca-
sinensis," and other works. D. 1737.
AEMFELDT, Gustavus Maurice,
Count, a Swedish statesman of some
note. D. 1814.
AEMINIUS, or HEEMANN, who by
his intrepidity and success acquired the
title of "the Deliverer of Germany,"
was the son of Segimer, a chief of the
Catti. Having been sent to Eome as a
hostage, he was there educated, served
in the Eoman army, and for his valor
was raised to citizenship and knighted.
But his attachment to his native country
induced him to revolt, and he became
one of the most powerful leaders of
the discontented German nations. He
drew Varus, the Eoman commander on
the Ehine, into that ambuscade in
which he and nearly all his troops were
slain, and completely baffled German-
icus • but after having for years with-
stood the vast power of Eome, Armi-
nius was assassinated bj' one of his own
countrymen, in the 37th year of his age,
a.d. 21. — James, a native of Oude-water,
in Holland, 1560, founder of the sect or
66
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[AtS
the Arminians. As he lost his father
early, he was supported at the uni-
versity of Utrecht, and of Marpurg, by
the liberality of his friends ; but when
he returned home, in the midst of the
ravages caused by the Spanish arms,
instead of being received by his mother,
he found that she, as well as her daugh-
ters, and all her family, had been sac-
riticed to the wantonness of the ferocious
enemy. His distress was for a while in-
consolable, but tlie thirst after distinc-
tion called him to the newly founded
university of Leyden, where his in-
dustry acquired him the protection of
the magistrates of Amsterdam, at whose
expense he travelled to Geneva and
Italy, to hear the lectures of Theodore
Beza and James Zabarella. On his re-
turn to Holland, he was ordained min-
ister of Amsterdam, 1583. As professor
of divinity at Leyden, to which office he
was called, 1603, he distinguished him-
self by three valuable orations on the
object of theology — on the author and
end of it — and on the i»ertainty of it —
and he afterwards explaired the prophet
Jonah. In his public and private life,
Arminius has been admired for his
moderation; and though many gross
insinuations have been thrown against
him, yet his memory has been fully
vindicated by the ablest pens, and he
seemed entitled to the motto which he
assumed, — a good conscience is a para-
dise. A life of perpetual labor and vex-
ation of mind at last brought on a sick-
ness of winch he died, October 19, 1619.
His writings were all on controversial
and theoloirical subjects.
ARMSTKONG, Dr. John, a celebrated
poet, born at Castleton, Edinburghshire,
where his father and brother were min-
isters. He took his degree of M.D. m
the university of Edinburgh, 1732, but
he did not meet with the success in his
profession which his merits deserved.
His first exertions for the amusement
of the public were some small medical
tracts, which were followed by the
" Economy of Love," a poem after the
manner ot' Ovid, objectionable for its
licentiousness, though admired for the
spirit of its lines, corrected and purged
in the edition of 1768. In 1744 the
" Art of Preserving Health" was pub-
lished, and on this great and highly
finished performance, the fame of Arm-
strong totally depends. By means of
his friends, the poet was recommended
to the notice of the great. He was ap-
pointed physician to" the lame and sick
goldiers, behind Buckingham house,
and in 1760, he was made physician to
the army in Germany. It was at this
time that he wrote his poem called
"Day," inscribed to John Wilkes ; and
the Ireedoni of remark which he used
in one passage upon Churchill not only
drew the vengeance of the satirist upon
him, but dissolved the friendship which
had before cordially existed with Wilkes.
He collected his scattered pieces which
he published in 1770, and the following
year he wrote a " Short Eamble through
France and Italy," by Lancelot Temple
He died in September, 1779, leaving be
hind liim about £3000, a sum which
surprised his friends, as they knew that
his income was small. — John, a phy-
sician and medical writer, celebrated for
his researches on the causes and phe-
nomena of febrile diseases. B. 1784;
d. 1829. — John, an American general,
distinguished in the Indian wars. He
defended Fort Moultrie, and was in the
battle of Germantown. D. 1795. — John,
son of the preceding, was also a gen-
eral, who at the age of 18 joined the
revolutionary army, contrary to the
wishes of his parents, was aid to Mer-
cer at the battle of Princeton, receiving
him into his arms when he fell, and
afterwards served as major under Gates.
Just before the close of the war, he
wrote a series of anonymous addresses
which are celebrated as the " Newburg
Letters," and the effect of which was
so great, that Washington felt called
upon to issue an address to counter-
mand their influence. He was sub-
sequently secretaiy of state for Penn-
sylvania, a member of the old congress,
a United States senator from New York,
minister to France under Jefferson, and
secretary of war under Madison. He
passed the latter part of his life in lite-
rary and agricultural pursuits. B. 1758 ;
d. 1848.
ARMYNE, Lady Mary, daughter of
Henry Talbot, the fourth son of George,
earl of Shrewsbury, married Sir William
Armyne, and rendered herself distin-
guished by her piety and benevolence,
as well as her knowledge of history, of
divinity, and of the lang lages. She en-
dowed three hospitals. D. 1675.
ARNALD, RicH.vKD, B.D., a native
of London, educated at Benet's and
Emanuel college, and presented to the
rectory of Thurcaston in Leicestershire.
He published several sermons, but his
best known performance is his "Com-
mentary on the Apocrypha." D. 1756.
ARNALL, William, an attorney's
clerk, who became a political writer in
arn]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
m
the pay of Sir Kobert Walpole. It ap-
pears from the report of a secret com-
mittee, that, in four years, he received
£10,997 6s. 8d. for his pamphlets ; and
though so liberally rewarded, he died
of a broken heart and in debt, 1741,
aged 26.
AKNAUD, Francis Thomas Bacu-
LARi) d', a prolific French writer of the
time of Voltaire. His principal works
were " Epreuves des Sentiments^''
•'Loisirs Utiles," "Coligny," &c. B.
1718 ; d. 1751.
AKNAUD DE VILLA NOVA, a
physician, who improved himself by
travelling through Europe, and created
himself enemies by havmg recourse to
astrology. He enjoyed some reputation
at Paris, and afterwards retired to SicUy,
to Frederic, king of Aragon. He was
shipwrecked on the coast of Genoa as
he was returning to attend Pope Clem-
ent, who labored under a severe ill-
ness, 1310 or 1313.
AENAULD, Henby, a French ecde-
slasrlc, the son of an eminent advocate,
was born in 1597, and, after having been
intrusted with important missions to
Rome, and other Italian courts, was
made bishop of Angers, in 1649, and
thenceforth devoted himself strictly to
the performance of his episcopal duties.
His piety and charity were exemplary,
and the only time, during nearly half a
century, that he quitted his "diocese,
was to reconcile the prince of Tarento
with his father. Angers having re-
volted, the queen mother threatened
that city with severe vengeance, and
was long inflexible. Arnaidd at length
saved it, by saying, when he adminis-
tered to her the sacrament, "Receive,
madam, your God, who pardoned his
enemies, even when he was dying on
the cross," To a friend who told him
that he ought to take one day in the
week for recreation, he replied, " I will
readily do so, if you will point out any
day on which I am not a bishop." D.
1692. — Anthony, brother of Henry, was
born at Paris, in 1612, studied in the
colleges of Calvi and the Sorbonne, and
took his doctor's degree in 1641. The
publishing, in 1643, of his work on
''Frequent Communion," which was
virulently attacked by the Jesuits, was
his first appearance on the arena of con-
troversy, where, during the remainder
of his "life, iie made so conspicuous a
figure. He next espoused the cause of
Jansenius, for which he was expelled
from the Sorbonne. The result of this
«ra8, that he was compelled to live in
retirement till the year 1668, and, while
thus secluded, he produced many trea-
tises. The Calvinists were the next ob-
jects of his attack ; after which he had
a contest with MaJebranche. The in-
trigues of his enemies having rendered
it necessary for him to quit France, he
withdrew to the Netherlands, where he
continued hostilities against the Jesuits
and Protestants. He died at Brussels,
in 1694. Arnauld was a man of exten-
sive erudition, and an indefatigable and
excellent writer on a variety of subjects,
literary and philosophical as well as the-
ological. His works extend to no less
than forty-five quarto volumes. Though
in social life his manners were mild and
simple, he was of an impetuous dis-
position. Nicole, his fellow-laborer in
some of his controversies, having de-
clared to him that he was tired of this
ceaseless warfare, and wished to rest,
" Rest !" exclaimed Arnauld, " wUl you
not have all eternity to rest in ?"
ARNAULT, Antoine Vincent, an
esteemed dramatic poet of France, who
laid the foundation of his fame by the
tragedy of " Marius a Minturnes," which
was first performed in 1791. He soon
after published his " Lucrece," and then
" Cincinnatus" and " Orcas," besides
several operas. In 1797 Bonaparte com-
mitted to him the organization of the
government of the Ionian isles. While
there he wrote his " Veneticus." In
1805 he was made president of the Nar-
tional Institute. After the restoration
he was banished, and resided in Bel-
gium and Holland. His tragedy of
" Germanicus," when first performed
in 1817, excited a furious contest be-
tween the opposite political parties. Two
years after he returned to Paris, and
subsequently wrote "Les Guelfes et lea
Gibelins," "Lycurge," and "Gnilham
I.," besides contributing to several peri-
odicals, and editing a life of Napoleon.
In 1833 he was appointed perpetual
secretary of the academy. He took an
active part in the literary controversy
between the classic and romantic schools,
in favor of t'le former. D. 1834.
ARNDT, Christian, professor of logic
at Rostock, in Germany ; author of
" Observations on the Right Use of
Loiric in Divinity," &c. B. 1623; d.
1683.— Joshua, brother of the above,
and his successor in the chair at Rostock ;
author of a " Dictionary of Ecclesiasti-
cal Antiquities," and ' other valuable
works. B; 1626; d. 1685.— Gottlieb
Von, imperial Russian counsellor, assist-
ant to the Empress Catherine II. in her
68
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[arn
literary employment, and author of a
learned worK on " The Origin of Euro-
pean Dialects," published in 1318. D.
1829. — Charlks, son of the last-named^
Hebrew professor at Rostock ; author ot
*' Philoloitical Discourses," " Bibliotheca
Politico Heraldica," &c. B. 1673; d.
1781. — John, a native of Anhalt; author
of a treatise " On True Christianity."
B. 1555; d. 1621.
ARNE, Dr. Thomas Augustine, a cel-
ebrated composer of music. At the early
age of 18 he produced an opera, entitled
" Rosamond," and shortly afterwards
composed the music for a masque, en-
titled " Alfred," written by Thompson
and Mallet. On the masque' of " Comus"
being adapted to the sttige, ArneV music
for it obtained him so high a reputation,
and such constant employment, that a
mere catalogue of the various works he
was subsequently the author of, would
demand a far larger space than we can
afford. His sister was the celebrated
Mrs. Gibber. B. 1704; d. 1778.— Mi-
chael, son of the preceding, and, like
him, a musical composer ; author of the
music of Alcmena and of Cymon.
ARNIGIO, Bartholomew, an Italian
poet, was originally a blacksmith, but at
18 years of age devoted himself to litera-
ture, and distinguished himself so much,
that the university of Padua gave him
the degree of doctor. As a physician,
which profession he followed, he was
far less distinguished than as a poet.
His works are numerous. B. 1523 ; d.
1577.
ARNIM, LuDWia Aghin von, a Ger-
man poet, and writer of romances, was
b. at Berlin, studied at Gottingen, and
passed his life in literary leisure and
independence, at Heidelberg, Berlin,
and his country seat. His chief works
are "Ariel's Offenbarun^en," "Der
Knabe Wunderhorn," "Der Winter-
garten," "Grafin Dolores," "Die Kro-
nen- Wachter," "Die Gieichan." D.
1831. His wife, Beti'ina Bkentano, is
still more celebrated than himself, both
from her own writings, and the interest-
ing relation in which she stood as a
child to the illustrious Goethe, her cor-
respondence with whom, so singularly
fresh, impulsive, and full of sentiment,
has been translated into several lan-
guages.
ARNOLD, Christopher, a German
peasant, whose energy and natural ge-
nius enabled him to become one of the
most accomplished astronomers of his
age. The only work he left was entitled
"Signs of Di-ine Grace, exhibited in a
Solar Miracle." B. 1646; d. 1695.—
John, an English watchmaker, and au-
thor of many inventions for the more
accurate mensuration of time. B. 1744;
d. 1799. — John, a miller, celebrated in
consequence of the interference on his
behalf of Frederic the Great of Prussia.
Believing that Arnold had been wronged
of territorial land, by the decision against
him of a lawsuit, I'rederic reversed the
sentence, and imprisoned the judges. —
Dr. Samuel, a musical composer of em-
inence. He edited the works of Handel,
and composed the "Prodigal Son," and
other excellent oratorios. His opera of
the " Maid of the Mill" still keeps the
stage. B. 1789; d. 1802.— Thomas, an
English physician, eminent for his skUl
in the ti-eatment of mental insanity. He
was the author of " Observations on the
Management of the Insane," " A Case
of Hydrophobia successfully treated,"
&c. B. 1742; d. 1816.— Rev. Thomas,
D.D., head-master of Rugby school, and
professor of modern history in the uni-
versity of Oxford, was b. at Cowes, in
the Isle of Wight, and educated at Win-
chester and Corpus Christi college,
Oxford. Dr. Arnold was a most accom-
plished scholar, a successful instructor
of youth, and an author of sterling value.
In proof of the latter it is necessary only
to mention his admirable History of
Rome, his edition of Thucydides, his
Lectures on Modern History, and his
various pamphlets on political and eccle-
siastical subjects. From the time of his
appointment to the head-mastership of
Rugby, in 1828, the school which had
previously been declining, rose rapidly
in public estimation, and at the time of
his death contained 370 boys, including
those on the foundation. His singu-
larly upright character, and Iiis warm-
hearted benevolence, joined to the ac-
complishment of the scholar and the
gentleman, gave him great influence
over all whom he approached. His me-
moirs is one of the most interesting and
instructive books of the day. — B. 1795 ;
d. 1842. — Nicholas, a professor of the-
ology at Franeker, in Friesland, whose
sermons and polemical works are not
without merit. B. 1628; d. 1680.— Jef-
FBEY, the writer of a History of Mystic
Theology, and also a History of the
Church and of Heretics, — himself a zeal-
ous pietist, who preached at Perleburg.
D. 1714. — Benedict, the most notorious
of the name, was b. in Connecticut, of
obscure parentage, and was in early life,
a dealer in horses, which may account
for some parts of his subsequent con-
arn]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
9^
duct. On the breaking out«pf the revo-
lutionary war, he espoused the cause of
the colonists with enthusiasm. He was
chosen to the command of a volunteer
military company of New Haven, and
immediately after the battle of Lexing-
ton, ioined the army of Washington, at
Cambridge, 1775. The Massachusetts
committee of safety appointed him a
a colonel, and authorized him to raise
four hundred men for the purpose of
taking Ticonderoga, which he took with
the aid of Col. Allen, on the 10th of
May. He commanded the expedition
sent against Canada the same year. He
commenced his march on the 16th of
Sept., through the wilderness of Maine,
with about one thousand men, and quit-
ted Canada on the 18th of June follow-
ing. After this he was appointed to
the command of the American fleet on
Lake Champlain. In the northern cam-
paign of 1777, he acted a conspicuous
part under Gen. Gates, and was present
at the capture of Burgoyne's army. Be-
ing rendered unfit for actual service by
a severe wound in the leg after the re-
covery of Philadelphia, he was appointed
to the command of the American garri-
son. All the while the thoughtless ex-
travagance of his living, reduced him to
the necessity of resorting to every and
any means to support it. He was guilty
of every species of artifice by which
Eroperty both public and private might
e obtained, and converted to his own
use. More than half of the amount of
his accounts were rejected, first by the
commissioners, and afterwards by con-
gress. He was soon obliged to abide the
decision of a court-martial, upon charges
preferred against him by the executive
of the state of Pennsylvania, and he was
subjected to the mortification of receiv-
ing a reprimand from the commander-
in-chief. His trial commenced in June,
1778, and ended Jan. 26, 1779. The
sentence of reprimand was approved by
congress, and soon afterwards carried
into execution. It is probable that this
was the moment, when, smarting under
the inflictions of supposed injuries, he
resolved to obtain revenge by the sacri-
fice of his country. Obtaining by arti-
fice the command of the important post
of West Point, he, in a letter addressed
to Col. Beverly Eobinson, signified his
change of principles and his wish to re-
store hilnself to the favor of his prince
by some signal proof of his repentance.
T'his led the way to a correspondence
between him and Sir Henry Clinton, the
'Object of which was to concert the means
of putting West Point into the hands of
the Britisn. The plan was well laid, and
the execution certain, but a fortunate
accident thwarted the design. The ar-
rangement was effected through the
agency of major John Andre, aid-de-
camp to Sir Henry and adjutant-general
of the British army. Andre who had
effected aU the arrangements with Ar-
nold, had procured a pass from him,
authorizing him, under the feigned
name of John Anderson, to proceed on
pubhc service to White Plains, or lower,
if he thought proper. He had passed
all the guards and posts on the road
without suspicion, and was nearing
New York in perfect security, when
the reins of his bridle were seized and
his horse stopped. Andre, instead ot
producing his pasf(, asked the man
hastily, where he belonged, and being
answered, "fe helow,^'' replied immedi-
ately, " and so do I." He then declared
himself to be a British officer on urgent
business, and begged that he might not
be detained. The man who stopped
him was a militia man, and being in-
stantly joined by two others, Andr^
discovered his mistake, but it was too
late to repair it. The militia men could
neither be coaxed nor bribed from doing
their duty. Andre contrived to apprize
Arnold of his danger, and he effected
his escape. When the great soul of
Washington learned the defection of
his general, he was almost overwhelmed
by his discovery. " I thought," he
said, " that a man who had shed his
blood in the cause of his country could
be trusted, but I am convinced now,
that those who are wanting in private
probity are unworthy of public confi-
dence." Arnold, with the hope of al-
luring the discontented to his standard,
published an address to the inhabitants
of America, in which he endeavored to
Justify his conduct. This was followed
in about a fortnight, by a proclamation,
addressed '_' to the ofiicers and soldiers
of the continental army, who have the
real interest of their country at heart,
and who are determined to be no longer
the tools of congress and of France."
These proclamations did not produce
the effect designed, and in all the hard-
ships, sufferings, and irritations of the
war, Arnold remains the solitary in-
stance of an American oflftcer who aban-
doned the side first embraced in the
contest, to turn his sword upon his
former companions in arms. He was
soon dispatched, by Sir Henry Clinton,
to make a diversion in Virginia; ana
7a
CYCLOP JSDIA OF BIOGRAPHT.
[arn
committed extensive ravages on the
rivers, and along the unprotected coasts.
It is said that, wliile on this expedition,
Arnold inquired of an American cap-
tain, whom he had taken prisoner, what
the Americans would do with him, if
he should fall into their hands. The
officer replied, that they would cut off
his lame leg, and bury it with the honors
of war, and hang the remainder of his
body on a gibbet. After his recall from
Virginia, he conducted an expedition
against New London, in his native state
of Connecticut. Burning the town and
the stores which were in it, Arnold re-
turned to New York in eight days. He
survived the war but to drag out a dis-
honorable life, and transmit to his chil-
dren a name of hateful celebrity. He
obtained only a part of the debasing sti-
pend of an abortive treason. He enjoy-
ed the rank of brigadier-general; but
the officers of the Sritish army mani-
fested a strong repugnance to serve with
him. He resided principally in England
after the conclusion of the war, was in
Nova Scotia, and afterwards in the West
Indies, where he was taken prisoner by
the French, but making his escape, and
returning to England, lie d. in Glouces-
ter-place, LondoUj June 14th, 1801. —
Arnold, of Brescia, a bold and inde-
pendent reformer of the 12th century^
was originally one of the disciples ot
Abelard, in whose instructions he found,
not only the profoundest theological
learning, but the noblest spirit of free-
dom. Keturning to his native city in
1136, he began to preach against the
abuses of the church, when his accurate
knowledge of Christian antiquities, his
dauntless spirit, and his vehement elo-
quence, gave force as well as authority
to his harangues. Thus he instigated
the people against the clergy; and, in
France, where he was obliged to flee in
1139, he also found numerous adhe-
rents ; for the immorality and arrogance
of the clergy had everywhere excited
discontent. The fierce flame which he
had kindled could not be extinguished
by the excommunication pronounced
against him and his adherents by Inno-
cent II. Arnold preached his doctrine
in safety at Zurich, in Switzerland, un-
til 1144, when he appeared at Kome,
and by the powers of his eloquence,
occasioned a violent excitement among
the people against the clergy. The fu-
rious multitude, which he could no lon-
ger restrain, revered him as their father,
and even the senate protected him, till
Adrian IV., in 11.5.5. laid an interdict
upon the city. This disgrace, nevei
before experienced, subdued the Ko-
mans. They sued for mercy, and Ar
nold was obliged to fly. He was taken
in Campania, and burned at Kome, as a
heretic and a rebel ; his ashes were
thrown into the Tiber, and his party
was suppressed. But the spirit of his
doctrine descended upon the sects
which arose during the same and the
following centuries.
AENOLDE, Richard, a citizen of
London in the 16th century, and author
of a work entitled " Arnolde's Chroni-
cle," containing much valuable infor-
mation.
AENOT, Hugo, an eminent Scottish
writer. He was educated for the bar,
but illness rendering him unfit for so
laborious a profession, he devoted him-
self to literature. His "History of
Edinburgh," and collection of celebrated
criminal trials, show him to have pos-
sessed very considerable abilities. He
only survived the publication of this
work about a twelvemonth j the asthma
made rapid advances on him, and long
before his death reduced his person al-
most to a shadow. Harry Erskine,
meeting him one day eating a dried
haddock or spclding, is said to have
accosted him thus : " Mr. Arnot, I am
flad to see you looking like your meat."
Ir. Arnot when at the bar was so little
of a casuist, that he would ne'vcr under-
take a case, unless perfectly satisfied as
to its justice. One being brought before
him, of the merits of which ne had a
very bad opinion, he said to the intend-
ing litigant, in a serious manner, " Prav.
what do you suppose me to bef"
"Why," answered the client, "I un-
derstand you to be a lawyer." "I
thought, sir," said Arnot sternly, "you
took me for a scoundrel." B. 1749 ; d.
1786.
A.ENOUL, an eminent French pre-
late of the 12th century; author of vari-
ous works in prose and verse, to be
found in the Spicilegiura of D'Acheri
and the Bibliotheca Patrum.
AENOULT, Jean Baptiste, a French
Jesuit and author. The most valuable
of his works is " Le Precepteur," which
was the model of Dodsley's Preceptor.
B. 1689. — Sophie, a Parisian actress,
famous in the annals of gallantry and
wit. She was on the stage from 1767 to
1778. Her father kept a Hotel Garni
and had given her a good education.
The princess of Modena, having by
chance heard her sing, during Passion
week, while the former was at the con-
akt]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
rt
fessional, "brouglit her to the attention
of Madame de Pompadour, who got her
a place at the opera. Her beauty and
her exquisite performance soon en-
chanted the pubUc. Persons of rank
and the hterati souarht her acquaint-
ance, among the rest Rousseau, Duclos,
Helvetius, Mably, and Diderot. She
was compared to Ninon de I'Enclos and
Aspasia. Her wit was so successful
that her hmi, mots were collected. It is
related that when she saw the heads of
Sully and Choiseul on a box, during the
revolution, she exclaimed, C^est la recette
et la dl'pense. While the priest was giv-
ing her extreme unction on her death-
bed, she said to him suddenly, Je 8uis
cormne Magdeleine^ hea/ucoup des feches
me seront remis, car fai beaucoup aime.
B. 1740 ; d. 1802.
AENULPH, or EENULPHUS, bishop
of Eochester in the reign of Henry I. ;
author of " Textus Eotfensis," an ac-
count of the charters, &c., of his cathe-
dral. D. 1124.
AEOMATEI, Joseph, an Italian phy-
Bician ; author of " Eiposte alle consi-
derazione di Alessandro Tassoni Sopra
ie rime del Petrarca." B. 1586 ; d. 1660.
AEPINO, JosEPHiNo, an Italian paint-
er, patronized by Pope Gregory XIII.
B. 1560; d. 1640.
AEEIA, a Eoman lady, who, when
her husband, Cajcina Paetus, was order-
ed to put himself to death, for rebellion
against the Emperor Claudius, perceiv-
ing him hesitate, plunged a dagger into
her bosom, exclaiming, '■'■Pcetus! non
dnkV
AEEIAN, a Greek historian^ who
took up his residence at Eome m the
2d century. He was patronized by the
emperor Adrian ; and the younger Pliny
admired him so much as to address to
him no fewer than seven of his epistles.
The historical writings of Arrian were
numerous, but two of them only remain
entire, viz., seven books on the expedi-
tion of Alexander, and a book on the
affairs of India: the latter being a se-
quel to the former. There are some
historical fragments of Arrian in Pho-
tius. In addition to the above, we have
of Arrian's writing, " Enchridion," a
moral treatise, an epistle to Adrian, &c.
AEEIAZZI Y SUPEEVIELA, Don
Juan Baptista be, a distinguished poet
of Madrid. His principal works were
"Emilia," and "Pcesias Patrioticas,"
and are more remarkable for their ele-
gance of diction than for vigor of imagi-
nation or intensity of feeling. B. 1770 ;
d. 1887.
AEEIBAVENE, John Francis, an
Italian poet of the 16th century; author
of "Maritime Eclogues," &c.
AEEIGHETTI, Philip, an ecclesiastic
of Florence ; author of a life of St. Fran-
cis, and translator of the Ehetoric and
Poetics of Aristotle into Italian. B.
1582; d. 1662.
AEEIGHETTO, or AEIGGO, Uenby,
a Florentine poet and ecclesiastic of the
12th century. His poems are still pop-
ular for their pathos and elegance of
style.
AEEIGHITTI, a Jesuit of the 18th
century j author of a work on the The-
ory of Fire.
AEEOWSMITH, Aaron, an eminent
geographer and hydi ographer. His maps
and charts are ve'ry numerous, and held
in high estimation ; and his tract, enti-
tled " A Companion to the Map of the-
World," contains much valuable infor-
mation. D. 1750; d. 1823.
AESACES I., the founder of the Parr
thian monarchy, and of the dynasty of
the Arsacides, :&ourished in the 3d cen-
tury B. c. In revenge for an ungrateful
insult offered to his brother by the gov-
ernor of a province, he raised the stand-
ard of revolt in Parthia against Seleucus ;
and, having succeeded in emancipating
his countrymen, they elected him their
king. He reigned prosperously for 38
years.
AESENIUS, a Eoman deacon of the
4th century, and tutor to Arcadius, son
of Theodosius. The emperor coming
into his study, and seeing the pupil sit-
ting and the master standing, ordered
his son to rise, and receive his lessons
in a becoming posture, which so irri-
tated the prince, that he directed an
officer to dispatch Arsenius ; but the
officer gave nim information of the
prince's baseness, on which he fled into
Egypt, where he d. at the age of 95.
AESILLA, Francesco, an Italian phy-
sician of the 16th century ; author of a
poem, "De Poetis Urbanis." D. 1540.
AETALIS, Joseph, a Sicilian gentle-
man, who distinguished himself for
courage at the memorable siege of Can-
dia ; author of "La Pasife," an opera,
and numerouspoems. B. 1628 ; d. 1679.
AETAXEEXES I., surnamed Longi-
manus, was the third son of Xerxes,
king of Persia. He slew his brother
Darius on suspicion of his being guilty
of the murder of his father. Artaxerx-
es then ascended the throne 465 b. c,
and in his time peace was restored be-
tween Persia and Athens, after a war of
51 years. D. 424 b. o. — II., surnamed
72
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
Mnemon, was the eldest son of Darius
Nothus, and began his reign, 404 b. o.
He d. at the age of 94, after reij^ning 62
years. — III., succeeded his father, the
Preceding monarch, 359 b. c. He mur-
ered two of his brothers, and after-
wards put to death all the remaining
branches of the family. In Egypt he
slew the sacred bull Apis, and gave the
flesh to his soldiers • for which his
eunuch, Bagoas, an Egyptian, caused
him to be poisoned, and after giving
the carcass to the cats, made knife han-
dles of his bones.
ARTAXERXES BEBEGAN, or ARD-
SHIR, the first king of Persia, of the race
of Sassanides, was the son of a shep-
herd. On the death of his grandfather,
Jie solicited the government, but being
refused, he retired to Persia Proper,
where lie excited the people to revolt.
He defeated and slew Ardavan and his
son. He married the daughter of Ar-
davan, who attempted to poison him,
for which she was sentenced to death.
The officer, however, to whom the exe-
cution was committed, concealed the
queen, who was in a state of pregnancy,
and she was afterwards delivered of a
son. The secret being discovered to
the king, he applauded the conduct of
the officer, and acknowledged the child
as his heir. He d. a. d. 240.
ARTEAGA, Stephen, a Spanish Jes-
uit of the 18th century; author of a
Treatise on Ideal Beauty ; a History of
Italian Theatrical Music, &c. D. 1799.
ARTEDI, Peter, a Swedish physician
and naturalist. After his death, his
"Bibliotheca Icthyologica," and "Phi-
losophia Icthyologica," were edited by
Linnaeus. B. 1705 ; accidentally drown-
ed, 1785.
ARTEMIDORUS, Daldianus, an
Ephesian; author of a IVeatise on
Dreams. He lived in the reign of An-
toninus Pius. — Also an Ephesian; au-
thor of a geographical work, of which
only some fragments remain. He flour-
ished in the 1st century b. c.
ARTEMISIA, (meen of Caira, and
one of the allies of Xerxes at the famous
battle of Salamis. — Another queen of
Caira, whose splendid monument to her
husband, Mausolus, was the origin of
the word mausoleum. This monument
was regarded as one of the seven won-
ders of the world. The gi-eatest artists
of Greece labored upon it: Bryaxes,
Scopas, Leochares, Timotheus, and some
say, Praxiteles. It was an oblong square,
400 feet in circumference, and 130 feet
high. The principal side was adorned
with 36 columns, and 24 steps led to the
entrance. D. 351 b. o.
ARTEMON, the inventor of the bat-
tering ram and the testudo, was a native
of Clazomene, and cotemporary with
Pericles. — Also a heretic of the 3d cen-
turv.
IRTEVELDE, James von, a rich
brewer, of Ghent, who by his wealth,
eloquence, and talents, acquired un-
bounded influence over his countrymen.
Having compelled the count of Flanders
to take refuge in France, he formed an
alliance with Edward III. of England,
and strove to transfer the Flemish sov-
ereignty to the Black Prince. He was
killed in a popular tumult, at Ghent, in
1345. — Philip, his son, a man of restless
but determined spirit, was chosen the
leader of the Flemings in their revolt of
1382. He made himself master of
Bruges, but the same year was defeated
and Killed at the battle of Rosbec. The
leading events of his life have been
wrought into a beautiful drama, by Mr.
Henry Taylor — a drama which is to be
numbered among the most pleasing and
noble specimens of English literature.
ARTHUR, sometimes called Artus,
an ancient British prince, whose story
is so interwoven with the romantic fic-
tion of a later age, that it is difficult to
separate the genuine incidents of his
life from those' which are fictitious. He
was born about 501, of an adulterous
connection between the princess Igeina
of Cornwall, and Uther a chief of the
Britons. He married the celebrated
Ginevra, of the family of the dukes of
Cornwall, established the famous order
of the Round Table, performed many
heroic deeds against tlie Picts, Scots,
and Saxons, and, as the poets relate,
against the Danes, French, and Norse,
killing the giants of Spain, crushinsr re-
bellion at home, and performing a jour-
ney to Rome. D. 542.
XRTIGUS, Don John, was born at
Monte Video, in 1760, and was originallj-
in the Spanish service, but quitted it to
fight for the independence of his coun-
try. After having greatly contributed
to establish the republic of Buenos
Ayres, he became an object of suspicion
to the government of that state, was
declared a traitor, and compelled to
take up arms. For some years he kept
possession of the territory called the
Banda Oriental. At length, however,
he was defeated, and compelled to seek
refuge in Paraguay, where he d. in 1826.
ARTIZENIUS, Henby, professor of
rhetoric and history at Nimeugen;
ASCJ
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
78
author of a treatise " De Nnptiis inter
Fratem et Sororem," &c. B. 1702 ; d.
1750.— John- Henrt, son of the above,
professor of law at Utrecht ; author of
a work " On the Jurisprudence of the
Nethcrhiuds," and editor of the works
of Arator, &c. B. 1734; d. 1797.—
Otho, uncle of the last named, professor
of the belles lettres at Amsterdam, au-
thor of a dissertation " De Milliario
Aureo." &c. B. 1703 ; d. 1763.
ARTHSI, Giovanni Maria, an ecclesi-
astic of Bologna ; author of " The Art of
Counterpoint," and other musical works.
ARUNDEL, Thomas, son of the earl
of Arundel, was made bishop of Ely,
though only 21 years old, under Ed-
ward III., and afterwards translated to
York, and from thence to Canterbury.
He also held with the primacy the office
of lord chancellor. His quarrel with
Richard II. obliged him to leave the
kingdom, and to fly to Rome, and to
his resentment may in some degree be
attributed the success with which Henry
IV. invaded England, and seized the
crown. He was a zealous defender of
the temporal power of the church, and
he persecuted the followers of Wickliff
witri great severity, and forbade the
translation of the Bible into the vulgar
tongue. D. 1414. — Thomas Howard,
earl of, is famous for the discovery of
the Parian marbles which bear his
name, and which he gave to the uni-
versity of Oxford. Prideaux, Chandler,
and Mattaire are in the number of
those wno published an account of
thfise valuable relics of antiquity, —
Blanche, daughter of Lord Worcester,
and wife of Lord Arundel, is celebrated
for her brave defence of Wardour cas-
tle against the paiiiamentary forces.
Though assisted only by 25 men, she
resisted the attack of 1300 men, and at
last capitulated on honorable terms,
which the conquerors basely violated.
B. 1603; d. 1669.
ARVIEUX, Laurent d', a native of
Marseilles, who, during 12 years resi-
dence in Palestine, acquired the oriental
languages, and was employed as a use-
ful negotiator for the French court.
His name deserves to be mentioned
with every mark of respect, for his de-
liverance of 380 captives from the dun-
geon of Tunis, who, in mark of their
gratitude, presented him with a purse
of 600 pistoles, which he generously re-
fused. He also redeemed 240 slaves at
Algiers, and served his country at Con-
stantinople, Aleppo, and other places.
B. 1635 ; d. 1702.
7
ASAPH, Saint, a British monk of the
5tL century, who wrote a life of Vor-
tigern. The Welsh See has taken its
name from this saint.
ASBURY, Francis, senior bishop of
the Methodist Episcopal church in the
United States. He was born in En-
gland, but passed the most of his life in
the ardent service of the American
Methodists. B. 1745 ; d. 1816.
ASCHAM, Roger, an eminent En-
glish writer, born at Kirkby Wiske,
near Northallerton, in Yorkshire, about
the year 1515. He was entered at Cam-
bridge in 1530, chosen fellow in 1534,
and tutor in 1537. It was then a period
of literary and religious revolution, and
Ascham joined the party of those who
were endeavoring to enlarge the bounds
of knowledge and truth. He became a
Protestant, and applied himself par-
ticularly to the Greek language, in
which he attained to an excellence pe-
culiar to himself, and as there was np
public lecturer in Greek read it publicly
in the university with universal ap-
plause. In order to relax his mind after
severe studies, he thought some diver-
sion necessary ; and shooting with the
bow was his favorite amusement, as ap-
pears by his "Treatise on Archery,"
which he dedicated to King Henry
VIII., who settled a pension upon him,
at the recommendation of Sir William
Paget. Mr. Ascham, being remarkable
for writing a fine hand, was employed
to teach this art to Prince Edward, the
lady Elizabeth, and the two brothers,
Henry and Charles, dukes of Suffolk.
In Feb. 1548, he was sent for to court,
to instruct the lady Elizabeth in the
learned languages, and had the honor
of assisting this lady in her studies for
two years ; when he desired leave to
return to Cambridge, where he resumed
his office of public orator. He was
afterwards Latin secretary to King Ed-
ward, Queen Mary, and Queen Eliza-
beth. Being one day in company with
Eersons of the first distinction,' there
appened to be high disputes about the
different methods of Education; this
gave rise to his treatise on that subject,
entitled "The Schoolmaster," which
he undertook at the particular request
of Sir Richard Sackville. This work
was in high esteem among the best
judges, and is frequently quoted by
Dr. Johnson in his Dictionary. His
style, in his own age, was mellifluous
and elegant, and is still valuable as a
specimen of genuine English. D. 1568.
— Anthont, an ambassador of Crom-
74
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT.
[ash
well to Spain in the year 1640, where he
and his interpreter were assassinated,
it is supposed by some of the adherents
to the cause of the royal family. A dis-
course on the "Kevolutions and Con-
fusions of Government," was the work
of his pen.
ASCLEPIADES, a famous physician
of Bithynia, who flourished at Rome
during the time of Pompey, and founded
a new medical sect, about 20 years b. c.
The new order preserved their secrets
as an hereditary possession, and gave
themselves out, at the same time, as
physicians, prophets, and priests. They
Jived in the temple of the god Escula-
pius, and by exciting the imaginations
of the sick prepared them to receive
healing dreams and divine apparitions ;
observed carefully the course of dis-
ease ; applied, besides their conjurations
and charms, real magnetic remedies,
and noted down the results of their
practice. They were, therefore, the
founders of scientific medicine. In the
course of time strangers were initiated
into their mysteries.
ASCOLI, Legco di, a Bolognese math-
ematician burned to death as a heretic,
at Florence, in the year 1358.
ASDEUBAL, the brother-in-law of
Hannibal, who succeeded Hamilcar, in
the command of the Carthaginian army
in Spain. Carthagena, or as it was then
called. New Carthage, was built by him,
and he extended the Carthaginian con-
quests greatly by his courage and ability.
He was assassinated, 220 b. c.
ASELLIUS, Caspab, a professor of
anatomy at the university of Padua,
who discovered the lacteals, a system
of vessels whose office is to absorb the
chyle formed in the intestines. They
were observed as he was dissecting a
dog, and published in 1627.
ASGILL, Sir Chakles, a military of-
ficer, who was to have suffered death
by order of Washington, in retaliation
for the death of the American captain
Hardy, but was spared at the interces-
sion of the queen of France. D. 1823. —
John, an English barrister, whose wit
and whose misfortunes alike were re-
markable. He was brought up at Lin-
coln's inn under the patronage of Judge
Eyre in King WUliam's reign, and his
abilities were such that he rose to con-
sequence and employment. Two trea-
tises replete with humor and sarcasm
had already given him popularity, when
he published another on the possibility
of avoiding death, which drew down
upon him the odium of the friends of
the church, and particularly of Dr.
Sacheverell ; so that, when he after-
wards went to Ireland, and by success
in the law purchased an estate, and pro-
cured a seat in the house of commons,
he was ignominiously expelled for the
contents of his pamphlet. On his re-
turn to England, he was returned lor
Bramber, in Sussex ; and here the mo-
rality of his writings was also called in
question, and though he made an elo-
quent defence in favor of his opinions,
which he refused to retract, he was ex-
pelled as a disgraced and unwortliy
member. This blow hastened the ruin
of his fortunes, he became a prisoner of
the King's Bench and afterwards of the
Fleet, where he continued to subsist
by writing poUtical pamphlets, and
by transacting some professional busi-
ness. After 30 years thus spent in
confinement and poverty, he expired
in November, 1738, aged upwards of
80.
ASH, John, a Baptist divine, pastor
of a congregation at Pershore. He was
author of a " Dictionary of the English
Language," and he also wrote an "In-
troduction to Lowth's Grammar,"
which has passed through a vast num-
ber of editions. B. 1724 ; d. 1779.
ASHBURTON, Alexander Baring,
Lord, the second son of Sir Francis
Baring, Bart., and for many years the
head of the great mercantile house,
Baring Brothers & Co., was b. in 1774.
After due initiation into business in
London, he came to the United States,
where he aided in swelling tne fortimes
of his firm. His political life com-
menced in 1812 as member for Taunton,
which he continued to represent till
1820 ; after which he sat for Callington
in successive parliaments till 1831, and
in 1832 he was returned for North Es-
sex. Lord Ashburton commenced life
as a Whig. On the formation of the
Peel ministry in 1834, he became presi-
dent of the Board of Trade ; and in 1835
he was raised to the peerage. In 1842
he was appointed by Sir Robert Peel as
a special commissioner to settle the dis-
putes about the Oregon territory, which
then threatened to involve this country
in a war with England. Lord Ashbur-
ton continued to support the policy of
Sir Robert Peel, until the final measure
of free trade in corn was proposed in
1846, wlien his position as a peer and a
great land-owner probably overcome his
convictions as a man. Lord Ashburt<.»n
married, in 1798, the daughter of Wil-
liam Bingham, Esq., of Pliladelphia,
ash]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
•»
and by that lady, who survived him, he
loft a nnmerons family. D. 1848.
ASHE. Simeon, a nonconformist,
chaplain to Lord Warwick during the
civil wars. He was a man of property,
and of great influence amonsr his per-
suasion. He was educated at Etnmanuel
college, and settled in Statfordshire,
where he became acquainted with Dod,
Ball, Hildersham, Langley, and others.
His principles were offensive to Crom-
well's party, and it is said, that he was
greatlv instrumental in the restoration
of Charles II. He d. 1662. He puh-
lished sermons, and also edited B:xll's
works.
ASHLEY, EoBERT, a native of Nash-
hill in Wilts, educated at Harthall, Ox-
ford, and the Middle Temple, London.
He was called to the bar, and distin-
guished himself as an eminent writer,
as a collector of books, in Holland,
France, &c., and as a benefactor to the
society to' which he belonged. He pub-
lished" a " Relation of the Kingdom of
Cochin China," and the " Life of Al-
manzor," &c., and d. October, 1641, in
an advanced old age.
ASHMUN, John Hooker, a distin-
guished Atnerican scholar, was b. at
Blanford, Mass., on the 3d July, 1800.
He was graduated at Harvard university
in 1818, and appointed professor of law
in the same institution, in 1829. Al-
though he did not reach the age of 33
years he acquired an enviable reputa-
tion. " The honors of the universitv,"
says Judge Story, in his funeral (dis-
course, "were never more worthily be-
Btowed, never more meekly worn, and
never more steadily brightened. He
gathered about him all the honors,
which are usually the harvest of the
ripest life." D. 1833. — Jehudi, an
agent of the American Colonization So-
ciety, was b. at Champlain, N. Y., edu-
cate'd at Burlington college, and made
a professor in the Bangor theological
school. He afterwards joined the Epis-
copal church, and edited the " Theolo-
gical Repository." Being appointed to
take charge of a reinforcement to the
colony at Liberia, he embarked for Af-
rica, June 19, 1822, and arrived at Cape
Monserado, August 8th. About three
months after his arrival, while his whole
force was 35 men and boys, he was at-
tacked by 800 armed savages, but by
his energy afid desperate valor the as-
sailants were repulsed, and again, in a
few days, when they returned with re-
doubled numbers, were utterly defeated.
When ill health compelled hira to take
a voyage to America, he was escorted to
the place of embarkation by three com-
panies of the militia : and the men, wo-
men, and children of Monrovia parted
with him with tears. He left a com-
munity of 1200 freemen. He arrived at
New Haven, August 10, 1828, a fort-
night before his death. He was a per-
son of great energy of character, and
most devoted piety, and his services to
the infant colony were invaluable.
ASHMOLE, Elias, a celebrated En-
glish philosopher and antiquary, and
founder of the Ashmolean museum at
Oxford, was born at Lichfield, in Staf-
fordshire, the 23d of May, 1617. Be-
sides filling several offices, civil and
military, he was a diligent and curious
collector of manuscripts. In 1650 he
published a treatise written by Dr.
Arthur Dee, relating' to the philoso-
pher's stone; together with another
tract on the same subject, by an un-
known author. About the same time
he was busied in preparing for the
press a complete collection of the works
of such English chemists as had till
then remained in manuscript: this un-
dertaking cost him great labor and ex-
pense ; and at length appeared towards
the close of the year 1652. The title of
this work was, " Theatrum Chemicum
Britannicnm," &e., &c. He then ap-
plied himself to the study of antiquity
and records. In 1658 he began to col-
lect materials for his "History of the
Order of the Garter ;" which he lived
to finish, and thereby did no less honor
to the order than to himself. In Sep-
tember following he made a journey to
Oxford ; where he set about a full and
particular description of the coins given
to the public library by Archbishop
Laud. Upon the restoration of King
Charles II., Mr. Ashmole was appointed
to give a description of his medals,
which were accordingly delivered into
his possession ; and King Henry VIII. 's
closet was assigned for his use. On the
8th of May, 1672, he presented his "In-
stitution, Laws, and Ceremonies, of the
most noble Order of the Garter," to the
king, who received it very graciously,
and, as' a mark of his approbation,
granted him a privy seal for £400. In
1679 a fire broke out in the Middle
Temple, in the next chamber to Mr.
Ashmole's, by which he lost a noble
library, with a collection of 9000 coins
ancient and modern, and a vast repos
itory of seals, charters, and other an
tiquities and curiosities ; but his manu
scripts, and his most valuable gold med-
76
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[asp
als, were at his house at South Lam-
beth. In 1683 the university of Oxford
having finished a maarniflcent repository
near the theatre, Mr. Ashtnole sent
tliither his curious collection of rarities ;
and tills benefaction was consideraTjly
augmented by the addition of his man-
uscripts and library at his death, in
1692.
ASHTON, Charles, a learned critic,
was elected master of Jesus college,
Cambridge, July 5, 1701, and installed
in a prebend of Ely on the 14th of the
same month. His great knowledge in
ecclesiastical antiquities was excelled by
none, and equalled by few. — Thomas,
rector of St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, a
Sopular preacher and excellent divine,
i. 1716; d. 1775.
ASH WELL, Georoe, an English di-
vine of the 17th century : author of
several religious works. B. 1612; d.
1693.
ASHWORTH, Caleb, a native of
Northamptonshire, who, from the hum-
ble employment of carpenter, rose, by
the instruction and patronage of Dr.
Doddridge, to the respectability of min-
ister of a dissenting congregation, and at
last successor in the school of his able
master. He wrote Paradigms of Hebrew
verbs, and other works, and was respect-
ed as a man and as a scholar. B. 1709 ;
d. 1774.
ASKEW, Anne, an accomplished lady,
daughter of Sir William Askew, of KeV
say, in Lincolnshire. B. in 1529. She
received a learned education, and in
early life showed a predilection for the-
ological studies. By these she was led
to favor the Reformation ; in conse-
quence of which she was arrested, and,
having confessed her religious princi-
ples, committed to Newgate. She was
first racked with brutal cruelty in the
Tower, and afterwards burned alive in
Smithfield, July 16, 1546 ; a punishment
which she endured with amazing courage
and firmness. — Anthony, a physician
and scholar of the 18th century ; author
of an appendix to the Greek Lexicon of
Scapula, &c. B. at Kendid, 1722; d.
1784.
ASP AST A, a celebrated female, native
of Miletus, Avho went as an adventurer
to Athens in the time of Pericles, and by
the combined charms of her manners
and conversation, completely won the
affections of that eminent man. Her
station hal free 1 her from the restraints
which custom had laid upon the educa-
tion of the Athenian matron, and she
had enriched her mind with accomplish-
ments rare even among men. Aftet
parting with his wife, by mutual con-
sent, Pericles attached himself to Aspa-
sia, by the most intimate lies which the
laws allowed him to contract with a
foreign woman, and she acquired an as-
ceitdency over him which soon became
notorious, furnished themes for the
comic satirist, and subjects for graver
strictures by liis more serious enemies.
But many of the rumors which were set
afloat in rcj^ard to them were unques-
tionably without foundation. They had
their origin in the peculiar nature of
Aspasia's private circles ; which, with a
bold neglect of established usage, were
composed not only of the most intelligent
men to be found at Athens, but also of
matrons, whose husbands carried them
thither to profit by her conversation.
This must have been instructive as well
as brilliant, indeed, since Plato did not
hesitate to describe her as the precep-
tress of Socrates, and to assert that she
both formed the rhetoric of Plato, and
composed one of his most admired
harangues, the funeral oration. Her-
mippus, the comic poet, brought a crim-
inal prosecution against her, on the
ground of offences against religion, and
as a corruptor of the Athenian women ;
but the indictment was not sustained.
Atter the death of Pericles, Aspasia at-
tached herself to an obscure youth named
Lysicles, whom she fitted for and raised
to some of the highest employments in
the republic. — There was another of the
same name, a native of Phocoea, in Asia
Minor, who seems to have been almost
as extraordinary a person as the first.
She was so remarkable for her beauty
that a satrap of Persia carried her off and
made her a present to Cyrus the Young-
er. Her modesty and grace won his af-
fections, and he lived with her as with a
wife, so that their attachment was cele-
brated throughout Greece. Her original
name had been Milto, but Cyrus changed
it to Aspasia. AVhen he died she fell
into the hands of Artaxerxes, vvliom she
despised, and who relinquished her to
his son Darius. She was afterwards
made a priestess of Diana of Ecbatana,
but Justin savs a priestess of the sun.
ASPINWALL, William, a skilful
and noted physician, was b. in 1743, at
Brookline, in Massachusetts, and took
his degree at Harvard college, during the
revolution. He was appointed a surgeon
in the army, and at the battle of Lexing-
ton fousrht as a volunteer. He was par-
ticularly successful in the treatment of
small-pox ; yet when vaccine inoculation
CYCLOP-fiDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
ast]
was introduced, he warmly adopted the
practice, and abandoned- his hospital,
although it greatly i*educed his profes-
sional "emoluments. D. 1823.
ASSALINI, PiETRO, a physician of
Modena, who was surgeon-major in the
French army, and accompanied Napo-
leon in his expedition to Egypt. He saw
a great deal of the plague at Jaffa, and
wrote intelligently of that pest. He also
wrote on yellow fever, dysentery, dis-
eases of the eyes, and improved several
surgical instruments.
ASSAKOTTI, OcTAvius. B. at Genoa
in 1753, and d. there in 1829. The
Abbe Assarotti was one of those few
noble spirits whose lives are devoted
to the amelioration of the miseries of
their fellow-creatures. He was the great
rival of the Abbe I'Epee in the estab-
lishment of institutions for the instruc-
tion of the deaf and dumb : a model of
piety, humanity, and charity.
ASSELYN, John, a Dutch painter of
the 17th century, was pupil to Isaiah
Vandervelde, and afterwards went to
Rome. Settling at Amsterdam, in 1645,
he obtained great reputation by the pro-
ductions of his pencil, which consisted
principally of historical paintings, battle-
pieces, and landscapes with ruins, and
were distinguished for their adherence
to nature, and a correct style of coloring.
A set of his landscapes (24 in number)
has been engraved by Perelle. D. 1650.
ASSEMANI, Joseph Simon, an arch-
bishop of Tyre, and librarian at the Vat-
ican. He was profoundly skilled in the
oriental languages, and published sev-
eral learned works, such as the " Bibli-
otheca Orientalica," " Italicae Historiae,
&c.," "Kalendica," "Ecclesiae Univer-
886," &c. B. 1687; d. 1768.— vStephen
EvoDius, his nephew, bishop of Apamea,
succeeded him as keeper ot the Vatican
library, and was also an oriental scholar.
He published an Oriental Catalogue, and
" Acta Sanctorum Martyrum," &c.
ASSER, a Rabbi of the 5th century;
one of the compilers of the Babylonian
Tdmud. D. 427.
ASSERIUS MENEVENSIS, a learned
ecclesiastic, the tutor, friend, and biog-
rapher of Alfred the Great, by whom he
was made bishop of Sherborne. His
"Annals" contain, at once, the fullest
and most authentic account of the life
of his august sovereign and friend. D.
909.
AST, George Anthony Frederick, a
German philologist. B. at Gotha, who
wrote an introduction to the study of
die works of Plato, which is one of the
\*
n
best of the kind. He also put forth an
admirable edition of those works, with
a Latin translation, and able and ex-
panded commentaries, to which was
added subsequently, a " Lexicon Pla-
tonicum." He was professor at the
university of Landschut, and afterwarcs
at that of Munich. B. 1778 ; d. 1841.
ASTELL, Mary, b. at Newcastle-
upon-Tyne, about the year 1688. Her
uncle, a clergyman, observing marks of
a promising genius, took her under his
tuition, and taught her mathematics,
logic, and philosophy. She left the
place of her nativity when she was
about 20 years of age, and spent the re-
maining part of her life at London and
Chelsea, in writing for the advancement
of learning, religion, and virtue, and in
the practice of those religious duties
which she so zealously commended to
others. D. 1731.
ASTLE, Thomas, an eminant archaeo-
logical writer, and author of a Treatise
" On the Origin and Progress of Wri-
ting," &c., &c. D. 1803.— John, a por-
trait painter, pupil of Hudson, who
married Lady Daniel, and gained great
wealth. D. 1787.
ASTLEY, Philip, author of "Re-
marks on the Profession and Duty of a
Soldier," " A system of Equestrian Ed-
ucation," &c. ; "but better known as the
founder, and for many years the man-
ager of the Amphitheatre in London,
which still goes by his name. B. 1742 ;
d. 1814.
ASTON, Sir Arthur, a brave com-
mander of the royalist troops in the
reign of Charles I., who greatly distin-
guished himself at the battle of Edge-
hill, &c. He was governor of Drogheda
in 1649, when it was taken by Cromwell,
and is said to have had his brains beaten
out with his own .wooden leg. — Sir
Thomas, also a royalist, who, in the civil
wars, raised a troop of horse for the
king's service ; and was high sheriff of
Cheshire, in 1635. He was killed while
attempting to escape after being cap-
tured by the republicans, in 1645,
ASTOR, John Jacob, a New York
merchant, noticeable for the enterprise
and energy by which he accumulated ore
of the largest fortunes in America, was
b. at Waldorf, Germany, in 1763, He
came to this country, m 1784, a poor
orphan boy, landing at Baltimore ; sup-
ported himself as he could for a while,
but gradually got into the fur business,
which rapidly enlarging by a profitable
trade he carried on with 'the Moh," /k
Indians, when New Y"ork was a wile ^r-
78
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
b
neas, enabled him to project that stu-
Eeudous expedition across the Rocky
louiitains, and around Cape Horn, by
which tlie American fur trade was es-
tablished on the coasts of the Pacific.
Washington Irving, in liis " Astoria,"
and " The Adventures of Captain Bon-
neville," has written charming descrip-
tions of the various incidents of these
gigantic enterprises. lie was subse-
quently engaged in the Canton trade.
By his will, Mr. Astor established a
pubUc library in the city of New York,
which bids fair to become one of the
most extensive and valuable institutions
of the kind within the limits of the
United States. D. 1848.
ASTOKGA, a Spanish marquis and
grandee, declared a traitor by Napoleon,
m 1808.
ASTORGAS, Marchioxess n', a avo-
man in the reign of Charles II. of Spain,
who killed with her own hands a beau-
tiful :nistrcss to whom her husband was
attached. She afterwards prepared the
heart of her victim for her husband to
eat, which, when he had done so, she
rolled the bleeding head of his mistress
before him on the table. This wretched
woman escaped into a convent, where
she became insane through rage and
jealousy.
ASTORI, JoHx Anthony, secretary to
the academy of the Anemosi, at Venice,
and also to that of the academy at Rome,
who wrote copiously on Greek and Ro-
man literature and antiquities. B. 1672 ;
d. 1743.
ASTORINI, Elias, a professor of
mathematics and natural philosophy, at
Cosenza, who published a dissertation
on the life of the Foetus, a translation
of Euclid's Elements, and another of
Apollonius Pergseus on Conic Sections.
D. 1702.
ASTRUC, John, a French physician,
who wrote several medical dissertations,
and a Natund History of Languedoc.
B. 1684; d. 1766.
ATAHUALPA, or ATABALIPA,
the last of the Incas, succeeded his
fiither, in 1529, on the throne of Quito,
whilst his brother Huascar, obtained
the kingdom of Peru. They soon made
war against each other, and when the
latter was defeated, his kingdom fell
into the hands of Atahualpa. The
Spaniards, under Pizarro, taking advan-
tage of these internal disturbances, in-
vaded Peru, where they were entertained
with no little hospitality by the king and
his people ; but, instead of returning
the kindness, they took Atahualpa cap-
tive, and recjuested him to acknowledge
the king ot Spain as his master, and
embrace the Christian religion. Upon
his asking their authority tor this re-
quest, the friar Valverde gave him the
breviary as authority. Atahualpa put-
ting it to his ear, said, "It tells mo
nothing ;" and then threw it away. This
was made a pretext for a massacre of
the people and the imprisonment of the
Inca. lie olfered a large sum of gold as
a ransom : this the Spaniards took, but
still kept him prisoner. At last, he was
burnt, in 1533.
ATA IDE, Don Louis d', a Portuguese
noble and military officer, who was ap-
pointed vicerov of India, in 1569, at a
period when all the native powers were
combined to expel the Portuguese. His
etibrts to quell the revolt were success-
ful, and he returned ; but on being scut
out a second time, he d. at Goa, 1580.
ATANAGI, Denis, an Italian authoi
and editor, who lived at Urbino. Among
his works are a " Treatise on the Excel-
lence and Perfection of History ;" and an
edition of the " Rhetoric of Aristotle,"
a translation of the " Lives of Illustrious
Men," ascribed to Pliny, but really writ-
ten by Aurelius Vietro. He was per-
sonally chastised for the publication of
the latter, by a student who called the
translation his own, and denounced
Atanagi as a barefaced plagiarist. D.
about 1570.
ATIIA, a famous Turkish impostor,
who flourished during the 8th century at
Meron. He was originally a fuller, hut
entered as a soldier in the army of Abu
Moslem, who was a leader of a fanati-
cal sect, to the command of which Athn
succeeded. He pretended to divine in-
spiration, and when he was attacked and
besieged in the castle of Rech, by the
troops of the reigning caliph, he set fire
to the place and destroyed himself, his
wives, and his followers in the flames.
D'Herbelot says that he caused them to
drink poisoned wine. Having been de-
prived of one eye in battle, he wore a
golden veil, and was therefore called
Mokanna. Moore's beautiful poem nf
the Veiled Prophet of Khorassan is
founded upon his story.
ATHANASIUS, St., bishop of Alex-
andria, a renowned father of the church.
B. in that city about the year 296. He
had a Christian education, and came into
the family of Alexander, afterwards arch-
bishop of Alexandria, whose private
secretary he became. He then went to
St. Anthony, led an ascetic life with "-yhat
renowned anchorita, bu.*. at length re-
ath]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
79
turned to Alexandria, where he became
a deacon. Alexander took him to the
council ab Nice, where he gained the
highest esteem of the fathers, by the
talents which he displayed in the Arian
controversy. He had a great share in
the decrees passed here, and tliereby
drew on himself tiie hatred of the Arians.
After six months he was appointed the
successor of Alexander. The complaints
and accusations of his enemies induced
the Emperor Constantine to oummon
him, in 3S4, before the councils of Tyre
and Jerusalem. Athanasius brouarht to
light the iniquitous arts which hadfbeen
practised against him, and threw his
judges, who were likewise his enemies,
into such confusion, that the imperial
deputies could with difficulty rescue him
from their anger. They could do noth-
ing, however, further tfian suspend him
from his office. He still continued in
the discharge of his duties, until the
emperor, deceived by new falsehoods,
banished him to Treves. At the end of
a year and some months, Constantius,
having succeeded his father as emperor
of the East, recalled him from banish-
ment. His return to Alexandria resem-
bled a triumph. The Arians made new
complaints against him, and he was con-
demned by ninety bishops, assembled at
Antioch. On the contrary, a hundred
bishops, assembled at Alexandria, de-
clarecl him innocent; and Pope Julius
confirmed this sentence in conjunction
with more than 300 bishops assembled
at Sardis, from the East and West. In
consequence of this, he returned a second
time to his diocese. But when Con-
stans, emperor of the West, died, and
Constantius became master olf the whole
empire, the Arians ventured to rise up
against Athanasius. They condemned
him in the councils of Aries and Milan,
and, as he refused to listen to any thing
but an express command of the emperor,
when he was one day preparing to cele-
brate a festival in the church, 5000 sol-
diers suddenly rushed in to make him
prisoner. But the surrounding priests
and r.'.onks placed him in security. Dis-
placed for a third time, he fled into the
deserts of Egypt, and composed many
writings, fuiro'f eloquence, to strengthen
the faith of the believers, or expose the
falsehood of his enemies. When Julian
the apostate ascended the throne, he re-
called the orthodox bishops to their
churches. Athanasius therefore return-
ed, after an absence of six years. The
mildness which he exercised towards
hij enemies was imitated in Gaul, Spain,
Italy, and Greece, and restored peace to
the church. But this peace was inter-
rupted by the complaints of the heathen,
whose temples were kept empty by his
zeal. They excited the emperor against
him, and he fled to Thebais. He re-
turned under Valens eight months after,
but was again compelled to fly. He con-
cealed himself in the tomb of his father,
where he remained four months, when
Valens allowed him to return, and he
remained undisturbed in his office till
his death, in 373. He was a man of
great mind, noble heart, invincible cour-
age, unaffected humility, and lofty elo-
quence. His writings were on polem-
ical, moral, and historical subjects, the
latter especially of great importance in
church history. His style was remark-
able in that age for clearness and moder-
ation, his Apology, addressed to Con-
stantine, being a masterpiece.
ATHELSTAN, an illegitimate son of
Edward the Elder, king of England,
who succeeded his father in 925, in pref-
erence to the legitimate children, because
of his maturer age and acknowledged
capacity. He repressed the Danes at
Northumberland, and defeated a com-
bination of the Welsh and Scotch. He
reigned 16 years.
ATHELI"NG, Edgah, grandson of
Edmund Ironside, regarded as the fu-
ture monarch, but defeated by the in-
trigues of Harold. He was in the first
crusade under Baldwin I., and behaved
with great intrepidity.
ATHENAGOKAS, an Athenian phi-
losopher of the 2d century. He became
a convert to Christianity, and Clement
of Alexandria was among his pupils.
He wrote £^n " Apology for the Chris-
tians," and a treatise " On the Eesur-
rection of the Dead," written about 178.
ATHEN^US, a learned grammarian.
B. at Naucratis, in Egypt, in the 3d cen-
tury. The only work of his now extant
is "The Deipnosophists, or the Table
Talk of the Sophists." — One of the same
name, of Bj^zantium, was an engineer in
the time of the Emperor Gallienus, and
an author of a treatise on the Machines
of War.
ATHENAIS, empress of the West,
the daughter of an Athenian sophist, but
whose learning and beauty induced The-
odosius the Younger to marry her, and
she took the name of Eudoxia. The
emperor, however, became jealous of
her, and she was banished to Jerusalem,
where she died, in 460. Among her
writings was a poetical translation of part
of the Old Testament.
80
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[att
ATHEATON, Humphret, a major-
general who came to this country in
1636, and was much employed in nego-
tiations with the Indians. D. 1661.
ATHOL, John Murray, duke of, a
governor-general of the Isle of Man. D.
1830.
ATKINSON, Theodore, chief justice
of New Hampshire, and a delegate to the
congress at Albany in 1754. D. 1779. —
Thomas, a miscellaneous writer of some
note, was b. at Glasgow, 1801. Among
other works, he published (in two senses,
for he was a bookseller as well as an
author) the Chameleon and the Ant, a
weekly periodical, and was an extensive
contributor to many of the local publica-
tions. D. 1838.
ATKYNS, Sir Robert, a distinguished
lawyer and patriot, who aided in the de-
fence of Lord William Kussel, and con-
ducted that of Sir W. Williams, speaker
of the House of Commons, Avhen pros-
ecuted for signing the orders to print
Bangerfield's narrative of the popish
Elot. He also distinguished himself by
is opposition to the arbitrary measures
of James II., and at the revolution was
made chief baron of the exchequer. He
subsequently was made speaker. B.
1621 ; d. 1709.— Sir Egbert, son of the
preceding, was the author of the " An-
cient and Present State of Gloucester."
B. 1646 ; d. 1711. — Eichard, of the same
family, wrote the " Origin and Growth
of Printing." D. 1677.
ATLEE, Samuel John, a colonel in
the old French war, who also acquired
distinction at the battle of Long Island.
In 1780 he was elected to Congress. D.
1786.
ATEATUS, Hugo, an English cardi-
nal, known as Hugh the Black ; a skilful
mathematician and natural philosopher ;
author of "Canones Medicinales," &c.
ATTAIGNANT, Gabriel Charles de
l', a French ecclesiastic and poet ; author
of " Pieces Derobees a un Ami," &c.
B. 1697 ; d. 1779.
ATTEEBUEY, Francis, a celebrated
English prelate, was born in 1662, and
received nis education at Westminster,
where he was elected a student of
Christ-church college, Oxford. He dis-
tinguished himself at the university as
a Classical scholar, and gave proofs of
an elegant taste for poetry. In 1687 he
took his degree of M.A., and for the
first time appeared ae a controversialist
in a defence of the character of Luther,
entitled " Considerations on the Spirit
of Martin Luther," &c. He was also
thought to have assisted his pupil, the
Hon. Mr. Boyle, in his famous contro-
versy with ;6eutley on the Epistles of
Phalarius. Having taken orders in
1691, he settled in Loudon, where he
became chaplain to William and Mary,
preacher of Bridewell, and lecturer of
St. Bride's, and soon distinguished him-
self by the spirit and -elegance of his
pulpit compositions, but not without
incurring opposition, on the score of
their tendency and doctrine, from
Hoadly and others. Controversy, how-
ever, was altogether congenial to the
disposition of Atterbury, who, in 1706,
commenced one with Doctor Wake,
which lusted 4 years, on the rights,
Srivileges, and powers of convocations,
'or this service, he received the tlianlis
of the lower house of convocation, and
the degree of doctor of divinity from
Oxford. Soon after the accession of
Queen Anne, he was made dean of Car-
lisle, and, besides his dispute with
Hoadly on the subject of passive obe-
dience, he aided in the defeuce of the
famous Saclieverell, and wrote a " Rep-
resentation of the present State of Ee-
ligion," which was deemed too violent
to be presented to the queen, although
privately circulated. In 1712 he was
made dean of Christ-church, and, in
1713, bishop of Eochester and dean of
Westminster. The death of the queen,
in 1714, put an end to his hopes of fur-
ther advancement; for the new king
treated him -with great coolness, doubt-
less aware of either the report or the
fact of his offer, on the death of Anne, to
proclaim the Pretender in full canon-
icals, if allowed a sufficient guard. At-
terbury not only refused to sign the
loyal declaration of the bishops in the
rebellion of 1715, but suspended a cler-
gyman for lending his church, for the
performance of divine service, to the
Dutch troops brought over to act against
the rebels. Not content with a con-
stitutional opposition, he entered into
a correspondence with the Pretender's
party, was apprehended in August,
1722, and committed to the Tower;
and, in the March following, a bill was
brought into the house of commons for
the infliction of pains and penalties.
This measure met with considerable op-
position in the house of lords, and was
resisted with great firnuiess and elo-
quence by the bishop, who maintained
his innocence with his usual acuteness
and dexterity. His guilt, however, has
been tolerably well proved by docu-
ments since published. He was de-
prived of his dignities, and outlawed.
AUDj
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
81
ac i went to Paris, where he chiefly oc-
cupied himself in study, and in corre-
spondence with men of letters. But.
e\'en. here, in 1725, he was actively en-
gaged in fomenting discontent in the
Highlands of Scotland. D. 1731. As a
composer of sermons, he still retains
a great portion of his original reputa-
tion. His letters, also, are extremely
easy and elegant ; but, as a critic and a
controversialist, he is deemed rather
dexterous and popular, than accurate
and profound. — Lewis, an elder brother
of the above, author of some " Ser-
mons," "Tracts against Popery," &c.
B. 1656 ; d. 1731.
ATTICUS, son of Julius Atticus, and
a descendant from the family of Mil-
tiades. acquired so much reputation as
a teacner of eloquence at Athens, that
he was invited by Titus Antoninus to
superintend the education of his adopted
sons, Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Ve-
rus. He subsequently became consul,
prefect of the free cities of Asia, &c.
He employed his great wealth in public
works ; but at the close of his life he
retired to Marathon, his native place,
where he d., a. d. 185. — Titus Pompo-
Nius, a Roman knight, whose vast
wealth enabled him to aid men of all
Earties, while his prudence prevented
iiu from siding with any ot them in
their public measures. He thus escaped
injury simid the contentions of Cinna
and Marius, Caasar and Pompey, and in
the horrible times of the Triumvirate.
Of the ability and influence of Atticus,
we may form some opinion from the
correspondence between him and Cicero.
He is said to have written "Annals"
of great value ; but it is for his pru-
dence, his wealth, and, above all, his
friendship with Cicero, that he is now
remembered. D. 33 b. o.
ATTIRET, John Francis, a French
Jesuit and painter. Being appointed
missionary to Pekin, he acquired by
means of his pictures, great tavor with
the Emperor Kien Long, of whose gar-
dens he wrote a very amusing account.
B. 1702; d. 1768.
AT WOOD, George, an eminent
mathematician, author of a "Disser-
tation on the Construction and Prop-
erties of Arches," and many other
valuable works on mechanical and
mathematical science. B. 1745 ; d. 1807.
— Thomas, an eminent musician and
compo?.::r, who commenced his m-usical
edueaticn under Dr. Nares. In 1783 he
set out for Naples, and after studying
for a time with Filippo Cinque and" La-
tilla, he proceeded to Vienna, where he
reaped great advantages from the cele-
brated Mozart. In 1796 he was ap-
pointed organist of St. Paul's cathedrd,
and composer to the chapel royal; he
also held the situation of organist at the
chapel of the Pavilion, Brighton. His
compositions consist of several dramatic
pieces, numerous services and anthems,
songs, glees, sonatas, and other pieces
for the pianoforte. B. 1767 ; d. 1838.
AUBAIS, Charles de Baschi, Mar-
quis of, an ingenious Frenchman, who
pubhshed a work on "Historical Ge-
ography," and furnished materials for
Menard's "Pieces fugitives pour 1' His-
toire de France." D. 1777.
AUBAT, Abbe, censeur royal in 1784 ;
a sarcastic French fabulist, whom Vol-
taire pronounces first after La Fontaine.
AUBIGNE, Theodore Agrippa d', a
French Calvinist of good family, re-
markable for his attachment to Jlenry
IV., and for the honesty with which he
spoke the truth to that "king even when
it was least agreeable. He spent the
latter part of his life in retirement at
Geneva. D. 1630. — Constant d', son of
the above, and father of the notorious
Madame de Maintenon. His moral
character was very inferior to that of
his father; but as an author, his " Uni-
versal History," and his satires, poems,
memoirs, &c., do him considerable
credit.
AUBLET, John Baptist Chbistopheb
FuvEE, an able French botanist, author
of " Histoires des Plantes de la Guienne
FraiiQoise." It was in honor of him
that Linnaeus gave the name of Verbena
Aubletia to a species of vervain. B.
1720: d. 1778.
AUBREY, John, an eminent English
topographer and antiquary. He left a
vast number .of MSS., evincing great re-
search, of which Wood has availed him-
self in his Oxford biographies ; but he
only published one work, entitled " Mis-
cellanies," a collection of popular super-
stitions. Many of his MSS. are in the
Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. B. 1626 ;
d. 1700.
AUBRIET, Claude, a French painter
of natural history subjects. D. 1740.
AUBRtOT, Hugh, a French merchant,
mayor of Paris, and superintendent of
finance to Charles V. He was im-
prisoned for heresy, but the populace,
who had risen against the taxes termed
Maillotins, released him, and he escaped
to Burgundy. It was from him that the
French reformers had the name of Hu-
guenots.
82
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[aud
AUBEY DE MONTDIDIER, a
French knight of the time of Charles
v., who, according to tradition, was
basely murdered, in 1371, by his com-
panion in arms, Eichard de Macaire.
The murder was discovered by means
of a dog of the deceased, who showed
the most hostile disposition to the mur-
derer. The king compelled Macaire to
Sight with his accuser, the dog, in order
iK> decide the case; and the murderer
was conquered. From this story the
drama of "The Dog of Montargis" has
been taken. — John Baptist, a French
prior who was deprived of his situation
at the revolution, author of " Questions
Philosophiques sur la Eeligion Natu-
reUe," &c. B. 1735 ; d. 1809.— Mlle., a
figurante of the French opera, who, in
1793, publicly personated the " God-
dess of Eeason" at Paris. — A Parisian
librarian, and profound matheinatician,
author of a work addressed to the legis-
lative body in 1799, " On Weights and
Measures ;" and another, " On the
Decimal System." B. 1746. — John
Fkancis, a French physician of the 18th
century, author of "Les Oracles de
Cos," a review of the practice of Hip-
pocrates, and other ancient physicians.
— DuBo::CHET N., a deputy of the
Tiers Etats in 1789 ; and author of sev-
eral works on political economy. — F.,
one of the French committee of public
safety in 1794. who aimed at counter-
revolution. He deprived Bonaparte,
after the siege of Toulon, of military
employments, and reduced him to great
distress; the latter revenged himself
afterwards, by preventing nis re-entry
into France after his deportation to
Cayenne, on the return of some of his
fellow- victims. — De Gouges, Marie-
Olympie, a female republican, celebrated
for her beauty and talents- She founded
the popular female societies called Tri-
coteuses, and was a perfect enthusiast
in her political opinions. At length she
was put to death by Eobespierre's party,
in consequence of her having denounced
them in a pamphlet called the " Trois
Urnes." She died with heroic spirit.
She is the author of the " Memoires de
Madame de Valmont ;" of " L' ^sclavage
des Negres," a melodrame; "Le Mar-
riage de Cherubim," a comedy; and
"Moliere chez Ninon," an episodical
piece, &c. B. 1755.
AUBUSSON, Peter b\ suruamed the
Buckler of the Church, after having
Berved with ^reat distinction under the
Emperor Sigismund against the Turks,
entered the Order of St. John of Jeru-
salem, became grand-master, and, in
1480, compelled Mahomet II. to raise
the siege of Ehodes. D. 1503.
AUCHMUTY, Sir Samuel, a distin-
guished English general. He served
with great zeal and ability in North and
South America, and when commanding
in India, reduced to tlie dominion of
Great Britain the rich settlements o*^"
Java and Batavia. On his return to
Europe, he was appointed to the com-
mand of Ireland, where he d, in 1822.
AUCKLAND, William Euen, Lord,
an able negotiator, who was the third
son of Sir Robert Eden, Bart,, of West
Auckland, Durham. He was appointed
under-secretary of state in 1772; went
to Ireland in 1780 with Lord Carlisle, as
chief secretary ; in 1788 was ambassa-
dor to Spain ; and in the year following
was ambassador to Holland. He wrote
"The Principles of Penal Laws," "The
History of New Holland," and numerous
other valuable works. JB. 1744; d. 1814.
AUDE, Joseph, knight of Malta, sec-
retary to the Neapolitan philosophical
minister, Carraccioli, and subsequently
to the French Pliny, Buffon, whose life
he published in 1788. He is the author
of several dramas; "Le Heline An-
floise," "Le Eetour de Camille," "Le
Touveau Eicco," and some melodrames ;
" The Exiles of Siberia," &c. B. 1755.
AUDEBERT, Germain, a French
lawyer of the 16th century, author of
"Eoma," "Venetia," and other Latin
Eoems. D. 1598 — John Baptlst, a oele-
rated French engraver of natural his-
tory. The spirit of his engraving of
monkeys, snakes, birds, &c., is inim-
itable. B. 1759 ; d. 1800.
AUDI FEED I, John Baptist, a famous
Italian astronomer, author of " Demon-
strazione della Stazione della Cometa,
1769," &c. B. 1714.
AUDIFFEEDY, Therese, born in
Guinea in 1757. When returning thither,
at 18, from Bordeaux, she was exposed,
through the effect of her youthful beauty,
to the rejected love of tlie captain of the
vessel, but was relieved from his offered
violence by Sonnini and the Chevalier
Audiffredy, the latter of whom she
married ; aud becoming one of the
richest proprietors in "Cayenne, she
saved Piehegru, and the numerous de-
ported victims of the 18th Fructidor,
from beinsr starved to death.
AUDINOT. founder of the Theatre
Audinot, and the inventor of melo-
drames. He was a favorite actor in, as
well as author of, iiianv of the latter.
B. 1750; d. 1801.
aud]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHr.
83
AUD.LEY, Thomas, chancellor of En-
gland, during tbe reign of Henry VIII.,
was b. in 14SS, of a noble family in the
county of Essex, and in addition to con-
siderable abilities and erudition, was
possessed of an ample fortune. How-
ever, notwithstanding all these advan-
tages, 1)6 was, during the whole period
of his public life, one of the most vile
and fawning hirelings of the king. He
was appointed to succeed Sir Thomas
More, as chancellor, having long acted
as a mere instrument as speaker of the
parliament, so justly denominated the
''Black Parliament," — and although
Queen Ann Boleyn had been in many
instances his patroness, yet he sat in
judgment upon her, and also on his pre-
decessor Sir Thomas More, and Bishop
Fisher. In the affairs of Ann of Cleves
and Catharine Howard, he was likewise
made an active tool, and in short, re-
fused no undertaking, however incon-
sistent and miserable, imposed upon him
by the wayward and haughty Henry,
As a reward for these base services, the
title of Lord Audley of Walden was
conferred upon him ; he also received
the order of the Garter. He d. in 1544,
having been a liberal patron to Magdalen
college, Oxford.
AUDOUIN, Jean Victor, one of the
most diligent zoologists of his day. He
was professor of the Museum of Natural
History at Paris, and lectured as well as
wrote extensively on entomology. B.
1797 ; d. 1841.
AUDEAN, the name of a family of
French artists, of whom the following
are the most eminent — Charles, the
elder, whose works are numerous and
excellent. B. 1594; d. 1679. — Claude,
a nephew of the preceding, was b. at
Lyons, in 1639, and studied under his
uncle. He was employed by Le Brun
in painting part of the pictures of Alex-
ander's battles at Versailles, and became
Srofessor of painting in the Royal Aca-
emy of Paris, where he d. in 1684.—
GiRARD, the brother of the last-men-
tioned, and the most celebrated of the
family, was b. at Lyons, in 1640 ; studied
under Le Brun at' Paris ; and engraved
that artist's pictures in a masterly style.
D. 1703. — Claude, a nephew of iGrirard,
was b. at Lyons, in 1685. He was cele-
brated for ornamental designs j appoint-
ed kirg's painter. D. 1734.— Joun, bro-
ther of Claude, was b, in 1GG7 ; studied
engraving under his uncle, and d. at
Paris, in 1756.
AUDEIEN, Yves M., a French eo-
tlesiastic, who joined Robespierre, de-
clared for the revolution, and proposed
his " Plan d' Education," to withdraw
the education of youth from the priest-
hood. In 1800, while proceeding to his
bishopric, he was dragged out of his
carriage by the Chouans, and assassin-
ated.
AUDUBON, John James, an eminent
American ornithologist, whose fame be-
longs to the world, while it is the pecu-
liar pride of America, was the son of an
admiral in the French navy, living on a
plantation in Louisiana, who took him
to France, where he received a varied
and accomplished education. At the
age of 17 he returned from France — then
in the midst of its revolution — ^to the
woods of the new world, with fresh
ardor, and began a collection of draw-
ings, under the title of the "Birds of
America." This collection multiplied
upon his hands, and after many years
ot devoted toil, he was persuacled to
undertake the publication of his great
work, and with the view of obtaining
subscribers he visited Europe in 1824.
Everywhere was he well received. On
the Continent, Herschel, Cuvier, and
Humboldt, whom he had encountered in
America, gave him a hearty reception.
In Edinburgh he was warmly received
bv Brewster, Jeffrey, Wilson, and Sir
Walter Scott. Professor Wilson gives a
graphic description of Audubon in an
article in " Blackwood's Magazine," and
he was everywhere hailed as the Amer-
ican backwoodsman, who shared the
highest elevations of science with Erro-
Eean celebrities. He published, after
is second return to America, a work on
the Animals similar to his work on Birds.
He pursued the objects of his puj-suit
into their native haunts, sometimes
spending years away from his family,
and painted them from nature. The
life-like fidelity and beauty of his delin-
eations placed "him in the first rank as an
artist, whilst his minute accuracy in
describing their habits proves him to
have been the closest observer. He was
as stanch as a man as he was renowned
as a naturalist. The childlike simplicity
of his manners, and cheerfulness of
temper, were worthy of all imitation,
and made him beloved by all who knew
him. At the age of 60 years, when he
was first personally known to the writer
of this sketch, he' had all the sprightli-
ness and vigor of a young man. In
person he was tall, and remarkably well
made. His aspect sweet and animated.
His whole head was remarkably striking.
The forehead high, arched, and uncloua
84«
JYCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[auq
ing ; the hairs of the brow prominent,
particularly at the root of the nose,
which was long and aquiline ; chin
prominent, and mouth characterized by
energy and determination. The eyes
were dark gray, set deeply in the head,
and as restless as the glance of the
eagle. D. 1851.
AUEKBAOH, Henby, the builder of
the court and cellar at Leipsic, men-
tioned in Goethe's Faust. His real name
was Stromer, but according to the fashion
of the time, he took the name of the place
where he was born. The building was
erected in 1530, and tradition says that
five years afterwards Doctor Faust was
seen riding out of it in a barrel of wine.
AUGEliEAU, PiERKE F. Charles,
duke of Castiglioue, marshal of France,
was the son of a fruit merchant, served
as a carbinier in the French army, went
from thence into the Neapolitan service,
established himself at Naples, in 1787,
as a fencing master, and was banished
thence, in 1792, with the rest of his
countrymen. He served, afterwards, as
a volunteer in the army of Italy, in which
his talents and courage soon gained him
promotion. He distinguished liimself
m 1794, as general of brigade in the army
of the Fvrenees, and in 1796, as general
of division in tlie army of Italy. He
took the pass of Millesimo ; made him-
self master of the intrenched camp of
the Piedmontese at Ceva, afterwards
of that at Oasale ; threw himself on the
bridge of Lodi, and carried it with the
enemy's intrenchments. June 16th, he
passed the Po, and made prisoners the
f)apal troops, together with the cardinal
egate and the general's staff. Aug. 1st,
he came to the assistance of Massena ;
maintained, during a whole day, a most
obstinate struggle against a superior
number of troops, and took the village
of Castiglione, from which he derived
his ducal title. In the battle of Arcole,
when the French columns wavered, he
seized a standard, rushed upon the ene-
my, and gained the victory. The direc-
tory bestowed this standard on him,
Jan. 27th, 1797. He was the instrument
of the violent proceedings of the 18th of
Fructidor, and was saluted, by the deci-
mated legislative body, as the saviour of
his country. In 1799 he was chosen a
member of* the council of five hundred,
and, therefore, resigned his command.
He then obtained from the consul, Bona-
f)arte, the command of the army in Hol-
and. He led the French and Batavian
army on the Lower Khine to the support
of Moreau, passed the river at Frank-
fort, and fought with the imperial gen-
eral, with various success, until the battle
of Hohenlinden ended the campaign.
In October, 1801, being superseded by
General Victor, he remained without
employment till 1803, when he was ap-
Eointed to lead the army, collected at
>ayonne, against Portugal". When this
enterprise failed, he went back to Paris-
and. May 19tli, 1804, was named marshal
of the empire, and grand officer of the
legion of honor. At the end of 1805, he
was at the head of a corps of the great
army in Germany, formed of troops col-
lected under his command at Brest. He
contributed to the successes which gave
birth to the peace of Presburg, and in
March, 1806, had possession of VVetzler
and the country around, until, in the
autumn of this year, a new war called
him to Prussia. The wounds wliich he
received in the battle of Eylau compelled
him to return to France. " He was tifter-
wards made a peer by Louis XVIIl.;
quarrelled with Napoleon, who proclaim-
ed him a traitor in 1815. D. 1816.
AUGER, Athaxasius, a learned abbe,
and professor of rlietoric at the college
of St. Rouen. He published several
political works (among others "Cate-
chisme du Citoyen Francois," &c.) in
favor of the revolution. His learned
publications are numerous: "Constitu-
tion des Romains ;" " De la Tragedie
Grecque ;" the complete works of Iso-
crates, Lvsias, Xenophon, &c. B. 1734 ;
d. 1792. "
AUGURELLO, Giovanni Aurelio. an
Italian poet and professor of the Belles
Lettres ; author of " Chrysopaeia," and
other poems, Latin and Italian. B. 1440 ;
d. 1524.
AUGUSTIN, St., bishop of Hippo,
and one of the fathers of the Christian
cliurch, was b. at Tagaste, in Africa,
A. D. 354. He was in his youth attached
to the Manichean doctrines, and of very
loose morals ; but his conversion from
his errors was complete and permanent ;
and he wrote with great zeal, and very
voluminously, against all the sects which
the church lield to be heretical. D. 480.
— Saint Anthony, a Spanish prelate of
the 16th century; author of some trea-
tises on law and on medals. D. 1586.—
One called the Apostle of the Enorlish,
flourished at the close of the 6th century
He was sent, with 40 monks, by Gregory,
to introduce Christianity into the Saxon
kingdoms. He was kindly received by
Ethelbert, king of Kent, whom he soon
converted : and such was his success
with his subjects, that he is said to have
aur]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
m.
baptized 10,000 in one day. This suc-
cess may be attributed to liis reputation
of miraculous power in the restoration
of sight and life, more probably than
any other cause. He has the merit of
allowing no coercive measures to be
used in the propagation of the gospel.
Elated by the rapid progress he had
made, Augustin became ambitious of
possessing the supreme authority over
the English churches as archbishop of
Canterbury, and received the archiepis-
copal pall from the pope, with instruc-
tions to establish 12 sees in his province.
The British bishops in Wales, successors
of the British converts of the 2d century,
had never submitted to the jurisdiction
of the church of Rome, and Augustin
endeavored to persuade them to unite
with the new English church. They
asserted their independence, and 1200
Welsh monks were soon after put to the
sword, as thought, at his instigation.
D. 604.
AUGUSTULUS, Komulus, the last
emperor of the West, was raised to the
throne by his father, the patrician
Orestes, who deposed Julius Nepos, in
476 ; but his reign was little more than
nominal, and of very short duration ;
being soon after conquered and de-
throned by Odoacer, king of the Heruli,
who spared his life, and allowed him a
pension.
AUGUSTUS, Caius Julius C^ar Oc-
TAViANus, a Roman emperor, was the son
of Caius Octavius and Accia, niece of
Julius Caesar, who, on the death of his
father, which happened when he was
only four years old, adopted him as his
son. W^hen Caesar was assassinated,
Octavius (for by that name he was called
before his accession to the throne) was
in Epirus, whence he immediately re-
turned to secure his inheritance, and
entered into an alliance with Antony
and Lepidus, though he at first was in-
imical to the former. The triumvirate
thus formed shed the best blood of
Rome ; and Octavius was fully as guilty
as either of his associates. At length
Lepidus was deposed, Antony hurried
to ruin and death, and Octavius, then 36
years of age, became emperor, with the
title of Augustus. As- emperor, his
course was wise and beneficent ; litera-
ture and the arts flourished under his
auspices ; good laws were enacted ; and
he was in many respects deserving of
the lavish praise heaped upon him by
the writers of that time. B. 63 b. c. : d.
A. D. 14.
AULISIO, Dominic, a Neapolitan pro-
8
fessor of civil law, but more celebrated
as a linguist, and for his great proficien-
cy in general science and the belles
lettres. He was author of " Commen-
taries on Civil Law," a " History of the
Rise and Progress of Medicine," &c.
B. 1689 ; d. 1717.
AULNAGE, F. H. S. de, a Spanish
writer. B. in 1739 ; author of a work on
ancient pantomime, and of " Histoire
Generale des Religions," &c.
AULUS GELLIUS, a grammarian in
the reigns of Trajan and Marcus Auro-
lius ; chiefly remembered for his " Noctea
Atticse."
AUNGERVILLE, Richard, or Rich-
ard DE Bury, was the tutor of Edwanl
III., by whom he was made bishop of
London, lord high chancellor, lord high
treasurer, &c. He was a munificent
f)atron of learning, and the author of a
earned work, entitled " Philobiblion."
B. 1281 ; d. 1345.
AUNOY, countess of, a lively French
authoress of the 17th century. D. 1705.
AURELIAN, Lucius Domitius, a Ro-
man emperor, was the son of a peasant,
and b. in Pannonia, about the year 220.
Having throughout an active life greatly
distinguished himself as a skilful, val-
iant, and successful general, he was
chosen emperor on the death of Claudius
IL in 270. He drove the barbarians
from Italy, conquered Teti'icus, who had
assumed the purple in Gaul, and van-
quished the celebrated Zenobia, of Pal-
myra, and carried her a prisoner to
Rome ; but while on his march towards
Persia, in 275, he was assassinated by
his mutinous troops.
AURELIO, Louis, an Italian monk of
the 17th century ; author of an account
of the Bohemian rebellion. He also
abridged the Universal History of Tur-
sellinus, and other works. D. 1637.
AURIA, ViNCENTio, author of a his-
tory of eminent Sicilians. B. 1625; d.
1710.
AURIGNI, Giles, a French lawyer
and poet of the 16th century; author
of a poem, entitled "Tuteur d' Amour,"
and some other works of no great value.
AURUNGZEBE, the great Mogul, or
emperor of Hindostan, was the third
son of Shah Jehan. His early life was
marked by gravity and seeming devo-
tion, but these were merely the disguise
of an ambitious and crafty spirit. He
deposed his father, put to death two of
his brothers, and the son of the elder
of them, and assumed the sovereign au-
thority. Ill, however, as he obtained
his power, he used it with skill and
8&
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[avi
courage. He subdued Golconda, the I
Carnatic, Visapour, and Bengal, and
routed the pirates who had infested the
month of the Ganges. His achieve-
ments obtained him the respect of Eu-
ropean as well as Asiatic powers. But
the close of his life was embittered by
the rebellious conduct of his sons, who
aimed at deposing him, as he had de-
posed his father. After the death of
Aurungzebe, the might and splendor of
the Mogul empire rapidly declined. B.
1618; d. 1707.
AUSEGIUS, a French abbot of the
9th century, who made a collection of
the capitularies of Charlemagne and his
son Louis, which has been several times
reprinted. D. 834.
AUSONIUS, Decius Magnus, a Ko-
man poet of the 4th century; son of
Julius Ausonius, a physician of Bor-
deaux. He early gave proof of genius,
and was appointed tutor to Gratian, son
of the emperor Valentinian; and when
his pupil came to the throne, he made
him praetorian prefect of Gaul, and sub-
sequently raised him to the consulship.
His poems are various both as to sub-
ject and merit : but thoiigh they contain
much that is beautiful, they are but too
fi-equently deformed by licentiousness.
AUSTEN, Jane, the celebrated au-
thoress of "Pride and Prejudice,"
"Sense and Sensibility," and other
prose fictions, was the daughter of a cler-
gyman in Hampshire. B. 1775 ; d. 1817.
AUSTREA, D. Juan, a Spanish ad-
miral. B. in 1545 ; remembered as the
conqueror of the Turks at Lepanto.
AUVERGNE, Anthony, a French
musician and composer of the 18th cen-
tury, who composed the first comic opera
ever performed in France. D. 1797.
AVALOS, Ferdinand, marquis of
Pescara, a brave Neapolitan soldier, and
the autnor of a " Dialogue on Love,"
which he wrote while a prisoner of war,
and dedicated to his wite, the beautiful
Vittoria Colonna. B. 1489 ; d. 1525.—
Alphonso, marquis del Vasto, nephew
of the preceding, was b. at Naples, in
1502, and obtained the command of the
imperial army at his uncle's death, for
the brilliant valor he displayed at the
siege of Pavia. D. 1546.
AVAUX, Claude de Mesne, count of,
a celebrated French diplomatist, and an
accomplished scholar. D. 1650.
AVELLANEDA, Alphonsus Fernan-
dez DE, a Spanish writer, who, to the
great annoyance of Cervantes, wrote a
continuation of the first part of Don
Quixote.
AVELLONE, F., an Italian dramatic
writer, whose pieces are numerous, and
many of them successful; "Lanterne
Magique," " Jules Willenvel," &c. B.
1756.
AVENTINE, John, a native of Bava-
ria; author of the "Annals of Bavaria,"
and of a curious work, entitled " Nu-
merandi per Digitos," &c. B. 1466 ; d.
1534.
AVENZOAR, or EBN ZOAR, an
Arabian physician of tlie 12th century.
B. at Seville ; author of a medical com-
pendium, entitled " Al Theiser."
AVERANI, Benedict, a Florentine,
was a learned and voluminous prose wri-
ter and poet. B. 1645; d. 1707. — Joseph,
brother of the above ; author of various
scientific treatises, and of a defence of
Galileo.
AVERDY, Clement Charles de l',
comptroller-general of France in the
18th century; author of "Code Penal,"
and other useful works. He was guil-
lotined in 1794, on a charge of having
caused the scarcity of wheat which then
afllicted France.
AVERROES, or AVEN ROSCH, an
Arabian philosopher and physician of
the 12th century. His talents caused
him to be made chief ruler of Morocco,
by the caliph, Jacob Almanzor, but be-
ing accused of heresy by the Mahometan
priests, he was imprisoned and other-
wise persecuted. Again, however, he
acquired both the royal favor and the
popular confidence, and d. at Morocco,
in 1198, in possession of the highest
honors below the sovereisrnty. He was
author of a paraphrase of Plato's Repub-
lic, and several other works.
AVIGNY, a national French poet. B.
at Martinique, in 1760 ; author of
" Jeanne d'Arc," " Le Depart de la P6-
rouse;" and some successful dramas,
" Les Lettres," " Les Deux Jockeys,"
" Doria," &c. His best prose produc-
tion is on the progress of the British
power in India, inserted in Michard's
" Histoire de Mysore."
AVILA, John d', a Spanish priest,
who for the soace of 40 years journeyed
through the Andalusian mountains and
forests, enforcing by his precepts and
example, the doctrine of the srospel ; on
which account he acquired the appella-
tion of the Apostle of Andalusia. D.
1569.
AVILA Y ZUNIGA, Louts d\ a dis-
tinguished diplomatist, warrior, and his-
torian, under Charles V. He wrote
"Commentaries" on the wars of his
sovereign, who s •) much admired them.
AZU]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGHaPHT.
8T
that he deemed himself more fortunate
than Alexander, in having such an his-
torian.
AVIRON, James le Bathelier, a
French lawyer of the ^ 16th century ;
author of "Commentaries on the Pro-
vincial Laws of Normandy."
AVISON, Charles, a composer and
musician ; author of '' Essays on Musi-
cal Expression," &c. D. 1770.
AVITUS, Marcus M^cilius, raised to
the empire of the West, on the death
of Maxiuuis, in 455, but deposed after a
reign of only 14 months.
AVOGADRO, Lucia, an Italian poet-
ess, whose early talents won the praise
ofTasso. D. 1568.
AY ALA, Peter Lopez d', a learned,
brave, and eloquent Spanish statesman,
was b. in Murcia, in 1332. After serv-
ing under four Castilian monarchs, both
in the eouncU and the field, he distin-
guishing himself also as a man of erudi-
tion. D. 1407.
AYESIIA, daughter of Abubeker, and
favorite wife of Mahomet. On the death
of her husband she resorted to arms to
oppose the succession of Ali; but though
conquered by him, she was dismissed
in safety, and d. in retirement, at Mecca,
in 677. The Mussulmans venerate her
memory, and designate her tJte proph-
etess.
AYLMER, John, bishop of London
in tJie reign of Queen Elizabeth. He
was a ready, but not very rigidly prin-
cipled writer; and was more disposed
to intolerance than is consistent with
the character of a true Christian. B.
1521 ; d. 1594.— The true name of Jack
Cade.
A YLOFFE, Sir Joseph, an. able anti-
quary of the 18th century. He was
keeper of the state papers, and author
of ''The Universal Librarian,"' besides
numerous other works. B. 1708 ; d. 1781.
AYMON, John, a Piedmontese priest
of the 17th century. He abjured Pa-
pacy for the doctrines of Calvin, but re-
turned to liis original faitli, and had a
pension from the Cardinal de Noailles.
Availing liimself of his intimacy with
the librarian of the royal collection at
Paris, he stole some MSS., one of which,
an account of the synod of Jerusalem in
1672, he published in Holland. He wrote
a "Picture of the Court of Rome," and
some other works.
AYRAULT, Pierre, a French lawyer
of the 16th century ; author of a treatise
"De Patris Jure," occasioned by the
leduction of Jiis son bv the Jesuits, and
?)ther works. B. 1526": d. 1601.
AYRTON, EDMCTKn, a jomposer of
cathedral music, and one of the directors
of the Commemoration of Handel. B.
1734; d. 1808.
AYSCOUGH, George Edward, son
of the dean of Bristol, by a sister of the
first Lord Lyttleton. He was the author
of a volume of "Travels on tlie Conti-
nent," "Index to Shakspeare," and the
"Tragedy of Semiramis." D. 1779.—
Samuel, an industrious literary charac-
ter of the last century. He contributed
largely to the British Critic and other
periodicals; and compiled a variety of
laborious indexes, of which his index to
Shakboeare is the principal. He was
curate* of St. Giles's, and lecturer at
Shoreditch. B. 1745 ; d. 1804.
AYSCUE, Sir George, a distinguished
admiral in the time of Cromwell, and
one of the coadjutors of Blake in his
famous action with the Dutch admiral,
Van Tromp. At the restoration he was
made rear-admiral of the blue ; and be-
ing captured in Albemarle's action off
Dunkirk, remained many years a pris-
oner.
AYTON, Sir Robert, a native of Fife-
shire, in Scotland, a poet of considerable
merit. He wrote in Greek, Latin, and
French, as well as English. B. 1570;
d. 1638.
AZAIS, P. H., author of a " Systerae
Universel," and the ediior of several lite-
rary and political works, " Le Mercure,"
" Aristarque," <fec. B. 1706.
AZARA, Don Joseph Nicholas d', i
Spanish grandee, born in Aragon, 1721 ;
ambassador, first to Rome, and next to
France; a good writer in Spanish, Italian,
and French ; a ripe antiquarian, and a
great patron of the fine arts. His " Suite
de Pierres Gravees," published in Spain,
is much esteemed. He translated into
Spanish " Middleton's Life of Cicero,"
"Bowles's Natural History of Spain,"
"Seneca," and "Bodoni's Horace," D.
1804. — Felix d', a Spanish naturalist
and traveller of the 18th century ; author
of a " Natural History of Paraguay," and
other valuable works. B. 1746.
AZNAR, count of Gascony, distin-
guished for quelling an insurrection of
the Navarrese Gascons in 824 ; but being
discontented with Pepin, king of Aqui-
taine, for whom he put clown the insur-
gents, he subsequently, in 831, seized on
a part of Navarre, and became the foun-
der of the kingdom of that name. D.
836.
AZUNI, Dominic Albert, a Sardinian,
author of " Systeme Universel du Droit
Maritime de I'Europe," &e., a work of
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CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHV.
[bab
the highest merit, written in the purest
French. Made president of the Genoese
board of trade by Napoleon ; he fell with
his patron, and retired to private life.
B. 1760 ; d. 1827.
AZZO, Fortius, an ItrJian iurist of
the 13th century; author of ''A Sum-
mary of the Codes or Institutes." lie is
said to have been executed for killing a
man in a personal conflict.
B.
BAADER, Fbancis, one of the most
eminent thinkers of Germany, who wrote
on politics, theology, and the philosophi-
cal sciences. He produced no formal
system, in any department of thought,
but is commonly classed with the mys-
tics. He was appointed professor in the
university of Munich when the king of
Bavaria wished to oppose the pantheistic
tendencies of Schclhng, Hegei, and other
German authorities. His chief writings
were the " Absolute Extravagance of
the Practical Eeason of Kant," 1797 ; a
*' Memoir upon Elementary Physiology,"
1797 ; a " Memoir on Physical Dynam-
ics," 1809 ; " Demonstration of Morals
by Physics," 1813 ; " Principles of a
Theory destined to give Form and Foun-
dation to Human Life," 1820 ; " Lectures
upon Keligious Philosophy in opposition
to the Irreligion of both Ancient and
Modern Times," 1727; "Christian Idea
of Immortality, as opposed to Unchris-
tian Doctrines," 1836.
BAAHDIN, Mahomet Gebet Amali,
a Persian author, who wrote a "Sum-
mat^- of the Canon and Civil Law," by
the order of Abbas the Great.
BAAN, John De, a portrait painter,
born at Harlaem, in 1633. His celebrity
got him employment under Charles II.
of England, whose whole family were
painted bv him. He was subsequently
patronized by the duke of Tuscany. D.
1702. — James, a son of the preceding,
was of the same profession, but not so
distinguished. D. 1700.
BAARSDAP, Cornelius, a physician
under Cbarles V., who wrote tne "Me-
thoduH Universal Artis Medical." D.
1565.
BAART Peter, a Flemish author,
who wrote chiefly in Latin. His works
were, the " Flemish Georgics," and "Le
Triton de Frise." He flourished during
the 18th century.
BABA, a Turkish fanatic, who about
the year 1260 proclaimed himself a mes-
senger of God ; and collecting a con-
Biderable bodv of adherents, laid waste
to Aretolia. He was finally routed, and
his sect destroved.
BABBINGTON, Anthony, a Catholic
of Derbyshire, who conspired with seve-
ral other gentlemen to assassinate Queen
Elizabeth of England, and rescue Mary,
queen of Scots. He joined in the un-
dertaking, it is said, in hope that the
latter lady would in gratitude become
his wife. The plot was discovered, and
he was executed in 1586. A touching
account of the affair is to be found in
Leigh Hunt's " London Journal." — Ger-
vase, an English bishop, who was a great
benefactor to the cathedral librmy at
Worcester, and wrote notes on the Pen-
tateuch. D. 1610. — William, a noted
physician and lecturer at Guy hospital,
who wrote a new " System of Mineral-
ogy," and other scientific works. B.
1757; d. 1883.
BABEK, a Persian fanatic, wh^ gath-
ered a multitude of followers, as the
apostle of a new religion ; and for more
than twenty years baffled all the elforts
made to suppress his influence. W^hen
he was finally conquered by the caliph,
who succeeded Almamar, he was pub-
licly executed. He began his career
about 837, and was called " The Im-
pious."
BABEAUF, Francis Noel, a French
reformer and enthusiast, who was bom.
at St. Quentin. He was of humble ex-
traction, and for a time served in a menial
capacity. But he parted with his em-
ployer, and became an attorney. Im-
prisoned at Arras for some trivial offence,
he escaped to Paris, Avhere, strongly
sympathizing with the democrats of the
revolution, he issued a paper called the
Tribune, which had great acceptance
among the people. His doctrines were
those of the communistic revolutionists,
and he vindicated a system of eoual
rights and common property. Wlien
Robespierre died, he was considered by
his associates the next best man to gov-
ern France; but he was betrayed by
some of his friends, and guillotined in
BAC]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
m
1797. His trial produced a prodigious
sensation, and was published in tliree
volumes.
BABIN, Francis, a French divine of
Angers, who edited the " Conferences"
of that diocese. D. 1734.
BABOUR, the founder of the great
Mogul dynasty, a descendant of Timour,
or Tamerlane, as he is called ; who un-
dertook the conq^uest of Samarcand, and
was deprived ot his dominions by the
Usbecks. He recovered liis fortunes,
however, and overthrew Ibrahim, the
last Hindoo emperor, whose throne he
usurped. After an active reign he died
in 1530. He was an accomplished but
voluptuous prince, and wrote a history
of liis own life.
BABRIAS, a Greek poet, quoted by
Suidas.
BABYLAS, a bishop of Antioch, put
to death during the persecution of De-
cius, 251.
BACA I, Ibrahim, a Mahometan au-
thor. D. 835 ofthe Hegira.
BACCAINI, Benedict, professor of
ecclesiastical history at Modena. B.
1657; d. 1721.
BACCULARY SAUNA, Vincent, a
commanderand statesman under Charles
II. and Philip V. of Spain, and who also
wrote the memoirs of rhilip V. D. 1726.
BACCHYLIDES, a Greek lyric poet,
cotemporary with Pindar, and whom
Horace is said to have imitated. He
flourished about 450 B. c.
BACCIO, Andrew, an Italian phy-
sician and author of the 16th century. —
Della Porta, more generally known
as Fra Bartolomeo, was a celebrated
painter, born at Sarignano, in Tuscanv,
1469. His teaclier was Cosiuio Roselli,
of Florence, under whom, by the study
of the works of Leonarda, he acquired
great grandeur of style, and vigor of
coloring and outline. The famous
fresco in the hospital of Santa Maria
Nuova, representing the last judgment,
was begun by him and finished by
Albertinelli. He enlisted in the cause
of Savonarola, and was imprisoned in
the monastery of San Marco, wliich was
besieged; wiien he made a vow, that
if he escaped he would become a monk.
In consequence of this, he assumed the
Dominican habit in 1500, and went under
the name of Brother Bartolomeo. For
four years he did not paint at all, and
afterwards only sacred subjects. R iphael
visited him in 1504, and some years af-
terwards he himself met Michael Angelo
and Raphael at Rome, where he acknowl-
edged their merits. His style of paint-
8*
ing was severe and elevated, but at the
same time graceful ; in the use of color
resembling Titian or Giorgone.
BACELLAR, Anthony Barbosa, n
Portuguese poet, historian, and civilian,
who wrote a celebrated defence of the
house of Braganza.
BACH, John Sebastian, a musical
author who occupies the highest rank
among the composers of Germany. He
was b. at Eisenach in 1685, arid studied
at Luneburg, where he made himself
familiar with the French style of music,
by frequenting the chapel of the duke
ot' Halle In 1707 he was appointed
organist at Muhlhausen, the next year
at Weimar, in 1717 chapel-master at
Cothen ; in 1723 chanter and director of
music at Leipsic, and in 1736 composer
at the electoral court of Saxony. As a
Eerformer on the harpsichord and organ
e was without a rival in his time, while
his compositions are marked by great
originality, strength, and fervor. D.
1750. — Charles Philip Emanuel, the
second son of the above, known as Bach
of Berlin, was chapel-master to the
Princess Amelia of Prussia, and after-
wards director of music at Hamburgh.
He was b. in 1714, and as a composer
attained a celebrity as wide as that of his
father. Haydn seems to have regard-
ed him as a master. — John Christian,
another son of Sebastian, bv a second
wife, known as Bach of Ikfilan, was a
scholar of Emanuel, under whom he be-
came a fine performer on keyed instru-
ments. He afterwards went to Italy,
where his success as a composer of vocal
music got him tlie place of organist of
the Duomo of Milan. In 1763 he was
engaged by Matteuceo to compose .for
the opera in London, where he produced
" Orione," which was extremely ap-
plauded for the richness of its harmo-
nies, the ingenious texture of its parts,
and its new and skilful use of wind
instruments. In connection with Abel,
he opened weekly subscription concerts,
which were kept up for more than 20
years with uninterrupted prosperity.
He was the first composer who observed
the law of contrast as a principle of har-
mony. His symphonies are regarded
generally as more original than his sonsrs
or pieces for the harpsichord. D. 1782.
— John Christopher, another of the
Bachs, was the greatest contrapuntist
and most expert organist in Germany,
where he was court and town organist
at Eisenach. He w is also an uncommon
master of full harmony, as is proved by
his "Es erhab sich ein Streit," a piece
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CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
l'
of church music, having 20 obligate
parts, yet perfectly pure in it3 harmo-
nie«i.
BACHAUMONT, Francis le Coigeau
DE, was a counsellor of the parliament
of Paris, of which his fother was presi-
dent. In the disturbance of 1648 he
took part against the court, and a mot
of his at that time originated the name
of tlie Fronde. He said that the parlia-
ment reminded him of the school-boys
who played with slings on the boule-
vards, — they dispersed at the sight of a
police officer, and collected again as soon
as he was gone. The comparison struck
the general mind, and the enemies of
Mazarin, adopting a hat-band in the
form of a shng {fronde) were called
Frondeurs. During the war of the
Fronde, and afterwards, he was dis-
tinguished as a poet and author. His
book called " A Journev to Montpelier"
is lively and spirited. B. 1624 ; d. 1702.
— Louis PETrr, the writer of a volumin-
ous "Secret Memoirs towards a History
of the French Republic of Letters." D.
1771.
BACHE, RiCHAKD, a postmaster-gen-
eral of the United States from 1776 to
1782. He was the son-in-law of Dr.
Franklin. D. 1811. — Benjamin Frank-
lin, the editor of a print called the
" Aurora," which vehemently opposed
the administrations of Washington and
Adams. D. 1799.
BACHELIER, Nicholas, a French
sculptor, pupil of Michael Angelo. Sev-
eral of his productions are in the cathe-
dral of Toulouse, his native city. D.
1554. — John James, a French painter.
B. in 1724; was director of the royal
porcelain manufactory of Sevres, and
the' discoverer of an encaustic composi-
tion for the preservation of marble sta-
tues. He devoted a fortune of 60,000
francs to the establishment of a school
for gratuitously teaching the art of draw-
ing. D. 1805."
BACHER, George Frederic, a Ger-
man physician of the 18th century;
author of " Treatises on Dropsy," a dis-
ease which he was very skilful in
treating. — A son of the preceding, and
of the sanie profession, was the author
of a work on law, and a contributor to
the "Journal de Medecine." D. 1807.
BACHOVIUS, Reinier, a German
civilian of the 16th century ; author of
a catechism in vindication of Calvinism.
— Reinier, son of the above ; professor
of civil law at Heidelberg ; author of a
treatise " De Actionibus " &c.
BACHMEISTER, H. L. 0., a miscel-
laneous writer. B. at Hernhorn, in tho
principality of Nassau-Dillenbourg, in
1736 ; author of " An Abridgment of
the Geography of the Russian Empire ;"
" A Collection of Memoirs relating to
Peter L ;" " The Russian Library," 11
vols., &c. D. 1806.
BACICI, John Baptist Gaum, an
Italian painter, chiefly of scriptural sub-
jects and portraits. 'B. 1639; d. 1709.
BACKER, James, a Dutch historical
painter of great ability. B. 1530; d.
1560. — Jacob, a portrait and historical
painter. B. at Harlinsen, 1609 ; d. 165L
BACKHOUSE, William, an English
astronomer and alchemist ; author of
" The • Complaint of Nature," "The
Golden Fleece," &c. D. 1662.
BACKHUYSEN, Lupolf, a painter
of the Dutch school, distinguished main-
ly for his sea-pieces. He was b. in 1631
at Embden, and was originally destined
for mercantile pursuits. Butinstead of
poring over ledgers he made pen sketches
of vessels and shipping scenes, whieh,
attracting attention, he was induced to
devote his life to art. He took regular
instructions, and soon acquired extra-
ordinary fixcility. It was his custom,
when storms approached, to embark on
the boats, to observe the commotion of
the waters, the gathering of the clouds,
and the breaking of the'swell upon tho
shore. He carried his enthusiasm to
such a pitch that the terrified sailors
were often forced to carry him to land in
the fiice of his most earnest entreaties to
remain. Full of Avhat he had seen, he
put upon canvas, while the impression
was fresh, and with admirable fidelity,
the varying features of those scenes.
This courageous zeal procured his pic-
tures an eminent rank in their class.
Truth was their prevailing characteristio,
though his coloring was excellent, and
his touch free and effective. He also
attempted poetry, but not with the same
success. Ij. 1709.
BACKLER, d'Albe, Baron Aubert
Louis, a French geographer and en-
gineer, who was the author of the
"Chart of the Theatre of War in Na-
poleon's first Italian Campaiarns." B.
1761 ; d. 1824.
BACKUS, AzEL, D.D., the first pres-
ident of Hamilton college, and author
of several published sermons. B. 1767;
d. 1824. — Isaac, a distineuislied Baptist
preacher of Norwich, Ct. He wrote a
history of that sect, in 3 vols., which
was greatly indebted to his exertions
for its prosperity. B. 1724; d. 1806.
BACON, Anne, wife of Sir Nicholas,
BAC]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
m
remarkable for her learning, translated j
the sermons of Ochinus from the ItaUan, '
and "Bi.shop Jewel's Apology for the
Church of England," from the Latin.
B. 1528; d. 1600. — Anthont, an elder
brotlier of the chancellor, a skilful poli-
tician and learned man, was the friend
of the earl of Essex, and a favorite of
Heuiy IV. of France. He passed his
time in the pursuit of knowledge. —
John, an eminent sculptor who invented
a method of making statues in artiticial
stone. Ilis chief works were a bust of
George III., a figure of Mars, Lord
Chatham's monuments in Guildhall and
Westminster, and those of Guy, the
founder of the hospital, and of Dr.
Johnson and Howard in St. Paul's. B.
1740: d. 1799.— John, an English monk,
called the Resolute Doctor, who wrote a
" Compendium of the Law of Christ."
D. 134fi. — Francis, viscount of St. Al-
bans, one of the most extraordinary
men that any age can boast, — a scholar,
a wit, a lawyer, a judge, a statesman, a
politician and. philosopher, whose wri-
tings will endure as long as the lan-
guages in which they are written can
be read. He was born at London, Jan.
^2, 1561, and from his earliest cliildhood
evinced the greatest aptitude for learn-
ing, and a remarkable capacity of
thought. He entered Cambridge in his
13th yeai% and was speedily distin-
guished for his progress ni the sciences.
Before he was 16 he wrote a thesis
against the Aristotelian philosophy
then in vogue. His precocity led
Queen Elizabeth, when he first made
her acquaintance, to call him her
"younia: lord keeper." At the close of
his collegiate studies, he went, as it
was then the custom with young men,
to the Continent for the purposes of
travel. He was in the suite of Sir
Amias Paulet, who sent him back to
England on an important errand, which
he managed so aisereetly that he at-
tracted the regard of the queen, and
was at once established in court favor.
Returning to France, he completed his
travels, and then, though but 19 years
of age, wrote an essay on the state of
Europe, which gave astonishing evi-
dence of extensive observation and ma-
ture judgment. The death of his father
recalled him to England, where he en-
gaged in the study of jurisprudence,
and before he was 28 was made counsel
extraordinary to the queen. His con-
nection with Burleigh, tlie lord treasurer,
xad Sir Robert Cecil, first secretary of
state, would have led to his instant ad-
vancement, but for the feud of the latter
with Essex. In 1593 he was returned a
member of parliament for Middlesex,
where he at nrst conducted himself with
great dignity and discretion, voting with
the popular party against the measures
of the ministers, but towards the end .
of Elizabeth's reign, his poverty be-
trayed him into acts of servility un-
worthy of his character. Under James
I., a prince ambitious of the title of a
patron of letters, he was knighted in
1703. Commissioned to make a report
on the oppressions committed by the
royal purveyors in the king's name, he
executed the task with so much satis-
faction both to the king and parliament,
that the commons voted him their
thanks, and James made him king's
counsel, with a pension of £100. He
soon after contracted an advantageous
marriage, was created lord keeper of the
seals in 1617, and lord high chancellor
and baron of Verulam in 1619, and, in
1620, viscount of St. Albans. But his
rapid preferment was only the precursor
to a still more rapid fall. He was ac-
cused before the house of lords of hav-
ing received money for grants of oflBce
and privileges under the seal of state.
He was unable to justify himself, and
finally confessed the bulk of the chargea,
throwing himself on the mercy of the
peers. He was sentenced to pay a fine
of £40,000, to be imprisoned in the
Tower, and to be declared incapable of
holding office, or to appear within the
verge of the court. Basil Montague, in
his admirable life of Bacon, ingeniously
attempts to excuse his crimes, but hi's
arguments are scattered like chaif in
Mr. Macaulay's essay on Bacon, to be
found in his Miscellanies. The sen-
tence was not rigorously executed; he
was soon released from the Tower, and
the rest of his penalty remitted. Yet
he survived his disgrace only a few
years, and died in 1726. During his
active political life, and in his fall, he
had still been devoted to philosophy.
His universal genius had made him
master of all the sciences, and his im-
mortal writings, the " Advancement of
Learning," and the " Novum Oiga-
num," laid the foundations of true
scientific method, which changed the
philosophy of the world. He treated
also, in the "Sylva Sylvanum," of
natural history, wrote several works on
medicine, and suggested extensive and
wise reforms of law. His moral " Es-
says" are a treasure of profound thought,
eloquently expressed. Indeed, in nearly
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CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
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all departments of human investigation,
he displayed prodigious capacity, and
was as copious and beautiful as a writer
as he was original and comprehensive
as a thinker. In mathematics and as-
tronomy he was, perhaps, behind others
.of his clay, but in every otlier respect,
he soared to such a neiglit, that his
cotemporaries scarcely estimated the
greatness of his views and the im-
portance of his discoveries. — Roger,
an English monk, whose genius would
render the name of Bacon illustrious
even if it had not belonged to the great
counsellor whose life is given above.
He was born in 1214, at llchester, in
Somerset, and educated first at Oxford
and then at Paris, where he took a de-
gree as doctor of theology. In 1240 he
returned to Oxford, where he joined the
order of Franciscans. His inquisitive
spirit, however, directed his taste rather
to learning than religion, and he was
soon distinguished for the extent as well
as variety of his attainments. His favor-
ite pursuit was natural philosophy; in
the prosecution of which, having ex-
hausted his own means, he relied upon
the contributions of friends. He dis-
covered many valuable facts in science ;
but such was the ignorance and super-
«<^'tion of the day, that his labors .were
'•egarded as heretical and their results as
sorcery or magic. He replied by de-
nouncing the ignorance and corruption
of the priests, who could not compre-
hend his elevated aims, and they, in re-
venge, denounced him at the court of
Rome. The pope silenced his teachings
at the university ; and not long after he
was thrown into prison, where he was
shut out from all numan converse, and
almost deprived of food. But the next
pope, Clement IV., a more enlightened
man, liberated him from confinement,
and requested him to publish his works,
which he did in the shape of what is now
known as the " Opus Majus." Clement's
successor, Nicholas TIL, was not so favor-
able to him, and his writings were again
condemned and his pei*son imprisoned.
He suffered during ten years, and was
only released by the intercession of some
learned Englishmen. He died in 1294.
His opinions were many of them those
of his age, but he was in most respects
greatly in advance of it. His views on
optics' were new and ingenious ; he had
investigated the refraction of light, knew
the property of lenses, and was either
th^ inventor or improver of the telescope.
The camera obscura and the burning
glass were not unknown to him, and he
made several discoveries in cheAiistry.
He knew the secret of manufacturing
gunpowder, was familiar with geography
and astronomy ; wrote Hebrew, Latin,
and Greek wi'th elegance; and has left
behind admirable precepts in moral phi-
losophy. Altogether he was perhaps the
most wonderful man of his age. — Sir
Nicholas, keeper of the great seal und«r
Elizabeth, was born 1510. He was em-
ployed under Henry VIII., to whom he
proposed a plan, which however was
never adopted, for the erecting of a col-
lege to instruct young statesmen in all
the branches of political knowledge. He
was knighted by Elizabeth, and made
keeper of the seals in the room of Heath,
archbishop of York ; but as he fiivored
the Suffolk succession he was treated
with coldness, and suspected of assisting
Hales in writing a tract to favor the claims
of the duchess of Suifolk against the
rights of the queen of Scotland. He
was, however, soon after reinstated in
the queen's good opinion by the inter-
ference of Sir William Cecil, and he died
20th February, 1579.— Nathaniel, a Vir-
ginia general, one of the earliest patriots
of the New World, was educated at the
Inns of Court in England, and after his
arrival in this country was chosen a
member of the council. The murder of
six Indian chiefs induced the savages
to take terrible vengeance, inhumanly
slaughtering sixty for the six. Their
incursions caused the frontier planta-
tions to be abandoned. Governor Berke-
ley built a few forts on the frontiers, but
this wretched expedient produced no
beneficial eff'ect, for the savages quickly
found out, as an old history has it, "where
the mouse-traps were set." The people
were for wiser and more active measures.
They chose Bacon for their leader, who
after sending to the governor for a com-
mission, which was refused, marched
without one at the head of 80 or 90 met
and defeated the Indians. For this act
he was proclaimed a rebel. He was taken,
tried, and acquitted, restored to the coun-
cil, and promised also in two days a com-
mission as general for the Indian war,
agreeably to the passionate wishes of the
people. As the governor refused to sign
the promised commission, Bacon soon
appeared at the head of 500 men and
obtained it by force. The people had
not misjn dged his capacity to serve them.:
for by tlie wise and energetic measures
he adopted, he restored his scattered
friends to their plantations. Wliile ho
was thus honorably employed, the gov-
ernor again proclaimed hiin a rebel. Thia
bag]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
measure induced liim to countermarch
to Willianiisburg, whence he issued his
declaration against the governor, and
soon di'ove him across the bay to Acco-
mac. He also exacted of the people an
oath to support him against the forces
employed by the governor. He then
pi-osecuted the Indian war. The gov-
ernor was again routed, and Jamestown
burned. To prevent an attack by the
governor when besieged by him, he
seized the wives of several of the gov-
ernor's adherents, and brought them into
camp ; sending word to their husbands,
that they would be placed in front of his
men. llntirely successful on the western
shore, Bacon was about to cross the bay
to attiick the governor at Accomac, when
he was arrested by death, October 1st,
1676. Fie appears to have been a man
of noble impulses, great sagacity, and
chivalric valor. His story has been
wrouglit into a novel by Mr. Caruthers
of Virginia ; and Mr. Parke Godwin, we
are told, has an unpublished drama, of
which Bacon is the hero. — Phanuel,
D. D., an Oxford divine, celebrated for
his wit ana humor. In 1735 he became
rector of Baldon, Oxfordshire, where he
died, January 2, 1783. He wrote, be-
sides five plays, published in 1757, an ele
gant poem called '* The Artificial Ki.-»,
first printed in 1719, and inserted in the
Gentleman's Magazine, 1758.— Thomas,
an Episcopal minister at Frederictown,
Maryland, died in 1768. He compiled
" A Complete System of the Ke venue of
Ireland," published in 1737; also "a
Complete Body of the Laws of Mary-
land," fol., 1765. He also wrote other
valuable pieces.
BACONTHORPE, John, called the
Resolute Doctor, an English monk, au-
thor of a " Compendium of the Law of
Christ," &c. D.1346.
BACQUET, a French advocate, au-
thor of various law treatises, of which
an edition, in 2 vols., was published at
Lyons, in 1744. D. 1597.
'BACQUE, Leo, a bishop of Pamiers,
who wrote a Latin poem on the educa-
tion of princes. B. 1600 ; d. 1694.
BACQUEREE, Benedict de, a phy-
sician who wrote the "Summa Mecti-
eus."
BADCOCK, Samitei., an English di-
vine and author of no mean celebrity,
but chieflv known by his critiques m
the Monthly Review. B. 1747 ; d. 1788.
BADEN, James, professor of Latin
and eloquence in the university of Co-
penhagen, author of a " Danish and
(German Dictionary," a translation of
Tacitus, and honored as one of the
founders of Danish letters. B. 1735; d.
1805. — Richard de, chancellor of Cam-
bridge in 1326, when he founded Uni-
versity Hall. That building being burnt
down, a new one was built by the daugh-
ter of Gilbert de Clare, and called Clare-
Hall.
BADENS, Francis, an historical and
portrait painter of Antwerp. B. 1571 ;
d. 1603.
BADGER, Louis, a native of Lyons,
has immortalized his memory by an
heroic instance of fraternal affection.
To save his brother, who had assisted
in defending Lyons against the repub-
licans, and who was consequently ex-
posed to the penalty of death after the
surrender, he assumed his name, and
cheerfully suffered for him.
BADIA Y ZEBLICH, Domingo, '\
Spanish traveller, who became a Mus-
sulman in order to travel through the
East, where he was everywhere received
with favor, as a true believer. It is now
known that he was employed as a po-
litical a^ent by the Prince of Peace, at
the instigation of Bonaparte; and on
his return to his native country he es-
poused the French cause there. After
the battle of Vittoria he took refuge in
France. B. 1766 ; d. 1824.
BADILE, Antonio, an Italian painter,
celebrated for the accuracy and coloring
of his portraits, but deriving still greater
honor from having two such disciples
as Paul Veronese and Baptista Zelotti.
B. 1480 ; d. 1560.
BAD U EL, Claude, a French Prot-
estant divine, author of some theologi-
cal treatises, &c. D. 1561.
BAERSIUS, or VEKENSTIL, Henry,
a printer and mathematician of the 16tn
century. He resided at Louvain, and
there published, in 1528j "Tables of
the Latitudes^ and Longitudes of the
Planets," &c.
BAERSTRAT, a Dutch painter,
chiefly of sea-pieces. D. 1687.
BAFFIN, William, an En.glish naA'i-
gator of the 17th century, famous for
his discoveries in the Arctic regions,
was born in 1584. He visited West
Greenland in 1612, again in 1615, and
made a voyage to Spitzbergen in 1 614.
In 1623 and 1624 he ascertained the
limits of that vast inlet of the sea since
distinguished by the appellation of Baf-
fin's Bay.
BAF KARKAH, or ABU ZOHAL,
an Arabian commentator on Euclid.
BAGDEDIN, Mahomet, an Arabian
mathematician of the 10th century, aiir
94
CYCLOPEDIA Of BIOGKAl'HT.
[bai
thor of a treatise " On the Division of
Siiperflcies," of wliich there is a Latin
verMion by John Dee.
BAGE, R(»BEKT, an Enorlish novelist,
was born at Derby, in 1728, and died at
Taniworth, iu 1801. Daring the greater
part c f lii8 life he followed the occnpa-
tion of a paper-maker. " Mount Ken-
neth," "Barham Downs," "The Fair
Syrian," &c., owe their existence to
him.
BAGFORD, John, a book collector
and antiquary, whose letters are in the
British Museum. B. 1651; d. 1716.
BAGGER, John, a learned Dane,
bishop of Copenhagen, and author of
several treatises in Latin and Danish.
B. 1646; d. 1693.
BAGGESEN, Emmanuel, a Danish
Eoet. He usually wrote in the German
mguage, and his chief productions are
a pastoral epic, entitled, " Parthenaise,
odor die Alpenriese," and a mock epic,
entitled, "Adam and Eve," but his
songs and short poems are very numer-
ous and popular. B. 1764 ; d. 1826.
BAGLIONE, Giovanni, an Italian
painter of the 17th century, distin-
guished for his works in fresco ; many
of which adorn the walls and ceilings
of the churches at Rome. D. 1644.
BAGLIONI, John Paul, an Italian
soldier of fortune of the 16th century.
He was put to death by Leo X., in 1520.
BAGLIVI, George, an illustrious
Italian physician, born at Apulia, and
elected professor of anatomy at Rome ;
was author of "The Praxis Medica,"
and several works connected with his
£rofession, all of which were written in
latin. B. 1667; d. 1706.
BAGNIOLI, Julius Caesar, an Italian
poet, author of "The Judgment of
Paris," a poem, &c. D. 1600.
BAGOT, Lewis, an English prelate,
and brother to the first Lord Bagot, was
born in 1740. He was at first a canon
of Christ-church, Oxford, then dean,
and successively became the bishop of
Bristol, Norwich, and St. Asaph. He
was tho author of "Sermons on the
Prophecies," &c. D. 1802.
BAGRATION, K. A., a Russian
prince and counsellor, who especially
distinguished himself in the campaigns
in Italy under Suwarrow, and was mor-
tally wounded at the battle of Moscow
in 1812.
BAGSHAW, William, an English
divine, ejected from his living for non-
conformity, in 1662. He was the au-
thor of some works on practical divinity.
D. 1708. — Edward, an English civilian
of the 17th century. In the commence-
ment of the rebellion he sided with tlie
parliament, but subsequently became a
royalist. He wrote several works on
law and politics. — Edward, son of the
preceding, was a clergyman, and an op-
ponent of Baxter.
BAHIER, John, a French priest, and
the author of some Latin poems which
are in the collection of De Brienne. D.
1707.
BAHRDT, Charles Frederic, a Ger-
man divine and author. He was born
at Bischofswerda, and studied at Leip-
sic, where a prosecution having been
commenced against him at Vienna for
the heterodoxy of his writings, he fled
to Prussia ; and at length he settled at
Halle, took a farm and an inn, and
openly avowed himself a deist. D. 1792.
BAIAN, or BAION, Andrew, a na-
tive of Goa, who was converted to
Christianity, and ordained a priest at
Rome about 1630. He translated the
^neid into Greek verse, and the Lusiad
into Latin.
BAIER, John William, a German
divine, author of a "Compendium of
Theology," &c. B. 1647; d. 1694.—
John James, a German physician, and
director of the botanical garden at Alt-
dorf ; author of " De Hortis celebriori-
bus Germaniae, et Horti Medici Acade-
mici Altdorfini Hist.," &c., &c. B.
1677 ; d. 1735.
BAIF, Lazarus, a French abbot, and
counsellor to the parliament of Paris, in
the 16th century; author of treatises
" De re Navali," " De re Vestiaria."—
John Antony, son of the above, and
author of some poems. D. 1592.
BAIL, Louis, a French divine of tho
17th century, author of an " Account
of Celebrated Preachers," a " Summarv
of Councils," &o.-
BAILEY, Nathan, an English lexicog-
rapher, was a schoolmaster at Stepney.
Besides several school books, he was
the author of " Dictionarium Domesti-
cum;" but his principal work was an
"Etymological Enfflish Dictionary,"
which may fairly be regarded as the
basis of Dr. Johnson's unrivalled work.
D. 1742.— Peter, author of "Sketches
from St. George's Fields," "The
Queen's Appeal," «fec. D. 1823.
BAILLET, Adrian, a learned French-
man, born of poor parents at Neuville,
1649, in Picardy, and educated by the
humanity of the fathers of a neighbor-
ing convent. He early distinguished
himself by his great application, and
the extent of his learning. In 1680 he
BAl]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
95
became library keeper to M. de La-
nxoiguoii, and began to form an index
of every subject which was treated in
the books which he possessed ; and so
voluminous were his labors, that tliey
were contained in 35 folio volumes, and
all written with his own hand. His
next work was "Jugemens des Sa-
vans," which had a very rapid sale, and
which he totally gave to the bookseller
requesting only a few copies for his
friends. As in this work he mentioned
not only the praises but the censures
passed on different authors, he met with
violent opposition from those who suf-
fered under the severity of his criticism.
The Jesuits were particularly severe
against him, because he had spoken
disrespectfully of their society; and, on
the other hand, exjpressed himself in
handsome terms of the gentlemen of the
Port Eoyal. Besides these, his inde-
fatigable labors produced a prolix " Life
of Descartes," 2 vols. 4to., a "His-
tory of Holland," the " Lives of Saints,"
4 vols, folio, and several theological
works ; and he formed the plan of " An
Universal Ecclesiastical JDictionary,"
which was to contain a perfect system
of divinity, supported by authorities
from scripture and from the fathers of
the church, but died 1706, before it was
completed.
BAILLIE, EocHE, sumamed La Ei-
vidre, physician to Henry IV. of France,
and author of "A Summary of the
Doctrines of Paracelsus." He pretended
to great skill in astrology. D. 1605. —
EoBERT, a Scotch divine, born in Glas-
gow, 1599. He was one of the deputa-
tion sent to London to exhibit charges
against Archbishop Laud ; and also one
of the commissioners sent from the
general assembly of Scotland to Charles
IL at the Hague. His letters, and a
journal of his transactions in England,
were published in 1775. D. 1662. —
Matthew, M.D., a celebrated anatomist
and physician, was born in 1671 at the
manse of Shotts, in Lanarkshire, Scot-
land. He succeeded Dr. Hunter as lec-
turer on anatomy, in conjunction with
Mr. Cruickshank, at St. George's Hos-
pital ; he was also one of the physicians
m ordinary to their majesties George
III. and iV., and was held in high
esteem among his professional brethren.
His professional income at one time
amounted to £10,000 per annum, and
no physician since the days of Dr. Syd-
enham had attained such a supremacy.
He was the author of several highly
esteemed works, as well as of many im-
portant papers in the Philosophical
Transactions, &c. ; and he presented to
the College of Physicians a valuable mu-
seum of anatomical specimens. D. 1823. —
Joanna, his sister, became distinguished
as one of the greatest female writers of
Great Britain. She was born at Both-
well about the year 1765, and at an early
age, manifested a strong predilection for
literary pursuits. Her first dramatic
efforts were published in 1798, under the
title, "A Series of Plays," in which it is
attempted to delineate the stronger pas-
sions of the mind, each passion being
the subject of a tragedy and a comedy.
A second volume was published in 1802,
and a third in 1812. During the interval
she gave the world a volume of miscel-
laneous dramas, including the "Family
Legend," a tragedy founded upon a story
of one of the Macleans of Appin, ana
which, principally through Sir Walter's
endeavors, was brought out at the Edin-
burgh theatre. She visited Scott in Ed-
inburgh in 1808. In the following year
the drama in question was played with
great temporary success, and Sir Walter
Scott's enthusiasm in its favor communi-
cating itself to Edinburgh society, tho
drama ran fourteen nights. In 1814 it
was played in London. The only " Play
of the Passions" ever represented on a
stage was " De Montfort," brought out
by John Kemble, and played for elev-
en nights. — In 1821 it was revived for
Edmund Kean, but fruitlessly. Miss
O'Neill played the heroine. In fact,
like all Joanna's dramatic efforts, it wat>
a poem — a poem full of genius and the
true spirit of poetry — but not a play.
Scott, however, was strongly taken by
it ; his lines are well known :
" Till Avon's swnns — while nmg the grove
With Montfort's hiite, and Basil's love I—
Awakening at the inspiring strain
Deeni'd their own Shakspeare lived again !"
In 1836 the authoress piiblished thre»
more volumes of plays. Previous to this,
in 1823, a long-promised collection of
poetic miscellanies appeared, containing
Scott's dramatic sketch of " Macduft"'s
Cross," with, inter alia, some of Mrs.
Heman's poetry and Miss Catharine Fan-
shaw's Jeux (Vesprit. She always lived
in retirement, and latterly in strict se-
clusion, in her retreat at Hampstead.
The literary fame which she had ac-
quired by her own works, aided in no
small degree by the long and loudly ex-
pressed admiration of Walter Scott, who
always visited her when in London,
never succeeded in drawing her gener-
ally into society. D. 1850. During the
^
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[baj
greater part of her life she lived with a
maiden sister, Agnes — also a poetess —
to whom ?he addressed her beautiful
Biithday poem. They were of a family
in which talent and genius were he-
reditary. Their father was a Scottish
clergyman, and tlieir inother a sister of
the celebrated Dr. William Hunter. —
John, an active and able officer of the
East India Company, went out to India
as a cadet, in 1791, where at the com-
mencement of the Mahratta war he ef-
fected the peaceable transfer to the
British dominions of a territory yielding
an annual revenue of £225,000. On re-
turning to England, Colonel Baillie was,
in 1820, elected M. P. for Ilendon ; and
subsequently represented the burghs of
Inverness, &c. D. 1833.
BAILLON, William de, a French
physician, and author of Conciliorum
Medicinalium. B. 1538 ; d. 1616.
BAILLY, David, a painter, engraver,
and author, of Ley den. B. 1630. — John
Sylvain, a famous astronomer. B. at
Paris, 15th September, 1736. The acci-
dental friendship of the abbe de la Caille
directed him in the pursuit of science ;
and in 1763 he introduced to the acad-
emy his observations on the moon, and
the next year his treatise on the zodiacal
stars. In 1766 he published his essay
on the satellites of Jupiter, and in other
treatises enlarged furtlier on the import-
ant subiect. In 1775 the first volume
of his history of ancient and modern
astronomy appeared, and the third and
last in 1779 ; and in 1787 that of Indian
and oriental astronomy, in 3 vols. 4to.
He was drawn from his literary retire-
ment to public view as a deputy to the
first national assembly ; and such was
his popularity, that he was, on July 14th,
1789, nominated mayor of Paris. In this
dangerous office he conducted himself
in a very becoming manner, which of-
fended the terrorists, and at the same
time showing sympathy with the royal
family, he became unpopular. He re-
signed his office, and in 1793 was guil-
lotined by order of the sanguinary
tribunal of Robespierre, showing in his
death as in his life, resignation, firmness,
and dignity.
BAILY, Francis, famous in the annals
of astronomical science, was the son of
a banker at Newbury, and for many
years well known on the Stock Ex-
change, in which busv arena he realized
an ample fortune. I'he Astronomical
Society was organized by him, and
throughout life he was the most consid-
erable contributor to its memoirs. Sys-
tematic order and steady perseverance
were the secrets of his success. D. 1844,
aged 70.
BAINBRIDGE, Dr. John, an eminent
physician and astronomer. B. in 1582.
He gained considerable reputation by his
work entitled a "Description of the late
Comet in 1628," and was appointed pro-
fessor of astronomy at Oxford. D. 1643.
— William, a commodore of the tJnited
States navy, was b. at Princeton, N. J.,
May 7th, 1774. He was apprenticed to
the sea-service at an early period of his
life, and at the age of 19 rose to the com-
mand of a merchant vessel. In 1798 he
entered the naval service with the rank
of lieutenant. In 1800 he sailed for Al-
giers as commander of the frigate George
W^ashington ; and in 1803 he sailed for
Tripoli, as commander of the frigate
Philadelphia, in consequence of the
grounding of which he was captured.
>n the 29th of December, 1812, having
the frigate Constitution under his com-
mand, fte captured, after a severe action,
the British trigate Java ; and his gener-
osity to the prisoners gained for him a
strong expression of "their gratitude.
Since the close of the war Commodore
Bainbridge commanded, with great rep-
utation and popularity, at several naval
stations ; and tor several years filled the
office of a commissioner of the Navy
Board. He d. at Philadelphia, July
27th, 1833, in his 60th year.
BAINE, Michael, a divine, deputy
at Trent, whose writings were condemn-
ed as Calvinistic. B. 1513 ; d. 1589.
BAINES, a noted friend of civil and
religious liberty in the British parlia-
ment. He was originally a printer at
Leeds, hut in 1833 was elected to parlia-
ment, where he served 7 years. He wrote
a " History of the reign of George III.,"
&c. B. 1774 ; d. 1848.
BAIRD, Sir David, a distinguished
English general, who served in the East
Indies, Egypt, Cape of Good Hope,
Spain, &c. D. 1829.
BAJAZET I„ a warlike, but tyranni-
cal sultan of Turkey, who succeeded
Amurath, his father, in 1389, having
strangled his rival brother, Jacob. The
greatness and rapidity of his conquests
got him the name of II Derim, or the
Lightning. In three years he acquired
Bulgaria, Macedonia, a part of Servia,
Thessaly, and the states of Asia Minor.
Constantinople was besieged by him for
ten years, which at last yielded. He
was finally defeated by Tamerlane on
the plains of Agora. He d. in Timour's
camp in 1403. — There wtis a second sul-
bal]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
97
tan of this name, who was poisoned in
1512.
BAKEK, David, an English monk of
tlie Beneciictine order, originally a Pro-
testant, but being converted to the
Komish faith, he came to England as a
missionary from Italy. He wrote an ex-
position uf Hylton's " Scale of Perfec-
tion." D. in IMl. — Sir Richaed, author
of a " Chronicle of the Kings of En-
gland," &c. B. 1568 ; d. 1645.— Thomas,
a divini'. and antiquary ; author of " Re-
flections on Learning," &c., &c. B.
1656 ; d. 1740.— Henry, a diligent and
ingenious naturalist. He was originally
brought up as a bookseller, and married
one of the daughters of the celebrated
Daniel De Foe. He obtained the gold
medal of the Royal Society, for his mi-
croscopical experiments on saline par-
ticles ; and wrote "The Universe," a
poem, "The Microscope made E^^v,"
&c. B. 1704 ; d. 1774.— David Eeskine,
son of the above, was author of the
" Companion to the Playhouse," subse-
Squently enlarged by Stephen Jones, and
iiblished under the title of " Biographia
'ramatiea." D. 1774. — Sir George,
M.D., b. in 1722, was a physician of
considerable reputation, and a fellow of
the Royal and Antiquarian Societies. D.
1809.
BAKEWELL, Robert, a country j^en-
tleman of small fortune, who acquired
considerable notoriety as a grazier at
Dishley, in Leicestershire. He greatly
improved his breeds of cattle andsheep.
B. 1726; d. 1795.
BARKER, Peter Hxtzinga, a Dutch
poet ; author of a poem on the Inunda-
tion of 1740, and 01 numerous songs and
satires on England. B. 1715; d. ISOl.
BAL AMI 0, Ferdinand, a Sicilian
physician ; translator, into Latin, of sev-
eral treatises by Galen. B. 1555.
BALASSI, Mario, a Florentine paint-
er. B. 1604 ; d. 1667.
BALBI, Adrian, a geographer. B. at
Venice, in 1784. He wrote a statistical
Essay on the Kingdom of Portugal, an
Ethnographic Atlas of the Globe, and
an Abridgment of Geography, all works
of profound and extensive research,
which have made him an authority both
m Europe and America. D. 1848.
BALBINUS, Decimus C^lius, chosen
emperor of Rome, in conjunction with
Maximus, in 237 ; and murdered by the
soldiery in the following year.
BALBOA, Vasco Nunez de, a Castil-
ian, one of the first who visited the
West Indies. He established a colony
on the isthmus of Panama, where he
built the first town on the continent of
South America, penetrated into the in-
terior, discovered the Pacific Ocean, and
obtained infonnati(jn respecting the em-
pire of Peru. Jealous ot his talents and
success, rival adventurers accused him
of disloyalty, and he was put to death in
1517, by Pedrarias Davila, the Spanish
governor of Darien.
BALBUENA, Bernardo de, a Span-
ish poet, and bishop of Porto Rico. D.
1627.
BALBUS, Lxjcius Cornelius Theo-
PHANEs, a native of Cadiz, whose military
exploits caused Pompey to obtain for
him the privileges of a "^Roman citizen ;
and he subsequently became consul,
beini^ the first foreigner on whom that
diirnitv was conferred.
BALCANQUAL, Walter, a Scotch
divine, who accompanied James I. to
England. He was made dean of Roches-
ter and bishop of Durham, but in the
civil wars he was a severe sufierer, being
driven from place to place for shelter.
He wrote the "Declaration of Charles i.
concerning the late Tumults in Scot-
land," &c. D. 1642.
BALCHEN, John, an English admiral,
who was lost, with all his crew, on board
his ship the Victory, in a violent storm
off Jersev, October 3, 1744.
BALI)ERIC, bishop of Dol in Britan-
nj, in the 12th century ; author of a
history of the Crusade to the year 1099.
BALDI, Bernard, an Italian mathe-
matician and poet; author of Italian
poems, lives of mathematicians, &c. He
was a man of almost universal genius,
and abbot of Guaitallo. B. at Urbino,
1558 ; d, 1617.— De Ubaldis, an Italian
lawyer and author. B. 1319 ; d. 1400. —
James, a German Jesuit and poet. B
1603; d. 1668. — Lazzaro, a Tuscan
painter, employed by Alexander VII. to
paint the gallery at Monte Cavallo. D.
1703.
BALDTNGER, Ernest Godfrey, a
German physician and author. B. 1738 :
d. 1804.
BALDINUCCI, Philip, a Florentine
artist and connoisseur ; author of " A
General Historv of Painters," &c. B.
1634; d. 1696. "
BALDOCK, Ralph de, hishop of Lon-
don, and lord high chancellor in the
reign of Edward I. ; author of a "His-
tory of British Affairs," which was ex-
tant in Leland's time, but is now lost,
D. 1307. — Robert de, a divine, who was
favored by Edward II. He shared his
royal master's misfortunes, and died in
Newgate.
m
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bal
BA.LDWIN, William, an Enj^lish
■writer of the 16th century; one of the
cliief authors of "The Mirror for Magis-
trates." — Thomas, a Baptist minister' of
JSoston, who was a while at the head of
his denomination in New England. I).
1828. — Francis, a learned civilian of the
16th century, much employed by the po-
tentates of his time. He wrote " Leges
de Ke rnstica Novella," &c., &c. — Abra-
ham, a president of the university of
Georgia, member of the convention
which passed the constitution of the
TJ. S., and subsequently a member of
congress. D. 1807.
BALDWIN L, a distinguished leader
in the 4th crusade. On the conquest of
Constantinople by the Latins in 1204, he
was elected emperor of the East; but
being taken prisoner by the Greeks, he
was never afterwards heard of. — IL,
succeeded his brother Robert, as empe-
ror of the East, in 1228. On the takmg
of Constantinople, in 1261, by Michael
Palseologus, Baldwin escaped to Italy,
where he d. 1273.
BALDWIN, archbishop of Canter-
bury. This prelate accompanied Rich-
ard I. to Palestine, and d. there, 1291.
His writings were published by Tissier,
in 1662.
BALDWIN I., king of Jerusalem,
succeeded to that dignity in 1100, took
Antipatris, Csesarea, and Azotus in
1101, and Acre in 1104. D. 1118.— IL,
king of Jerusalem, succeeded the above
in 1118; Eustace, brother of Baldwin L,
having renounced his claim to the throne.
Baldwin II. was taken prisoner by the
Saracens in 1124, and gave them the
city of Tyre as his ransom. D. 1131. —
III. succeeded to the throne in 1143.
He took Ascalon and other places from
the infidels. D. 1163.— IV., the son of
Amaury, succeeded his father on the
throne of Jerusalem in 1174. He subse-
quently resigned in favor of his nephew.
D. 1185. — VT, nephew and successor of
the last named, was poisoned in 1186.
BALE, John, an English ecclesiastic.
B. at Cove, in 1495, who became bishop
of Ossory, in Ireland. Educated a Ro-
manist, he was converted to Protestant-
ism. His clergy opposed and forsook
him, and so furious was their opposition,
that in one tumult five of his servants
were murdered in his presence. He
was obliged to fly, and after enduring
many hardships, found shelter in Swit-
zerland, where he remained till the death
of Mary. On his return to England, he
made no attempt to recover his Irish
diocesa, but settled as a prebend of
Canterbury, in 1563. He wrote "An
account of the Ancient Writers of Bri-
tain," several Scripture plays, and nu-
merous polemical tracts. — Robert, prior
of the Carmelites of Norwich ; author
of "Annales Ordinis Carmelitarum,"
&c. D. 1503.
BALECHOU Nicholas, a French en-
graver, whose works are held in high
estimation. B. 1710; d. 1765.
BALEN, Heindrich van, a Dutch
painter, whose "Judgment of Paris"
and " Drowning of Pharaoh" are much
admired. John van Balen, his son, was
a distinguished historical and landscape
painter. B. 1560; d. 1682.
BALES, Peter, a skilful penman, em-
ployed by Secretary Walsingham to im-
itate writings. He published a work
called "The Writing Master." B. 1547 ;
d. 1600.
BALES TR A, Antony, a Veronese his-
torical painter. B. 1666; d. 1720.
BALFOUR, Alexander, a novelist
and miscellaneous writer, was a native
of Forfarshire, Scotland. He was the
author of "Highland Mary," besides
other novels and poems, and for many
years a contributor to various Scottish
periodicals. B. 1767; d. 1829.— Sir An-
drew, an eminent botanist and physi-
cian, and one to whom medical science
in Scotland owes a lasting debt of grati-
tude for a botanic garden, museum, &c.
B. 1630; d. 1694.
BALGUY, John, an eminent divine
of the church of England, and a theo-
logical writer, was b. at Sheffield, in
1686, and in 1727 became a prebendary
of Salisbury. He engaged deeply in the
Bangorian controversy ; and among his
several works may be noticed "An Es-,
say on Redemption," a " Letter to a
Deist on the Beauty and Excellence of
Moral Virtue," &c. D. 174S.— Thomas,
son of the above, prebend and archdea-
con of Winchester; author of "Divine
Benevolence, asserted and vindicated,"
a sermon on church government, &c.
B. 1716; d. 1795.
BALIOL, Sir .John de, a native of
Durham, who, on the marriage of the
daughter of Henry III. to Alexander
III. of Scotland, was made one of the
guardians of the royal pair. He found-
ed Baliol college, (Oxford; and having
sided with Henry III. against his re-
volted barons, the latter seized upon
his lands. D. 1269. — John de, son of
the preceding, laid claim to the crown
of Scotland on the death of Queen Mar-
garet. His claim was disputed by f ev-
eral competitors, one of whom was the
bal]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
m
famous Robert Rruce. But Edward I.,
to Avhorn the* uiatter was referred, de-
cided in favor of Baliol. lie soon gave
otfence to Edward; and being defeated
by liim in a battle near Dunbar, he was
sent, together witli liis son, to the Tow-
er of London. The intercession of the
pope having procured his release, he
retired to France, where he d. in 1314.
BALL, John, a puritan divine, who
while he disapproved of the discipline
of the church, wrote against separa-
tion from it on that ground. B. 1585;
d. 1640.
BALLANDEN, Johx, a Scotch divine
of the 16th century; author of various
works, and translator of Hector BOe-
thius's Historv of Scotland. D. 1550.
BALLANI'YNE, James, a printer of
considerable note in Edinburgh, and at
whose press the whole of the produc-
tions of Sir Walter Scott were printed,
was a native of Kelso, where no first
opened an office for the " Kelso Mail,"
ot which he was the editor. For many
years he also conducted the "Edin-
burgh Weekly Journal." He survived
his friend and patron but a few months,
dying in January, 1883. — Johx, his
brotiier, was the confidant of Sir Walter,
in keeping the secret of the authorship
of " Waverley." He was a man of fine
humor, with" an inexhaustible fund of
anecdotes. D. 1821.
BALLAKD, George, a native of
Campden, in Gloucestershire, who, while
the obscure apprentice of a habit-maker,
employed the hours which his com-
panions devoted to sleep to the acquisi-
tion of the Saxon language, and recom-
mended to the patronage of Lord
Chedworth, he went to Oxford, where,
by the kindness of Dr. Jenner, he was
made one of the eight clerks of Magdalen
college, and afterwards one of the beadles
of the university. His weakly constitu-
tion was impaired by the severity of his
studies, and he d. June, 1755, in the
prime of life. His access to the Bodleian
was the means of his increasing his val-
uable collections ; but he published only
" Memoirs of British Ladies celebrated
for their Writings," in 4to., 1752. — Vo-
lant Vasiion, a rear-admiral of the Brit-
ish navv, was b. in 1774. On entering
naval lite he accompanied Vancouver on
his laborious voyage of discovery to the
northwest coast of America, in which
he was absent from England nearly five
vears. In 1807, when captain of the
blonde frigate, he captured five French
privateers. He afterwards distinguish-
ed himself at the taking of Guadaloupe ;
and eventually attained the rank of rear
admiral, in 1825. D. 1832.
BALLERINI, Peter and Jerome, two
priests and brothers, natives of Verona,
who, in the 18th century, conjointly
wrote some works, and edited sevenJ
editions of ecclesiastical authors.
BALLESTEROS, Francis, an eminent
Spanish officer. B. 1770.
BALLEXFERD, N., a citizen of Ge-
neva, author of a treatise on the "Phys-
ical Education of v^hildren," &c. B.
1726 ; d. 1774.
BALLI, Joseph, a Sicilian divine ; au-
thor of a treatise "De Morte Corporum
Naturalium," &c. D. 1640.
BALLIANI, John Baptist, a senator
of Genoa ; autlior of a treatise on tlie
" Natural Motion of Heavy Bodies." B.
1586 ; d. 1666.
BALLI N, Claude, a skilful artist cf
chased work in gold and silver. He was
b. at Paris in 1615, and brought up to
the occupation of a goldsmith under his
father, who exercised that art. He
studied drawing, and improved his taste
as a designer by copying the pictures of
Poussin. When only 19 he made four
silver basins, decorated with figures rep-
resenting the four ages of the world.
These were purchased by Cardinal Riche-
lieu. He was subsequently employed
in making plate services for Louis XlV.,
of which it is said the workmanship
added ten times to the value of the ma-
terial. D. 1678.
BALMEZ, .James Lucien, one of the
most renowned of the late Spanish wri-
ters, and an ecclesiastic, whose phi-
losophical, theological, and political
treatises have given him a European
fiime. He was b. at Vich, in Catalonia,
in 1810. He was early distinguished for
his acquirements, and in 1833 was ap-
Eointed to the chair of mathematics in
is native place. His writings were
chiefly in defence of the Roman Catholic
church, which he endeavored to restore
to its ancient dignity and influence. His
"Protestantism ancl Catholicism com-
pared in their Effects on the Civilization
of Europe," a very able book, has been
translated into English, Fr.ench, and
German. D. 1848.
BALTITASAR, Christopher, a king's
advocate at Auxerre, who abandoned
the emoluments of his office, and the
Catholic religion, to embrace the tenets
of the Protestants, in whose favor he
wrote several controversial treatises,
especially against Baronius, which were
received with great avidity. The synod
of Loudun granted him, in 1659, a pen-
100
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bam
sion of 750 livres, for his literary ser-
vices. — J. A. Fklix de, author of a
" Defenco of William Tell," and presi-
dent of the council of Lucerne. D.
1810.
BALTIIAZARINT, surnamed Beau-
joveux, an Italian musician, recomraend-
ect by Brissac, jrovernor of Piedmont, to
Henry III. of France, by whom he was
liberally patronized, and for the enter-
tainment of whose court he wrote several
ballads and pieces of music. He com-
posed a ballet called Ceres and her
nymphs, for the nuptials of the Due de
Joyense with the queen's sister, Made-
moiselle de Vaudemout ; and this is re-
garded as the origin of the heroical ballet
of France.
B ALT US, John Franck, a Jesuit of
Metz, author of several works, especially
of an answer to Fontenelle's history of
oracles, printed at Strasburg, 8vo. Baltus
possessed considerable learning and tal-
ents, which he wholly employed in de-
fence of Roman Catholic orthodoxy. He
d. librarian of Rheims, 1743, at the age
of 76.
BALUE, John, a cardinal, b. of mean
parents, in Poitou. He raised himself
to consequence by flattery and merit,
and gradually became bishop of Evreux
and of Arras. He was made a cardinal
by Paul II., and when honored with the
confidence of Louis XL, became his
minister, and acted as general over his
troops. Ungrateful to his duty and to
his master, he formed intrigues with the
dukes of Burgundy and Berri ; and when
at last discovered by the king, he was
imprisoned for eleven years, in an iron
cage, after which he re'^paired to Rome,
and rose to new preferments. He after-
wards came to France as pope's legate,
though he had so ill deserved of the con-
fidence and honor of his country. He
d. at Ancona, 1491.
BALUZE, Stephen, a native of Tulles
in Guienne, patronized by Peter de
Marca, archbishop of Toulouse, by Tel-
lier, afterwards chancellor of France,
and by Colbert. He employed his lei-
sure hours in enriching the libraries of
his patrons with valuable manuscripts,
till in his 3Dth year he was appointed
professor of canon law in the royal
college with every mark of distinction.
His lives of the "Popes of Avignon"
E roved so interesting to the king, that
e granted the author a pension, but
bis attachment to the duke of Bouillon,
the history of whose family he had un-
dertaken to write, but in which he in-
^erted some ofl'ensive remarks, was soon
after productive of trouble. When the
dtike was banished he shared the dis-
grace, and was confined by a lettre de
cachet at Orleans ; he however was re-
stored to favor, though he was not re-
placed in his directorial chair of the
royal college, which he before held.
He died 28th of Julv, 1718, in his 87th
year, and left behind him the character
of an indefatigable collector of curious
manuscripts and annotations.
BALZAC, John Louis Guez de, a
French writer of great reputation, which
he chiefly owed to the elegance of his
style, author of "Letters," "The
Prince" "The Christian Socrates,"
&c. B. 1594; d. 1654.— Honore de,
one of the most distinguished as well as
prolific novel writers of modern times,
was born at Tours, 1799. Having com-
pleted his studies at Vendome, he pub-
lished, between 1821 and 1829, twenty
or thirty volumes under various pseudo-
nymes, with very equivocal success;
but after this trying apprenticeship, he
put forth all his powers under his own
name, with what result those who have
read " La Peau de Chagrin," " Les
Chouans," " La Physiologic de Ma-
nage," " Le Pere Goriot," " La Femme
de Trente Ans," &c., can best testify.
Since that period his productions suc-
ceeded one another with wonderful ra-
pidity; and it may be truly said that
his literary strength grew with his
years, for his " Medecin de Campagne,"
and his " Parens Pauvres," his last
works, are his best. In addition to his
romances, Balzac wrote some theatrical
pieces, and for some time edited and
contributed to the " Revue Parisienne ;"
but his romances exhibit the highest
evidences of genius. Since the re lu-
tion of 1848, Balzac was engaged in
visiting the battle-fields of Germany
and Russia, and in collecting materials
for a series of volumes, to be entitled
"Scenes de la Vie Militaire." Next to
his celebrity as an author, the most re-
markable feature in his career was the
deep passion which he formed for a
Russian princess, who finally compen-
sated him for long years of untiring de-
votion by the gift of her hand in 1848.
D. 1850."
BAMBRIDE, Christopher, arch-
bishop of York, was sent ambassador
from Henry VIII. to Pope Julius II.,
who made him a cardinal. Died or
poison administered by his servant,
1514.
BAMFIELD, Francis, a nonconfor-
mist divine, author of a work on the
ban]
CYCLOPEDIA ' OF BIOGRAl^flt^i'
101
" Obsei vance of the Sabbath." He was
committed to Newgate for holding a
conventicle, and died there, 1684.
BAMPFYLDE, Sir Charles War-
wick, Burt., a descendant of one of the
oldest and most distinguished families
in Devonsliire, and during seven suc-
cessive parliaments one of the members
for Exeter. In 1823, when he was 71
years of age, he was assassinated close
to his own house, in Montague square,
by a man named Moorland, who blew
his own brains out immediately after.
BANCHI, Seraphin, a priest of the
Dominican order at Florence, to whom
a tanatic, named Barriere, disclosed his
intention to assassinate Henry IV. Ban-
chi's information saved the king, who
rewarded him with the archbishopric
of Angouieme.
BANCK, Lawrence, a Swedish law-
yer, author of several works against Pa-
pal usurpation. D. 1662.
BANCROFT, Kichard, archbishop of
Canterbury, a distinguished opponent
of the Puritans and a supporter of the
English church. B. 1544; d. 1610.—
John, nephew of the above, bishop of
Oxford, and builder of the palace of
Cuddesden for the bishops of that see.
D. 1640. — Aaron, a distinguished Uni-
tarian pastor of Massachusetts, and au-
thor of a "Life of Washington." B.
1755 ; d. 1839.
BANDELLO, Matthew, a Dominican
monk of the Milanese. He wrote tales
in the manner of Boccacio, and proceed-
ing to France obtained the bishopric of
Agen. D. 1561.
BANDINELLI, Baccio, a Florentine
sculptor and painter. His group of the
Laocoon is highly esteemed. B. 1487 ;
d. 1559.
BANDINI, Anoelo Maria, an Italian
antiquary and bibliographer, author of
" De Florentini Juntarum Typographia,"
&c. D. 1800.
BANDUKI, Anselm, a Benedictine,
who wrote several valuable antiquarian
works. D. 1743.
BANGIUS, Peter, a Swedish pro-
fessor of theology at Abo, who wrote
an "Ecclesiastical History of Sweden."
D. 1696. — Thomas, a professor of di-
vinitj^ and Hebrew at Copenhagen, who
compiled a "Hebrew Lexicon." B.
1600; d. 1661.
BANIER, Anthony, an industrious
French author and compiler, who wrote
some thirty difterent " Belles Lettres
Essays," and an "Historical Explana-
tion of Fables," &c., &e. B. 1673; d.
1741.
9*
BANIM, John, au Irish novelist of
distinction, was born near Kilkenny in
1800. Early in life he gave indications
of poetical ability, and at the age of 17
became editor of the " Leinster Jour-
nal." Ti)e next year he produced the
somewhat famous melodrama of "Da-
mon and Pythias." At 20 he was editor
of the " Literary Register," but his
fame began with the success of the
" O'Hara Tales," in 1825. In these he
was the first to depart from tiie path
chosen by the Edgeworths and the
Morgans, and to exhibit the crime, the
passion, and the tragedy of the Irish
cabin in all their dark colors. They
were followed in rapid succession by
"Boyne Water," "TJie Croppy," "The
Denounced," "The Smuggler," "The
Mayor of Wind^p," &c., (fee. Bo<-
popular as his tales were, they afforded
him only a precarious subsistence. He
was compelled in his latter days, though
enjoying a small pension from govern-
ment, to depend on the bounty of
friends. D. 1842.
BANISTER, John, a learned phy-
sician of the 16th century, who, after
studying at Oxford and proceeding there
to his first degree in physic in 1573, re-
moved to Nottingham, where he ac-
quired great reputation. He was author
of several works on physic and surj^ery.
— John, the first performer of celebrity
on the violin, and the composer of the
music to Davenant's opera of Circe. D.
1679.
BANKES. Sir John, chief justice of
the Common Pleas in the reign of Charles
I. His wife, with the family, being at
their seat at Corfe Castle, were sum-
moned to surre'nder it, but she success-
fully defended it against the parliamen-
tary troops, till relieved by the arrival
of Lord Carnarvon, with a body of horse.
Sir John d. in 1644.
BANKS, John, a bookseller, and au-
thor of a " Critical Review of the Life of
Cromwell," &c. B. 1709; d. 1751.—
John, an English dramatist of the 18th
century ; author of the " Earl of Essex,"
a tragedy, &c. — Sir Joseph, an eminent
English naturalist, and for many years
president of the Royal Society. His en-
thusiasm in the study of natural history
may be judged of fropi the fact, that it
led him to accompany Cook in his first
circumnavigation of the world. He pub-
lished only one small work, a treatise on
the " Blight, Mildew, or Rust in Corn."
B. 1743 ; d. 1820.— Thomas, an eminent
English sculptor. Among the best of
his works are "Caractacus taken Prison-
102
OtOMPMDiA of' biography.
BAH
er to Eome," and "Achilles mourning
the Loss of Briseis." He also executed
the admirable inonmnent in Westmin-
ster abbey, to the memory of Sir Eyre
Coote. B. 1735; d. 180-3. "
BANNAKEK, Benjamin, a ne^ro of
Maryland, who by his own unaided ef-
forts mastered the astronomical works
and tables of Ferguson, and gained a
complete knowledge of the mathematics,
so that for yeai's he was the calculator
and publisher of the Maryland Epheme-
rides.
BANNIER John, a Swedish general
who served under Gustavus Adolphus,
and at the death of that prince became
commander-in-chief. B. 1601; d. 1641.
BANNISTER, John, an admirablp
comic actor, the son of Charles Bannis-
ter, well known as a singer and a wit,
was born in London, in 1760. Having
secured the favor of the great Garrick,
he made his debut at Drury lane thea-
tre, as "Master J. Bannister," when
twelve years of age ; he then quitted the
boards for a time,' but obtained a perma-
nent engagement in 1779. At nrst he
aspired to tragedy, and gave it a decided
preference ; but his talents so clearly lay
m an opposite direction, that on the death
of Edwin he at once supplied his place,
giving proofs of first-rate poAvers, and
establishing himself as a public favorite.
The parts in which he excelled were
mainly Sylvester Daggerwood, Lingo,
Trudge, the Three Singles, Bobadil, Dr.
Pangloss, Job Thornberry, Colonel
Feign well, and Walter in " The Children
in the Wood." Being much afflicted
with the gout, he retired from the stage
in 1815, having had the good fortune to
earn a competence by his profession, and
the prudence to keep it. He d. Novem-
ber 8, 1836, respected and beloved by all
who knew him. Nature had done much
for Bannister, physically as well as men-
tally: his face, figure, and voice wore
excellent ; his spirits exuberant ; and an
open manly countenance was a faithful
index to the heart of " Gentleman Jack."
BANTI, Brigida Georgi, a celebrated
female Italian singer, was the daughter
of a Venetian gondolier, and in her youth
nothing more or less than a street singer
in Georgi, her native town ; where a no-
ble amateur, having noticed the brilliancy
of her voice, had her instructed in sing-
ing at his expense. It was probable she
was shortly after advised to try her for-
tune in a foreign countiy, for she soon
left Venice on' her road to Paris; not
however, as it would seem, in prosperous
ciroumstaaces, since she sang at coffee-
houses and inns at Lyons, and other
towns, for small sums collected from the
guests. M. de Visnes, who was 'then
manager of the opera at Paris, relates,
that, in the year 1778, he stopped one
evening at a cotfee-house on the boule-
vards, being struck by the sound of a
very beautiful voice ; it was Banti whom
he heard, as she was singing in the cof-
fee-room. He put a louis d'or into her
hand, desiring her to call on him the
next morning The result was, that
Monsieur de Visnes engaged her imme-
diately for the Opera Bulfn, where she
made her debut, by an air sung between
the second and third acts of " Iphigenie
en Aulide," and created a universal' sen-
sation of delight. After the departure
of the celebrated Agujari from London,
the managers of the Pantheon engaged
Madame Banti for three seasons, upon
condition that £100 a year should be de-
ducted from her salary, for the payment
of an able master to cultivate her\'oice.
Sacchini was the first appointed to this
office ; but he found her so idle and ob-
stinate, that he soon quitted her as an
incurable patient. She was next assigned
to Piozzi, whose patience was likewise
soon exliausted by her incorrigible in-
attention. Her last master in England
was Abel ; soon after which she left this
country, and sang with enthusiastic ap-
plause at several of the German courts,
and subsequently at almost every princi-
pal town in Italy. Her great success
certainly exemplified most strongly the
truth of the olcl adage, " That there are
a hundred requisites necessary to con
stitute a good singer, of which, whoever
possesses a fine voice, is already in pos-
session of ninety-nine." After several
years absence, Banti returned to England
in the spring of 1790, when her perform-
ance and singing in Gluck's opera of
" Alceste," was thought to be most per-
fect; every look, every action, every
note, appearing to be strictly appropriate
to the character she had assumed, and
to no other. Soon after this, on the oc-
casion of Lord' Howe's victory, Bnnti
introduced in one of her cantatas the
national air of "God save the kinsr," in
a style which perfectly electrified the
audience. In the year 1799 she enrap-
tured every hearer by her performance
in " Ines de Castro," composed by Bi-
anchi, and then first produced. * The
celebrated prayer in it, " Gran r>io che
regoli," was given in a style of tender-
ness and appropriate devotion, which
perhaps has never been exceeded on the
stage. We believe that the year 180?
bar]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
idi
was tlie last season of Banti's singing in
England. She died at Bologna, in 1806,
aged about 50. It is said, that, on open-
ing her body, the lungs were found to be
of an unusually large size.
BAPTIST, John, a native of Lisle,
resident for some time in England, as a
painter of flowers. He studied atAnt-
werp, and assisted Le Brun in painting
the palace of Versailles, in which the
flowers were his execution. The duke
of Montague, who was ambassador in
France, employed him with La Fosse and
Eousseau in the decoration of Montague
house, now the British Museum. A
looking-glass which he adorned with a
garland of flowers for Queen Mary is
still preserved at Kensington palace.
There is a print of him from a painting
by Sir Godfrey Kneller, in Walpole's
Anecdotes. He died 1699. — His son
Anthony distinguished himself also in
flower painting. — Another of the same
name, who was born at Antwerp, paid
a visit to England during the civil wars,
and vvas engaged^ in General Lambert's
service, and after the restoration he
painted the attitudes and draperies of
Sir Peter Lely's portraits. He died in
1691.
BARAHONA Y SOTO, Louis, a
Spanish physician and poet, a native of
Luceria, in Andalusia, continued, under
the title of the Tears of Angelica, the
romance of Ariosto, and executed his
task in such a manner as to gain the
applause of Cervantes. He is also the
author of some eclogues, stanzas, and
sonnets.
BARANZANO, Redemptus, a Barna-
bite monk, who corresponded with Lord
Bacon, by whom he was highly esteem-
ed for his proficiency in mathematics.
He wrote " Uranoscopia," " Campus
Philosophorum," &c. B. 1590 ; d. 1622.
BAR ATIER, John Philip, a person of
prodigious memory. B. 1721, at Schwo-
bach, in the margravate of Anspach.
At the age of 4 he conversed with his
mother in French, with his father in
Latin, and with his servants in German.
The rapidity of his improvements aug-
mented with his years, so that he became
perfectly acquainted with Greek at 6,
with Hebrew at 8, and in his 11th year
translated from the Hebrew into French
the travels of the rabbi Benjamin of
Tudela, which he enriched with valu-
able annotations. His proficiency in
mathematics was so great that he sub-
mitted to the Royal Academy of Science,
at Berlin, a plan for finding the longi-
tude at sea, marked witt wonderful in-
genuity, so that he was elected a member*
In 1735 he went with his father to Halle ;
at which university he was ofi'ered the
degree of master of arts, or (as they call
it) doctor in philosophy. Baratier drew
up that night 14 theses in philosophy
and the mathematics ; these he sent im-
mediately to the press, and defended
the next day so very ably, that all who
heard him were delighted and amazed :
he was then admitted to his degree. But
this great application injured his health,
and he d. before he was 20 years old.
BARBARINO, Fkanoesco, an early
Italian poet, who wrote " Documenti
d'Amore." B. 1264 ; d. 1348.
BARBAEO, Francis, a noble Vene-
tian, distinguished by his leamii^ as'
well as his political talents. He defend-
ed Brescia, of which he was governor,
against the Duke of Milan, and obliged
tiie besiegers to retreat. He is princi-
?ally known by a partial translation of
lutarch's works, and a treatise "DeEe
Uxoria." The latter was published in
1515 at Paris. Some familiar epistles of
his were also published as late as 1743.
D. 1454. — Heemolao, the elder, nephew
to Francis, was bishop of Trevisa, and
afterwards of Verona, where he d. 1470.
He translated some of JEsop's fables into
Latin, when only 12 years old. — Her-
MOLAus, grandson of Francis, a learned
Venetian, employed by his countrymen
as ambassador to the Emperor Frederic,
to his son, Maximilian, and to Pope In-
nocent VIII. He was honored by the
pope with the vacant patriarchate of
Aquileia against the wishes of his coun-
trymen, who had passed a law that their
ambassadors should accept no favor from
the Roman pontiff; and so inexorable
were the Venetians, that Barbaro's fa-
ther, who was far advanced in years, and;
intrusted M^th the first offices of the
state, was unable to avert their resent-
ment, and died, in consequence, of a
broken heart. Barbaro wrote some ex-
cellent treatises as well as poetry ; and
in translations from Plutarch and Dios-
corides he showed his abilities as a
Greek scholar. D. 1493. — Daniel, co-
adjutor of the patriarchate of AquUeia,
with his uncle Hermolao, was sent as
ambassador from Venice to England,
where he continued till 1551. He d.
1570, and left several learned works be-
hind him, among which were a " Trea-
tise on Eloquence," "Venice," — an
Italian translation of Vitruvius, and the
" Practice of Perspective," folio.
BARBAROSS A, Aruch, a well-known
pirate, who made himself master of Al-
104
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bar
^ers, and murdered the king Selim
Entemi, whom he had come to assist
and defend against his Spanish invaders.
He afterwards made himself master of
Tunis, and of Tremecen, wliose sover-
eign was assassinated by liis own sub-
jects. His success was stopped by the
marquis of Gomares, governor of Oran,
whom the heir of the Tremecen domin-
ions had invited to his support; but
when besieged in the citadel he made
his -escape by a subterraneous passage ;
but being overtaken, he was cut to pieces
with his followers. D. 1518. — Cheredin,
a brother of the above, was an admiral
under SeUm II. He obtained possession
of Tunis, but was checked by Charles
v., after which he plundered several
towns of Italy, and then advanced to
Yemen in Arabia, which he conquered.
He d. in 1547, aged 80, leaving his son
Asan in possession of the kingdom. —
Haybadin, or Khaye Eddin, younger
brother of the preceding. He was left
by Aruch to secure Algiers, when he
marched against Tunis, and, on his
death, was proclaimed king in his place.
Finding his authority insecure, he made
application to the Ottoman Sultan Soli-
man, oifering to recognize his superior-
ity, and become tributary, provided a
force was sent to him sufficient to main-
tain him in his iisurpation. Soliman
agreed to his proposals, and, ordering
him a reinforcement of janizaries, in-
vested him with the dignity of viceroy
or pacha over the kingdom of Algiers.
Thus reinforced, Hayradin built a wall
for the improvement of the harbor,
strengthened it with fortifications, and
may be deemed the founder of that mis-
chievous seat of piracy, as it has ever
since existed. Such was his reputation
for naval and military talents, that Soli-
man II. made him ins capitan pacha.
In this capacity he signalized himself by
a long course of exploits against the
Venetians and Genoese ; and, in 1543,
when Francis I. made a league with
Soliman, he left Constantinople, and,
with a powerful fleet, having the French
ambassador on board, took Eeggio, and
sacked the coast of Italy. In conj unction
with the French, he also besieged and
took Nice, and refitting during the win-
ter at Toulon, again ravaged the coast
and islands of Italy in the ensuing spring,
and returned with many prisoners and
much spoil to Constantinople. From
this time he seems to have declined
active service, and to have given him-
self up to a voluptuous life among his
female captives, until the age of 80,
when he d., and his su. lessor Hassan
became possessed of his authority and
riches. With the ferocity of a Turk
and a corsair, he possessed some gener-
ous sentiments, and obtained a character
for honor and fidelity in his engage
ments.
BARBAULD, A.nn Letitia, daughter
of the Eev. John Aikin, was born at
Kibworth, in Leicestershire, June 20,
1743. She re; fcived from him a classical
education, and early showed a disposi-
tion for poetry. Her earliest produc-
tion was a small volume of miscellaneous
poems, printed in 1772, which, in tlie
year following, was succeeded by a col-
lection of pieces in prose, published in
conjunction with her brother, Dr. John
Aikin of Stoke Newington. In 1774
she accepted the hand of the Rev.
Rochemont Barbauld, with whom she
took up her residence at Palgrave, in
Suffolk, and there composed the works
on whioh the durability of her reputa-
tion is most securely founded, viz.,
" Early Lessons and Hymns for Chil-
dren," pieces which *are justly con-
sidered as of standard merit. In 1785
she accompanied her husband on a
tour to the Continent, and on his re-
turn, resided for several vears at Hamp-
stead, but in 1802 again removed to
Stoke Newington, in order the more
constantly to enjoy her brother's so-
ciety. In 1812 app'eared the last of her
separate publications, entitled "Eigh-
teen Hundred and Eleven," a poem of
considerable merit; previous to which
she had edited a collection of English
novels, and a similar collection of the
best British essayists of the time of
Anne, with Richardson s correspond-
ence, and a memoir of his life and
writings. T>. 1824.
BARBAZAN, Arnold William, was
a brave and noble French general,
wliose valor, probity, and disinterested-
ness during a long and successful career
under the reigns of Charles VI. and
VII. gained for him the glorious appel-
lation of " the Irreproachable Knight."
D. 1432. — Stephen, a French writer, au-
thor of a "Father's Instructions to his
Son," and editor of various old French
tales and fables. B. 1696 ; d. 1770.
BARBATELLI, Bernardino, an Ital-
ian painter, particularly excellent in de-
lineating flowers, fruits, and animals.
B. 1542; d. 1612.
BARBEAU DES BRUYERES, Jean
Louis, son of a wood-monger at Paris,
rose by the strength of his genius from
the mean occupation of his father. He
bar]
CYCLQP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHr.
105'
resided 10 or 15 years in Holland, and
on lis return he assisted for 23 yeai's
M. Bauclie in the completion of his
works. His first publication in 1759,
was his map " De Monde Historique,"
an ingenious chart, in wiiich was united
all tiie information which geography,
chronology, and history could produce.
He published besides the " Tablcttes
Chronologiques," of Lenglet, a transla-
tion of Stralilemberg's JDescription of
Russia, Le Croix" s Modern Geography,
besides large contributions to tffe works
of his friends, and the two last volumes
of the " Bibliotheque de France," by Le
Long. Barbeau had to struggle through
life against poverty, but it did not rume
his temper, or render him unwilling
freely to communicate to others from
the vast store of his knowledge in geog-
raphy and history. D. 1781.
BARBERINO, Francis, an Italian
poet, author of "Precepts of Love."
B. V2U; d. 1348.
BARBEYRAC, Charles, a French
physician, whom Locke ^^ompared to
Sydenham, author of "Questions Me-
dicae Duodecim," &c. B. 1629 ; d. 1699.
— JoHX, nephew of the abovp., professor
of law at Berne, and subsequently at
Groningen. To the performance of his
duty as a lecturer, he added most labo-
rious exertions as an author. He trans-
lated the most valuable portions of Gro-
tius, Putfendorf, and other able civilians
into French, and wrote a " History of
Ancient Treatises," &c. B. 1674; d.
1747.
BARBIER, Antonie Alexandre, bib-
liograplier, was born at Coulomniers, in
1765, and, at the beginning of the rev-
olution, was a vicar. In the year 1794,
he went to Paris, where he was chosen
a member of the committee appointed
to collect works of literature and art
existing in the monasteries, which were
then suppressed. This was the cause
of his being appointed, in 1798, keeper
of the library of the comeil d'etat, col-
lected by himself, and, when it was
transported to Fontainbleau, in 1807,
Napoleon appointed him his librarian.
At the return of the king, he had the
cure of his private library. He died in
1825. His excellent "Catalogue de la
Bibliotheque de Conseil d'Etat," Paris,
1801-3, 2 vols., folio, is now very rare.
His " Dictionnaire des Ouvrages Ano-
nymes et Pseudonymes," is, on account
of its plan, excellent. But he did not
succeed so well with his "Examen Cri-
tique et Complement des Dictionnaires
Historiques," 1 vol., Paris, 1820, since
the narrow circle of his studies and re-
searches was not suflS^cient for such an
extensive plan.
BARBIERI, John Francis, also call-
ed GUERCINI, an eminent historical
painter. B. 1590; d. 1666.— Paul An-
thony, brother of the above, an eminent
painter of still-life subjects. D. 1640.
BARBOSA, Arias, a learned Portu-
guese professor of Greek at Salamanca,
author of a treatise " On Prosody " an<i
some Latin Poems. D. 1540. — Peter,
chancellor of Portugal, author of trea-
tises " On the Digests." D. 1596.— Au-
GUSTiN, son of the last named bishop of
Ugento, author of a treatise " De Officio
Episcopi," &c. D. 1648.
BARBOUR, John, a Scotch poet and
divine, chaplain to David Bruce, of
whose life and actions he wrote a his-
tory. B. 1320; d. 1378. — Thomas, a
whig of the American revolution^ and
in 1769 a member of the house of bur-
gesses of Virginia, which made the first
protest against the stamp act. He died
in 1825, aged 90. — James, a Virginian
statesman, who after serving in various
offices in the state, was subsequently
governor, senator of the United States,
and minister of war under John Quincy
Adams. In 1828 he was sent minister
to St. James, but was recalled by Gen.
Jackson. He then retired to private
life, and devoted himself mainly to
agricultural pursuits. D. 1824. — ^Philip
Pendleton, a younger brother of the
former, was also distinguished as a law-
yer and statesman. In 1836 he was an
associate justice of the Supreme Court
of the United States. He was a man
of acute, sound, and penetrating mind.
D. \m.
BARCHAM, John, a learned divine
and ai>tiquary. B. at Exeter, about
1572. He assisted Speed in his " His-
tory of England ;" and was author of a
" Display of Heraldrie," folio, 1611 ; but
having composed this in his youth, and
thinking it too light a subject to ac-
knowledge, he j2:ave it to John Gwillin,
a herald of his acquaintance, under
whose name it has been repeatedly
printed. D. 1642.
BARCLAY, an English poet of some
note, originally chaplain of St. Mary Ot-
tery, in Devonshire, and afterwards a
Benedictine monk of Ely. His death
took place in 1552, a short time after he
had been presented to the living of All-
Hallows, in London. His principal work
is a satire, entitled " The Ship ot Fools,"
a translation or imitation of a German,
composition. He also wrote "Eclogues,''
106
CYCLOFJEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bar
which, according to Warton, the histo-
rian of EngUsh poetry, are the earliest
compositions of the kind in our language.
—John, was b. at Pont-a-Mousson, and
educated in the Jesuits' college at that
place. He accompanied his father to
Enriand, where he was much noticed
by James I., to whom he dedicated one
of his principal works, a political and
satirical romance, entitled " Euphor-
mio," in Latin, chiefly intended to ex-
pose the Jesuits, against whom the
author adduces some very serious accu-
sations, lie wrote, also, several other
works, among which is a singular ro-
mance, in elegant Latin, entitled "Ar-
genis," a political allegory, of a character
similar to that of '^ Euphormio," and
alluding to the political state of Europe,
and especially France, during the league.
— KoBERT, the celebrated apologist of
the Quakers, was b. during 1648, at
Gordonstown, in the shire of Moray, of
an ancient and honorable family. The
troubles of the country induced his
father to send him to Paris, to be edu-
cated under the care of his uncle, who
was principal of the Scots college in that
capital. Under his influence he was
made a convert to the Roman Catholic
religion, upon which his father sent for
him to return home; and, soon after
becoming a Quaker, the son soon fol-
lowed his example. His first treatise in
support of his adopted principles was
published at Aberdeen, in 1670, under
the title of "Truth cleared of Calum-
nies," &c., being an answer to an attack
on the Quakers by a Scottish minister
of the name of Mitchell. It is written
with great vigor, and with his subse-
qiaent writings against the same otpo-
nent, tended materially to rectify pub-
lic sentiment in regard to the Quakers,
as also to procure them greater indul-
gence from government. To propagate
the doctrines, as well as to mamtain the
credit he had gained for the sect, he
published, in 16?5, a regular treatise, in
order to explain and defend the system
of the Quakers, which production was
also very favorably received. These and
similar labors involved him in contro-
versies with the leading members of
the university of Aberdeen, and others ;
but, notwithstanding so much engross-
ment, his mind was, at the same time,
busy with his great work, in Latin,
"An Apology for the true Christiaji Di-
vinity, as the same is preached and held
forth by the People in scorn called Qua-
kers." It Avas soon reprinted at Am-
sterdam, and quickly translated into the
German, Dutch, French, and Spanish
languages, arid, by the author himself,
into English. It met, of course, with
many answers; but his fame was now
widely diifused, and in his travels wHh
the famous William Penn, through the
greater part of England, Holland, and
Germany, to spread" the opinions of the
Quakers, he was received everywhere
with the highest marks of respect. The
last of his productions, in defence of the
theory of the Quakers, was a long Latin
letter, addressed, in 1676, to Adrian de
Pacts, "On the Possibility of an Inward
and Immediate Kevelation." It was not
published in England until 1686; from
which time Barclay, who had endured
his share of persecution, and been more
than once imprisoned, spent the remain-
ing part of his life, in the bosom of a
large family, in quiet and peace, He d.
after a short illness, at his own house,
in Ury, in 1690, in the 42d year of his
age. With few exceptions, both parti-
sans and opponents unite in the profes-
sion of great respect for his character
and talents. Besides the works already
mentioned or alluded to, he wrote a
treatise "On Universal Love," and va-
rious replies to the most able opponents
of his "Apology." — William, a learned
civilian, was b. in Aberdeenshire, about
1541. He spent the early part of his
life, and much of his fortune, at the
court of Mary queen of Scots, from
whose favor he expected preferment. In
1573, he went over to France, and at
Bruges commenced student of civil law
under the famous Cujacius. Having
continued some years in that seminary,
he took a doctor's degree, and was soon
after appointed professor of civil law in
the university or Pont-a-Mousson, then
first founded by the duke of Lorraine.
Having parted with his patron, Barclay
embarked for Britain, Avhere King James
I., who had now succeeded to the two
crowns, offered him considerable prefer-
ment, provided he would become a
member of the church of England. Not
choosing, however, to comply with this,
he returned to France in 1604, and soon
after his arrival was appointed professor
of civil law in the university ot Angers,
where he died the year following, and
was buried in the Franciscan church.
He was esteemed a learned civilian, and
wrote elaborately in the defence of the
divine right of kings, in answer to Bu-
chanan and others.
BARCOCHEBAS, a Jewish impostor,
in the '2d centur\', who, during the
reign of the emperor Adrian, caused
bar]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
107
nimself to be proclaimed the Messiah
and king of the Jews. Under his stand-
ard they rose in rebellion against the
Romans. lie tbrtitied himselt" with his
deluded followers, in various places, and
committed great barbarities, particularly
against tiie Oiiristians, whom he massa-
cred in vast numbers. Julius Severus,
the greatest general of the time, took the
conduct of the war against him, and
adopted the policy of attacking and cut-
ting his followers off separately. He fell
at the siege of Bitten, after fifty thousand
Jews had perished in consequence of
his acts.
BAKCOS, Martin de, a learned Jan-
senist, who wrote a work called " Petrus
Aurelius," "La Grandeur de L'Eglise
Komaine," a treatise on the " Authority
of St. Peter and St. Paul," and many
controversial tracts. D. 1678.
BARD, John, a learned physician.
He engaged in business in Philadelphia,
and afterwards removed to New York,
where he remained till within a few
months of his death. In the year 1795,
when the yellow fever had put to flight
a number of physicians, who were in
the meridian of life, the veteran Dr. Bard
remained at his post. He was the author
of several papers on the yellow fever in
the American Medical Register. In 1750
he assisted Dr. Middleton in the first
recorded dissection in America. D.
1799. — Samuel, M.D., to obtain a thor-
ough medical education, he spent five
years in France, England, and Scotland.
lie received his degree at Edinburgh in
1765. Dr. Bard formed the plan of the
medical school of New York, which was
established within a year after his return.
He was appointed professor of the prac-
tice of pliysic. Medical degrees were
first conferred in 1769. By his exertions
the hospital was founded. In 1774 he
delivered a course of chemical lectures.
In 1813 he was appointed president of
the college of physicians and surgeons.
His discourses on conferring degrees
were very impressive. B. 1742 ; d. 1821.
BARDE, John de la, an historian and
diplomatist of the reign of Louis le Grand,
who wrote a histoiy of France from the
time of Louis XIII. to 1652. B. 1602 :
d. 1692.
BARDES ANES the Gnostic, a Syrian,
who lived in the latter half of the second
century, at Edessa, and was a favorite
of the king Agbar Bar Maanu, is memor-
able for the peculiarity of his doctrines.
He considered the evil in the world only
fts an accidental reaction of matter, and
all lil'e as the offspring of male and fe-
male ^Eone. He considered Jesus to be
the ^on destined for the salvation of
souls, only a feigned man, and his death
only a feigned death, but his doctrine
the & are means to fill the souls of men
with ardent desires for their celestial
home, and to lead them back to God, to
whom they go immediately after death,
and without a resurrection of the earthly
body. He propagated this doctrine in
Syrian hymns, and is the first writer of
hymns in this language. His son Har-
nionius studied in Athens, and strove,
al^o, by means of hymns., to procure the
reception of his doctrine. let the Bar-
desanists did not formally separate them-
selves from the orthodox Christian
church. They maintained themselves
until the 5th century.
BARDIN, Pierre, a French writei
author of "Le Grand Chambellan d:
France," &c. He lost his life while
attempting to rescue a drowning man,
1637. *
BARDNEY, Richard, an English
monk; author of the "Life of Robert
Grosthead, bishop of Lincoln." D. 1504.
BAREBONE, Praise-God, a notorious
fanatic of the time of Cromwell, from
whom the famous Barebone's Parlia-
ment took its name. He was originally
a leather-dealer, but a man of consider-
able energy and influence. He was ar-
rested in 1661 with Major Wildman and
Harrington for a plot against the govern-
ment, and committed to the Tower.
What became of him on his release is
not known.
BARENT, Dietrich, a Dutch histori-
cal and portrait painter. B. 1534; d.
1582.
BARERE, Bertrand, one of the most
conspicuous actors in the first French
revolution, was born in 1755 at Tarbes,
in Gascony, where his fiither possessed
the small estate of Vieuzac. He was
educated for the bar at Toulouse, prac-
tised as an advocate with considerable
success, and besides occupying himself
with literary pursuits of a trivial charac-
ter, wrote a dissertation which procured
him a seat in tlie Toulouse Academy of
Sciences. In 1785 he was elected one
of the representatives of the Third Es-
tate. When, in 1792, the legislative as-
sembly invited the nation to elect an
extraordinary convention, Barere was
chosen one of its members by his own
department. He voted for the death of
the king, "sans appel et sans Bursis,'*
in words that have been oft repeated,
" L'arbre de la libcrte ne croit qu'arros^
par le sang des tyrans." After the fiUl
tm
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bar
of the monarch, he acted with the Gi-
rondists, to wliom he made himself
useful by the ease and fluency with
which he could draw up reports. But
he soon made common cause with the
Mountain, whose designs he carried out ;
and he bore a large siuire in the schemes
subsei^uently planned during the " Reign
of Terror," earning for the levity with
which he discharged his office the nick-
names of the Witling of Terror, and
the Anacreon of the Guillotine. He
fawned on Robespierre up to the
8th of Thermidor, and on the 9th he
moved that Robespierre should be be-
headed without a trial. On the fall of
the convention he was sent a prisoner
to the isle of Oleron ; but he made his
escape to Bordeaux, where he remained
four years in obscurity ; and on the estab-
lishment of Napoleon's government he
enlisted in its service, and for some years
officiated in the double capacity of a wri-
ter and a s}Ty. On the fall of Napoleon,
in 1814, he again became a royalist. Du-
ring the hundred days he was chosen by
his native district a member of the cham'-
ber of representatives ; but on the final
return of the Bourbons, in 1815, he was
compelled to retire into Belgium, where
he resided till 1830. The revolution
which then called Louis Philippe to the
throne, enabled him to return to France ;
but he was reduced to extreme indi-
gence, and a small pension from the
king and the government alone saved
him from the necessity of begging his
bread. D. 1841. Those who wish to
see an instance of the literary tomahawk
skilfully applied, will find it in an arti-
cle devoted to Barere's life and character
in the Edinburgh Review, vol. Ixxix., by
Macaulav.
BARETTI, Joseph, the son of an
architect of Tnrin, b. in 1716, and who
went to England in 1750, where he re-
sided Twith a short interval) the remain-
der or his life. Baretti had the good
fortune to be introduced to Dr. Samuel
Johnson, and between them a very long
intimacy had place. From the time of
his arrival in England he subsisted by
teaching the Italian language and by
the sale of his writings. In 1760 he
made a tour to Italy, through Portugal
and Spain, and returned to England
after an absence of six years. In 1769
he was tried at the Old Bailey for having
stabbed a man who violently assaulted
him in the Ilayraarket. lie made a
most admirable defence ; which, added
to the bad reputation of his prosecutors,
unpressed the court much in his favor.
He was acquitted of the murder, and of
the manslaughter: the verdict was selt-
defence. Ait'ter this unfortunate trans-
action he again sat down to his studies,
and in 1770 published his "Travels,"
for which, it is said, he received £500.
On the establishment of the Royal Acad-
emy, he was appointed foreign secretary,
a post of more honor than profit. He
died May 5, 1789, without a struggle or
sigh, the moment after taking a glass of
wme, preserving his faculties to the last
moment.
BARGRAVE, Isaac, dean of Canter-
bury and chaplain to James I. D. 1642.
BARIIAM, RicuARD Hakuis, better
known by his authorial name of Thomas
lu^oldsby, was a native of Canterbury,
and a graduate of Oxford, who adopted
the clerical profession and discharged
its duties, but who was far more of a
wit than a sermonizer. lie became a
minor canon of St. Paul's, and the friend
of Sydney Smith, whom in some respects
he resembled. His contributions to the
leading English periodicals were remark-
able for fancy and humor, but his fame
will rest upon the 'i Ingoldsby Legends,"
which are full of quaint wit and iiappy
turns of thought and expression. A
novel of his, called " My Cousin Nicho-
las," was popular at the time of its pub-
lication. B. 1789; d. 1845.
BARKER, Edmund Henry, a classical
scholar, who edited Stepliens' Greek
Thesaurus, Prolegomena to Homer,
Lempriere, &c., and was a leading sup-
porter of the classical journal, the British
Critic and the Monthly Magazine, to
which he contributed valuable disserta-
tions on questions of philologv and an-
tiquities. B. 1788; d. 1839.— Gkorge,
an eminent lawyer of Birmingham, who
aided Watt and Boulton in their gigantic
railroad and other schemes. B. 1776 ; d.
1845. — Robert, inventor of the pano-
rama, was b. at Kells, in Ireland, about
1740 ; and, having failed in business,
became a miniature and portrait painter.
He settled at Edinburgh in that capacity ;
and, while viewing the landscape from
the Calton Hill, was first struck with the
idea of representing similar scenes in a
circular picture. Eminent artists treat-
ed the project as chimerical ; but he
persisted, and ultimately succeeded in
accomplishing what may be considered
as the triumph of pictorial illusion. It
was in 1787 that his first attempt was
exhibited ; and his exhibition soon be-
came so popular that he gained a con-
siderable fortune. D. 1806.^ — Matthew
Henry, a sea-captain, who in the latter
bar]
CYOLOP-^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
lOflr
part of his life took to writing sea-novels,
in which he attained great success, under
the name of the Old Sailor. His " Tough
Yarns," " Jim Bunt," " Land and Sea
Tales," etc., have considerable merit.
D. 1846.— George P., a distinguished
lawyer and politician of Buffalo, attor-
nev-general of the state of New York,
wlio "d. in 1848, before he had fulfilled
his promise.
BAKKIiAM, John, a native of Exeter,
who, after studying at Oxfoi-d, and hold-
ing several places of preferment, d. at
Booking, in Essex, of which he was rec-
tor and dean. He is mentioned by
Speed, and others, as possessing " learn-
ing, virtue, and courtesy." His valuable
collection of coins and medals, which he
gave to Laud, was presented to the uni-
versity. Though he never published
any thing, yet his friends had reason to
acknowledge his great erudition, so that
Guillinr s display of heraldry, and Speed's
Jolin and Henry IL are attributed to
him.
BARKSDALE, Clement, a native of
Winchcomb, Gloucestershire, educated
at Abingdon school and Oxford. He was
elected master of Hereford school, but
during the civil wars he left his situation,
and took pupils at Hawling, in Glouces-
tershire. On the restoration he was
pi'esented to the living of Taunton,
where he d. 1687, aged 78. His works
are, besides several sermons, and some
tracts, " Monumenta Literaria," " Sive
Obitus et Elogia," " Doctorum Virorum
ex Historiis Thuani," " Nympha Libe-
thris, or the Corswold Muse," 1651 ;
" The Life of Grotius," 1652 ; "Memo-
rials of Worthy Persons," 1661.
BAELAAM, a Greek monk, who, in
1339, was sent into the West, by the
younger Andronicus, the Greek em-
?eror, to solicit assistance against the
urks, and to negotiate a union between
the Latin and Greek churches. On
his return he was censured, as hetero-
dox, by a council ; upon which he went
back to Italy, and obtained the bishopric
of Hieracium, in Calabria. He d. about
IViS. Barlaam introduced the study of
Grecian literature into Italy ; and Pe-
trarch and Boccacio were his disciples.
BARLvEUS, Gasparaus, a Latin poet
of Antwerp, appointed subprincipal of
the college of Leyden, but afterwards re-
jected from his office for the zealous
share which he took in the disputes of
the Arminians. He now took his de-
grees in physic at Caen, and in 1631 was
invited bv the magistrates of Amster-
'1am to fill the chair of professor of phi-
10
losophy, which he htld till his death iu
1648, in his 64th year, though his wri-
tings in favor of Arminius raised him a
number of enemies, who loudly called
for his dismission. His orations are
admired for their wit and purity, and
his poems for their elegance and correct-
ness. Two volumes of his letters were
published after his death. He wrote
also an account of Count Maurice's gov-
ernment in Brazil.
^ARLETTA, Gabriel, a Dominican,
b. at Barletta, in the kingdom of Naples.
He acquired some celebrity as a writer
and as a preacher, and it became pro-
verbial to say, nesclt prcedica?'e qui nescit
BarUttare. It is reported that his ser
mons rapidly passed through 20 editions,
but so incongruous was the composition,
so full of serious reflections and ridicu-
lous levities, of obsolete words, and of
modern and ancie, t idioms, that more
singular and extraordinarv pertbrmances
scarcely ever appeared. Tihe best edition
is that of Venice, 1577, two vols. 8vo.
He was b. about 1040, but the time of
his death is unknown.
BARLOW, Thomas, an English pre-
late, was b. in 1607, at Langhill, in
Westmoreland, and educated at Oxford.
He was raised to the bishopric of Lin-
coln in 1675, and held it till his death,
in 1691. His principles were any thing
but inflexible. He wrote against popery
during the reign- of Charles II. ; vindi-
cated the regal power of dispensing with
the laws, under James II. ; and finally
Save his allegiance to William III. Noi
id he properly fulfil his episcopjd duties
He was, however, a learned and a toler
ant man. His works consist of some
tracts ; a Collection of Cases of Consci-
ence Resolved ; and Genuine Remains.
— Joel, was b. at Reading, in Connecti-
cut, about 1755, and graduated at Yale
college in 1778. After leaving college he
engaged for a short time in the sturly of
the law, but soon changed it for theolo-
gy, and became a chaplain in the army,
which station he retained until the return
of peace. From 1783 to 1795 Mr. Bar-
low was occupied with various private
pursuits, in America and Europe ; and
in the latter year was appointed by Pres-
ident W^ashington consul at Algiers,
with powers to negotiate a treaty of
peace with the Dey, and redeem the
American captives on the coast of Bar-
bary. He concluded a treaty with Al-
giers, and also negotiated one with
Tripoli, and rescued many American
citizens from slavery. In 1797 he re-
signed his consulship. In 1805 he re*
110
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY'.
[bak
turned to the United States. In 1811 he
was sent as minister plenipotentiary to
the French government. He failed in
the object of his mission, but in October,
1812, he was invited to a conference with
the emperor at Wilna. The fatigue and
exposure to which he subjected himself,
to comply with this invitation, caused
his death at Zarowitch, an obscure vil-
lage near Cracow, in December, 1812.
"W hile in college Mr. Barlow was a votary
of the muses, and by that means ac-
quired the friendship of Dr. Wright,
■who himself occasionally dabbled in
verse. His " American Poems" were
{)i'inted at Litchfield, shortly after he
eft coUej^e. The " Vision of Oolumbus"
appearea in 1787. He prepared a new
version of Watts' Psalms for the clergy
of his native state. While in France he
became a warm friend of the leading
Girondists. In England, about 1791, he
printed his " Advice to the Privileged
Orders," and afterwards the " Conspir-
acy of Kings," and a "Letter to the
National Convention." But his most
popular poem was a mock heroic, in
three cantos, called " Hasty Pudding,"
in which he celebrated a national New
England dish. Ktturning to America,
in 180S, he published a noticeable poem
called the Columbiad, which is still ex-
tant, and some people read.
BAELOWE, William, a bishop of
Bath and Wells under Queen Mary,
and bishop of Winchester under Eliza-
beth. D. 1658. — William, his son, arch-
deacon of Sarum, skilled in natural phi-
losophy, and the first English writer
on tlie properties of the lomistone. D.
1625.
BARNARD, Theodore, a Dutch
Eainter who settled in England, said to
ave painted the kings and bishops in
Chichester cathedral. — John, D.D., pre-
bendary of Lincoln in the reign of
Charles II., author of a " Life of Dr.
Heylyn," &c. D. 1683.— Sir John, lord
mayor of London, and one of its repre-
sentatives in parliament for forty years.
He was an able speaker, and a remark-
ably conscientious and religious man ;
and so greatly was he respected by his
fellow-citizens, that they erected a statue
to his memory in the Roval Exchange.
B. at Readinsr, 1685; d. 1764.
BARN AVE, Anthony Peter Joseph.
an eloquent and popular member of the
French national assenibly. He was
charged with the conveyance of the
king from Varennes to Paris ; on which
occasion he conducted himself with
great delicacy and respect. Though he
had retired to private life, he was ar-
rested by the faction then in power, and
guillotined in 1794.
BARNES, Juliana, prioress of St.
Alban's in the loth century, author of
treatises on " Hunting, Hawking, and
Heraldry." — Robert, D.D., chaplain to
Henry VIII. ; burnt to death in Smith-
field Vor Lutheranism, in 1540 ; authot
of a treatise on " Justification," &c. —
Joshua, a learned divine, educated at
Christ's hospital, London, and Emman-
uel college, Cambridge, author of the
"Life of Edward III.," and a poem
" On the History of Esther," and editor
of the works of Euripides, Anacreon,
and Homer. B. 1654; cl. 1712.— Thomas,
a gentleman of famous literary ability,
and principal editor of " The' Times,'"
which journal owes much of its celebrity
and influence to the powerful political
leaders that came from his pen, as well
as to the rare skill and discrimination
he evinced in the general control and
adaptation of the articles furnished by
his coadjutors, &c. Notwithstanding
the share he necessarily took in the
strife of politics, it is recorded to his
honor that he retained the friendship
of all who had once intimately known
him, how much soever they might
chance to differ on questions of public
interest. Mr. Barnes Avas educated at
Christ's hospital and Pembroke college,
Cambridge, where he took his B.A. and
M.A. degrees. D. 1841, aged 55. —
Daniel IL, a distinguished conchol-
ogist, who, with Dr. Griscom, originated
and conducted with great reputation
the high school of New York. He was
also a Baptist preacher. On Sunday,
the day before his death, he preached
at New Lebanon from the text, "Ye
know not what shall be on the mor-
row ;" on the next day, the driver hav-
ing been thrown from his seat, Mr.
Barnes in his alarm jumped from the
carriage, fractured his skull, and died
soon after. His learned communications
on conchology were published in Silli-
man's journal, with explanatory plates.
BARNEY, Joshua, a distinguished
commander in the American navy. He
was employed in the public service du-
ring the war of the revolution, and was
twice captured. In a vessel named the
Hyder Ali, carrying 4 nine and 12 six
pounders he captured, after an action
of 26 minutes, the Gen. Monk of 18
guns, nine-pounders, with the loss of 4
men killed, and 11 wounded. The Gen.r
Monk lost 30 killed, and 53 wounded,^
He sailed in the Gen. Monk with dis-'
bar]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
i:
Eatches for Dr. Franklin at Paris, and
rouglit back a valuable loan from the
king of France. In 1796 he went to
France with Mr. Munroe, deputed the
bearer of the American flag to the Na-
tional Convention. In 1813 he was ap-
pointed to the command of the flotilla
for the defence of the Cliesapeake. He
participated in the battle of Bladeus-
Durg, and was wounded by a ball in
the thigh. In 1815 he was sent on a
mission to Europe. He d. in 1819, aged
59. He had been 41 years in public
service, and engaged in 26 battles.
BARNEVELDT, John d' Olden, a
Dutch statesman of great abilities, am-
bassador to Elizabeth in England, and to
Henry IV. of France. His attempts to
limit the authority of Maurice the second
stadtholder of Holland, raised him ene-
mies, by whose virulence he was accused
of designs to deliver the country to the
Spaniards, and in consequence 'of this
false charge, he was tried and beheaded
in 1619. His sons, William and Rene,
resented the cruelty exercised against
their father, and though the elder es-
caped, Rene felt the punishment due to
a conspirator. The mother stepped in
in defence of her son, and when Maurice
expressed surprise to bee her eager to
save him when she had seen his father
fall unlamented, she indignantly re-
plied, " I would not solicit a pardon for
my husband, for he was innocent. I
ask it for my son because he is guilty."
BARO or BARONI, Peter, a native
of Estampes, in France, who left his
country on account of his attachment to
Protestantism, and found a hospitable
asylum in England, in the house of
Lord Burleigh, and at Cambridge with
Dr. Pierce, by whose influence he was
chosen Margaret professor of divinity,
1574:. The tranquillity of his residence
was however of short duration. He op-
posed Whitacre, Tindal, and Chadder-
ton, who violently supported the tenets
of absolute predestination, and whilst
he gave a more moderate explanation to
tho doctrine in his sermons and in his
lectures, he found himself cited before
the vice chancellor, and accused before
Archbishop Whitgift ; and though Lord
Burleigh, the chancellor, disapproved
of the virulence of his prosecutors, he
found himself obliged to leave Cam-
bridge for Crutchedfriars, London,
where he died. Ilis writings were on
divinity subjects, and in Latin,
BAROCCIO, Frederic, a painter of
Urbino, who learnt sculpture of his fa-
Mier, and architecture, geometry, and
perspective of his uncle, and drew tho
h^ac^ of his Virgins after the features
ot his sister, and those of his Jesuses
after his -nephew. Cardinal de la Ro-
vere became early his patron, but the
jealousy of }ns rivals proved nearly
fatal. He was maliciously poisonecl,
and though he recovered by the im-
mediate application of medicine, his
constitution grew weak and languid,
and he lingered in an unhealthy state,
till his 84th year, 1612. His paintings
are in good esteem, his historical pieces
are deservedly admired, but he shines
with superiorlustre in the execution of
his devotional portraits. His merits
were universally admitted, and his in-
firmities alone prevented him from ac-
cepting the honors which were liberally
offered to him by the duke of Tuscany,
the Emperor Rodolph II., and Philip
II. of Spain. In correctness he is o;reat;
he understood well the effects of light
and shade, and though the attitudes of
some of his figures are out of propor-
tion, he may be said to approach the
softness and graces of Correggio.
BARON, Bona VENTURE, a native of
Clonmel, Ireland, educated by his undo
Luke Wadding, and afterwards em-
ployed as divinity professor at Rome,
where he spent 60 years, and died blind
in a good old age, March 18th, 1696.
He was a learned and voluminous
writer. His " Theologia," in 6 vols.,
is his best performance. See a list of
his works in Sir James Ware's writers
of Ireland, p. 258. — Michael, son of a
merchant ot Issondun, became cele-
brated as a player. His powers in ex-
pressing the passions were unusually
great, and he was deservedly called the
Roscius of his time. He was not insen-
sible to the popularity which he enjoyed,
and with arrogance and vanity he ob-
served, that once in a century a Csesar
might arise, but that 2000 years were
requisite to produce a Baron. His su-
perior excellence was in a great degree
owing to his own exertions, so that Ra-
cine in representing his Andromache to
the actors, with the judgment and cor-
rectness of a poet and of a man of feel-
ing, paid him the highest compllinent,
assuring him that he could give him no
instructions, " for," added he, " your
own heart will tell you more than any
lessons of mine can suggest." He died
at Paris, 22d Dec. 1729, aged 77. Three
volumes in 12mo. of theatrical pieces,
appeared in 1760, under his name, or
which, however, some suppose that he
was not the authoi. liib. dialogue is
113
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
lively, and his scenes diversified 5 but
there is not very little of brilliancy
of coloring which an acquaintance witn
the manners of the great could have
supplied.
BAKONI, Adkiakne Basile, a native
of Mantua, sister to the poet Basile.
She was so admired for her beauty, her
wit, and her accomplishments, that vol-
umes were written in her praise. Her
daughter Leonora possessed equal
charms, and met equal admiration, and
in 1639, a collection of pieces in Latin,
Greek, Spanish, Italian, and French,
was published, in which her beauty and
her perfections were portrayed with all
the graces of poetiy. She also wrote
some poetical trifles. The daughter had
profound skill in music, a sweet voice,
and the utmost delicacy of manner. Mr.
Bayle styles her one ot the finest singers
in the world.
BARONIUS, C^sAR, confessor to Cle-
ment VIII., who made him cardinal and
librarian of the Vatican ; author of
" Ecclesiastical Annals." B. at Sora,
1588; d. 1607.
BAROZZI, James, a celebrated archi-
tect, successor to Michael Angelo as ar-
chitect of St. Peter's ; author of " Rules
for the Five Orders of Architecture,"
&c. B. 1507 ; d. 1577.
BARRAL, Peter, a French abbe;
author of a " Dictionary of Roman An-
tiquities," &c. D. 1772. — Louis Mat-
thias DE, bishop of Troves, was a native
of Grenoble. He emigrated at the rev-
olution ; but returning to France in 1801,
Bonaparte made him bishop of Meaux,
and afterwards archbishop of Tours, and
almoner to the Empress Josephine. D.
1816.
BARRAS, Pattl Fra-ncis John Nicho-
las, Count de, was originally a sub-
lieutenant in the regiment of Languedoc,
and served for some time in India.
Embracing revolutionary principles, he
assisted at the attack on'the Bastile, and
voted in the National Convention for
the death of the unfortunate Louis XVI.
He subsequently became one of the
chiefs of the government, but retired
from public life when Bonaparte as-
sumed the direction of aifairs. For some
years he resided at Rome, but returned
to France in 1814, and remained there
till his death in 1829.
BARRE, William Vincent, a native
of France, who, after serving in the Rus-
sian navy with credit in his youth, re-
turned to his own country on the break-
ing out of the French revolution, joined
his countrymen in arms, and was event-
ually appointed interpreter to the French
government; but having indulged his
vein of sarcasm on the legitimacy of
the First Consul, he was put under ar-
rest. _ He escaped the vigilance of his
enemies, and got to London, where he
published a " History of the First Con-
sulate." He translated into French Sir
Sydney Smith's pamphlet on the expedi-
tion into Egypt ; for which the English
fovernment' rewarded him. While at
hiblin, in 1829, he committed suicide.
BARRELIER, James, a friar and bot-
anist ; author of " Planta; per Galliam,
Hispaniam," &c. B. 1696 ; d. 1763.
BARRERE, Pierre, a French physi-
cian ; author of a " Dissertation sar la
couleur des Negres," &c. D. 1755.
BARRET, George, a landscape paint-
ery of considerable eminence. He was
b. in Dublin, but passed most of his life
in England, and was a chief founder of
the Roval Academy. B. 1730 ; d. 1784.
BARRETT, W^illiam, an English to-
pographer; author of a "History of
Bristol." D. 1789.
HARRINGTON, John Shute, the first
Viscount Barrington ; author of "An
Essay on the several Dispensations of
God to Mankind," the " Rights of Dis-
senters," &c., &c. B. 1678; D. 1734.—
Daines, fourth son of Viscount Barring-
ton, was bred to the law, and rose to the
oflftce of second justice of Chester. He
was author of " Observations on the
Statutes," &c. B. 1727 ; d. 1800.— Sam-
uel, youngest brother of the last-named,
entered early into the navy, ana became
rear-admiral of the white. He took St.
Lucia, in the face of a superior force ;
and was conspicuous for his zeal and
courage at the memorable relief of Gib-
raltar^ by Lord Howe. D. 1800.— Shute,
bishop of Durham, was the sixth son of
the first Viscount Barrington, and b. in
1734. After obtaining a fellowship at
Merton college, Oxford, and taking his
degrees, he was appointed royal chaplain
on the accession ot George HI. In 1768
he was made a canon of St. Paul's, and
in the following year was raised to the
bishopric of Llandaff. In 1782 he was
promoted to the see of Salisbury, whence
in 1791 he was translated to that of Dur-
ham. He engaged in some controversial
disputes both with the Calvinists and
Catholics ; but, though hostile to the
doctrines of the latter, he was a liberal
benefactor of the French clergy who took
refuge in Englsmd during the revolu-
tion ; and few men were more munifi-
cent in their charitable support of be-
nevolent institutions. D. 1826. — The
BAR
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
113
Hon. Geoboe, M. P., was b. at Durham
in 1794, and entered the naval service at
the usual fige. He obtained the rank of
post-captain in 1826 ; and in the follow-
ing year married Lady Caroline, third
daughter of Earl Grey, who, on becom-
ing prime minister, appointed Jiim a lord
of the Admiralty. lie was returned one
of the members for the newly-created
borough of Sunderland in 1832, from
wliich he afterwards retired in conse-
quence of ill health, which continued
until his death, in June, 1835.
BARROS, John de, a learned Portu-
guese, treasurer of the Indies, and
author of a "History of Asia and the
Indies." D. 1570.
BARROW, Isaac, a learned mathema-
tician and divine of an ancient family in
Sutfolk, was b. in London. He was ad-
mitted pensioner of Peter-house, Cam-
bridge, 1643; but two years after he
became member of Trinity college, after
being ejected from Peter-bouse for wri-
ting against the covenant. He was after-
wards chosen fellow of the college. His
studies were directed to divinity; but
when he observed the connection which
exists between chronology and astrono-
my, he applied himself with indefatiga-
ble zeal to those higher sciences, and
made a rapid progress besides in anato-
my, botany, and chemistry. Upon his
disappointment in not being elected
Greek professor, on the death of Dr.
Duport, he resolved to travel, and to
supply his expenses he parted with his
books, and left the kingdom, 1655. He
visited Paris, Leghorn, and Plorcnce,
and everywhere enriched his mind by
observation and inquisitive researches.
From Leghorn he passed to Smyrna, and
in his voyage displayed his uncommon
courage by assisting the crew of the ves-
sel in beating otf an Algerine corsair
that threatened them with death or
slavery. He passed from Smyrna to Con-
stantinople, where he resided one year,
and returned to England through Venice,
Germany, and Holland, in 1659. He now
took orders, agreeable to the statutes of
his college, and in 1660 he was elected
to the Greek professorship of the uni-
versity, and two years after to that of
geometry in Gresham college. The next
year he was made Lucasian mathemati-
cal ^ lecturer at Cambridge, an otRce
which, in 1669, he resigned to his great
friend Isaac Newton, that he might with
closer application devote himself to di-
vinity. He now received the preferment
which was due to his merit from his
uncle, bishop of St. Asaph, and from
10*
Ward, bishop of SaV'^urv. %od, m 1672,
the king, whom he served oy his con-
duct, and flattered by his poetry, raised
him to the mastership of Trinity college,
observing, that he gave it to the best
scholar in England. He was vice chan-
cellor in 1675 ; but his public services
were of short duration. He died of a
fever, 4th May, 1677, aged 47, and was
buried in Westminster Abbey, where
his friends, by contribution, erected a
monument over him, uf which the epi-
taph was written by Dr. Mapletoft. The
writings of Barrow are numerous and
valuable, and chiefly on mathematical
subjects. As a divme he was great as
well as exemplary. His sermons are
highly esteemed, and have been fre-
quently edited. His works in English
were published together by Dr. Tillot-
son, in 3 vols, folio. — Sir John, Bart.,
for many years a secretary to the En-
glish admiralty, an extensive traveller,
and a voluminous writer of travels, bi-
ographies, &c. B. 1764; d. 1848.
BARRUEL, AcGLSTiN, a French eccle-
siastic, and of some note as a man of
letters during the French revolution,
was bom in 1741. He was for some
years editor of " Le Jouniixl Ecchsi-
astique ;" but as the principles he there
advocated were opposed to the revolu-
tion, he was obliged to fly to England,
where, in 1794, he published his ''His-
tory of the French Clergy," &c. ; but his
best known work is entitled "Memoirs
for a History of Jacobinism, Impiety,
and Anarchy," in 5 vols. 8vo. ; a pro-
duction in which fact and fiction are so
closely interwoven as to destroy its au-
thenticity. He returned to France in
1802, and died there in 1820. — De
Beauvert, Anthony Joseph, Count do,
was boru at the castle of Beauvert,
near Marseilles, in 1756. In 1790 he
belonged to the national guard at Bag-
nols ; and on the flight of the royal fam-
ily to Varennes he offered himself as a
hostage for Louis XVI. In 1795 he was
editor of the journal entitled " Les Actes
des Apotres ;" for which he was sen-
tenced to deportation, but escaped. For
a time during the consulate he was under
the surveillance of the police ; but at
length obtaining the protection of the
Empress^ Josephine, he was aj^pointed
to an oftice in the department of Jura;
where he died in 1817. He wrote the
" Life of Rousseau," and various works
relative to the Bourbons during their
exile.
BARRY, GraALD, better known as
Giraldus Cambrensis ; author of " Topo-
114
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bar
graphia Hibernica," " Itinerarium Cam-
brite," &c. He flourished in the 12th
century. — Spranger, a celebrated actor,
and, lor a time, tlie rival of Garrick,
and, in the higher walks of the drama,
is supposed by many to have greatly
excelled him. B. 17ly; d. 1777.— Jamks,
lord of Sautry, chief justice of the King's
Bench in Ireland ; author of "The Case
of Tenures upon the Commission of De-
fective Titles." U. 1673.— James, an
eminent painter, born at Cork, 1742;
having early discovered great genius for
the art, he was patronized by Mr. Burke,
and brought to London, where he be-
came a pupil to Sir Joshua Keynolds.
When Mr. Burke came into administra-
tion with the marquis of Rockingham,
he sent Mr. Barry to Italy at his sole
expense. After visiting all the celebrated
schools of the continent, in which he
occupied three years, he returned to
London; and in lV7o published "An
Inquiry into the Real and Imaginary
Obstructions to the Acquisition of the
Arts in England." About two years
after this he was elected a royal acade-
mician, and in 1786 made professor of
painting to the Royal Academy; but in
179y, on an alleged addiction to demo-
cratic principles^ was removed from that
otfice. He seems soon afterwards to
have taken disgust at society; from
which he retired into obscurity, living
unattended, and half-starved, till some
friends raised about £1000, with which
they purchased an annuity for him ;
but before the first quarter's payment
of it became due he died, 1806. His
greatest ettbrt of art is a series of alle-
gorical pictures, which he painted gra-
tuitously lor the great room of the Society
of Arts in the Adelphi. — William T., an
American statesman, postmaster-gener-
al under Jackson, and afterwards minis-
ter to Spain. B. 1785; d. 1835. — John,
a distinguished naval officer in the
service of the United States, born at
Wexford, in Ireland, who was of great
assistance to Washington during the
revolutionary war. He took many prizes,
and conquered the British ship of war
Atalanta. B. 1745; d. 1803.— Marie
Jeanne Gomart de Vaubernier, Coun-
tess Du, a celebrated mistress of Louis
XV. of France, was the daughter of a
commissioner of the customs at Vau-
couleurs, became a milliner at Paris, and,
on being seen by the king, soon took
the place of Miidame de "Pompadour.
She was married to the Count du Barry,
and acquired prodigious influence at the
court. She caused the ruin of the
haughty Duke de Choiseul, and pro-
moted the Duke d'Aiguillon. When
the king died she was banished to an
abbey near Meaux. During the revolu-
tion she was condemned to death and
executed. Her conduct in her last mo-
ments betrayed the greatest weakness
and fear. B. 1744; d. 1793.
BART AS, William de Sallust du, a
French poet, wan-ior, and statesman ;
confldentially employed by Henry IV. ;
author of " The Week of the Creation,"
(tec D. 1590.
B A.RTH, John, a French naval officer,
remarkable for his skill and daring as a
pvjvateer. B. at Dunkirk, 1551 ; d. 1602.
BARTIIE, Nicholas Thomas, a
iYench dramatic writer, and translator
of " Ovid's Art of Love" into French,
&c. B. 1738; d. 1785.
BARTHELEMI, Nicholas, a monk
of the 15th century; author of a treatise
" On the Active and Contemplative Life,
&c.
BARTHELEMY, John James, the
learned author of "The Voyage of the
Younger Anacharsis in Greece ;" was
b. at Cassis, in Provence, 1716; d. 1795.
BARTHEZ, Paul Joseph, an eminent
French physician, was born at Montpe-
lier in 1784, where he founded a medical
school, which acquired great reputation
throughout Europe. For many years
he practised in Paris, and was consulted
upon the most important cases ; he also
wrote in the "Journal des Savans," the
"Encyclopedic," &c., and was a mem-
ber of* almost every learned society. Du-
ring the revolution he suffered 'greatly
in his fortune ; but Napoleon, who knew
his great merits, restored him, in his
old age, to wealth and honors. D.
1806.
BARTHOLDY, Jacob Solomon, a
Prussian diplomatist, bom a Jew, but
after travelling in Greece he abjured
Judaism, and became a Protestant. In
1807 he served against the French as an
officer in the land-wehr of Vienna, and
wrote a tract called "The War of the
Tyrol," which produced a great sensa-
tion. D. 1826.
BARTHOLEMON, Francis Hppo-
lite, a musical composer and violinist,
was born at Bordeaux, in 1741, but
resided chiefly in London, and was for
many years leader at the opera-house.
As a composer he was remarkable for
rapidity; and as a performer for taste
and execution. D. 1808.
BARTLETT, Josiah, a governor of
New Hampshire, who was originally a
physician of merit, then commanded a
']
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
llbf
regimeat of militia in the revolution,
was a member of the continental con-
gress, an<l was the first who voted tor,
and, after the president, si.nel the Dec-
laration of Independence. B. 1729 ; d.
179).
BARTOLI, or BARTOLUS, a learned
civilian, wiio is said to Jiave contributed
more tlian any of his predecessors to
the elucidation of 1%'al science. B.
1312; d. 1356. — Daniel, a learned Jes-
uit; author of a "History of the Jes-
uits," &c. B. at Ferrara, 1608; d. 1685.
— Cosmo, an Italian writer of the 16th
century; author of a "Life of Frederic
Barbarossa," &c.
BAKTOLO, an Italian lawyer of the
14th century ; prolessor of law at Pisa,
and author of numerous works on law
and other subjects.
BAKTOLOZZl, Francis, an engraver
of first-rate merit, was born at Florence
in 1728; went to England in 1764; was
admitted a member of the Royal Acad-
emy in 1769, and went to Lisbon, at the
invitation of the prince-regent of Portu-
gal, in 1802. The productions of his
graver are numerous, highly esteemed,
and eagerlv sought after. D. 1815.
BARTON, Bernard, the "Quaker
poet," was born near London, 1784. In
1810 he became a clerk in Alexander's
bank, at Woodbridge, where he officiated
almost to the day of his death. His first
volume of poetry was published in 1811,
and this was succeeaed by numerous
others, most of them devoted to homely
subjects, but all of them animated by
the purest feeling and the most glowing
fancy. But it was not only for his merits
as a poet, that Bernard Barton deserves
to be held in remembrance. He was en-
dowed with every quality which endears
a man to all that come within his influ-
ence. His genial ^ood-humor and vast
stores of information made him a wel-
come guest wherever he appeared; and
the native sincerity of his character,
which was set forth in every act of his
life, was enhanced by a benignity, lib-
erality, and charity in entire accordance
with the precepts of his faith. D. 1849.
— Benjamin S., a noted physician and
naturalist of Philadelphia, educated at
Gottingen, and a contributor to the
transactions of the American Philosoph-
ical Society. He was for many years
professor of natural history and botany
m the university of Pennsylvania, and
succeeded Dr. Rush in the chair of med-
icine. B. 1766; d. 1815. — Elizabeth, a
country girl of Aldington, in Kent,
(therefore called the "holy maid of
Kent,") of whom English Protestants'
give this account. She was used as an
instrument, by the Catholics and adhe-
rents of Queen Catherine, to excite the
English nation against the proposed di-
vorce of Henry \ III. from his first wife,
and the apprehended separation of the
English church from Rome, with which
the king then threatened the pope. Her
delirium, in a violent nervous illness,
was made use of by the parson of Al-
dington, and by a canon of Canterbury,
to persuade her that she was a prophet-
ess inspired by God, and destined to
prevent this undertaking of the king.
During her paroxysms, she cried out
against this divorce, and against the pre-
vailing sins and heresies. The arch'
bishop of Canterburv and bishop of
Rochester encouraged her to continue
her revelations, which she pretended
were communicated to her by a letter
from heaven. By the prophecy, that
Henry, if he persisted in his purpose
of divorce and second marriage, would
not be king for one month longer, and
would die a shameful death, she excited
many monks and nuns to violence
against the king. Her revelations pro-
duced such a fermentation among the
f)eople, that Henry ordered the appre-
lension and examination of Elizabeth
and her accomplices before the star-
chamber. Afcer they had there con-
fessed the imposture, they were con-
demned to make a public confession
and suffer imprisonment; and when it
was found that the party of the queen
were laboring to make them retract
their confession, they were adjudged
guilty of high treason, for a conspiracy
against the king, and executed, April
30th, 1534.
BARTR AM, John, an eminent Amer-
ican botanist, was b. in Chester county,
Pennsylvania, in 1701. He formed a
botanic garden near Philadelphia, said
to have been the first establishment of
the kind in America; and so intimate
an acquaintance had iie with the vege-
table kingdom, that Linnaeus pronounced
him " the greatest natural botanist in the
world." b. 1777.— AViLLiAM, a son of
the preceding, was also a distinguished
naturalist. At the request of Dr. Fother-
gill, he travelled through the Floridas,
Carolina, and Georgia, for the purposea
of making researches in natural history,
and transmitted to his employer in Lon-
don the valuable colleotious and draw-
ings which he had made. His " Amer-
ican Ornithology" may be considered
the precursor of Wilson's invaluable
116
CrCLOP^DIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[baS
work. His " Travels," also, is a rare
and curious book. D. 1823.
BAKWICK, John, an English divine,
who exerted himself with considerable
zeal and ability on the roval side in the
civil wars. B. 1612; d. 1664.— Peter,
brother of the above, an eminent physi-
cian ; author of a " Defence of Harvey's
Doctrines of the Circulation of the
Blood," &c. D. 1705.
BASEDOW, John Bernard, a Ger-
man writer, and professor of moral phi-
losophy and belles lettres. His nOvel
plans of education excited great atten-
tion in Germany ; and in the seminary
he established at Dessau, called " The
Philanthropinum,"many excellent teach-
ers were formed, and ^reatgood effected.
An account of him is to be found in
Goethe's Autobiography. B. 1723; d.
1790.
BASEVI, George, a distinguished
architect. Among the edifices built or
.^stored by him are the churches in the
early English style at Twickenham and
Brompton, the Norman church at Hove,
near Brighton, and St. Mary's Hall, at
Brighton, in tlie EUzabethan style. Bel-
grave square, in the metropolis, was
erected from his designs ; and he was
joint architect with Mr. Smirke of the
Conservative Club, in St. James's-street.
Having gone to inspect the west bell-
tower of Ely cathetfral, then under re-
pair, he accidentally fell through an
aperture, and was tilled on the spot.
B. 1795 ; d. 1845.
BASIL, St., called the Great, to dis-
tinguish him from other patriarchs of
the same name, was b. in 329, and was
made, in 370, bishop of Caesarea, in Cap-
padocia, where he d. in 379. He is the
most distinguished ecclesiastic among
the Grecian patriarchs. His efforts for
the regulation of clerical discipline, of
flie divine service, and of the standing
of the clergy ; the number of his ser-
mons; the success of his mild treatment
of the Arians ; and, above all, his en-
deavors for the promotion of monastic
life, for which he prepared vows and
rules, observed by himself, and still re-
maining in force," prove the merits of
this holy man. The Greek church
honors him as one of its most illustrious
Satron saints, and celebrates his festival
anuary 1st. His followers are far
spread; there are even some of them in
America. They lead an ascetic life.
The vows of obedience, chastity, and
poverty, framed by St. Basil, are the
rules of all the orders of Christendom,
although he is particularly the father of
the eastern, as St. Benedict is the
patriarch of the western orders.
BASILIUS I., the Macedonian, em-
peror of the East ; killed by a stag while
hunting, in 836. — II., succeeded John
Zimisces, in 976. He was guilty of
abominable cruelty in his war with the
Bulgarians. D. 1025. — There was also,
of this name, an impostor, who excited
a revolt in the eastern empire, in 934, and
was burnt to death at Constantinople.
BASILOWITZ, John, emperor of
Russia ; he added Astracan to his em-
pire, and was the first who assumed the
style and title of Czar. D. 1584.
"^BASIRE, Isaac, a learned divine,
prebend of Durham. On the breaking
out of the civil war he lost all his prefer-
ments ; on which he made a journey to
the Morea, where he preach fd with ^reat
success among the Greek Christians;
and on his return wrote an account of
his travels. B. 1607 ; d. 1676.
BASKERVILLE, John, an English
artist, deserving of notice for his im-
provements in printing and type-found-
ing. He was born at Wolverly, in
Worcestershire, in 1706, and, inheriting
a small estate, was brought up to no
profession. He, however, acquired a
particular skill in penmanship and
carving letters on stone ; and, at the
age of 20, he settled at Birmingham as a
writing master. He subsequently en-
gaged in the manufacture of japanned
works ; and, in 1750, commenced his
labors in the branch of art which ac-
ouired for him so much celebrity. His
first great performance, as a printer, was
an edition of Virgil, in royal 4to., 1756,
which was followed by many of the
Latin classics, and some English ones,
in 4lo. and smaller sizes. The beauty
of his typographical productions was
superior to any thing which had previ-
ously appeared from an English press ;
and when it is considered that the paper
and ink, as well as the types and work-
manship, were the fruits of one man's
skill and ingenuity, it must be admitted
that he possessed great merit. He d.
in 1775 : and his types and matrices
were afterwards sokfat Paris, for 4i3700,
to Beaumarchais, who printed with them,
at Kehl, a superb edition of Voltaire.
Baskerville was an enemy to all outward
forms of divine service, which he de-
clared to be mere superstition. He
ordered, in his will, that liis body should
not be buried in a burying-ground. — Sir
Simon, an English physician of great
eminence and wealth; knighted by
Charles I. D. 1641.
BAS]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT.
117
BASN AGE, Benjamix, a French Prot-
estant divine ; author of "A Treatise
on the Churolu" B. 1580; d. 1652.—
Anthony, sou of the above ; imprisoned
at Havre de Grace on account of his re-
ligion. B. 1610; d. 1691.
BASSAN, (whose real name was
Giacomo de Ponte,) a painter, born in
1510. He was surnamed Bassan, from
the place Bassano, where his father lived.
His pictures are scattered all over Eu-
rope. He painted historical pieces, land-
scapes, flowers, &c., and also portraits ;
amonjj others the doge of Venice, Ari-
osto, Tasso, and other persons of emi-
nence. He lived to the age of 82, dying
in 1592. Several of his best works are
in the churches of Bassano, Venice,
Vicenza, and other towns of Italjr. He
left four sons, who all became jpainters.
— Francisco was employed by the V^ene-
tian republic, with Paul Veronese and
Tintoret, to adorn the palace of St. Mark.
He was of a melancholy turn, and once
thought himself pursued by archers, so
that in a fit of self-created terror he
threw himself out of a window, and d.
169-i, aged 44. — Leander, another bro-
ther, ol)tained as a reward for his pieces
the collar of St. Mark, from the doge of
Venice, and a gold medal from the Empe-
ror Eodolphus n. — John Baptiste and
Jerome were eminent as imitators of
the style and manner of their father.
BASSANO, Hughes Bernard Maret,
Duke of, a celebrated French political
writer and statesman, was the son of an
eminent physician at Dijon. On the
first outburst of the French revolution
he enthusiastically embraced its ex-
tremest principles, and published a
paper under the title of the " Bulletin
de I'Assemblee," which he continued
until a bookseller started the Moniteur,
of which Maret was appointed editor,
and which speedily become the oflBcial
organ of the government. He became
acquainted with Bonaparte just as that
extraordinary man began to rise into
celebrity and influence, and was placed
by him in the important office of chef
de division in the foreign oflace. In
1811 he was made Due de Bassano and
minister of foreign affairs ; and in 1812
he conducted and signed the well-known
treaties between France, Austria, and
Prussia, preparatory to the fatal ex-
pedition to Russia. When the emperor
was sent to Elba, in 1814, the Due de
Bassano retired from public life ; but
iramediatelj^ after the return of the em-
peror, he joined him, and was very
nearly being taken prisoner at Waterloo.
On the utter ruin of Napoleon, the duke
was banished from France, but at the
revolution of July, 1830, he was recalled,
and restored to all the honors of which
he had been deprived. In 1838 he was
made minister of the interior, and presi-
dent of the council, but the ministry of
which he formed a part, survived only
three days. B. 1758 ; d. 1839.
BASSANTIN, James, a Scotchman,
who after studying astronomy and the
mathematics at Glasgow, travelled
through the Netherlands, Switzerland,
Italy, and Germany, and at last settled
at Paris, where he acquired both repu-
tation and money, as a mathematical
teacher. He returned in 1562 to his
native country, and becoming early ac-
quainted with Sir Robert Melvll, a
strong partisan of Mary q ueen of Scots,
he afterwards supported the pretensions
and ambitious views of the earl of Mur-
ray. In his religion he was a zealous
Protestant, as a man of learning he was
strongly tinctured with the failmgs and
the superstition of the time. He placed
great confidence in astrology, and with
more zeal than good sense asserted the
influence of the planets on the affiiirs of
the world. His works are all on math-
ematical subjects, and though not free
'from pedantry, and improbable conclu-
sions, they yetrbear strong testimony to
his merits as a philosopher. D. 1568.
BASSET, Richard, governor of Dela-
ware, was a member of the old congress
in 1787, and was appointed a senator
under the new constitution. In 1801
he was placed on the bench of the fed-
eral judiciary ; but the repeal of the act
constituting the courts, deprived him
of his office in 1802. D. 1815.
BASSIj Laura, wife of Joseph Verati,
honored in 1732 with the degree of doc-
tor of philosophy for her high mental
accomplishments, which she displayed
in her lectures on experimental philos-
ophy. Her private liie was also deserv-
ing of the highest encomiums, and ex-
hibited her as the possessor of every
amiable virtue. D. 1778.
BASSOMPIERRE, Francois de, a
marshal of France, of a family of dis-
tinction in Lorraine, was confined in
the Bastile by Richelieu, who dreaded
the power ot his satire. He remained
in this confinement 10 years till the
death of his persecutor, and employed
his time in Avriting his memoirs, wliich
are interesting, though occasionally
trivial. On his release he received the
offer of 500,000 livres from the duchess
of Aiguillon, niece of Richelieu, which
118
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOORAPHT.
[>
he politely refused, adding, "Madam,
your uncle has done me too great an
injury, to allow me to receive so much
good from you." He was employed in
embassies tv Louis XIII., and he pos-
sessed all tlie requisites of a courtier,
with great presence of mind, atFability,
wit, and uncommon generosity. ite
spoke the languages of Europe with
great fluency. He was found dead in
his bed, in 1646, in his 67th vear.
BASTIAT, Frederic, a French polit-
ical economist, who achieved a wide
reputation by his writings. Without
benig a discoverer of new truths, he
possessed the rare faculty of expanding,
with clearness, vivacity, and vigor, the
grounds and the eftects of complex
natural laws already developed by the
technical processes of philosophy. The
whole, or nearly the wliole, ot the tracts
written by M. Bastiat, under the generic
title_ of '^Sophismes Economiques,"
originally appeared in the Journal des
Ecenomistes, a periodical of which, for
the last six years, he has been a prin-
cipal supporter. M. Bastiat was a mem-
ber of the French national asseii.'"ly;
and he bore the highest character as an
able, upright, and zealous servant of his
constituents and his country. D. 1850.
BASTIDE, John Francis de la, aiv
industrious French miscellaneous writer,
was born at Marseilles in 1724. He
settled in Paris, where he engaged in
various literary enterprises ; of which
the most voluminous were the "Bibli-
otheque Universelle des Eoraains," in
112 vols., ajid the " Chois des Anciens
Mercures,"'in 108 vols.
_ BASTWICK, John, an English phy-
sician, and a famous writer against the
church in the time of Charles I. B. at
Writtle, in Essex, 1593 ; d. 1650.
BATE, George, physician to Charles
I., Oliver Cromwell, and Charles II.,
and one of the first members of the
Royal Society. He was the author of a
Latin history of the civil wars, and some
medical works. B. 1593 ; d. 1669.—
Julius, an English divine, author of a
"Hebrew Lexicon," &c. D. 1771.
BATECUMBE, William, an English
mathematician of the loth century, au-
thor of a treatise, " De Sphsera So'lida,"
&c.
BATEMAN, William, bishop of Nor-
wich, a learned prelate, and the founder
of Trinity Hall, Cambridge. D. 1354.
BATES, William, a hon- conformist
divine, author of "Lives of Learned
and Pious Men," &c. B. 1625 ; d. 1699.
«- John, an eminent musician, born at
Halifax, Yorkshire, in 1740. He vran
unanimously chosen conductor of the
commemoration of Handel at West-
minster Abbey; and till the year 1798
he conducted the choral performances
of ancient music, when he retired, and
was succeeded by Mr, Greatorex. His
wife was a first-rate sinsrer. D. 1799.
BATHALMUSI, an Arabian writer,
author of a work on " Genealogies,"
&c. D. 421 oftheHegira.
BATHE, William, an Irish Jesuit,
governor of the Irish seminary at Sala-
manca. D. 1641.
BATIIURST, Kali r, dean of Wells,
author of some elegant Latin poems,
and oT.e of the founders of the Eoyal
Society. B. 1620; d. 1704. —Allen,
Earl I zealous opposer of the measures
of Sir Robert Walpole, and the intimate
friend of Bolingbroke, Pope, Addison,
and the other eminent writers of his
time. B. 1684; d. 1775.— Henry, Karl,
son of the above, and lord chancellor of
England, author of the " Theory of Evi-
dence," &c. B. 1714; d. 1794.-^Henry,
bishop of Norwich, was born at Brack-
ley, in Northamptonshire, in 1744 ; and
"ducated at Winchester, and New col-
lege, Oxford. He was presented to the
rectory of Witchingham, in Norfolk, in
1770, subsequently became dean of Dur-
ham, and, in 1S05, was consecrated
bishop of Norwich. In the house of
lords. Dr. Bathurst was a strenuous
supporter of the Catholic claims : in his
diocese, an exemplary prelate. D. 1837.
— Henry, archdeacon of Norwich, eldest
son of the preceding, and rector of the
valuable livings of North Creake, Nor-
folk, and of Hollesley, Suffolk, was the
author of " Memoirs" of his right rev-
erend father ; a work overflowing with
spleen and expressions of disappoint-
ment, that one so faithful to his old
ft-iends, the Whigs, should have never
been preferred to a richer diocese ! D.
1844.
BATHYLLAS, the cotemporary of
Pylades, and one of the most celebrated
pantomimists of antiquity, was born at
Alexandria, and became the slave of
Maecenas, who enfranchised him. The
art of these celebrated mimics consisted
in expressing the passions by gesture,
attitudes, &c., not oy the modern fool-
eries of harlequin, clown, and scenic
changes. Batliyllus excelled in repre-
senting comedy ; Pylades in tragedy.
BATONI, PokPEo GiROLAMo,"an "Ital-
ian painter, who was the restorer of the
modern Roman school and had no rival
but Mengs. AU his pieces are taken
bad]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOQRAPHT.
lis
from nature. The manner in which he
executed his } aintinga was peculiar. He
covered his sketcli with a cloth, and
began to paint tlie upper part on the
lett hand, and proceeded gradually to-
wards the right, never uncovering a new
place before the first was entirely fin-
ished. Boni, who compares him with
Mengs, calls the latter the " painter of
pliilosophy ;" the former, the "painter
of nature." Batoni painted many altar-
pieces, and numerous portraits; for
instance, that of the Emperor Joseph
and the Empress Maria Theresa, in the
imperial gallery. His "Magdalen," in
Dresden, and his " Eeturn ot the Prodi-
gal Son," in Vienna, are celebrated.
BATOU, or BATU KHAN, grandson
of Zenghis Khan, and his successor in
the northern part of his vast empire.
He died, after a long reign and very
numerous conquests, in 1276.
BATSCH, Augustus John George
Charles, an eminent German naturalist ;
author of " Elenehus Fungorum," &c.
B. 1761; d. 1801.
BATTELY, John, archdeacon of Can-
terbury, and chaplain to Archbishop
Bancroft; author of " Antiquitates Ku-
tupinae," &c. B. 1747 ; d. 1708.
. BATTEUX, Charles, a French phi-
losopher, eminent for his erudition, as
well as for his private virtues, and the
humanity which was directed to the
maintenance of a numerous and im-
poverished family. His works are vari-
ous, but chiefly on classical literature,
in which he displays frequently more
method and labor than eloquence or
purity or depth of thought. It is said
that his deatli v;as accelerated by grief
in observing that the elementary book
which he wrote for the military school
of Paris, did not succeed so well as he
wished. Among other works he pub-
lished the four poetics of Aristotle, Hor-
ace, Vida, and Boileau, with notes. D.
1780.
BATTHYANI, Count, a noble Hun-
garian who took an indirect part in the
attempt to redress the wrongs of his
country in 1848. He was one of the
deputation who undertook the recon-
ciliation of the authorities and the people.
But the deputation failed in its object,
and this was his last public act. On the
8th of January, he was arrested in the
drawing-room of his sister-in-law, at
Pesth, transferred successively to Oeden-
burg, Laybach, and Pesth, and, after
nine months' imprisonment, was tried
by court-martial, declared guilty of high-
treoaon, and sentenced to die on the gal-
lows, October 6, 1849. He heard the sen-
tence with tranquillity and composure.
Having taken leave of his wife, he en-
deavored in the course of the night to
open the veins of his neck by means of
a blunt paper-knife, and thus to escape
the last indiOTity of what the Austrians
called the "law." But his attempt was
discovered and his life preserved till he
was formally executed, or rather mur-
dered. He was never in open rebellion,
and his efforts mainly had been to refonn
and improve rather than revolutionize.
But the detestable and cruel spirit of
despotism makes no distinctions.
BATTISHALL, Jonathan, an emi-
nent musical composer, who added to
profound knowledge great taste and a
fine imagination. His " Kate of Aber-
deen" will be celebrated (among numer-
ous other of his compositions) as long
as pure melody shall be admired. B.
1738; d. 1801.
BATTIC, William, ft physician of
eminence who was skilful in the treat-
ment of diseases of the mind, and wrote
a "Treatise on Mental Madness." B.
1708 ; d. 1776.
BAUDELONQUE, John Louis, a
French surgeon of distinction, appoint-
ed by Napoleon to be midwife to Maria
Louisa. His works on midwifery are
in repute. B. 1746 ; d. 1810.
BAUDIEK, Michael, a native of Lan-
fuedoc, historiographer of France under
louis XIIL He wrote the "History of
the Mahometan Religion," the " Li^e of
Cardinal Amboise," of " Marechal de
Toiras," 1644, of"Ximenes," " Suger,"
and others; and though his style is
heavy and inelegant, yet his works are
curious and interesting, and valuable
for their authenticity and the variety of
his matter.
BAUDIN, Nicholas, a well-known
navigator, who contributed many speci-
mens of natural history to the collections
of Europe. B. 1750; d. 1803.— Peter
Charles, a member of the French na-
tional assembly and convention, and
author of anecdotes "Sur le Constitu-
tion." B. 1751 ; d. 1799.
BAUDIUS, Dominique, a native of
Lisle, who studied at Aix la Chapelle,
Leyden, and Geneva. He visited En-
gland in the suite of the ambassador of
the states of Holland, and formed an
acquaintance; with Sir Philip Sidney,
and afterwards he went to France, where
he staid 10 years, and by means of
Achilles de Harlai he was admitted ad-
vocate of the parliament of Paris. He
next went to Leyden, where he wa»
120
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bau
raised to the professorial chair of elo-
quence, and with Meursius named his-
toriographer of the states of Holland in
1611. lie was a man of genius as well
as erudition, and in his Latin poems
he displayed taste and elegance ot com-
position. D. 1613.
BAUDOT DE JUILLTj Nicholas, a
native of Vendome, son ot a collector of
excise, and author of several historical
pieces, written with method and inge-
nuity, though too much in the spirit of
romance. His " History of the Conquest
of England, by "William of Normandy,"
of " Philip Augustus," and " Charles
VII.," are his best pieces. He wrote
besides the " History of Catherine of
France, queen of England ;" " Germaine
de Foix;" the "Secret History of the
Constable of Bourbon;" "Spain Inva-
ded by the Moors," four vols., &c. D.
1759.
BAUDRAND, Michael Antoine, an
ecclesiastic, born at Paris. He visited
Eome, Germany, and England, and dis-
tinguished himself by his " Dictionnaire
Geogruphique," two vols, fol., printed
firstin Latm, and afterwards in French.
B. 1633 ; d. 1700.
BAUHINUS, or BAUHIN, John, a
French physician and celebrated bota-
nist; author of " Historia Plantarum,"
&c. B. 1541; d. 1613. — Gasp ard, brother
of the above ; an excellent botanist,
author of " Institutiones Anatomicae,"
" Phytopinax," " Pinax," and numerous
other works. B. 1560 ; d. 1624.
BAULDRI, Paul, professor of sacred
historv at Utrecht ; author of " Chrono-
logical Tables," &c. B. 1639 ; d. 1706.
BAULOT, James, a French lithoto-
mist, whose method was adopted and
improved upon by the celebrated Ches-
elden. B. 1651 ; cl. 1720.
BAUME, James Francis de la, a
French divine; author of "The Chris-
tiade," &c. &c. D. 1757. — Anthony, a
French chemist ; author of a " Treatise
on Theoretical and Experimental Chem-
istry," " A Manual ot Pharmacy," &c.
D. 1805. — Nicholas Augustus de la,
marquis of Montrcvel, and a marshal of
France, was born 1636. It is related of
him, that although from his earliest
youth he had been distinguished by his
claring valor, and had frequently braved
death in the field of battle, yet such was
his ridiculous superstition, that on the
contents of a salt-cellar having been ac-
cidentally thrown on him, he instant-
ly exclaimed that he was a dead man,
and expired from the terror with which
it inspired him. D. 1716.
BAUMER, John Wh-liam, a German
physician ; author of a " Natural Histo-
ry of the Mineral Kingdom," &c. B
1719; d. 1788.
BAUMGARTEN, Alexander Got
LiEB, an acute and clear thinker of the
school of Wolf, was born in 1714, at
Berlin, studied at Halle, and was for a
time professor extraordinary there. In
1740 he was made professor of philoso-
phy at Frankfort on the Oder, and died
there in 1762. He is the founder of
aesthetics as a science, and the inventor
of this name. He derived the rules of
art fBom the works of art and their ef-
fects. His ideas of this science he first
developed in his academical discussion,
"De NonnuUis ad Poema pertinenti-
bus." Meir's "Principles of all Liberal
Sciences" originated from his sugges-
tions. Eight years later, Baumgarten
published his" " iEsthetica," a work
which death prevented him from com-
pleting. His theories of art are now-
superseded in Germany by the more
profound and extensive'works of Schil-
ler, Schelling, Hegel, and their followers.
BAUR, Frederic William Vox, a na-
tive of Hessian Hanau, who served in
the Hessian troops in the pay of Britain
1755. In 1757 he was made a general,
and was ennobled by Frederic II. of
Prussia, and in 1769 he entered into the
service of the Russians, and was ap-
pointed by Catherine inspector of the
salt-works of Novogorod. His abilities
as an engineer and mechanic were also
employed in supplying Moscow with
water,"^ and in making deeper the canal
of Petersburg, and in constructing a
capacious harbor at its extremity. He
was also author of "Memoires Histori-
ques et G^ographiques sur la Vala-
chia," and of a " Chart of Moldavia," to
illustrate the war between the Turks
and Russians, in seven sheets. D. 1783.
— John William, a painter of Stras-
burgh ; chiefly noted for his architec-
tural subjects. B. 1610; d. 1640.
BAUSE, John Frederic, a distin-
Suished German engraver. B. 1738 :
. 1813.
BAUSSET, Cardinal Louis Francis
de, an eminent French prelate, born at
Pondicherry in 1748, was educated in
France, an<i was made bishop of Alais
before the revolution. Napoleon patro-
nized him ; and Louis XVIlL made him
a peer, and obtained for him the cardi-
nal's hat. He is the author of a " His-
tory of Fenelon," and of a " History of
Bossuet," both works of merit. D. 1824.
BAUTRU, William, a Frenchman,
bay]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
121
jaicous for his wit, which he displayed
witli great freedom and efficacy at the
court and among the ministers. Afier
seeing the E^curial in Spain attended by
an ignorant Hbrarian, he told the king
hat it would be advantageous for him
to m ike his librarian his treasui'cr, be-
cause, said he to the monarch who in-
quired why, he never touclies wliat he
is intrusted with. B. 1598; d. 1665.
BAWDWEEN, William, an English
divine and antiquary ; editor of two
volurach of Doomsday Book. He pro-
posed to complete the Avork in eight
other volumes, but died before he could
effect it, in 1616.
BAXTER, Richard, an eminent non-
conformist divine, was born Nov. 12,
1615, at Rowton, near High Ercal, in
Shropshire, and died 1691. He was or-
dained in 163S. It was not long after,
however, that the oath of universal ap-
probation of the doctrine and discipline
of the church, called the "Et Cetera"
oath, drove him and others from the
establishment. In 1640 he was invited
to be minister at Kidderminster, but the
civil war, which broke out soon after,
exposed him to persecution, as he es-
poused the cause of the parliament. He
retired to Co veil try, and continued his
ministerial labors till the success of the
republicans recalled him to his favorite
flock at Kidderminster. The ascenden-
cy of Cromwell gave him great offence,
and he even presumed to argue in pri-
vate with him on the nature and illegal-
ity of his power, but in the only sermon
which he preached before him,*he wisely
confined his subject to the dissensions
which existed in the kingdom on re-
ligious matters. He was in London
after Cromwell's death, and preached
before parliament the day before the
king's return was voted, and likewise
before the lord mayor for Monk's suc-
cesses. Charles II. made him one of his
chaplains, and Chancellor Clarendon
offered him the bishopric of Hereford,
which he declined. He was, however,
soon involved in the general persecution
of the non-conformists. His paraphrase
on the New Testament drew upon him,
in 1685, the vengeance of Jeffries, and
he was condemned to be imprisoned for
two years, from which punishment,
six months after, he was discharged bv
the interference of Lord Fowls with
King James. He wrote a vast number
of books ; Mr. Long, of Exeter, says 80 ;
iji. Calamy, 120 ; but the author of a
note in the Biographia Britannica tells
us that he had seen 145 distinct treatises
11
of Mr. Baxter's : his pratitical works
hijrve been published in four vols, folio.
Bishop Burnet, in the History of his Own
Times, calls him " a man of great piety ;"
and says, "that if he had not meddled
with too many things, he wonld have
been esteemed one of the most learned
men of the age ; that he had a moving
and pathetical way of writing; and was,
his whole life long, a man of great zeal
and much simplicity ; but was unhap-
pily subtle and metaphysical in every
thing. — William, an eminent critic and
grammarian, nephew to the foregoing.
B. at Lanlugany, in Shropshire, 165i»;
d. 1723. He published excellent editions
of " Anacreon '' and *' Horace," was
author of a " Latin Grammar," 1679,
and of a *' Glossary of the Roman An-
tiquities," which, however, goes no far-
ther than the latter A., and was printed
1726. — Andrew, a writer in metaphysics
and natural philosophy. Born in 1686,
at Aberdeen, where he received his
education at King's college. His prin-
cipal employment was that of a private
tutor. His celebrated work, " An In-
quiry into the Nature of the Human
Soul," was first published in 4to., and
has been several times reprinted. Bishop
Warburton calls it "the most finished
book of the kind that the present times
have produced." Baxter drew up^ for
the use of his pupils, a piece entitled
" Matho ; sive Cosmotheoris, Puerilis,
Dialogus," &c., which he afterwards
greatly enlarged, and published in En-
glish. D. 1750.
BAYARL), James A., an American
lawyer, a representative in congress from
Delaware, and afterwards senator, who
distinguished himself in the famous de-
bate on the judiciary, and in 1814 was
one of the commissioners who treated
for peace between the United States and
Great Britain at Ghent. B. at Philadel-
phia in 1767 ; d. 1815.— Pierre du Ter-
RAiL, Chevalier de^ called the knight
without fear and without reproach. B.
1476, in the castle of Bayard, near
Grenoble, was one of the most spotless
characters of the middle ages. He was
simple and modest ; a true friend and
tender lover ; pious, humane, and mag-
nanimous. At the age of 13 he was re-
ceived among the pages of the duke of
Savoy, the ally of France. Charles VIIL.
who saw him at Lyons, in the suite or
this prince, Avas struck with the dexter-
ity with which the youth managed his
horse ; he begged him of the duke, and
committed hir i to the care of Paul of
Luxemburgh, count de Ligny. The
m
CYCLOP -iEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bay
tournaments were his first field of glory.
At the age of 18 Bayard accompanied
Charles VIII. to Italy, and distinguished
himself greatly in the battle at Verona,
where he took a standard. At the be-
f inning of the reign of Loiiis XII., in a
attle near Milan, he pursued the fugi-
tives with such eagerness, that he enter-
ed the city with them, and was taken as
a prisoned. Ludovico Stbrza returned
him his arms and his horse, and dis-
missed him without ransom. While the
French were in Apulia, he defeated a
Spanish corps, and made their leader.
Den Alonzo de Sotomayor, prisoner,
treating him with generosity. Soto-
mayor, however, not only violated his
parole by flight, but calumniated Bayard,
who, according to the custom of that
time, challenged him and killed him.
Afterwards, like Horatius Codes, he de-
fended a bridge over the Garigliano
Bingly against the Spaniards, and saved
the French army by checking the ad-
vance of the victorious enemy. For this
exploit he received, as a coat of arms, a
porcupine, with the motto, " Vires ag-
mmis unus Tidbety He distinguished
himself equally against the Genoese and
the Venetians. When Julius II. de-
clared himself against France, Bayard
went to the assistance of the duke of
Ferrara. He did not succeed in his plan
of taking the pope prisoner ; but he re-
fused with indignation an offer made to
betray him. Being severely wounded
at the assault of Brescia, he was carried
into the house of a nobleman, who had
fled, and left his wife and two daughters
exposed to the insolence of the soldiers.
Bayard protected the family, refused
the reward of 2500 ducats, which they
offered to him, and returned, as soon as
he was cured, into the camp of Gaston
de Foix, before Eavenna. In an engage-
ment, which shortly after ensued, he
took two standards from the Spaniards,
and i^ursued the fugitives. Gaston, the
hope of France, perished through his
neglect of the advice of Bayard, who, in
.he retreat from Pa via, was again wound-
ed, and carried to Grenoble, where his
Ife was in danger. " I grieve not for
death," he said, " but to die on my bed,
like a woman." In the war commenced
by Ferdinand the Catholic, he displayed
beyond the Pyrenees the same talents,
the same heroism, which had distin-
guished him beyond the Alps.. The
ratal reverses which imbittered the last
years of Louis XII., only added a bright-
er splendor to the personal glory of
Bayard. Henry VIIl. of England, in al-
liance with Ferdinand and Maximilian
threatened Picardy in 1.315, and besieged
Terouane. The French army disgrace-
fully took to flight. Bayard, with his
accustomed intrepidity, made an inef-
fectual resistance to the enemv : over-
powered by superior numbers, his troop
was on the point of laying down theur
arms, when perceiving an English officer
at some distance, he immecliately gal-
loped towards him, presented his sword
to his breast, and cried, " Yield or die !"
The Englishman surrendered his sword,
when he immediately gave him his own,
saying, " I am Bayard, and your cap-
tive, as you are mine." The boldness
and ingenuity of this action pleased the
emperor and' the king of England, who
decided that Bayard needed no ransom,
and that both captives were relea.sea
from their parole. When Francis I.
ascended the throne, he sent Bayard
into Dauphine, to open for his army a
passage over the Alps, and through
Piedmont. Prosper Colonna lay in wait
for him on his march, expecting to sur-
prise him, but Bayard made him prison-
er. This brilliant exploit was the
prelude to the battle of Marignano, in
which Bayard, at the side of the king,
performed wonders of bravery, and de-
cided the victory. When king Charles
V. invaded Champagne with a large
army, and threatened to penetrate into
the heart of France, Bayard defended
the weakly fortified town of Mezieres
against every assault, until the dissen-
sions of the hostile leaders compelled
them to retreat. Soon afterwards, Genoa
revolted from France, when his presence
reduced it to obedience ; but, after the
surrender of Lodi, fortune changed, and
the French troops were expelled from
their conquests. Bonnivet was obliged
to retreat through the valley of Oasta ;
his rear was beaten, and he himself
severely wounded. The safety of the
army was then committed to him, and
it being necessary to pass the Sessia in
presence of a superior enemy, .he vigor-
ously attacked the Spaniards, when a
stone, from a blunderbuss, struck his
right side, and shattered his backbone.
The hero fell, exclaiming, "Jesus, my
God, I am a dead man !" " They hasten-
ed towards him. "Place me under yon
tree," he said, "that 1 may see the ene-
my," and died, April the 30th, in the
year 1524, surrounded both by friends
and enemies, who all shed tears of ad-
miration and grief.
BAYER, John, a German astronomer
of the 17th century ; atithor of "Urano-
bat]
CTCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
123
metria," a celestial atlas. — Theophilus
SiEOFRED, a German philologist ; autlior
of a very carious and able work, enti-
tled " Miisaeuiu Sinicum." B. 1694; d.
1738.
BAYLE, Pierre, author of the " His-
torical and Critical Dictionary," was b. at
Carhit, in the county of Foix, (Langue-
doc,) in 1647, and received his first in-
structions from his father, a Calvinistic
preacher. He gave early proofs of an
astouisliing memory, and of singular
vivacity of mind. At the age of 19 he
entered the college of Puy-Laurenes, to
finish his studies. The ardor with
which he devoted himself to them
weakened his constitution. All books
were eagerly devoured by him ; liis taste
for logic led him particularly to study
religious controversies, but Aniyot's
Plutarch and Montaigne were his favor-
ite works. In Toulouse, he studied phi-
losophy with the Jesuits. Tlie arguments
of his professors, and, still more, his
friendly discussions with a Catholic
Eriest, who dwelt near him, confirmed
is doubts of the orthodoxy of Protest-
antism, so that he resolved to change
his religion. His conversion was a
triumph to the Catholics. His family,
however, tried all means to regain him.
and after 17 months he returned to his old
faith. In order to escape from the pun-
ishment of perpetual excommunication
which the Catholic church then pro-
nounced against apostates, he went to
Geneva, and thence to Copet, where
Count Dohna intrusted him with the
education of his sous, and where he
studied the philosophy of Des Cartes.
But after some years he returned to
France, and settled in Paris. In 1675
he obtained the philosophical chair at
Sedan, where he taught with distinction
until the suppression of this academy in
1681. The appearance of a comet, in
16S0, which occasioned an almost uni-
versal alarm, induced him to publish, in
1682, his " Pensees diverses sur la
Comete," a work full of learning, in
which he discussed various subjects of
metaphysics, morals, theology, history,
and politics. It was followed by his
" Critique generale de I'Histoire du Cal-
vinisme de Maimbourg." This work,
received with equal approbation by the
Catholics and Protestants, involved him
in many disputes. He afterwards un-
dertook a periodiciil work, " Nouvelles
de la Republique des Lettres," in 1684.
The death of his father and of his two
brothers, together with the religious
persecutiona in France, induced him to
tindertake his " Commentaire Philoso-
phique sur ces Paroles de I'Evangile ;
Contrains-les d'Eutrer j" which, in re-
gard to style and tone, is not worthy of
him. He next devoted all his attention
to the composition of his " Dictionnaire
Historique et Critique,'" which he first
published in 1696, 2 vols., fol. This was
the first work which appeared under his
name. He died, so to speak, with the
pen in his hand, in 1706, at the age of
59. "Bayle," says Voltaire, "is the
first of logicians and skeptics. His great-
est enemies must eontess that there is
not a line in his works which contains
an open aspersion of (/hristianity ; Vjut
his warmest apologists must acknowl-
edge that there is not a page in his con-
troversial writings which does not lead
the reader to doubt, and often to skepti-
cism." Bayle compares himself to Ho-
mer's cloud-compelling Jupiter.
BAY LEY, Anselm, an English di-
vine, author of " A Grammar of the
Hebrew Language," &c., &c. D. 1791.
— Sir John, a learned and upright judge,
was called to the bar in 1792, and ap-
pointed a serjeant-at-law in 1799. In
1808 he was made one of the justices of
the King's Bench, and received the
honor of knighthood. He was a man
of liberal education and enlarged no-
tions. His work on •' The Law of Bills
of Exchange" has long been a standard
book in the profession, and its value in
the commercial world is universally ac-
knowledged. B. 1773; d. 1841 .--Richard,
an eminent American physician, was b.
in Connecticut, in 1745. After study-
ing at home, he completed his profes-
sional education in London, and settled
at New York. In 1792 he was appointed
Srofessor of anatomy in the college of
olumbia, wlrere he acquired great ce-
lebrity. In 1799 he published his work
on yellow fever, wherein he proved it
to be a local malady. D. 1801. — Mat-
thias, remarkable for longevity, died
about the year 1789 at .Jones' creek, a
branch of the Pedee, in North Carolina,
aged 136 years. He was baptized at the
age of 134. His eyesight remained
good, and his strength "was very re-
markable till his death.
BAYLY, Thomas Haynes, a lyrical
poet of some merit, and the author of
several dramatic pieces, and one or two
novels. Though very popular in his
own day, the majority of liis writings
are already rapidlv passing into oblivion.
B. 1797; d. 1839.— Lewis, bishop of
Bangor, author of " Practice of Piety."
D. 1882. — ^William, an astronomer, who
124
CYCLOP-^DIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
went out with Captain Cook in the last
two voyages of that celebrated circum-
navijfator. 1). 1810.
BEACON, Thomas, prebendary of
Canterbury in tlie reign of Queen Eliza-
beth, author of numerous worlis against
popery.
BEARD, John, known for his em-
inence as an actor, first appeared at
Drury-lane, as Sir John Loverule, in
the "DevntoPay," 1737, but his suc-
cess was interrupted, for a few years, by
a marriage with Henrietta, daughter of
the earl of Waldegrave. He-afterwards
exchanged Drnry-lane for Covent-gai--
den. His wife died in 1753, and six years
after he married the daughter of Mr.
Eich, whom he succeeded in the man-
agement of Coveut-garden. In 1759 he
appeared in the cliaracter of Macheatli,
and divided the applauses of the town
for fifty-two successive nights, with
Miss Brent, us Polly. In 1768 he re-
tired trom the stage, and died that year,
aged 74, much respected for his private
cnaracter. •
BEATON or BETIIUNE, a cardinal,
and archbishop of St. Andrews, in Scot-
land, whose infamous persecutions of
his Protestant countrymen caused him
to be assassinated in his castle, in 1546.
— James, nephew of the above, and
bishop of Glasgow, author of " A His-
tory of Scotland." B. 1580; d. 1603.
fiEATTIE, James, a pleasing poet
and miscellaneous writer, was born at
Liiwrencekirk, county of Kincardine, in
17o5. In 176) he published a poem
called the "Judgment of Paris," which
proved to be a failure. In 1770 his
" Essay on Truth," written in opposi-
tion to the skepticism of Hume, gave
him his first fame. Five large editions
were sold in four years. A few months
after, he publislied the first book of the
" Minstrel," 4to., and, in 1774, the
second, which pleasing poem is likely
to be the bulwark of liis fame. It was
at first published anonymously, but its
language spoke to the heart and feelings
of all classes ; the learned descanted
upon the critical merits of its structure,
and the unlearned traced in it the ef-
fusions of a heart alive to the beauties
of nature, and warmed with the kindly
sympathies of humanity. To a splendid
eclition of his " Essay on Truth," pub-
lished by subscription in 1776, he added
some miscellaneous " Dissertations on
Poetry and Music, La\ighter and Lu-
dicrous Composition, &e." In 1783 he
published "Dissertations, Moral and
Critical," 4to. ; and in 1786, appeared
his "Evidences of the Christian Reli-
gion," 2 vols. 12mo. In 1790 he pub-
lished the first volume of his "Elements
of Moral Science," the second of which
followed in 1793, and to the latter was
appended a dissertation against the
slave-trade. His last publication was
an " Account of the Life, Character, and
Writings of James Henry Beattie," his
eldest son, an amiable and promising
young man, who died at the age of 22,
in 1790. This grreat affliction was fol-
lowed, in 1796, by the equally premature
death of his youngest and only survi-
ving son, in his 18th year ; which losses,
added to the melancholy loss of reason
by his wife, wholly subdued his con-
stitution ; and, after two strokes of
palsy, he died at Aberdeen, in August,
1803. Beattie was a religious and amia-
ble man, as well as a fascinating and
respectable controversialist.
BEATTY, Sir William, who was pre-
sent during the last moments of the
hero of Trafalgar, an " Authentic Nar-
rative" of whose death he published in
1831. D. 1842.
BEAUCHAMP, Joseph, a French as-
tronomer and Bernardine monk, born
at Vesoul, in 1752. During the revolu-
tion he was employed on a secret mis-
sion by Napoleon, but falling into the
hands of the English, they delivered
him up to the Turks, by whom he was
imprisoned as a spy. He was subse-
quently released, and d. at Nice, 1802.
— Richard, an English prelate, admi-
rably skilled in architecture. He was
surveyor of the works at Windsor, and
rebuilt the chapel there in the reign of
Edward IV. The great hall in the epis-
copal palace of Salisbury, and the se-
piilchral chapel in the cathedral, are also
monuments of his taste and science.
D. 1481,
BEAUCHATEAU, Francis Matthias
Chatelet de, a French poet, remarkable
for his precocious talents, author of " La
Lyre du jeune ApoUon," published
when he was only twelve years old.
B. 1645.
BEAUCLERK, Topham, a gentleman
of great literary talents, and a friend of
Dr. Johnson, who said that " Beau-
clerk's talents were those which he had
felt himself more inclined to envy
than those of anv one else he had ever
known." B. 1739 ; d. 1780.
BEAUFORT, Henry, the half-brother
of Henry IV. of England, was a cardinal,
bishop of Winchester, and chancellor of
the kingdom. He was proud, ambitious,
and immensely rich; but the hospitul
BE a]
CYCLOxiEDlA OF BIOGRAPHY.
125
of St. Cross, at Winchester, which he
founded, and numerous charitable be-
quests, prove that his riches were ulti-
mately well applied. D. 1447. — Maroa-
RET, countess of Richmond and Derby,
mother of Henry VII. She founded
St. John's college, and Christ's college,^
Cambridge, and distinguished herself
likewise as an author. B. 1441 ; d. 1509.
— Fkancis de Vkndome, duke of, son
of Caesar, duke -of Vendome, was im-
prisoned by Cardinal Mazarin. On his
escape, he broke out into open violence,
but soon succeeded in making his peace,
and was appointed admiral of France.
Killed at the siege of Candia, 1669. —
Lours DE, author of " Dissertations upon
the Uncertainty of the First Five Ages
of the Roman Republic," and other
learned works. D. 1795.
BEAUIIARNOIS, Alexander de, a
French nobleman who took part in the
revolution, and after having been at one
time president of the national assembly,
and served in the armies of France with
distinction, was put to death by the rev-
olutionarv tribunal just previous to the
full of Robespierre, in 1794, B. 1760.—
Francis, marquis de, elder brother of
Alexander, was born in 1756. He was
appointed major-general in the army of
the Prince of Conde, in 1792 ; protested
against the unlawful treatment of the
kmg, in a letter to the president of the
national assembly ; and when Bonaparte
became first consul, he exhorted him to
restore the sceptre to the house of Bour-
bon. He was afterwards appointed am-
bassador to the court of Spain, but fell
Into disgrace with Napoleon, and was
banished. He returned to Paris after
the restoration. D. 1819. — Eugene de,
son of the above, was born in 1780 ; en-
tered the army early, and became one
of Napoleon's generals, and his viceroy
in Italy, which office he filled with credit
and distinction, from 1805 to 1814 ; when
on his patron's reverses he retired to
Bavaria, married the king's daughter,
and was made duke of Leuchtenberg.
D. 1824. — Hortense Eugenie, ex-queen
of Holland, and duchess of St. Leu, was
born at Paris, in 1753, being the daughter
of Viscount Beauharnois (who perished
by the guillotine in 1794) by his wife
Josephine, afterwards the consort of
Napoleon. Hortense was married to
Louis Bonaparte in 1802, but it was an
ill-starred union, and they separated in
1807, after she had given birth to three
sons: the eldest or whom ("Napoleon
Charles) died in childhood ; tlie second
(Napoleon Louis) was killed in an in-
surrection at Eomagna, in 1832; and
the youngest (Louis Napoleon) is the
first president of the French republic,
established in 1848. D. 1837.
BEAULIEU, Sebastian de Pontault
de, a celebrated French engineer and
field-marshal under Louis XIV., author
of " Views and Plans of the Battles and
Sieges of Louis XIV." D. 1674.
BEAUMARCIIAIS, Pierre AuourriN,
baron of, was the son of a watchmaker
of Paris, b. in 1732, whose father des-
tined him to the same trade, but early
giving indications of fine musical talent,
e became teacher of the harp to the
daughters of Louis XV., and was ad-
mitted into their society. By a rich
marriage he laid the foundation of his
immense wealth. He now aspired to
literary reputation. His "Eugenie" ap-
peared in 1767, and " Les deux Amis"
in 1770, the first still holding its place
on the stage. He showed uncommon
talents in his lawsuit against Goesman
and La Blanche, when he wrote against
the former (who belonged to the parlia-
ment Maupeou; which was engaged in
a dispute with the ministry) his cele-
brated " Memoires," which entertained
all France. Had he remained more quiet
he probably would have gained his pro-
cess. The fame of his " Memoires"
alarmed even Voltaire, who was jealous
of every kind of glory. The "Barber
of Seville" and the " Marriage of Figaro"
have given him both permanent and uni-
versal reputation. Shortly before the
revolution he was involved in the pro-
cess against the banker Kornmann. In
1792 he wrote "La Mere coupable," but
never regained his former tame. He
was once more in his true element in
his memoir "Mes six Epoques." His
contract to supply the United States
with military stores, during their revo-
lutionary war, had increased his fortune,
of which he always made a noble use ;
but he lost about a million livres by his
famous edition of the works of Voltaire,
the very imperfect execution of which
was not answerable to the immense cost
of it. He lost stUl more at the end of
1791, by his attempt to provide the
French army with 60,000 muskets. Dis-
contented with the present, desj.airing
of the future, wearied with struggling
against the revolution and his creditors
for the ruins of his wealth, he died at
the age of 69 years, without any partic-
ular disease, in May, 1799. His biog-
raphy appeared in 1802 ; and in 1809 an
edition of his works, in 7 vols. Beau-
marchais was a singular instance of veiv
idc
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[bea
Batility of talent, being at once an artist,
politician, projector, mercliant, and dra-
matist. He was passionately attached
to celebrity. His " Marriage of Figaro"
excited one of tliose extraordinary sen-
Bations for which Paris has always been
remarkable. Tiie Englisii moditieations
of this comedy convey but a sliglit no-
tion of the mischievous subtlety and
deep spirit of intrigue in tiie original.
He left to his heirs a claim against the
United States of a million.of fran6s, for
supplies furnished during the war,
which has been repeatedly presented to
congress, but always rejected on the
ground that he acted only as the agent
of the French government, and had
been paid by it.
BEAUMFXLE, Laurence, a French
writer and critic; author of "Letters to
Voltaire," of whom he was a decided
opponent; "Commentary on the Hen-
nade," &c. B. 1727 ; d. 1773.
BEAUMONT, Francis, and FLET-
CHER, John, two eminent English dra-
matic writers. The former was b. in 15S5
studied at Oxfoi-d, and d. in 1616; the
latter was b. at London in 1576, and d.
there in 1625, of the plague. Animated
by the same inclination, they both devo-
ted themselves to poetry. Their plays,
about fifty, appeared under their joint
names, and it is impossible now to de-
termine their respective shares in sever-
al of these productions. According to
the testimony of some of their cotem-
poraries, Fletcher was the inventmg
genius, while Beaumont, though the
younger of the two, was more distin-
guished for maturity and correctness of
judgment. Shakspeare was their model,
and, like him, they intermix pathetic
and low comic scenes ; but their attempts
to surpass their model sometimes lead
them mto extravagances. Their desire,
also, of pleasing the public at times, in-
duces them to deviate from a correct
standard of taste. They succeed best in
their comic scenes. Their cotempora-
ries preferred them even to Shakspeare,
as much as posterity have reversed the
judgment.— Elie de, a French advocate,
distinguished for his memoir in favor
of the unfortunate family of Calas. B.
1732 ; d. 1785.— Madame le prince de,
a French lady, who devoted her talents
to the instruction of youth, and wrote
many pleasing moral works ; among
others, " Magazin des Adolescens,"
" Magazin des' Jeunes Dames," some
novels, &c. B. 1711 ; d. 1780.— Sir
George, a distinguished amateur ar-
Ust, was b. at Dunmow, Essex, in 1753 ;
d. 1827. — John Thomas Ba^iber, was b.
in London, in 1774, his paternal name
being Barber. In his youth he mani-
fested a strong desire to obtain eminence
as a painter. He afterwards became an
author, and published a " Tour in
Wales," besides several tracts upon the
best mode of arming the population, so
as most elfectually to repel the threatened
French invasion ; and he at length put
in practice what he ha4 so strenuously
recommended to others, by organizing
a matchless rifle corps, known by the
name of the " Duke of Cumberland's
Sharp-shooters," of whicTi corps he was
appomted, in 1803, captain commandant.
In 1806 he established the Provident
Institution, which gave rise to the vari-
ous similar establishments, now better
known as " saving banks," throughout
the kingdom. He died in May, 1841,
having bequeathed the bulk of his prop-
erty to his children, except the sum of
10,000^. to establish a philosophical in-
stitution in Beaumont square, Mile-end.
BEAUMONT DE PEREFIX, Har-
DouiN, tutor to Louis XIIL, and subse-
quently archbishop of Paris ; author of
a " History of Henry IV." D. 1670.
BEAUNE, Floriment de, a French
mathematician ; discoverer of a method
to determine the nature of curves by the
properties of their triangles. D. 1652.
BEAURAIN, John de, geographer to
Louis XV.; author of a "Description
of the Campaigns of Luxembourg, from
1600 to 16!t4." B. 1697 ; d. 1771.
BEAURIEU, Gaspard Guilli,vrd de,
a French writer ; author of " L'Eleve
de la Nature," &c. B. 1727 ; d. 1795.
BEAUSOBRE, Isaac de, a French
Protestant divine, who settled at Berlin, '
and became chaplain to the king of
Prussia ; author of " Defense de la Doc-
trine des Reformes," &c. B. 1650 ; d.
1738. — Louis, counsellor to the king of
Prussia ; author of " Philosophical Dis-
sertations on the nature of Fire," &c.
B. 1709 ; d. 1783.
BEAUVAIS, William, author of a
work on the medals of the Roman em-
pire. B. 1698 ; d. 1773.— Charles Nich-
olas, a French physician, member of the
Convention at the"^ revolution ; author of
" Essais Hist^riques sur Orleans," &c.
B. 1745 ; d. 1794.
BEAUVILLIERS, Francis de, duke
de St. Aignan, a soldier, courtier, and
poet, in the reiern of Louis XIV. B.
1607; d. 1687.— Paul de, eldest son of
the preceding, was highly distinguished
for talents and probity. He held high
offices in the state, and shared with the
BEC]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
Ill
virtu ouiJ archbisliop of Cambray, in the
education of the duke of Burgundy.
D. 1714.
BEAUZEE, Nicholas, an eminent
French critic and grammarian ; the au-
thor of several works, and a contributor
to the Eucyclopedie. B. 1717 ; d. 1789.
BEAVER, John, a monk of West-
minster in the litli century ; author of
a " Chronicle of the Affairs of Britain,"
&c.
BECCADELLT, Louia, an Italian ec-
clesiastic ; preceptor to prince Ferdinand
of Toscanv, and author of the Lives of
Cardinals JPole and Bembo. D. 1572. —
Antonio, of Palermo ; author of a
" History of Alphonso, king of Aragon,"
&c. B. 1374; d. 1471.
BECCAEI, Augustine, the first Italian
pastoral poet. D. 1520.
BECCAEIA, Cesare Bonesana, Mae-
CHESE Di, author of the well-known
"Treatise on Crimes and Punishments,"
was born at Milan, in 1735. He was
early excited by Montesquieu's " Lettres
Persanes," to the cultivation of his phi-
losophical talents, and afterwards favor-
ably know as a philosophical writer by
his memorable work full of noble phi-
lanthropy, "Die Delitti e delle Pene,"
(On Crimes ajid Punishments,) and
several others. With the eloquence of
true feeling, and a livelv imagination, he
opposes capital punishments and the
torture. This work led to the establish-
ment of more settled and more correct
principles of penal law and contributed
to excite a general horror against inhu-
man punishments. Beecaria was a true
friend, a good son, a tender husband,
and a real philanthropist. He is also
known in Italy as the author of a philo-
sophical grammar and theory of style,
"Ricerche interno alia Natura dello
Stilo," and of several good treatises on
rhetorical ornament, &c., contained in
the journal " II Caflfe," edited by him,
in conjunction with his friends Visconti,
Verri, and others. A fit of apoplexy put
an end to his useful life in November,
1793. — Giovanni Battista, an ingenious
practical philosopher, was born in 1716
at Mondovia. He went to Rome in 1732,
where he studied and afterwards taught
grammar and rhetoric; at the same time
he applied himself with success to mathe-
matics. He was appointed professor of
])hilosophy at Palermo, and afterwards
at Rome. Charles Emmanuel, king of
Sardinia, invited him to Turin in 1748,
to fill the professorship of natural phi-
losophy at the university there. Electri-
city h!ad at that time, through the
experiments of Franklin and others,
become an object of universal interest.
He therefore published his " Dell' Elet-
tricismo naturale ed artificiale." The
experiments which this work containa
on atmospherical electricity are so nu-
merous and various, that Priestlev af-
firmed in his History of Electricity, that
Beccaria's labors far surpass all that had
been done before and after him on this
subject. The academies of Lonuon and
Bologna elected him a member. He
wrote many other valuable works on
this subject. The most important " Dell'
Elettricismo artificiale" contains all that
was frhen known of electricity. Franklin,
who esteemed his works, had them
translated into English. In 1759 the
king employed him to measure a degree
of the meridian, in Piedmont. He began
the task in 1760, together with the abbot
Canonica, and published the result in
1774. The doubts expressed by Cassini
of the exactness of this measurement
drew from him his " Lettre d'un Itali-
ano ad un Parigino," in which he showed
the influence of the proximity of the Alps
on the deviation of the pendulum. As
his thoughts were entirely absorbed by
his studies, .le often neglected the nicer
rules of good breeding, without losing
however the general esteem. He died
April the 27th, 1781.
BECHER, John Joachim, authoi of
the first theory of chemistry, was bom
at Spire, in 1635. He finished his rest-
less life at London, in 1685, after having
resided in many parts of Germany. He
had many enemies, andhas been accused,
not entirely without justice, of charla-
tanry ; yet his infiuence on the science
of chemistry gives him still a claim to
remembrance. He brought it into a
nearer connection with physics, and
sought for the causes of all the phenom-
ena of the inorganic universe in these
two departments of science. This is the
object of his principal work, " Physica
Subterranea." At the same time he be-
gan to form a theory of chemistry, and
conceived the idea of a primitive acid,
of which all the others were only modi-
fications. He also made researches into
the process of combustion. — Daniel,
physician to the elector of Branden-
burgh ; author of " Commentarius de
Theriaca," &c. D. 1670.
BECKET, Thomas a, archbishop of
Canterbury ; a man raised from a com-
paratively "low station to the very highest
offices by" Henry II., but proud, "insolent.
and ungrateful. Having shown himself
the violent opponent of his royal patron,
128
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bed
the latter gave utterance to some hasty
expressions respecting him in the pres-
ence of his courtiers, and he was at
length assassinated at the altar of Can-
terbury cathedral, in 1170. After his
death he was canonized.
BECKFOED. William, one of the
most remarkable men of modern times,
was the son of alderman Beckford, of
London, who bequeathed him West In-
dian and other property, said to amount
to upwards of £100,000 per annum. He
had a strong passion for building ; and
in erecting Fonthill Abbey he spent
in a very few years the enormous sum
of £273,000 ! One tower of immense
costliness, employed 460 men both by
night and by day through an entire win-
ter, the torches used by the nocturnal
workmen being visible to the astonished
travellers at miles distant. As might be
expected, the mortar and cement used
had no time to set properly, ere a vio-
lent gale of wind brought the vast struc-
ture to the ground. Merely remarking
that he should have been glad to witness
the sublime fall of such a mass of mate-
rials, he gave orders for the erection of
another tower of 276 feet in height ; this
also fell to the earth in the year 1825.
Building, however, did not alone occupy
Mr. BecKford. An excellent scholar, ancl
possessed of a fine taste in almost every
branch of art, he collected in the fantas-
tic but costly " Abbey," one of the finest
and most extensive libraries in England,
and his pictures and curiosities were al-
most unequalled. His vast expenses,
and the loss in chancery of a large por-
tion of his W^est Indian property, ren-
dered it necessary for him to sell the
abbey, and, with a few exceptions, all
its rich and rare contents, in 1822.
When the sale was announced, public
curiosity was so generally excitecl, that
the enormous number of 7200 catalogues
were sold at one guinea each ! Though
his eccentric and more than princely
lavishness of ontlay caused Mr. Beck-
ford to be much talked of, both in En-
gland and in Portugal, where he built a
residence, his true claim to any notice
here rests upon his undoubted talents
as an author in many walks of literature,
and his genius as displayed in the wild
and singular tale of "Vathek," which is
so splendid in description, so true to
eastern costume, and so wild and vivid
in imagination, that Lord Byron con-
sidered it difficult to credit that it was
written by a European, and said, " Even
Easselas must bow before it ; the happv
valley will not bear a comparison with
the hall of Eblis." In addition to thi*
work, upon which his fame securely
rests, Mr. Beckford wrote a satirical
work, entitled "Memoirs of Extraordi-
nary Painters;" "Italy, with Sketches
of Portugal and Spain ;" and " Kecol-
lections of an Excursion to the Monas-
teries of Alcoba(,aand Batalha." D. 1844.
BECKINGHAM, Charles, an English
dramatist; author of "Scipio Afriea?-
nus " a tragedy, &c. D. 1730.
BECKMANN, John Anthony, a na-
tive of Hanover, and a professor at Got-
tingen, where he lectured for many
years on subjects connected with rural
and political economy, &c. He was
the author of several works, of which
his " History of Discoveries and Inven-
tions" is the best known. B. 1739 ; d.
1811.
BECLAKD, Peter Augustus, an em-
inent French anatomist, was born at
Angers, in 1785 ; became professor of
anatomy and physiology at Paris, wliere
he attained the highest reputation as a
lecturer and man of science. He wrote
"Anatomical Memoirs," &c. D. 1825.
BEDA, or BEDE, an eminent eccle-
siastic of the 8th century, usually called
the Venerable Bede, was born in the year
672 or 673, near Wearmouth, in the
bishopric of Durham. From the age of
7 to that of 19 he pursued his studies in
the monastery of St. Peter, at Wear-
mouth. Being then ordained deacon,
he was employed in the task of edu-
cating the youth who resorted to the
monastery for instruction, and pursued
his own studies with unremitting ardor.
In his 30th year he was ordained priest;
and his fame for zeal and erudition
reaching the ears of Pope Sergius, he
was invited to Eome, but, in conse-
quence of the death of that pontiff',
never went there. It is not even certain
that he ever left Northumberkmd, which,
of course, reduces the incidents of his
life to his literary pursuits and domestic
occupations, as he accepted no benefice,
and never seems to have interfered with
civil transactions. His "Church His-
tory" was published in 731. His last
literary labor was a translation of the
Gospel of St. John into Saxon, which he
completed, with difficulty, on the veiy
day and hour of his death. The wri-
tings of Bede were numerous and im-
portant, considering tlie time in which
they were written, and the subjects of
which they treat, which extended to
ecclesiastical affairs, religion, and edu-
cation only. His "English Ecclesiasti-
cal History" is the greatest and most
Bxs.d]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
tSI^
popular of his works, and has acquired
additional celebrity by the translation
of King Alfred. I'he collections which
he made for it were the labor of many
years. Besides his own personal inves-
tigations, he kept up a correspondence
with the monasteries througliout the
heptarchy, to obtain archives and rec-
ords for his purpose ; and thus nearly
all the knowledge possessed of the early
state of Christianity in this country is
due to Bede. There have been several
editions of the original Latin, which is
easy, although not elegant. While the
number and variety of the writings of
Bede show the extent of his erudition,
his probity, moderation, and modesty
insured him general respect ; and his
disinterestedness is proved by the fact,
that he was never any thing higher tlian
an unbeneficed priest. A" letter of ad-
vice, which he wrote late in life, to Eg-
bert, archbishop of York, proves at once
the purity of his morals, the liberality
of his sentiments, and the excellence of
his discernment ; his wish being to cur-
tail the number of monasteries, and to
increase the efficacy and respectability
of the secular clergy. Notwithstanding
the veneration with which he was re-
garded, not a single miracle is recorded
of him ; and as monks were the great
miracle-mongers, and his views of mo-
nastic reform such as we have mention-
ed, this is not surprising. The manner
of the death of this virtuous ecclesiastic
was striking and characteristic. He was
dictating a translation of the Gospel of
St. John to an amanuensis. The young
man who wrote for him said, "There is
now, master, but one sentence wanting ;"
upon which he bade him write quickly ;
and when the scribe said "It is now
done," the dying sage ejaculated, " It is
now done," and a few minutes after-
wards expired, in the act of prayer, on
the floor of his cell, in the 63d year of
his age, in the year 785.
BEDDOES, Thomas, a physician and
author, b. 1760, at Shiffnal, in Shrop-
shire ; d. 1808. He made great pro-
gress at^school, in classical studies, and
distinguished himself at Oxford by his
knowledge of ancient and modern lan-
guages and literature. The great dis-
coveries in physic, chemistry, and
physiology irresistibly attracted him.
He continued his studies with success
in London and Edinburgh. In his 26th
year he took his doctor's degree, after-
wards visited Paris, and formed an
acquaintance with Lavoisier. On his
ret'irn he was appointed professor of
chemistry at Oxford. There he publish-
ed some excellent chemical treatises, and
"Observations on the Calculus, Sea-
Scurvy, Consumption, Catarrh, and Fe-
ver." But, by showing his sympathy
with the people of France during the
first French revolution, he offended some
of his former admirers, and excited such
a clamor of the dominant faction in this
country against him, by the publication
of his political opinions, that he resigned
his professorship, and retired to the
house of his friend Mr. Reynolds, in
Shropshire. There he composed his
" Observations oi. the Nature of Demon-
strative Evidence," in which he endeav-
ors to prove, that mathematical reason-
ing proceeds on the evidence of the
senses, and that geometry is founded
on experiment. He also published the
" History of Isaac Jenkins," which was
intended to impress useful moral lessons
on the laboring classes in an attractive
manner. Above 40,000 copies of this
popular work were sold in a short time.
Alter he had married, jii 1794, he form-
ed the plan of a pneumatic institution,
for curing diseases, particularly con-
sumption, by means of factitious airs or
gases. He succeeded, with the assist-
ance of the celebrated Wedgewood, in
opening this institution, in 1798. He
engaged, as a superintendent of the
whole, a young man, Humphrey Davy,
the foundation of whose future fame
was laid here. The chief purpose of
the institution, however, was never re-
alized, and Beddoe's zeal gradually re-
laxed, so that he relinquished it one
vear before his death, after having pub-
lished a number of valuable works upon
the application of fiictitious airs. In the
last years of his life, he acquired the
reputation of the best medical writer in
Great Britain, particularly by his " Hy-
geia," in three vols., a popular work,
which contains passages ot extraordinary
eloquence. His political pamphlets, from
1795-97, are forgotten ; but will proba-
bly be viewed with more interest by the
spirit of the present day.
BEDELL, William, bishop of Kil-
more and Armagh ; greatly reverenced
in Ireland for his learning, piety, and
benevolence. B. 1570; d. 1641. — ^Greg-
ory T., D.D., an eloquent and popular
clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal
church. He was born on Staten Island,
October the 28th, 1798, and was gradu-
ated at Columbia college. New York, in
1811. His father was Israel Bedell, and
his mother was a sister of the Rt. Rev
Richard Channing Moore, D.D,, bishoj:
130
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
of Virginia. Soon after leavinj^ college
ho commenced preparation tor holy
orders, and was ordained deacon by
Bishop Hobart, on the 4th of November,
1814, within one week after he had at-
tained the canonical age. In the sum-
mer of 1815 he accepted a rectorship in
Hudson, on the North Kiver. In the
latter part of the year 1818 he left Hud-
son, and removed to Fayetteville, N. C.
He was after that rector of St. Andrews,
in Philadelpliia. D. 1834.
BEDFORT), HiLKiAH, an English di-
vine, who was heavily fined as the au-
thor of "The Hereditary Right of the
Crown of England asserted," a Jacobite
work, which was in reality written by
George Harbin. D. 1724.— John, duke
of, third son of King Henry IV. of En-
gland, and one of the most successful
commanders ever opposed to the French.
He was appointed regent of France by
the will ot Henry v., and well sustained
the glory of his countiy during the ar-
duous struggle there. D. 1435. — John
Eus3ELL, 6th duke of Bedford, K. G., an
English nobleman, distinguished even
among his own distinguished race for
practical patriotism, and a princely pat-
ronage of the fine arts, and every branch
of industry which tends to the improve-
ment of the social condition. A mem-
ber of several learned societies, and em-
inently versed in science and fond of
literature, he was no less attached to
agriculture, to the improvement of which
he devoted many years and large sums
of money. Of his liberality, when any
useful object was in view, some opinion
may be formed from the fact, that he
expended upwards of £40,000 in re-
building Covent-Garden market, in such
a style as to render it one of the great-
est ornaments of that part of London.
B. 1766 ; d. 1839.
BEDLOE, William, captain, an infa-
mous informer, noted for his perjuries,
and rewarded with £500 for pretended
information respecting a popish plot,
and the death of Sir Edmundbury God-
frey. D. 1680.
BEECHEY, Sir William, an eminent
Ensrlish portrait-painter, but he did not
wholly confine himself to that branch
of the art, having painted some histor-
ical compositions ot more than common
merit, especially his "Iris bearing to
Somnus tlie command of Juno to warn
Alcyone by a dream of the fate of her
husband Ceyx." His chief excellence,
however, lay in portrait-painting, to
which, indeed, he chiefly confined him-
self and in which he greatly surpassed
most of his cotemporary artists in
number. Died aged 80 yciirs, in 1839.
BEER, Michael, a learned Jew of
Paris. B. at Nancy in 1784, was the
first of his religion who pursued the
profession of an advocate in France.
His success in this career was brilliant,
but he soon gave himself up exclusively
to literature, and receivea the honor
never before conferred upon a Jew, of
being admitted into the learned acade-
mies of France. He was elected a mem-
ber of the Royal Society of Antiquaries,
of the Philote'chnic Society, of the acad-
emies of Nancy, Strasburg, Nantes, and
Gottingen. Napoleon invited him, in
1807, to the assembly of Jews, who were
to advise concerning the amelioration of
that people; and the general sanhedrim
for France and Italy chose him their
secretary. At the erection of the king-
dom of Westphalia, on account of his
knowledge of the language of the coun-
try, he received an appointment in the
•ministry of the interior, and, afterwards,
was appointed to a corresponding of-
fice in the French ministry ; he also
delivered a course of lectures on Ger-
man literature in the Athenaeum of
Paris.
BEERING, Vitus, a captain in the
Russian navy, was born at Horsens, in
Jutland. Being a skilful seaman, he
was employed by Peter the Great in the
navy established at Cronstadt. His tal-
ents, and the undaunted courage dis-
played by him in the naval wars against
the Swedes, procured him the honor of
being chosen to command a voyage of
discovery in the sea of Kamtschatka.
He set out from St. Petersburg, Feb.
5th, 1725, for Siberia. In the yeW 1728
he examined the northern coasts of
Kamtschatka as far as lat. 67° 18' N.,
and proved that Asia is not united to
America. It remained, however, to be
determined whether the land opposite
to Kamtschatka, was, in reality, the
coast of the American continent, or
merely islands lying between Asia and
America. June 4th, 1741, he sailed,
with two ships, from Ochotsk, and
touched on the northwestern coast of
America, between lat. 3.5° and 39" N.
Tempests and sickness prevented him
from pursuing his discoveries ; he was
cast on a desolate island, covered with
snow and ice, where he grew danger-
ously sick, and died Dec. 8th, 1741 .
The straits between Asia and America
have received the name of Beering's
Straits, and the island on wliich he died
that of Beeriug's Island.
beh]
CrCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
131
BEETHOVEN, Louis vox, b. in
Bonn, 1772, was the son of a man who
had been a tenor singer there; but ac-
cording to another account, a natural
son of Frederic William II., king of
Prussia. His great talent for music was
early cultivated. He astonished in his
eightli year all who heard him, bv his
execution on the violin, on which he
was in the habit of performing, with
great diligence, in a little garret. In his
eleventh year he. played Bach's " Wohl
Temperirtes clavier," and, in his thir-
teenth, composed some sonatas. These
promising appearances of great talent
mduced the then reigning elector of Co-
logne, to send him, in 1792, in the char-
acter of his organist, and at his expense,
to Vienna, that he might accomplish
himself there in composition, under the
instruction of Haydn. Under Haydn
and Albrechtsberger lie made rapid pro-
gress, and became, likewise, a great
player on the pianoforte, astonishing
every one by his extempore perform-
ances. In 1809 he was invited to the
new court of the king of Westphalia, at
which several men of distinction per-
suaded him to remain by the promise
of a yearly salary. He composed his
principal works after 1801. A few years
before his death, a cold, which he had
caught by composing in the open air,
produced a deafness, which became, by
degrees, very great. He lived, after-
wards, very much retired, in the village
of Modlingen, near Vienna. Instru-
mental music has received from his
compositions a new character. Beetho-
ven united the humor of Haydn with
the melancholy of Mozart, and the char-
acter of his music most resembles Che-
rubini's. His boldness is great; though
the more powerful nature and richer
imagination of Mozart embraced a wider
field, and many of his compositions ex-
press the whole height and depth of his
character. Besides the great sympho-
ries and overtures of Beethoven, his
quintets, quartets, and trios for stringed
instruments, his numerous sonatas, his
variations, and other pieces for the pia-
noforte, in which he shows the great
richness of his imagination, he also
composed vocal music, with scarcely
less success. To this department be-
longs his opera "Leonore," (in its alter-
ed state, called " Fidelio,") some masses,
an oratorio, (the "Mount of Olives,")
and songs for the piano-forte, among
which the composition of Matthison's
"Adelaide," called by us, "Rosalie,"
and some songs of Goethe are celebrated.
He died March 26th, 1827, near Vienna,
in great poverty.
BEHAIM, Martin, b. at Nuremberg,
about 1430, is distinguished as one of
the most learned mathematicians and
astronomers of his age. He was engaged
in commerce, and travelled for the pur-
pose of carrying on his business from
1455 to 1479 ; but he also devoted him-
self to the study of the mathematical
and nautical sciences, in which Regio-
montanus is said to have been his mas-
ter. He went from Antwerp to Lisbon
in 1480, where he was received with
marks of distinction. He sailed in the
fleet of Diego Can on a voyage of dis-
covery, and explored the islands on the
coast of Africa as far as the river Zaire.
He is also said to have discovered, or at
least to have colonized, the island of Fay-
al, where he remained for several years,
and assisted in the discovery of the other
Azores. He was afterwards knighted,
and returned to his native country where
he constructed a terrestrial globe in 1492,
which bears the marks of the imperfect
acquaintance of that age with the true
dimensions of the earth. Benhaim died,
after several voyages, in Lisbon, in 1506.
Some ancient Spanish historians assert
that he made several discoveries, and
that he gave to his friend Columbus the
idea of another hemisphere. Robertson
(in his History of America) and other
historians contradict this statement. It
is also rejected by Irving.
BEHN, Aphara, a lady of some celeb-
rity as a writer of plays and novels, was
descended from a good family in Canter-
bury of the name of Johnson, and was
born in the reign of Charles I. Il.ir
father, through the interest of his rela-
tion Lord Willoughby, being appointed
lieutenant-general of Surinam, embark-
ed with his family for the West Indies,
taking with him Aphara, who was then
very ;y^oung. The father died at sea;
but his family arrived safely at Surinam,
and remained there for some years, du-
ring which time Aphara gained the
acquaintance of the American prince
Oroonoko, whom she made the subject
of a novel subsequently dramatized by
Southern. On her return to England
she married Mr. Behn, a London mer-
chant, of Dutch extraction; but was
probably a widow when selected by
Ciiarles II. as a proper person to acquire
intelligence on the continent during the
Dutch war. She accordingly took up
her residence at Antwerp, where she
engaged in gallantries for the good of
her countrj'; vnd it is said ux&U by
192
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bel
means of one of her admirers she ob-
tained advice of the intention of the
Dutch to sail up the Thanics, which she
transmitted to Enghind. This intelli-
gence although true, being discredited,
she gave up politics, returned to En-
gland, and tlevoted herself to intrigue
and writing for support; and, as she
had a good person and much conversa-
tional talent, she became fashionable
among the men of wit and pleasure of
the ttme. She published three volumes
of poems by Rochester, Etherege, Crisp,
and otiiers, with some poetry of her
own ; and wrote seventeen plays, the
heartless licentiousness of which was
disgraceful both to her sex and to the
age which tolerated the performance of
them. She was also the authoress of a
couple of volumes of novels, and of the
celebrated love-letters between a noble-
man and his sister-in-law. Pope, in his
character of women, alludes to Mrs.
Behn, under her poetical name of " As-
trea:"
" The stage how loosely does Astrea tread,
Who fnirly puts her charvcters to bod."
She died in 1689, ViCtween forty and fifty
years of age, and was buried in the clois-
ters of Westminster abbey.
BEICH, Joachim Fkancls, a native of
Suabia, eminent as a painter of cattle
pieces and landscapes. B. 1655 ; d. 1748.
BEINASCHI, John Baptlst, a native
of Piedmont, an eminent historical paint-
er. B. 1684; d. 1688.
BEK, or BEAK, Anthony de, bishop
of Durham, a bold and spirited prelate,
w^ho united the skill and courage of a
soldier to the austerity of a divine. He
led the van of the English army under
Edward I. in an expedition against the
Scots ; built Barnard castle and other
fortresses, and performed many gallant
exploits : but at length broke his heart
at being excommunicated by the arch-
bishop of York, in 1310. — David, a Dutch
painter, pupil of Vandyke, and portrait
Sainter to Christina, queen of Sweden.
. 1621 ; d. 1656.
BEKKHER, Balthasab, a divine of
Amsterdam ; suspended from his func-
tions for publishing " The World Be-
witched," a refutation of the popular
errors in witchcraft, &c. B. 1634: d.
169S.
BEKKER, Elizabeth, an ornament of
Dutch literature in the department of
the belles lettres. Few female authors
have united with so great talents so
much dignity and purity of morals. The
influence of her numerous works was
much increased by her character, and
several of them are considered classics
in Dutch literature, particularly her ro-
mances, " Willem Leeveud," in 8 vols.;
"Letters of A. Blankart to C. Wild-
schut." and the "History of Sara Burger-
hart.'' She wrote her most i iiportant
works in conjunction with her friend
Agatha Deken, and the share of each in
the composition of them is unknown.
Elizabeth was born at Flushing, in 1738,
and died at the Hague, in 1804. "^'er
inseparable friend in life followed her
nine days later in death.
BEL, John Jamks, a counsellor of
Bordeaux, compiler of the "Diction-
naire Noologique," and author of " Let
ters on Voltaire's Marianne," &c. D
1738.-— Matthias, an Hungarian divine,
historiographer of the Emperor Charles
VL, author of " Apparatus ad Historiam
Hungariae," &c. B. 1684; d. 1749.—
Charles Andrew, son of the above, li-
brarian and professor of poetry to the
university of Leipsic. B. 1717 ; d. by
his own hand, 1782.
BELCHER, Jonathan, governor of
Massachusetts and New Jersey. He
graduated at Harvard college in 1699.
Not long after the termination of his
collegiate life, he visited Europe, and
after the lapse of several years, returned,
and commenced business as a merchant
in Boston. He was chosen a member
of the council, and in 1729 was sent as
an agent of the province to England.
After the death ot Governor Burnet, he
was appointed to the government of
Massachusetts and New Hampsiiire, in
1730. In this station he continued 11
years, when he was superseded. On
repairing to England, he so far suc-
ceeded in vindicating his character and
conduct, as to obtain the appointment
of governor of the province of New
Jersey, where he arrived in 1747, and
spent the remaining years of his life.
He enlarged the charter of Princeton
college, and was its chief patron and
benefactor. He d. in 1757, aged 76. —
Jonathan, chief justice of Nova Scotia,
was graduated at Harvard college, in
1728. He studied law at the Temple, in
London. He was among the first settlers
of Chebucto, afterwards called Halifax,
and being, in 1760, senior counsellor, on
tlie death of Governor Lawrence he was
appointed lieutenant-governor, in which
office he was succeeded by Col. Wilmot,
in 1763. In 1761 he received his ap-
pointment of chief justice. B. 1708 ; a.
1776.
BELCHIER, John, was born at King-
ston, Surrey, and after an Eton educa* ;•
bbl]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
133
tion was put apprentice to Cheselden,
the most celebrated surgeon of his age.
Perseverance and assiduity soon ren-
dered him eminent in liis profession,
and in 1786 he succeeded Craddock as
surgeon in Guy's hospital. In this em-
ployment he became respected and be-
loved for his attention, and, unlike the
mercenary practitioners of the times, he
considered not the emoluments of his
office, but the character of his station,
and treated with unwearied patience
and humanity those whom diseases or
misfortunes had placed under his care.
In his private life he was equally ami-
able, his whole time was devoted cither
to his friends or to the improvement of
his profession, and many are the in-
genious communications with which he
tavored the Philosophical Transactions
and other publications. He respected
the name of Guy almost to adoration,
observing, that no other man would
have sacrificed £150,000 for the relief
of his feUow-creatures. B. 1706 ; d. 1785.
BELDEN, Joshua, physician. After
graduating at Yale college, in 1787, he
studied physic with Dr. L. Hopkins.
Besides his useful toils as a ph;^sician,
he was employed in various offices of
public trust. He was a zealous sup-
porter of all charitable and religious in-
stitutions. B. 1768 ; d. 1818.
BELESIS, a Chaldean, who raised
Arbaces to the throne of Media, and
was rewarded with the government of
Babylon.
BELGEADO, James, an Italian Jesuit,
eminent as a poet, antiquary^ and math-
ematician, author of a treatise entitled
"The Existence of God demonstrated
Geometrically," &c. B. 1704 ; d. 1789.
— Manuel, an active partisan and com-
mander in the cause of South American
independence, whose disinterested con-
duct proved highly favorable to Buenos
Ay res and the neighboring states. D.
1820.
BELIDOK, Beknabd Forest de, an
eminent French engineer and mathema-
tician, author of " Dictionnaire portatif
de rin^enieur " &c. B. 1695; d. 1761.
BELING, Kichakd, an Irish gentle-
man, who took part in the rebellion of
1641, but recovered his estate at the
restoration: author of " Vindiciae Cath-
olicorum Hiberniae." B. 1613 ; d. 1677.
BELISAKIUS, a Koman general, one
of the most celebrated of liis age, first
served with distinction in the guards of
Justinian, and subsequently rose to
military eminence under that emperor.
He defeated Cabades, and subsequently
12
Cosroes, king of Persia, dethroned Gel-
imer, king of the Vandals, routed the
Goths in Sicily and Italy, and performed
other glorious actions. Justinian, how-
ever, confiscated his estates, but at
length restored them, and took him
agam into fevor. The story of his blind-
ness and beggary is a fiction added by
the more modern writers. D. 565.
BELKNAP, Jeremy, an An.tfrican
historian and divine, was born at Bos-
ton, Massachusetts, in 1744, and was
graduated at Harvard college in 1762.
He was first settled in tlie Christian
ministry at Dover, New Hampshire, and
afterwards in his native town. He was
one of the founders of the Massachusetts
Historical Society, and devoted much
of his time to the promotion of its ob-
jects and interests. His published
works are the "History of New Hamp-
shire," " American Biography," and a
number of political, literary, and reli-
gious tracts. His writings are charac-
terized by great research, clear arrange-
ment, and perspicuity of style. D. 1798.
BELL, Andrew, an English divine,
the projector and founder of those ex-
cellent establishments called National
Schools, author of "An Experiment in
Education at the Male Asylum, Madras,"
" Instructions for conducting Schools on
the Madras System," &c., &c. Dr.
Bell had acquired considerable property
in the East Indies, and had some lucra-
tive preferments in England, all of
which he bequeathed to institutions
connected with education and literature.
B. at St. Andrews, Scotland, 1753; d.
1882. — Benjamin, an eminent surgeon,
and writer on surgery; author of a
" Treatise on the Management of Ul-
cers," &c., &c. B. at Dumfries, 1749 :
d. 1806. — Henry, the first successful
applier of steam to the purposes of nav-
igation in Europe, was born in Linlith-
gowshire, in 1767. After serving an
apprenticeship to his uncle, who was a
millwright, he went to London, and was
in the employ of Mr. Kennie, the cele-
brated engineer ; but it was not till the
year 1812 that he produced a vessel cal-
culated to establish the practicability
and important uses of steam-navigation ;
and though Mr. Fulton, an American
engineer, nad launched a boat upon the
same principle five years before, which
had performed loncj voyages upon the
Hudson river, yet Bell must be at least
allowed the praise of having done, in
his own country, what all other men,
notwithstanding the superior advan-
tages of skill and capital, had failed in
134
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
doing. Died, at Helensburgh, 1830. —
James, an eminent geograpliical writer,
was born at Jedbnrgh, in 1769. He was
broiiglit up as a weaver, and became a
nianiifaeturer of cotton goods at Glas-
gow, but left that business, and, being
an indefati<rable student, became a
teacher of tlie classics to young men
preparing for the university. He was
the author of " A System of Popular
and Scientific Geography," in 6 vols. :
•' A Gazetteer of England and Wales.''
D. 1833. — Chakles, an eminent anato-
mist and professor of surgery in the
university of Edinburgh, ot which city
he was a native, being born there in
1778. Ill 1806 he went to London, and
was soon distinguished as a popular
lecturer on anatomy and surgery, at the
academy founded by the celebrated
Hunter," in Windmill-street, where, as
subsequently, when appointed a pro-
fessor at the royal college of surgeons,
the benches were crowded with atten-
tive auditors. He was the author of
many professional works of high repute,
on anatomy, surgical operations, and
the nervous system ; all admirably illus-
trated from drawings made by himself.
On the accession of William IV. he re-
ceived the honor of knighthood. As in
his professional career Sir Cliarles was
respected for his great talents, so in
Erivate life was he admired for the
land simplicity of his manners. B.
1778; d. 1842. — John, a distinguished
citizen of New Hampshire, of great
judgment, decision, and integrity, died
at Londonderrv, Nov. 80, 1828, aged 95
years. His fatlier, John, was an early
settler of that town. During the revolu-
tionary war, he was a leading member
of the senate. Two of his sons, Samuel
and .John, have been governors of New
Hampshire. The former was twelve
. years a senator of the United States.
BELLA, Stefano della, an eminent
Florentine engraver, b. in 1610, was for
a considerable time employed by Cardi-
nal Richelieu, to engrave the conquests
of Louis XTiL ; «and, after his return
home, Avas liberally patronized by the
house of Medici. 'The number of his
plates is said to amount to one thousand
four hundred. D. 1684.
BELLAMY, Joseph, a distinguished
Congregational minister of Woodbury,
Conn. He was b. at New Cheshire in
tliat state, 1719, and graduated at Yale
college, in 1735. In 1750 he published
a work, entitled " True Eeligion Delin-
eated." Such was his reputation, that
many young men, studying for the min-
istry, placed themselves under his in-
struction. He was reckoned one of the
most learned divines of the country.
His works were published in three vols.
1811. B. 1729 ; d. 1790.— James, a Flem-
ish poet, was b. at Flushing in the
year 1757, and d. in 1796. He was twen-
ty-five years old, and followed the trade
of a baker, when, in 1772, the second
secular festival, in commemoration of
the foundation of the republic, was cel-
ebrated throughout Holland. His genius
suddenly inflamed by the love of his
native land, rendered him a poet, and
his first productions met with success.
He studied Latin, made himself better
acquainted with his mother tongue, and
composed several pieces of nierit suflft-
cient to induce the society of arts at the
Hague to incorporate them in their col-
lections. He published his patriotic
songs under the title of " Vaderlandse-
Gezengen," which secure him a place
among the first poets of his nation.
Bellamy sung, likewise, the praise of
love. The later works of this poet be-
tray a certain melancholy, which renders
them still more interesting. A biograph-
ical account of him has been written by
Kniper. He may be placed by tlie side
of Bilderdyk, Helmers, Loots, K. Feyth,
&c., as one of the restorers of modern
Dutch poetry.
BELLEGAEDE, John Baptist Mor-
VAN DE, a French Jesuit, expelled from
the society for Cartesianism ; translator
of St. Chrysostom, Thomas a Kempis,
&c. D. 1784.
BELLEISLE, Charles Louis Augus-
tus FouQUET, Count de, a French mar-
shal, whose talent and eminent successes
were rewarded by his sovereign, Louis
XV., with the highest dignities. B.
1684; d. 1771.
BELLENDEN, William, a Scottish
writer of the 17th century, distinguish-
ed for the elegance of his Latin style.
He was educated at Paris, where he was
professor of belles lettres in 1602, and
though he was made master of request?
by James I., he still continued to reside
in the French metropolis. In 1608 ho
published a work entitled " Cicero Prin-
ceps," containing a selection from the
works of Cicero, consisting of passages
relating to the duties of a prince, &c.
He afterwards republished this work,
with some other treatises, in his " Bellen-
denus de Statu, libri trep." This work
was published again in 1787, by an
anonymous editor, since known to have
been Dr. Parr, w ho added a Latin pref-
ace on the politics of that time. From
bel]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
135
Bellenden's work, Middleton's " Life of
Cicero," was almost entirely compiled
without acknowledgment — a plagiarism
denounced bv Warton and Parr.
BELLENGER, Francis, a doctor of
theSorbonne ; author of a "Critical Es-
say on the Works of RoUin," &c. D.
1749.
BELLET, Charles, a French writer;
author of "L' Adoration Chretienne dans
la Devotion Rosaire," &c. D. 1771.—
Isaac, a French physician; author of
a " History of Cataiine's Conspiracy,"
&e. D. 1778.
BELLI ARD, Augxtstin Daniel, Count
de, a distinguished French general and
diploniiitist, was b. in 1773, in La Ven-
dee, lie entered the military service
early, and was soon made an officer of
Dumouriez's statf : he afterwards served
with Bonaparte in Italy and Egypt ;
and, returning from the latter country-,
he participated in the victories of Ulm
and Austerlitz, and fought in all the
freat battles in the war with Prussia,
le next went to Spain ; but in 1812
joined the army destined for the invasion
of Russia, and particularly distinguished
himself in the battle of Moskwa. At
Leipsic, a cannon-ball carried away his
arm. After Napoleon's abdication, lie
was made a peer of France, and major-
general of the army under the Duke de
Berri. When the emperor returned
from Elba, he dispatched Belliard to
king Joachim at Naples, but the vessel
was intercepted by a British ship, and
driven back to France. On the return
of the Bourbons, he was for a short time
imprisoned, but soon taken into favor
again. When Louis Philippe ascended
the throne, he sent Belliard to Berlin, to
treat respecting the acknowledgment of
the new dynasty ; and during his em-
bassy to Brussels, he contributed more
than any other diplomatist to the forma-
tion of the new Belgian government.
D. 1822.
BELLIEVRE, Pomponius de, a French
statesman, chancellor to Henry IV. B.
1529 ; d. 1607.
BELLIN, James Nicholas, a French
geoofrapher ; author of " Hydrographie
Francoise," &c. D. 1772.
BELLINI, Laurence, an Italian phy-
sician ; author of several anatomical and
medical works in Latin. B. 1(543; d,
1702. — ViNCENzo, a celebrated musical
composer, was b. at Catania in Sicily,
in 1806. He was educated at Naples
under Zingarelli, and before he had
completed his 20th year lie had produced
'* Bianco e Fernando" at the theatre San
Carlo. ^ This was sue ceded by various
others', of which "II Pirati," "LaSom-
nambula," "Norma," and "I Puritani"
are the best, and have gained for him au
undying celebrity. His moral character
stood high, and his manners and com-
positions were iii harmonious accord-
ance; — agreeable, tender, and elegant.
D. near Paris, 1835. — James, and his two
sons. Gentile and Giovanni, who sur-
passed their father, celebrated painters,
who made a new epoch in the Venetian
school. Of James's works nothing has
been left ; but several of Gentile's havf
reached our times. In the year 1479,
Gentile went to Constantinople, Ma-
homet II. having sent to Venice for a
skilful painter. He is said to have there
copied the bas-reliefs of the column of
Theodosius, and to have died at Venice
in the year 1501. The most distinguish-
ed of the family was Giovanni, born at
Venice, about 1424, and who died about
1516. He studied nature diligently, and
his drawing was good. He contributed
much to make oil painting popular, and
has left many excellent pictures, of which
one, the " Saviour pronouncing his Ben-
ediction," is to be found in the gallery
of Dresden. His own reputation was
much increased by that of his celebrated
disciples, namely, Titian and Giorgione.
As their instructor, he is sometimes
called the founder of the Venetian school.
BELLMAN, Charles Michael, the
most original among the Swedish poets,
was born at Stockholm, in 1741, and
grew up in the quietude of domestic life.
The first proofs which he gave of hia
poetical talents were religious and pious
etfusions. The dissipated life of young
men, at Stockholm, devoted to pleasure,
was afterward the subject of his poems.
By these his name was spread over all
Sweden. Even the attention of Gus-
tavus III. was attracted to him, and he
received from the king an appointment,
which enabled him to devote himself
almost entirely to poetical pursuits, in
an easy independence, until his death,
in 1795. His songs are truly national,
principally describing scenes of revelry.
BELLC)CQ, Pierre, valet-de-chambre
to Louis XIV. ; author of a poem on the
Hotel des Invalides, &c. D. 1704.
BELLOI, Pierre Laurent Burette
DE, the first French dramatist who suc-
cessfully introduced native heroes upon
the French stage, instead of those of
Greece and Rome, or the great men of
other nations, was born at St. Flour, in
Auvergne, during 1727. He went to
Paris when a child, lost his father soon
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[BEii
Hiter, and was supported by his uncle, a
distinguished advocate in the parliament
of Pans, who designed him for the same
profession. He applied himself to this
profession with reluctance, while he
showed much genius for the drama.
His uncle opposed tins taste, and the
young man secretly left his house and
retired to Russia, where he betook him-
self to the stage. He now made his ap-
pearance at several northern courts, as
an actor, under the name of Dormont de
Belloi. Everywhere his character gain-
ed him love and esteem. He spent sev-
eral years in Petersburgh, where the
Empress Elizabeth showea him much
kindness. In 1758 he returned to
France, where he produced, from time
to time, his uncle having died, his tra-
gedies of Titus, Zelmaire, Siege de
Calais, Gastu et Bayard, &c., &c. D.
1775.
BELLOMONT, Eichard, earl of, gov-
ernor of New York, Massachusetts, and
New Hampshire, was appointed to these
olRces early in May, 1695, but did not
arrive at New York until May, 1698. He
remained in the province of New York
about a year. He reached Boston, May
26, 1699 ; he was received with the great-
est respect, as it was a new thing to see
a nobleman at the head of the govern-
ment. Twenty companies of soldiers,
and a vast concourse of people met " his
lordship and countess"^ on his arrival.
" There were all manner of expressions
of joy, and to end all, fireworks and a
good drink at night." He took every
method to ingratiate himself with the
people ; his success may be justly ap-
Sreciated, by the remark of one of his
iographers, that by his wise conduct he
obtained a larger sum as a salary, and as
a gratuity, than any of his predecessors
or successors. Though he remained but
fourteen months, the grants made to
him were £1875 sterling. His time was
much taken up in securing the pirates,
and their effects, to accomplish which,
was a principal reason of nis appoint-
ment. During his administration Cap-
tain Kidd was seized, and sent to
England for trial. In 1700 he returned
to New York, and died there in 1701.
BELLONI, Jerome, a celebrated Ro-
man banker, created a marquis by Pope
Benedict XIV. ; author of an "Essay on
Commerce." D. 1760.
BELLORI, John Peteb, a celebrated
Italian antiquary and connoisseur in the
{lolite arts ; author of " Lives of Modern
'ainters. Architects, and Sculptors," &c.
D. 1696.
BELLOTI, Peter, an Italian painter,
chiefly of portraits. B. 1625; d. 1700.
BELOE, William, a divine and critic,
was born at Norwich in 1756, and edu-
cated at Cambridge. After having been
assistant to Dr. Parr, who was then head
master of Norwich school, he took or-
ders, and obtained church preferment.
He was finally rector of Ailhallows, a
prebendary of St. Paul's, and librarian
of the British Museum. The latter situ-
ation however he lost, in consequence
of a visitor to the museum having pur-
loined some valuable prints. In con-
junction with Dr. Nares, he established
the " British Critic." He is the author of
"Anecdotes of Literature" and "Scarce
Books ;" the " Sexagenarian ," and other
works; and the translator of "Herod-
otus and Aulus Gellius." He died in
1817.
BELON, Peter, an eminent French
naturalist and physician of the 16th cen-
tury, was born in Maine, about 1518,
travelled into Palestine, Greece, Arabia,
and England; published in 1553 a very
interesting account of his travels ; and
was assassinated in 1564. He is the
author of several valuable works on
natural history, particularly on fishes.
Belon is considered as the inventor of
comparative anatomy, and one of the
founders of natural history.
BELOSIELSKY, Prince, a Russian
noble; author of "Poesies Fran'joises
d'un Prince Etranger," &c. D. 1809.
BELOT, John be Blois, advocate to
the privy council of Louis XIV. ; author
of " Apologie de la Langue Latine."
BELSHAM, Thomas, an eminent Uni-
tarian divine ; author of a discourse " On
the Importance of Faith, and the Duty
of makmg Open Professions of it," &c.
D. in his 80th year, 1829.— William,
brother of the preceding, an eminent
writer; author ot "Essays, Political and
Literary," " History of Great Britain,
from the Revolution to the Treaty of
Amiens," in 12 vols. 8vo., &e. D. aged
75, in 1827.
BELSUNCE DE CASTLE MORON,
Henry Francis Xavier de, a virtuous
and humane French prelate, was b.
in 1671, at the castle of La Force, in
Perigord. In 1709 he was made bishop
of Marseilles, and when that city was
visited by the plague in 1720, instead of
deserting his flock, he hourly hazarded
his life to afford them succoV and con-
solation. As a reward, he was offered
the rich bishopric of Laon, which con-
ferred the title of duke ; but he replied,
that " he woald not quit a chureli lo
bem]
CYCLOP^^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
in
whioh he had devoted his life." A col-
lege was founded by him in his episcopal
oity. Tliis exemplary pastor wrote a
" tiistory of the Bishops of his Dio-
cese:" "Pastoral Instructions;" and the
" Lite of Mademoiselle de Foix." D. 1755.
BELUS, celebrated in profane history
as the founder of the Babylonian empire.
He was deified after his death, and a
temple was erected to him at Babylon.
He 18 probably the Baal of Phoenicia,
and the Nimrod of Scripture. Flour-
ished 1822 B. c.
BELYN, a British prince and com-
mander under Caractacus.
BELZONI, GiAMBATTisTA, thatis, John
Baptist, an enterprising traveller, was
born at Padua, and educated at Eome.
He was destined for the monastic life,
but left the city when it was occupied
by the French armies, and in 1803, went
to London, where he exhibited as the
Patagoman Samson, at various minor
theatres. There he acquired, besides an
acquaintance with the English language,
much knowledge of the science of hy-
draulics, the study of which had been
his chief occupation in Rome, and which
afterwards carried him to Egypt. He
Left this country, after a residence of
nine years, accompanied by his wife,
and took his way through Portugal,
Spain, and Malta, to Egypt. There he
lived from 1815 to 1819, at first as a dan-
cer, till he won the favor of the pacha,
who made use of his services. Belzoni,
though often alone amidst the rude in-
habitants of the country, kept them in
awe by his extraordinary stature and
strength. He succeeded in opening, not
only the pyramid of Ghiza, which had
been already opened in the 17th century
by Pietro della Valle, and to which the
French, during their expedition to Egypt,
could not find the entrance, but also a
second, known by the name of Oephrenes,
and several catacombs near Thebes, es-
pecially one in a fine state of preservation
m the valley of Biban el Molook, which
is considered to be the mausoleum of
Psamrais, in 400 b. o. The drawings
which he has furnished of these antiqui-
ties are the most exact which we possess.
In the year 1816 his perseverance and
skill succeeded in transporting the bust
of Jupiter Memnon, together with a sar-
cophagus, of alabaster, found in the cata-
combs, from Thebes to Alexandria, from
whence they came to the British Mu-
seum. On the 1st of August, 1817, he
opened the temple of Ipsambul, near the
second cataract of the Nile, which two
Frerwilimen, Cailliaud and Drovetti, (the
12*
French consul-general,) had discove? sd
the year before, but had not succeed id
in opening. Belzoni found a subt;r-
raneous temple in its ruins, which until
that time had been unknown. He then
visited the coasts of the Red Sea, and
the city of Berenice, and made an expe-
dition into the oasis of Jupiter Amnion.
His lourney to Berenice was rewarded
by the discovery of the emerald mines
of Zubara. Belzoni refuted Cailliaud's
assertion, that he had found the farioua
Berenice, the great emporium of Europe
and India, by subsequent investigadons
on the spot, and by the actual discovery
of the ruins of that great city, four days'
journey from the place which Caiiliaud
nad taken for Berenice. His " Narrative
of the Operations and recent Discoveries
within the Pyramids, Temples, Tombs,
and Excavations in Egypt and Nubia;
and of a Journey to the Coast of the Red
Sea in search of Berenice : also of an-
other to the Oasis of Jupiter Ammon,"
(London, 1820,) accompanied by a folio
vol. of forty-four copperplates, was re-
ceived with general approbation. Padua,
his native city, requited his present of
two Egyptian statues from Thebes with
an honorary medal. In the year 1823,
this enterprisipg traveller had made
preparations for passing from Benin to
Houssa, and Timbuctoo, when he died
at Gato, on his way to Benin, Dec. the
3d, 1823. He believed the Nile and
Niger to be different streams, and that
the Niger empties its waters into the
Atlantic ocean ; opinions which have
eventually been proved to be correct.
The following inscription was placed
over his grave :
" Here lies the remains of
G. Belzoni,
Who was attacked with dysenten-, at Benin,
(On his way to Houssa and Timbuctoo,)
On the 26th of November, and died at this place, Decern*
ber 3d, 1823.
The grentleman who placed this inscription over the grave
of this intrepid and enterprising traveller, hopes that
every European visiting this spot will cause the ground
to be cleared, and the fence round the grave to r» re-
paired, if necessary."
BEMBO, PiETRo, one of the most
celebrated of the Italian scholars that
adorned the 16th century, was born at
Venice in 1470. He very early learned
the Latin, and afterwards, at "Messina,
under the direction of Lascaris, the
Greek language ; after which he i-cturn-
ed to his native country, and there pub-
lished a small treatise' on mount Etna.
In compliance with the will of his father,
he entered upon the career of public
business, but, soon conceiving a dislise
for it he devoted himself to science and
138
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
I"
the theological profession. At Ferrara,
where he completed his philosophical
studies, he entered into a connection
with Ercole Strozzi, Tibaldeo, and par-
ticularly with Sadoleto. From Ferrara
he returned to Venice, where a literary
society had been established, in the
house of the printer Aldus Manutius.
Benibo became one of its principal mem-
bers, and, for some time, took pleasure
in correctinnf the beautiful editions which
pr-'ceeded from this celebrated press.
AO.er visiting Kome, he went, in 1506,
to the court of Urbino, at that time one
of those Italian courts where the sci-
ences stood highest in esteem. He lived
there about six years, and gained sev-
eral powerful friends. In 1512 he went
to Rome with Giulio de Medici, whose
brother, pope Leo X., made him secre-
tary, and gave him his friend Sadoleto
for a colleague. About this time he be-
came acquainted with the young and
beautiful Morosina, with whom helived,
in the most tender union, during 22
years. She presented him with two
sons and a daughter, whom he educated
with the greatest care. His many la-
bors, arising from his office as well as
his literary pursuits, and, perhaps, too
great an indulgence in pleasure, having
impaired his health, he was using the
baths of Pa:lna, when he was apprised
of the death of Leo X. Being by this
time possessed of several church bene-
fices, he resolved on withdrawing en-
tirely from business, and on passing his
days at Padua, (the air of which he had
found very beneficial,) occupied only
with literature and science, and enjoy-
ing the society of his friends. The
learned members of the famous univer-
sity of this city eagerly frequented his
house, and strangers also flocked thither.
Bembo collected a considerable library ;
he had a cabinet of medals and antiqui-
ties, which at that time passed for one
of the richest in Italy, and a fine botan-
ical garden. He spent the spring and
a"<^umn at a villa called Bozza^ which
had always belonged to his family. He
devoted "the leisure of a country life
principally to his literary pursuits. In
the- year 1520, after the death of An-
dreas Navagero, the office of histori-
ographer of the republic of Venice was
offered to him, which he accepted after
some hesitation, declining the salary
connected with it. At the same thne,
he was nominated librarian of the library
of St. Mark. Pope Paul III. having re-
solved upon a new promotion of cardi-
nals from tho most distinguished men
of his time, conferred on him, in 1539,
the hat of a cardinal. From that time
Bembo renounced the belles-lettres, and
made the Fathers and the Holy Scrip-
tures his chief study. Of his former
labors he continued^only the "History
of Venice." Two years later, Paul III.
bestowed the bishopric of Gubbio on
him, and soon after the rich bishopric
of Bergamo. He died, loaded with
honors, 1547, in the 77th year of his
age. Bembo united in his person, his
character, and conversation, all that is
amiable. He was the restorer of a pure
style, as well in Latin composition, in
which Cicero, Virgil, and Julius Cffisar
were his constant models, as in the Ital-
ian, in which he chiefly imitated Pe-
trarca. He was so rigorous with regard
to purity of style, that he is said to have
had forty difterent partitions, through
which his writings, as he polished them
by degrees, successively passed ; nor did
he publish them till they had sustained
these forty examinations. A collection
of all his works, which Avere frequently
printed singly, appeared in 1729, at Ven-
ice, in four "folio volumes. The most
important of them are, ''History of
Venice," from 1487 to 1518, in twelve
books, which he wrote both in Latin
and Italian ; " Le Prose," dialogues, in
which the rules of the Italian lanj^uage
are laid down; "Gli Asolani," dialogues
on the nature of love ; " Le Eime," a
collection of beautiful sonnets and can-
zonets; his letters, both in Latin and
Italian; "De Virgilii Culice et Terentii
Fabnlis Liber ; Carmina," which are
ingenious and elegant, but more free
than the author's profession would lead
us to expect, besides several others.
BENAVIDES, an outlaw and pirate,
who, for several years, proved the
scourge of the soutfiern parts of Chili.
He was a native of Qun'ihue, in the
province of Conception, aHd entered the
patriot army as a common soldier at the
commencement of the revolution. Hav-
ing deserted to the Spaniards, and being
made prisoner by the Chilians, at the
battle of Membrilla, in 1814, he was to
have been tried for desertion, but effect-
ed his escape. Being made prisoner
again at the battle of Maypu, 1818, he
was sentenced to be shot, and was sup-
posed to have been killed ; but, al-
though shockingly wounded, and left
for dead, he recovered, and having ob-
tained a commission from the Spanish
commander, Sanchez, he commenced a
war upon the southern frontier of Chili,
never surpassed in savage cruelty. He
ben]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
laid waste the country with fire and
sword, murdered his prisoners, and per-
petrated the most horrid cruelties upon
the unarmed peasants, including women
and children, who chanced topfull into
his power. Notwithstanding repeated
engagements with the Cliilian for^^es of
the province of Conception, he sustained
himself for a long time in this atrocious
course. At length he undertook to es-
tablish a navy, and, for this purpose,
piratically seized upon several English
and American vessels, which unsus-
pectingly stopped for refreshment not
far from the town of Arauco, the centre
of his operations. So intolerable had
the grievance become, that in 1821 the
Chilians fitted out an expedition against
Arauco, and succeeded m breaking up
the robber's stronghold. He attemptea
to escape to Peru in a launch, but being
captured, was condemned to death, ana
executed Feb. 23d, 1822.
BENBOW, John-, an English naval
character of distinguished merit, was
b. in Shrewsbury, about 1650, and
brought up to the sea in the merchant-
service. He fought so desperately against
a pirate from Sallee, in one of his trips
to the Mediterranean, about the year
1686, as to beat her off, though greatly
his superior in men and metal. For
this gallant action, he was promoted at
once by James II. to the command of
a ship of war. William III. employed
him m protecting the English trade in
the Channel, which he did with great
effect. His valor and activity secured
him the confidence of the nation, and
he was soon promoted to the rank of
rear-admiral, and charged with the
blockade of Dunkirk. But the squad-
ron in that port, under the command of
Jean Baert, managed to slip out of port,
nor could Benbow, though he sailed in-
stantly in pursuit, overtake it. In 1701
he sailed to the West Indies with a small
fieet, having accepted a command pre-
viously declined by several of his se-
niors, from the supposed superiority of
the enemy's force in that quarter. In
August of the following year, he fell in
with the French fleet under Du Casse,
and for five days maintained a running
tight with them, when he at length suc-
ceeded in bringing the enemy's stern-
uiost ship to close quarters. In the
heat of the action a chain-shot carried
away one of his lesrs, and he was taken
below; but the moment the dressing
had been applied to the wound, he
caused himself to be brought again on
'leek, and continued the action. At
this critical instant, being most dis-
gracefully abandonea by several of the
captains under his command, who sign-
ed a paper expressing their opinion that
" nothing more was to be done," the
whole fieet effected its escape. ()n his
return to Jamaica, he brought the de-
linquents to a court-martiai, by which
two of them were convicted of coward-
ice and disobedience of orders, and con-
demned to be shot ; which sentence, on
their arrival in England, was carried
into execution at Plymouth. Benbow,
who suffered equally in mind and body
from this disgraceful business, gradually
sank under his feelings, and expired at
Jamaica, Nov. 4th, 1702.
BENCIO, Francis, an Italian Jesuit ;
author of Latin poems, &c. D. 1594.
BENEDETTO, Castiglioxe, an Italian
painter, chiefiy of pastoral scenes. B.
1616; d. 1670.
BENEDICT, St. founder of the first
religions order in the west, was born at
Norcia, in Spoletto, in 480. In the four-
teenth year of his age he retired to a
cavern situated in the desert of Subiaco,
forty miles from Rome, and, in 515, drew
up a rule for his monks, which was first
introduced into tlie monastery of Monte
Cassino, in the neighborhood of Naples,
founded by him (629) in a grove of
Apollo, after the temple had been de-
molished. This gradually became the
rule of all the western monks. The
abbots of Monte Cassino afterwards ac-
quired episcopal jurisdiction, and a cer-
tain patriarchal authority over the whole
order. With the intention of banishing
idleness, he prescribed in addition to
the work of God, (as he called prayer and
the reading of religious writings,) the
instruction of youTli in reading, writing,
and ciphering, in the doctrines of Chris-
tianity, in manual labors, (including me-
chanic arts of every kind,) and in the
management of the monastery. With
regard to dress and food, the rule was
severe, but not extravagant. He caused
a library to be founded, for which the
aged and infirm brethren were obliged
to copy manuscripts. By this means ho
contributed to preserve 'the literary re-
mains of antiquity from ruin ; for,
though he had in view only the copying
of relicrious writings, yet the practice
was afterwards extended to classical
works of every kind ; and the learned
world is indebted, for the preservation
of great literary treasures, to his order.
He died about the age of sixtv-seven.
BENEZET, Anthony, a distinguish-
ed philanthropist, b. at St. Quentin, in
140
CrCLOPiEDlA OF BIOGRAPHr.
[bkjt
France, January, 1718. His parents
were opulent, and of noble descent. On
the revocation of the edict of Nantes,
the family associated themselves with
the Huguenots ; and, on this account, his
father's estate was confiscated, in 1715,
who thereupon sought temporary refuge
in Holland, and afterwards in England,
where Anthony received his education.
He became a member of the society of
Friends about the 14th year of his age.
In 1731 he arrived, along with his par-
ents, in Philadelphia. His first employ-
ment was that ot an instructor of youth
at Germantovvn — a calling which led him
to prepare and publish several elementa-
ry books for the use of schools. About
the year 1750 he was particularly struck
with the iniquity of the slave-trade, and
the cruelty which was exercised by too
many of those who purchased and em-
ployed the negroes. His voice and his
pen were now employed in behalf of this
oppressed portion of his fellow-beings,
linding the blacks in Philadelphia nu-
merous, and miserably ignorant, he es-
tablished an evening school for them,
and taught them himself gratuitously.
His first attempts to rouse public feeling
on the subject of slavery consisted in
short essays in almanacs and newspa-
pers, whicK he was indefatigable in circu-
lating. He soon published a variety of
more elaborate and extensive tracts.
These were printed at his own expense,
and distributed, without charge, wher-
ever he thought they would make an im-
pression. He addressed them directly,
with suitable letters, to most of the
crowned heads of Europe, and to many
of the most illustrious divines and phi-
losophers. The fervor of his style and
the force of his facts obtained for his
philanthropic efforts the notice which he
sought for the benefit of his cause.
Great personages, on both sides of the
Atlantic, corresponded with him, and it
is certain that he gave the original im-
pulse to those dispositions and measures
which led the way to the abolition of the
slave-trade by Britain and the United
States. Clarkson, the English philan-
thropist, whose labors contributed so
largely to the accomplishment of that
object, acknowledges that his under-
standing was enlightened and his zeal
kindled by one of Benezet's books, when
ne was about to treat the question sub-
mitted to the senior bachelors of arts in
the university of Cambridge, Anne liceat
invito in servitutem dare? About the
year 1763, the wrongs inflicted on the
aboriginal race of North America excited
his susceptible mind, and prompted him
to publish a tract, entitled, "Some Ob-
servations on the Situation, Disposition,
and Character of the Indian Natives of
America." He addressed the British
government and military commanders,
about the effect of hostilities against the
nativ,cs, with characteristic boldness and
pathos. His various philanthropical ef-
forts and his excellent qualities obtain-
ed for him peculiar consideration in the
society of Friends. In 1780 he wrote
and published a " Short Account of the
religious Society of Friends, commonly
called Quakers ;" and, in 1782, a " Dis-
sertation on the Plainness and innocent
Simplicity of the Christian Eeligion."
His private habits, morals, and pursuits
were adapted to endear and dignify his
public career. He died at Philadelphia,
May the 5th, in 1784, aged seventy-one.
When it was announced that he vvas se-
riously ill, a multitude of his fellow-cit-
izens presented themselves at his house
with anxious inquiries ; and he convers-
ed lucidly with hundreds after his case
was pronounced to be hopeless. There
is extant a full and interesting memoir
of his life, by Eobert Vaux.
BENGEE, Miss Elizabeth Ogilvt,
b. in 1778, at Portsmouth, was the
daughter of a purser in the navy, who
died in 1796, and left his wife and
daughter with a slender provision. In
1802 she removed with her mother to
London. She soon attracted attention
by her verses, and Miss Sarah Wesley
early became her patron. She composed
some theatrical pieces, which did not
meet with success. Mr. Bowyer, the
engraver, employed her to write a poem
on the " Slave-Trade," which, with two
others, was published in quarto, with
engravings, in 1812. She successively
gublished " Memoirs of Mrs. Elizabeth
Hamilton," "Memoirs of John Tobin,"
the dramatist, and " Notices of Klop-
stock and His Friends," prefixed to a
translation of their letters from the Ger-
man. These writings were followed by
the " History of Anne Boleyn," which
was translated into French,* " Memoirs
of Elizabeth, qiiecn of Bohemia," and
" Memoirs of Mary, queen of Scots."
D. 1827.
BENI, Paxil, an eminent Italian phi-
lologer, author of " Eemarks on Ariosto
and Tnsso," &c. D. I(i27.
BENJAMIN OF TUDELA, one of
the earliest travellers of the middle ages
who visited the central regions of Asia;
author of a Hebrew work of travels,
which, though interesting and romantic,
benJ
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
141
is remarkable chiefly for its misrepre-
Bentations. JD. 1173.'
BENINI, Vincent, a learned Italian
physician, Hutiior of " Notes on Celsus,"
&c. B. liVi; d. 1764.
BENNEr, Chkistophek, an English
physician, author of " Tabidorum The-
atnun, sea Phtliisios," &c. D. 1685. —
Henry, earl of Arlington, born in 1618,
was educated at Christ-church, Oxford,
and espoused the royal cause during the
civil wars. He was knighted at Bruges,
by Charles H., who employed him as
his minister at Madrid, and after the
restoration as his secretary of state.
Though he was one of the five minis-
ters, Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Ar-
lington, and Lauderdale, denominated
cabal, he did not enter into their views,
nor support the schemes formed to
render the monarch absolute. When
accused for the ill success of the Dutch
war, he ably defended himself before
the commons, and was acquitted by a
small majority. After serving the king
twelve years as secretary, lie retired
upon the indolent office of chamberlain,
and was afterwards employed as a nego-
tiator with the prince of Orange ; but
was unsuccessful in his endeavors to
procure a general peace. Arlington,
who died in 1685, is described by Bur-
net as a proud man, but his abilities
were so strong, and at the same time
so versatile, that he was the only person
who could manage with success the
king's temper. He was a Catholic in
religion, though in power he inveighed
with bitterness against the Koman Cath-
olics.
BENNINGSEN, Levin Augustus,
baron of, Kussian commander-in-chief,
b. at Banteln, in Hanover, 1745, early
entered into the Russian service, and
distinguished himself by great gallantry
in the war against Poland, under the
Empress Catherine IL He acted a chief
part in the conspiracy of the palace
against the Emperor Paul I. In 1806
he was appointed to command the Rus-
sian army which hastened to the assist-
ance of the Prussians ; but, before his
arrival, the Prussians were defeated at
Jena. He afterwards fought the mur-
derous battle of Eylau, (next to that of
Mqjaisk, perhaps the most bloody^ in
military history,) and the battle of Fried-
land. After the peace of Tilsit, he re-
tired to his estates. In 1813 he led a
Russian army called " the army of Po-
land," into Saxony, took part in the
battle of Leipsic, and blockaded Ham-
burgh. After commanding the army in
the south of Russia, he finally settled in
his native country, and died Oct. 3d,
1826. He is the author of " Thoughts
on certain Points requisite for an Officer
of Light Cavalry to be acquainted with,"
Riga, 1794 ; Wilna, 1805.
BENNITSKI, Alexander Petro-
viTscH, a Russian poet, author of " Ko-
mala," a poem ; a translation of Ossian,
(fee. B. irSO: d. 1808.
BENOIT, Elias, a learned Protestant
divine, pastor of the church of Delft,
author of a " History of the Edict of
Nantes." B. 1640 ; d. 1723.
BENSERADE, Isaac de, a French
poet, born near Rouen. Though poor,
his wit and his poetical talents rendered
him popular ; he was noticed by Riche-
lieu, to whom, according to some he was
related, and a pension was settled upon
him. After the death of Richelieu he
attached himself to the duke de Breze,
and he was named as envoy to Chris-
tina, queen of Sweden, an employment
which he did not undertake. As & poet
his talents were such that for a time he
divided the applauses of the town with
Voiture. His rondeaux on Ovid are his
worst performances. In the last part
of his life he retired to Gentilly, where
he employed himself in works of piety,
and translated almost all the psalms.
He was so afflicted with the stone, that
he reluctantly submitted to the operation
of cutting, but the surgeon punctured
an artery, ran away instead ot checking
the etfusiou of blood, and the unfor-
tunate patient expired in the arms of
his confessor, during the year 1690.
BENTHAM, Jeeemy, the celebrated
writer on politics and jurisprudence,
was b. in 1749. He studied English
law, but never appeared at the bar, be-
ing enabled, by easy circumstances, to
devote himself entirely to literary com-
{)ositions. He did not, however, pub-
ish his chief works himself. They were
arranged and translated into French by
his friend M. Dumont, and printed
partly in Paris and partly in London.
Among them are " Traites de Legisla-
tion, Civile et Penale, &c.," and " Th6-
orie des Peines et des Recompenses."
He advocated a thorough correction of
civil and criminal legislation. His
" Fragments on Government," in op-
position to Blackstone, appeared anony-
mously in 1776, and with his name, at
London, in 1823. In France, his liter-
ary labors found a better reception than
in England or Germany. A small
pamphlet on the liberty of the press,
was addressed by him to the Spanish
14&
CYCLOP JEDIA OF BIOGUAPHY.
[bsb
Cortes, during their discussion of this
subject; and, in another, "Three Tracts
relative to the Spanish and Portuguese
Atlairs," London, 1821, he refuted the
idea of the necessity of a liouse of peers
in Spain, as well as Montesquieu's pro-
]^ositiou, that judicial forms are the de-
fence of innocence. One of his latest
works WHS the " Art of Packing," that
is, of arranging juries so as to obtain
anv verdict desn-ed. His previous work,
" Essai sur la Tactique des Assemblees
Legislatives," edited, from the author's
papers, by Dumont, and translated into
German, contains manj^ useful observa-
tions. His " Introduction to the Prin-
ciples of Morals and Legislation," treats
of the principal objects of government
in a profound and comprehensive man-
ner. Zanobelli has translated his " The-
ory of Legal Evidence," into Italian.
Among his earlier works was a " De-
fence of Usury," showing the impolicy
of the present legal restraints on the
terms.of pecuniary bargains : 1787. Mr.
Bentham died in London, June 6, 1832,
leaving his body to be dissected for the
benefit of science. He was a man of
primitive manners, unblemished char-
acter, and undoubted earnestness in
the cause of the people at large. He is
considered as the father of the Utilita-
rians, or those moral-political-econo-
mists, who view every thing as it is af-
fected by the principle of "the greatest
happiness of the greatest number."
BENTINCK, William, first earl of
Portland, was descended from a noble
family in Holland. When the prince
of Orange was seized with the small-pox,
it was recommended that he should re-
ceive the warmth of a young person in
the same bed. Bentinck offered himself,
and caught the same disease in a violent
degree, but the danger to which he sub-
mitted was amply repaid by the favor
of the prince. William brought him
with him to England, raised him to the
Peerage, and granted him valuable lands,
'he earl, faithful to his principles,
served the king in various offices, civil
and military, and attended him in his
last moments. D. 1709. — William
Henky Cavendish, third duke of Port-
land, was born in 1738, and educated at
Christ-church, Oxford. He was called
to the house of lords by the death of his
father in 1762, having sat for some time
in the house of commons as member for
Weobley ; after his accession to the up-
Ber house he voted with the marquis of
lockingham, under whose administra-
Hon ha was lord cshambezlain. During
the American war he acted witli the op-
position, and was appointed lord lieu-
tenant of Ireland in 1782, but in con
sequence of the breaking up of the
administration, by the death of the
marquis of Rockingham, he only con-
tinued in that office three months. The
memorable coalition succeeded, which
fell before the rising fortunes of Mr.
Pitt, and from that time the duke voted
with the whig opposition until he was
elected chancellor of Oxford in 1792.
He soon after joined with Mr. Burke in
his alarm at the French revolution,
agreeing with this orator and other
seceders, on the score of French poli-
tics, to support the administration. He
was accorduigly appointed secretary of
state for the home department in 1794,
and continued in that office until the
resignation of Mr. Pitt in 1801, when he
was made president of the council, which
he held until 1805. He succeeded Lord
Grenville as first lord of the treasury in
1807, which office he resigned soon after,
and was succeeded by Mr. Percival. D.
1808. — Lord George", a British states-
man of considerable ability, the fourth
son of the duke of Portland, who en-
tered parliament in 1828, first as a mod-
erate whig, but subsequently he became
a tory, and opposed Sir Kobert Peel's
movements in favor of free-trade. D.
1848.
BENTIVOGLTO, Cobnelio, cardinal
and poet, b. at Ferrara, 1668, early dis-
tinguished himself by his progress in
the fine arts, literature, philosophy, the-
ology, and jurisprudence. Pope Clement
XL made him his domestic prelate, and
secretary to the apostolic chamber, and
sent him, in 1712, as nuncio to Paris,
where, during the last years of the reign
of Louis XIV. he acted an important
?art in the affairs of the bull Unigenitus.
'he pope, in 1719, bestowed on him the
hat of a cardinal. Poetry had rccupied
the leisure hours of the learned ^Ardinal.
Some sonnets composed by him are to
be found in Gobbi's collection, vol. 3,
and in other coUections of his time.
Under the name of Selvaggio Porpora
he translated the " Thebais" of Statins
into Italian. He delivered several ad-
dresses before societies for the promo-
tion of the fine arts. His discourse in
defence of the utility and moral infiu-
ence of painting, sculpture, and archi-
tecture, delivered in the academy of
design, at Rome, 1717, was reprinted by
the academy of the Arcadians, in the
second volume of the " Prose degli Ar-
cadL" D. 1782.^ — Guido, celebrated as
bkn]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
]t48
a cardinal and an historian, was b. at
Ferrara, in 1579. He studied at Padua
with great reputation, and afterwards,
fixing liis residence at Eome, acquired
general esteem by his prudence and in-
tegrity. He was nuncio in Flanders
from 1607 to 1616, and afterwards in
France till 1621. His character stood so
high that, on the death of Urban VIII.,
in 1644, he was generally thought to l)e
the most likely person to succeed him ;
but, on entering the conclave, in the
hottest and most unhealthy season of
the year, he was seized with a fever, of
which he died, aged 65. He lived in a
magnificent style, and was much em-
baiTassed at the time of his death — a
circumstance attributed to his canvass
for the papacy. He wrote a " History
of the Civil Wars in Flanders," in Ital-
ian; an ''Account of Flanders" during
his legation, also translated by the earl
of Monmouth ; his own " Memoirs ;"
and a "Collection of Letters," which
are reckoned among the best specimens
of the Italian language. *
BENTLEY, Richard, a celebrated En-
glish divine and classical scholar, dis-
tinguished as a polemical writer, in the
latter part of the 17th century, was born
near Wakefield, in Yorkshire, in 1662.
His father is said to have been a black-
smith. In 1684 he took the degree of
A.M. at Cambridge, and, in 1689, obtain-
ed the same honor at the sister univer-
sity. His first published work was a
Latin epistle to doctor John Mill, in an
edition of the "Chronicle of John
Malca," which appeared in 1691. Dr.
Stillingfleet, having been raised to the
bishopric of Worcester, made Bentley
his chaplain, and, in 1692, collated him
to a prebend in his cathedral. In 1693
he was appointed keeper of the royal
library at St. James's — a circumstance
which incidentally led to his famous
controversy with the honorable Charles
Boyle, afterwards earl of Orrery, rela-
tive to the genuineness of the Greek
Epistles of Phalaris, an edition of which
was published by the latter, then a stu-
dent at Christ-church, Oxford. In this
dispute, Bentley was victorious, though
opposed by the greatest wits and critics
of the age, including Pope, Swift, Garth,
Atterbury, Aldrich, Dodwell, and Con-
jrtirs Middleton, who advocated the opin-
ion of Boyle with a degree of warmth
and illiberality that appears highly
extraordinary. In 1699, having three
years before been made D.D., he pub-
lished his " Dissertation on tlie Epistles
of Phalaria," in which he satisfactorily
proved that they were not the composi-
tions of the tyrant of Agrij^entum, who
lived more than five centuries before the
Christian era, but were written by some
sophist render the borrowed name of
Phalaris, in the decJming age of Greek
literature. Soon after this publication,
he was presented by the crown to the
mastership of Trinity college, Cambridge,
worth nearly £1000'a-year. He now re-
signed the prebend of Worcester, and,
in 1701, was collated to the archdeacon-
ry of Ely. In 1711 he published an
edition of Horace, at Cambridge, in 4to.,
which was reprinted at Amsterdam ;
and in 1713 appeared his " Remarks on
Collins's Discourse on Free-thinking,"
under the form of a Letter to F. H.
t Francis Hare] D.D., by Phileleutherus
jipsiensis. He was appointed regius
professor of divinity in 1716, and, in the
same year, issued proposals for a new
edition of the Greek Testament — an un-
dertaking for which he was admirably
qualified, but which he was prevented
from executing, in consequence of the
animadversions of his determined ad-
versary, Middleton. In 1726 he pub-
lished an edition of Terence and Phae-
drus ; and his notes on the comedies o^
the former involved him in a disputj
with Bishop Hare, on the metres -:/
Terence, which provoked the sarcas^jic
observation of Sir Isaac Newton, that
"two dignified clergymen, instead of
minding their duty, had fallen out about
a play-book." His last work was an
edition of Milton's Paradise Lost, with
conjectural emendations, which appear-
ed in 1732. This added nothing to his
reputation, and may, in one word, be
characterized as a failure. D. 1742.
BENYOWSKY, Count MAURmua
Augustus de, magnate of Hungary and
Poland, was b. 1741, in the Hungarian
province of Nittria. He embraced early
the profession of arms, and after serving
in the imperial armies, joined the con-
federation of the Polish nobility. He
accepted a high command in the army,
and distinguished himself against the
Russians in various skirmishes, till sev-
eral wounds disabled him, and he fell
into the hands of the enemy. The tri-
umph of the Russians was great in pos-
sessing the person of such an adversary ;
but, instead of respecting his misfor-
tunes, they insulted his fate, and load-
ing him with irons, confined him in a
prison, where the dead carcasses of his
companions in misery threatened a
pestilential contagion. He escaped, but
again was taken, and hurried away
144
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
whrouffh the deserts of Siberia to Kam-
stchatKa, where he found himself an in-
sulted exile and degraded prisoner, 1770.
In this distant retreat he formed the de-
sigrn of escapiuff, and the daugliter of M.
Nilon, the governor of the place, con-
sented to share his fortunes, and assist
him in his flight. He succeeded in his
attempt, made himself master of Kam-
stchatKa by force, and, accompanied by
eight-six faithful followers and nine
women, among whom was his fair pro-
tector, he sailed on t!ie 11th May, 1771,
from the harbor, and passing by the*
island of Formosa and the coast of
China, reached, Sept. 17th, the port of
Macao, from Avhence he departed for
Europe in a French vessel. He no
sooner landed in France, than he was
encoun^ged by the French court to form
a settlement at Madagascar. He eagerly
embraced the proposal, and after a res-
idence of scarce seven months in Europe,
set sail for Africa. On landing at Mad-
agascar, the governor of the isle of Finance
sent a small force to oppose him. He
met the invaders with his usual bravery,
but his adherents were few and timid,
and the hero, abandoned by the thirty
natives that were with him, and assisted
only by two Europeans, found himself
overpowered. A ball having struck him
on the right breast decided the fortune
of the day. He fell behind the parapet,
but his inhuman enemies, dragging him
by the hair, saw him expire in a few
minutes after, May the 23d, 1786.
BERCHTOLDT, Leopold, Count, was
b. in 1758, and devoted his life to the
relief of the wretched. He spent thir-
teen vears in travelling through Europe,
and four in'travelling through Asia and
Africa, to assuage human misery. The
results of his experience are contained
in his "Essay to direct and extend the
Inquiries of Patriot Travellers," He
wrote several pamphlets on " The Means
of Keforming the Police," which he caus-
ed to be printed in different European
countries, at his own expense, and to be
distributed giatis. His prize questions
gave rise to many pamphlets "Und treati-
ses on the means of saving the droAvned
and seemingly dead. He offered a prize
of 1000 florins for the best treatise on
beneficient institutions and was himself
the founder of many. From 1795 till
1797 he travelled through Asiatic and
European Turkey, chiefly for the pur-
pose of counteracting the ravages of the
plague. At a later period he was en-
gaged in making vaccniation more exten-
sively known. During the famine that
[ber
raged in the Eiesengebirge, from 1805
to 1806, he procured corn and other pro-
visions from distant regions. He fitted
up the palace Buchlowitz on his estate
Buchlau, in Moravia, as an hospital for
tlie sick and wounded Austrian soldiers.
Here this patriot and philanthropist was
carried off by a contagious nervous fever,
July the 26th, 1809.
BERENGARIUS, or BERENGER, of
Tours, a teacher in the philosophical
school in that city, and in 1040 archdea-
con of Angers, is renowned for his phi-
losophical acuteness as one of the scho-
lastic writers, and also for the boldness
with which, in 1050, he declared himself
ajgauist the doctrine of transubstantia-
tion, and for his consequent persecu-
tions. He was several times compelled
to recant, but always returned to the
same opinion, that' the bread in the
Lord's supper is merely a symbol of the
body of Cnrist, in which he' agreed with
the Scotsman, John Erigena, The Cath-
olics ranked him among the most dan-
gerous hcrelTics. He was treated with
forbearance by Gregory VH., but the
scholastics belonging to the party of the
great Lanfranc, archbishop of Canter-
bury, were so irritated against him, that
he retired to the isle of St. Gosmas, in
the neighborhood of Tours, in the year
1080, where he closed his life at a gVeat
age in pious exercises in 1088. This
Berenger must not be confounded with
Peter Berenger, of Poitiers, who wrote
a life of Abelard.
BERENGER I., king of Italy, who
assumed the sovereignty on the death
of Charles I. in 888. He was defeated
by Rodolph of Burgundy, in 922, and
shortly afterwards assassinated. — II.,
became king of Italy in 950, but was
subsequently deposed for his tyranny,
and died in confinement in Germany. —
James, a celebrated anatomist and phy-
sician of the 16th century, born at Carpi,
in Italy, and died at Ferrara, 1550. He
made several important anatomical dis-
coveries, and is said to be the first wlio
used mercury in syphilitic diseases. —
Laurence Peter, a native of Provence,
professor of rhetoric at Orleans previous
to the revolution ; and, after the restora-
tion of the Bourbons, professor at the
Lyceum of Lyons, and inspector of acad-
emies ; author of " Les Soirees Pro-
venQales." &c. D. 1822.
BERENICE, daughter of Ptolemy
Philadelphus, and wife of Antiochus,
king of Syria. She was deserted by her
husband in favor of his former wife
Laodice, by whose orders she was strpji
ber]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
145
gled in her retirement at Antioch, 148
B. c. — A daughter of Ptolemy Auletes,
king of Kgypt. She usurped her father's
tlirone, and put her first husband to
death; but the Eomans replaced Ptol-
emy on his tlirone ; and he caused his
rebellious daughter to be executed. — A
daughter of Agrippa, king of Judea, and
wife of her fathers brother, Herod, who
was made king of Chalcis by the Em-
peror Claudius. Becoming a widow,
she gave her hand to Polemon, king of
Cilicia, out she soon deserted him, and
became the mistress of Titus, who, it was
thought, would have made her his wife
but for the murmurs of the Eomans,
BERESFORD, James, rector of Kib-
worth, Leicestershire, was born at Up-
ham, in Hampshire, in 1764, and received
his education at the Charter-house, and
Merton college, Oxford. He was the
author of a variety of separate works,
besides several excellent papers in the
" Looker-on," a periodical of consider-
able interest, published in 1792-3 ; but
the work which obtained for him the
greatest celebrity, was the well-known
humorous satire entitled " The Miseries
of Human Life." D. 1840.
BERETTINI, Peter, an Italian archi-
tect and painter of great merit. B. 1596 ;
d. 1669.
BERG, Matthias van der, a Flemish
painter, pupil of Eabens. B. 1615 ; d.
1687.
BERGEN, Dirk van der, a celebra-
ted landscape and portrait painter. D.
1689.
BERGHEM, Nicholas, an eminent
painter, b. at Haerlem in 1624, and re-
ceived his first instruction in painting
from his father, Peter of Haerlem, who
was a very different artist. He then
continued his studies under Van Goyen,
and the elder Weenix, It is related,
that once, when pursued by his ftither,
he fled into the workshop of Van Goyen,
who, to protect him, called to his pupils,
" Berg hem" (conceal him) : this, it is
said, occasioned his new name. Love
of his art, and the great demand for
paintings, as likewise the avarice of his
wife, prompted him to labor with great
assiduity. To buy enigravinsrs, of which
he was very fond, he was often compel-
led to borrow money from his students,
which he could only refund by deceiving
his wife in regard to the price of his
paintings. In this manner he obtained
a rich collection. J5erghem's landscapes
and representat'ons of animals adorn the
mo*^t oeleb'-ated galleries. The distin-
guishing characteristics of his pictures
13
are the breadth and just distribution of
the lights, the grandeur of his masses of
light and shadow, the natural ease and
simplicitjy in the attitudes of his figures,
the brilliancy and harmony, as well as
transparency of his coloring, the correct-
ness and true perspective of his design,
and the elegance of his composition.
Although he hardly ever left his work-
shop, yet he had closely observed nature,
during a long residence in the palace
of Benthem. He died at Haerlem, in
1683.
BEEGMANN, Torbern Olof, a nat-
ural philosopher and chemist, was b.
at Catherineberg, in the Swedish prov
ince of West Gothland, March the 9th,
1735, and obtained, after many difficul-
ties, the permission of his family to de-
vote himself entirely to the sciences. At
that time disciples nocked from all quar-
ters to Linnaeus, at Upsal. They were
joined by Bergmann, in 1752, who, by
his acuteness and his discoveries, which
were facilitated by his attainments in
geometry and physics, excited the notice
of this great man. In 1758 he became
doctor of philosophy and professor of
physics at Upsal. Upon the resignation
of the celebrated Wallerius he stood
candidate for the professorship of chem-
istry and mineralogy. His competitors
charged him with ignorance of the sub-
ject, because he had never written on it.
To refute them, he shut himself up for
some time in a laboratory, and prepared
a treatise on the manufacture of alum,
which is still considered as a standard
work. In 1767 he became professor of
chemistry, and devoted himself with
ardor to this science. He invented the
preparation of artificial mineral waters,
and discovered the sulphureted hydro-
aren gas of mineral springs. We are in-
debted to him for a knowledge of the
characters which distinguish nickel from
other metals. On a number of minerals
he made chemical experiments, with an
accuracy before uncommon. He pub-
lished a classification of minerals, in
which the chief divisions are based on
their chemical character, and the sub-
divisions on their external form. His
theory of the chemical relations is still
esteemed, and if it has received some
new developments from the further re-
searches of Berthollet, it has not been
overthrown. The order of Gustavns
Vasa was bestowed on Bergmann. He
declined the invitation of Frederic the
Great to remove to Berlin. D. 1784.
BEEKELEY, George, bishop of
Cloyne, in Ireland, celebrated for hia
146
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[ber
ideal theory. He was b. at Kilcrin,
Ireland, in 1684; became fellow of Trin-
ity college, Dublin, in 1707 ; travelled in
Italy as tar as Leghorn, in 1713 and 1714,
and, at a later period, in 1721, he was
made chaplain to the lord lieutenant of
Ireland, the duke of Grafton. He ap-
peared with much applause as an author
before he was twenty years old. His
works on philosophy and mathematics,
among which hi^ "Theory of Vision,"
published in 1709, is the most brilliant
Eroof of the author's acuteness, procured
im a wide-spread fame. In 1724 he
was promoted to the deanery of Derry,
and resigned his fellowship. He now
published his " Proposals tor the Con-
version of the American Savages to
Christianity," by the establishment of a
college in the "Bermuda islands. The
project was very favorably received, and
persons of the Arst rank raised consider-
able sums by subscription to aid it ; and
Berkeley, having resigned his prefer-
ment, set sail for Ehode Island, with
several other persons of similar views,
to make arrangements for carrying on
his college. The assistance of parliament,
which had been promised, not being af-
forded, his undertaking miscarried, after
he had spent seven years and a consid-
erable part of his fortune in his efforts to
accomplish it. He afterwards wrote
numerous philosophical, religious, and
politico-economical works ; among the
rest two treatises on the utility of tar
water. D. 1753. — George, earl of, one
of the privy council of Charles II. ; au-
thor of " Historical Applications and
Occasional Meditations." D. 1698. — Sir
"William, of the same family as the
above ; vice-admiral of the white. He
was killed in an action with the Dutch,
1666. — John le Franc van, a Dutch
physician, naturalist, and poet ; author
of " Poems," " Natural History of Hol-
land," &c. B. 1729 ; d. 1812.— Sir Wil-
liam, governor of Virginia; author of
"The Description and Laws of Vir-
ginia," &c. D. 1677.
BERKENHOUT, John, an English
physician and general writer. He was
b. at Leeds, in Yorkshire, about 1730,
and his father, who was a Dutch mer-
chant, gave him an education suitable
to the same calling ; but his turn being
to a military life, he entered into the
Prussian service, and rose to the rank
of captain. In 1756 he quitted that ser-
vice and entered into that of England,
where he obtained the same rank. At
the peace, in 1760, he went to Edinburgh,
and began the study of phasic ; while
there he published his " Clavis Anghca
Linguee Botanicse," a book of great
merit : in 1765 he went to Leyden, and
took his degree of M.D. On his return
to England he settled at Isleworth, in
Middlesex, and soon after published his
" Pharmacopajia Medica." In 1778 he
attended the British commissioners to
America, and at Philadelphia he was
committed to prison, but he soon after-
wards was set at liberty, and returned
with the commissioners to England,
where he obtained a pension. D. 1791.
BERLICHINGEN, Gotz, or Godfrey
VON, with the iron hand ; born at Jax-
thausen, in Suabia ; a bold, restless,
warlike, and honorable German knight,
of the middle ages. He placed himseli
at the head of the rebellious peasants, in
the war which they waged against their
oppressors, but was soon made prisoner.
Before that time he had lost his right
hand, and therefore wore one made of
iron. He died July the 23d, 1562. His
biography, written by himself, was
printed at Nuremberg in 1731 and 1775,
and, for the third time, at Brcslau, in
1813. This book contains an excellent
picture of the social life and customs of
the middle ages, and has furnished
Goethe with the subject for his beautiful
drama, " Goetz von Berlichingen,"
which Sir Walter Scott translated.
BERNADOTTE, Charles John XIV.,
king of Sweden and Norway, whose
original name was John Baptiste Julius
Bernadotte, was born of very humble
parents at Pau, in Bearne. He received
a good education, and it is said that he
was designed for the bar, but he sud-
denly abandoned his studies, and en-
listed as a private in the marines. For
nine years from his enlistment, that is,
up to the year 1789, the utmost ranK
that Bernadotte had attained was that
of sergeant; but in the opening made
bj the French revolution, by the sweep-
ing away the arbitrary barrier which till
then hacl rendered plebeian merit of little
avail in the French service, Bernadotte
saw his advantage, and improved it so
well, that in 1792 he was a colonel in
the army of Custines. In 1793 he so
distinguished himself under the com-
mand of Kleber, as to be raised to the
rank of general of brigade, and shortly
afterwards, of division. On the Rhine
and in Italy he more and more distin-
guished himself, and he showed that
his talents were not those of a mere sol-
dier, by his conduct in a somewhat dif-
ficult embassy to Austria. Between him
and Napoleon there seems to have been
']
CYCLOPvEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
14T
a constant distrust, if not actual hatred ;
nevertheless, ~Bernadotte had a mar-
shal's staff on the establishment of the
consulate, and was created prince of
Ponte Corvo in 1806. In all his cam-
paigns, Bernadotte was distinguished
trom the great majority of the French
commanders by the clemency and gen-
erosity of his conduct from tlie moment
that the battle was at an end; and it
was this conduct, even more than his
brilliant reputation as a soldier, that
caused him to be put in nomination as
a successor of Charles XIII. of Sweden.
Napoleon, then emperor, could but with
difficulty be induced to consent to Ber-
nadotte becoming crown-prince and heir
to the throne. "What!" said Berna-
dotte, " will you make me greater than
yourself by making me refuse a crown ?"
The sarcasm told, and Napoleon merely
replied, " Go ! our fates must be accom-
plished !" From the instant that he
became crown-prince of Sweden, the
fortunate soldier showed a determina-
tion to give all his energies to his adopt-
ed country ; he formed a secret alliance
with Kussia in 1812, and, in 1813, he
took command of the combined armies
of Northern Germany against France.
Never during half a century before his
accession had Sweden known the peace
or the prosperity in which he left her
in the hands of his son Oscar. B. 1765 ;
d. 1844.
BERNARD OF MENTHON, arch-
deacon of Aosta, was born in 923, near
Annecy, in Savoy, and was celebrated
among his cotemporaries for his learn-
ing and piety; but his claims to the
notice of later ages rest on his having
been the benevolent foimder of the two
admirable institutions on the Great and
Little Saint Bernard, by means of which
the lives of so many travellers have been
saved. D. 1008. — Of Thuringia, a fa-
natical hermit of the 10th century, who
threw almost all Europe into consterna-
tion, by preaching that the end of the
•world was at hand. Multitudes relin-
quished their occupations, and became
pilgrims ; and others were so frightened
at an eclipse of the sun, which then
occurred, that they hid themselves in
caverns and holes in the rocks. The
terror spread by this man was not whol-
ly removed till towards the end of the
eleventh century. — Edward, an English
philosopher and critic; author of " Ety-
mologicum Brittanicum," a " Treatise
on Ancient Weights and Measures,"
&c., &c. B. 1638; d. 1697.— James, a
"French Protestant divine ; author of an
"Historical Accorjit of Europe," &c.
B. 1658; d. 1718. — John, an actor; au-
thor of " Retrosj ection of the Stage."
D. 1828. — Claudk, surnamed "the poor
priest," was a native of Dijon, whose
active benevolence towards the poor and
sick was unremitting during the whole
course of liis life, and for whose support
he not only expended his whole iutier-
itance, £20,000, but was continually em-
ployed in soliciting for them the bene-
factions of others. B. 1588; d. 1641. —
Peter Joseph, a French amatory poet,
styled by Voltaire, U gentil Bernard, an
epithet by which he is still distinguish-
ed. B. at Grenoble, 1710 ; d. 1775.— Sir
Thomas, a gentleman and scholar, to
whom the Society for bettering the Con-
dition of the Poor owes its establishment,
and who was also the active promoter
of many charities, was born at Lincoln,
1750; d. 1818.— Duke of Weimar, the
fourth son of duke John of Saxe- Wei-
mar, was a general whose magnanim-
ity, skill, and impetuous valor were fre-
quently displayed while commanding
the Swedish army after the death of
Gustavus ; and who afterwards, while
in alliance with France, did great ser-
vice to the Protestant cause. He died
by poison, administered, as his cotem-
poraries asserted, at the instigation of
the duke of Richelieu, who hiid become
jealous of his power : but of this there
is no substantial proof. B. 1604; d.l689.
— Simon, general of engineers of France,
was b. at Dole in 1779. The kindness
of the parish priest supplied him with
sufficient of the rudiments of learning
to allow his entering the Polytechnio
school at fifteen years of age. La Place,
Haiiy, and other great men were then at
the head of the Polytechnic school, and
so well did Bernard avail himself of their
lessons, that he not only became one of
the most distinguished engineer officers
and aids-de-camp of Napoleon, but,
subsequently to the emperor's fall, exe-
cuted works in the United States, which
are most undoubtedly unequalled else-
where; the most distant places being
united by canals, actual navigable rivers,
and upwards of four thousand five hun-
dred miles of frontier rendered secure
against invasion by forts aiivl works.
Since July, 1830, he" returned to France,
and was for some time minister of war.
D. 1839.— Saint, the abbot of Clairvaux,
and one of the most influential ecclesi-
astics of the middle ages. He was born
of a noble family at Fontaines, in Bur-
gundy, 1091. He became a monk of
Citeaux in 1113, and two years later,
148
CYCJ.OP-^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[beh
first ahbot of Clairvaux. An austere
manner of living, solitary studies, bold
language and eloquence, with the repu-
tation of a prophet, made him soon the
oracle of Christian Europe. lie wjis
called the honeyed teacher, and his wri-
tings, a stream from Paradise. He prin-
cipally promoted the crusade in 1146,
and quieted the fermentation, caused at
that time by a party of monks, against
the Jews in Germany. He declined all
promotion, and in the rank of abbot of
his " beloved Jerusalem," as he used to
call Clairvaux, he continued with all hu-
mility, but with great boldness, his cen-
sures of the clergy and his counsels to
the' popes. Innocent II. owed to him
the succession of the right of investiture
in Germany, and Eugenius III. his edu-
cation. He was, at the same time, the
umpire of princes and bishops, and his
voice in the synods was regarded as di-
vine. By his rigid orthodoxy and his
mystical doctrines, which, though at
times enthusiastic, were always directed
to the promotion of practical Christian-
ity, he refuted the subtleties and dia-
lectics of the scholastic philosophers, al-
though his severity against Abelard and
Gilbert of Porjee can" by no means be
justified. Luther says of him, " If there
has ever been a pious monk who feared
God, it was St. Bernard ; whom alone I
hold in much higher esteem than all
other monks and priests throughout the
globe." He died in 1153, and was can-
onized by Alexander III., in 1174.
BERNARDEZ, Diego, called by_ his
countrymen the Portuguese Theocritus,
was not more eminent as a pastoral poet,
than as a brave warrior ; and after nu-
merous deeds of heroism, was taken
prisoner by the Moors at the battle of
Alcazar quiver. D. 1596.
BERNARD!, Augustus Frederic, a
German philologist, whose great aim was
to invent a universal grammar common
to all languages, and wlio, in his endeav-
ors to effect that object, displayed great
ingenuity and learning. B. at Berlin,
1768 ; d. 1820. — John, a celebi\T,ted en-
graver and architect. D. 1555.
BERNARDINE, a Catholic saint;
canonized for his zeal in causing more
than 300 monasteries to be founded. B.
at Massa, in Tuscany, 1380 ; d. 1445.
BERNARDIN DE SAINT-PIERRE,
James Hexry, was b. at Havre, in 1737,
and is said to have been a descend-
ant of the celebrated Eustace de St.
Pierre, the patriotic mayor of Calais.
At the «^g'3 of twenty he entered into the
engine er service ; and ho successively
served at Malta, in Russia, and in Po-
land. On his revisiting his native coun-
try, he obtained a captain's commission
in the engineer corps, and was sent to
the Isle of France, from whence, how-
ever, after a residence of three years, he
returned, with no other fortune than a
collection of shells and insects, and a
narrative of his voyage. The latter,
which was his first literary effort, was
published in 1773 ; and he, thenceforth,
devoted himself to literature. Hia
"Studies of Nature" appeared in 1784,
and passed rapidly through several edi-
tions. "Paul and Virginia" was pub-
lished in 1788, and this delightful tale
acquired an unprecedented popularity,
and set the seal on his reputation.
During the reign of terror, he narrowly
escaped the scaffold. From Napoleon
and his brother Joseph he received
pensions, which gave comfort to his
latter days. He d. in 1814. His " Har-
monies of Nature" was given to the
press after his death. The best edition
of his works is in 12 octavo vols. The
philosophy of St. Pierre is occasionally
eccentric ; but the purity of his morality,
and the beauty of Ms style, deserve the
highest praise.
:BERNES, or BARNES, Juliana, an
English lady of the loth century, of
whom little more is known, than that
she was prioress of the nunnery of Sope-
well, near St. Alban's, and has her name
prefixed, as the writer or compiler, to
one of the earliest and most curious pro-
ductions of the English press. The title
of the second edition, printed in the
abbey of St. Alban's, in 1486, is, "The
Boke of Hawkyng and Huntyng, with
other Pleasures, dyverse, and also Coofc-
armuries." Tlie first edition (1481)
does not treat of coat-armor or her-
aldry. This work, under the title of
"The Book of St. Alban's," became a
popular manual of sporting science, and
was several times reprinted in the 16th
century. As a typographical curiosity,
a small impression of it Avas published,
in 1811, by Mr. Halsewood.
BERNI, Francis, one of the most
eminent Italian poets of the 16th cen-
tury, was b. at Lamporecchio, in Tus-
cany, and d. of poison, in 1536. He
remodelled Bojardo's "Orlando Inna-
morato." His " Rime Burlesche," and
his Latin "Poems," are to be found
in various collections. — Count Francis,
a civilian, orator, and poet, was b. at
Ferrara, in 1610. He was greatly in
favor with Pope Innocent X., Alexander
VII., and Clement IX., and with two
ber]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
U9
successive duTves of Mantua. He ex-
celled in dramatic pieces, of which he
wrote eleven. A volume of his miscel-
lanies was published with the title of
"Academia." D. 1673.
BEKNIER, Francls, a physician and
traveller, was b. at Angers. In 1655.
after having passed through Syria ana
Egypt, he visited India, where he re-
sided for some years, as physician to
Aurungzebe. On his return to France
he published his "Travels," a work of
great interest and authenticity. Ber-
nier was universally admired for the
graces of his mind and person. His
principal work, besides his "Travels,"
IS an "Abridgment of Gassendi's Phi-
losophy," in 8 vols. D. 1688.
BEiiNINI, John Laurence, who was
at once a painter, a sculptor, and an
architect, and whom his cotemporaries
denominated the modern Michael An-
gelo, was b. at Naples, in 1598. At
the early age of ei^ht years, he mani-
fested his genius oy sculpturing the
head of- a child in marble. Some of his
finest works were produced before he
was twenty. He was patronized by
Popes Urban VIII., Alexander VII., and
Innocent X., and was invited to France
by Louis XIV. His finest productions
are at Rome. Bernini had a fine genius ;
but he is accused of mannerism, and of
having often violated the principles of
true taste. D. 1680.
BEENIS, Cardinal Feancis Joachim
DE PiEEREs DE, a French poet and
statesman, was b. at St. Marcel de I'Ar-
deche, in 1715. In early Afe, he pub-
lished some lig^t poetry, which gamed
him the patronage of Madame de Pom-
padoui, through whose influence he
was pensioned, and received into the
academy; he was subsequently em-
ployed to negotiate in Italy, Spain, and
Austria, promoted to be minister for
foreign affairs, and gratified with the
dignity of cardinal. In 1764 he was
made archbishop of Alby, and in 1769
was sent ambassador to Kome. The
revolution deprived him of his rev-
enues ; but lie obtained a pension from
Spain. He left behind him a poem,
with the title of " Eeligion Avenged."
D. 1794.
BEENOUILLI, a family of eminent
mathematicians, who emigrated from
Antwerp to Bale, in consequence of the
religious persecution of the duke of
Alva. Eight distinguished men be-
longed to this family, whom we shall
notice in the oi'der of seniority. — James,
vas b. at Bale, in 1654, an(i, in 1687,
la*
was elected professor of mathematics in
that college. He greatly advanced the
science of mathematics, by his applica-
tion of the dififerential calculus to the
solution of geometrical and mathemati-
cal problems, his invention of the Ber-
nouillian numbers, and his calculation
of curves, spirals, and evolutes. He d.
1705. — John, brother of the former, was
b. at Bale in 1667, and became one of
the greatest mathematicians of his time.
He was destined for the profession of
a merchant, but was predtlected to the
sciences, and, in 1685, he published, in
conjunction with his brother, a very
valuable work " On the Dififerential
Calculus," and was the first who de-
veloped the method of integration.
Four years after this, he went to
France, where he became the instructor
of the Marquis de I'Hopital, about which
time he discovered the calculus of ex-
fionents, and took the degree of M.D.
n 1695 he became professor of math-
ematics at Groningen. From Frederic
I. of Prussia, he received a gold medal
for the discovery of mercurial phospho-
rus, and was likewise chosen member
of the academies of Berlin and Paris.
In 1705 he succeeded his brother as pro-
fessor of mathematics at Berlin, and
died in 1748. — Nicholas, nephew of the
the former, was b. at Bale, in 1687,
and although intended for the law, de-
voted liimself to the favorite study of
his uncles. He studied under John B.
Math, at Groningen and Bale, and hav-
ing travelled through Switzerland, Hol-
land, and England, in 1713, became
member of the royal societies of London
and Berlin. On being recommended by
Leibnitz, he was chosen professor of
mathematics at Padua, in 1716, but, in
1722, he went to Bale, as professor of
logic, and, in 1731, he was translated to
tlie chair of Eoman and feudal laAv. He
died in 1790, and left the three fol-
lowing sons. — Nicholas, b. at Bale, in
1695, Dccanie, in 1723, professor of law
there, and died in Petersburg, in 1726.
— Daniel, b. at Groningen, in 1700,
studied medicine, and took the degree
of M.D. He became professor of anat-
omy and botany at Bale, in 1733, and,
in 1750, of natural philosophy, and died
in 1782. He received ten different prizes
from the academy of Paris, one of which
he shared with his father, for investiga-
tions in astronomy. He was one of the
greatest natural philosophers and math-
ematicians of his time, and was a mem-
ber of the societies of Petersburg, Paris,
and Berlin, to whose transactions ho
150
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
contributed many of their most valuable
papers. — John, b. at Bale, in 1710, be-
came professor of rlietoi'io there, in
1745, and tliree years afterwards was
translated to tlie eliair of matlieuiatics.
He died in 1790, and left the two fol-
lowing sons. — John, the author of sev-
eral excellent works, was b. at Bale,
1744, became, at the age of nineteen,
royal astronomer at Berlin, travelled
through all Europe, and returned, in
1770, when lie became director of math-
ematics of the academy, and died in
1807. — James, b. also at Bale, in 1759,
became professor of mathematics at Pe-
tersburg, and married the daughter of
Euler.
BERNSTOKFF, John HABTWia Er-
nest, Count, a celebrated statesman in
the employment of the king of Den-
mark, and' founder of the Danish So-
ciety of Languages and the Fine Arts,
and the Economical and Agricultural
Society. B. at Hanover, 1712 ; d. 1772.
— Andrew Peter, Count, nephew of the
above, a Danish minister of state. Du-
ring the American war he effected the
armed neutrality of Russia, Prussia,
Denmark, and Sweden, for the protec-
tion of the trade of those powers against
the belligerents ; and it was chiefly
owing to his skilful policy that Den-
mark was prevented from being drawn
into collision with either Sweden or
Russia, when the war broke out be-
tween those powers in 1788. B. 1735 ;
d. 1797.
BERO ALDUS, Philip, an Italian pro-
fessor of eloquence. B. 1453 ; d. 1505.
— Philip, nepliew of the above, an Ital-
ian poet, librarian of the Vatican under
Pope Leo X. D. 1518.
BEROSUS, priest of the temple of
Belus, at Babylon, in the time of Ptol-
emy Philadelphus. He wrote a " His-
tory of Chaldaea," some fragments of
which are preserved by Josephus.
BERQUIN Arnauld, an elegant
French writer, author of "Idyls,"
"L' Amides Enfans," and other inter-
esting works for youth. B. 1749; d.
1791.
BERRETINI, Nicholas, an eminent
historical painter, pupil of Carlo Muratti.
B. 1617; d. 1682.
BERRI, Charles Ferdinand de Bour-
bon, duke de, second son of the Count
d'Artois, afterwards Charles X. of
France ; assassinated by one Louvel,
who attacked him just as he had left
the opera-house, and was on the point
of stepping into his carriage, Feb. 13,
1820 He shared in common with the
Bourbons all the reverses they were
doomed to suffer; and he deserved a
better fate, if it were only for the be-
nevolence of his character. His son
Henri, born posthumously, commonly
called the Due de Bordeaux, or the
Comte de Chambord, is the legitimate
heir to the throne of France.
BERRIMAN, William, an English
divine, author of 5 vols, of sermons, &c.
B. 1688 ; d. 1750.
BERRUYER, Joseph Isaac, a French
Jesuit, whose writings were condemned
at Rome for their too ^reat liberality,
author of a " History ot the People of
God," &c. D. 1658.
BERRY, Sir John, an English naval
commander, knighted for his distin-
guished bravery at the battle of South-
wold Bay. He died of poison, adminis-
tered to him on board his ship, 1691.—
Sir Edward, a rear-admiral of England.
This officer was the only one in the
royal navy who had received three med-
als for his services, having commanded
a line-of-battle ship in the memorable
battles of the Nile, Trafalgar, and St.
Domingo. D. 1831.
BERSMANN, George, a learned Ger-
man, author of " Notes on some of the
Classics," and a Latin version of the
" Psalms of David." B. 1538 ; d. 1611.
BERTAUT, John, a French prelate
and poet, chaplain to Catherine de Me-
dici, and secretary of the cabinet of
Henrv IIL B. 1562 ; d. 1611.
BERTHIER, Alexander, prince of
Neufchatel and Wagram, a marshal and
vice-constable of France, was b. at
Versailles, in 1753, and served with La-
fayette in the war of American inde-
pendence. At the commencement of
the French revolution he was made a
general officer, fought gallantly in La
Vendee, and was at the head of Bona-
parte?s staff in Italy, Egypt, and Ger-
many. He was, in fact, the companion
of Napoleon in all his expeditions, di-
ning and travelling in the same carriage ;
and his skill in drawin;^ up dispatches,
joined to his unwearied application and
methodical habits, proved of incalcula-
ble value to the emperor in the vast
pressure of his affairs. On the restora-
tion of Louis, however, in 1814, he rec-
ognized his authoritv, and was created
a peer; but when his former master
returned from Elba, he retired to his
family at Bamberg, where, as soon as
the niusic of the Russian troops, on
their march to the French borders, was
heard at tlie gates of the city, he put an
end to his life in a fit of frenzy or re
bbrJ
CYCLOPJEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
15'4
morse, by throwing himself from a win-
dow of his palace, June 1, 1815. — Joseph
Stephen, a French philosopher of the
Socif-ty of the Oratory ; author of " Phy-
sique des Cometes," &c. ' B. 1710: d.
1783. — WiLLiAH Francis, a learned Jes-
uit, one of the editors of the " Diction-
naire Trevou," and translator of the
Psalms into French. B. 1704 ; d. 1782.
BEETHOLLET, Claude Louis, Count,
one of the most eminent chemists of the
day, was b. at Talloire, Savoy, in 1748,
and studied medicine at Turin. He
afterwards settled in Paris, where he
became intimate with Lavoisier, was
admitted a member of the Academy of
Sciences, and made professor of the nor-
mal school. He accompanied Bonaparte
to Egypt, and returned with him ; and,
during the emperor's reign, was made
a seujitor and an oflB.cer of the legion of
honor; notwithstanding which he was
one of the first to desert his patron when
his fortunes were on the decline ; for
which he received the title of count from
Louis XVIIL His principal work is
"Essai de Statique Chimique," but he
wrote many other valuable essays, and
had also a large share in the reforma-
tion of the chemical nomenclature. D.
1822.
BEETHOLON, N. de St. Lazare, a
French chemist and philosopher of the
18th century, whose works on aerosta-
tion, electricity, and other scientific sub-
jects, evince much learning and ability.
B. at Lyons, and d. in 1799.
BEETHOUD, Ferdinand, a skilful
Swiss clock and chronometer maker ;
author of " Traite des Horologes Ma-
rine ;" " Histoire de la Mesure du Temps
par les Horologes," &c. B. at Plance-
mont, Neufchatel, 1727 ; d. 1807. His
nephew Louis inherited his talents, and
was not less celebrated than his uncle.
The accuracy of their chronometers is
provei'bial.
BEETI, Alexander Pompey, a native
cf Lucca ; author of " La Caduta de'
decemviri della Eomana Eepublica," &c.
B. 1686 ; d. 1752. — John Laurence, an
Italian monk, and general of the order
of the Augustines ; author of some Ital-
ian poetry, a work "De Disciplinis The-
ologicis," &c. B. 1690 ; d. 1766.
BEETIN, Joseph, a French physician
and anatomist; author of a "Treatise
on Osteology," and other valuable works
on anatomy. B. 1712; d. 1781.— An-
thony, a French military officer and an
elegant poet ; author of a " Collection of
Elegies," and other poems, which were
greatly esteemed. B. in the isle of
Bourbon, 1752; d. at St. Domingo.
1790. — Louis Francois, the principal
founder of the "Journal des Debats,"
was an influential editor. B. in Paris,
1766 ; d. 1842.
BEETINAZZI, Charles Anthony, a
celebrated comedian, and an accom-
plished wit, was b. at Turin, in 1713,
and for more than forty years was one
of the most distinguished comic actors
at Paris. D. 1783.
BEETIUS, Peter, professor of mathe-
matics, and cosmographer to the king
of France ; author of " Theatrum Ge-
ographia Veteris," &c. B. 1565: d.
1629.
BEETOLI, Giovanni Domenico, ob-
tained the name of the patriarch of
Aquileia, from his having first directed
attention to the antiquities of that place,
and for his successful endeavors to pre-
vent the inhabitants from mutilating or
destroying them. B. 1676 ; d. 1758.
BEETON, Henri Montau, an eminent
French composer, who formed his style
under Gluck, Piccini, Pasiello, and Sac-
chini. He first appears before the public
as a composer when only. 19, in his
"Concert Spirituel." He afterwards
wrote 20 operas. B. at Paris, 1767 ; d.
1882.
BEETEAM, Cornelius Bonaventure,
Hebrew professor at Geneva and Lau-
sanne ; author of a " Dissertation on the
Eepublic of the Hebrews," &c. B. 1531 ;
d. 1594.
BEETEAND, John Baptist, a French
physician ; author of an " Historical Ac-
count of the Plague at Marseilles," <fec.
B. 1670; d. 1752.— Henry Gratica,
Count, a distinguished French general,
who shared the exile of Napoleon,
and whose military achievements were
eclipsed by the fidelity of his devotion
to tne great captain. He was with his
leader in all his campaigns, and acted a
brilliant part at Spandau, Friedland,
Lutzen, Bautzen. B. 1770; d. 1844
BEETEANDI, John Ambrose Maria.
an eminent surgeon and anatomist of
Turin; author of a "Treatise on Surgi-
cal Operations," and various other pro-
fessional works. B. 1723 : d. 1765.
BEEULLE, Pierre de, Cardinal, foun-
der of the congregation of the Oratory.
He was employed in many affairs of state
in France; and accompanied Henrietta
Maria, wife of Charles 1., to England.
D. 1629.
BEE WICK, James Fitzjames, duke
of, natural son of James II. and Arabella
Churchill, sister of the duke of Marlbo-
rough ; a distinguished and gallant sol •
152
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bei
dier, and author of a valuable volume
of memoirs. Killed at the siege of Phil-
ipsburgh, in 1734.
BEKYLLUS, an Arabian bishop of
the 3d century ; converted by Origen
from his heterodox opinion, that Christ
had no existence prior to his incarna-
tion.
BERZELIUS, Baron, one of the great
chemists of modern times, was b. in
1779, in Ostgothland, a province of Swe-
den, where his father kept a village
school. After graduating at Upsala in
1804, he repaired to Stockholm, where
he became an assistant to Spawrnmann,
who had accompanied Captain Cook in
one of his voyages round the world ;
and at his death, in 1806, he succeeded
him in the chair of chemistry, which he
continued to fill for forty-two years. It
would be impossible within our limits
to give even a summary of his labors
during this period ; suffice it to say, that
in a century which has produced a great-
er number of distinguished chemists
than perhaps of any other class of men
of science, Berzelius stood out as a star
of the first magnitude. His patient
labors, and ingenious investigations,
have done more to lay the foundation of
organic chemistry than those of any
other chemist. To him pre-eminently
belongs the honor of applying the great
principles which had oeeu established
by Dalton, Davy, Gay-Lussac, and him-
self, in inorganic chemistry, to unfolding
the laws which regulate the combinations
forming the structures of the animal
and vegetable kingdoms; and in thus
opening the way for the discoveries of
Mulder, Liebig, Dumas, and others. To
him chemistry is indebted for the dis-
covery of several new elementary bodies,
more especially selenium, morium, and
cerium ; and to his skill as a manipula-
tor may be traced many of the analytical
processes at present in use. Under
these circumstances it is not surprising
that all the scientific societies of the
world contended for the honor of enroll-
ing his name among their members ;
and the various minor honors which he
received from his own sovereign from
time to time, were finally crowned by
his being made a knight grand cross of
the order of Vasa in 1829, and his eleva-
tion to the rank of a baron in 1835. D.
1848.
BESOLDE, Christopher, a counsellor
of Vienna; author of a "Synopsis of
Polities," a "History of the Ottoman
Empire," &c. B. 1577 ; d. 1638.
BESSARIAN, John, a Greek priest,
one of the most eminent revivers of
learning in the 15tli century, and founder
of the noble library of St. Mark, at
Venice. He translated from Aristotle,
Xenophon, <Stc. ; and zealously defended
l*lato against the attacks of George of
Trebizond. He was made a cardinal by
Pope Eugene, and had the title of patri-
arcii of Constantinople given him by
Pius 11. B. 1395 ; d. 1472.
BESSEL, Dr. Freukrick William, a
distinguished Prussian astronomer, b.
1784. He was professor of astronomy in
the university of Berlin ; and such was
the skill and assiduity with which he
prosecuted his favorite study, that he
was twice presented with a gold medal
from the Eoyal Astronomical Society of
London, for the number and accuracy of
his observations. D. 1846.
BESSIEKES, John Baptist, duke of
Istria, and a French marshal, was b.
at Poitou, in 1769. He distinguished
himself in many memorable battles, and
was liighly esteemed by Napoleon for
his honor, skill, and bravery. He fell
in the combat that preceded the battle
of Lutzen.
BETHEN COURT, John de, a Norman
briron, and a military adventurer, who
conquered the Canary Islands, and after-
wards held them as' a fief of the crown
of Castile. D. 1425.
BETHLEM-GABOE, the son of a
poor Transylvanian Calvinist gentleman,
was patronized by Gabriel Battori, then
dethroned him, and, in 1613, proclaimed
himself prince of Transylvania. In 1618
he reduced Hungary', assumed the title
of king, and invaded Austria and Mo-
ravia ; whence, however, he was ex-
pelled by Tilly. A treaty ensued, and
he relinquished his Hungarian eon-
quests ; but remained sovereign of
Transvlvania till his death, in 1629.
BETIIUNE, DiviE, an eminent phi-
lanthropist and Christian, was b. at
Dingwall, Rosshire, Scotland, in 1771.
In early life he resided at Tobago, where
his only brother was a physician. He
removed to the United States in 1792,
and settled as a merchant in NewYork.
Before a tract society was formed in this
country, Mr. Bethune printed 10,000
tracts at his own expense, and himself
distributed many of them. He also im-
ported bibles for distribution. From
1803 to 1816 he was at the sole expense
of one or more Sundav schools. D. 1824.
BETTERTON, Thomas, a celebrated
actor, was. b. in 1635, at Westminster,
and began life as an apprentice to a
bookbinder. At the age of twenty,
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
153
however, he went upon the stage, and
ultimately acquired a high degree of
reputation as a tragic actor ; especially
iu some of Shakspeare's principal char-
acters. In 1 695 he opened a new theatre
in Lincoln's Inn Fields ; but tliis spec-
ulation was unsuccessful. Several pieces
were altered by him for the stage. D.
1710.
BETTINELLI, Xaviee, an elegant
Italian writer, was b. at Mantua, in
1718, and became a member of the soci-
ety of Jesuits. For some years he had
tlie direction of the college of nobles at
Parma, and afterwards was professor of
eloquence at Modena. He continued his
literary career till his death, which took
place at Venice in 1808. His works oc-
cupy 24 vols. 12mo., of which two are
occupied by tragedies, and three by
poems. Of his prose works, one of the
most celebrated is " Letters of Virgil."
BETTS, John, an English physician
of the time of Charles 11. ; author of a
treatise " De Ortu et Natura Sanguinis,"
&c.
BETUSSE, Joseph, an Italian poet of
the 16th century ; he translated into
Italian the Latin works of Boccaccio,
and wrote a life of him.
BEUCKELS, William, a fisherman, a
native of Dutch Flanders, is one of
those men who have a claim to be con-
sidered as benefactors of their counjiry.
About the beginning of the IStli century
he discovered the art of curing and bar-
relhng herrings ; a discovery which
proved in the highest degree beneficial
to his native land. His countrymen
erected a statue to his memory. D.
1449.
BEUF, John le, a French antiquary ;
author of "Memoirs of the History of
Auxerre," &c. B. 1607 ; d. 1670.
BEUKNONVILLE, PetekEiel, count
of, a French marshal, was b. in Bur-
gundy, in 1752, served in the East In-
dies, and under Dumourier, and was
made minister of war in 1793. He was
one of the republican commissioners
whom Dumourier gave up to the Aus-
trians, and was imprisoned at Ohnutz
till 1795. On his return to France he
was appointed to the command of the
armies of the Sambre and the Meuse,
and of HoUand. During the consulate
he was ambassador at Berlin and Ma-
drid ; and, under the empire, was grand
officer of the legion of honor, senator,
and count. He voted for the deposition
of Napoleon, followed Louis to Ghent,
and was rewarded with the title of mar-
shal. D. 1821,
BEVEK, Dr. Thomas, an English civU-
ian ; a judge of the Cinque Ports, and
author of a treatise on " The Legal
Polity of the Komans," &c. D. 1791.
BEVEEIDGE, William, bishop of
St. Asaph ; an eminent orientalist, critic,
and theologian, and one of the most dis-
tinguished scholars that ever adorned
the prelacy, was b. at Barrow, Lin-
colnshire, in 1688, and educated at St.
John's college, Cambridge. He was the
author of numerous works ; among which
are 12 volumes of " Sermons," "Private
Thoughts on Eeligion," " Institutionum
Chronologicarum Libri duo," &c. He
bequeathed the principal part of his
property to charitable uses. D. 1707.
BEVEELY, John of, tutor to the
Venerable Bede, and subsequently arch-
bishop of York. He was one of the
most learned men of his time, and sev-
eral of his devotional treatises are still
extant. D. 721.
BEVERNINCK, Jerome van, a Dutch
statesman ; greatly instrumental in pro-
moting the treaty of Nimeguen, which
produced a general peace. B. 1614 ; d.
1690.
BEVEEWICK, John ns, a Dutch
physician ; author of some valuable
works on professional subjects. B.
1594 ; d. 1647.
BEWICK, Thomas, a celebrated en-
graver on wood, which art he acquired
under a Mr. Beilby, of Newcastle-on-
Tyne, with whom he went into partner-
ship. He was considered, wheniie died,
at tne head of his art. — John, brother of
the preceding, who also attained great
excellence in the art of engraving on
wood. These ingenious men carried
their art to a state of perfection which
will not easily be surpassed. The first
work that attracted the notice of the
public, and at once established their
reputation, was a " History of Quadru-
peds," published in 1790, with figures
on wood. It was eagerly sought after
by the curious, and has been followed
by many other proofs of their abilities,
the last of which is a " History of Brit-
ish Birds," 8vo, published in 1797, two
years after the death of John.
BEZA, Theodore de, was b. in
1619; at Vezelay, a small town of Bur-
gundy, of a noble family. He was con-
fided to the care of the celebrated
professor Melchoir Wolmar, who taught
him the Scriptures. But these pious in-
structions seemed at first smothered un-
der the passions of youth. Surrounded
in Paris with all that could lead astray,
amiable, rich, and full of spirit, be livoa
154
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[lilC
as a man of the world, published a vol-
ume of li^jht poetry, under the name of
"Juvenilia," and contracted a secret
marriage, because one of his uncles, who
was in orders, had bequeathed to him the
revenues of some ecclesiastical benetices.
A severe sickness awakened his consci-
ence. " Hardly had I strength to rise,"
he writes to Wolmar, " when, breaking
all ties, and packing up my small effects,
I left at once my country, parents,
friends, to follow Christ. I exiled my-
self voluntarily, and retired to Geneva
with my wife." His marriage was pub-
licly consecrated in the church, and he
renounced all his youthful sins. This
occurred in the month of November,
1548. He made the acquaintance of
Calvin, whose life he subsequently wrote,
and became his intimate friend. He was
appointed professor of the Greek lan-
guage at Lausanne, and afterwards pro-
fessor of theology, rector of the academy,
and a pastor in Geneva. He composed
many writings, mostly of a polemical
character ; among the rest a defence of
the right to punish heretics. His largest
works are Commentaries on the New
Testament, collections of Sermons, the
translation into French verse of a part
of the Psalms, and the History of the lie-
forraed Church of France, to the year
1562. D. 1565.
BEZOUT, Stephen, a celebrated math-
ematician, and mathematical examiner
of the naval and artillery schools, was
b. at Nemours, in 1780, and d. in the
Gatinois, in 1783. He is the author of
a " General Theory of Algebraic Equa-
tions," and two "Courses of Math-
erpatics," the one in 4 vols., and the
other in 6, for the use of the royal ma-
rine and artillery schools. One anecdote
proves the kindness and courage of Be-
zout. Though he had never had the
small-pox, he ventured to the bedside
of two youths of the naval academy, who
were laboring vmder it, and who would
have been thrown back a year in their
promotion, had he not examined them.
BIANCHI, Antonio, a Venetian gon-
lolier of the 18th century, who obtained
^'reat note by his poetical talents, author
of "11 Templi ovvero di Solomone,"
and " A Treatise on Italian Comedy." —
John, known also bv the Latin name of
Janus Plangus, a celebrated Italian phy-
sician, anatomist, and naturalist, and
the reviver of the Academy of the Le-
incei. B. at Eimini, 1693 ; d. 1775. —
Francis, a musical composer, born at
Cremona, author of " Disertor Fran-
chese," " Semiramide," &c. He went
to England, wrote "Castore e Polluce"
for Madame Storace, and " Inez de Cas-
tro" for Mrs. Billington ; and died early
in the present century.
BIANCHINI, Francis, a philosopher
and mathematician of Verona, author of
"Istoria Universale provata con Monu-
menti et Figurata con symboli degli
Antichi," and a vast number of scien-
tific and literary treatises. B. 1662; d.
1729.
BIAET, Pierre, a Jesuit missionary,
who came to Acadia in 1611, and who
wrote a relation of the events of his
voyage and visit. The next year he as-
cended the Kennebec, and in 1618 ar-
rived at St. Saveur on the Penobscot.
He was taken prisoner and carried to
England by Argall.
BIAS, called one of the wise men of
Greece, b. at Priene, a small town of
Caria, about 570 b. c. Though born to
great wealth, he lived without splendor,
expending his fortune in relieving the
needy. On one occasion, certain pirates
brought several young women to sell as
slaves at Priene. Bias purchased them,
and maintained them until he had an
opportunity of returning them to their
friends. This generous action made
him be styled "The Prince of Wise
Men."
BIBIENA, Beknabdo da, a Roman
cardinal, raised from a low origin by
Leo X., author of a comedy entitled
"La Calandria," greatly admired in
Italy. B. 1470; d. by poison, as it is
supposed, 1520. — Ferdinand Galli, an
eminent painter and architect. B'. at
Bologna, 1657 ; d. 1743.
BICHAT, Maria Francois Xavier, a
celebrated French physician, who, du-
ring a short career, gave. an impulse to
the science which he cultivated that has
not yet ceased to be felt, was b. at Tho-
irett, in the department of the Ain,
Nov. 11, 1771. At Paris, he studied
under the direction of Desault, who
treated him as a son. On the death of
that distinguished professor, Bichat su-
perintended the publication of his surgi-
cal works, and, in 1797, began to lecture
upon anatomy, in connection with ex-
perimental physiology and surgery. In
1800 appeared his "Trait6 des Mem-
branes," which passed through numer-
ous editions, and immediately after pub •
lication, was translated into almost all
the languages of Europe. In the same
year was published his celebrated work
"Kecherches sur la Vie et la Mort,"
which was followed the next year by
his "Anatomie Gen^rale," a complete
emj
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
155
code of modern anatomy, pliysiology,
and medicine. In the 28ih. year of his
age, Bic'liiit was appointed pliysician
of the Hotel-Dieu, in Paris, and, with
the enerj^y characteristic of true genius,
began his labors in pathological anat-
omy. In a single winter, he opened no
less than 600 bodies. Bichat is the
founder of the medical theory at present
received. lie is tlie creator of general
anatomy, or of the doctrine of the iden-
tity of the texture of the ditferent organs,
which is the fundamental principle of
modern medicine. D. 1802.
BICKERSON, Sir Richard Hussey,
admiral of the red, and general of ma-
rines, was b. Oct. 11, 1751), and entered
the royal navy at an early period. D.
1832.
BICKERSTAFF, Isa.vc, a dramatic
writer of the 18th century, author of
" Love in a Village," "Lionel and Cla-
rissa," &c.
BIDDERMAN, Johx Gottlieb, a
German writer, and rector of the public
scnool at Friedburg, author of treatises
"De Latinitate Maccaronica," "Deln-
Bolentia, Titolorum Librarlorum," &c.
D. 1772.
BIDDLE, John, a celebrated Socinian
writer, was b. 1615, at Wotton-under-
Edge. Being led to doubt of the doc-
trme of the Trinity, he drew up twelve
arguments on the subject ; in conse-
(juence of which he was committed to
jail by the parliamentary committee then
sitting at Gloucester, but w-as liberated,
on security being given for his appear-
ance when called for. About six months
afterwards, he was examined before a
committee of the parliament, and his
pamphlet ordered to be burned by the
common hangman. He however per-
sisted in his opinion, and, in 1648, pub-
lished two tracts, containing his "Con-
fession of Faith, concerning the Holy
Trinity, and the Testimonies of Irenaus,
Justin Martyr, and several other early
writers on the same subject." These
publications induced the assembly of
divines to solicit parliament to decree
the punishment of deatli against those
who should oppugn the established
opinions respectmg the Trinity. He
was, some tnne after, again remanded
to prison, by the zeal of President Brad-
shaw, and remained for some years in
confinement, subjected to the greatest
privations. A general act of oblivion,
m 1651, restored him to liberty, when
he immediately disseminated his opin-
ions. Cromwell banished him to St.
Mary's castle, Seilly, where he remained
three years, until the protector lib-crated
him in 1658. He then became pastor
of an Independent congregation, and
continued to support his opinions until
fear of the Presbyterian parliament of
Richard Cromwell induced him to retire
into the countiy. On the restoration,
he was apprehended at one of the pri-
vate assemblies, and upon process of
law, fined £180 and ordered to lie in
prison until it was paid. He fell a mar
tyr to this sentence, by catching one of
tlie distempers so common at that time
in jails, and d. during September of this
year, in the 47th year of his age, a mar-
tyr to religious intolerance, Toulmin
styles him the father of the modern Uni-
tarians, — Nicholas, an American naval
commander, b. 1750. He was regularly
bred to the sea, and was a thorough
seaman. In 1770 he went to London,
and entered the British navy. After
the commencement of the revolution,
he returned to Philadelphia. Being ap-
pointed commander of the Andrea Do-
ria, a brig of 14 guns and 130 men, he
sailed under Commodore Hopkins, in
the successful expedition against New
Providence. After refitting at New
London, he was ordered to proceed oif
the bank of Newfoundland. He cap-
tured, in 1776, among other prizes, two
ships from Scotland, with 400 Highland
troops. Being appointed to the com-
mand of the Randolph, a frigate of 32
guns, he sailed from Philadelphia in
Feb, 1777. He soon carried into Charles-
ton, four valuable prizes bound from
Jamaica to London, one of them, the
True Briton, of 20 guns. A little fleet
was now fitted out under his command,
with which he cruised in the West In-
dies. In an action with the British ship
Yarmouth, of 64 guns, March 7, 1778,
Capt. Biddle was wounded, and, in a
few minutes afterward^s, while he was
under the liands of the surgeon, the
Randolph, with a crew of 315, blew up,
and he, and all his men but 4, perished.
— Nicholas, a son of Charles Biddle
who was distinguished in the revolu-
tionary war, made himself known as a
president of the bank of the United
States. He was b. in Pennsylvania,
educated at Princeton, studied law un-
der Gen. Armstrong, edited the Port
Folio with Dennie, was a member of
the Pennsylvania legislature, and finally
president of the bank at the time it was
destroved by the policy of Gen. Jack-
son. !D. 1844.
BIDLAKE, John, a divine and poet,
was b. at Plymouth in 1755. He waa
15d
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bil
educated at the school of his native place,
and after taking his first degree in arts
at Christ-church, Oxford, he became
. master of the same seminary, which he
conducted with reputation. He pro-
ceeded to his doctor's degree, and in
1811 was appointed to preach the Bamp-
tou Lectures ; but in the act of deliver-
ing the third discourse, he was suddenly
seized with an epileptic fit, which pro-
duced total blindness. Besides some
single sermons on diflterent occasions,
he published two volumes of discourses ;
the '* Bampton Lectures ;" " Introduc-
tion to the Study of Geography ;" Poems,
"The Sea, a Poem;" "The Country
Parson, a Poem ;" " Eugenio, or the
Precepts of Prudentius, a Tale;" "The
Summer Eve, a Poem ;" " Virginia, a
Tragedy ;" " Youth, a Poem ;" and "The
Year, a Poem." D. 1814.
BIDLOO, Godfrey, a native of Am-
sterdam, eminent as a physician and an
anatomical writer. He was professor at
the Hague, and afterwards at Leyden,
and physician to King William, whom
he attended in England. Some of his
poems in Low Dutch were published in
1719. His great work is "Anatomia
Corporis Humani," Amsterdam, 1685.
D. 1713.
BIEFIELD, James Frederick, baron
de, a native of Hamburgh, employed by
the king of Prussia as secretary of le-
gation, and afterwards as preceptor to
his brother, Ferdinand, and in 1747
made curator of the universities, and
afterwards baron and privy councillor.
He spent the last part of his life in lite-
rary retirement. He is the author of
several works not highly esteemed. D.
1770.
BIEVEE, Marqitis de, a marshal of
France, who acquired a high reputation
as a wit and punster. When he was
introduced to Louis XV. the king de-
sired that he should make a pun. "Give
me a subject, sire," he re])lied. " Oh !
make one on me," rejoined the monarch.
"Nay," said the marquis, as quick as
thought, " the king is never a subject."
He wrote two comedies, one called the
" Seducer," which still keeps possession
of the French stage ; the other " Eepu-
tations," which has not so much merit.
He went to one of the Spas for his health,
and while there, on his death-bed, could
not resist the temptation to play upon
words. As he was dying, he* said, " Je
m'en vais de ce pas, (de Spa.)" B.
1747; d. 1789.
BIGLAND, John, a voluminous
writer, originally a village f jhoolmaster,
whose first publication did not appear
till he was 50 years of age; author of
" A System of Geography and History,"
"Histories of Spain and England,"
" Letters on English and French His-
tory." B. 1750; d.l832.
BIGNE, Marquerin de la, a doctor
of the Sorbonne ; compiler of the first
edition of the "Bibliotheca Patrum."
B. 1546 ; and d. at Paris about the close
of the 16th century.
BIGNEY, Grace de la, a French
ecclesiastic; author of a poem entitled
" Le Roman des Oiseaux." D. 1374.
BIGNICOURT, Simon de, a counsellor
of Eheims; author of "Pensees et Re-
flexions Philosophiques." B. 1709; d.
1775.
BIGNON, Jerome, a learned French
writer ; author of treatises " On Rome
and its Antiquities," "On the Election
of the Pope," &c. ; and editor of the
"Formulae" of Marculphus. B. 1589;
d. 1656. — John Paul, grandson of the
above, librarian to the king of France ;
author of " Les Aventures d'Abdalla
fils d'Haniff," <fec. D. 1743.
BIGOT, Americ, an eminent French
scholar. He assisted in the publication
of several works ; and having discovered
Palladius's Life of Chrysostom in the
duke's library at Florence, he publislied
both the Greek text and his own Latin
translation of it, B. 1626; d. 1689.
BILDERDYK, William, an eminent
Dutch poet, was b. at Amsterdam, 1750.
In 1776 he obtained from the society of
Leyden the first prize for a poem on the
influence of poetry upon government.
In the following year lie obtained from
the same society two prizes for an ode
and a didactic poem, " On True Patriot-
ism." Since that period, he has ranked
with Feith, and Madame de Launoy,
among the first Dutch poets. In 1780
he obtained a new prize for a poem " On
the Connection of Poetry and Eloquence
with Philosophy." He added to this
poem, some time afterwards, an import-
ant commentary, which showed him to
be a man of learning and a philologer.
Bilderdyk, besides devoted himself to
law, at 'the Hague, with grent success.
On the invasion of the Netherlands by
the French, he left his country on ac-
count of his adherence to the hereditary
stadtholder, and removed to Brunswick,
and afterwards to London, where ha
delivered in the French language lec-
tures on literature and poetry, which
were numerously attended. After ths
new order of things was firmly estab-
lished in Holland, he returned in 1799,
>J
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
IS-?
and soon afterwards published some
"^ of his principal works. Among these
are a didactic poem on astronomy, and
the masterly imitations of Delille's
" L'Homme des Champs," and " Pope's
Essay on Man." Louis Bonaparte, on
his accession to the throne, appointed
him his teacher of Dutch, and one of the
first members of the national institute
founded by him. After the incorpora-
tion of Holland into the French empire,
his muse was silent; but she rose the
more vigorously after the deliverance of
his country. D. 1831.
BILFINGER, George Bernard, a
German writer and professor of philoso-
phy and theology. He was a man of
most extensive learning, and the author
of " DUucidationes Philosophicae," &c.
B. 1688; d. 1750.
BILGUER, John Elric, a Swiss sur-
geon ; author of several professional
treatises, in one of which he maintains
the utility of amputation in cases of gun-
shot wounds, D. 1796.
BILLAUD, Vakennes de, the son of
a French advocate at Eochclle, was edu-
cated at the same college as Fouche, and
proved himself one of the most violent
and sanguinary characters of the French
revolution. He bore a principal part in
the murders and horrid massacres which
followed the destruction of the Bastile ;
voted immediate death to the unfortu-
nate Louis XVL ; and officiated as presi-
dent of the convention on the 18th of
Oct., 1793. He was afterwards deported
to Cayenne, and subsisted on a small
pension allowed him by Pethion. D. at
St. Domingo, in 1819.
BILLING, SiGisiroND, a French liber-
al, b. at Calmar, in Alsace, in 1773. He
entered the army at the very commence-
ment of the revolution, and distinguished
himself at the battle of Genappe and on
other occasions ; was commissary of war
to the armies of the North, the Ehine,
&c., in 1792, and to the army of Ger-
many at the time of General Moreau's
retreat, and was present in many cele-
brated battles and sieges. When the
reverses of Napoleon had endangered
the safety of France, Billing, as the com-
mander of a legion of the national guard,
surrounded and defended the chamber
of representatives while it was in the
act of pronouncing the emperor's for-
feiture, and was otherwise active in
bringing about his abdication. He was
also, in concert with General Lafayette,
greatly instrumental in effecting the
revolution of 1S30, which seated Louis
Philippe on the throne. D. in 1832.
14
BILLINGTON^ Elizabeth, one of the
greatest female singers of her own, or
perhaps any other time, was of Gennan
origin, but b. in England during 1770.
At an early age she studied the piano-
forte under Schroeter, and attained to
an extraordinary proficiency. At four-
teen, she made her first appearance as a
singer at Oxford, and two years after-
wards married Mr. Billington, a per-
former on the double-bass. She appeared
at Co vent- garden, for the first time, as
Kosetta, in " Love in a Village," with
such success as to secure her an imme-
diate engagement at what was then con-
sidered the enormous salary of £1000 for
the rest of the season, besides a benefit ;
the managers afterwards voluntarily
giving her the profits of a second night.
In 1785, she appeared at the concerts of
ancient music with Madame Mara, whose
brilliant performance she, to say the least,
fully equalled. From this period, till
1793, no music meeting, opera, or con-
cert of reputation was considered com-
plete without her. In the last-named
year she visited Italy, and performed,
accompanied by her brother C. Weichsel,
at the theatre of San Carlos at Naples;
Bianchi composing expressly for her his
celebrated opera " Inez de Castro." In
1801, her wonderful powers being then
in their meridian, she returned to the
London stage, appearing alternately at
either house. In 1817, she quitted En-
gland for ever, and d. after a short ill-
ness, at her villa of St. Artien, an estate
she had purchased in the Venetian ter-
ritories.
BINGLEY, the Garrick of the Dutch
stage, was b. at Rotterdam, in 1755, of
English parents. In 1779, in his twenty-
fourth year, he made his debut at Am-
sterdam. The public odium was then
excited against England, on account of
its ships having captured vessels under
the Dutch flag, without any previous
declaration of war, and Bingley was
unfavorably received. But he soon con-
quered this prejudice, and continued to
be the favorite of the public. In 1796
he was di ector of a company of actors,
who played principally at "Eotterdani
and the Hague, but also visited other
cities of Holland. One of his last repre-
sentations, in which he was assisted by
the great actress Wattier Ziesenis, was
the part of Farnese, in Lalain's tragedy
of " Maria," acted in 1818, before the
royal family. In the same year, he d. at
the Hague.
BIOERNSTAEHL, James Jonas, a
distinguished traveller, b. at Rotarbo.
158
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY".
BIR
in the Swedish province of Sundermann-
land. in 1731, studied at Upaal, after-
wards entered the liimily of Baron Rud-
beok as tutor, and travelled with his son
to England and the continent of Europe.
While residing in Paris he studied Ori-
ental languages. On the return of his
pupil to Sweden, he was appointed by
Gustavus III. to make the tour of
Greece, Syria, and Egypt, receiving at
the same time, the title of professor at
the university of Lund. He now went,
at the king's "expense, to Constantinople,
in 177'J, where he remained, for some
time, to learn the Turkish language.
Ho then proceeded, on his travels as far
as SaloniKi, where he d. of the plague,
1779. He had given an account of his
travels, in the form of letters to his
friend Gloerwell, who at first published
them separately in a journal, which ap-
peared in Stockholm; and afterwards
in separate works.
BION, b. in Smyrna or in its neighbor-
hood ; a Grecian pastoral poet, of whose
life no account is to be found. Among
the few poems written by him, which
have descended to our times, his elegy
oil Adonis is considered as the best.
His poems together with those of Mos-
chus are generally found as an appendix
to the idyls of Theocritus, and have
been well translated by Fawkes. — Nich-
olas, a French mathematician ; author
of a "Treatise on the Use of the Globes,"
&c. D. 1733.
BIEAGUE, Clement, an engraver on
gems, said to have been the first discov-
erer of the art of engraving on diamonds.
He was b. at Milan, and "flourished du-
ring the middle of the 16th century. —
Bene de, a Milanese of noble family,
who sought shelter in France from the
vengeance of Louis Sforza, and became
a cardinal and chancellor of France. He
is infamously memorable as one of the
authors of tlie massacre of St. Bartholo-
mew. B. Io09; d. 1583.
BIRCH, Thomas, an industrious histo-
rian and biographer, was b. at London,
in 1705. He became usher in three
different schools, and afterwards took
orders in the church, and obtained
in 1732, a living in Essex, under the
patronage of the attorney-general, after-
wards Lord Hardwicke. In 1734 he en-
gaged with some coadjutors in writing
the "General Historical and Critical
Dictionary," founded on that of Bayle,
and completed in 10 vols, folio, 1741.
He subsequently obtained various pre-
ferments in the church. In January,
1765, he waM killed by a fall from his
horse, on the road between London and
Hampstead. Birch had formed very
extensive manuscript collections, which,
together with his library of printed books,
he bequeathed to the British Museum.
He was one of the pioneers of literature.
Dr. Johnson was repeatedly obliged to
him for literary information, bestowed
on him a Greek epigram, and for many
years corresponded with him. The lit-
erature of his country is much indebted
to the activity and dihgencc of this per-
severing writer. — Samuel, who for many
years played a distinguished part as a
member of the corporation of London,
was b. in that city in 1757, and succeed-
ed his father in his well-established
business of a pastry-cook, in Cornhill.
He was the first to propose the measure
of arming and training the inhabitants
as volunteers; and he had the honor,
successively, to become lieutenant, ma-
jor, and lieutenant-colonel commandant
of the first regiment of Loyal London
Volunteers. Yet, although never un-
mindful of his position as a party man
in politics, he found leisure to employ
his pen in various walks of literature.
He was also among the earliest and most
active supporters of the Literary Fund
Society, to which he continued attached
till his decease, and had long been the
senior member of its council. In 1814
he filled the civic chair. D. 1841.—
Harvey, the assumed name of Enoch
Crosby, a person employed as a spy for
the American army, and whose adven-
tures have given occasion to one of the
creations of Cooper, the American nov-
elist.
BIRD, William, an eminent musician
in the reign of Elizabeth. He chiefly
composed sacred music, and to him
" Non nobis Domine" is attributed. B.
1543 ; d. 1653. — John, an eminent math-
ematical instrument maker; author of
"The Method of constructing Mural
Quadrants," &c. D. 1766.— Edward, a
painter, chiefly of comic subjects, but
who also executed many religious and
historical pieces, and was made histori-
cal painter to the Princess Charlotte of
Wales. B. 1772; d. 1819.
BIREN, John Ernest de, duke of
Courland, the son of a peasant, whose
handsome person and address obtained
him an unbounded influence over Anue.
daughter of Peter I., and duchess of
Courland, who, when she ascended the
throne of Russia, committed the reins
of government to his hands, made him
duke of Courland, and at her death, in
1740, left him regent of the empire. He
sis]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
159
was subsequently banished to Siberia ;
recalled by Peter III., and his duchy re-
stored to him by Catherine, in 1763, but
which, six years afterwards, he rehn-
quished in favor of his eldest son. B.
1687 ; d. 1772.
BIKKBECK, George, M.D., president
of the London Mechanics' Institute, was
the son of a merchant and banker at
Settle, in Yorkshire, where he was b. in
1776. In his boyhood he displayed a
strong inclination for those mechanical
pursuits to which he afterwards became
so devoted ; but his friends having de-
termined that ho should embrace the
medical profession, he first studied for
this object at Leeds, then removed to
London to become a pupil of Dr. Baillie,
and subsequently went to Edinburgh to
complete his education. At the age of
twenty-one he was appointed professor
of natural history in the Andersonian
Institution of Glasgow ; and having
while there successfully established a
mechanics' class, he was induced, in
1822, to found the London Mechanics'
Institute in Chancery Lane, to which so-
ciety he generously lent £3000 for erect-
ing a museum, lecture-room, &c. Of
this institution Dr. Birkbeek was elect-
ed president, and from it nearly all die
various mechanics' institutes through-
out Great Britain have been established
D. 1841. — Morris, an English gentleman
who emigrated to America, where he
purchased so vast a tract of land as to
acquire the title of " Emperor of the
Prairies ;" author of " Letters from Illi-
nois, " Notes of a " Journey in Amer-
ica," &c. He was accideutally drowned
in 1825.
BIRKENHEAD, Sir John, a political
writer of the 17th century ; several times
imprisoned during the commonwealth
for writing in favor of the exiled king.
B. 1615; d. 1679.
BIRKHEAD, Henry, a modern Latin
£oet, b. in 1617; author of •' Otium
literarium," &c. He d. at the latter
end of the 17th century.
BIRON, Armand de Gontaitf, baron
de, a celebrated French general, honor-
ed with the friendship of Henry IV.
He was slain at the siege of Eperriay, in
Champagne, in 1592. — Charles de Gon-
TAUT, duke de, son of the above ; ad-
miral and marshal of France, and a
favorite of Henry IV., who appointed
him his ambassador to England, &c.,
and raised him to the dukedom. He
was, however, seduced by the intrigues
of the court of Spain to join in a conspir-
acy against his royal and truly generous
friend ; for which crime he was tried,
condemned, and beheaded, in 1.602.—
Duke de Lauzun, b. about 1760 ; one of
the most celebrated men of the French
revolution, remarkable at once for his
amours, his attachment to liberty, and
his military exploits. He served with
Lafayette in America, and attached him-
self to the party of the duke of Orleans,
on his return. In 1792 he was joined
with Talleyrand in a mission to this
country; on his return, served under
Rochambeau, in Flanders ; and perish-
ed by the guillotine at the end of 1793,
on a charge of counter-revolution. He
d. stoically, ordering oysters, and drink-
ing wine with the executioner.
BISCHOP, John de, a Dutch histor-
ical and landscape painter. B. 1646 ; d.
1686. — Samuel, an EngUsh divine and
poet. B. 1731 ; d. 1795.
BISCOE, Richard, an English divine ;
author of " The History of the Acts of
the Apostles, confirmed by other Au-
thors.'^ D. 1748.
BISI, Bonaventure, an esteemed Bo-
lognese miniature and historical painter.
D. 1662.
BISSET, Charles, an able physician,
and a writer on fortification, which art
he studied while in the 42d regiment,
and received promotion for his skill in
it at the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom, by the
duke of Cumberland. B. 1716 ; d. 1791
— James, an ingenious artist and amusing
writer, was b.'at Perth, in 1762, but set-
tled early in life at Birmingham, where
he established a museum and shop for
curiosities, which he afterwards removed
to Leamington. He had a remarkable
facility in writing rhymes ; and being
ever ready to make his muse subserve
the cause of loyalty, or aid the progress
of art, his various works present a mot-
ley appearance, and are often singularly
droll and epigrammatic. " Guides,"
" Directories," and " Poetic Survej's"
of the towns in which he lived, look
oddly enough when placed in juxta-
position Math " Patriotic Clarions,"
"Critical Essays," and "Comic Stric-
tures on the Fine Arts ;" yet such were
among his numerous productions, all of
which are more or less indebted for their
notoriety to the jingle of rhyme. D.
1832. — Robert, a native of Scotland;
author of a " Life of Burke ;" a "Sketch
of Democracy," &c. D. 1805.
BISSON, Pierre T. J. G., b. 1767 ; a
French general, who fought in most of
Napoleon's campaigns, till his death, at
his return in 1811. ' He was of prodigi-
ous size, strength, and appetite, and Wiis
leo
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bla
always supplied with double rations of
food, by' order of Napoleon.
BITAUBE, Paul Jekemiah, the son
of French refugee parents at Konigs-
berg, where he was b. in 1732, but in
after life settled in Paris. He was an
author of considerable repute, and
patronized by Frederick II. of Prussia,
and by Napoleon. He translated Homer,
and wrote " Joseph," and other poems.
D. 1808.
BIVAE, Don Rodrigo Dias de, or the
Cid, a hero of Spain, whose astonishing
valor in various encounters with the
Moors, and his unjust banishment, af-
forded rich materials both for history
and romance. B. at Burgos, 1040 ; d. at
Valencia, 1099.
BIZOT, PiEKKE, a French writer ; au-
thor of a curious work, entitled " His-
toire M^daillique de la R^publique de
Hollande." B. 1636 ; d. 1696.
BLACK, Joseph, a celebrated chemist,
b. at Bordeaux, of Scottish parents, in
1728, studied medicine at Glasgow. Dr.
Cullen, his instructor, inspired him with
a taste for chemical studies. In 1754 he
was made doctor of medicine, at Edin-
burgh, and delivered an inaugural dis-
sertation, " De Humore acido a Cibis
orto et Magnesia alba," which exhibits
the outline of his discoveries relative to
carbonic acid and the alkalies. In 1756
he published his Experiments on White
Magnesia, Quicklime, and several other
Allialine Substances, in the 2d volume
of the Essays, Physical and Literary, of
the Edinburgh Society. He demon-
strates the existence of an aerial fluid in
these substances, which he calls fixed
air, the presence of which diminishes
the corrosive power of the alkalies and
the calcareous earths. This discovery
formed the basis of all those which have
immortalized the names of Cavendish,
Priestley, Lavoisier, &c., and gave a
new form to chemistry. In 1751 he en-
riched this science with his doctrine of
latent heat, which has led to such im-
portant results. In 1756 he was ap-
f)ointed professor of medicine and
ecturer on chemistry in the university
at Glasgow, in the place of Dr. Cullen,
and, in 1765, when Cullen left the pro-
fessor's chair in Edinburgh, he was
there also succeeded by Black. No
teacher inspired his disciples with such
a zeal for study ; his lectures, therefore,
contributed much to make the taste for
chemical science general in England.
Upon Lavoisier's proposal, the Academy
or Sciences, in Paris, had appointed him
one of its eight foreign members. His
habits were siinple, his character cold
and reserved. Though of eminent abil-
ity as a chemist, he injured himself by
his long opposition to the reception of
the new chemical theory. At length,
however, he was convinced of its supe-
rior accuracy, and did justice to its mer-
its. D. 1799.
BLACKADDEE, John, a distinguish-
ed preacher among the Scottish Cove-
nanters.
BLACKBURNE, Francis, an English
divine, eminent as a theological writer,
and remarkable for the publication or
works favoring dissent from the church
to which he belonged, was b. at Rich-
mond, in Yorkshire, in 1705, and was
educated at Cambridge. In 1750, he was
made archdeacon of Cleveland. He was
a friend to religious liberty, and hostUe
to confessions of faith. On this subject
he was deeply involved in controversy.
The most celebrated of his performances
on it is the Confessional, which appeared
in 1776. His works have been collected
in six volumes octavo. He d. in 1787.
BLACKBURN, William, eminent as
an architect and surveyor, was b. Decem-
ber 20th, 1750, in Southwark. His na-
tive genius overcame the disadvantages
of a contracted education, and he ob-
tained a medal from the Royal Academy,
and the more flattering commendation
of Sir Joshua Reynolds, for the best
drawing of St. Stephen's church, Wal-
brook. D. 1790.
BLACKLOCK, Thomas, a divine and
poet, was b. at Annan, in Dumfries, in
1721, and lost his si^ht by the small-pox
when he was only six months old. To
amuse and instruct him, his father and
friend used to read to him, and by this
means he acquired a fund of information,
and even some knowledge of Latin. At
the age of 12 he began to versify, and his
devotion to the Muses was continued
through life. Considering his circum-
stances, his poems have great merit. He
studied at the university of Edinburgh
for ten years, and his progress in the
sciences was very considerable. He was
ordained minister of Kircudbright, but,
being opposed by the parishioners, he
retired on an annuity, and received stu-
dents at Edinburgh as boarders, and as-
sisted them in their studies. Besides
his poems, he is the author of some the-
ological works, and an article on the ed-
ucation of the blind: the latter was
printed in the Encyclopaedia Britannica.
lie d. in July, 1791, regretted by all his
friends.
BLACKMORE, Sir Richard, a poet
i*la]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
161
and physician, was b. in Wiltshire, ed-
ucated at Oxford, took his degree at Pad-
tia, and was knighted by William III.,
who also appointed him his physician.
He was afterwards physician to Queen
Anne. In 1696 he published his first
poem, Prince Arthur, which was rapidly
succeeded hy other works ; nor was he
deterred from pursuing his career by the
ridicule which was heaped upon him by
Dryden, Pope, and nearly all the wits of
the age, whose dislike of him was sharp-
ened by his whig principles. He is the
author of nearly thirty works, in verse
and prose ; of the latter many are on
medical subjects. His best poem is en-
titled Creation. Blaekmore was an in-
different poet, but he was undoubtedly
possessed of considerable talent, anii
was a pious and worthy man. He d. in
1729.
BLACKSTONE, Sir William, an em-
inent lawyer, was the third son of a silk
mercer, and was b. at London, in 1723.
After having been for several years at
the Charter house, he completed his
education at Pembroke college, Oxford,
and at both seminaries displayed supe-
rior talent. When he was only 29 he
composed, for his own use, a Treatise on
the Elements of Architecture. Plaving
chosen the profession of the law, and
entered the Middle Temple, in 1741 he
wrote his eloquent valedictory poem, the
Lawyer's Farewell to his Muse. In 1743
he was elected a fellow of All Souls, and
in 1746 he was called to the bar, and
went the circuit, but obtained little prac-
tice. He remained in comparative ob-
scurity till 1758, when he began to de-
liver, at Oxford, his beautiful lectures
on the English laws ; which, in 1765 and
the four following years, he published,
with the title of " Commentaries on the
Laws of England." In consequence of
these lectures, he was elected Vinerian
professor of law in the universit.y, and
obtained a great accession of business.
In 1761 he sat in parliament as member
for Hindon, and was made king's coun-
sel, and solicitor-general to the queen.
In 1770 he was oifered the place of so-
licitor-general, but declined it, and was
made a judge of the King's Bench,
whence he was soon after transferred to
the Common Pleas. His Law Tracts
were published in 1762, and his Reports,
two volumes folio, after his death.
Blackstone was the first who wrote on
the dry and repulsive subject of English
law ill such a manner as. not to excite
disgust in a reader of taste. Like al-
most all lawyers, he leans to the side of
14*
prerogative ; nor is there much more of
enlargement in his principles of reli-
gious liberty. For this reason he was
exposed to attack from Priest}ey, Ben-
tham, and Junius. D. 1780.
BLACKW ALL, Anthony, an English
divine, author of a " Latin Grammar,"
an " Introduction to the Classics," &o.
D. 1730.
BLACKWELL, Thomas, Greek pro-
fessor of Aberdeen, author of " An In-
quiry into the Life and Writings of
Homer," "Memoirs of the Court of
Augustus," &c. B. 1701; d. 1757.—
Alexander and Elizabeth, husband and
wife : the latter, a woman of talent, who
in order to procure subsistence for her'
husband while in prison for debt, pub-
lished a " Herbal" in 2 vols., folio, with
500 plates, drawn, engraved, and colored
by herself, all in the space of four years.
The work succeeded, and her husband
was liberated ; but he seemed doomed
to be the sport of fortune ; for after hav-
ing been invited to Stockholm, and pen-
sioned by the king of Sweden, in con-
sequence of his being the author of a
work on agriculture which attracted the
notice of that monarch ; and having also
had the merit of successfully prescribing
for his majesty when he was danger-
ously ill, he was charged with being
concerned in a plot with Count Tessin
for overturning the kingdom, tried, and
beheaded, in 1747.
BLACKWOOD, Sir Henkt, a merito-
rious British admiral, was the sixth son
of Sir John Blackwood, Bart., and b. in
1770. He was present at Dogger-Bank,
and with Nelson at Aboukir, and at
Trafalgar. D. 1832.— Adam, a Scotch
writer, author of "The Martyrdom of
Marv Stuart," written in French, &c.
B. 1539 ; d. 1613.
BLADEN, Martin, a military oflRcer
under the duke of Marlborough,' author
of " Orpheus and Eurydice," a masque ;
"A Translation of Cajsar's Commen-
taries," &c. D. 1746.
BLAEU, or JEMSSEN William, a
celebrated geographer, and the disciple
of Tycho Brahe. He was the author of
a very magnificent atlas. D. 1638.
BLAIR, John, a Scotch divine of the
14th century, author of a Latin poem on
the " Death of Wallace." — Patrick, an
eminent Scotch physician and botanist,
of the 18th century, author of "Botanio
Essays," &c. — John, a prebend of West-
minster, author of " Chronological Ta-
bles," and " Lectures on the Canon of
the Old Testament." D. 1782.— Robert,
a Scotch divine, author of the well-
162
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[bla
known and admirable poem, " The
Grave." B. 1700; d. 1746.— Hugh, a
celebrated divine, b. at Edinburgh in
1718. He was educated at the university
of his native city, where he took his
master's degree in 1736. He was soon
invited to the second charge of the Can-
nougate church of Edinburgh, and in
1758 he was promoted to tlie High
church, and honored with the decree
of D.D. by the sister university of St.
Andrew's. In 1759 he appeared before
the pubUc as lecturer in rhetoric and
belles lettre?, and with such eifect, that
the king in 1762 erected for his encour-
agement, with a salary of £70 a year, a
professorship on that branch of litera-
ture in the university. His dissertation
in support of the authenticity of 0*sian's
poems, appeared in 1763, and in 1777 he
published the first volume of his " Ser-
mons," which met with such applause
that in 1779 he printed a sfecond volume,
and afterwards three volumes more ap-
peared. These discourses became pop-
ular, not only in Scotland and England,
but were translated into foreign lan-
guages, and claimed the admiration of
the learned on the Continent. At the
instance of the queen, to whom the ser-
mons were dedicated, the worthy pro-
fessor obtained a pension of £200 a year,
which was increased £100 more in 1788,
when his infirmities obliged him to re-
sign his public offices. His "Lectures,"
in 3 vols., appeared in 1783, and obtained
as rapid a sale and as wide a circulation
as his sermons. D. at Edinburgh, 1800.
— John, one of the associate judges of
the supreme court of the United States,
d. in 1800, aged 68. He was a judge of
the court of appeals in Virginia in 1787,
and in the same year, he was a member
of the general convention which formed
the constitution of the United States.
To that instrument the names of Blair
and Madison are affixed as the deputies
from Virginia. When the new govern-
ment commenced its operation, he was
appointed by Washington to the office,
which he held till his death.— Samuel,
a Presbyterian minister, was a native of
Ireland, and came to America in early
life. In 1745 he established an academv
at Fog's Manor, Chester county, Penn-
sylvania, and took the pastoral care of
the church in that place. He occupied
the first rank among his eotemporaries
in talents, learning, piety, and useful-
ness, both as a preacher and an academ-
ical instructor. I), about 1751.
BLAIZE. a bishop martyred by the
Emperui aj^oclesiaa, but principally cel-
ebrated as the inventor of wool-comb-
ing.
BLAKE, Egbert, a famous English
admiral, b. Aug. 15, 1599, at Bridge-
water, in Somersetshire, where he waa
educated at tlie grammar-school. Hav
ing served some years in the parliament
army, he was in Feb. 1648-9 appointed
to command the fleet, in conjunction
with Col. Deane and ^Col. Popham.
During nine years' active service in the
navy he performed exploits that, for the
skill with which they were conducted,
and the success that attended them,
were never surpassed. His four vic-
tories over the Dutch fleet under Van
Tromp were his most bi'illiant exploits.
He d. as the fleet was entering Ply-
mouth, the 17th of Aug., 1657, aged 58.
His body was conveyed to Westminster
abbey, and interred" in Henry Vllth's
chapel; but disgracefully disinterred
from thence in 1661, by Charles II. and
flung into a hole in St. Margaret's
churchyard. — William, an engraver of
great merit, but of eccentric taste ; he
was a pupil of Basire. B. 1759 ; d. 1827.
— John Bbadlky, b. in London, 1745,
and educated at Westminster school.
After acquiring a deep knowledge of
chemistry and mathematics, in the pur-
suit of his favorite study of botany, he
went to China as supercargo of the India
company, and with laudable assiduity
collected and sent to Europe the seeds
of all the vegetables of that remote
country used by the natives for pur-
poses either of medicine, food, or man-
ufactures. He began likewise a valu-
able collection of ores and fossils, but
his great application weakened his con-
stitution, he was afflicted with the stone,
and the complaint when attended by a
fever proved fatal. D. at Canton, 1773.
— Joachim, a Spanish general, was b. at
Velez Malaga, and served, flrst as cap-
tain, and next as major, in the war.
from 1793 to 1795, between France ana
Spain. When Napoleon seized the
crown of Spain, Blake espoused the
cause of his country; but with more
valor and zeal than success. Though
defeated at Eio Seco and Espinosa, he
still sustained his military character.
In 1810 he was appointed one of the
regency, from which rank he was trans-
ferred to that of captain-general. Hav-
ing been defeated at Murviedro, he shut
himself up with his army in Valencia,
but was a* length compelled to surren-
der. In ':320,^on the establishment of
the constitution, he was admitted into
the council of state ; and his atts*^hment
hLx]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
16S
to that constitution subsequently ex-
posed him to danger. D. 1827. — Joseph,
governor of South Carolina, was a pro-
prietary and a nephew of the famous
.A-dmiral Blake. He was governor but
one year. During Blake's adminis»tra-
tion a set of 41 articles, called "The
last Fundamental Constitutions," was
Bent from England, by the earl of Bath,
the palatine, and other patentees ; but
the change in the government was never
confirmed by the Carolina assembly. D.
1700. — William, a comedian of great
accomplishments and talent, whose per-
formances at Covent-garden were long
the delight of London. D. 1835.
BLAKELY, Johnston, a captain in
the United States' navy during the late
■war, was b. in Ireland in 1781. Two
years after his father emigrated to the
United States, and settled in North Caro-
lina. Young Blakely was placed, in
1796, at the university of North Caro-
lina, but circumstances having deprived
him of the means of adequate support,
he left college, and in 1800 obtained a
midshipman's warrant. In 1813 he was
appointed to thei command of the Wasp,
and in this vessel took his Britannic
Majesty's ship Reindeer, after an action
of nineteen minutes. The Wasp after-
wards put into L'Orient; from which
port she sailed August 27. On the eve-
ning of the 1st of September, 1814, she
fell in with four sail, at considerable dis-
tances from each other. One of these
was the brig-of-war Avon, which struck
after a severe action ; but captain B. was
prevented from taking possession by
the approach of another vessel. The
enemy reported that they had sunk the
Wasp by the first broadside, but she
was afterwards spoken by a vessel off
the Western Isles. After this we hear
of her no more. Captain Blakely was
considered a man of uncommon courage
and intellect. In testimony of respect
to his memory, the legislature of North
Carolina educated his only child, a
(laughter, at the public expense.
BLAMPINI, Thomas, a Benedic-
tine monk, editor of a splendid edi-
tion of the works of St. Augustin. D.
1710.
BLANC, Antony de Guillet de, a
French dramatist; author of "Manco
Capao," a tragedy, and various other
dramas. B. 1730 ; d. 1799.— John Beb-
NARD LE, a French writer, author of
"Letters on the English Nation," &c.
B. 1707; d. 1781.
BLANCHARD, James, an eminent
painter, who bears the honorable de-
nomination of the French Titian. He
was an indefatigable artist, and let',
many pictures. His finest work is the
" Descent of the Holy Ghost," which is
considered as one of the best produc-
tions of the French school. B. 1600 ; d.
1638. — Fkancis, a celebi'ated French aero-
naut, b. in 1738, was distinguished from
his youth by his mechanical inventions.
After making his first aerostatic voyage
in 1784, he crossed the Channel Irora
Dover to Calais, 1785, for which exploit
he was rewarded by the king of France
with 12,000 francs, and a pension of
1200 fr. He first made use of a para-
chute in London, in 1785 ; went through
various countries on the Continent, ex-
hibiting his aeronautic skill; visited
America with the same object ; and re-
turning in 1798, ascended in Rouen with
16 persons in a large balloon, and de-
scended at a place 15 miles distant. D.
1809. — Madame Blanchard, his wife,
continued to make aerial voyages, but
in June, 1819, having ascended from
Tivoli, in Paris, her balloon took fire,
at a considerable height, owing to some
fireworks which she carried with her,
the car fell, and the hapless aeronaut
was dashed to pieces. — John Baptist, a
French Jesuit, and professor of rhetoric,
author of "The Temple of the Muses,"
&c. B. 1731 ; d. 1797. — Laman, a grace-
ful periodical writer, was b. at Great
Yarmouth, in 1803. His father having
removed to London when he was 5
years of age, he received his education
at St. Olave's school, Lambeth, and here
was laid the groundwork of those lit-
erary tastes and habits which distin-
guished him through life. His first
occupation was that of reader at Cox
and Baylis' printing-office in Great
Queen-street ; in 1827 he became secre-
tary to the Zoological Society, and in
1831, editor of the Monthly Magazine.
He subsequently became connected with
the True Sun, the Constitutional, the
Courier, the Court Journal, and the Ex-
aminer, and was a constant contributor
to the liffhter periodicals of the day. D.
by suicide, 1845.
BLANCHE, of Castile, queen of
Louis VIII. of France. She died of
grief, on account of the defeat and im-
grisonment of her son, Louis IX., in
'alestine, 1252.
BLANCHELANDE, Pierre, b. 1735,
governor of St. Domingo when the de-
cree of instant emancipation for the
slaves caused a universal tumult. He
urged the suspension of the decree, and,
being arrested as a counter-revolutionist,
164
CYCLOP-fflDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
BLEJ
was conducted to Paris, and perished by
the guillotine in 1793.
BLAiXCHET, Francis, the son of
parents in humble life, was b. in 1707,
at Angerville, and educated at the col-
lege of Louis XIV. He was first a pro-
fessor in two provincial colleges, next
employed himself in private tuitioUj and
lastly, obtained an office in the kuig's
library and cabinet. Blanchet was one
of the most amiable of men, and the
most affectionately paternal of tutors.
As an author he has great merit. His
*' Apologues and Tales" are told with
spirit and grace. B. 1748.
BLAND, Maria Theresa, an actress
and vocalist, was b. at Caen, in Nor-
mandy, in 1770, and went to England
with her parents, who were Italians,
shortly after. When under 5 years of
age she sang (as Miss Eomanizi) at Sad-
ler's Wells ; obtained an engagement at
Drury-lane theatre in 1789; and sub-
sequently appeared as the heroine in
the musical dramas written by Colman
for his theatre in the Haymarket. In
1790 she was married to Mr. George
Bland, brother of the celebrated Mrs.
Jordan. She continued on the boards
of Drury till that theatre was burnt, in
1809 ; and for many years delighted the
lovers of simple melody with her strains
at Vauxhall Gardens. Her latter years
were clouded by a degree of mental im-
becility which prevented her appearing
in public; but in 1834, by the proceeds
of a benefit which was granted to her at
Drury-lane, together with a sum liber-
ally given by the late Lord Egremont,
an annuity of £70 was secured to her
for life. b. 1837. — Elizabeth, an En-
glish lady, eminent for her knowledge
of Hebrew. A phylactery of her writ-
ings is preserved by the Royal Society.
D. 1720. — KicHARD, a political writer of
Virginia, was for some years a principal
member of the house of burgesses. In
1768 he was one of a comniittee to re-
monstrate with parliament on the sub-
ject of taxation ; in 1773 one of the com-
mittee of correspondence ; in 1774 a
delegate in congress. He was again
chosen a deputy to congress in 1775.
Though he declined the appointment
from old age, he declared, he should
ever be animated, " to support the glo-
rious cause, in which America was en-
gaged." D. 1778. — Theodoric, a patriot
and statesman, was a native of Virginia.
He was bred to medicine, but at the
commencement of the revolutionary
war, he took an active part in the cause
of his country. He soon rose to the
rank of colonel, and had the command
of a regiment of dragoons. In 1779 he
was appointed to the command of the
convention troops at Albemarle barracks
in Virginia. lie was chosen a repre-
sentative from Virginia, in the first con-
gress under the present constitution of
the United States. D. 1790.
BLANDRATA, George, an Italian
physician, who renewed all the tenets
of Arius with respect to the Trinity.
He fled from the persecution of the in-
quisitors of Pavia to Geneva, and after-
wards to Poland, where the king, Ste-
phen Battori, made him a privy coun-
cillor. He attempted to make tne king
a follower of his opinions, but fiiiled.
He was strangled by his nephew, a
worthless character, to whom he had
left his property, 1593.
BLANKOF,"JoHN Fennisz, a Dutch
marine painter of considerable eminence.
He was at the outset a scholar of Ever-
dingen, but finished his studies at Rome.
His best pictures represent storms on
the coast of the Mediterranean, in which
he combined Flemish fidelity with Ital-'
ian grandeur. B. 1628. ^
BLASIUS, Gerard, a Flemish phys'-i
cian, who distinguished himself by his-
researches in anatomy and physiology.
He was graduated at Leyden, and was
afterwards a professor at Amsterdam.
He was the earliest writer of importance,
on comparative anatomy. His chief
works were "Observata Anatomica,"^
&c., and "Zootonical, sen AnatomsB'
variorum Aniinaliuin." D. 1682.
BLAYNEY, Benjamix, a divine and
biblical critic, was educated at Oxford,
where he became M.A. in 1753, ana
D.D. in 1787. He was professor of He-,
brew at that university, canon of Christ-'
church, and rector of Polshot, Wilts."
He translated Jeremiah, the Lamenta-1
tions, and Zechariah ; edited the Oxford'
Bible in 1769 ; and wrote a Dissertation
on Daniel's Seventy Weeks. D. 1801.
BLEDDIN, a British bard of the 18th
century, many of whose pieces are in
the Welsh Archseology.
BLEDRI, bishop of Llandraff-in 1023 ;
surnamed the wise on account of his great
learning.
BLEECKER, Ann Eliza, a ladj^ of
some literary celebrity in New York,
daughter of' Mr. Brandt Schuyler, and
wife of John J. Bleeckcr. She resided
after her marriage at Tomhanic, a soli-
itary and beautiful place 18 miles above
Albany, but was driven from it in the
night by the approach of Burgoyne'a
army. Her writings, both in prose aud *
BLO
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAFHy.
165
poetry, were published in 1793, by her
daughter, who likewise distinsruished
herself as a writer, Margaret V. Fau-
geres. B. 17.52; d. 1788.— Anthony, a
poet of the city of New York, educated
at Columbia college, and attained a re-
spectable position as a lawyer. For
nearly thirty years he was a leading con-
tributor to the periodicals of New'York
and Philadelphia. B. 1778; d. 1827.
BLEFKEN, Dithmar, a voyager of the
16th century ; author of an exceedingly
curious " Account of Iceland," &c.
BLEISWICK, Peter van, b. in 1724 ;
grand pensionary of the Dutch states-
general at the revolution, by which he
was divested of his office. He was the au-
thor of a valuable work, " De Aggeribus."
BLESSINGTON, Margaret Power,
Countess of, celebrated for her beauty,
accomplishments, and literary produc-
tions, was b. in the county of Waterford
in 1789. At the early age of 15 she con-
tracted an ill-fated marriage with Captain
Farmer, and soon after his death the
Earl of Blessington sought and obtained
her hand in 1818. After her marriage
she passed several years abroad, but they
are chiefly remarkable for having led to
her acquaintance with Lord Byron,
which soon ripened into intimacy, and
enabled her subsequently to publish one
of the most interfesting works, her " Con-
versations with Lord Byron." Soon af-
ter her husband's death in 1829, she fixed
her residence in London, where she gain-
ed a distinguished place in literary and
80-called fashionable society. Her house
became the centre-point of every variety
of talent ; and there were few literary
celebrities, native or foreign, who did not
share in the hospitalities of Gore House.
Besides the " Conversations" above men-
tioned, she published many novels, of
which " Grace Cassady, or the Repeal-
ers," " The Two Friends," "Meredith,"
" Stratherne," " The Lottery of Life,"
" The Victims of Society," &c., arc the
chief; and several works full of person-
al anecdote, epigram, sentiment, and
description, such as " The Idler in Ita-
ly," " The Idler in France," " Memoirs
of a Femme de Chambre," " The Belle
of the Season," &c. For many years
she edited the fiir-famed annuals, " The
Book of Beauty" and "The Keepsake."
D. at Paris. 1849.
BLETTERIE, John Philip Eene de
LA, b. at Rennes. He was professor of
eloquence at the Royal College, and a
member of the Academy of Belles
Lettres. He wrote Lives of Julian and
/ovian ; and translated part of Tacitus.
Gibbon highly praises the Lives, and his
countrymen consider them as models of
impartiality, precision, elegance, and
judcrment." B. 1696 : D. 1772.
BLIGH, George Miller, was the son
of Admiral Sir R. R. Bligh. He entered
the navy in 1794. He fought under Nel-
son in the battle of Trafalgar, in whi<?h
he was severely wounded. He was made
a commander in 1806. D. 1835.
BLIN BE SAINMORE, Andrew Mi-
chael Hyacinth, was b. at Paris, in
1733. At the very outset of his career
he lost all his fortune, but his literary
talents procured him friends, and he
successfully filled several honorable of-
fices connected with literature, the last
of which was that of conservator of the
library of the arsenal. He is the author
of Orpheus, a tragedy, and of many he-
roic epistles and fugitive poems of no
common merit. D. 1807.
BLIZZARD, Sir William, a surgeon
and anatomist of considerable eminence,
was b. in 1742. During a long life of
professional activity and experience he
maintained a high reputation ; and was
for many years professor of anatomy to
the Royal College of Surgeons, an'd a
fellow of the Royal and Antiquarian so-
cieties. He was also the author of sev-
eral valuable works, viz. " Suggestions
for the Improvements of Hospitals,"
"Refiections on Police." "Lecture on
the Large Blood-vessels." D. 1835.
BLOCH, Marcus Eliezer, an ingeni-
ous naturalist and physician, and a Jew
by birth, was b. at Anspach, of mean
parentage ; but entering into the service
of a physician, he studied medicine,
anatomy, and natural history with great
success, and became particularly emi-
nent in the last-named science. His
" Ichthyology," produced at Berlin in
1785, at the expense of the wealthiest
princes of Germany, is a magnificent na-
tional work. His treatise " On Intesti-
nal Worms" is also in high estimation.
B. 1723 ; d. 1799.— Joanna Koerten, a
female of Amsterdam, who excelled in
cutting landscapes, sea-pieces, flowers,
and even portraits, out of paper, with
the most perfect resemblance of nature.
Her productions sold at enormous prices,
and she was patronized >;y several sov-
ereigns. B. 1650 ; d. 171 5.— Johy Eras-
mus, a gardener of C(?|>enhagen, who
published a " Horticultura Danica" in
1647. — Benjamin, Jacob, and Daniel, of
a family in Pomerania, distinguished as
painters of architectural and historical
pieces and portraits, Daniel excelling in
the latter espec'ally. — George Caoto-
166
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAl HY.
[blo
lueNs. a native of Denmark, bishop of Ki-
p«u, wlio wrote a botanical work in-
tended to illustrate the Old Testament,
called " Testamen Phoenicologices Sa-
crae." D. 1773.
BLOEMART, Abraham, a Dutch
painter, b. at Gorcum, 1565, d. at Utrecht
m 1647. His paintings are reproached
with various faults, yet he is distinguish-
ed by the brilliancy of his colors, and
the richness of his invention. In the
representation of the chiaro-oscuro he
may be called great. He painted all
sorts of objects ; but his landscapes are
the most esteemed. He had four sons,
of whonf the youngest Cobnelius, is
the most distinguished. He was b. at
Utrecht, 1603, and d. at Rome, 1680.
He was an engraver, and his engravings
are distinguislied for purity, elegance,
and softness. He was the founder of a
new school, from which proceeded Bau-
dot, Poilly, Chasten, Speier, Roullat, &c.
BLOMiEFlELD, Fkancis, an English
topographer and divine ; author of " Col-
lectanea Cantabrigiensia," &c. D. 1755.
BLOMFIELD, Edward Valentine,
a distinguished classical scholar, who
received his education at Caius college,
Cambridge, where, besides other prizes,
he gained, in 1809, a medal for writing
his beautiful ode, "In Desiderium Por-
soni." B. 1786; d. 1816.
BLOND, James Christopher le, a
miniature painter ; and author of a trea-
tise on a method of engraving in colors.
B. 1670 ; d. 1741.
BLONDEL, a mfnstrel, and favorite
of Richard Coeur de Lion, whom he is
said to have discovered in his German
dungeon, by singing beneath its walls
the m-st part of a song of their joint com-
position. — David, a Protestant writer
and minister, was b. in 1591, at Chalons
Bur Marne. In 1650 he was invited to
Amsterdam, to succeed Vasorius, as pro-
fessor of history, and he d. there in 1 665,
after having lost his sight in consequence
of the humidity of the climate. Blondel
was a man of learning, had a minute ac-
quaintance with history, and was a fluent
speaker. Amon^ his works, one of the
most curious is his refutation of the silly
story of Pope Joan. He has the merit
of having written in favor of liberty
of conscience. — Francis, an eminent
French architect and diplomatist, was b.
in 1617, at Ribemont, in Picardy. After
having been sent as envoy to Constanti-
nople, ho was appointed counsellor of
state, one of the daupliin's preceptors,
professor of the royal college, and mem-
ber of the Academy of Sciences. The
noble triumphal arch of St. Denis was
erected by him. He wrote various
works on literary, architectural, and mil-
itary subjects. 1). 1686. — James Fran-
cis, was b. at Rouen, in 1705, and, like
his uncle, was an architect of great
talent. The merit of a course of arclii-
tectural lectures, which he delivered at
Paris, obtained him the appointment of
professor at the academy. In his final
illness, he had himself removed to his
school at the Louvre, that he might
yield up his last breath where be had
taught his art. Blondel is the author
of French Architecture, a Course of
Civil Architecture, and other works of
a similar kind. D. 1775.
BLOOD, Thomas, a singular and des-
perate character, who was originally an
officer in Cromwell's army. His first re-
markable enterprise was an attempt to
surprise the castle of Dublin, which was
frustrated by the duke of Ormond. He
subsequently seized the duke in the
streets of London, Avith the intention of
hanging him at Tyburn, and was very
near accomplishing his purpose. His
last exploit was an attempt to carry away
the crown and regalia from the Tower.
For some inexplicable reason, Charles
II. not only pardoned hhn, but gave him
an estate of £500 per annum. D. 1680.
BLOOMFIELD, Robert, a poet, b. at
Honington, in Sutfolk, in 1766, was the
son of a tailor, and was early left father-
less. He was taught to read by his mo-
ther, who kept a village school, and this
was, in fact, his only education. At the
age of eleven he was employed in such
husbandry labor as he could perform;
but, his constitution being delicate, he
was subsequently apprenticed to the
trade of shocmaking, at which he work-
ed as a journeyman for many years.
His leisure hours were spent in reading,
and in the composition of verses. His
Eoem of the Farmer's Boy was at length
rought before the public, by the benev-
olent exertions of Capel Loft, and it pro-
cured the author botn fame and profit.
He subsequently published other poems,
among which may be mentioned Wild
Flowers, Hazlewood Hall, and the Banks
of the Wye. Ill health and misfortune
clouded the latter years of this modest
and meritorious writer, and he d. in
1823, when he was almost on the verge
of insanity. — Joseph, governor of New
Jersey. He was a soldier of the revolu-
tion. In the war of 1812 he was a
brigadier-general. D. 1823.
BLOUNT, Sir Henry, was b. at Tit-
tenhangher, in Hertfordshire, in 1602 ;
BLUj
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
m
travelled in the East in 1634, 1635, and
1636 ; fought under the banner of Charles
at EdgehSl ; was, nevertheless, employ-
ed by Cromwell ; and d. in 1682. He is
the author of a Voyage to the Levant ;
the Exchange Walk, a satire ; and «ther
works.— Sir Thomas Pope, eldest son of
Sir Henry, was b. in 1649. and d. in 1697.
He produced Cenaura Celebriorum Auc-
torum ; De Ke Poetica ; Essays on sev-
eral subjects ; and Natural "^History. —
Charles, the youngest son of Sir Henry,
was b. in 1654, and made himself con-
spicuous by his deistical opinions, and
by considerable talent. His "Anima
Mundi" was suppressed, and publicly
burnt. This work he followed u^ by
three of the same kind : The Lite of
ApoUonius Tyaneus ; Great is Diana of
the Ephesians ; and Eeligio Laici. Of
the revolution of 1688 he was a warm
friend ; but he acted little in consonance
with its principles, when he published
his "King William and Queen Mary
Conquerors," to assert their right to
the crown by conquest. The commons
ordered this tract to be burnt by the
hangman. He shot himself in 1693, in
consequence of the sister of his deceased
wife having refused to marry him. —
Thomas, was b. at Bardesley, in Wor-
cestershire, in 1618, and d. in 1679. He
published Glossographia ; a Law Dic-
tionary ; and va^-ious other works ; the
most curious and valuable of which is,
" Fragmenta Antiquitatis, or Ancient
Tenures of Land, and Jocular Customs
of Manors."
BLOW, John, a musician, was b. in
1648, at North Callingham, in Notting-
hamshire, received a doctor's degree
from Archbishop Sancroft ; and, on the
death of Purcell, became organist of
Westminster abbey. He d. in 1708.
His secular compositions were collected,
in 1700, under the title of " Amphion
Anghcus." His church music receives
qualified praise from Dr. Burney.
BLUCHEK, Gebaral Lebrecht,
Prince von, a Prussian field-marshal, b.
at Eostock, Dec. 16, 1742. He served
45 years in the army ; and his celebrity
in the field, though rarely victorious,
obtained him the name of "Marshal
Forwards." He aided Wellington in
gaining the battle of Waterloo, by his
timely arrival at the most decisive mo-
ment. In reward for his services the
king of Prussia created a special order of
Knighthood. D. at Kriblowizt, 1819.
BLUM, Joachim Christian, a Ger-
man ; author of " Lyrical Poems,"
"The Promenades," "Dictionary of
Proverbs," "The Deliverance of Ka-
thenau," &c. B. 1789 ; d. 1790.— Egbert,
whose commanding eloquence during
his brief political career gained for him
a high name, was b. at Cologne in 1807.
Cradled in poverty, his education was
completely neglected; but from his
earliest years he manifested a thirst for
learning. At the age of fourteen he was
apprenticed to a goldsmith; he after-
wards worked as a journeyman in dif-
ferent parts of Germany, especially at
Berlin ; but on his return to Cologne in
1830, he was obliged to accept the hum-
ble office of box-opener in the theatre of
that city. Amid all the difficulties with
which he had to struggle, he acquired a
liigh degree of cultivation, and succeed-
ed in the management of various liter-
ary and politick journals of Leipsic. In
1847 he became a bookseller. _ The
events of March, 1848, brought him out
as a politician. He represented Leipsic
in the parliament at Frankfort. On the
breaking out of the second revolution at
Vienna, in October, 1848, he repaired
thither with some other members of his
party, to offer a congratulatory address
to the Viennese. Here he harangued
the people with great power and effect ;
but after the suppression of the rebel-
lion he was arrested, tried by court-
martial, and condemned to be shot, Nov.
9, 1848. The news of his arrest and
execution caused great consternation
throughout Germany ; but it has not yet
been resented, as it unquestionably will
be, when the people rise once more to
vindicate their rights.
BLUMAUEE, Lewis, a German satir-
ical poet ; author of a " Travesty of the
JEneid," &c. B. 1755 ; d. 1798.
BLUMENBACH, JohannFriederich,
one of the greatest naturalists of modern
times, was b. at Gotha in 1752. He
early displayed a great aptitude for sci-
entific pursuits, and before he had com-
pleted his 24tn year, his fame as an
inquirer into nature had spread through-
out the civilized world. In 1776, he was
appointed professor of medicine in the
university of Gottingen, where he had
been educated ; and here, for the long
J)eriod of 61 years, he continued, by his
ectures and 'his works, to extend the
science of comparative anatomy, which
has been so successfully cultivated in
more recent times, and of which he may
be truly said to have been the founder.
D. 1837.
BLUTEAU, DoM Raphaei., a Eo-
man Catholic priest, b. in Linden, of
French parents ; author of a valuable
168
CYCLaPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bG<3
Portuguese and Latin Dictionary. D.
1784.
BOABDIL, or ABOUABOULA, the
last Moorish king of Granada ; he was
expelled for the last time from Granada
by Ferdinand of Castile and Aragon, in
1491 ; and afterwards resided in Africa,
where he was killed in battle in the ser-
vice of the king of Fez.
BO ADEN, James, a dramatic author
and critic. Educated for the law, he
was, like many young men similarly
situated, a great lover and frequenter of
the theati'e ; and, from loving the stage,
he got to writing for it. His plays are
numerous, but we believe there is not
one of them that now keeps possession
of the stage. Far more important are his
dramatic memoirs, which are probably
the best records we have of John Kem-
ble, Mrs. Siddons, Mrs. Jordan, and
Mrs. Inchbald. His "Inquiry into the
authenticity of the various Pictures and
Prints of Shakspeare," and a tract on
"The Sonnets of Shakspeare," are also
very valuable works. B. 1762; d. 1839.
BOADICEA, or BONDUCA, queen
of the Iceni, in Britain, during the reign
of Nero, having been treated in the most
ignominious manner by the Eomans,
headed a general insurrection of the
Britons, attacked the Koman settle-
ments, reduced London to ashes, and
put to the sword all strangers, to the
number of 70,000. Suetonius, the Eo-
man general, defeated her in a decisive
battle, and rather than fall into the hands
of her enemies, she put an end to her
life by poison. This battle was fought
A. D. 61. Cowper's beautiful poem on
her, is one of his most deUghtful pro-
ductions.
BOBROFF, Simon SEROiEvrrscH, a
Kussian poet, who enjoyed considerable
reputation at St. Petersburgh. His best
poem is said to be "The Chersonide, or
a Summer's Day in the Crimea." His
lyrical works have been collected in four
volumes. D. 1810.
BOCCACIO, Giovanni, one of the most
enduring of the Italian prose writers,
was born at Paris, of an illicit connec-
tion, which his father formed in that
city, in 1313. His family came original-
ly from Certaldo, in Tuscany, whence
he derives the appellation sometimes
given him of Da Certaldo. He was ori-
ginally intended by his father for a
mercantile profession ; but after spend-
ing six years with a merchant at Flor-
ence and Paris, and turning his thoughts
to the canon law, he abandoned the pur-
suits which interest or authority dicta-
ted, and devoted himself totally to liter-
ature. He studied under his friend and
patron Petrarch, by whose suggestions
he retired from the tumults and factions
of Florence, and visited Naples, where
he was received with kindness by king
Robert, of whose natural daughter he
became enamored, and to whom he
often pays his homage, in his various
poetical pieces, as Fiannnetta. Placed
in fortunate circumstances, with a lively
and cheerful disposition, of a soft and
pleasing address, the favored lover of
a king's daughter, he regarded with
more aversion than ever the station for
which he had been intended. The fond-
ness of the princess for poetry ; his own
intimacy with scientific and literary men ;
the tomb of Virgil, near Naples, which
he used to visit in his walks ; the pres-
ence of Petrarch, who was received with
the highest distinction at the court of
Naples, and who went from that city to
Rome, to be crowned with the poetic
laurel ; the intimacy which had arisen
between the two poets — all operated
powerfully on Boccacio, to strengthen
and fix his natural inclination for poetry
and literature. After living two years
at Florence with his father, he returned
to Naples, where he was very graciously
received by the queen Joanna. It is
thought that it was no less to gratify the
young queen, than his Fiammetta, that
he wrote his " Decameron," which has
raised him to the rank of the first Italian
prose writer. On the death of his fa-
ther, becoming master of his own incli-
nations, he settled at Florence, where
his first work was a description of the
plague, which forms the opening of the
" Decameron." He passed the remain-
der of his life in his native village,
where his constitution was Aveakened
by his great application, and where he
d., of a sickness in the stomach, 1375.
His works are some in Latin and some
in Italian. He possessed uncommon
learning, and he may honorably be
reckoned as one of those whose great
exertions contributed most to the revi-
val of learning in Europe. His best-
known composition is the before-men-
tioned " Decameron," a romance occa-
sionally licentious, but abounding with
wit, satire, and elegance of diction. Ilia
" Life of Dante," his " Genealogy of th«
Gods," his "History of Rome," and hia
"Thesis,'' are much admired. Though
his poetry does not possess the sweet-
ness of Petrarch's lines, his prose ig
unequalled for its graceful simplicity
and varied elegance.
bod]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
169
BOCCAGE, Makie Anne du, a cele-
brated French poetess, was b. at Eouen,
1710, became the wife of a receiver of
taxes in Dieppe, who died soon after the
marriiige, leaving her a youthful widow.
She concealed her talents, however, till
the charms of youth were past, and first
published her productions m 1746. The
tirst was a poem on the mutual influence
of the fine arts and sciences. This gained
the prize from the academy of Kouen.
She next attempted an imitation of
"Paradise Lost," in six cantos; then,
of the " Death of Abel ;" next a tragedy,
the " Amazons ;" and a poem in ten
cantos, called the " Columbiad." There
is a great deal of entertaining matter in
the letters which she wrote on her travels
in England and Holland, and in which
one may plainly see the impression she
made upon her cotemporaries. Her
works have been translated into En-
glish, Spanish, German, and Italian. D.
1802.
BOCCALINI, Trajan, an Italian sat-
irist; author of the "Political Touch-
stone," a "Satire on the Spaniards,"
&c. His writings gave so much offence
to the Spanish court, that it caused him
to be murdered at Venice, 1613.
BOCCHEEINI, LuiGi, a celebrated
composer of instrumental music, pen-
sioned for his merit by the king of
Prussia, and warmly patronized by the
king of Spain. B. 1740 ; d. 1805.
BOCCIil, Achilles, a Bolognese, of a
noble family, who distinguished himself
in the 16th century by his attachment
to literature ; author of " Apologia in
Plautum," and numerous other works.
BOCCOLD, John, or JOHN OF LEY-
DEN, a fanatic of that city in the 16th
century, who headed some revolters,
and made themselves masters of Mun-
ster, where he assumed the characters
of king and prophet. The city was at
length taken by the bishop, and Boccold
was hanged.
BOCCONE, Patjl, an Italian natural-
ist ; author or " Musea di Plante rare."
B. 1633; d. 1704.
BOCCUCI, Joseph, a Spanish author,
b. in 1775. He served at first in the
army, in the campaigns of 1793 and 1794,
against republican France, but after-
wards devoted himself to letters. He is
the author of several comedies played at
the Madrid theatre.
BOCIIART, Samuel, a French Prot-
estant divine ; author of " Geographia
Sacra," a treatise on the " Terrestrial
Paradise," &c. B. 1599 ; d. 1667.
BOCH, orBOCHIUS, John, a Flemish
15
writer of the 16th century; author of
various Latin works, and styledj from
his skill in Latin {)oetry, the Belgic Vir-
gil. B. 1555 ; d. 1609.
BOCQUILLOT, Lazaeus Andrew, a
French divine ; author of a " Treatise on
the Liturgy,' "Life of the Chjvalier
Bayard," &c. D. 1728.
BODAED DE TEZAZ, N. M. F., b.
in 1758 ; a French poet and diplomatist ;
ambassador to Naples for the republic
in 1799; author of "Le Ballon," a
comedy; "Allonsko," a melodrame;
"Minette et Marine," an opera, &c.
BODE, John Joachim Christopher, a
German writer. He was originally a
musician in a Hanoverian regiment ; he
then became a bookseller, and finally rose
to^ be privy councillor to the landgrave
of Hesse Darmstadt. He translated
some of the best French and English
authors into German with considerablo
taste and judgment. D. 1793. — Chris-
topher Augustus, a learned German
linguist and critic ; who edited the New
Testament in Ethiopic, all the Evange-
lists in Persian, St. Matthew in Arabic,
&c. B. 1723 ; d. 1796.— John Elert, an
astronomer, b. at Hamburg, 1747, early
discovered an inclination for mathemati-
cal science, in which his father, and
afterwards the famous J. G. Busch,
instructed him. He gave the first public
proof of his knowledge by a short work
on the solar eclipse of August 5th, 1766.
The approbation which this received
encouraged him to greater labors, and
in 1768, appeared his " Introduction to
the Knowledge of the Starry Heavens,"
a finniliar treatise on astronomy, which
has done much to extend correct views
upon the subject, and continues to do
so, as it has kept pace in its successive
editions with the progress of the science.
In 1772 the Berlm academy chose him
their astronomer, and ten years after-
wards he was made a merriber of that
institution. His best works are his
"Astronomical Almanac," (commencing
1774,) a work indispensable to every
astronomer ; and his large " Celestial
Atlas" (Himmes atlas,) in twenty sheets,
in which the industrious editor has
given a catalogue of 17,240 stars, (12,000
more than in any former charts.) In
1825 he was released, at his own wish,
from his duties in the academy of
science, and the observatory in Berlin.
D. 1827.
BODIN, John, a native of Angers,
who studied law at Toulouse, where he
acquired reputation by his lectures. Ho
came to Paris, but not succeeding at the
170
CrCLOPJSDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[boi
bar, he devoted Jimself totallv to wri-
ting books. His wit, as well as his
merit, recommended him to public no-
tice. Henry III. visited and admired
him ; and in the company of the duke
of Alenqon, he visited England, where
he was flattered to see his book on " The
Repub^c" approved and read in the uni-
versity of Cambridge. Besides his " De
la Republique," he wrote a " Commen-
tary on Appian," "Discourses on Coins,"
" Methods of History," and "Demona-
nia." D. of the plague, at Laon, 1596.
BODLEY, Sir Thomas, from whom
the Bodleian library at Oxford takes its
name, was b. at Exeter, March 2,
1544. In 1585 he was made gentleman
usher to Queen Elizabeth. From this
time to 1597 he was honorably employed
in embassies and negotiations with for-
eign powers ; and on his revocation, he
set about the work of restoring the pub-
lic library at Oxford, which, in two years
time, he brought to some degree of per-
fection. He furnished it with a large
collection of books, purchased in for-
eign countries, at a great expense ; and
this collection, in a short time, became
so greatly enlarged, by the benefactions
of several noblemen, bishops, and oth-
ers, that neither the shelves nor the
room could contain them. Whereupon
Bodley offering to make considerable
addition to the building, the motion was
readily embraced. An annual speech in
his praise is still made at Oxford. D.
1612.
BODMER, John Jacob, a celebrated
German poet and scholar, b. at Grei-
ensee, near Zurich, 1698. Although he
produced nothing remarkable of his
own in poetry, he helped to open the
way for the new German literature in
this department. He was the antagonist
of Gottsched, in Leipsic, who aspired to
be the literary dictator of the day, and
had embraced the French theory of
taste, while Bodmer inclined to the En-
glish. He has the honor of having had
Klopstock and Wieland among his schol-
ars, and was for a long time professor
of history in Switzerland. He was a
copious and indefatigable writer, and
though he entertained many incorrect
views, he was of service to the literature
of his native land, which was then in a
low and barbarous state. D. at Zurich,
1783.
BODONI, CiAMBATiETA, Superintend-
ent of the royal press at Parma, chief
printer to the king of Spain, member of
several academ'es of Italy, knight of
several high ord irs, was b., 1740, at Sa-
luzzo, in Piedmont, where Lis fiither
owned a printing establishment. He j
began, while yet a boy, to employ him-
self in engraving on wood. His labors
meeting with success, he went in 1758
to Rome, and was made compositor for
the press of the " Propaganda." He
next established a pnntmg-house at
Parma, which he made the flrst of the
kind in Europe, and gained the reputa-
tion of having far surpassed all the
splendid and beautiful productions of
his predecessors in the art. The beauty
of his type, ink, and paper, as well as
the whole management of the technical
part of the work, leaves nothing for us
to wish, but the intrinsic value of his
editions is seldom equal to their out-
ward splendor. His Homer is a truly
admirable and magnificent work; in-
deed, his Greek letters are the most per-
fect imitations that have been attempted,
in modern times, of Greek manuscript.
His splendid editions of Greek, Latin,
Italian, and French classics are highly
prized. D. at Padua, 1613.
BOECE, Hector, a Scottish historian,
was b. at Dundee about the year 1465.
He studied at Aberdeen, and afterwards
at Paris, where, in 1497, he became pro-
fessor of philosophy in the college of
Montacute. In 1500 he was elected
principal of the college of Aberdeen,
which was just then founded by Bishop
Elphinstone. On the death of the
bishop, in 1514, he resolved to give to
the world an account of his life, in com-
posing which he was led to write the
history of the lives of the whole of the
bishops of Aberdeen. It was published
in 1522. He next wrote a " Ilistorv of
Scotland," which was published at
Paris, 1526. A second edition wa'&
printed at Lausanne in 1574. D. 1534.
BOEHM, Jacob, one of the most fa-
mous mystics of modern times, was b. '
at Altseidenberg, Germany, in 1575, and
passed the first years of his life, with-
out instruction, in the tending of cattle
in the fields. The beautiful and sub-
lime objects of nature kindled his ima-
gination, and inspired him with a pro-
found piety. Raised by contem])lation
above his" circumstances, and undis-
turbed by exterior influences, a strong
sense of the spiritual, particularly of the
mysterious, was awakened in him, and
he" saw in all the workings of nature
upon his mind a revelation of God, and
even imagined himself favored by di-
vine inspirations. The education which
he received at school, though very im-
perfect, consisting only of writing, spell-
bob]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
171
ing, and reading the Bill e, supplied
new food for the excited i.iind ot the
hoy. He became afterwards a shoe-
maker; and this sedentary Hfe seems
to have strengthened his contemplative
habits. He was much interested in the
disputes which prevailed on the subject
of Cryptocalvinism in Saxony : though
he never took a personal part in secta-
rian controversies, and knew no higher
delight than to elevate himself, undis-
turbed, to the contemplation of the In-
finite. His writings are very unequal,
but always display a p /ofound feeling.
In 1594 he became a master shoemaker
in Gorlitz, married, and continued a
shoemaker during his life. His first
work appeared in 1616, and was call-
ed " Aurora." It contains his revela-
tions on God, man, and nature. This
gave rise to a prosecution against him ;
but he was acquitted, and called upon,
from all sides, to continue wiiting. He
did not, however, resume his pen until
1619. One of his most important works
is " Desci'iption of the Three Principles
of the Divine Being." His works con-
tain profound and lofty ideas, mingled
with many absurd and confused notions.
He died, after several prosecutions and
acquittals, in 1624. — William Anthony,
a learned German divine, and chaplain
to Prince George of Denmark. B. 1673 ;
d. 1732.
\ BOEHMEE, G. G., a professor at Got-
tingen, b. in 1761. Always a liberal,
and attached to the French party, he
edited an independent journal in 1791.
He congratulated the French republic
on its union with Belgium in 1796, and
was complimented with a seat in the
convention. He was subsequently per-
secuted by the anti-French party, and
imprisoned at Ehrenbreitstein and Er-
furt. He was author of a "Memoir to
demonstrate the Ehine as the Natural
Boundary of France," &c., and many
political German works.
BOEEHAAVE, Herman, one of the
most eminent physicians of modern
times, b. at Woornout, near Leyden.
His knowledge as an anatomist, chemist,
and . botanist, as well as in the causes,
nature, and treatment of diseases, was
unrivalled ; and his fame was spread
over the world. Peter the Great visited
him on his travels ; and a Chinese man-
darin wrote to him with this address,
" To Boerhaave, the celebrated physi-
cian of Europe." No professor was ever
attended, "in public as well as private
lectures, by so great a number of stu-
dents, from such different and distant
parts for so many years successively:
none heard him without conceiving a
veneration for his person, at the same
time that they expressed their surprise
at his prodigious attainments ; and it
may be justly affirmed, tliat none in so
private a station ever attracted a more
universal esteem. So unmoved was he
by detraction, from which the best of
men are not exempt, that he used to say,
" The sparks of calumny will be present-
ly extinct of themselves, unless you blow
them." His writings are numerous,
amon^ the principal may be mentioned,
''Institutiones Medicae ;" "Aphorismi
de Cognoscendis et Curandis Morbis ;' *
" Index Plantarum ;" and " Elementa
Chimiaj." B. 166S ; d. 173S.
BOETHIUS, Anicius Manlius Tor-
QUATus Severinus, a Eoman philosopher,
whose virtues, services, honor% and
tragical end all combine to render his
name memorable, was b. 470; studied
at Eome and Athens ; was profoundly
learned ; and filled the highest offices
under the government of Theodorie the
Goth. He was long the oracle of his
sovereign and the idol of the people ;
but his strict integrity and inflexible
justice raised up enemies in those who
loved extortion and oppression, and he
at last fell a victim to their machinations.
He was accused of a treasonable corre-
spondence with the court of Constanti-
nople, and executed in 524. While ho
was at tlie helm of state, he found rec-
reation from his toilsome occupations
in the study of the sciences, and devoted
a part of his leisure to the construction
of mathematical and musical instru-
ments, some of which he sent to Clo-
thaire, king of Fiance. He was also
much given to the study of the old
Greek philosophers and mathematicians,
and wrote Latin translations of several
of them. His most celebrated work is
that composed during his imprisonment,
" On the Consolations of Philosophy,"
translated by two of the most illustrious
English rulers, Alfred and Elizabeth.
It is written in prose and verse inter-
mixed. The elevation of thought, the
nobleness of feeling, the ease and dis-
tinctness of style which it exhibits, make
this composition, short as it is, far supe-
rior to anv other of the aare.
BOETTCHEE, John 'Frederic, the
inventor of the Dresden porcelain, b.
February 5th, 1682, at Schleiz, in the
Voigtland, in his 15th year went from
Magdeburg, where he received his early
education, to Berlin, as apprentice of
an apothecary. There he devoted hia
172
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[boi
nights to the making of gold out of
other metals. Oct. Ist, 1701, he changed,
as it is said, in the presence of several
witnesses, eighteen pieces of silver into
fine gold. As this was much talked of,
the king desired to see him, and
Boettcher, believing he was to be arrest-
ed as an adept, fled to Saxony. The
king of Saxony gave him large sums of
money, and became very impatient to
see tiio gold. Boettcher, in 1704, at-
tempted to escape, but was overtaken,
and, with the assistance of one Tschirn-
luiusen, who had discovered a kind of
porcelain, invented an improved com-
position of it, with which he hoped to
appease the king, who was in the habit
ot spending immense sums in China-
ware. In 1705 Boettcher invented the
Dresden porcelain, which has since be-
come^so famous. He made use of a
clay found in the vicinity of Meissen.
The king, upon this, made him a baron
of the empire, and director of the new
manufactory of porcelain in Meissen,
though he was often treated as a prison-
er, lest the secret should be betrayed.
He was finally removed from his dignity
on account of his immoral life. D. 1719,
in 'the greatest poverty.
BOGDANO WITSdH, Hippolyt Fed-
EROwrrscH, the Eussian Anacreon, was
b. in 1743, at Perewolotshna, in White
Russia. His father was a physician.
He was designed for an engineer; went,
for the purpose of studying engineering,
to Moscow, in 1754 ; but, having higher
views, he applied himself to tlie study
of the fine arts, and to learning foreign
languages. He gained patrons and
friends, and, in 1791, was made inspec-
tor in the university of Moscow, and
afterwards translator in the department
of foreign affairs. In 1762 he travelled
with Count Beloselsky, as secretary of
legation, to Dresden, where he devoted
his whole attention to the study of the
fine arts and of poetry, till 1768. The
beautiful pictures in the gallery of that
place inspired him to write his " Psyche,"
(Duschenka,) which appeared in 1775,
and fixed his fame on a lasting founda-
tion. After this he devoted himself to
music and poetry, in solitary study at
Petersburg, till Catharine called him
from his retirement. He then wrote, on
ditferent occasions, several dramatic and
historical pieces. In 1788 he was made
president of the imperial archives. In
1792 he took leave of the court, and
lived as a private man in Little Russia.
Alexander recalled him to Petersburg,
where he lived till 1803.
BOGORIS, the first Christian king of
Bulgaria ; converted by his sister, ivho
had been taken prisoner by the troops
of Theodosia, and was restored to him
by that empress.
'BOGUE, David, a dissenting ministe?
of very considerable acquirements ; pas-
tor of a congregation at Gosport, Hants,
where he also kept an establishment for
the education of young men destined for
the Christian ministry, in connection
with the Independents. He is consid-
ered as the father of the London Mis-
sionary Society, and he also contributed
greatly to the" formation of the British
and Foreign Bible Society. He wrote
an '* Essay on the Divine Authority of
the New Testament," a " History of the
Dissenters," &c. B. 1749 ; d. 1825.
BOHEMOND, the first prince of An-
tioch. He took Antioch in 1098, and
subsequently took Laodicea. D. 1111.
BOHN, John, a German physician ;
author of a " Treatise on the Duties of a
Physician," &c. B. 1640 ; d. 1719.
BOHUN, Edmund, a political writer
of note in the reign of James II. and
William III. ; author of a "Defence of
King Charles II. 's Declaration," a "Ge-
ographical Dictionary," " Life of Bishop
Jewell," &c. He was living at the ac-
cession of Queen Anne, but the exact
date of his death is uncertain.
BOIARDO, Matteo Maria, count of
Scandiano, was b. at a seat belonging
to his family near Ferrara, in 1434. From
1488 to 1494, the period of his death, he
was commander of the city and castle
of Reggio, in the service of his protec-
tor, Ercole d'Esle, duke of Modena.
This accomplished courtier, scholar, and
knight was particularly distinguished
as a poet. His " Orlando Innamorato"
is continued to the seventy-ninth canto,
but not completed. He immortalized
the names of liis own peasants, and the
charms of the scenery at Scandiano, in
the persons of his heroes and his descrip-
tions of the beauties of nature. In lan-
guage and versification he has been sur-
passed by Ariosto, whom he equalled in
invention, grace, and skilful conduct of
complicated episodes. Domenichi, Ber-
ni, and Agostini new modelled and con-
tinued the work of Boiardo, without
improving it. One continuation, only,
will never be forgotten — the immortal
" Orlando" of Ariosto, In some of his
works, Boiardo was led, by the spirit of
his times, to a close imitation of the an-
cients, as in his " Capit( li," also in a
comedy borrowed from Lucian's " Ti-
mon," and in his Latii eclogues and
BOl]
CYCLOPAEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
173
translations of Herodotus and Apu-
leiiis.
BOICHOT, Jean, a distinguished
French sculptor. Tlie "Colossal Group
of St. Michael," and the "Sitting Her-
cules," are among his best works. The
bas-reliefs of the rivers on tlie Trium-
phal Arch of the Carousel arr his. B.
1738 ; d. 1814.
BOIELDIEU, Adrien, a t jlebrated
French musical composer, b. in 1775 ;
author of numerous well-known operas ;
" Le Calife de Bagdad," " Jean de Pa-
ris," &c. " Telomaque" is thought his
chef-d''(Buvr€. His style is characterized
by a sweet and natural melody, much
imaginative gayety, and simple but
pleasing accompaniments.
BOIGNE, Count, a French soldier of
fortune, was b. at Chamberry, in 1751.
When 17 years old he entered the French
army, which he quitted for the Russian
service in about 5 years, and was taken
Erisoner at the siege of Tenedos. After
eing released he left Russia, and in 1778
went into the service of the East India
Company ; but fancying himself neglect-
ed, he offered himself to the notice of
Mahajee Scindiah, the celebrated prince
of the Mahrattas, to whom he was of the
greatest use during his campaigns, and
who loaded him with honors and riches.
Having remitted his vast fortune to En-
gland, and wishing to return to Europe
for the sake of his' health, he left India
in 1795, and settled at Chamberry. He
d. in 1830, possessed of about twenty
millions of francs, the greater part of
which he bequeathed to Ids son.
BOILEAU, James, b. at Paris, in
1635, was a doctor of the Sorbonne, a
canon, and dean, and grand vicar of
Sens. He is the author of several theo-
logical and other works in the Latin
language, the most celebrated of which
is the " Historia Flagellantium." James
Boileau was caustic and witty. Being
asked why he always wrote in Latin, he
replied, "for fear the bishops should
read me, in which case I should be per-
secuted." The Jesuits he designated as
men "who lengthened the creed, and
abridged the decalogue." D, 1716. —
Giles, a French writer; author of a
translation of Epictetus, &c. B. 1 631 ;
d. 1669. — John James, a French divine ;
author of " Letters on Morality and De-
votion," &c. D. 1735. — Nicholas, Sieur
des Preux, a celebrated poet, b. at Paris,
1636. His father, who left him an or-
phan before he was 17, had not formed
the most promising expe<jtations of the
fKJwers or his mind ; oat the dulness
15*
of youth disappeared as he approached
to maturity. He applied himself to the
law; lie was admitted advocate in 1656.
but lie did not possess the patience and
application requisite for the bar, and
exchanging his pursuits for the study of
divinity, he at last discovered that a de-
gree at the Sorbonne was not calculated
to promote the bent of his genius, or
gain him reputation. In the held of
literature he now acquired eminence
and fame. The publication of his first
satires, 1666, distinguished him above
his poetical predecessors, and he became
the favorite of France and of Europe.
His art of poetiy added still to his repu-
tation ; it is a monument of his genius
and judgment. His " Lutrin" was writ-
ten in 1674, at the request of Lamoignon,
and the insignificant quarrels of the
treasurer and ecclesiastics of a chapel
are magnified by the art and power of
the poet into matters of importance,
and every line conveys, with the most
delicate pleasantry, animated descrip-
tion, refined ideas, and the most inter-
esting scenes. Louis XIV. was not in-
sensible of the merits of a man who
reflected so much honor on the French
name. Boileau became a favorite at
court, a pension was settled on him, and
the monarch, in the regular approbation
from the press to the works of the au-
thor, declared he wished his subjects to
partake the same intellectual gratifica-
tion which he himself had so repeatedly
enjoyed. As a prose writer Boileau pos-
sessed considerable merit, as is fully
evinced by his elegant translation of
Lon^inus. After enjoying the favors
of his sovereign, Boileau retired from
public life, and spent his time in literary
privacy, in the society of a few select
and valuable friends. D. 1711.
BOILLY, N., an agreeable and pro-
ductive French painter, b. in 1768. His
most celebrated pieces are, "The Arri-
val of the Diligence;" "The Departure
of the Conscripts ;" and "Interior of M.
Isabeau's Atelier." He has some affec-
tation of Dutch coloring, but truth of
execution is his ^reat forte.
BOINDON, Nicholas, a French dra-
matist; author of several comedies.
Having d. an avowed atheist, he was in-
terred without any religious ceremonies.
D. 1751.
BOINVILLE, De, was b. of a noble
family, at Strasburg, in 1770. He quit-
ted a lucrative office, and joined the
French republican party in 1791. He
then Avent to England with La Fayette,
as aid-de-camp. He married an English
174
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bol
lady vf great talent and beauty, Jiccepted
a coMn;aud under Napoleon, and per-
ished in th*e retreat from Moscow.
BOIS, John Du, a French monk, who
served in tho army of Henry III. On
the death of Henry IV. he accused the
Jesuits of having caused the assassina-
tion of that prince. For this accusation
he was confined in the castle of St. An-
felo, at Kome. D. 1626.— Philip du, a
'rench divine ; editor of an edition of
TibuUus, Catullus, and Propertius, ad
usum Delphi ni. D. 1703. — Gerard du,
a priest of the Oratory ; author of " An-
nals of France," " History of the Church
of Paris," &c. D. 1696.
BOISMORAND, Abbe Chibon de, an
unprincipled French satirist. Bred a
Jesuit, he first satirized that order, and
then refuted his own satire. D. 1740.
BIOSROBERT, Francis le Metel de,
a French abbot, celebrated for his wit,
and patronized by Richelieu. His poems,
plays, tales, &c., are extremely numer-
ous. D. 1662.
BOISSARD, John James, a French
antiquary ; author of '* Theatrum Vitas
Humanas," &c. D. 1602.
BOISSAT, Peter de, an eccentric
Frenchman ; at first a priest, then a sol-
dier, and at last a pilgrim ; author of
"L'Histoire Negropontique ; ou, les
Amours d' Alexandre Castriot." D. 1662.
BOISSY D'ANGLAS, Francis An-
thony, Count de, a distinguished
French senator and literary character,
and a man who throughout the revolu-
tionary frenzy constantly displayed great
firmness and a disinterested love of lib-
erty. By Napoleon he was made a
senator and commander of the legion of
honor; and in 1814 Louis XVIII. cre-
ated him a peer ; but he was, for a time
only, deprived of his title, in conse-
quence of his recognition of the emperor
on his return from Elba. His writings
are on various subjects : among them
are *' The Literary and Political Studies
of an Old Man ;" an " Essay on the Life
of Malesherbes," &c. B. 1756 ; d. 1826.
BOISSY, Louis de, a French comic
writer, who, although he had been the
autUor of numerous successful come-
dies, was reduced to such extreme dis-
tress, that had he not been opportunely
rescued by the marchioness de Pompa-
dour, he and his wife would have per-
ished through hunger. D. 1758.
B0IVIN,"Franci3 de, a French writer;
author of a " History of the Wars of
Piedmont." D. 1618.— Louis, a French
advocate ; author of poems and some
learned historical treatises. T). 1724. —
John, brother of the above, professor
of Greek in the Royal college of Paris,
and keeper of the king'i? library • author
of a French version of the "Birds of
Aristophanes," and the " (Edipus of
Sophocles," &c., &c. D. 1726.— De
Villeneuve, John, a Norman writer,
chiefiy on classical literature ; author of
" An Apology for Homer," and the
" Shield of Achilles," &e. D. 1726.
BOIZOT, Louis Simon, b. in 1743 ; a
French painter and sculptor, but more
distinguished as the latter. The " Vic-
tory" of the Fountain of the Place du
Chatelet, is his cJief-d^ceuvre. Elegant,
graceful, and delicate as are the various
productions of his chisel, he is accused
of too great monotony in the attitude
and expression of his JBgures, as well as
inaccuracy of outline.
BOKHARI, a celebrated Mussulman
doctor; he was a predestinarian, and
the author of a collection of traditions,
entitled "Tektirtch." D. 256 of the
Hegira.
BOL, Ferdinand, a Dutch historical
and portrait painter, pupil of Rembrandt.
B. 1611 ; d. 1681.
BOLANGER, John, an historical
painter, pupil of Guide. D. 1660.
BOLD, Samuel, an English divine
and controversial writer; author of a
"Plea for Moderation towards Dissent-
ers," &c. D. 1737.
BOLDONIC, C, an Italian writer, b.
in 1768; author of "La Constituzione
Francese," (published in 1792,) which
contributed to ditfuse the renovated
seeds of freedom over Italy at that epoch.
BOLEYN, Anne, daughter of Sir
Thomas Boleyn, is known in English
history as the wife of Henry VIII., and
as the" occasion of the reformation. She
went to France in the seventh year of
her age, and was one of the attendants of
the English princess, wife to Louis XII.,
and afterwards to Claudia the queen
of Francis I. and then of the duchess
of Alen9on. About 1525 she returned
to England, and when maid of honor to
Queen Catherine, she drew upon herself
the attention and aifection of the king,
and by her address in the management
of the violence of his passion, she pre-
vailed upon him to divorce his wife ; and
as the pope refused to disannul his mar-
riage, England was separated from the
spiritual dominion of Rome. Henry Avas
united to his favorite, 14th Nov. 1582,
by whom he had a daughter, after-
wards Queen Elizabeth, but his passion
was of short duration, and Anne Bo-
.eyn so long admired, so long courted by
bol]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
175
the amorous monarch, was now despised
for Jane Seymour, and cruelly beheaded
May 19th, 1586. She bore her Me with
resignation and spirit; but though
branded with ignomuiy by Catholic wri-
ters, she must appear innocent in the
judgment of impartial men, and the dis-
graceful accusation brought against her,
of a criminal connection with her own
brother and four other persons, must be
attributed to the suggestions and malice
of that tyrant, who, in every instance,
preferred the gratification of liis lust to
every other consideration. Her story is
a favorite one with the dramatists and
poets.
BOLINGBROKE, Henry St. John,
Lord Viscount, son of Sir Henry St.
John, was b. at Battorsea, in 1672, and
educated at Eton and Christ-church,
Oxford. He obtained a «e.at in parlia-
ment in 1700, and in 1704 was appointed
secretary of war and thfi marines, but
resigned the secretaryship in 1707. In
1710 he again formed part of the minis-
try, as secretary of state, and had a prin-
cipal share in the peace of Utrecht. In
1712 he was created Viscount Boling-
broke ; but, dissatisfied with not having
obtained an earldom, and with other cir-
cumstances, he became the enemy of his
colleague Harley, of whom he had long
been the friend. On the accession of
George I. an impeachment of Boling-
broke being meditated, he fled to France,
and, at length, accepted the office of
secretary to th e pretender. He was soon,
however, dismissed from this new ser-
vice, and, in the mean while had been
impeached and attainted in England.
After a residence in France till 1723 he
was pardoned, and his estates were re-
stored, but he was not allowed to sit in
the house of peers. More indignant at
this exclusion than gratified by his par-
don, he became one of the chief oppo-
nents of Sir R. Walpole, and by the
power of his pen contributed greatly to
the overthrow of that minister. In 1735
he again withdrew to France, and re-
mained there till the death of his fixther,
after which event he settled at Battersea,
where he resided till 1751, when he d.
of a cancer in the face. Bolingbroke
was intimate with and beloved by Pope,
Swift, and the most eminent men of his
age ; his talents were of the first order ;
he possessed great eloquence, and, in
point of style, his writings rank among
the best in the English language.
BOLIVAR. SrMON, the celebrated
Liberator of South America, and the
'gaost distinguished military commander
that has yet appeared there, was b. of
noble parents in the city of Caraccas,
1783. Having acquired the elements of
a liberal education at home, he was sent
to Madrid to complete his studies ; and
afterwards visited Paris, where he form-
ed an acquaintance with several distin-
guished men. He then made the tour
of Southern Europe, again visited the
Spanish capital, and married the young
and beautiful daughter of the Marquis
de Ustariz del Cro ; but soon after his
return to his native land, whither she ac-
companied him, his youthful bride jeU a
victim to the yellow fever ; and he once
more visited Europe as a relief to his sor-
row for one so fervently beloved. On
returning to South America, in 1810, he
pledged himself to the cause of indepen-
dence,and commenced his military career
in Venezuela, as a colonel in the service of
the newly founded republic. Soon after
this he was associated with Don Louis
Lopez Mendez, for the purpose of com-
municating intelligence of the change of
government to Great Britain. In 1811
he served under Miranda, and had the
command of Puerto Cabello ; but the
Spanish prisoners having risen and seiz-
ed the fort, he was obliged to quit the
town and proceed to Caraccas. At length
Miranda was compelled to submit to
Mouteverde, the royalist general; and
Bolivar, entering the service of the pa-
triots of New Grenada, soon had another
opportunity of assisting his old friends
the Venezuelans. For a while he was
successful, but reverses followed ; and
when, in 1815, the Spanish forces under
Morillo arrived, he threw himself into
Carthagena, and subsequently retreated
to St. Domingo. The spirit of resist-
ance was, however, by no means extin-
guished ; he found new means to lead
his countrymen to victory; and after
many desperate conflicts the indepen-
dence of Columbia was sealed, and Bol-
ivar was chosen president of the repub-
lic in 1821. His renown was now at its
height, and every act of his government
showed how zealously alive he was to
the improvement of the national institu-
tions and the moral elevation of the
people over whom he ruled. In 1823 he
went to the assistance of the Peruvians,
and having succeeded in settling their
internal divisions, and establishing their
independence, he was proclaimed Liber-
ator of Peru, and invested with supreme
authority. In 1825 he visited tipper
Peru, which detached itself from the
government of Buenos Ay res, and was
formed into a new republic, named Bo^
176
CYCLOP-^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bon
Uviay in honor of the liberator ; b\it do-
mestic factions sprung up, the purity of
his motives was called in question, and
he was charged with aiming at a perpet-
ual dictatorship ; he accordingly declar-
ed his determination to resign his power
as soon as his numerous enemies were
overcome, and to repel tlie imputations
of ambition cast upon him, by retiring
to sechision upon his patrimonial estate.
The vice-president, Sanlander, urged
him, in reply, to resume his station as
constitutional president ; and though he
was beset by the jealousy anddistrust of
rival factions, he continued to exercise
the chief authority in Columbia till May,
1830, when, dissatisfied with the aspect
of internal affairs, he resigned the pres-
idency, and expressed a determination
to leave the country. The people ere
long became sensible of their injustice
to his merit, and were soliciting him to
resume the government, when his death,
which happened in December, 1830, pre-
vented the accomplishment of their
wishes. In person he was thin, and
fomewhat below the middle size, but ca-
pable of great endurance ; his complex-
ion sallow, and his eyes dark and pene-
trating. His intellect was of the hi^^hest
order, and his general character of that
ardent, lofty cast, which is so well calcu-
lated to take the lead among a people
emerging from the yoke of tyranny.
BOLLAND, Sir William, an eminent
lawyer and one of the barons of Exche-
quer, was a member and one of the
originators of the Eoxburgh Club, and
is often mentioned by Dr. Dibdin among
the n)ost ardent admirers of the literature
of the olden times. B. 1778; d. 1840.
BQLLANDUS, John, a learned Flem-
ish Jesuit ; one of the compilers of the
" Acta Sanctorum." D. 1665.
B0L06NESE, Francisco, the as-
sumed name of Francis Grimaldi, an ex-
cellent landscape painter, pupil of Anni-
bal Caraeci. D. 1680.
BOLSEC, Jerome, a Carmelite friar of
Paris. He became for a time a Protest-
ant, but again returned to the Catholic
faith, and marked his zeal against Prot-
estantism in his lives of Calvin and
Theodore Beza.' D. 1582.
BOLSWERT, Scheldt, an engraver of
the 17th century, a native of Friesland,
but who passed most of his life in Ant-
werp ; distinguished for the excellence
of his engravings from Eubens and Van-
dyck.
BOLTON, Edmund, an English anti-
quary of the 17th century ; author of
"Elements of Armories," "Nero Cae-
sar, or Monarchic Depraved," &c. — ^Ro-
bert, a Puritan divine ; author of a
" Treatise on Happiness," &c. B. 1571 ;
d. 1631. — Robert, dean of Carlisle ; au-
thor of an " Essay on the Employment
of Time," &c. D. 1763.— Sir William,
a captain in the British navy, and a ne-
phew of Lord Nelson, commenced his
career in 1733, as a midshipman, on
board the Agamemnon, commanded by
his gallant uncle ; under whom he serv-
ed with credit and ability on the most
trying occasions, during a great part of
the war. Although he did not obtain
higher promotion, owing chiefly to his
not being present in the ever-memora-
ble battle of Trafalgar, (which Nelson
emphatically regretted during the en-
f^agement,) his merits as a naval officer,
lis gentlemanly deportment, and above
all, his humanity, deserve to be record-
ed. B. 1777 ; d. 1830.
BOLTS, William, an English mer-
chant, of Dutch extraction, b. in 1740.
He was invested with high employ in
the East India Company's service,'and
realized a large fortune in India ; but
being accused of a design to subvert the
Indian government, he was arrested,
sent to England, imprisoned, and sub-
jected to a seven years' process, which
dissipated his large, fortune. He d. at
last m a poor-house. He left a work
" On Bengal," and " Considerations on
the Affairs of India."
BOLZANI, Urbano Valeriano, a
learned monk ; teacher of Greek at
Venice, and the first who wrote a gram-
mar of that language in Latin. D. 1524.
BOMBELLI, Sebastian, an eminent
Boloorncse historical and portrait painter.
B. 1635 ; d. 1685.— Raphael, a celebrated
algebraist of the 16th centuTT, and the
first who invented a uniform method of
working eqiiations.
BOMBERG, Daniel, a Dutch printer ;
whose Bible and Talmud are highly
valued. D. 1549.
BOMPART, Jean Baptiste, a French
republican vice-admiral, b. in 1757 ;
brought into notice by his fighting a
British frigate of 44 guns, with his ship,
the Ambuscade, 36 guns, off New York.
His ship was taken, and himself made
prisoner, dui'ing the expedition to Ire-
land in 1798. lie always retained his
steady republican feelings during Bona-
Sarte's imperial ascendency, and even
urin^ the Hundred Davs.
BON ST. HILARY, Francis Xavier,
a learned French writer ; author of "Me-
moire sur les Marrones d'inde," &e.
D. 1761.
bon]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
m
BONA, John, Cardinal; author of
several devotional works. Eaised to
the cardinal ate by Clement IX. D. 1674.
BONA MY, Peter Nicholas, a French
ecclesiastic; historiographer of Paris,
librarian of St. Victor^ and conductor of
the journal of Verdun, a clever periodi-
cal work. He also contributed largely
to the Memoirs of the Academy of In-
Bcriptions. B. 1694; d. 1770. — A gener-
al ; one of the conquerors of Naples, in
17S9. In charging the principal redoubt
at Moskwa, he received twenty bayonet
wounds, and was left in the h an els of
the Eussians. He returned to France
in 1814. B. 1764.
BONANNI, Philip, a learned Jesuit
of Eome ; author of a "Histoi*y of the
Church of the Vatican;" ''Collection of
the Medals of the Popes," &c., &c. D.
1725.
BONAPAETE. The name of a Corsi-
can family which has been made for ever
illustrious by the prodigious military
genius of one of its members, the late
emperor of the French. The most au-
thentic genealogical documents ascribe
a Florentine origin to the family, and
trace them back to the year 1120, when
one of them was exiled^ from Florence
as a Ghibelline ; and in 1 332 we find that
John Bonaparte was podesta of that city.
In 1404, his descendant and namesake,
who was plenipotentiary to Gabriel Vis-
eonti, duke of Milan, married the niece
of Pope Nicholas V. His son, Nicho-
las Bonaparte, fwritten Buonaparte until
«ifter Napoleon^s first Italian campaign,
when the u was dropped,) was ambas-
sador from the same pontiff to several
courts, and vicegerent of the holy see at
Ascoli. In 1567 Gabriel Bonaparte es-
tablished himself at Ajaccio, and for
several generations his descendants were
successively heads of the elders of that
city. But Napoleon Bonaparte ridiculed
the pride of ancestry, and was eager on
all occasions to declare that the exalted
station he had attained was due to his
own merits alone. — Carlo, his father,
was a respectable advocate at Ajaccio,
in the island of Corsica. He had studied
law at Eome, but resigning the gown
for the sword, he fought under Paoli
against the French, and when Corsica
surrendered was reluctlantly induced to
live under the French government. On
this submission, being much noticed by
the new governor, Count de Marboef,
he was appointed judge lateral of Ajaccio.
D. in his 30th year, of cancer in the sto-
mach. — Marie Letitie, whose maiden
name was EamoUni, the wife of Carlo, a
lady of great beauty and accomplish-
ments, bore him five sons and three
daughters, and lived to see them eleva-
ted to the highest positions. — Napoleon,
was b. on the 15th August, 1769, at
Ajaccio. He was educated at the mili-
tary school of Brienne from 1779 to 1784,
His conduct there was unexceptionable.
He seems to have cultivated mathematics
more than any other branch of study.
He was fond of the history of great men,
and Plutarch seems to have been his
favorite author, as he is with most young
f)ersons of an animated character. For
anguages he manifested little taste. He
made himself well acquainted with the
French classics. From the military
school at Brienne, he went with nigh
recommendations to that of Paris. In
1786 he commenced his military career,
being appointed in that year second
lieutenant in the regiment of artillery La
Fere, after a successful examination,' one
year after the death of his father. While
at the school in Paris, young Bonaparte
expressed a decided dislike of the dis-
cipline and mode of living there, which
he thought by no means fitted to prepare
the pupils for the privations of a military
life. Napoleun, then 20, was at Paris at
the epoch of the 10th of August. In
September he returned to Corsica. The
celebrated Paoli, who had acted as lieu-
tenant-general in the service of France,
had, meanwhile, been j)roscribed, with
twenty other generals, as a traitor, and
a price set on his head. In May, 1793,
Paoli raised the standard of revolt to
secure his own safety, and threw otf the
yoke of the convention. He assembled
a consulta of the Corsican malcontents.
Bonaparte openly opposed the views of
Paoli, and a war broke out between the
adherents of that leader and those of
France. Many excesses were committed,
and Paoli weiit so far as to make attempts
upon the persons of young Bonaparte
and his family. But Bonaparte suc-
ceeded in conducting them safely to
France, where they retired to La Valette,
near Toulon, and at a later period, to
Marseilles. In the same vessel with the
Bonapartes were the comniissioners of
the convention and the French troops.
It was the pei*suasion of Joseph Bona-
parte, one of the members of the depart-
mental administration at the time of
Paoli's revolution, that engaged his
family in the French cause, and thus
had an important influence on the fu-
ture career of his brother. Bonaparte
proceeded to Nice, to join the fourth
regiment of artillery, in which he had
178
CYCLGP.iiDI,* OF BIOGRAPHY.
[box
been made captain. This was in tl i
years 1793 and 1794, when the Mou7 •
tain party developed its energies wito
an unexampled rapidity, by an equally
imexampled system ; and, finding no
foundation for a rational liberty on the
first emersion of the country from the
corruption and tyranny of centuries,
strove to save it by terrorism. The
evident talents of the young officer com-
mended him to the leaders of the con-
vention. He was present at tlie affair
at Lyons, and soon after greatly distin-
guished himself in expelling the English
from Toulon. He was consequently
made a general of brigade in 1794. The
same year he defended the convention
from an attack of the Parisians, defeat-
ing and dispersing them. In 1706 he
married Josephine Beauharnois, the
widow of Count de Beauharnois, who
had been beheaded by Kobespierre. He
left his bride in three days for Nice, and
taking the command of an army of
60,000 men, half armed and in want of
every necessary, he outmanoeuvred the
Austrians, and won the battles of Monte-
notte, Millesimo, Dego, Mandovi, and
Lodi, conquering all Piedmont and the
Milanese. His victories of Louado, Cas-
tiglione, Koverado, Bassano, Sangiorgo,
and Areola closed 1708. The following
year he won the fields of Rivoli, La Fa-
vorite, Tagliamento, Lavis, took Mantua.
Trieste, and Venice, and compelled Aus-
tria to sign the treaty of Campo Formio.
On the 19th May, of the same year, he
sailed with an expedition to Egypt, of
which he took possession after fighting
several battles. In 1799 he returned to
France, finding that the conquests he
had made from Austria, she was recov-
ering ; he dissolved the national conven-
tion, was declared first consul, restored
peace in La Vendee, carried an army
over the Alps, beat the Austrians at
Romano, Montebello, and Marengo, and
made the emperor sign a second treaty
of peace. In 180] he signed the prelimi-
naries of peace with England. In 1802
he was declared first consul for life. In
1804 he was made emperor. In 1805 he
was declared king of Italy. Hostilities
again breaking out with Austria, he won
the battles of Wertinghen, Gurtzburgh,
Memminghen, Elchingen, captured Ulm
and an entire army, and taking Vienna
and fighting the battles of Diernestein,
and Austerlitz, he forced the Aus^'rians
to sign the treaty of Presburgh. The
year 1806 may be regarded as the era of
his king-making. New dynasties were
•reated by him, and princes promoted
or transferred according to his will ; the
crown of Naples he bestowed on his
brother Joseph, that of Holland on
Louis, and of Westphalia on Jerome ;
while the Confederation of the Rhine
was called into existence to give stability
to his extended dominion. Prussia again
declared war : but the disastrous battH
of Jena annihilated her hopes, and both
she and Russia were glad to make peace
with the French emperor in 1807. Na-
poleon now turned his eye on Spain.
After taking measures to" bring about
the abdication of Charles IV. and the
resignation of Ferdinand, he sent 80,000
men into that country, seized all the
strong places, and obtained possession
of the capital. In 1809, while his ar-
mies were thus occupied in the Pen-
insula, Austria again ventured to
try her strength with France. Napo-
leon thereu})on left Paris, and at the
head of his troops once more entered
the Austrian capital, gained the decisive
victory of Wagram, and soon concluded
a peace ; one of the secret conditions of
wnich was, that he should have his
marriage with Josephine dissolved, and
unite himself to the daughter of the
emperor, Francis II. His former mar-
riage was accordingly annulled ; Jose-
phine, with the title of ex-empress, re-
tired to Navarre, a seat about 30 miles
from Paris ; and he espoused the arch-
duchess Maria Louisa, in April, 1810.
The fruit of this union Avas a son, who
was styled king of Rome. Dissatisfied
with the conduct of Russia, he now put
himself at the head of an invading army,
prodigious in number, and admirably
appointed, and marched with his numer-
ous allies towards the enemy's frontiers.
This eventful campaign against Russia
may be said to have opened on the 22d
June, on which day he issued a procla-
mation, wherein, with his usual oracular
brevity, he declared that his "destinies
were about to be accomplished." On
the 28th June he entered Wilna, where
he established a provisional government,
while he assembled a general dietat AVar-
saw. In the mean time the French army
continued its march, and passed the Nie-
men on the 23d, 24th, and 25th June,
arriving at Witepsk on the way to Smo-
lensko, in the early part of July. In the
mar{^h it obtained several victories, and
the Russians finding their enemy too
powerful in open contest, contented
themselves for the most part in wasting
the countrs', and adding to the severities
and operation of the Russian climate
upon a southern soldiery. The French
bon]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
179
army, however, undauntedly proceeded,
until arriving? near Moscow on the 10th
September, the famous battle of Boro-
dino was fouafht, so fatal to both parties,
and in which 60,000 are supposed to
have perished. Napoleon notwithstand-
ing pressed on to Moscow, from which
the Russians retreated, as also the
greater part of the inhabitants, who
abandoned it by order of the governor,
Count Rostopchin. When, therefore.
Napoleon entered the celebrated capital,
four days after the battle, he found it
for the most part deserted and in flames.
This strong measure saved the Russian
empire, by completely destroying the
resources of Napoleon. After' remain-
ing thirty-five days in the ruins of this
ancient metropolis, exposed to every
species of privation, retreat became ne-
cessary, amid one of the most striking
scenes of human suffering ever experi-
enced. Hunger, cold, and the sword
attended the wretched fugitives all the
way to Poland, and the narrative of
Count Segur, who details all the events
and their effect on Napoleon, possibly
forms the most appalling picture in
modern history. On the 18th Decem-
ber, Napoleon entei'cd Paris at night,
an"d on tne following day a bulletin, with
no great concealment of their extent,
disclosed his losses. Early the next
month he presented to the senate a de-
cree for levying 350,000 men which was
unanimously agreed to, and he forth-
with began preparations to encounter
the forces or Russia and Prussia, now
once more in combination. On the 2d
May, they met at Lutzen, and the allies
retired, on which Austria undertook to
Ttiediate, but not succeeding, the battle
of Bautzen followed, in which the
French were victorious. On the 20th
May, an armistice took place, and Yiego-
tiations were opened, which proved
fruitless ; and Austria was at length in-
duced to join the allies. On this im-
portant event. Napoleon endeavored to
reach Berlin, while the allies sought to
occupy Dresden, which attempt induced
him to return and repulse them in the
battle of Dresden, on which occasion,
Moreau, who had come from Paris to
fight under the banner of the confeder-
ates, was mortally wounded. At length
these equivocal contests terminated in
the famous battle of Leipsic, fought on
the 16th, 18th, and 19th October,\vhich
was decisive of the war as to Germany.
The French loss was immense: Prince
Poniatowski of Poland was killed, fif-
teen general officers were wounded, and
twenty-three taken prisoners; and of
184,000 men, opposed to 300,000, n?t
more than 60,000 remained. On this
great victory, the Saxons, Bavarians,
"VVestphalians, in a word, all the con-
tingent powers declared for the allies.
Napoleon returned to Paris, and inter-
rupted the compliment of address, by
thus stating the disagreeable fact, that
" within the last year all Europe marched
with us, now all Europe is leagued
against us." He followed up this avowal
by another demand of 300,000 men.
The levy was granted, and on the 26th
January, he again headed his army, and
the allies having passed the Rhine early
in the same month, in the succeeding
month of February were fought the bat-
tles of Dizier, Brienne, Camp Aubcrt,
and Montmirail, with various success ;
but nov/ the advanced guard of the Rus-
sians entered into action, and Napoleon
was called to another quarter. The san-
guinary conflicts of Montereau and No-
gent followed, in which the allied forces
suffered very severely, and were obliged
to retire upon Troyes. Early in March
the treaty of nlliance was concluded be-
tween Britain, Austria, Prussia, and
Russia, by which each was bound not
to make peace but upon certain condi-
tions. This was signed at Chatillon, on
the 15th March, and made known to
Napoleon, who refused the terms. His
plan was now to get into the rear of the
combined army, and by this manoeuvre
to endeavor to draw them oft' from Paris ;
but the alHes gaining possession of his
intentions by an intercepted letter, has-
tened their progress, and on the 30th
March attacked the heights of Chau-
mont, from which they were repulsed
with great loss. At length, however,
their extensive array bore on so many
points, that on the French being driven
back on the barriers of Paris, Marshal
Marmont, who commanded there, sent
a flag of truce, and proposed to deliver
up the city. Napoleon hastened from
Fontainbleau, but was apprised five
leagues from Paris of the result. He
accordingly returned to Fontainbleau,
where he commanded an army of 50,000
men, and the negotiation ensued which
terminated with his consignment to the
island of Elba, with the title of ex-em-
{)cror, and a pension of two millions of
ivres. He displayed becoming flrmnesa
on this occasion, and on the 20th April,
after embracing the officer commanding
the attendant grenadiers of his guard,
and the imperial eagles, he departed to
his destination. Not long after, secretly
180
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[BON
embarkiuff iu some hired feluccas, ac- |
Companied with about 1200 men, he
lauded on the 1st March, 1814, iu the
gulf of Juan, iu Provence. He imme-
diately issued a proL^lamution, announ-
cing his intention to resume the crown,
of which "treason had robbed him,"
and proceeding to Grenoble, was at once
welcomed by the commanding officer,
Labedoyere, and in two days after he
entered Lyons, where he experienced a
similar reception. In Lyons he pro-
ceeded formality to resume all the func-
tions of sovereignty by choosing coun-
sellors, generals, and prefects, and pub-
lishing various decrees, one of wnich
was for abolishing tie noblesse, of whom
the restored family had already made
the French people apprehensive, and
another proscribing the race of Bourbon.
Thus received and favored, lie reached
Paris on the 20th March without draw-
ing a sword. In the capital he was re-
ceived witli the loud acclamations of
" Vive I'Empereur !" and was joined by
Marshal Ney, and the generals Drouet,
Lallemaud, and Lefebvre. On the fol-
lowing day he reviewed his army, re-
ceived general congratulations, and an-
nounced the return of the empress. On
opening the assembly of representatives,
on the 7th June following, he talked of
•establishing a constitutional monarchy.
But by this time the allies were once more
in mo^tion, and having collected an im-
mense supply of stores and ammunition,
he quitted Paris on the 12th of the same
month, to march and oppose their pro-
gress. He arrived on the 13th at Aves-
nes, and on the 14th and 16th fought
the partially successful battles of Fleurus
and Ligny. On the 18th occurred the
signal and well-known victory of Water-
loo, in which the British made so suc-
cessful a stand under the duke of Wel-
lington, until aided into decisive victory
by the timely arrival of the Prussians
under Bulow. In the battle, out of
95,000 men, it is thought that the French
lost nearly 50,000. Napoleon immedi-
ately returned to Paris, but the charm
was now utterly dissolved ; and, soured
by the result of the battle, and fearing
another occupation of the capital, a
strong party was openly formed against
him, and even his friends urged him to
abdicate. He was prevailed upon at
length, with some difficulty, to talce this
step in favor of his son. For some time
he entertained the idea of embarking for
America ; but fearful of Britisli cruisers,
he at length determined to throw him-
self on the generosity of the only people
who had never materially yielded to his
influence. He accordingly resigned him-
self, on the 15th July, into the hands of
Captain Mtiitland, of the Bellerophon,
then lyiug at Eochfort, and was exceed-
ingly anxious to land in England. On
giving himself up, he addressed the
prince regent in a well-known letter, in
which he compared himself to Themis-
tocles. It is impossible to dwell on the
minutiae of his conduct and reception,
or on the circumstances attendant on
his consignment for safe custody to St.
Helena, by the joint determiiuation of
the allies. For 'this, his final destina-
tion, he sailed on the 11th August, 1815,
and arrived at St. Helena on the 13th of
the following October. The rest of his
life is little more than a detail of gradual
bodily decay; rendered, however, stri-
king by the narrative of his remarks,
conversation, and literary employment,
among the few faithful courtiers and
officers allowed to accompany him.
After a few years, he was taken with
cancer in the stomach. He bore the
excruciating torture of his disease for
six weeks with great firmness, generally
keeping his eyes fixed on a portrait of
his son, which was placed near his bed.
From the beginning he refused medicine
as useless ; and his last words, uttered
in a state of delirium on the morning of
his death, were, " Mon fils I" soon after-
wards, " tete d'armee !" and lastly,
" France." This event took place on
on the 5th M.ay, 1821, in the 52d year
of his age. He was interred, according
to his own desire, near some willow
trees and a spring of water, at a place
called Haine's Valley, his funeral being
attended by the highest military honors.
Thus terminated the eventful and daz-
zling career of Napoleon Bonaparie, one
of those extraordinary gifted individuals,
who, foiling into a period and course of
circumstances adapted to their peculiar
genius, exhibit the capacity of human
nature in the highest point of view. —
Napoleox Fkancis Charles Joseph,
duke of Reichstadt, only son of the Em-
peror Napoleon by his second wife,
Maria Louisa of Austria. After his fa-
ther's downfall, he was wholly r.ndcr
the care of his grandfather, the emperor
of A ustria. He was from infoney of a
weakly constitution, and a rapid decline
terminated his life in 18-32, at the early
age of 21. It would appear, from a work
by M. de Montbel, entitled " Le Due de
lleichstadt," that the young Napoleon
possessed many amiable qualities, and
was greatly beloved by those who knew
bon]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
181
him ; while he had all the enthusiasm
and passion of youth in extreme force,
alternating with a distrust, a caution,
and a rapidity in fathoming the charac-
ters of the persons with whom he was
necessarily brought into contact, which
are the usual qualities of age ; and tluit
he took the deepest interest in every
thing connected with his father's former
greatness, or relating to military affairs.
— Joseph, an elder brother of Napoleon,
was b. in Corsica, in 1768. Educated
for the law at the college of Autun in
France, he became a member of the
new administration of Corsica under
Paoli; but soon afterwards emigrated
to Marseilles, where he married the
daughter of a banker named Clari. In
1796 he was appointed commissary to
tlie army in Italy then commanded by
his brother Napoleon ; and in 1797, hav-
ing been elected deputy to the council
of five hundred by his native depart-
ment, he repaired to Paris, whence he
was shortly afterwards sent by the ex-
ecutive directory as ambassador to the
pope. During the revolution which
broke out at Kome under Duphot, he
displayed considerable energy; and on
his return to Paris he was made coun-
sellor of state, and was subsequently
employed by Napoleon to negotiate the
treaties of Luneville with the emperor
of Germany, and of Amiens with En-
gland. When Napoleon attained the
imperial crown, Joseph was recognized
as an imperial prince, and in this capa-
city he headed the expedition against
Naples in 1806, which resulted in his
being proclaimed king of Naples and
Sicily. Here he reigned till 1808, effect-
ing beneficial changes in the adminis-
tration of the law and the institutions
of the country. In 1808 he was ap-
pointed king of Spain, Murat having
succeeded him as king of Naples. But
in Spain he encountered much greater
difficulties than at Naples ; and during
the five years of his reign he was thrice
obliged "by the successes of the alUed
armies to quit his capital ; the last time,
in 1813, after the battle of Vittoria, to
return no more. He now retired to
France. In January of the following
year, when Napoleon set out for the
army, he was appointed lieutenant-gen-
eral of the empire and head of the coun-
cil of regency to assist the empress-re-
gent ; but in this capacity he displayed
little firmness, and consented to the
capitulation of Paris, which resulted in
the abdication of Napoleon and his ban-
tahment to Elba. He then retired to
16
Switzerland ; but he rejoined Napoleon
on his return to Paris in March, 1815,
and after the defeat at Waterloo he em-
barked for the United States, where he
purchased a large property, at Borden-
town, N. J,, and continued for many
years to reside under the name of the
Count de SurvUliers. D. at Florence,
1844. — LuciEN, prince of Canino, the
next brother after Napoleon in birth,
and after him, too, the ablest of the
family. He was b. at Ajaccio in 1775 ;
and having quitted Corsica, with his
family, in 1793, he became a commissary
of the army in 1795, and soon afterwards
was elected a deputy from the depart-
ment of Liamone to the council ot five
hnndred. It was here that he first dis-
tinguished himself by the energy of his
manner, the fluency of his language, the
soundness of his arguments, and his ap-
parent devotion to the existing govern-
ment. During Napoleon's absence in
Egypt, he maintained a constant corre-
spondence with him ; and, on his return,
Lucien was the chief instrument of the
revolution which followed. When the
sentence of outlawry was about to be
pronounced against his brother, he op-
posed it with all the force of his elo-
quence; and when he perceived that
remonstrances were of no avail, he threw
down the ensigns of his dignity as pres-
ident, mounted a horse, harangued the
troops, and induced them to clear the
hall of its members. By his subsequent
energy, coolness, and decision, he led
the way to Napoleon's election as first
consul, and was himself made minister '
of the interior, in the room of Laplace.
But great as were the services which
Lucien had performed for his brother,
the latter became jealous of his abilities-.
and feared his popularity. A coolness
between them soon took place ; and,
with that cunning which marked so
many of his actions, he took care to re-
move Lucien from the immediate scene
of action, by sending him ambassador
to Madrid. In the spring of 1802 he re-
turned to Paris, was outwardly recon-
ciled with the first consul, and entered
a second time upon the tribuneship. He
had married, at an early age, the daugh-
ter of a wealthy innkeeper ; and, his
wife having been now some time dead,
he united himself to one Madame Jou-
berthou, the widow of a stock-broker, a
woman distinguished for her gallantries.
This gave great offence to Napoleon, and
was a severe blow to the system he had
long contemplated of forming royal alli-
ances for his relatives. He therefore
182
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bo^
ased every means in his power to induce
Lucien to consent to a dissolution of the
marriage; but, to his honor be it re-
corded, he constantly spurned all the
proposals that were made to him to sac-
rifice his wife. For several years he
took up his residence at Kome, where
he was a welcome visitor, having merit-
ed the gratitude of the pope by the zeal-
ous support he had given the concordat ;
aud wlien, in 1807, he found that the
enmity of his brother rendered his stay
in that city no longer safe, he retired to
an estate which he had purchased at
Canino, and which his holiness had
raised into a principality. It was not
long, however, before he found that the
emissaries of Napoleon were hovering
round his retreat, and he fled secretly
to Civita Vecchia, from which place he
embarked in August, 1810, with the in-
tention of proceeding to the United
States. A storm threw him on the
coast of Cagliari ; but the king of Sar-
dinia refused him permission to land :
he was accordingly forced to put out to
sea; and being captured by two English
frigates, he was conveyed first to Malta
and afterwards (Dec. 18) to England.
After a time he was permitted to pur-
chase a beautiful estate near Ludlow, in
Shropshire, where he spent three calm
and peaceful years, completin;* during
that period, a poem upon which he had
long meditated, entitled " Charlemagne,
or the Church Delivered." The peace
of 1814 having opened his way to the
Continent, he returned to his old friend
and protector, Pius VII. After the
battle of Waterloo he urged the emperor
to make a desperate stand for the throne ;
but the cause was hopeless ; and Lucien,
having retired to Italy, devoted the re-
mainder of his days to literature and the
fine arts. D. at Viterbo, 1840. — Louis,
a younger brother of Napoleon and ex-
king of Holland, was b. at Ajaccio, in
Corsica, September 2, 1778. He entered
the army at an early age, accompanied
his brother to Italy and Egypt, and on
Napoleon's successive elevations to the
consulship and the empire rose to be a
counsellor of state and a general of divi-
sion, aud received the titles of constable
of France and colonel-general of carbi-
niers. After having been successively
appointed governor of Piedmont, and
governor ad interim of the capital, in
place of Murat, he took the command of
the army of the North in Holland ; and
in 1806 the Batavian republic having
been changed into a kingdom by Napo-
leon. Louis was nominated king at the
request of the states of Holland. In this
capacity he conducted himself with
equal skUl and humanity, and such was
the affection with which liis Dutch sub-
jects had inspired him, that he refused
without hesitation the crown of Spain
which was offered him by the emperor.
In 1810, Louis, having long resisted tho
emperor's commands to entbrce the con-
tinental blockade, which would, as he
believed, have proved detrimental to his
people's interests, abdicated in tlivor of
his son ; but the abdication was rejected
by Napoleon, who thereupon united
Holland to the French empire ; and the
ex- king leaving Holland secretlv, re-
paired to Gratz in Styria, where he re-
sided several years under the title of
count de Saint Leu. After the fall of
Napoleon, he finally retired to the Papal
States with some members of his family,
where he devoted himself chiefly to lit-
erary pursuits down to the period of his
death. His only surviving son, Louis
Napoleon Bonaparte, the offspring of
his marriage with Hortense Eugenie de
Beauharnois, (which see,) daughter of
the Empress Josephine, is the first pre-
sident of the French republic, estab-
lished in 1848. D. at Leghorn, 25th
June, 1846.
BON ARELLI, Guy Ubaldo, an Italian
poet; author of "Filli di Sciro," &c.
B. 1553 ; d. 1608.
BONASONI, GuiLio, a Bolognese
painter and engraver of the 16th centu-
ry. In the latter capacity he especially
excelled ; and he engraved many of the
chefs-d'oeuvre of Michael Angclo, Kaf-
faelle, &c., in a style of great beauty.
BONxWENTURE, John Fid.^za.
While only general of the order of
Franciscans, his reputation for probity
and wisdom caused the cardinals to
leave to him the nomination of a suc-
cessor to Clement IV. He named The-
obald, archdeacon of Liege, who became
pope, with the title of Gregory X., and
made Bonaventure a cardinal. D. 1274,
and was canonized, 1482. — Of Padua,
made cardinal by Urban VI. in 1878 ; a
friend of Petrarch, and the author of
several religious pieces. Assassinated,
1386.
BONCHAMP, Arthur de, a cele-
brated general of the V^endean royalists,
and who had served with distinction as
an officer in the American war. In him
humanity was not less conspicuous than
valor, as the last act of his life amply
testified ; for it was to his interference
that 5,000 prisoners, whom the exasper-
ated royalists had taken, were saved
bon]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
183
from instant death. He was mortally
wounded in the battle of Chollet, 1793.
BONCERF, P. F., author of the fa-
mous pamphlet, " Les Inconveniens des
Droits Feodaux," while secretary to
Turgot. Condemned to be burned, it
became the basis of the fundamental de-
crees of the Constituent Assembly of
1789. Having been in the service of
D' Orleans, he narrowly escaped the
guillotine by one vote, on the fall of his
patron, and d. from the shock he then
sustained. B. 1745.
BOND, John, an English physician ;
author of critical notes on Horace, Per-
sius, and other classics. D. 1612. —
Oliver, a famous Irish associate with
Napper Tandy and Theodore Wolfe
Tone, in the Irish rebellion of 1797-S.
He was arrested in 1798 ; terms were
made with the government to send him
to America ; but he was found dead
iwith apoplexy, as reported) in prison.
I. 1720.
BONDAM, Peter, a famous Dutch
writer of voluminous and useless com-
mentaries. B. 1727 ; d. 1800.
BONDl, Clement, the poetical Delille
of the Italians; author of the "Conver-
sazione," which resembles Cowper's
Task ; " The ^neid," translated in versi
sciolti, &c. D. 1816.
BONDY, Count de, a French liberal,
but keeping aloof from the revolution-
ary tempest till he was called into emi-
nent public service by Napoleon, who
made him his chamberlain in 1805.
From that time he always remained
faithful to him, attending most of his
campaigns. As prefect of the Rhone,
during the Hundred Days, he urged
constitutional and reforming measures
on his patron. He always sat with the
partee gauche, when elected deputy de
li'Indre, in 1818, and advocated liberal
measures. B. 1766.
BONE, Henry, a celebrated enamel
aainter, who, by the force of his own
genius, raised himself and his art to a
nigh pitch of eminence. He was b. at
Truro, in Cornwall, on the 6th of Feb-
ruary, 1755, and was apprenticed to
a clnna painter in Bristol, which place
he subsequently left for London. Here
he for a considerable time worked for
the jewellers, but was during the whole
of this period devoting a very energetic
and ingenious mind to his art, which he
80 thoroughly mastered, that when, in
1794, he exhibited an enamel after a pic-
ture by Sir Joshua Reynolds, it attract-
ed universal admiration. His pictures
thenceforth were eagerly sought for by
the royal family and the lovers of art,
and he obtained very high prices, and
was elected into the Royal Academy.
Amongst a vast number of paintings, he
produced one which must be considered
a phenomenon by all who are acquainted
with the technical processes of the art;
this was the Bacchus and Ariadne, after
Titian, the dimensions of Avhich were
eighteen inches by sixteen. Mr. Bowles
of Wanstead purchased it for 2,200
guineas. Mr. Bone's great celebrity was
derived from his being the first to trans-
fer to enamel the splendor of color,
which the great flesh masters had de-
picted in oil. This, surrounded as it
was with the mechanical difficulties of
enamelling, was only perfected by his
making numerous technical discoveries,
and possessing naturally great ability
for painting. His genius for art, his
mechanical invention, his undaunted
perseverance, and unwearied industry,
united as they were to a most benevo-
lent and manly nature, combined to
render him a great man. Besides the
numerous enamels he annually pro-
duced both for foreign and English pur-
chasers, he transferred to his almost in-
destructible material, all the authentic
portraits of the Elizabethan period, form-
ing a national series and a splendid por-
trait gallery. This noble collection was
unfortunately dispersed after his death,
the purchase having been declined by
the government. D. 1834.
BONEFACIO, Venetiano, an Italian
painter of eminence. D. 1630.
BONER, Ulrich, the most ancient
German fabulist, was a Dominican friar
of Berne, in the 14th century. He pub-
lished his fables under the title of '' Der
Edelstein," (The Gem.)
BONET, Theophilus, a celebrated
German physician ; author of several
learned works. D. 1689.
BONHOMME, Dupin, P. J. B., b. in
1787 ; a respectable conventionalist, and
friend of modern liberty, who perished
in 1793 by the revolutionary tribunal.
BONIFACE, St., whose name was
Wilfrid, a saint of the Roman calen-
dar, was a native of England, and made
archbishop by Henry HI. He travelled
through many parts of Germany, of
which country he was called the apostle ;
and after reclaiming many from pugan-
ism, he was slain by some peasants in
Friesland, in 754. — The name assumed
by nine popes ; but the lives of whom
present nothing worthy of particular
notice. — A count of the Roraar empire
in the 5th century, and an intimate
184
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[boo
friend of St. Augustin, at whose desire
he devoted himself to public affairs. He
was slain in a desperate contest with
Aetius, in A-i'2.
BONIFACIO, Balthazar, a learned
Venetian, bishop of Capo d'Istria; au-
thor of "Histona Ludicia," Latin po-
ems, &c. D. 1659.
BONJOUK, William, a French monk,
and missionary to China ; author of
" Dissertations on the Scripture," <fec.
"0. 1714.
BONNEFONS, John, a French writer
of Latin poems, which are printed with
those of Beza, in Barbau's edition of
1757. B.1554; d. 1614.
BONNELL, James, aceomptant-gen-
eral of Ireland in the reign of James 11.;
remarkable for his firmness and integri-
ty in the discharge of his public duty in
a troublesome and perilous time. Some
" Meditations" of his, printed with his
"Life," written by Archdeacon Hamil-
ton, show him to have been a man of
considerable intellect. B. 1653 ; d. 1699.
BONNEE, Edmund, an English pre-
late, notorious for his persecution of the
Protestants during the reign of Queen
Mary. On the accession of Queen Eliza-
beth he refused to take the oath of su-
premacy, and was committed to the
Marshalsea, where he remained nearly
ten yeary. D. 1569.
BONNET, Charles, a distinguished
naturalist of Geneva; author of "In-
sectology," "Essay on Physiology,"
"Considerations on Organizea Bodies,"
&c. B. 1720; d. 1793.
BONNEVAL, Claudius Alexander,
count of, a French adventurer, son-in-
law of Marshal Biron. After serving
under Prince Eugene against the Turks,
resentment at having been imprisoned
for challenging the prince caused him
to go over to the Turks, and become a
Mussulman. His services were highly
valued by the Grand Seignior, who gave
him the " title of Achmet Pacha, and
raised him from rank to rank, till he be-
came master of the ordnance. D. 1747.
BONNEVIE, Abbe, a great preacher
of funeral orations over the Bonaparte
family and Bonapartists ; and equally
zealous in preaching funeral orations for
the Bourbons, after their fall. " Is the
abbe as virulent against the tyrant as
ever?" asked Napoleon, in passing his
cure, on returning from Elba. But the
abbe had disappeared. B. 1764.
BONNEVILLE, a poet of the French
revolution, who was the friend of Con-
dorcet, La Fayette, and Paine, and was
with Kosciusko when he fell. Though
accused by Marat, in the National Con-
vention, as an aristocrat, he was so
far from bein^an ultra in his views as
to denounce Bonaparte (on his becom-
ing emperor) as the Cromwell of France,
when tlae latter suppressed his periodi-
cal, the " Bien Intorme." Among his
works are "Theatre Allemiind," "Poe-
sies Rcpublicanes," " Nouveau Code
Conjugal," " Esprit des Keligions," &c.
B. 1760.
BONNIER, a French republican, who
was sent as a plenipotentiary to a " con-
ference" with Prince Metternich, in
1799, at Eastadt ; but the negotiation
was broken off by Austria, and Bonnier
was murdered between that town and
Strasburg, and his papers taken away.
Bonnier's scat in the Council of Ancients
was for two years after covered with
crape, as a testimony of respect. B. 1750.
BONNINGTON, Eichard Parkes, a
British artist of great merit and of sin
gular precocity. At 3 years old he could
sketch most of the objects he saw, and
at 15 was admitted to draw in the Lou-
vre at Paris. After visiting Italy he
brought back many able specimens of
his works, and finished a successful,
though brief career, at the age of 27, in
1828.
BONNYCASTLE, John, professor of
mathematics at the Eoyal Military Acad-
emy, Woolwich ; author of " The Schol -
lar's Guide to Arithmetic," "The Ele
ments of Geometry," " A Treatise upon
Astronomy," &c. D. 1821. — Charles,
a son of the preceding, became an emi-
nent professor of natural philosophy, at
the university of Virginia, and wrote
several excellent uuvthematical works.
D. 1840.
BONNSTETTEN, Charles Von, a
learned and voluminous German writer,
the friend of Matthison, Sails, and Fred-
ericka Brun. B. 1745 ; d. 1832.
BONOMI, Joseph, an Italian architect
of considerable taste and genius, from
whose design the Eoman Catholic chapel
near Manchester-square was erected.
D. 1808.
BONTEMPI, Giovanni Andrea An-
gelini, an Italian musician of the 17th
century ; author of " Nova quatuor
Vocibus componendi Methodus," &c.
BOOKEE, Luke, a clergyman of the
church of England, distinguished for
his literary acquirements, was b. at Not-
tingham, in 1672; took holy orders in
178o ; and eventually became the vicar
of Dudley. Dr. Booker was the author
of many "works, viz., "Poems" on vari-
ous occasions ; " Christian Intrepidity," ^
bor]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
185
"Calista, or the Picture of Modern
Life," "Euthanasia, the State. of Man
after Death," " Discourses and Disser-
tations;" and a variety of others. D.
1835.
BOONE, Daniel, one of the earhest
settlers in Kentucky, was b. in Virginia,
and was from infancy addicted to liunt-
ing in the woods. He set out on an
expedition to explore the region of Ken-
tucky, in May, 1769, with five compan-
ions. After meeting with a variety of
adventures, Boone was left with his
brot|ier, the only white men in the wil-
derness. They passed the winter in a
cabin, and in the summer of 1770 trav-
ersed the country to the Cumberland
river. In September, 1773, Boone com-
menced his removal to Kentucky with
his own and five other families. He was
joined by forty men, who put them-
selves under his direction ; but being
attacked by the Indians, the whole party
returned to the settlements on Clinch
river. Boone was afterwards employed
by a company of North Carolina to buy,
from the Indians, lands on the south
side of the Kentucky river. In April,
1775, he built a fort at Saltspring, where
Boonesborough is now situated. Here
he sustained several sieges from the In-
dians, and was once taken prisoner by
them while hunting with a number of
his men. In 1782 the depredations of
the savages increased to an alarming ex-
tent, and Boone, with other militia offi-
cers, collected 176 men, and Avent in
pursuit of a large body, who had march-
ed beyond the Blue Licks, forty miles
from Lexington. From that time till
1798 he resided alternately in Kentucky
and Virginia. In that year, having re-
ceived a grant of 2000 acres of land""from
the Spanish authorities, he removed to
Upper Louisiana, with hfs children and
followers, who were presented with 800
acres each. He settled with them at
Charette, on the Missouri river, where
he followed his usual course of life, —
hunting and trapping bears— till Sep-
tember, 1822, when he d. in the 85th
vear of his age. He expired while on
his knees, taking aim at some object, and
was found in that p)Osition, with his gun
resting on the trunk of a tree.
BOOTH, Barton, a celebrated actor in
the reigns of Anne and George I., was
b. in 1681, in Lancashire, and was edu-
cated at Westminster school, under Dr.
Busby. At the age of seventeen, how-
ever, he joined a'strolling company of
players ; his talents, at length, gained
Tiim a footing on the regular theatre ;
16*
his popularity continually increased;
and his performance of Cato, in 1712, set
the seal unon his histrionic reputation.
In 1715 lie became one of the joint
patentees and managers of Drury-lane
theatre. Booth was the author of a
masque called Dido and Eneas, and of
some songs and minor pieces. D. 1733.
— George, Baron Delamere, a zealous
partisan of Charles II. Being defeated
by tlie parliamentary general, Lambert,
he was confined in the Tower until the
death of Cromwell. He then obtained
his liberty, and was one of the twelve
delegates sent to the new king. It was
on this occasion that he obtained his
title, and a present of £10,000. D. 1684.
— Henky, earl of Warrington, son of the
above. Having been among those who
voted for the exclusion of the duke of
York, when that personage became king,
he was committed to the Tower, and was
tried for high treason, but acquitted, in
spite of the efforts of the infamous Jef-
fries. On the accession of William III.
he was made a privy councillor and
chancellor of the exchequer. His efforts
to limit the prerogative, however, caused
him to fall into disgrace ; but he Avas al-
lowed to retire from office Avith a pen-
sion, and the title of earl of Warrington
D. 1694.
BORA, Catharine von, wife of Luther
Avas b. 1499. Her birthplace is not
known, and of her parents we only know
that her mother, Anna, Avas descended
from one of the most ancient families of
Germany, that of Haugewitz. The
daughter took the veil very early, in the
nunnery of Nimptschen, near Grimma.
Notwithstanding her devout disposition,
she soon felt very unhappy in her situ-
ation, and, as hier relations would not
listen to her, applied, with eight othei
nuns, to Luther, Avhose fame had reach-
ed them. Luther gained over a citizen
of Torgau, by the name of Leonai'd
Koppe, who, in union with some other
citizens, undertook t3 deliver the nine
nuns from their convent. This was
done the night after Good Friday, April
4th, 1523. He brought them to Torgau,
and from thence to Wittenberg, Avhere
Luther provided for them a decent abode.
At the same time, to anticipate the
charges of his enemies, he published a
letter to Koppe, in which he frankly
confessed that he Avas the author of this
enterprise, and had persuaded Koppe to
its execution ; that he had done so in
the confident hope tliat Jesus Christ,
who had restored his gospel and de-
stroyed the kingdom of Antichrist,
186
CYCLOPifiDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bor
would be their protector, though it
might cost them even their hvci*. He
also exhorted the parents and relations
of the nine virgins to admit them again
into their houses. Some of tliem were
received by citizens of Wittenberg;
others, who were not yet too old, Luther
advised to marry. Among tlie latter
was Catharine, wliom riiiUp Keichen-
bach, at that time mayor of the city, had
taken into his house. Luther proposed
to her, (by his friend Nicliolas von Ams-
dorf, minister in Wittenberg,) doctor
Kaspar Glaz and otliers, in marria;^e.
Slie declined these proposals, but de-
clared her willingness to bestow her
hand on Nicliolas von Amsdorf, or on
Luther himself. Luther, who, in 1524,
had laid aside the cowl, was not averse
to matrimony, yet appears to have been j
led to the resolution of marrying by
reason rather than by passion. Besides,
he was not then favorably inclined to-
wards Catharine, because he suspected
her of worldly vanity. He says, liow-
ever, that he found in her a pious and
faithful wife. There could be no want
of disadvantageous rumors on this occa-
"on, some of them as shameful as they
■were unfounded. The domestic peace
of the pair was also drawn into question,
and Catharine, in particular, was accused
of being peevish and domineering, so
that her husband was often obliged to
correct lier. Although this last story is
without foundation, yet Luther seems
not to have been fully satisfied witli lier ;
for he speaks witli great sincerity of the
sufferings as well as of the happiness of
his marriage. When, after Lutlier's
death, in 1547, Charles V. entered Wit-
tenberg in triumph, Catharine saw lier-
self obliged to leave this place, and to
remove to Leipsic, where she was com-
pelled to take boarders for her support.
She afterwards returned to Wittenberg,
and lived there till 1552, in want. When
the plague broke out in this place, and
the university was removed to Torgau,
she went thitlier also, arrived tliere sick,
and d. soon after, December 27th, 1552.
In the church of Torgau her tombstone
is still to be seen, on which is her image
of the natural size.
BOKDA, Jean Charles, an engineer,
and afterwards a captain in the French
marine, famous for his mathematical
talents, was b. at Dax, in the depart-
ment of Landes, in 1733. In 1756 he
was chosen a member of the Academy
of Sciences, and occupied himself in
making experiments on the resistance
of fluids, the velocity of motion, and
other topics relating to dynamical sci-
ence. In 1767 he'pubHshed a disserta-
tion on hydraulic wheels, and afterwards
one on the construction of hydraulic
machinery. In 1771, with Verdune and
Pingre, he nuide a voyage to America,
to determine the longitude and latitude
of several coasts, isles, and shoals, and
to try the utility of several astronomical
instruments. In 1774 he visited the
Azores, the Cape Verde islands, and the
coast of Africa for the same purpose.
In the American war he was very useful
to the Count d'Estaing, by his knowl-
edge of navigation. Borda was the
founder of the schools of naval archi-
tecture in France. He invented an in-
strument, of a very small diameter,
which measures angles with the great-
est accuracy, and has been used in meas-
uring the meridian ; the reflecting cir-
cle, which has made his name immortal;
besides an instrument for measuring the
inclination of the compass needle, and
many others. On the establishment of
the National Institute, he became one
of its members, and was occupied, with
other men of science, in framing the
new system of weights and measures
adopted in France under a republican
government. Among the latest of his
labors was a series of experiments to
discover the length of a pendulum which
could vibrate seconds in the latitude of
Paris.
BORDE, Andrlw, an English physi-
cian ; author of " The Merrie Tales of the
Madman of Gotham," and several other
quaint works. 1). 1539. — -John Benja-
min' DE LA, a French miscellaneous wri-
ter; author of " Adela de Ponthieu ;"'
" Essais sur la Musique, ancienne et
moderne;" " Memoires de Courcy," <tec.
He was guillotined in 1794.
BOKD'EN, Theophilus de, a French
physician; author of '-Recherches sur
quelques pointes de Tllistoire de la
Medecine,'^ &c. D. 1776.
BORDELON, Laurence, a volumi-
nous French writer; author of "Dia-
logues for the Living;" "Curious Vari-
eties ;" several dramatic pieces, &c. B.
1653 ; d. 1730.
BORELLI, John Alphonso, an Ital-
ian philosopher and mathematician ; re-
membered chiefly for being the first who
applied mathematical calculation and
mechanical principles to account for the
action of the muscles. B. 1608 ; d. 1679.
BORGHESE. A Roman family, which
derives its origin from Sienna. They
have held the highest offices of this re-
public, from the middle of the fifteenth
bor]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
187
century. Pope ]'aul V., who belonged
to this family, and ascended the papal
chair in 1605, loaded his relations with
honors and riches. In 1607 he appoint-
ed his brother, Francesco Bortjhese,
leader of the troops sent against Venice
to maintain the papal claims ; bestowed
the principality ot Solmone on Marco
Antonio IBorghese, the son of his bro-
ther, Giovanni Battista; granted him a
revenue of |150,000, and obtained for
him the title of a grandee of Spain.
Another of his nephews, Scipione Caffa-
relli, he created cardinal, and made him
adopt the name of Borghese. From Mar-
co Antonio Borghese, prince of Solmone,
is descended tlie rich taniily of Borghese,
which is continued in the prince Ca-
millo Borgliese, and his brother, Fran-
cesco prince B. Aldobrandini. — Maria
Pauline, princess, the beautiful sister
of Napoleon, was b. at Ajaccio, October
20th, 1780. When the British occupied
Corsica, in 1793, she went to Marseilles,
where she was on the point of marrying
Freron, a member ot the convention,
and son of that critic whom Voltaire
made famous, when another lady laid
claim to his hand. She aftc^rwards mar-
ried Gen. Leclerc, with wliom she em-
barked, 1801, for St. Domincro, and was
called by the poets of the fleet, the Ga-
latea of the Greelcs^ the Venus marinu.
She was no less courageous than beau-
tiful, for when the negroes, under Chris-
tophe, stormed Cape Francois, where she
resided, and Leclerc, who could no lon-
ger resist the assailants, ordered his lady
and child to be carried on shipboard,
she yielded only to force. Atter his
death she married, in 1803, the prince
Camillo Borghese. Her son died at
Eome soon after. With Napoleon, who
loved her tenderly, she had many dis-
putes, and as many reconciliations ; for
she would -not always follow the caprices
of his policy. Yet even the proud style
in which she demanded what her bro-
thers begged, made lier the more attract-
ive to her brother. Once, however,
when she forgot herself towards the
empress, whom she never liked, she
was obliged to leave the court. She
was yet in disgrace at Nice, when Na-
poleon resigned his crown in 1814;
upon which occasion she immediately
acted as a tender sister. Instead of re-
maining at her oalace in Eome, she set
out for Elba t' join her brother, and
acted the part ot mediatrix between him
and the other members of his family.
Before the battle of Waterloo, she placed
all her diamonds, which were of great
value, at the disposal of her brother.
They were in his carriage, which was
taken in that battle, and were shown
Eublicly at London. He intended to
ave returned them to her. She lived,
afterwards, separated from her husband,
at Eome, where she occupied part of
the palace Borghese, and where she
fossessed, from 1816, the villa Sciarra.
[er house, in which taste and love of
the fine arts prevailed, was the centre
of the most splendid societv at Eome.
D. 1825.
BOEGIA, Cesar, a natural son of
Pope Alexander VI. He no sooner
heard of his father's exaltation to the
papal chair, than he left Pisa, where he
was fixed for his education; but the
ambitious prospects which he had form-
ed were checked by the coolness with
which Alexander received him. He
complained to his mother, Vanozza, who
for a while quieted his impatience, but
he was dissatisfied to see the dukedom
of Gandia conferred upon his elder bro-
ther, Francis, whilst the prinuicy of
Valenza only was reserved for himself.
Afterwards, by the influence of his
mother, whose greatest favorite he was,
over three other sons and a daughter
called Lucretia, the dignity of cardinal
was conferred upon him, and he became
the friend and confidant of his father's
councils. The elevation of Francis, how-
ever, to secular power continued to ex-
cite his jealousy, so that at once to gratify
malice and revenge, he caused his un-
happy brother to be murdered, and
thrown into the Tiber, where his man-
gled carcass was a few days after found.
The pope bitterly lamented his fate, but
all his inquiries after the murderer were
silenced oy Vanozza, who, justly sus-
pected as an accomplice, terrified the
astonished fiither, by declaring that if
he did not desist, the same dagger was
ready to stab him to the heart. Caesar
succeeded to his brother's honors and
fortune, when he resigned the dignity of
cardinal, that he might with greater lat-
itude gratify his avarice, ambition, and
cruelty. Bands of assassins were kept
around him, who sacrificed to his pleas-
ure both friends and foes ; but his mur-
derous schemes once liked to have re-
coiled upon himself. United with his
father in the attempt to poison nine
newly-created cardinals, whose posses-
sions' they coveted, the wine was by
mistake brought to them, an.l, drinking
of it, the pope died, and Cassar barely
escaped. His crimes were now too pub-
lic to be unnoticed. Thousrh lately
188
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bor
raised to the dukedom of Valentinois
by Louis XII. he was stripped of all his
dignities, and seat a prisoner to Spain,
but he escaped to the court of his bro-
ther-in-law, John, king of Navarre ; and
after trying in vain to restore his fallen
fortunes, he engiiged in the civil war,
by whieli his iSrother's kingdom was
distracted, and was killed by the stroke
of a spear, under the walls of Viana,
March 12th, 1507. He appears to have
been a skilful and intrepid soldier, of
moderation in his habits, and, what is
still more strange, a lover of poetry and
art. — Stefani, a cardinal, was a native
of Valletri. He had an enthusiastic love
for art, and throughout life devoted
f:reat attention to the collection of relics,
t was usual with him to change a valua-
ble piece of plate for some rare article to
adorn his museum ; and on one occasion,
to purchase an Egyptian mummy, he
even parted with the plate from his ta-
ble, and the buckles from his shoes.
Pius VI. created him cardinal in 1789 :
and the succeeding pope named Cardinal
Borgia president of the council when
the French garrison evacuated Rome.
He was the author of some works in
support of the papal temporalities. D.
1804.
BOEIE, Jean, one of the most vio-
lent of the French revolutionists, and
inventor of the " Farandoles." He
was a lawyer. B. about 1770 ; d. 1805,
in exile.
BORIS, Gadenow, grand master of
the horse to Theodore Ivanowitz, empe-
ror of Russia. He is said to have put to
death both the emperor's brother and
the emperor himself; and it is certain
that at the death of the latter Boris be-
came emperor. He governed cruelly and
^rannically, but d. suddenly, just as
Russia was invaded by a Polish army,
which was headed by a young monk,
who pretended to be Demetrius, the de-
ceased brother of Theodore, in 1605.
BOR J A, Francis de, a Spanish poet
and statesman, a descendant from Pope
Alexander VI., wa.s appointed viceroy of
Peru, in 1614, and governed that prov-
ince in a manner which was honorable
to him. He returned to Spain in 1()21,
and cultivated literature. As a poet, he
is most esteemed for his lyrical compo-
sitions. D. 1638.
BOELACE, Edmund, the son of one
of the lords-justices of Ireland, was edu-
cated at Dublin, and settled as a physi-
cian at Chester. His principal work is
a " History of the Irish Rebellion." D.
1682.
BORL ASE, William, an antiquary and
topographer, was b. 1695, atPendeen, in
Cornwall, was educated at Oxford, and,
till the end of his days, rector of Ludg-
van and vicar of St. Just, in his native
county. The first of these prefennents
he obtained in 1722. In 1749 he was
made F.R.S., and, in 1766, LL.D. His
chief works are, the " Antiquities His-
torical and Monumental of the County of
Cornwall ;" " Observations on the Scilly
Islands ;" and a " Natural History ot
Cornwall. D. 1772.
BORN, Ignatius, baron ; an eminent
German mineralogist and writer ; au-
thor of a treatise on " The Process of
Amalgamation," &c., &c. B. 1742 ; d.
1791.
BOROWLASKI, Count, the celebra-
ted Polish dwarf, who, although less
than three feet in height, was of perfect
symmetry, and attained the age of 98.
He had been prevailed upon by some of
the clergy of Durham, who had casually
seen him when on his "travels," 40
years before his death, to take up his
abode near that city. He spoke several
languages, was generally well informed
and witty, and his company was ac-
cordingly much courted by"^ the gen-
try of Durham and its vicinity. T)..
1837.
BORRI, Joseph Francls, a native of
Milan, who distinguished himself by his
extravagant pretensions as a chemist, a
heretic, and a quack. After playing for
some time the prophet at Rome, he re-
turned to Milan, where he attached to
himself great multitudes, from whose
credulity he exacted a great deal of
money, under oath of secresy, with the
expectation that the kingdom of God
was going to be established on earth.
His schemes were so well concerted that
he nearly seized the sovereign poAver by
means of his adherents, but was at last
forced to fly. The Inquisition passed
sentence of condemnation on his char-
acter, and publicly burnt his effigy
and his writings, in 1660. "From Stras-
burg, where he had retired, he went to
Amsterdam, and there for some time
figured as acharaeter of superior dignity
and uncommon virtues. He was respec-
ted and courted as a universal pliysi-
cian, till a revolution in his fortune drove
him away from that country too, yet
loaded with the borrowed jewels of the
credulous Hollanders. At Hamburg he
obtained the protection of Christina,
queen of Sweden, by pretending to find
tlie philosopher's stone ; and he gained
the same confidence at Copenhagen, from
bos]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
189
the king of Denniark. Though his hy-
pocrisy at last became known to his
illustrious patrons, he gained his wishes
in the liberality of their rewards, and
attempted to retire to Hungary. Being
however accidentally seized as a spy, his
name was reported to the emperor of
Germany in the presence of the papal
nuncio, who claimed him as an excom-
municated heretic. The emperor con-
sented to deliver him up, provided his
life was spared, and Borri was conveyed
to Rome, and condemned to perpetual
imprisoinncnt, which was however soft-
ened by the interference of the duke of
Estrees, whom he cured in a dangerous
illness. D. at the castle of St. Augelo,
in 1695, aged 70.
BOERICHIUS, Olatjs, a native of
Denmark, educated at the university of
Copenhagen, of which he became a
learned professor in poetry, chemistry,
and botany. After practising with great
reputation as a physician, and refusing
the rectorship of the famous school of
Hesiow, he began to travel, and visited
Holland, England, France, Italy, and
Germany, and after an absence of six
years returned to his native country, in
1666. His genius procured him the
friendship of the literati of Europe, and
the rectitude of his principles the patron-
age of his sovereign. He published
several tracts in Latin, on subjects of
eaemistry, philosophy, and antiquities.
P. 1694.
BOEEOMEO, Charles, a saint of the
Roman church, was b. 2d October, 1538,
and early patronized by his maternal
uncle. Pope Pius IV., who made him a
cardinal and archbishop of Milan, though
only 22 years of age. These high dig-
nities, and others which were lavished
upon him, were due to his merit and his
virtues. Borromeo was an example of
meekness and piety : he reformed the
abuses of his clergy, gave relief to the
necessitous, and provided institutions
for the reclaiming of profligate and de-
bauched women. This zeal'in the cause
of humanity enraged the Humilies, an
order which he attempted to reform ;
and one of the brethren. Farina, fired a
gun at the worthy prelate while in
prayer with his domestics. The shot
was not fatal, and the assassin was de-
servedly punished. During a dreadful
pestilence the attention of Borromeo to
the distressed of every description were
unusually exemplary; yet ingratitude
•»nd per.secution generally awaited his
good and benevolent deeds. D. 1594,
aged 47, and his name was canonized by
Paul v., 1710. He wrote several works
on doctrinal and moral subjects. — Fkep-
ERicK, was cousin to the preceding, and,
like him, a cardinal and archbishon of
Milan, and also a copy of his excellent
character. He founded the Ambrosian
Library, and d. 1632. He wrote some
theological tracts.
BOERONI, Paul Michael Benedict,
a painter, who imitated the style of Cor-
regsrio, and had much of the taste of
Michael Angelo. Pius VI. made him a
knight of the Golden Spur, and the
king of Sardinia granted him a pension.
D. nt Voghera, in 1819,
BOEEOMINI, Francis, an architect
of Bissone, pupil of Muderno, who ac-
quired much reputation at Eome, though
in his rivalship with Le Bernin he devi-
ated from that simplicity, and those re-
ceived rules, which taste and judgment
have always pronounced the basis'bf the
beautiful. His best work is the college
of the Propaganda. D. in consequence
of a wound which he had given himself
in a fit of madness, 1667.
BOS, Lambert, professor of Greek at
Franeker ; author of the well-known and
valuable work on the Greek ellipses, an
excellent edition of the Septuagiht, with
prolegomena and various readings, &c.
B. 1670; d. 1717.
BOSC, Louis Augusttts William, a
French naturalist, and the author of sev-
eral agricultural and other works. He
held a responsible situation in the French
post-office ; but, in 1793, being driven
Irom his place by the Jacobins, he
sought a retreat in the forest of Mont-
morenci, where he lived three years in
solitude, devoting his time to the study
of natural history. — Peter du, an emi-
nent French Calvinist preacher of tlie
17th century ; author ot numerous ser-
mons, epistles, poems, &c. On the
revocation of the edict of Nantes, he
escaped to Holland, where he d. in
1692.
BOSCAN, Almogaver Juan, a Span-
ish poet, b. towards the close of the 15th
century, at Barcelona. His parents, who
belonged to the most ancient nobility,
gave him a careful education. He fol-
lowed the court of Charles V., and, in
1526, was attached to it for some time in
Granada. His noble manners and char-
acter gained for him the favor of the
emperor. The education of the duke
of Alva was committed to him, and his
instructions developed the great quali-
ties which the duke afterwards display-
ed. After his marriage, Boscan lived at
Barcelona, occupied in publishing big
190
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHr.
[bos
works, together with those of his de-
ceased friend Garcilaao, in which he was
employed at the time of his death. Bos-
can was persuaded to attempt Italian
measures in Spanish, by Antonio Nava-
gero, an Italian scholar and ambassador
of the republic of Venice at the court of
the emperor. Thus he became the crea-
tor of the Spanish sonnet, and, with
Garcilaso first ised the terzine in his
Eoetical < pistles and elegies. In general
e distinguished himself by introducing
Italian forms into Spanish poetry, which
met with great opposition, and not less
applause. The poems of Boscan are still
esteemed. His other literary works,
mostly translations, are forgotten. D.
1540.
BOSCAWEN, Edward, a brave and
highly distinguished English admiral.
He -served under Anson in the engage-
ment of Cape Finisterre, and received
the thanks of parliament and a pension
for his exploits while serving in the At-
lantic and in the Mediterranean. B.
1711; d. 1761. — William, nephew of
the above ; author of an " Essay on the
Progress of Satire ;" a translation of
Horace, &c. B. 1752; d. 1811.
BOSCH, Bernard, a Dutch poet, b.
in 1746 ; author of " Egotism" and
" Bosch's Poems," and co-editor of the
Janns and Eclair Politique. — Jerome, a
famous Dutch bibliomanist. His library
catalogue was remarkable for the number
of princeps editions it contained. B.
1740 ; d. 1811.— Louis, A. G., one of the
first French naturalists of the age ; b. in
1795 ; patronized by the minister Koland.
He had the courage to accompany Ma-
dame Eoland to the foot of the scaffold.
He wrote " Histoire Naturelle des Co-
quilles," " Dictionnaire d' Agriculture,"
&c. His brother (Stephen Bosch) also
published some well-wi-itten works on
agriculture and the occupation of the
poor.
BOSCOVICH, EooER Joseph, an as-
tronomer and geometrician of distin-
guished eminence in the 18th century,
was a native of Eagusa, in Dalmatia.
He was educated among the Jesuits,
and, entering into their order, was ap-
Sointed professor of mathematics in the
;oman coUege, before he had entirely
completed the course of his studies. He
was employed by Pope Benedict XIV.
in various undertakings, and, in 1750,
began the measurement of a degree of
the meridian in the Ecclesiastical States,
which operation occupied him for two
years. He afterwards visited the Pon-
tine marsh, to give advice respecting the
draining of it. He wt i then intrusted
by the republic of Lucca, with the de-
fence of its interests, in a dispute about
boundaries with the government of Tus-
cany. This affair obliged him to go to
Vienna, and having terminated it with
success, he visited Paris and London.
He was elected a fellow of the Royal So-
ciety, and dedicated to this body a Latin
poem on eiJlipses. Keturning to Italy
he was appointed mathematical profes-
sor in the university of Pavia ; whence,
in 1770, he removed to Milan, and there
erected the celebrated observatory at the
college of Brera. On the suppression of
the order of Jesuits he accepted an in-
vitation to France from Louis XV., who
gave him a pension of 2,000 livres. D.
1787.
BOSSCHA, a Dutch poet and miscel-
laneous writer; b. in 1766; author of
"Belgica Libertas," and a "History of
the Kevolution of Holland."
BOSSI, Baron de, an eminent modem
Italian poet, b. at Piedmont ?u 1758. He
favored the French interest on tne repub-
lic's invasion of Italy, and was rewarded
by posts in France by Napoleon. He is
chiefly known by his exertions in this
country in favor of the Protestant Vau-
ois. " Oromasia" is his chief work in
poetry.
BOSSU, Eene le, an eminent French
critic; author of a "Treatise on Epic
Poetry," "Parallel of the Philosophy of
Descartes and of Aristotle," &c. B.
1681 ; d. 1680.
BOSSUET, Jacques Benione, the most
eloquent of French preachers, and acute
of controversialists; was b. in 1627 at
Dijon, and after having studied at the
college of Navarre, he became canon of
Metz. From Metz his reputation spread
to the capital, and he was invited to
Paris to preach before the queen-mother
and the king. There his fame soon
eclipsed that of all his predecessors and
cotemporaries. In 1669 he was made
bishop of Condom ; in 1670 preceptor to
the dauphin ; and, in 1681, bishop of
Meaux. He d. in 1704. His Funeral
Orations are masterpieces of eloquence ;
and in his controversy with the Prot-
estants he displays admirable learning
and skill. Of his works, which form 20
quarto volumes, the principal are his
Sermons ; " Discourse on Universal His-
tory ;" "Exposition of the Catholic
Faith;" and "History of the Variations
of the Protestant Churches."
BOSSUT, Charles, an eminent math-
ematician; was b. in the Lyonese, in
1730 ; studied in the Jesuit's college at
bot]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
191
Lyons, was taught mathematics by
d'Alembert, and at the age of 22 was
professor of the enghieer's school at
Metz. His chief works are, a "History
of Mathematics," and a " Course of
Mathematics;" the last of which is
highly popular. J). 1814.
BOSTON, Thomas, a Scotch divine,
was b. at Dunse, in 1676, and d. minis-
ter of Ettrich, in 1732. He is chiefly
remembered by his "Human Nature in
its Fourfold State," a work which has
gone through numerous editions.— John,
a monk of St. Edmondsbury, in the 15th
century ; author of " Speculum Coenobi-
tarum," &c.
BOS WELL, James, the friend and
biographer of Johnson, was tlie eldest
son of one of the supreme judges of
Scotland, styled Lord Auchinleck, from
the name of his estate in Ayrshire. He
was b. at Edinburgh, in 1740, and
studied in his native city, in Glasgow,
in the Dutch university of Utrecht. He
afterwards resided several times in Lon-
don, and cultivated the acquaintance of
the most distinguished men of his day.
Here he became acquainted with John-
son — a circumstance which he himself
calls the most important event of his life.
He afterwards visited Voltaire at Ferney,
Eousseau at Neufchatel, and Paoli m
Corsica, with whom he became intimate.
He then returned by the way of Paris to
Scotland, and devoted himself to the
bar. In 1768, when Corsica attracted so
much attention, he published his valua-
ble account of Corsica, with memoirs of
Paoli. At a later period he settled at
London, where he lived in the closest
intimacy with Johnson. In 1773 he ac-
companied him on a tour to the Scottish
Highlands, and Hebrides, and published
an account of the excursion after their
return. After the death of Johnson, he
became his biographer. The minuteness
and accuracy of his account, and the store
of literary anecdote which it contains,
render this work the best of the kind.
It is, in short, the most complete, the
most interesting, the most original, the
most provoking, contemptible, and de-
lightful in the English tongue. D. 1795.
— Sir Alexandee, eldest son of the pre-
' eding, was b. in 1775, and succeeded
his father in the possession of the family
estate. He was a literary antiquary of
no inconsiderable erudition, and he pos-
sessed a great fund of volatile talent,
and, in particular, a pungent vein of
satire. At an early joeriocl of his life,
some of his poetical jeux cfesprit occa-
sionally made a slight turmoil in that
circle of Scottish society in which he
moved. In 1803 he published a small
volume entitled " Songs, chiefly in the
Scottish Dialect." Some of these songs
had already acquired a wide acceptation
in the public. We may instance "Auld
Gudeman, ye're a Drunken Carle," "Jen-
ny's Bawbee," " Jenny dang the Weav-
er," &c. He inherited all the tory spirit
of his father; and some attacks on the
character of James Stuart, Esq., having
appeared in the " Beacon" and "Senti-.
net" newspapers, which were traced to
Sir Alexander, a duel took place between
these gentlemen, when tne latter fell,
mortally wounded in the neck, March
26, 1822. Mr. Stuart was tried for this of-
fence, but honorably acquitted. — James,
the second son of the biographer, was b.
in 1779, and educated at Westminster
school. He possessed talents of a supe-
rior order and the skill with which he
edited the enlarged and amended edi-
tion of Malone's Shakspeare, in 21 vols.,
affords ample evidence of his scholar-
ship, judgment, and discrimination. In-
deed, so satisfied was Mr. Malone with
his peculiar fitness for such a task, that
he selected him as his literary executor.
D. 1822.
BOTELLO, Don Nitno Alvarez de, a
celebrated viceroy of India, when the
Portuguese held dominion there ; and
whose gallantry and skill tended greatly
to augment their Hindostanic posses-
sions. He gained several victories over
the Dutch, and destroyed the fleet and
army of the Achenese, which were be-
sieging Malacca ; but lost his life, in 1629,
by being crushed between his own ves-
sel and one of the enemy's.
BOTH, John and Andrew, two Flem-
ish painters, were b. at Utrecht, about
the year 1610. They were the sons of a
glass painter, who instructed them in
the rudiments of drawing. They after-
wards made further progress 'in the
school of Abraham Bolemaert, and went
at an early age together to Italy. John,
attracted by the works of Claude Lor-
raine, chose him for his model. Andrew
preferred the painting of the human
figure, and imitated the style of Bam •
boccio. Bat, although their inclinations
led them in diff'erent directions, their
mutual friendship often united their
talents in the same works. Thus An-
drew painted the figures in the land-
scapes of his brother; and their labors
harmonized so well, that their pictures
could not be suspected of coming from
different hands. The ease and fine color-
ings in the beautiful figures of John,
192
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
cannot be overlooked, in spite of the
excess of yellow sometimes found in
them. His fame has been confirmed by
time, and his merit, as well as his resi-
dence in Italy, has procured for him the
name of Both of Italy. Andrew was
drowned at Venice, in 1650. John, in-
consolable for his loss, abandoned Italy,
and returned to Utrecht, where he d.
shortly after. The plates which John
Both has himself etclied from his prin-
cipal works are much valued.
BOTHWELL, James Hepburn, earl
of, who married Queen Mary. He was
supposed to have been concerned in the
murder of the unfortunate Darnley,
Mary's husband, and that he was even
supported by the deluded queen. He
was charged with the crime, and tried,
but acquitted. After the deatli of Darn-
ley, he seized the queen at Edinburgh,
and, carrying her a prisoner to Dunbar
castle, prevailed upon her to marry him
after he had divorced his own wife.
Though seemingly secure in the posses-
sion of power, and though created earl
of Orkney by the unfortunate queen, he
soon found that his conduct had roused
the indignation of the kingdom. Mary
found not in him the fond husband she
expected ; he became unkind and brutal.
A confederacy was formed against him
by the barons, the queen was liberated
from his power, and he escaped to the
Orkneys, and afterwards to Denmark,
where he d. 1577. In his last moments,
it is said, that with an agonizing con-
science, he confessed his own guilt and
the queen's innocence, of the murder of
Darnley.
BOTT, John de, a French architect.
Being a Protestant, he had no chance of
obtaining patronage in his own coun-
try ; and therefore entered into the ser-
vice of William, prince of Orange, whom
lie accompanied to England. On the
death of tnat prince, he went into the
service of the elector of Brandenburgh,
by whom he was made a major-general.
The fortifications of Wcsel and the ar-
senal of Berlin are among the numerous
proofs of his talent. D. 1745.
BOTTA, Carlo Giuseppa GuLiELBiro,
a distinguished Italian historian. He
was b. in 1768, at the small villnge of
San Giorgio di Canavese, in Piedmont,
and was educated as a physician, but the
breaking out of the French revolution
caused him to turn his attention to the
study of politics and history. In 1794
he entered into the medical service of
the French army ; after Piedmont was
incorporated with France, in 1803, he
[bou
was sent to Paris as a member of the
legislative body, and his residence con-
tinued afcer wards in France ; and ho
lived many years previous to his death
at Paris, in close retirement, on account
of ill health. Having previously pub-
lished several works, he establislied his
reputation as an historian, by the pub-
lication of his "History of the War of
the Independence of the United States
of America," in 1809. He afterwards
published " The History of Italy, from
1789 to 1814," and the " Continuation
of Guicciardini's History to 1789,"
esteemed works of high merit. In 1816
he published an heroic poem, entitled
" II Camillo." D. at Paris, 1837.
BOUCHARDON, Edmund, the son of
a sculptor and architect, was b. in 1698,
at Ciiaumonten-Basigni, and applied
himself early to drawing and painting.
In order to devote himself to statuary,
he went to Paris, and entered the school
of the younger Couston. He soon gain-
ed the highest prize, and was made royal
pensioner at Rome. He studied his art
partly in the works of antiquity, and
partly in those of Raphael and Dome-
nichino. He executed several busts, and
was to have erected the tomb of Clement
XI., but the orders of the king recalled
him to Paris in 1732. Here, among
other works, he made a large group in
stone, representing an athlete over-
coming a boar. Tiiis stood for a long
time in the garden of Grosbois. After-
wards he assisted in repairing the foun-
tain of Neptune at Versailles. He
executed ten statues, which adorn the
church of St. Sulpice. A monument to
the duchess of Lauranguais, made by
him, is also in that church. The foun-
tain in the rue de Grenelle, which the
city of Paris ordered to be constructed
in 1739, was made by him, and is con-
sidered his masterpiece. A Cupid which
he made for the king was unsuccessful.
For the "Trait6 des Pierres gravees,"
Bouchardon furnished designs, from
which the plates were copied. The exe-
cution of the greatest monument of that
period, the equestrian statue of Louis
AV., which was erected by order of the
city of Paris, was eomniitted to him. He
labored twelve years on this, with in-
conceivable perscvenmce, and has left,
in the horse, a model which may be
ranked with any work of antiquity. D.
1762. Auioni? his scholars, Louis-Claude
Vasse, who d. in 1772, is distinguished.
Cavlus has written his life.
BOUCHER, Francis, artist, was b. at
Paris in 1704. While a pupil of the eel-
']
CYCLQP^DiA OF BIOGRAPHY.
193
ebrated Lemoine, "he gained, at the age
of nineteen, the first prize of th Aacad-
eniy. After studying at Rome for a
short time, he returned to Paris, and
was styled the Painter of the Graces — a
title which he did not merit. He would,
perhaps, have risen to excellence, had
lie not yielded to the corrupt taste of
his age, and had devoted himself more
completely to his studies. The ease
with which he executed made him care-
.ess. His drawing is faulty ; his color-
ing does not harmonize, especially in his
naked pieces, which are so glaring that
they appear as if the light was reflected
on them from a red curtain. In a word,
be is looked upon as the corruptor of
the French school. He was neither en-
vious nor avaricious, but encouraged
younger artists as much as it was in'his
power. The great nurhber of his paint-
ings and sketches shows with what
rapidity he produced them. The latter
alone amounted to more than 10,000.
He has also etched some plates, and
many of his paintings have been en-
graved. D. 1770. — Lijo, a Jacobin lead-
er of the Faubourg St. Antoine, who, on
the 20th May, 1795, forced himself into
the National Convention, and seizing
Ferrand, one of the members, beheaded
him in the lobby with his own hand,
and fixed his head on a pike, para-
i^ing it through the "Salle." He was
afterwards guillotined. — Jonathan, an
English divine ; author of " The Cum-
berland Man," &c. D. 1804.
- BOUDINOT, Elias, was b. in Phila-
delphia, May 2d, 1740. He was descend-
er from one of the Huguenots, who
' ^-lught refuge in America from religious
ijersecution in France. He studied the
law and became eminent in that profes-
sion. At an early period of the revolu-
tionary war, he was appointed, by
congress, commissary-general of prison-
ers. In the year 1777 he was chosen a
member of congress, and, in 1782, was
made president of that body. After the
adoption of the constitution he entered
the house of representatives, where he
continued six years. He then succeeded
Eittenhouse as director of the mint of
the United States, an office which he re-
signed in the course of a few years, and
lived from that time at Burlington, New
Jersey, He devoted himself earnestly
to biblical literature, and, beino: possess-
ed of an ample fortune, made munifi-
cent donations to various charitable and
theological institutions. The American
Bible Society, of which he became pres-
\dent, was particularly an object of his
17
bounty. He d. at the age of eighty-two,
in October 1821.
BOUFFLERS, Marshal de, one of the
most celebrated generals of his age, was
b. 1644. He was an eleve of the great
Conde, of Turenne, Crequi, Luxem-
bourg, and Catinat. His defence of
Namur, in 1695, and of Lille, in 1708,
are famous. The siege of the former
place was conducted by King William
m person, and cost the allies more than
20,000 men. The latter was conducted
by Prince Eugene. An order was sent
from Louis XIV., signed by his own
hand, commanding Boufflers to sur-
render ; but he kept it secret, until all
means of defence were exhausted. The
retreat of the French after their defeat
at Malplaquet, under the direction of
Boufflers, was more like a triumph than
a defeat. D. 1711. — Stanislaus, cheva-
lier de, member of the French Academy,
son of the marchioness of Boufflers,
mistress of Stanislaus, king of Poland,
b. at Luneville, 1787, was considered
one of the most ingenious men of his
time, and was distinguished for the ele-
gance of his manners and conversation.
He was destined for the church, but de-
clared that his love of pleasure would
interfere with the duties of this profes-
sion. He entered the military career,
was soon appointed governor of Senegal,
and while in this office, made many
useful regulations. After his return, he
devoted himself to that light kind of
literature which distinguished the age
of Louis XV. He was much admired
by the ladies, and in the higher circles
of the capital, as well as in the foreign
courts which he visited. His reputation
gave him a seat in the states-general,
where he was esteemed for his modera-
tion and his good intentions. After
August 10th. 1792, he left France, and
met with a friendly reception from
Prince Henry of Prussia, at Reinsberg,
and Frederic William IT. A large grant
was made to him in Poland for estab-
lishing a colony of French emigrants.
In 1800 he returned to Paris, where he
devoted himself to literary pursuits,
which, in 1804, procured him a seat in
the French Institute. D. January 18th,
1815.
BOUGAINVILLE, Louis Antoine de,
count of the empire, senator, and mem-
ber of the Institute in 1796, was b. 1739,
at Paris. At first a lawyer, afterwards
a distinguished soldier, diplomatist, and
scholar : he was always remarkable for
his energy of character. He fought
brave y in Canada, under the marquis
m
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[sou
bif Montcalm, and it was principally
owing to hia exertions, in 1758, that a
^ody of 5000 French withstood success-
tally a, British army of 16,000 men.
Towards the conclusion of the battle he
received a shot in the head. After the
battle of September 13th, 1759, in which
Montcalm was killed, and the fate of the
enemy decided, Bougainville returned
to France, and served with distinction
under Choiseul Stainville, in the cam-
paign of 1761, in Germany. After the
peace, he entered the navy, and became
one of the greatest naval officers in
France. He persuaded the inhabitants
of St. Malo to lit out an expedition for
the purpose of establishing a colony in
the Falkland Islands, and undertook the
command of the expedition himself.
The king appointed him captain, and
Bougainville set sail with his little fleet
in 1763. But, as the Spaniards had a
prior claim to the islands, France was
obliged to surrender them, and Bou-
gainville, having returned to France,
was commissioned to carry the sur-
render into execution, on receiving from
Spain a remuneration for his expenses.
For this purpose, he set sail, with one
frigate and a merchant ship, from St.
Malo, December 15th, 1766. After the
immediate object of his voyage was ac-
complished, he circumnavigated the
world, and returned to St. Malo, March
16th, 1769. He enriched the science of
geography by a number of new dis-
coveries. In the American war, he
commanded several ships of the line,
with great honor ; was, in 1779, chef-d'es-
cadre, and, in the following year, field-
marshal in the land forces. After 1790
lie devoted himself to science. D. 1811.
—Jean Pierre de, a French writer, au-
thor of " Philip of Macedon," a tragedy,
&c., and editor of Freret's great work
on " Chronology." B. 1722 ; d. 1763.
^ BOUGEANT, Guillaume Hyacinthe,
a French Jesuit, author of " Amuse-
ment Philosophique sur le Langage des
Betes," &c. B. 1690; d. 1743.
BOUGUEE, Pierre, a French math-
ematioiau and hydrographer, author of
treatises on " Navigation and Pilotage,"
and on the " Construction of Ships,"
and numerous other valuable works of
science. B. 1758.
BOUHIER, John, an eminent French
writer of the 17th century, author of
"Letters on the Therapeutge," "Dis-
sertations on Herodotus,'' &c. B. 1673 ;
d. 1746.
BOUHOURS, DoiriNic, a French Jes-
uit and critic, author of " Les Entretiens
d'Ariste et d'Eugene," " Maniere de
bien Penser sur les uvrages de 1' Esprit, ' '
&c. B. 1628 ; d. 1702.
BOUILLE, FrzVncis Claude Amoitb,
Marquis de, b. 1759, a distinguished
Frencli general, celebrated by his ex-
ploits up to the era of the French revo-
lution ; from which, although he sat on
liberal principles in the first assembly
of notables, he detached himself, ancl,
after making excellent preparations to
assist the unfortunate Louis XVI. in
escaping from Varennes, which his
sovereign refused to avail himself of,
he quitted France and served under the
allies. His " Memoirs of the French
Eevolution" rank deservedly high. D.
1800.
BOUILLON, EosE, b. 1770 ; a heroine
of the French revolution, who entered
the army as a volunteer, and fought as
a private in the 6th battalion of the
Haute Saon, at the battle of Limbach,
where her husband was killed by her
side. She had a pension from the Na-
tional Convention.
BOUILLY, J. N., an eminent French
diplomatist, b. 1770. In his views of
the revolution, he concurred with hLs
friend Mirabeau. Author of "Pierre
le Grand," " L'Abbe de I'Epee," "Le-
onore," "Helena," "Agnes Sorel,"
" La Vieillesse de Piron," &c. D. 1842.
BOULAINVILLIEES, Henry de,
comte de St. Saire, author of a "His-
tory of Mahomet," a "History of tho
Arabians," a "History of the Peerage
of France," &c. B. 1658 ; d. 1722.
BOULANGEE, Nichol.vs Antony, a
French mathematician and engineer, au-
thor of "Traite du Despotisme Orien-
tale," &c. B. 1722; d. 1759.
BOULAED, Antoine Marie Henri,
a distinguished French savant, b. 1754,
and member of the chamber of deputies
in 1815. He is author of numerous
translations from English standard wri-
tings, and was honored by the friend-
ship of La Harpe, &c. D. 1825.
BOULAY DE LA MEUETHE, A.
J. C, b. 1761 ; one of the most distin-
guished orators in the French revolu-
tion, and author of eminent works on
political science. He was president of
the civil tribunal at Nancy, in 1793, and
had great share in confirming the ex-
patriation of tiie emigrants in 1793, when
a member of the five hundred. He
was subsequently faithful to Bonaparte
through all his changes of fortune ; and
on that account was proscribed, and
banished to Frankfort, by the Bour
bons, on their last restoration in 1815,-^
BOU]
CTCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
1&5
BOULTER, Hugh, archbishop of Ar-
magh, eminent for his benevolent ex-
ertions to alleviate the distress of the
Irish during the scarcity of 1740, and
for the part he took in establishing
schools for the instruction of the Irish
children. D. 1742.
BOULTON, Matthew, an eminent
engineer, whose spirit and talent im-
proved innumerable mechanical pro-
cesses, and whose name, with that of
his partner. Watt, is inseparably con-
nected with that of the wonderful' power
of whic^ they made such skilful use,
the steam-engine,' was b. at Birming-
ham, in 1728. Among the many great
undertakings in which Boulton and
Watt were" engaged, one of the most
useful and important was the improve-
ment of the coinage, the coins, struck at
the "Soho" manufactory being rarely
surpassed in beauty or accuracy. His
long life was uninterruptedly devoted to
the advancement of the useful arts, and
the promotion of the commercial inter-
ests of his country. D. 1809.
BOUQUET, Madame, b. about 1773 ;
a victim of affection and hospitality, du-
ring the revolution. She concealed Pe-
thion Buzot and her uncle Guadet,
during one of the search warrants of
the terrorists, and their retreat being
discovered, she was sent to the guillo-
tine with them, and died with great for-
titude.
BOURBON, Chakles, duke de, con-
stable of France, a powerful enemy of
Francis I., and his opponent at Pavia
when Francis was taken prisoner. His
life was chiefly spent in warfare, and he
was killed while heading the assault on
Rome, in 1527. — Robert, the Strong,
duke of Neustria, founder of the family
which has so long governed France,
Spain, Sicily, &c., lost his life in a battle
with the Normans in 866. Historians
differ as to his descent, some contend-
ing that Pepin, of Heristel, was his an-
cestor; others trace his genealogy to
the kings of Lombardy ; and some say
he derived his origin from a natural son
of Charlemagne. — Louis, cardinal and
archbishop of Toledo; son of Louis,
brother of Charles III. of Spain. After
the imprisonment of Ferdinand at Va-
lengay, he joined the eortes, and ulti-
mately became president of the provi-
sional junta before which the king
swore, in 1820, to abide by the consti-
tution of the eortes of 18i2. B. 1777 ;
d. 1823. — Louis Henry Joseph, duke
de, and prince de Cond^. He fought in
the royalist army ; and after the cam-
paign in 1800, accompanied his father
to England, and was residing with him
at VVanstead-House in 1804, when his
son, the Duke d'Enghien, was mur-
dered. The duke's death is attributed
to the excitement of his mind respecting
the revolution of July, 1830. His prop-
erty he left by will to the Duke d'Au-
male,. third son of Louis Philippe, king
of the French, with the exception of a
large bequest to Sophia Dawes, baroness
de Feucheres, an Englishwoman, with
whom he lived. D. 1830. — Nicholas,
a French poet, author of " Nugse," a col-
lection of Latin epigrams; a didactic
poem, called "Ferraria;" a treatise
''Depuerorum moribus," &c. D. 1556.
— Nicholas, nephew of the above, pro-
fessor of Greek, author of " An Impre-
cation against the Parricide of Henry
IV.," &c. D. 1644.
BOURCHIER, Thomas, cardinal, and
archbishop of Canterbury. He crowned
no fewer than three kings, viz., Edward
IV., Richard III., and Henry VII. D.
1486. — John, Lord Berners, a military
commander of great skill and repute in
the reigns of Henry VII. and VIIL, by
the latter of whom he was made gov-
ernor of Calais, author of a translation of
"Froissart," " The Life of Marcus Aure-
lius,^' &c. D. 1532.
BOURDALOUE, Louis, a Jesuit, and
a French preacher of consummate elo-
quence ; was b. at Bourges, in 1632. The
reputation which he acquired by preach-
ing in the country, induced his superiors
to send him to Paris, where he immedi-
ately acquired popularity, and became
the favorite preacher of Louis XIV., who
sent him into Languedoc, to convert the
Protestants. The latter part of his
life was spent in visiting the sick, and
the prisons, and in other works of
charity. His sermons occupy 16 vol-
umes, and have often been reprinted.
D. 1704.
BOURDON, Sebastian, a painter of
merit in various stjdes, but particularly
in landscape; was b. at Montpelier, in
1616, and studied at Rome, where he
was the friend of Claude Lorraine. In
1652, wishing to avoid the civil wars
which threatened France, he visited
Sweden, and was patronized by Chris-
tina. She made him a present of some
pictures which Gustavus had brought
from Dresden ; but on examining them,
Bourdon disinterestedly told her that
she ought not to part with so valuable
a collection. Christina afterwards took
them to Rome, and they at length formed
a part of the famous Orleans gallery
106
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
BOD
He was an engraver as well as a painter.
D. 1671.
BOUKGEOIS, Sir Francis, whose pa-
rents were Swiss, was born in London,
in 1756, and was designed for the army,
but displayed such an attachment to
fainting tliat he was placed under
lOutlierbourg. After having travelled
for improvement, he became a royal
academician. In 1791 he was appointed
painter to the king of Poland ; and, in
1794, landscape painter to George III.
The splendid collection of pictures which
Mr. Desenfans had bequeathed to him,
Sir Francis left to Dulwich college, with
ten thousand pounds to build a gallery
for them. D. 1811.
BOUKGOING, John Francis, Baron
de, was b. at Ne vers, in 1748; served
early in the army, and successively acted
as secretary of legation, and lastly as am-
bassador at various courts. Of his wri-
tings, the principal are, the "Picture of
Modern Spain," 3 vols.; and "Histori-
cal and Philosophical Memoirs of Pius
VI. D. 1811.
BOUKIGNON, Antoinetta, a fanatic,
b. at Lisle, in 1616. She came hito the
world so very deformed that a consulta-
cion was held in the family some days
about stifling her as a monstrous birth.
But if she sunk almost beneath humanity
in her exterior, her interior seems to
have been raised as much above it ; for
at 4 years of a^e she not only took notice
that the people of Lisle did not live up
to the principles of Christianity which
they professed, but was thereby dis-
turbed so much as to desire a removal
into some more Christian country. Hav-
ing an aversion to matrimony, she twice
eloped from home to avoid it. The read-
ing of mystical works inflamed her ima-
gination,' and she believed that she had
visions and ecstatic trances, in which
she was commanded to restore the true
evangelical spirit in the world. She
wandered about incessantly, and was
expelled from many countries ; but she
made numerous proselytes, among
whom were men of abilities. J), at
Franeker, in Holland, 1680. Her reve-
ries fill 22 volumes.
BOURLIE, Anthony de Guisoard,
Abbe de la, who is known in English
history as the Marquis de Guiscard • was
b. in Quercy, in 1658, and enterea the
church. For some crime, however, he
was compelled to fly. Failing in an
attempt to spread the revolt of'the Ce-
vennes, he took refuge in Enijland,
where he received a pension from Queen
Anne's ministers ; but having betrayed
them to hia own government, he was
summoned before the privy council.
There he stabbed Mr.' liarley, and in
return, was so dangerously wounded by
some of the counsellors that he d. in
Newgate, in 1711.
BOUKNE, Benjamin, of Bristol,
Khode Island; was b. about the year
1755, and educated at Harvard college,
where he was graduated in 1775. He
was conspicuous for talents and learn-
ing, and spent a large part of his life in
public and honorable employments. He
was for some time a member of congress,
and in 1801 was appointed judge of the
circuit court of tlie United States. D.
1808. — Vincent, one of the most elegant
of modern Latin poets; was educated
at Westminster and Trinity college,
Cambridge, took his degree of M.A. in
1721, and d. undermaster of Westmin-
ster school in 1747. Cowper describes
him as having been the neatest of all
men in his versification, the most slov-
enly in his person ; and, as a poet, he
thinks him not at all inferior to Ovid.
BOUERIENNE, Louis AntoineFau-
velet de, the secretary of Napoleon, whc
had formed a friendship with him when
they were scholars at Brienne, was b
1769, and studied law at Leipsic. When
Napoleon was first consul he was made
counsellor of state. Yet afterwards he
was accused of not being sincerely at-
tached to the government of Napoleon
as emperor. He was an inconsistent and
treacherous politician, and even wrote
against his old patron and friend. His
"Memoirs of Napoleon" have been
proved to be, in some respects, unworthy
of entire confidence. I). 1834.
BOURRIT, Mark Theodore, a native
of Geneva, b. 1739, was a chanter in the
cathedral of his native city. He is
known to the public by his various jour-
neys to the Alps, and particularly to the
glaciers and Mont Blanc ; of which he
published narratives in 1772 and 1785.
The last of these works was reprinted
in 1789, with a " Description of the Gla-
ciers of the Pennine ana Rhetian Alps."
D. 1819.
BOUESAULT, Edmund, a French
writer, was b. at Muci I'Eveque, in Bur-
Sundy, 1638, and though his father, a
issipated officer, to prevent him from
knowing more than himself, would give
him no education, he acquired a con-
summate knowledge of the French lan-
guage. He wrote several comedies, par-
ticularly " Esop in Town," and " Esop
at Court," three romances, and other
works of considerable merit, among
BOWJ
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
197
which may be mentioned " Letters to
Babet," Boursault was a man of modest
mind and a forgiving spirit. D. 1701.
BOUKSIEK, Lawrence Francis, a
doctor of the Sorbonne, who d. at Paris
in 1749, aged 70. He was_ author^ of
several controversial books in divinity,
and of an able treatise called " Paction
de Dieu sur les creatures," 2 vols. 4to. or
6 vols. 12mo., which was attacked by
Malebranche. He wrote also an address
to Peter the Great when he visited Paris,
for the union of the Greek *and Latin
churches. — Philip, an ecclesiastic of Pa-
ris, who was the first concerned in the
*' Nouvelles Ecclesiastiques" in 1727, in
which he was assisted by Berger, d'Ete-
mare, de Fernanville, and others. D.
1767.
BOUKVALAIS, Paul Poisson, a fa-
mous French financier, who' rose from
obscurity to opulence and consequence,
by industry, and afterwards by dishon-
est means. He was accused of having
amassed a princely fortune from the dis-
tresses of the state during the Spanish
succession war, and his vast wealth was
forfeited. He was some time indemni-
fied ; but his disgrace had broken a heart
naturally fierce and impatient. D. 1710.
BOUtERWEK, Frederick, profes-
sor of moral philosophy at Gottingen, a
man of much merit as an academical in-
structor and a writer on literature, was
b. April 15th, 1766, at Oker, a village not
far from Goslar, in North Germany.
After applying himself to many depart-
ments 01 learning, jurisprudence, poe-
try, &c., he at last became entirely de-
voted to philosophy and literary history.
Bouterwek has gained a permanent
reputation hj his " History of Modern
Poetry and Eloquence," published 1801
-1821, a work which, though unequal
in some respects, and in parts, especial-
ly in the first volume, partial and super-
ficial, is an excellent collection of notices
? > and observations, and may be considered
one of the best works of the kind in
German literature. D. 1828.
BOWDICH, Thomas Edward, a wri-
ter in the service of the English African
Company, was a native of Bristol. He
was selected to conduct a mission to
the king of Ashantee, of which mission
he published a very interesting account.
He again set out to explore the interior
of Africa, and had already reached the
river Gambia, when a fever, produced
chiefly by anxiety, terminated nis life in
1824. He was an excellent linguist and
% pleasing writer ; and besides the work
dlready mentioned, the public are in-
17*
debted to him for a translation of Mol-
lah's '* Travels to the Sources of the Sen-
egal and Gambia," and other works.
B. 1798.
BOW DITCH, Nathaniel, president
of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, was b. at Salem, Mass., March
26, 1773. On account of the straitened
circumstances of his parents, he had no
advantages of education than those af-
forded by the common town schools of
that period ; and ^he was taken from
school at the early periorl of 10 years. At
the age of 12 or 13, he x as placed as an
apprentice, or clerk, in a ship-chandler's
shop, where he remained till he was
21. In his 22d year he went to sea in
the capacity of captain's clerk ; and he
spent about nine years in a seafaring
life, during which he made five voyages,
four of them to the East Indies ; first as
captain's clerk, afterwards as supercar-
go, and finally as master. After relin-
quishing his nautical life, he became, in
1804, president of a marine insurance
company, in Salem, which station he
held till 1823, when, on the establish-
ment of the Massachusetts Hospital Life
Insurance Company, in Boston, he was
induced to leave his native place, and
take charge of the institution. Notwith-
standing his limited advantages of edu-
cation, and his engagements, through
life, in laborious employments, by his
extraordinary genius, and almost equally
extraordinary economy of time, he gain-
ed a knowledge of the Latin, Greek, Ital-
ian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, and
German languages, made himself the
most eminent mathematician and astron-
omer that America lias produced, and
did more for the reputation of his coun-
try among men of science abroad, than
has been done by any other man,
except, perhaps, Audubon and Dr.
Franklin. His first publication was his
well-known " Practical Navigation," of
which the first edition appeared in 1802,
while the author was engaged in a sea-
faring life, in the capacity of supercargo.
From that period it has been the stand-
ard work on the subject ; and in point
of practical utility, it is esteemed one of
the most valuable works extant. Among
his scientific labors were numerous and
important communications to the Mem-
oirs of the American Academy ; but the
great work upon which his fame, as a
man of science will principally rest, is his
copious and profound commentary upon
the " Mechanique Celeste" of La Place,
of which he made the first entire trans-
lation, and which he has elucidated in a
198
CYCl-PPiEDIA OF ^JQORAPHr.
[bot
mjmneT fh&t, commands th© admiration
9f men of science. D. 1838.
BOWDLER, Thomas, an English phy-
sician ; author of " Letters from Hol-
land," and editor of the " Family Shak-
speare," &c. B. 1754 ; d. 1825.— Hannah,
was sister of the above ; author of
"Poems and Essays," and of some popu-
lar "Sermons on the Doctrines and Du-
ties of Christianity." D. 1830.
BOWDOIN, James, a governor of
Massachusetts, was born at Boston, in
the year 1727, and 'was graduated at
Harvard college, in 1745. He took an
early stand against the encroachments
of the British government upon the
provincial rights, and iil 1774 was elected
a delegate to the first congress. The
state of his health prevented his attend-
ance, and his place was afterwards filled
by Mr. Hancock. In 1778 he was chosen
president of the convention which
formed the constitution of Massachu-
setts, and in 1785 was appointed gov-
ernor of that state. He was a member
of the Massacliusetts convention assem-
bled to deliberate on the adoption of the
constitution of the United States, and
exerted himself in its favor. He was
the first president of the Academy of
Arts and Sciences, established at Boston
in 1780, and was admitted a member of
several foreign societies of distinction.
D. at Boston, 1790.
BO WEE, Archibald, a native of Dun-
dec, b. in 1686, was educated at St. Omer,
entered the order of the Jesuits, and be-
came a secounllor of the Inquisition, at
Macerata, in the Papal States. He, how-
ever, fled to England, in 1726, embraced
the Protestant faith, and was patronized
by persons of eminence. His sincerity
was much doubted, and his conduct was
attacked by many, particularly by Dr.
Douglas-, the detector of Lauder. Bower
conducted the " Historia Literaria ;"
wrote a very indifferent " History of the
Popes," and contributed largely to the
"Universal History." D. 1766.
BOWLES, Kev. William Lisle, whose
sonnets exercised no unimportant influ-
ence on English literature, was b. at
fCing's Sutton, in Northamptonshire, a
parish of which his father was vicar, in
1762. He was educated at Winchester
and at Trinity college, Oxford, where he
took his degree in 1792, On leaving the
university he entered into holy orders,
and was appointed to a curacy'in Wilt-
shire ; from which he was preferred to a
living in Gloucestershire, and in 1803 to
a canonry in Salisbury cathedral. His
pext step was to the rectory of BremhiU
in Wiltshire, to which he was presented
by Archbishop Moore. His first ap-
pearance as a poet was in a small collec-
tion of sonnets, which were published
in 1789, and may be reckoned among
the first-fruits of a new era in poetry.
In these sonnets there were observed
grace of expression, a musical versifica-
tion, and especially an air of melancholy
tenderness, so congenial to the poetical
temperament. The subsequent poems
of Mr. Bowles did not belie the promise
of his youth. The chief of these were
his " Hope, an Allegorical Sketch " " St.
Michael's Mount," "Coombe Ellen,"
and " Grave of Howard." His " Spirit
of Discovery by Sea," the longest of his
groductions, was publislied in 1804. Mr.
lowles j)ublished also an edition of
Pope, which involved him in the famous
controversy with Lord Byron — as weU
as a great variety of small tracts, litera-
ry, antiquarian, and theological. He
was, in fact, a very frequent, though he
cannot be called a voluminous, contribu-
tor to the literature of the present cen-
tury. D. 1850.
BOWYEE, William, an eminent
scholar and typographer, was b. in
London, in 1699, and after having been
for some time at St. John's college,
Cambridge, became a partner with his
father in the printing business. He was
printer to various learned bodies, and
to the house of lords. He published
several philological tracts, and added
notes to many erudite works from his
press ; but his principal production is
an edition of the New Testament in
Greek, with conjectural emendations.
D. 1777.
BOXHORN, Mark Zuerius, professor
of rhetoric, politics, and history, in tlie
university of Leyden ; author of a trea-
tise on the Discovery of Printing, and
of numerous Latin works, both prose
and verse. B. 1612; d. 1653.
BOYCE, William, doctor of music,
and an eminent composer both of sacred
and secular pieces. B. 1710 ; d. 1779.
BOYD, Mark Alexander, an eminent
Scotch writer; author of "Epistolae He-
roidis," &c. B. 1562; d. 1601.— Hugh
Macauley, a Scotch political writer, to
whom, without any sufficing reason, the
celebrated Letters of Junius were at one
time attributed. He accompanied Lord
Macartney to Madras. D. 1791. — Rob-
ert, an eminent Scotch divine, b. at
Glasgow, in 1578 ; d. 1627. — Zachary, a
Scotch divine of the 17th century, and
twice rector of the university of Glas-
gow. Among various other works which
boy]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
199
he published, is "The Last Battle of
the Soul in Death:" and among the nu-
merous MSS. he left, is a collection of
quaint poems, entitled, " Zion's Flow-
ers," popularly called " Zachary Boyd's
Bible. ' D. 1653, leaving a considerable
legacy to the Glasgow college.
BOYDELL, John, a worthy alderman
of London, and distinguished encour-
ager of the arts of painting and engrav-
ing, b. at Dormgton, in Shropshire, 1719,
and intended for a land-surveyor, which
was the profession of his father; but
chance having thrown in his way "Bad-
deley's Views of different Country Seats,"
he determined on quitting the pen for
the graver j and at above 20 years of
age put himself apprentice for seven
years to Mr. Toms, whom he served six
years, and bought up the seventh. He
then applied closely till he had engraved
152 prints, which he published in a
book at the price of five guineas. With
the profits of this he set about encour-
aging other professors of the art ; he
discovered the talents of WooUett, and
employed him to engrave the two fa-
mous pictures of "Niobe" and "Phae-
ton." He soon commenced a great
foreign trade in English prints, and
realized by his spirit of industry and
enterprise a considerable fortune, form-
ing too the well-known "Shakspeare
Gallery." The long duration. ot the
French war, however, having almost
wholly stopped his export trade, in
which he had embarked large sums of
money, he was, in the spring of 1804,
induced to crave permission of parlia-
ment to dispose of the "Shakspeare
Gallery" by lottery. D. 1804.
BOYELblEU, Adrian, one of the
most celebrated opera composers of
France. He was b. at Rouen, 1775, but
went early to Paris, where he was ap-
pointed professor of the piano at the
Conservatoire. He wrote "Ma Tante
Aurora," and the "Calife de Bagdad,"
when he was made chapel-master to
Alexander of Eussia, and repaired to St.
Petersburg. In 1811 he returned to
Paris, and wrote "Le Dot de Susette,"
"Jean de Paris," " Le Chaperon Eouj^e,"
and best of all, " La Dame Blanche." A
sweet and natural melody, simple but
agreeable accompaniments, an expres-
sive gayety, and great variety, _ are the
characteristic excellences of his style.
D. 1834.
BOYER, Able, a well-known glossog-
rapher; b. at Castres, in France, 1664.
Th^ work he is chiefly known by, is a
yejT excellent " French and Englis*h, and
English and French Dictionary." He
wrote also " A French Grammar" in
English, which still retains a high rank
in our schools. D. 1729. — John Baptist
Nicholas, a French physician, eminently
skilful in the treatment of infectious dis-
eases; author of a " Pharmacopseia,"
tracts on Contagious Disorders, &c. D.
1768. — Jean Pierbe, a celebrated mu-
latto president of the island of Hayti ;
who was b. at Port au Prince in 1780.
His mother was a negress from Congo,
and his father a shopkeeper and tailor
of good repute. Attaching himself to
Rigaud, he set out for France, but was
captured by the Americans, but was
released at the close of the war between
France and the United States. He took
part in Leclerc's expedition against St.
Domingo, but afterwards joined Petion's
party, and rapidly rose till he was named
Petion's successor in the presidency
Adroitly placing himself at the head of
the vivrious insurgents as they rose, he
reduced the whole island to one repub-
lican government. He was subsequently
obliged to seek safety from an insurrec-
tion excited by his violence, in the island
of Jamaica.
BOYLE, Robert, a philosopher, who
ranks witn Bacon and with Newton i
was the seventh son of the celebrated
earl of Cork, and was b. at Lismore, in
Ireland, January the 26th, 1626, the
year that Bacon died. Eton has the
honor of his early education, which was
perfected by private tutors, and lastly
at Geneva. After having travelled over
various parts of the Continent, he settled
in England, and devoted himself to sci-
ence, especially to natural philosophy
and to chemistry. Every year of his
life was marked by new experiments.
We are indebted to him for'the first cer-
tain knowledge of the absorption of air
in calcination and combustion, and of
the increase of weight which metals gain
by oxidation. He first studied the chem-
ical phenomena of the atmosphere, and
was thus the predecessor of Mayow,
Hales, Cavendish, and Priestley. In all
philosophical inquiries, he displayed an
accurate and methodical mind, relying
wholly upon experiments. At the same
time his imagination was warm and
lively, and incfined to romantic notions,
which were first produced in his child-
hood, by the perusal of Amadis of Gaul,
and always exercised a visible influence
on his. character. He was naturally in-
clined to melancholy, and this temper
of mind was increased by cii-cumstances.
The sight of the great Carthusian jjxoii^
200
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bot
astery at Grenofjle, the wildness of the
country, as well as the severe ascetic life
of the monks, riade a deep impression
upon him. The devil, as he said, taking
advantage of his melancholy disposition,
filled his soul with terror, and with
doubts concerning the fundamental doc-
trines of religion. This condition was
so insufferable, that he was tempted to
free himself from it by committing sui-
cide, and was only prevented by the
fear of hell. While endeavoring to settle
his faith, he found those defences of the
Christian religion, which had been pub-
lished before his time, unsatisfactory.
In order therefore to read the original
works which are considered the founda-
tion of Christianity, he studied the Ori-
ental languages, and formed connections
with Pococke, Thomas Hyde, Samuel
Clarke, Thomas Barlow, &c. The result
of his studies was a conviction of its
truthj which was manifested not only
by his theological writings, but by his
benevolence and generous disinterested-
ness. He instituted public lectures for
the defence of Christianity. D. 1691. —
KiCHARD. earl of Cork, an eminent states-
man in the reign of James I. ; and foun-
der of a family greatly distinguished in
the arts, sciences, and literature. B. at
Canterbury, 1566 ; d. 1643.— Eoger, earl
of Orrery, fifth son of the above. When
only 7 years old he was created Baron
Broghill; and, from an early age, was
conspicuous for his zeal in the king's
service. But after the king was put to
death, the baron transferred his services
to Cromwell, by whom he was greatly
trusted and employed. At the death of
Cromwell he aided in bringing back
Charles 11., and was created earl of
Orrery for his service on that occasion.
B. 1621 ; d. 1679.— Chakles, Lord Boyle,
second son of Eoger, earl of Orrery, a
statesman and scholar; editor of the
"Epistles of Phalaris," and author of
some slight but clever literary papers.
B. 1676 ; d. 1781.— John, earl of Cork
and Orrery, only son of the last named ;
author of a translation, with notes, of the
"Epistles of Pliny the Younger," "Ee-
marks on the Life and Writings of
Swift," papers in the Connoisseur and
the World, &e. B. 1707; d. 1762.—
EiOHARD, third earl of Burlington, and
fourth earl of Cork, another branch of
the same distinguished family. He was
an enthusiastic amateur of architecture,
and a very generous friend to nlen of
letters. In him, Bishop Berkeley found
his earliest and most efficient patron;
*nd Pope did him the honor to address
to him his fourth epistle. B. 1695: d.
1753.
BOYLSTON, Zabdiel, wash, at Brook-
line, Massachusetts, in 1684. He studied
medicine at Boston, and entered into the
firactice of his profession in that place,
n 1721, when the small-pox broke out
in Boston, and spread alarm through the
whole country, the practice of inocula-
tion was introduced by Dr. Boylston,
notwithstanding it was discouraged by
the rest of the faculty, and a public or-
dinance was passed to prohibit it. He
persevered in his practice in spite of the
most violent opposition, and had the
satisfaction of seeing inoculation in gen-
eral use in New England, for some time
before it became common in Great Brit-
ain. In 1725 he visited England, where
he was received with much attention,
and was elected a fellow of the Eoyal
Society. Upon his return, he continued
at the head of his profession for many
years, and accumulated a large fortune.
Besides communications to the Eoyal
Society, he published two treatises on
the Small Pox. D. 1766.— Nicholas, a
benefactor of Harvard college, who had
been an eminent merchant, and was
about to retire from business, to enjoy
the fruit of his industry, when he d.
He bequeathed to the university at Cam-
bridge £1500, as the foundation of a
lectureship on rhetoric and oratory.
John Quincy Adams, in 1806, was the
first occupant of the chair thus created.
D. 1771.— Ward Nicholas, also a dis-
tinguished patron of Harvard college,
having given to the medical school a
collection of medical and anatomical
books, and made provision for its en •
largement.
BOYS, William, b. at Deal, in Kent,
1735, was bred a surgeon, but devoted
much of his time to antiquarian re-
seai-ches, and published, besides other
works, an elaborate and valuable " His-
tory of Sandwich, with Notices of the
other Cinque Ports, and of Eichbor-
ough." D. 1803.
BOYSE, John, one of the translators
of the Bible in the reign of James I.,
was b. at Nettlestead, in Suffolk, 1560,
and d. 1648. leaving a great many manu-
scripts behind him, particularly a com-
mentary on almost all the books of the
New Testament. — Samuel, a very in-
genious person, but as remarkable for
imprudence as for inirenuitv, b. in Dub-
lin, 1709. In 1731' he published, at
Edinburgh, a volume of poems addressed
to the countess of Eglinton. He wrote
also an elegy upon the death of Iiady
braJ
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
'^H
Stormont, entitled " The Tears of the
Muses;" with which Lord Stormont
was so much pleased that he ordered
Boyse a handsome present. Thene pub-
lications, and the honorable notice taken
of them, were the means of recommend-
ing him to very high persons, who were
desirous of serving him ; but Boyse was
not a man to be served. He made an
improper use of these recommendations,
and had often recourse to tlie meanest
arts to procure benefactions. At some
times he would raise subscriptions for
poems which did not exist ; and at
others, ordered his wife to inform peo-
ple that he was just expiring, to move
the compassion of his friends, who were
frequently surprised to meet the man in
the street to-day who was, yesterday,
said to be at the point of death. In May,
1749, however, he d., after a lingering
illness, in obscxire lodgings, near Shoe-
lane, where he was buried at the ex-
pense of the parish.
BOZE, Claude Geos de, b. at Lyons,
1680, distinguished for his knowledge
of antiquities and medals, which gained
the patronage of Chancellor Pontchar-
train, and other illustrious characters,
and the honor of a seat in the French
Academy, and iii the Academy of Belles-
Lettres, of which he became perpetual
secretary. He was respectecl for his
private "cliaracter, as well as his great
learning. His works were on medallic
subjects, besides historical panegyrics
on the members of the Academy, the
first 15 vols, of which he published —
and a valuable catalogue of his own
libraiy. D. at Paris, 1753.
BEACCIOLINI DELL' API, Francis,
an ItaUan poet of Pistoya, who, at the
age of 40, Decame an ecclesiastic, and
was patronized by Pope Urban VIII.,
and by Cardinal Antnony Barberini,
with whom he had been secretary. He
wrote several tragedies, comedies, and
pastorals — besides " La Croce Eiacqui-
stata," a poem which the Italians rank
next to Tasso's " Jerusalem," and a poem
in twenty-three cantos, on the pope's
election, for which, at his patron's de-
sire, he assumed the surname of Delia
Api, and added to his arms three bees.
D. at the age of 80, 1645.
BKACHMANN, Louisa, b. 1777, a
poetess styled the " Sappho of Ger-
many ;" she was found drowned in
1822: it was supposed that she threw
herself into the water.
_ BEACKENKIDGE, Hugh Henry, a
judge of the supreme court of Pennsyl-
vania. He was graduated at Princeton
college in 1771. In 1781 he settled at
Pittsburg, which was then almost a wil-
derness, but he predicted that it would
soon become a large town, and in ity
improvement he engaged with zeal. I^
1789 he was appointed judge. He pub-
lished a poem on the "Eising Glory of
America," 1774' " Eulogium of the
Brave Men who tell in the Contest witlj
Great Britain," 1779 ; " Modern Chival-
ry, the Adventures of Capt. Farrago,"
1792 ; " Incidents of the Insurrection in
1794 in Pennsylvania," 1795 ; " Law of
Miscellanies, containing Instructions for
the Study of the Law," 1814. D. 1816.
• BEACKETT, Joshua, a physician,
Graduated at Harvard college, 1752. He
rst became a -readier, but gave up that
profession for the study of medicine.
He established himself in Portsmoutlj,
New Hampshire, and continued ther^
during life. He took a deep interest in
the promotion of natural history at Cam-
bridge, and requested his wife to appro-
priate $1500 towards the professorship
of that science in Harvard college. She
complied with his request, and added to
the amount. He was a benefactor of the
N. H. Medical Society, of which he was
president from 1793 to 1799, presenting
to it, at its establishment, 143 vols, of
valuable medical books. 1). 1802.
BEACTON, Henry de, a native ol"
Devonshire, who studied at Oxford, and
became eminent as a lawyer, and in 1244
was made one of the judges itinerant by
Henry III. He is chiefly known by his
excellent work " De Legibus and Consu-
etudinibus Anglise," a most finished and
valuable performance, divided into five
books, and containing, in good language,
a curious and interesting detail of the
legal learning, the laws and customs of
our ancestors. Though blamed by
Houard for mingling too much of the
civil and canon law in his compositions,
he has long been held as a writer of great
authority, and deservedly esteemed by
Lord Coke, and other great lawyers, as
the first source of legal Knowledge.
BEADBUEY, Thomas, a native of
London, educated at Clapham, in com-
pany with Dr. Watts, and distinguished
among the Nonconformists as a bold and
eloquent preacher in defence of Calvin-
istical doctrines and revolution princi-
ples. He wrote some theologicsJ trea-
tises, besides three volumes of sermons,
and the "Mystery of Godliness." D. 1757.
BEADDOCK, Edward, major-general
and commander of the British army iu
the expedition against the French, on tlie
river Ohio, m 1755, arrived in Virgiuiii
202
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bra
in Febiniary of that year, and, in the
spring, marched against Fort du Quesne,
now rittsburg. He reached the Monon-
gahela, July 8th, at the head of 1200
men, the baggage having been left be-
hind, under the care of Colonel Dunbar,
to advance by slower marches. On the
next day he moved forward to invest the
fort, and, by disregarding the caution of
nis provincial officers, who warned him
against the danger of a surprise in an
Indian war, fell into an ambuscade, by
which he lost nearly one half of his
troops, and received himself a mortal
wound. All his officers on horseback,
except Colonel, afterwards General,
Washington, who acted as aid, being
killed, the army retreated precipitately
near forty miles, to Dunbar's camp,
where the general, who was conveyed
there in a tumbril, expired.
BRADFORD, William, the second
governor of Plymouth Colony, was b. at
Austerfleld, England, in 1588. At the
age of 18 he joined those dissenters who
fled to Holland, to enjoy religious free-
dom. His leisure hours were passed in
learning the art of silk dyeing. After a
residence of ten years he removed to
America. His wite fell into the sea and
was drowned, just before the place for
the colony was selected. In 1621 he was
appointed governor of the new settle-
ment, when one of his first acts was to
secure the friendship of the Indian
Massassoit, and all his subsequent ca-
reer was one of devotion to his duties.
The original government of Plymouth
was founded entirely on mutual consent.
The first patent was obtained in the
name of John Pierce ; but another pat-
ent of larger extent was obtained of the
council for New Enafland, in 1630, in
the name of William Bradford, his heirs,
associates, and assigns. In the year
1640 the general court requested Gov-
ernor Bradford to surrender the patent
into their hands. With this request he
cheerfully complied, and after the sur-
render the patent was immediately de-
livered again into his custody. Mr.
Bradford was annually chosen governor
as long as he lived, excepting in the
years 1683, 1634, 1636, 1638, and 1644.
At these times it was by his own request
that the people did not elect him. D.
1657. — William, a lawyer of eminence,
b. in Philadelphia, 1755. In the spring
of 1769 he entered the college at Prince-
ton, then under the direction of the
learned Dr. John Wotherspoon. In 1779
he was admitted to the bar of the su-
preme court of Pennsylvania, where hia
character soon introduced hira to an un-
usual share of business ; and, in August,
1780, only one year after he was licensed
to practice, he was appointed attorney-
general of the state of Pennsylvania.
August 22d, 1791, he was made a judge
of the supreme court of Pennsylvania.
His industry, integrity, and ability, en-
abled him to give general satisfaction in
this office. On the attorney-general of
the United StJites being promoted to the
office of the secretary ot state, Bradford
was appointed to the vacant office, Janu-
ary 28th, 1794. This office he held till
his death. In 1793 he published an
"Inquiry how far the Punishm'^nt of
Death is necessary in Pennsylvi.nia.''
This performance justly gained hiin
great credit. D. 1795. — Samuel, was b.
in Blackfriars, 20th December, 1652, and
after studying at St. Paul's school, the
Charter house, and Benet's college,
Cambridge, he went abroad on account
of some scruples of conscience, and ap-
plied himself to physic. He afterwards
was reconciled to the doctrines of the
church, and as the friend of Archbishop
Sancrort, and the chaplain of King ^Vil-
liam, he rose in ecclesiastical preferment
to the rectory of St. Mary-le-bow, a pre-
bend of Westminster, and the master-
ship of his own college. In 1718 he
became bishop of Carlisle, and in 1723
of Rochester, which he held to the time
of his death, 1731. He edited "Tillot-
son's Sermons." — John, an English mar-
tyr, b. of a respectable family at Man-
chester. He was for some time clerk to
Sir John Harrington, the treasurer of
the English forces at Calais, but after-
wards turned his thoughts to the study
of divinity, and took his master's degree
at Cambridge. He was eloquent as a
preacher, and his abiUties exposed him
to persecution in Mary's reign, so that,
after a long imprisonment, he was burnt
in Smithfield, Ist July, 1555. Some of
his letters are extant.
BRADLEY, James, a celebrated as-
tronomer, was b. at Sherborne, in the
year 1692. He studied theology at Ox-
ford, and took orders ; but his taste for
astronomy soon led him to change the
course of his life. His uncle instructed
him in the elements of mathematics, his
own industry did every thing else, and,
in 1721, he was appointed professor of
astronomy at Oxford. Six years after-
wards, he made known his discovery of
the aberration of light. But, although
this discovery gave a greater degree of
accuracy to astronomical observations,
and altnough the discrepancies of differ-
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
203
ent observations w.ere much diminished,
yet slight ditferences remained, and did
not escape his observation. He studied
them during 18 years with the greatest
perseverance, and finally discovered that
they were fully explained by the supposi-
tion of an oscillating motion of the earth's
axis, completed during a revolution of
the moon's nodes, in eighteen years.
He called this phenomenon the nutation
of the eartWs axis; and published, in
1748, (Philosoph. Trans. No. 785,) his
account of the apparent motion of the
fixed stars, with its laws, arising from
this phenomenon of nutation. D°Alem-
bert afterwards explained the physical
causes of this phenomenon, upon the
principal of universal attraction. By
these two discoveries, astronomers were
for the first time enabled to make tables
of the motions of the heavenly bodies
with the necessary accuracy. Bradley
had alreadyj in 1726, explained the me-
thod of obtaming the longitude by means
of the eclipse of Jupiter's first satellite.
In 1741, at the death of Doctor Halley, he
received the appointment of astronomer
royal, and removed to the observatory at
Greenwich. Here he spent the remain-
der of his life, entirely devoted to his
astronomical studies, and left thirteen
volumes folio of his own observations,
in manuscript. Of these, the first vol-
ume was published by Horcsby, 1798,
The whole appeared under the title of
"Astronomical Observations made at the
Observatory at Greenwich," 1750-62 ;
Oxford, 1805. D. 1762.— Kichard, pro-
fessor of botany at Cambridge, and au-
thor of several works, chiefly compila-
tions on botany and horticulture. . Dr.
Brewster's popular invention, the ka-
leidoscope, was at one time said to be due
to Bradley ; but it appears that the doc-
tor's instrument and the one proposed
by Bradley are quite different, and that
the latter would be very inferior. D.
1732.
BRADSHAW, John, celebrated as
president of the tribunal by which
Charles I. was tried, is said by some to
have been b. in Derbyshire, and by
others in Cheshire, in 1586. He studied
the law in Gray's Inn. In the contest
between Charles and the people, Brad-
shaw espoused the cause of the latter.
The parliament made him chief justice
of Chester, and he was also chosen to
preside in the high court of justice
which sat upon the king. Cromwell,
to whose usurpation he was hostile, de-
prived him of the chief justiceship. D.
1659 ; but, at the restoration, such was
the vehemence of the roy Jist bigotry,
his remains were disinterred, and hang-
ed at Tyburn.
BEADSTREET, Simon, governor of
Massachusetts. He was in March, 1630,
chosen an assistant of the colony about
to be established there, and arrived at
Salem, in the summer of the same year.
He was at the first court which was held
at Charlestown, August 23d. He was
afterwards secretary and agent of Mas-
sachusetts, and commissioner of the
united colonies. He was sent with Mr.
Norton, in 1662, to congratulate King
Charles on his restoration, and as agent
of the colony to promote its interests.
From 1673 to 1679, he was deputy-gov-
ernor. In this last year, he succeeded
Mr. Leverett as governor, and remained
in office till May, 1686, when the charter
was dissolved, and Joseph Dudley com-
menced his administration as president
of New England. In May, 1689, after
the imprisonment of Andros, he was
replaced in the office of governor, which
station he held, till the arrival of Sir
William Phipps, in May, 1692, with a
charter, which deprived the people of
the right of electing their chief magis-
trate. D. 1697. — Anne, entitled to re-
membrance as the author of the first
volume of poetry published in America.
Her volume was dedicated to her father,
in a copy of verses, dated March 20,
1642. The title is, "Several Poems,
compiled with great variety of wit and
learning, full of delight ; wherein espe-
cially is contained a complete discourse
and description of the four elements,
constituting, ages of man, seasons of
the year, together with an exact epitome
of the three first monarchies, viz. : the
Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, and Roman
commonwealth, from the beginning to
the end of their last king, with divers
other pleasant and serious poems. Bv
a Gentlewoman of New England." A
third edition was published in 1758. D.
1672, aged 60. — John, a major-general
in America, appointed by the king of
Great Britain, was, in 1746, lieutenant-
governor of St. John's, Newfoundland.
He was afterwards distinguished for his
military services. It was thought of
the highest importance, in the year 1756,
to keep open the communication with
Fort Oswego, on lake Ontario. General
Shirley accordingly enlisted forty com-
panies of boatmen, and placed* tliem
under the command of Bradstreet. lu
the spring of this year, a small stock-
aded post of 25 men had been cut off.
It became necessary to pass through th«
204
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOa^APHY.
BRAJ
country with large squadrons of boats,
as the enemy infested the passage
through the Onondaga river. On his
return from Oswego, July, 1756, Ool.
Bradsti-eet, who was apprehensive of
bein^ ambushed, ordered the several
divisions to proceed as near each other
as possible. He was at the head of
about 3U0 boatmen in the fii'st division,
when at the distance of nine miles from
the fort, the enemy rose from their am-
buscade and attacked him. He in-
stantly landed upon a small island, and
with but six men maintained his posi-
tion, till he was reinforced. A general
engagement ensued, in which Brad-
street with gallantry rushed upon a
more numerous enemy, and entirely
routed them, kilhng and wounding
about 200 men. His own loss was about
30. In the year 1758, he was intrusted
with the command of 3000 men on an
expedition asrainst Fort Frontenac, which
was planned by himself. On the 27th
of August it was surrendered to him.
In 1764 he compelled the Delawares,
Shawnese, and other Indians, to terms
of peace. He was appointed major-
general in 1772. D. 1774.
BRADWAKDIN, Thomas, a native
of Hatfield in Sussex, educated at Ox-
ford, where he was proctor and divinity
professor. For his great merit as a
mathematician, philosopher, and divine,
he was made confessor to Edward III.
during his wars in France, where as a
preacher his eloquenoi? had great in-
fluence in restraining the violence and
lawless conduct of the military. He
became archbishop of Canterbury in
1348, and from his learning was called
the " Profound Doctor." Among other
things he pubhshed a tract called
" Causa Dei," besides " Geometria
Speculativa," " Arithmetica Specula-
tiva," "Traetatus Proportionum," Ven-
ice, 1505. He was consecrated at
Avignon. D. 1549.
BRADY, Nicholas, an English di-
vine ; translator of the ^neid, and, in
conjunction with Tate, of the Psalms.
B. at Bandon, Ireland, 1659 ; d. 1726.—
Robert, an English physician and his-
torical writer. D. 1700.
BRAKE, TycHo, who has been called
the restorer of astronomy, was b. at
Knudstorp, in Scania, 1546, of a noble
family. His love of astronomy was ear-
ly manifested, and his discovery in 1572,
of a new star in the constellation Cassi-
opeia, made him known to the scientific
world. After many travels and adven-
tures, he was patronized by his sov-
ereign, Fredexick II., who gave him a
pension, and the island of Hwen, in the
Sound, on which Brahe built a splendid
observatory, named Uraniburgh. There
he resided nearly twenty years, assidu-
ously laboring in his astronomical pur-
suits. Soon after the death of Frederic,
however, Brahe lost his pensions, be-
came an object of persecution, and was
compelled to quit his country. The
Emperor Rodolph invited him to Prague,
and the expatriated astronomer settlea
there, in 1598 ; but he did not long sur-
vive this removal, for he d. in the Bo-
hemian capital, 1601. Brahe discovered
two new inequalities in tlie motion of
of the moon, made other valuable ob-
servations on that satelUte, was, perhaps,
the first who had correct ideas of the
nature of comets, and, with less happi-
ness, invented a new planetary system,
which was vainly intended to supersede
that of Copernicus. He is the autlior of
a " Treatise on the New Phenomena of
the Heavens ;" and other astronomical
works written in Latin. His poems do
not possess much merit, though, on the
whole, he was one of the most remarka-
ble men of his age.
BRAIDWOOD, Thomas, a native of
Edinburgh, the first person in Great
Britain who, to any extent, undertook
to atford instruction to the deaf and
dumb. In 1763 he began to practise his
valuable ait ; and, in 1723, he removed
his establishment from Edinburgh to
Hackney. D. 1806. His daughter, who
d. in 1819, also conducted a seminary of
the same kind.
BRAINARD, James G. C, a poet and
man of letters, b. in Connecticut, was
graduated at Yale college in 1815. He
studied the profession of the law and
entered into practice at Middletown,
Conn. ; but not finding the degree of
success that he expected, he returned in
a sliort time to his native town, whence
he removed to Hartford, to undertake
the editorial charge of the " Connecticut
Mirror." His poems were chiefly short
pieces, composed for the columns of this
paper, and afterwards collected in a vol-
ume. They display much pathos, bold-
ness, and originality. D. of consump-
tion, 1828. — David, the celebrated mis-
sionary, was b. at Haddam, Connecticut,
in 1718. From an early period he was
remarkable for a religious turn of mind,
and in 1739 became a member of Yale
college, where he was distinguished for
application and general correctness of
conduct. He was expelled from this in-
stitution in 1742, in consequence of
9RA\
CYGLOP^EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
205
having said, in the warmth of his reli-
gious zeal, that one of the tutors was as
devoid of grace as a chair. In the spring
of 1743 he began the study of divinity,
and at the end of July was licensed to
preach. Having received from the So-
ciety for propagating Christian Knowl-
edge an appointment as missionary to
the Indians, he commenced his labors at
Kaunameek, a village of Massachusetts,
situated between Stockbridge and Alba-
ny. He remained there about twelve
months, and on the removal of the
Kaunameeks to Stockbridge, he turned
his attention towards the Delaware In-
dians. In 1744 he was ordained at
Newark, New Jersey, and fixed his res-
idence near the forks of the Delaware
in Pennsylvania, where he remained
about a year. From this place he re-
moved to Crosweeksung, in New Jersey,
where his efforts among the Indians
were crowned with great success. In
1747 he went to Northampton, Massa-
chusetts, wliere he passed the remainder
of his life in the family of the celebrated
Jonathan Edwards. His publications
are a narrative of his labors at Kauna-
neek, and his journal of a remarkable
work of grace among a number of In-
dians in New Jersey and Pennsylvania,
1746. D. 1747.
BRAITHWAITE, John, an ingenious
mechanic, constructor of a diving ma-
chine, with which he explored the Royal
George, sunk off Spithead ; the Hartwell
East Indiaman, off one of the Cape de
Verde Islands; and the Abergavenny
East Indiaman, off the Isle of Portland.
From the first he only succeeded in
raising some guns and an anchor; but
from the second and third he brought
up property to a very large amount. D.
1818.
BRAMAH, Joseph, an English en-
gineer, distinguished for the number,
value, and ingenuity of his mechanical
inventions. Among these were his in-
valuable hydrostatic press, his safety
.ocks, various improvements in the
steam-engine, in the process of making
paper, in the construction of main-pipes,
wheel-carriages, the beer-machine, &c.
.3. 1749 ; d. 1814.
BRAMANTE, D'URBINO, Lazaho,
& celebrated Italian architect, much em-
ployed by Pope Julius II., and who first
designed and commenced the church of
St. Peter at Rome. He was a skilful
painter and musician as well as archi-
tect, and a volume of poems from his
pen was printed in 1756. D. 1514.
BRANCAS, Lauraguais, duke de,
18
a French nobleman, distinguished for
his scientific attainments ; discoverer of
the composition of the diamond, and a
great improver of the manufacture of
porcelain. B. 1735 ; d. 1824.
BRAND, John, an able and volumi-
nous writer on politics and political
economy ; author of numerous political
pamphlets and some poems. He was
rector of Wickham Market, in Suffolk,
and of St. George, South wark. D. 1809.
— John, an English divine and antiqua-
ry; author of the "History and An-
tiqiiities of the Town of Newcastle,"
" Observations on Popular Antiquities,"
&c. B. 1743; d. 1806.
BRANDER, Gustavus, an English an-
tiquary and naturalist. He was of a
Swedish family, but born in London,
where he was an eminent merchant and
a director of the bank. He contributed
largely to the Transactions of the Anti-
quarian Societj. &c. B. 1720; d. 1787.
BR ANDES, 'i^RNEST, a Hanoverian
author and statesman, b. 1758. He was
a friend of Burke ; and published a work
on the French revolution, in refutation
of Barruel. D. 1810.
BRANDT, Sebastian, chancellor of
Strasburg ; author of " Varia Carmina,"
" Navis Stultifera," &c. D. 1520.— Nich-
olas, a German chemist, who is said to
have discovered phosphorus in 1667,
while attempting to find a solvent by
which to convert silver into gold. —
Ernevold, count de, a Danish states-
man, convicted of being concerned in
the conspiracy of Count Struensee, and
executed in 1772. — George, an eminent
Swedish natural philosopher ; author of
accounts of various valuable expeu-
ments made by him upon the metals.
D. 1768.
BRANTOME, or Pierre de BOUR-
DEILLES, a celebrated French chron-
icler. He was a favored attendant upon
Charles IX., Henry III., and the duke
d'AleuQon ; and his memoirs, though
somewhat too free in their details, are
highly valuable as graphic and faithful
illustrations of an interesting period of
French history.
BRATTLE, William, a man of ex-
traordinary talents and character, grad-
uated at Harvard college, 1722. He
studied theology and preached with
acceptance. His eminence as a lawyer
drew around him an abundance 'of
clients. As a physician his practice was
extensive and celebrated. He was also
a military man, and obtained the ap-
pointment of major-general of militia.
While he secured the favor of the gov-
w^
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bre
ernor of the state, he aiso ingratiated
himself with the people. At the com-
meucement of the American revolution.
ail unhappy sympaiiy in the plans ot
General Gage induced him to retire into
Boston, from which place he accom-
panied the troops to Halifax, where he
d. 1775.
BKAUN, George, a German ecclesi-
astic; author of " Lives of Jesus Christ
and the Virgin Mary ;" an oration
against dissolute clerics, &c. D. 1622.
BEAY, Sir Keginald, an Enirlish
statesman, and favorite of Henry Vll.
He was a frank friend to that sovereign :
disdaining to withhold his disapproval
when it was deserved. He is chiefly
memorable for having superintended
the erection of that beautiful structure,
Henry VII. 's chapel at Westminster,
and for having finisned that of St. George
at Windsor. D. 1503. — Thomas, an En-
glish divine, who labored with great zeal
in propagating the gospel in foreign
parts, and who came several times to
America to promote that object. B.
1656 ; d. rector of St. Botolph's, Aid-
gate, 1730. — William, an industrious
antiquary ; editor of Evelyn's Diary and
Memo'rs, and a contributor to the
Arcliceo.ogia, &c. D. 1832, aged 97.
BKEBLUF, George de, a French
poet; author of "Lucan Travestie,"
''Poetical Eulogies," &c. D. 1661.
BREDA, John van, a Dutch painter •
a very close imitator of the style oi
Wouvermans, D. 1750.
BREENBERG, Bartholomew, a cel-
ebrated<irpainter, particularly skilful in
small landscapes. B. at Utrecht, 1620;
d:^660.
iSREESE, Mary, a singular character,
h. at Lynn, in Norfolk, 1721. She reg-
ularly took out a shooting-license, kept
as good greyhounds, and was as sure a
shot as any man in the county. She
never lived out of the parish in which she
was born, and where she d. 1799. By
her desire, her dogs and favorite mare
were killed at her death, and buried in
one grave with her. The Lady Gay
Spanker, of a modern comedy, must
nave been suggested by this woman.
BREGUET, Abraham Louis, an emi-
nent watch and chronometer maker at
Paris, by birth a Swiss. B. 1747 ; d.
1823.
BRETSLAK^ SciPio, b. at Rome, 1768,
and destined lor the church, for which
reason he is mentioned as an ablate in
the works of Spalanzani. He was one
of the most ingenious geologists of our
times, and opposed to the Neptunian
system, without, however, implicitly
adopting the Viucanian. He was pro-
fessor of natural philosophy and math-
ematics at Ragusa. He was afterwards
professor in the coUegio Nazareno, at
Rome, made a scientiflc tour through
Naples, and went to Paris, where he
formed an intimacy with Fourcroy,
Chaptal, Cuvier, &c. Napoleon ap-
pointed him inspector of the saltpetre
works and powder-mills in the kingdom
of Italy. D. 1826.
BREITKOPF, John Gottlob Emanu-
el, b. at Leipsic, in 1719, pursued at
first a literary career. Dui'ing his stud-
ies the works of Albert Durer, in which
the proportions of letters are mathemat-
ically calculated, fell into his hands. He
was pleased with this subject, and,
during his whole life, labored with zejil
to improve the German characters. An
attempt was once made to introduce
into Germany the Latin characters in-
stead of those commonly used in that
country. Breitkopf was one of the most
zealous opposers of the plan. In 1755
he essentially improved the art of print-
ing music with movable characters. His
invention of a method of printing maps,
Eictures, and even Chinese characters,
y means of movable types, is ingeni-
ous, though less useful than the other.
Although the pope, as well as the Acad-
emy in Paris, testifiied their great ap-
probation of this invention, yet no
practical use has yet been made of it.
lie was engaged in writing a history of
the art of printing, but d. in 1794, before
this work was finished. Breitkopf was
a man of great probity.
BREMMER, Sir James John Gordon,
a distinguished rear-admiral of England,
who figured in the Chinese war. B.
1786; d. 1850.
BRENNER, Henry, royal librarian
of Stockholm, an eminent oriental schol-
ar ; translator of the " History of Ar-
menia*' from the language of that
country ; and author of" Observations
on Czar Peter the Great against the Per-
sians," &c. D. 1733.
BRENNUS, a general of the Gauls,
who, after ravaging Thessaly and Greece,
attempted to plunder the temple of
Delphos. Being repulsed, he slew him-
self, 278 B. c.-^A memorable Gallic gen-
eral. Having invested Rome, he was
offered a tliousand pounds weight of
gold to spare the city. While the gold
was being weighed, he threw his sword
and helmet into the opposite scale, and
wlien reproached for his injustice, re-
plied with the scornful exclamation.
brb]
CYCLOP^DI.^ OF BIOGRAPHY.
im
" Vce victisP'' — woe to the vanquished !
Enraged at this insolence, Camilhis put
an end to the negotiation, gave battle to
the Gauls, and put them to flight. This
occurred about 388 b. c.
BRENTANO, Clement, b. at Frank-
fort on tlie Maine, 1777, has made him-
self known by several literary works,
especially by " Des Knaben Wunder-
horn," a collection of German popular
songs, which he edited and published in
connection with his friend Achim von
Arnin. He also published, in 1838,
" Gokel, Hinkel, and Gakeleia," which,
under the guise of a fiction, conceals a
most pungent satire on the spirit and
tendencies of the age. D. 1842.
BEENTON, Edward Pelham, an En-
glish naval officer, who was one of the
founders of the "Children''s Friend So-
ciety," and author of a " Naval History
of Great Britain." D. 1839.
BREREWOOD, Edward, a mathema-
tician, was b. at Chester, itx 1565, studied
at Oxford, was appointed, in 1596, the
first astronomical professor at Gresham
5ollege, and d. in 1613. He is the author
of "De Ponderibus et Pretiis Veterum
Nummorum," *' Inquiries Touching the
Diversity of Languages and Religions,"
and various other works.
BRET, Anthony, a French writer;
author of "Commentaries on Moliere,"
" Qaatre Saisons," a poem, &c. D. 1792.
BRETEUIL, Louis Auguste de Ton-
NELiER, an eminent French diplomatist,
and at one time secretary of state ; but
being a zealous partisan of monarchy,
he was compelled to flee from France at
the commencement of the revolution.
In 1802 he was permitted to return. D.
1807.
BRETON, Nicholas, an English pas-
toral poet in the time of Queen Eliza-
beth ; author of " An Old Man's Lesson
and a Young Man's Love," " Phillida
and Corydon," &c. — Raymond, a French
friar and missionary to the West Indies ;
author of a "French and Caribbean
Dictionarv," &c. D. 1679.
BRETSCHNEIDER, Henry Godfrey
VON, an Hungarian, whose versatility of
talent was only equalled by the perseve-
rance with which he exercised it in satir-
izing the follies and impostures of the
age. B. 1739; d. 1810.
BREUGHEL. There were four emi-
nent painters of this name. — Peter,
commonly known as Old Breughel, from
his being the father of Peter the young-
er, and the Droll, from his choice of
Bubjeots, was b. near Breda, in 1510, ex-
selled in landscape and ludicrous pic-
tures, and d. in 1570. — John, his son,
called, from his dress. Velvet Breughel,
was b. at Brussels, in 1560, attained Mgh
reputation, and d. in 1625. He some-
times painted in conjunction with Ru-
bens. — Peter, the younorer, another son
of the elder, denominated Hellish
Breughel, from his love of the horrible,
d. in "1642. — Abraham, a native of Ant-
werp, surnamed the Neapolitan, was b.
in 1672, excelled in fruit and flowers.
BREWER, Anthony, a dramatic wri-
ter, of the reign of James I. Though
he enjoyed great reputation, nothing is
known of his life. Six of his pieces are
extant. By acting at Cambridge in one
of these, named " Lingua, or the Five
Senses," the dormant ambition of Crom-
well is said to have been first awakened.
This story, however, is exceedingly
apocrvphal.
• BREWSTER, William, one of the
first settlers of Plymouth Colony, was b.
in England, 1650, and educatecl at the
university of Cambridge. After com-
pleting his education, he entered into
the service of William DaWson, ambas-
sador of Queen Elizabeth in Holland ;
but sej^arated from hiriwhen he med-
dled with the warrant ' or the execution
of Mary. As he disc( /ered much cor-
ruption in the constitu ion, forms, cere-
monies, and discipline )f the established
church, he thought it lis duty to with-
draw from its comm nion, and to es-
tablish with others f. separate society.
This new church, i / der the pastoral
care of the aged W .*. Clifton and Mr.
Robinson, met at Mi . Brewster's house,
where they were ent artained at his ex-
pense, as long as tbsy could assemble
without interruptic i. They were at
length compelled t > seek refuge in a
foreign country. 1, this attempt they
were opposed by t! e government, and
he was seized with Mr. Bradford and
others, just as they were going to Hol-
land, in 1607, and imprisoned at Boston,
in Lincolnshire. He was the greatest
sufferer of the company, because he
had the most property. Having with
much difficulty and expense obtained
his liberty, he first assisted the poor of
the society in their embarkation, and
then followed them to Holland. His
estate being exhausted, he opened a
school at Leyden for teaching the En-
glish tongue, and being familiar with the
Latin, he found no impediment from the
want of a language common to both.
By means of a grammar, which he
formed himself, he soon assisted them
to a correct knowledge of the English.
^
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
b
By the help of some friends he also set
up a printing-press, and published sev-
end books against the hierarchy, which
could not obtain a license for publication
in England. Such was his reputation
in the church at Leyden, that he was
chosen a ruling &lder, and he accompan-
ied the members of it who came to New
England in 1620, where he acted for
several years as a preacher. D. 1644.
BKEYNIUS, James, a botanist of
Dantzic ; author of " Fasciculus Planta-
rum Rariorum," &c. D. 1697.— John
Philip, a naturalist of the 18th century ;
author of a treatise on the kermes in-
sect, &c.
BRIDAINE, James, an eminent French
ecclesiastic, whose indefatigable zeal, or
itinerant propensities, induced him to
undertake 256 journeys, so that his
powers were displayed in almost every
village throughout France. He was the
author of "Spiritual Songs," which
were extremely popular. B. 1701 ; d.
1767.
BRIDGEWATER, Francis Egebton,
duke of, a nobleman who devoted much
attention to, and expended large sums
In the improvement and extension of
canal navigation, seconded by the skill
of Brindley. B. 1736 ; d. 1803.
BRIDPORT, Alexander Hood, Ad-
miral Lord, the youngest brother of
Viscount Hood, like his relative, entered
the navy early ; and, like him, distin-
guished himself on many occasions, as
an able and gallant seaman. He bore a
fart in the action of the 1st of June,
794, and in June, 1795, defeated a
French squadron, and captured three
sail of the line. He was created an
Irish peer in 1794, an English peer in
1796. D. 1814.
BRIENNE, Walter de, a native of
Champagne, distinguished for his cour-
age at the siege of Acre against the
Saracens. He was afterwards king of
Sicily, and duke of Apulia, and was
killed in 1205, in defending the invaded
rights of his wife, Maria Alberic, by
whom he obtained his dukedom. His
Bon and successor, of the same name,
surnamed the great, distinguished him-
self also against the Saracens, by whom
he was taken prisoner and cruelly put
to death, 1251.
BRIGHAM, Amariah, a distinguished
physician and philanthropist, formerly
principtd of the Insan*^ Retreat at Hart-
ford, and from 1842 till his death, su-
perintendant of the State Asylum for
the Insane at Utica, N. Y. B. 1798 : d.
1849.
BRIGGS, Henry, a mathematician,
b. near Halifax, in 1536, was educated
at St. John's, Cambridge, and was first
professor of geometry at Grcsham col-
lege, and afterwards at Oxford. He
resided at Oxford till his decease, 1630.
Briggs was a friend of Lord Napier, and
mainly contributed to improve and dif-
fuse the vtduable invention of loga-
rithms. To him also, in fact, belongs
the discovery of the binominal theorem,
the ditferential method, and other things
which have been atti''^ited to a later
period. Among his wc. ks are " Arith-
metica Logarithmica," ''Trigonometria
Britannica," completed by Gellibrand,
and "Tables for the Improvement of
Navigation."
BRIL, Matthew and Paul, natives
of Antwerp, and good painters, b. in
1550 and 1554, and eminent for per-
formances in history and landscape.
Matthew d. 1584; Paul 1626.
BRILLAT-SAVARIN, Anthelme,
was b. at Belley, on the Savoy frontier
of France, in 1755, and at the time of
his death, in 1826, filled a place in one
of the highest French tribunals. He
produced various works; but is best
known by his "Physiology of Taste, or
Meditations on Transcendental Gas-
tronomy," which has passed through
several editions.
BRINDLEY, James, an imcommon
genius for mechanical inventions, and
particularly excellent in planning and
conducting inland navigations, was b.
1716, at Tunsted, in Derbyshire, and d.
at Turnhurst, in Statfordshire, Sep. 27,
1772, having shortened his days by too
intense application; for he never in-
dulged or relaxed himself in the com-
mon diversions of life, not having the
least relish for them ; and though once
prevailed on to see a play in London,
yet he declared that he would on no
account be present at another, because
it so disturbed his ideas for several
days after, as to render him unfit for
business. When any extraordinary dif-
ficulty occurred to him in the execution
of his works, he generally retired to
bed ; and has been known to lie thei'e
one, two, or three days, till he has sur-
mounted it. He would then get up,
and execute his design without any
drawing or model; for he had a pro-
digious memory, and carried every
thing in his head. His first great work
was the construction of the aqueduct
of the Worsley canal over the river
Irwell. Among his other most remark-
able works were, the canal which joined
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY,
209'
the navigation of Bristol with that of
Liverpool, by the union of the Grand
Trunk near Haywood, in Staffordshire to
the Severn near Bewdley, and his plan
to clear the Liverpool docks from mud,
and to check the intrusions of the sea,
by walls built without mortar. His at-
tachment to inland navigation was such,
that when asked the use of rivers, in
the house of commons, he bluntly re-
plied, to feed navigable canals.
BRINVILLIERS, Maria Margaret
d'Acbrai, marchioness of, a French
lady, known for her intrigues and her
crimes. She was, when very young,
married, in 16")1, to the marquis of
Brinvilliers, and for some time main-
tained a character of prudence and
chastity. The introduction of a young
officer of Gaseony, called de St. 'Croix,
into her house, by her husband, how-
ever, proved the beginning of her life
of irregularity and crime. She loved
this stranger with great ardor; but her
father, who was sensible of her conduct,
confined her lover in the prison of the
Bastile, whilst his daughter, devoted
herself to religious duties, and assumed
the appearance of sanctity. After a
year's confinement, de St. Croix, who
had in the prison learned the art of mix-
ing poison from an Italian of the name
of Exili, was permitted to visit his fa-
vorite. He communicated the fatal
secret of poison, and she with alacrity
received it, and unsuspected, by slow
degrees, cut off her father, her two bro-
thers, and her sister, in 1670; and if
she spared her husband, it was because
he looked with indifference and without
jealousy on her lewdness. An accident
brought her crimes to light. St. Croix,
in working some subtile poison, was
suddenly overpowered by its effluvia,
and dropped down dead."^ As no rela-
tion appeared to claim his property, it
was sealed; but the marchioness in-
sisted with such importunity upon ob-
taining possession of a particular box,
that its contents were examined upon
suspicion, and it was discovered to con-
tain papers with directions, full of slow
poison. After making her escape, she
was arrested, put to the torture and
condemned to death. Both at the trial
and the execution she manifested the
most extraordinary self-possession and
courage. She was killed, 1676.
BRISBANE, Sir Charles, an English
admiral, who served at the sieges of
Toulon and Bastia. D. 1829.
BRISSON, or BRISSONIUS, Barna-
bas, an eminent French lawyer and phi-
1ft*
lologist, author of a treatise " De Eegio
Persarum Principatio," &c. During
the siege of Paris by Henry IV., in 1579,
he remained in the city, and was com-
pelled by the partisans of the League to
act as the first president of the parlia-
ment ; and his conduct as a magistrate
was made the pretext for putting him to
death, in 1591. — Mathurin James, a
French chemist and naturalist, author
of a treatise on " Ornithology," &c.
B. 1723; d. 1806.
BRISSOT DE WARVILLE, Jean
Pierre, one of the most active of the
French revolutionists, and from whom
a faction was denominated, was b. near
Chartres, in 1757, and was originally
brought up to the law. He, however,
abandoned that pursuit, and became a
literary character, and editor of the
" Oourrier de I'Ei ope." His first works
of any importance were a "Theory of
Criminal Law," and a "Philosophical
Library of Criminal Law." After hav-
ing visited England, he returned to
Paris, was patronized by the duke of
Orleans, and was sent to the Bastile for
an alleged libel. A second time he was
on the point of being imprisoned, but
he made his escape. In 1788 he went
to America; but he did not long remain
there. He came back to France in 1789,
published his "Travels," and became
an active political writer, particularly in
the journal called the " French Patriot."
To royalty he was decidedly hostile.
In 1791 he was elected a member of the
legislative assembly, and he bore a pro-
minent part in it, as well as in its suc-
cessor, the convention. The war be- .
tween France and Austria and Great
Britain was brought about chiefly by
his exertions and intrigues. After tlie
death of Louis XVI. the jacobin faction
gained the ascendency, and Brissot was
at length sent to the scaffold, on the 31st
October, 1793.
BRITANNICUS, John, an Italian
critic and grammarian, b. at Palazzolo
near Brescia, about the middle of the
loth century, and d. 1510.
BRITTON, Thomas, a native of Hic-
ham Ferrers, was b. 1654, and, from lus
trade and his musical taste, was known
as "the musical small coal man."
Though he cried his small coal about
the streets, he gave concerts at his
humble dwelling, at which some of the
most eminent professors and persons
of fashion attended. He was also a pro-
ficient in chemistry, and a collector of
books and curiosities. Britton was at
last frightened to death, in 1714, by 8
210
OYGLOPJSDIA OF BIO&RAPHY.
b
brutal ventriloquist, who predicted to
him his approaching end. The- terrified
votary of music took to his bed, and died
in a few days.
BROCK, Isaac, major-general in the
British army, captured Gen. Hull and
his whole army at Detroit, August 16,
1812. He afterwards proceeded to the
Niagara frontier, and was killed in the
buttle of Queenstown, Oct. 13th. He
was rallying his troops, which had been
put to flight by a desperate charge of
Col. Chrvstie, when he was pierced by
three balls. He was a brave and gen-
erous officer. During his funeral the
guns of the American fort were fired as
a token of respect.
BEOCKLESBY, Kiuhaed, a physi-
cian, was b. at Minehead, in 1722, took
his degree at Leydeii, in 1745, and, after
having been physician to the army in
Germany, settled in London, where he
became popular. D. 1797. Brocklesby
was a liberal-minded man, and was in
habits of friendship with the most emi-
nent of his cotemporaries. Some med-
cal tracts, and a " Dissertation on the
Siusic of the Ancients," are his only
productions.
BRODEAU, John, was b. at Tours,
in 1500, and rose to such eminence as a
scholar and critic, that Scaliger,. Grotius,
and others, have bestowed on his merits
the most unbounded encomiums. He
studied law under Alciat, and afterwards
applied himself to philosophy and belles
lettres, of which he became the support
and the ornament. After travelling in
Italy, he returned to France, where he
lived in literary retirement, and honor-
able independence. D. 1563. His an-
notations on several of the classics vere
published after his death.
BRODZINSKI, CAsmm, one of the
most distinguished of the modern poets
of Poland. He was b. near the town of
Lipno, 1791, and in early life served in
an artillery corps. He fought against
Russia in 1812, and was at the battle of
Leipsic, where he was taken prisoner.
Being liberated on his parole he went
to Cracow, and soon after to Warsaw,
where he acted as professor of aesthetics
in the university. He wrote vigorously
in defence of the romanticists as against
the classic school of critics. After the
insurrection of 1831 the university oi*
Warsaw was suppressed. This preyed
upon his mind so that he d. at Dresden,
1835.
BROECKHOUSEN, Jan Van, a dis-
tinguished Dutch scholar; author of
poems, and editor of some valuable edi-
tions of Propertius, TibuUus, and other
classics. D. 1707.
BROGLIE, Victor Feancis, duke de,
a giillant French general under the old
monarchy, who emigrated at the com-
mencement of the revolution, and put
himself at the head of a corps of emi-
grants at Champaigue. B. 1718 ; d. ISOi.
BROGLIO, Victor Maurice, count de,
marshal of France, was b. of an illustri-
ous family at Quercy, and distinguished
himself in the service of Louis XIV.
D. 1727, aged 80. — Francis Marie, his
son, was also marshal of France, and de-
served the highest honors by his war-
like conduct in Italy, and in the cam-
paigns of 1733 and 1734. D. 1745.—
Victor Francis, a son of the last, also a
marshal, was the conqueror of Berngen,
and greatly distinguished during the
seven years' war. He quitted France in
1794, and retired to Russia, where he
was received with honorable distinction,
and raised to the same rank which he
held in the emperor's service. — Clau-
dius Victor, prince de Broglio, son of
the preceding, espoused the party of the
republicans at the beginning of the rev-
olution, and was flattered by the dema-
gogues with the title of marshal. His
refusal to receive as law, while coimnan-
der of the army of the Rhine, the de-
cree which suspended the king's author-
ity, proved fatal to him. He was called
to Paris, and condemned to death by the
revolutionary tribunal. He was guillo-
tined, 1794, aged 37.
BROKE, Sir Philip Bowes Vere, an
English rear-admiral, who performed a
great many services to his country, the
chief of which was the capture of the
American ship Chesapeake by the Shan-
non in June, 1813. B. 1776 ; D. 1841.
BROME, 2\.LEXANDER, an attorney and
satirical poet, whose writings, on the
side of Charles I., are said to have great-
ly obstructed the progress of puritanism.
In addition to writing satirical songs, he
translated from Lucretius and Horace,
and wrote a comedy, called " The Cun-
ning Lovers." B.1620; d. 1666.— Rich-
ard, an English dramatist, cotcmpora-
ry with Ben Jonson, to whom he was
originally servant, but who rose by force
of his native genius to considerable emi-
nence. His comedies were formerly very
popular, but they are not now perform-
ed. D. 1632.
BROMFIELD, William, an eminent
English surgeon; author of " Chirurgi-
car Observations and Cases," " The City
Match," a comedy, &c. B. 1712 ; d. 1792.
BRONSTED, Peter Oluf, a philolo-
BROJ
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHi
Sll
ger and antiquarian, of Jutland, vrho
wrote an account of his " Travels and
Eesearches in Greece," which is greatly
esteemed by men of science. B. 1781 ;
d. 1842.
BRONGNIAKT, Axtgustus Louts,
apotliecary to Louis XVI., was one of
those who earliest and most sedulously
contributed, by his lectures, to diffuse a
knowledge of physics and chemistiy in
France. D. at JParis, 1804. Besides
many scientific essays, he is the author
of an " Analytical Description of the
Combinations and Decompositions of
various Substances."
BEONKHOEST. Petee Van, a Dutch
painter, b. at Delft, 1588, and d. 1661.
He painted, with great success, perspec-
tive views of temples and churches,
enlivened with small but well-executed
human figures. In the town-house of
Delft is his representation of Solomon's
judgment. — John van, b. at Leyden,
1648, learned the art of painting with-
out any instruction, and attained to a
high degree of perfection. He princi-
pally painted animals, and was particu-
larly successful in his birds. The light-
ness and brilliancy of the feathers are
represented with much truth. He was
a pastry-cook and painted merely for
his amusement. — Another John van, b.
at Utrecht, 1603, was a painter on glass.
His works in the new church at Amster-
dam are much esteemed. He has also
engraved some works of Cornelius Poel-
enburg.
BRONZING, Anoelo, a painter of
the Florentine school, and imitator of
Michael Angelo, flourished about 1550.
He painted a great number of portraits,
and his historical paintings are distin-
guished by the striking and pleasing
features of the heads they contain. One
of his best paintings is a " Christ," in
the church of Santa Croce, at Florence.
It is remarkable for its grouping and
coloring, as well as for the heads, many
of which are the portraits of his friends
and cotemporaries ; yet it is not alto-
gether free from mannerism and affecta-
tion. D. at Florence, 1570.
BEOOCMAN, Chables Ulkic, a Swe-
dish writer on education, especially as
regards the education of teachers. His
Srincipal work is " An Account of the
Iducational Institutions of Germany,"
from the earliest period up to his own
time. D. 1812.
BROOKE, Sir Eobert, chief justice
of the common pleas in the reign of
Queen Mary, and author of various legal
works. D. 1558.— Feances, a clever
novelist and dramatic writer ; authoress
of " Lady Juliet Mandeville," and other
novels ; the tragedies of " Virginia,"
and the "Siege of Sinope ;" "Eosina,"
a musical entertainment, &c. D. 1789.
— Henry, a political and literary writer ;
author of " Letters Addressed to the
People of Ireland," "The Earl of Wesfc-
mor eland," a tragedy, the celebrated
novel of "The Fool of Quality," &c.
B. at Rantavan, in Ireland, 1706 ; d. 1783.
— James, a political writer and poet. He
succeeded Wilkes as editor of the "North
Briton," which he continued to conduct
to the end of its publication. D. 1807.
BROOKES, Joshua, an eminent anato-
mist and surgeon, b. 1761. After study-
ing under the most celebrated men of
his day, commenced his career as a pro-
fessor of anatomy, pathology, and sur-
gery, when about 26 years of age. His
museum was enriched with the choicest
anatomical specimens and osteological
preparations ; and the lectures on anato-
my and its kindred sciences, which
during a long life he was in the habit
of delivering to his pupils, (of whom he
could reckon 7000,) laid the foundation
of their scientific fame to some of the
most distinguislied members of the pro-
fession. D. 1833.
'BROOKS, John, b. at Medford, Mass.,
1752, was originally a physician, but oil
the breaking out of the revolution, took
up arms in behalf of his country. He
was soon raised to the rank of major in
the continental service, and was distin-
guished for his knowledge of tactics,
being associated with Baron Steuben, in.
the duty of introducing a uniform sys-
tem of exercise and manoeuvres. In
1777 he was appointed lieutenant-colo-
nel, and had no small share in the capture
of Burgoyne, on the 7th of October, at
Saratoga. When the conspiracy of some
of the officers against the commander-
in-chief, in March, 1783, had well nigh
ruined the country, "Washington rode
up to Brooks and requested him to keep
his officers within quarters, to prevent
their attending the insurgent meeting.
Brooks replica, "Sir, I have anticipated
your wishes, and my orders are given."
'Washington took him by the hand, and
said, " Colonel Brooks, this is just what
I expected from you." He was one of
the committee who brought in the reso-
lutions of the officers, expressing' their
abhorrence of this plot, and also one of
that appointed by the officers to adjust
their accounts with congress. After the
army was disbanded, he resumed thQ
practice of medicine in Medford. He
212
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bR6
was for many years major-general of the
third division of the Massachusetts mi-
litia. In 1812 he was appointed adju-
tant-general, which office he held during
the last war with England. In 1816 he
was i-lected govenn)r almost without
opposition, and was annually re-elected
till 1838, when he declined being a can-
didate. D. 1825. — Eleazer, a brigadier-
general in Concord, Mass., in 1726.
Without the advantages of education,
he acquired a valuable fund of knowl-
edge. It was his practice in early life
to read the most approved books, and
then to converse with the most intelli-
gent men respecting them. In 1774 he
was chosen a representative to the gen-
eral court, and continued 37 years in
public life, being successively a repre-
sentative, a member of the senate, and
of the council. He took a decided part
in the American revolution. At the
head of a regiment, he was engaged in
the battle of White Plains, in 1776, and
distinguished himself by his cool, de-
termined bravery. D. 1806.
BROOME, Dr. William, an English
divine and poet. In addition to his own
poems, and a translation of Anacreon's
Odes, he contributed eight books to
Pope s translation of the Odyssey ; but
having complained of his scanty remu-
neration, his brother bard rewarded him
with a niche in the Dunciad. He was
vicar of Eye, Suffolk. D. 1745.
BROSCHI, Carlo, better known by
the name of Farinelli, one of the finest
singers ever known. He was retained
to divert the melancholy of Philip V. of
Spain, and acquired vast political power
in the reigns of that monarch and his
successor. Unlike the generality of
royal favorites, he behaved with invari-
able modesty and honor. B. at Naples,
1705; d. 1782.
BROSSARD, Sebastian de, an emi-
nent French musician ; author of " Pro-
domus Musicalis," &c. D. 1730.
BROSSE, Guy de la, a French botan-
ist and physician to Louis XIII. ; author
Df " L'Ouverture du Jardin Royal," and
3ther botanical works. D. 1751.
BROSS ES, Charles de, a French law-
yer, and the school-fellow and friend of
Buffon ; author of " Letters on Hercu-
laneum," &c. B. 1709 ; d. 1777.
BROTHERS, Richard, a fanatic, who,
in 1793, commenced his career as the
apostle of a new religion, and announced
himself as " nephew of the Almighty
and prince of the Hebrews, appointed
to lead them to the land of Canaan."
He predicted various changes as about
to occur, and his disciples were not con-
fined to the poor and ignorant. The
great orientalist, Halhed, and other men
of unquestionable ability were advocates
of his claims, but his career at lengtu
attracted the notice of government, and
he was committed to Bedlam for life as
a confirmed lunatic. He published sev-
eral works on his peculiar views of the-
ology.
BROTIER, Gabriel, a learned French
Jesuit, and librarian to the college of
Louis le Grand; author of a treatise
" On the Ancient Hebrew, Greek, and
Roman Coins," an excellent edition of
"Tacitus," and other classics, &c. B.
1723; d. 1789. — Andrew Charles, a
French abbe, nephew of the above. He
was a friend to the royalist cause, and
the editor of "L'Annee Litteraire,"
which was so obnoxious to the party in
Eower that he was transported to Guiana.
►. 1798.
BROUGHTON, Hugh, a learned He-
brew scholar and polemical writer, who
was educated at the expense of the cele-
brated Bernard Gilpin. B. 1549 ; d. 1612.
— Thomas, a prebendary of Salisbury,
and a literary character of considerable
merit; author of "Christianity distinct
from the. Religion of Nature," "Disser-
tations on the Prospects of Futurity,"
" Hercules," a drama, &c. He was also
one of the principal contributors to the
Biographia Britannica. D. 1774.
BROUNCKER, William, Lord, the
first president of the Royal Society at
Oxford, and author of some papers in
the Philosophical Transactions, &c. D.
1584.
BROUSSAIS, Francois Joseph Vic-
tor, a celebrated French physician ; the
author of some very learned medical
works, which for a time had the most
extensive influence in France, and are
still not without their adherents. B.
1772 ; d. 1838.
BROUSSONET, Peter Augustus Ma-
ria, an eminent French naturalist; au-
thor of " Icthyologia," "Variae Positi-
ones circa Respirationera," &c. B. 1761 ;
d. 1807.
BROUWER, Adrian, a celebrated
painter of the Dutch school, was b. at
Haerlem, in 1608, or more probably at
Oudenarde, where his father was a
painter of common paper hangings.
Poverty contributed perhaps to form his
talents. When a child, he painted flow-
ers, and birds to be stitched on caps,
which were sold by his mother.- Francis
Hals, a skilful painter, expecting to profit
by the talents of the young artist, took
BRO]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
213
him to Haerlem. Here, amidst wearisome
labors and poor diet, Brouwer spent the
greater part of his time in a garret, occu-
pied in making little paintings, of the
value of which he was ignorant, while
Hals kept the profits of them to himself.
Two pretty painting of his, "The Five
Senses" and "The Twelve Months," are
mentioned as belonging to that period.
By tlie advice of Adrian of Ostade, his
fellow-pupil, he escaped to Amsterdam,
where he was surprised to hear that his
paintings were esteemed. He now gained
considerable sums by his labors ; but, in-
stead of devoting himself to his art, he
made the inn his workshop, never ex-
erting himself till the hostess insisted
upon payment. He threw into the fire
a painting for which he did not receive
the price demanded, and began a new
one with more care. Having gone to
Antwerp during the wars of the Low
Countries, he was thrown into prison as
a spy. He declared that he was a paint-
er, appealing to the duke of Ahremberg,
who was likewise imprisoned there ;
and, at the prince's intercession, having
been provided with materials, he painted
his guards playing at cards with so much
expression and truth, that Rubens, at
the sight of the picture exclaimed, " This
is Brouwer's work; none but he can
succeed so well in such subjects." Ru-
bens effected his release by standing
bail for him, clothed him, and received
him into his house and at his table.
Brouwer, however, instead of being
grateful for this generosity, escaped
secretly, to plunge into still greater ex-
travagancies. He took lodgings with a
baker, Craesbeke, who became a skUful
painter by his instructions. This man,
whose inclinations agreed with those of
Brouwer, had a handsome wife, and the
connection between these three persons
became so intimate that they were
obliged to flee from justice. Brouwer
went to Paris, but finding no employ-
ment there returned to Antwerp, where
he d. in the hospital, in 1640.
BROWALLIUS, John, bishop of
Abo ; an eminent naturalist, and the
author of various tracts on botany, &c.
D. 1755.
BROWN, John, an eminent clergy-
man and multifarious writer, b. 1715,
atRothbury, Northumberland, educated
at St. John's college, Cambridge ; and
after various church preferments became
chaplain to the king. The chief of his
numerous works are, "Essays on the
Characteristics of the Earl of Shaftes-
bury," " Barbarossa," a tragedy; an
"Estimate of the Manners and Princi-
ples of the Times," a "History of the
Rise and Progress of Poetry," and
"Thoughts on Civil Liberty, Licentious-
ness, and Faction." It is supposed that
his mental exertions were too great, for
he fell into a state of deiection which
terminated in his death by nis own hand,
in 1766. — John, a Scotch painter and
acthor, favorably known in the former
character by his painting of the bust of
Homer from the Townley marbles, and
by his portrait of Pope. As an author
he is even more distinguished bj? his
" Letters on the Poetry and Music of
the Italian Opera," which he addressed
to his friend Lord Monboddo. B. 1752 ;
d. 1787. — Robert, the founder of the
sect of the Brownists, b. at Northamp-
ton, was related to Lord Burleigh. He
pursued his studies at Cambridge.
About 1580, he began to attack the
government and liturgy of the church,
had many followers, and was soon im-
prisoned by the ecclesiastical commis-
sions, but was liberated by the interest
of Loi'd Burleigh. He then settled at
Middleburgh, in Holland, collected a
congregation, and wrote a book, entitled
a "Treatise of Reformation, without
tarrying for any Man." In 1585, how-
ever, he returned to England, became
engaged in contests with the bishops,
was disowned by his father, and was
at length excommunicated. Conviction,
or perhaps policy, now induced him to
conform, and in 1590 he obtained a liv-
ing in Northamptonshire. His end was
in unison with his life. At the age of
more than 80, he was committed to jaU
for striking a constable and abusing a
magistrate, and he d. shortly after his
committal. He used to boast, " that he
had been incarcerated in thirty-two
prisons, in some of which he could not
see his hand at noonday." His sect
long survived him. In the civil wars
it bore the name of the Independents.—
Thomas, a writer of talent and of con
siderable though coarse wit, was the
son of a farmer at Shifnal, and was ed-
ucated at Christ church, Oxford, but
quitted college on account of his irregu-
larities. For a while he was a school-
master at Kingston, in Surrey. Quitting
this situation, however, he settled in
London, as an author by profession, and
gained notoriety by his lampoons, his
humor, and his conversational powers.
He d. in 1704. His works form 4 vols.
12mo. — Ulysses Maximilian, an Austri-
an field-marshal, the son of an expatria-
ted Irish officer, was b. at Basil, in 1705 ;
^44
CrCLOPyEDIA OF BIOGRAPHf.
[Bftd
Berved with distinction against the
Turks, and at the battles of Farma and
Gaastalla; was made field-marshal in
1789 ; signalized his talents in Italy,
from 1744 to 1746, particularlv at the bat-
tle of Placentia ; and d. in the Bohemi-
an capital in 1757, of the wounds which
he received at the battle of Prague. —
John, celebrated as the parent of the
Brunonian system of medicine, b. 1735,
at Buncle, in Berwickshire, originally
studied with a view to the church, but
afterwards commenced the study of
Ehysic. For a while he was patronized
y Dr. Cullen. He, however, quarrelled
with that gentleman, and became his
active opponent. After many strug-
gles and vicissitudes he settled in Lon-
don, in 1786, and d. there, October, 1788.
leaving a numerous family in want'.
His misfortunes principally arose from
his habits of intemperance. His medi-
cal system is developed in his " Elemen-
ta Medicinse," and has, at least, the
merit of simplicity, as it classes all dis-
eases under two heads — those of defi-
cient and those of redundant excitement.
— John, an eminent landscape engraver,
was a fellow-pupil of Woollet, and for
some time worked in conjunction with
him. Their teacher's name wasTinney.
Brown acquired considerable reputation
for the taste and spirit of his burin, and
became an associate of the Royal Acade-
my. D. at the age of 60, 1801.— Wil-
liam, a celebrated gem engraver, b. 1748.
At the commencement of his career he
was patronized by Catharine of Eussia,
and subsequently by Louis XVI. The
French revolution drove him from Paris,
and he settled in London, where he pro-
duced many excellent works. D. 1825.
—John, a painter, b. at Edinburgh, in
1752, resided 10 years in Italy, and ac-
quired there a knowledge of all the ele-
gant arts. On his return, he settled at
Edinburgh, in which city he d. 1787.
He was the intimate friend of Lord Mon-
boddo, to whom he addressed his " Let-
ters on the Poetry and Music of the
Italian Opera." They were published
by the learned judge in 1789. — Charles
Brockden, an American novelist and
man of letters, was b. in Philadelphia in
January, 1771. After a good school ed-
ucation, he commenced tlie study of the
law, in the office of an eminent member
of the bar. During the preparatory
term, his mind was much engaged in
literary pursuits, and when the time ap-
proached for his admission into the
courts, he resolved to abandon the pro-
fession altogether. His passion for let-
ters, and the weakness of his physical
constitution,disqualifled him for the bus-
tle of business. His first publication was
" Alcuin, a Dialogue on the Rights of
Women," written in the autumn and
winter of 1797. The first of his novels,
issued in 1798, was " Wieland," a power-
ful and original romance, which soon ac-
quired reputation. After this followed
"Ormond," '' Artliar Mervyn," "Edgar
Huntley," and "Clara Howard," in rapid
succession, the last being published in
1801. The last of his novels, " Jane
Talbot," was originally p4^iblished in
London, in 1804, and is much inferior
to its predecessors. In 1799, Brown
published the first number of the
"Monthly Magazine and American Re-
view," a work which he continued for
about a year and a half, with much in-
dustry and ability. In 1805 he coiur-
menced another journal, with the title
of " The Literary Magazine and Ameri-
can Register," and in this undertaking
he persevered for five years. During
the same interval he found time to write
three large political pamphlets, on thd
" Cession of Louisiana," on the "British
Treaty," and on " Commercial Restric-
tions." In 1806 he commenced a semi-
annual " American Register," five vol-
umes of which he lived to complete and
publish, and which must long be con-
sulted as a valuable body of annals. Be-
sides these works, and many miscellane •
ous pieces published in different peri-
od] cms, he left in manuscript an unfin-
ished system of geography, which ha8
been represented to possess uncommon
merit. D. of consumption, 1810. — John,
b. 1786, in Providence^ R. L, was a leader
of the party which, in 1772, destroyed
the British sloop of war Gasper, in Nar-
raganset Bay. He became an enterpri-
sing and wealthy merchant, and was the
first in his native state who traded with
the East Indies and China. He was
chosen a member of congress, and was a
generous patron of literature, and a
freat projector of works of public utility.
>. 1803. — Dr. Thomas, a man eminent
as a metaphysician, moral philosopher,
and poet, b. at Kirkmabreck, in Scot-
land, in 1777, displayed an early acute-
ness and thirst for knowledge. His first
education was received in the vicinity
of London, and was completed at the
university of Edinburgh. At the age
of twenty he wrote a masterly answer
to Darwin's "Zoonomia." In 1810 he
succeeded Mr. Stewart, at Edinburgh,
as professor of moral philosophy, and
soon gained universal admiration as a
BRO]
CiOLOPiEDlA OF BIOGRAPHY.
n%
lecturer, by his elor^uence and talents,
and aifection loj his kindness to the
students. His brilliant career was un-
fortunately cut short, by consumption,
on the 2d of April, 1820. As a philoso-
Eher, his reputation is established by
is inquiry into the " Relation of CausiB
and Effect," "Lectures on the Philoso-
phy of the Human Mind," and "Physi-
ology of the Mind." As a poet, by his
poems, in two volumes : " Agnes,"
"The Wanderer of Norway," and "The
Paradise of Coquettes." — William, a
poet, b. in 1590, was a native of Tavi-
stock, and was educated at Oxford. In
1624 he became tutor to the earl of
Caernarvon, who fell at the battle of
Newbury, and he subsequently resided
in the family of the earl of Pembroke.
His death is supposed to have taken
'place about 1645. His " Britannia's Pas-
torals," which were published in his
23d year, and his "Shepherd's Pipe,"
have great merit. Discursiveness and
an occasional quaintness are the faults
of his poetry ; but they are redeemed
by a lively fancy, much power of de-
scription, and flowing numbers. — Jacob,
general, and at the time of his death at
the head of the American army. In
early life he belonged to the sect of the
Quakers, and was employed as a teacher
of youth. In 1799 he went on to the
frontiers, and purchased a lot of land,
took his axe, and began to fell the forest
with his own hand, in order to com-
mence a settlement. This was soon
done. He purchased more land, and
was made agent for M. Le Eoy de Chau-
mont, a distinguished Frenchman, who
owned a large 1;ruct of that country, and
was industrious in obtaining settlers,
and when he had enough for a company
of militia, they were formed, and he so
far shook off the Quaker as to take
command of them, at their urgent re-
quest. From the command of a compa-
ny he soon found himself at the head
of a regiment. At the commencement
of the war of 1812 he was raised to the
oflSce of major-general of militia. The
general government soon after proffered
him a high command in the army of the
United States. It was accepted, and he
moved on from one degree of fame to
another in this short war, until he found
himself at the head of the army ; and at
the retuni of peace he made his head-
quarters at Washington. D. 1828.
BEOWNE, Sir Thomas, a physician
and eminent writer, b. in London, 1605,
and educated at Winchester and Oxford.
He took his degree at Leyden, and set-
tled at Norwich, where he gained extieil-
sive practice. His "Eehgio Medici"
having been surreptitiously published,
he gave to the world a correct edition
in 1642, which was soon translated into
several languages, and repeatedly re-
printed. It was attacked by many wri-
tefs, some of whom, with equal absurdi-
ty and injustice, accused the author of
being an infidel, and even an atheist.
This work was followed bv his celebria-
ted "Treatise on Vulgar Errors," and
" Hydriotaphia, or a Treatise on Urn
Burial," published together with " The
Garden of Cyrus." D. 1682. Browne
was a man of great benevolence, and of
extensive erudition. His style is singu-
lar and pedantic, but has generally
strength, and often felicity of expres-
sion. — His son Edward, who was b.
about 1642. and d. 1708, was president
of the College of Physicians, and is the
author of an account of his own "Trav-
els in Austria, Hungary, Thessaly, and
Italy."— Simon, b. at Shepton Mallet,
1680, became a dissenting minister, first
at Portsmouth, and next in the Old
Jewry, in which latter situation he re-
mained till 1723, when his reason wa§
shaken by the loss of his wife and his
only son. The monomania which afflict-
ed him was of an extraordinary kind.
Though retaining the power of reason-
ing acutely, he believed that God "had
annihilated in him the thinking sub-
stance," and that though he seemed to
speak rationally, he had "no more no-
tion of what ne said than a parrot.''
Imagining himself no longer a moral
agent, he refused to bear a part in any
act of worship. While in this state,
however, he continued to write forcibly,
and, among other things, produced a
"Defence of the Eeligion of Nature, and
the Christian Eevelation, against Chris-
tianity as old as the Creation." To thi^
he prefixed a dedication to Queen Cai-o-
line, in which he affectingly expatiated
on his soulless state. His friends sup-
pressed this melancholy proof of his
singular insanity ; but it is preserved in
the "Adventurer." D. 1732. He U
the author of hymns, sermons, and vari-
ous controversial and theological pieces.
— Sir William, a physician, an eccentrio
but amiable character, b. 1692, studied
at Cambridge, and settled at Lynn,
whence he removed to London, where
he d. 1774. In dress, style, and manners
he was a complete oddity, a circumstance
which exposed him to the shafts of
satire. He had, however, the good
sense and dignity of mind to smile &\
216
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bru
Buch attacks. At Lynn he nailed to his
house door a pamplilet which was writ-
ten against him ; and when Foote carica-
tured him, in the " Devil on Two
Sticks," Browne sent him a note, prais-
ing the accuracy of the mimic's persona-
tion, and sending him his own muff to
complete the picture. Browne left three
gold medals to be yearly given to Cam-
bridge under-graduates, for Greek and
Latin compositions ; and founded a
scholarship at Peterhouse, where he
was educated. He translated " Grego-
ry's Elements of Dioptrics," and collect-
ed, under the title of " Opuscula," his
own light pieces. — George, count de,
an Irish Catholic, b. in 1698, entered
into the Russian service. He saved the
Empress Anna Ivanovna from the con-
spiracy of the guards, and served with
distinction under Lascy, Munich, and
Keith. On the banks of the Volga he
stopped, with only three thousand men,
the whole Turkish army. He was, how-
ever, taken prisoner by the Turks, and
sold as a slave, but escaped. In the
seven years' war, he distinguished him-
self at the battles of Prague, Kollin,
Jaegendorf, and Zorndoi-ff. His services
were rewarded with tlie government of
Livonia. After having held it thirty
years, he wished to retire, but Catherine
II. replied, "Death alone shall part us."
D. 1792. — Moses, a divine and poet, was
b. in 1703, and was originally a pencut-
ter; but, through the interest of Har-
vey, he obtained orders, and the living
of Olney, in Buckinghamshire. D. in
1787, at Morden college, of which he
was chaplain. He is the author of sev-
eral works, tlie principal of which are
"Piscatory Eclogues, and "Sunday
Thoughts." Browne was a great lover
of angling, and published an edition of
Walton's Angler. — Isaac Hawkins, a
native of Burton-upon-Trent, b. 1706,
studied at Westminster, Cambridge, ana
Lincoln's Inn, was called to the bar, and
became M. P. for Wenlock. Though a
man of infinite wit, he was mute in par-
liament. He is the author of an excel-
lent Latin poem, on the "Immortality
of the Soul," which has been niore than
once translated, and also of "Poems."
Of his minor poems, the " Pipe of To-
bacco," in which he admirably imitates
six poets of that period, is the best
known, and is deservedly popular. D.
1766. — Patrick, a botanist and physi-
cian, b. at Crossboyne, in Ireland, 1720 ;
studied physic at Paris and Leyden.
He then went to the West Indies, which
he had visited in his youth, and finally
took up his abode at Jamaica. Ketum-
ing at length to Ireland, he d. in 1720,
at Kusbrook, in the county of Mfuo.
His chief work is the " Civil and Nat-
ural History of Jamaica." — William
Georue, an English traveller, a man of
fortune, who penetrated into the interior
of Africa, and was the first who gave an
account of the African kingdoms of
Darfur and Bornou. His " Travels in
Africa, Egypt, and Assyria, from 1792
to 1798," were published in 1799. About
the year 1814 he was murdered in Per-
sia, while on his way to explore the re-
gions south of the Caspian.
BRUCE, Robert, the deliverer of Scot-
land from the English yoke, a descend-
ant, by the female side, from David, bro-
ther of William I. Like his father, who
was a competitor for the crown with Ba-
liol, he at first fought under the English
banners. He, however, at length asserted
his right to the sovereignty, and was
crowned at Scone, in lo06. After many
reverses, he totally defeated Edward II.,
in 1814, at Bannockburn, and thus es-
tablished himself firmly on the throne.
He d. in 1329. Tradition says, that after
one of the 'defeats which he sustained
at the outset of his career, when Bruce
was hiding from his enemies, and almost
disposed to relinquish his enterprise in
despair, he was animated to persever-
ance by the example of a spider, which
he saw foiled in nine attempts to reach
a certain point, but which persisted, and
succeeded in the tenth. — James, one of
the most celebrated of modern travellers.
F(ir a short time he held the post of
British consul at Algiers, but resigned
it in order to gratify his passion for
travelling. After traversing the greater
portion of Asia Minor, he set out on a
journey to ascertain the source of the
Nile. An account of this journey he
subsequently published ; and some of
his statements, particularly those which
referred to the manners anfd customs of
Abyssinia, were received with mingled
incredulity and ridicule. Though greatly
annoyed by the disgraceful illiberality
with which he had been treated, he bore
the taunts and sneers of his shallow
critics with a taciturn pride, not deign-
ing to satisfy disbelief, or to disarm ridi-
cule, but trusting the day would ere long
arrive when the truth of what he had
written would be confirmed by others ;
and it is now clearly proved, from the
statements of many subsequent travel-
lers, that he was every way undeserving
of the censure bestowed upon him. B.
at Kinnaird house, Stirlingshire, 1780;
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
217
and d. in consequence of an injury sus-
tained by tjiHina: down stairs, at his pa-
ternal estate, 1794. — John, an able writer
on commerce, moral philosophy, and
political economy ; author of " First
rrinciples of Philosophy," " Annals of
the Ejist India Comptiny," &c. D. 1826,
aged 82. — Michael, a Scotch poet. His
f)arents being of the poorest class, his ear-
y life was one of considerable privation.
This, and his ardent attachment to po-
etry, probably aggravated a constitu-
tional predisposition to consumption,
and he d. in the 21st year of his age, in
1767. His poems are few in number,
but singulany plaintive and elegant.—.
Peter Henry, a German military officer
of Scotch descent. He was at the battle
of Pruth, and was several times em-
ployed by the Kussian court in diplomat-
ic missions. His memoirs, published
after his death, give some curious details
of his travels. He d. in Scotland, in
1757.
BRUCKER, John James, a German
Lutheran clergyman; author of " His-
toria Critica Philosophise," &c. B. 1696 ;
d. 1770.
BRUCKNER, John, a Lutheran di-
vine, pastor of the Walloon congrega-
tion at Norwich ; author of " Theo'rie du
Systeine Animale," " Criticism on the
Diversions of Purley," &c. B. 1726 :
d. 1804.
BRUEYS, David Augustin, a French
dramatic writer ; in early life a Protest-
ant, but afterwards a bigoted adherent
to the Catholic faith. B.'l640 ; d. 17.>3.
— Francis Paul, a gallant French admi-
ral, commanding the fleet which con-
veyed the army of Bonaparte to Egypt,
and killed at the battle of the Nile.
BRUGMANS, Sebald Justinus, a
learned Dutchman, physician-in-chief
of the army, and the author of some
valuable medical works. After the
union of Holland with France, Napoleon
made him inspector-general of the hos-
pitals ; and it has been remarked that
80 skilful were his arrangements, that
the number of deaths by" wounds and
diseases was never increased by hospital
fevers. After the battle of Waterloo, he
promptlv procured medical aid for up-
wards of 20,000 men. B. 1763 ; d. 1819.
BRUGNATELLT, Louis, an Italian
f)bysician and chemist ; author of " Bib-
iotheca Tisica d'Europe," &c. B. 1726 ;
d. 1818.
BRUGUIERES, John William, a
French naturalist and physician ; author
of many essays on subjects of natural
bibtory, the best of which is the " Nat-
19
ural History of Worms" in the Ency-
clopedic Methodique. D. 17 /9.
BRUGHL, Henry, count of, minister
of Augustus III. king of Poland ; one of
the most artful and expensive courtiers
that ever governed a weak and credulous
prince. He kept 200 domestics, paying
them better than the king himself, ana
furnishing a more sumptuous table ;
but, as was natural, he plunged the
country into debt and disgrace. B.
1700 ; d. 1763.— Frederic, a son of the
preceding, besides being remarkable for
his skill in the fine arts, wrote several
good plays. D. 1793. — Hans Moritz,
his nephew, gained sojne reputation a»
an astronomer and political economist,
and d. while Saxon ambassador in Lon-
don, 1809.
BRUMOY, Peter, a learned French
Jesuit; author of the " Thekre des
Grecs," " History of the Galilean
Church," &c. B. 1688 ; d. 1742.
BRUNCK, Richard Francis Philip, a
profound classical scholar and critic, was
b. at Strasburg, but educated by the
Jesuits at Parish For some time he was
employed in state affairs, but at length
devoted himself wholly to study ; and
produced the " Greek Anthology," be-
sides highly viduable editions of Aris-
tophanes, Sophocles, Virgil, &c. When
the revolution broke out, he took part
in it, and was imprisoned at l^esangon
by the tyrant Robespierre, whose death,
however, released him. B. 1729 ; d.
1803.
BRUNEAU, Mathurin, an adventu-
rer, who, in 1818, assumed the title of
Charles of France, was the son of a clog-
maker. After numerous efforts to pass
for some person of importance, he was
incarcerated, and from his confinement
addressed a letter, signed Dauphin Bour-
bon, to the governor of the Isle of
Guernsey, requesting him to inform his
Britannic Majesty of the captivity of
Louis XVII. This letter being inter-
cepted by the local authorities, Bruneau
was transferred to the prison at Rouen ,
here he engaged a person named Bran-
zon as his secretary, who found means
so far to impose on the Duchess d'An-
gouleme, as to obtain her interest ; and
at length a party in his favor procured
him abundant supplies. This encour-
aged the enterprise, until the principal,
his secretary, and many friends were
brought before the bar of justice, where
Bruneau was declared an impostor and
a vagabond, and condemnen to seven
years' imprisonment. Finding, how-
ever, that the fraud was still maintained
218
CTCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bro
by a powerful party, he was removed to
the prison at Caen in 1821, and was af-
terwards sent to end his days in the
castle of Mont Saint Michael.
BRUNEL, Sir Isambert, the well-
known executor of that great work of
engineering skill, the Thames Tunnel,
was b. at Hacqueville, in Normandy,
1769. He was intended for the church;
but he soon evinced so strong a predi-
lection for the physical sciences, and so
great a genius for mathematics, that he
entered the royal navy, made several
voyages to the West Indies, and returned
home in 1792. During the French revo-
lution he emigrated to the United States,
where necessity fortunately compelled
him to follow the natural bent of his
mind, and to adopt the profession of a
civil engineer. Here he was engaged in
many ^reat works ; but, determined
upon visiting England, he offered his
services to the British government ;
and, after much opposition to his plans
for making ship-blocks by machinery,
he was employed to execute them in
Plymouth dock-yard. He selected Mr.
Henry Maudsley to assist in the execu-
tion of the work ; and thus was laid the
foundation of one of the most extensive
engineering establishments in the king-
dom. The visit of the Emperor Alex-
ander to England, after the peace, led
him to submit to the emperor a plan for
making a tunnel under the Neva ; where
the accumulation of ice, and the sudden-
ness with which it breaks up on the
termination of winter, rendered the erec-
tion of a bridge a work of great difficulty.
This was the origin of his plan for a
tunnel under the Thames, which had
been twice before attempted without
success. D. 1849.
BRUNELLESCHI, Philip, a Floren-
tine architect, patronized by Cosmo de
Medici. Among the chief of his archi-
tectural works are the Pitti palace^ the
monastery of Fiesole, and the cupola of
the cathedral church of Santa Maria del
Friare at Florence. He was also a sculp-
tor and a poet, as well as an architect ;
and some of his burlesque verses are
published with those of Burchiello. B.
1377 ; d. 1446.
BRUNNER, John Conrad, Baron de
Brunn, a Swiss physician and anato-
mist ; author of various tracts on physi-
ology and anatomy. B. 1653; d. 1727.
BRUNO, a saint of the Roman calen-
dar, and founder of the Carthusian order
of monks, the first house of which he
established in the desert of Chartreuse.
B. 1030; d. 1101.— The Great, arch-
bishop of Cologne and duke of Lorraine ;
an able politician, who took a conspicu-
ous part in all the great transactions of
his time. He was the brother of the
Emperor Otho I. D. 965. — Giordano,
a Neapolitan, and originally a monk of
the Dominican order. Tiie boldness
with which he censured the irregulari-
ties of his monastery obliged him to
leave it ; and flying to Geneva, he em-
braced the Protestant religion. Beza
and Calvin, however, obliged him to
quit that city, and he proceeded to Paris,
where he excited much attention by his
strictures on the Aristotelian philoso-
phy. After visiting England he settled
at Padua, where his freedom of speech
attracted the attention of the Inquisition
of Venice. He was apprehended, and
refusing to recant, he was burnt in 1600.
BRUNSWICK, Ferdinand, duke of,
one of the principal generals in the seven
years' war in Germany. B. 1721; d.
1792.— WOLFENBUTTEL, Maximilian
Julius Leopold, brother of the prece-
ding, a prince whose name is revered for
his disinterested benevolence and hu-
manity, of which the last action of his
life is a striking example : — During a
terrible inundation of the Oder, which
spread destruction in the neighborhood
of Frankfort, where the pi'ince com
manded a regiment in the garrison, hia
zeal to save the lives of a family sur-
rounded by the waters, induced him to
put off in a boat to their assistance,
when he was swept away by the torrent
and perished in the attempt. B. 1751 ;
d. 1785. — LUNENBURGH, Charles
WiLLLVM Ferdinand, duke of, nephew
of the preceding, who highly distin-
guished himself in the service of Fred-
erick of Prussia. He was mortally
wounded at the battle of Auerstadt in
1806. — OELS, Frederic Augustus, duke
of, younger brother of the above, and a
general officer in the Prussian service.
He was more distinguished as an author
than as a general ; his " Treatise on
Great Men," " Remarks on the Charac-
ter and Actions of Alexander the Great,"
and numerous other works, having been
much admired, though only privately
circulated. B. 1741; d. 1805.— Fred-
erick William, duke of, youngest son
of Charles William Ferdinand of Bruns-
wick, and brother of Queen Caroline of
England, was b. in 1771. He soon
entered the Prussian army, and, stimu-
lated by his father's fate, "took an active
part in the war against revolutionary
France. In 1809 he raised a body of
volunteers in Bohemia; but finding no
BRU]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT.
219
chance of making an effectual stand
against the power of France, he em-
barked his troops for Enghmd, where
they were taken into the British service,
and employed in the Peninsula. Fore-
seeing that great changes were likely to
take place on the Continent, he hastened
to his paternal dominions in 1818, raised
a large body of troops, and was among
the foremost to meet the French army
in 1815, when, two days before the de-
cisive battle of Waterloo, he fell, fight-
ing at the head of his troops.
BKUNTON, Mary, the daughter of
Colonel Balfour, was b. in one of the
Orkney isles ; married a minister of the
Scotch church, and is known as the
authoress of tne novels, " Discipline ''
" Self-Control," and other works. B.
1778; d. 1818.
BRUSONIUS, L. DoMiTius, author of
a work entitled " Facetiarum Exemplo-
rumque Libri VII.," but better known
by the title of " Speculum Muudi."
BRUTO, John Micfiael, an eminent
traveller and writer of the 16th century;
author of a "History of Hungary,"
" Critical Annotations on the Works of
Cicero, Horace," &c., and of the "Eight
First Books of the History of Florence."
D. 1594.
BEUTUS, Lrcius Junius, one of the
most celebrated characters of antiquity,
was the son of Marcus Junius, a wealthy
patrician of Ronie. The father and bro-
ther of Lucius Junius were assassinated
by order of their relative, Tarquin the
Proud ; and Lucius Junius owed the
preservation of his life to an assumed
idiotism. So completely did this impose
iipon the tyrant, that he not only spared
his young relative's life, but brought
him up in his own family, where he was
jreated as a mere idiot, and surnamed
Brutus. He bore all contumely with
patience until the outrage of Sextus Tar-
quin [see Luoretia] aflfbrded him an op-
portunity to arouse the people against
both the king and his sons. Throwing
oif his pretended want of intellect, and
displaying an energy the more startling
by contrast with his former manner, he
joined with Lucretia's husband, Colla-
tinus ; caused the gates to be shut, as-
sembled the senate, dilated upon the
tjTannies of Tarquin, and caused a de-
cree to be made for banishing the king
and establishing a republic. This great
change accordingly took place, and Bru-
tus and CoUatinus'were appointed chief
magistrates of the commonwealth, with
the title of consuls. Terrible as the
♦yranny of Tarquin had been, his ex- |
pulsion, and the entire change in the
torm of government, gave great offence
to many of the Roman patricians ; and
among those who were opposed to the
new constitution were the two sons of
Brutus and three nephews of Collatinus,
all of whom conspired, with other mal-
contents, to murder the two consuls and
restore Tarquin and the monarchy. The
intentions of the conspirators were dis-
closed by a slave to Poplicola Valerius,
a senator, and the conspirators were
brought before the consular tribunal for
judgment. Mischievous as were the
intentions of the criminals, the people
would fain have punished them only by
banishment ; and Collatinus, in his affec-
tion for his nephews, was equally dis-
posed to be lenient. Brutus, on the con-
trary, determined to show that no rank
or relationship should avail the enemies
of Roman liberty; and disregarding the
entreaties of the multitude and his own
feelings as a parent, he sternly sentenced
his sons to death. Collatinus, even after
this signal proof of the inflexibility of
Brutus, endeavored to save his nephews.
But the young men were executed, and
Collatinus retired from the consulship.
Poplicola Valerius was elected as his
successor, and, in conjunction with
Brutus, proceeded against the Veientes,
who, with Tarquin and his partisans,
were marching against Rome. The Ro-
man cavalry was commanded by Brutus,
while the enemy's cavalry was led on by
Aruns, one of the sons of Tarquin.
These leaders were speedily engaged
hand to hand, and so great was their
mutual hate, that each, in his desire to
wound his opponent, neglected to pro-
tect himself, and they both fell dead
upon the field. The conflict ending in
the victory of the Romans, the body of
Brutus was interred with great solemni-
ty, and a statue was erected to his memo-
ry. D. 509, B. 0. — Marcus Junius, an
illustrious Roman, and a descendant of
the preceding. His mother was the sis-
ter of Cato, and as she had disgraced
herself by an intrigue with .Julius Caesar,
Marcus was by many thought to be his
son. He at first sided with Pompey,
but being treated with great lenity aiid
consideration after the battle of Phar-
salia, he attached himself to Caesar, by
whom he was greatly caressed and in-
trusted. But the stern republican prin-
ciple of his reputed ancestor, which he
inherited, rendered it impossible for all
Caesar's kindness to him to reconcile
him to Caesar's ambition ; and he at
length conspired with Cassias and
220
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[brt
Others, and slew him, 89, b. o. Antony
Bucceeded in exciting the popular indig-
nation against the uiurderei-s of Caesar,
who tied from Rome and raised an army,
of which Brutus and Cassius took the
command ; but being totally defeated at
the battle of Philippi, where they en-
countered the army of Antony, Brutus
escaped with only a few friends, passed
the night in a cave, and, as he saw his
cause irretrievably ruined, requested
Strato, one of his confidants, to kill
him. For a long time his friend refused,
but on hearing Brutus call one of his
slaves to perform the fatal office, he ex-
claimed, " Forbid it^ods, that it should
ever be said that Brutus died by the
hand of a slave for want of a friend !"
and presenting the sword as he turned
away his face, the noble Roman fell on
it and expired, 42 b. c, in the 4:3d year
of his age.
BRUYERE, John de la, an eminent
French writer; author of "Dialogues
on Quietism," published after his de-
cease ; and of " Theophrastns, translated
from the Greek, with the Manners of '
the present Age." Of this admirable
and admired work, Voltaii'e says, "Its
rapid and nervous style struck the pub-
lic at once; and the allusions to living
persons, which abound through its
pages, completed its success." B. 1644 ;
a. 16K6.
BRYAN, Michael, a connoisseur of
paintings, whose judgment was highly
esteemed, though he lost large sums by
his own purchases. He was the author
of a valuable "Biographical and Critical
Dictionary of Painters and Engravers."
B. 1757 ; 'd. 1821.— Sir Francis, a distin-
guished soldier and statesman. He
served with great credit against the
French in the^earl of Surrey's expedi-
tion, and subsequently became chief Jus-
ticiary of Ireland. He is chiefly mem-
orable, however, as a poet; his works
being printed with those of his friends
Wyatt and Lord Surrey. D. 1550.
BRYANT, Jacob, a distinguished an-
tiquarian and philologist ; author of an
able, though singular " Analysis of An-
cient Mythology," published in 3 vols.
4to. ; a treatise on the " Truth of Chris-
tianity," a work in denial of the exist-
ence of Troy, and various other publi-
cations of great erudition and ingenuity.
B. 1715; d. 1804.
BRY'^DGES, Sir Samuel Eoerton,
bart., a gentleman of versatile talents
and eccentric character. B. 1762, at
Wootton Court, in Kent, was educated
at the King's school, (Canterbury, and
at Queen's college, Cambridge. In
1790, after the death of the last duke of
Chandos, he induced his elder brother,
the Rev. E. T. Brydges, to prefer a claim
to the barony of Chandos, the consid-
era.ion of which was long procrasti-
nated; but at length, in" 1803, the
house of lords decided against its valid-
ity. On the death of his brother, in
1807, Sir Egerton pertinaciously ad-
hered to his favorite, though illusory
notion of obtaining a coronet, main-
taining that, though defeated by parlia-
mentary law, he could, when he pleased,
assert his rights by common law, while
he regularly added to the si^tiature of
his name — '"««?• legem terrcE, B. C. qfS.'^
— meaning Baron Chandos of Sudely.
He made several unsuccessful attempts
to obtain a seat in parliament, but was
ultimately (1812) returned for Maid-
stone, which borough he continued to
represent about six years. In 1814 he
was created a baronet; and in 1818,
upon the loss of his seat in the house
of commons, he visited many parts of
the Continent. In 1826 he returned to
England, for two years, and took up his
abode at Lee Priory, the seat of Col.
Brydges Barrett, his eldest son ; at the
expiration of which time, his affiiirs be-
coming inextrictvbly embarrassed, he
finally quitted his native land, and re-
moved to Geneva, where he remained
in great seclusion until his death. His
literary labors were exceedingly multi-
farious : poetry, romance, politics, gen-
ealogical antiquities, and topography,
were the principal ; and in many he ac-
quitted himself with considerable skill.
His abilities as a genealogist, topo^ra-
Eher, and bibliographer, are attested by
is "Censura Literaria Restituta," 10
vols.; " Theatrum Poetarum ;" "Stem-
mata lUustria;" "British Bibliog-
raphy ;" " Lex Terrae," &c. Besides
these, he published the novels of " Mary
de Clifford," " Arthur Fitz-Albini," and
" The Hall of Hellingsey ;" " Imaginary
Biography," 8 vols. ; " Recollections of
Foreign Travels," 2 vols. ; "The Auto-
biography, Times, Opinions, and Co-
temporaries of Sir Egerton Brydges,"
2 vols. ; and numerous others, inde-
pendent of contributions to many peri-
odicals on almost everv subject. D. 1837.
BRYDONE, Patrick, a Scotch gen-
tleman; author of "Travels into Sicily
and Malta," &c. B. 1741 ; d. 1819.
BRYENNIUS, Manuel, an early mu-
sical composer; he published, in the
14th century, a treatise on harmonies,
of which a Latin translation, together
BUCj
CYCLOP-^EDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
with tlie compositions of the author,
was published bv Dr. Wallis, in 1699.
BIT ACHE, Philip, an able French hy-
dro<;rapher; author of some valuable
hyclrographical and geographical works.
B. 1700; d. 1775.
BUAT NANCAY, Louis Gabrikl dtj,
an eminent French diplomatist and
writer; author of a "History of the
Ancient Nations of Europe," " Maxims
of Monarchical Government," &c. B.
1732; d. 1787.
BUG, Sir George, historian and anti-
quary, was a gentleman of the privy
clmmber to James I. ; and author of
"The Life of Kichard IIL," "The Art
of Revels." &c.
BUCHER, Martin, a friend of Luther,
and so eminent a preacher of the re-
formed feith, that Cranmer, when arch-
bishop of Canterbury, invited him to
England, and he became professor of
theology at Cambridge. B. 1491 ; d.l551.
BUCHAN, Stuart Erskine, earl of, a
nobleman devoted to literary and scien-
tific pursuits, and founder of the Anti-
quarian Society in Scotland. In 1791
ho instituted an annual commemoration
at Ednam, the birthplace of Thomson,
in honor of the poet ; and on that occa-
sion, Burns composed his " Address to
the Shade of the Bard of Ednam." D.
1829. — William, a native of Scotland,
and author of the well-known "Domes-
tic Medicine," &c. B. 1729 ; d. 1805.
BUCHANAN, George, an eminent
Scotch historian and poet. The few
works which he wrote in his vernacular
tongue are greatly admired ; but his
fame chiefly rests on his Latin works,
whicl. are singularly beautiful in their
style. B. 1506; d. 1582. — Claudius, a
Scotch divine, chaplain at Bengal, and
professor and vice-provost of the college
at Fort William. Of his numerous
works, the most interesting are "Chris-
tian Researches in Asia," and a " Mem-
oir on the Expediency of an Ecclesias-
tical Establishment in India." B. 1766 ;
d. 1815.
BUCHOZ, P. Joseph, a naturalist and
botanist of Metz, who must have been
one of the most industrious compilers
that ever lived, his works forming more
than 800 volumes. B. 1737 ; d. 1807.
BUCKINGHAM, George Villiers,
duke of, the favorite of James I. and
Charles I., was raised to the highest of-
fices in the state, became the dispenser
of all favors and honors, and conducted
himself with so much pride and inso-
lence, as to excite popular hatred and
disgust. Being intrusted with the com-
19*
mand of an army, he lost the flower of
it in an ill-conducted attack on flie Isle
of Rhe, and returned to refit his shat-
tered armament. W^hen he was again
about to sail, he was assassinatea at
Portsmouth, by a lieutenant of the name
of Felton, August 23, 1628.— George
Villiers, dukeof, son of the preceding.
B. 1627; studied at Cambridge; served
the king in the civil wars; had his es-
tates seized by the parliament, which,
however, were afterwards restored to
him ; and he eventually became a min-
ister to Charles II., and was one of his
most profligate courtiers. His political
conduct was, like his general behavior,
characterized by unprincipled levity and
imprudence ; and though his literary
and conversational powers were far
above mediocrity, yet he was an object
of contempt, and d. unregretted at Kir-
by Mooreside, Yorkshire, in 1688.—
Anne Eliza, duchess of, daughter and
heiress of the last duke of Chandos ; b.
1779 ; married to the marquis of Buck-
ingham, then Earl Temple, in 1796.
Throughout life this amiable and accom-
plished woman displayed those traits of
character which shed the brightest lus-
tre on exalted rank, and hallow the
memory of their possessors. She was
boundless in her charities ; pious, affec-
tionate, and sincere ; withdrawing from
the "pomps and vanities" of the world,
to indulge in the charms of retirement,
where she could encourage the deserv-
ing, reform the erring, and minister to
the necessities of the distressed. D. at
Stowe, 1836.
BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, John Shef-
field, duke of, son of the earl of Mul-
grave. B. 1649 ; served under Marshal
Tureune, and took a part in the revolu-
tion of 1668. He also distinguished
himself as a poet. Buckingham house,
in St. James's park, since converted
into a royal pulace, was originally built
for him. D. 1720.
BUCKINK, Arnold, an artist of the
15th century, and the flrst who engraved
maps on copper. He illustrated an edi-
tion of Ptolemy, which was printed by
Sweynheim, of Rome, one of the earliest
printers in that eountrv.
BUCKMINSTER, Joseph, a famous
preacher of Portsmouth, N. H. He
graduated at Yale college in 1770, and
from 1774 to 1778 was a tutor in that
seminary. He was ordained in 1779.
After a ministry of thirty-three years
his health became gi-eatly impaired. D.
1812, aged 60. It' is remarkable, that
on the preceding day his eldest son, a
232
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bup
dergyman in Boston, died after a week's
illness. Although Dr. B. had not heard
of his sickness, yet he said to his wife
repeatedly a few hours before his own
death, '■'Joseph is dead P^ He published
a number of "Sermons," and a sliort
"Sketch of Dr. Mackintosh." — Joseph
Stevens, a preacher of tiie Brattle-street
church in Boston. He graduated at
Harvard college in 1800. The next four
years were spent partly in the family of
his relative Theodore Lyman of Walt-
ham, partly as an assistant in the acad-
emy at Exeter, and in the prosecution
of theological studies. He was ordained
in 1805, and, after a visit to Europe,
preached for about five years, Mr.
Buckminster was a very interesting and
eloquent preacher, and perhaps as pop-
ular as any one who ever occupied a
pulpit in Boston, his hearers appearing,
wherever he preached, to hang on his
lips with delight. In 1808 he p^iiblished
a "Collection of Hymns," for the use
of his society, a number of "Keviews"
in the "Monthly Anthology" and other
f)eriodicals ; "The Kight^Hand of Fel-
owship" at the ordination of the Kev.
C. Lowell ; "A Sermon on the Death of
Gov. Sullivan," 1809; "On the Death
of W. Emerson," 1811: and "An Ad-
dress befoi-e the Phi Beta Kappa So-
ciety." D. 1812.
BUCQUOI, Chaeles Bonaventuee de
LoNGUEVAL, count dc, an eminent gen-
eral, b. 1551, entered early into the
Spanish service, and signalized his
valor in the Low Countries. In 1620,
in conjunction with the duke of Bava-
ria, he entirely defeated the Protestant
army near Prague ; but he stained his
laurels by his subsequent cruelties.
After having reduced Moravia, he was
killed, in 1621, at the siege of Neu-
hausel.
BUDE, or BUD^US, William, b. at
Paris, 1467, where he d. 1540, spent a
youth of dissipation, but at length ap-
f)lied himself so closely to study, that
lis classical acquirements gained for
liim the title of the Prodigy of France.
He was employed on embassies by Louis
XII. and Francis L, to the latter of
wliom he was secretary and librarian.
Bude translated some treatises from
Plutarch, and wrote several works, the
tjhief of which are, his "Tractatus de
Asse," and "Commentarii Linguae
3UDGELL, Eustace, b. at St. Thomas,
near Exeter, about 1685, and educated
at Christ-church, Oxford. Addison,
who was related to him, took him to
Ireland, as one of his clerks, and in that
country Budgell rose to offices of great
trust and profit, and to be a member of
the Irish parliament. While filling
those offices with diligence and honor,
he contributed to the "Spectator" ana
"Guardian," translated ihe "Charac-
ters of Theophrastus," and wrote vari-
ous pieces in verse. The tide of fortune,
however, at length turned against him.
He was dismissed from his office of ac-
comptant and comptroller general of
Ireland, for satirizing the lord-lieutenant,
who had treated him ill ; he lost £20,000
in the South Sea bubble; he spent
£5000 more in vain attempts to obtain
a seat in the house of commons; and at
last became involved in lawsuits and
embarrassments. The finishing stroke
was put to his fate, by the setting aside
the will of Dr. Matthew Tindall, in
which appeared a bequest of £2000 to
Budgell. His difficulties, and the dis-
grace of having a forgery attributed to
him, stung him to the heart, and he
ended his existence by throwing him
self into the Thames, May 4, 1737. Be-
sides the works already mentioned he
established a periodical called the "Bee,"
assisted in the " Craftsman," and wrote
the "History of Cleomenes," and "Me-
moirs of the Family of the Boyles."
BUELL, Jesse, a distinguished agri-
culturist, who devoted the best part of
his life to the diffusion of knowledge in
his favorite branch of practical science.
In the year 1813 he established the
" Albany Argus," a political paper,
which he edited till 1821. He was for
several years a member of the New
York legislature, and once a candidate
for governor. But he was best known
as the editor of "The Cultivator,"
which attained a large circulation among
farmers and others interested in agri-
culture. B. 1787 ; d. 1839.
BUFFIER, Claude, a Jesuit, b. m
Poland, of French parents, 1661, studied
at the college of Rouen, where he after-
wards held the situation of theological
professor. Buffier was employed in the
" Memoires de Trevoux," and likewise
produced a great number of theological,
metaphysical, biographical, and geo-
graphical works. Several of them were
collected in a folio volume, Avith the
title of a " Course of Sciences on new
and simple Principles." Though some-
times superficial, he is, on the whole, an
elegant and instructive writer. D. 1737.
BUFFON, George Louis le Clebc,
count de, the "Pliny of France," was
the son of a counsellor of the parliament
bul]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
233
of Dijon, and was b. September 7, 1707,
at Montoard, in Burgundy. He studied
the law at Dijon, but never practised it;
his inclinations leading him to math-
ematical and physical science, and Eu-
clid being his constant pocket com-
panion. After having travelled into
Italy and England, he succeeded to his
paternal estate at Montbard, between
which and Paris his time was spent.
In 1739 he was appointed keeper of the
royal garden and cabinet at Paris, the
treasures of which he greatly increased.
His patent of nobility he obtained in
1771. He was al.'^o'a member of the
French Academy, and of the Academy
of Sciences. Buffon d. April 16, 1788.
As a man, he was fond of dress and
display, lax in his morals, and immeas-
uraoly vain. Newton, Bacon, Leib-
nitz, Montesquieu, and himself, were
the only persons whom he would allow
to be great geniuses ! His first literary
works were, "Translations of Hale's
Vegetable Statics," and " Newton's
Fluxions." But for his fame he is in-
debted to his " Natural History," in 36
volumes, which has been naturalized
in almost every European language.
Though always immethodical, though
often inaccurate, iand though full of the
wildest theories, it is undoubtedly an
astonishing work, whether we consider
the extent of its information, the spirit
of its descriptions, or the eloquence of
its style.
BUGEAUD, Marshal, duke of Isly,
a distinguished French soldier, b. at
Limoges, 1784, served under Napoleon
at Austerlitz, and was made field-
marshal for gaining a victory over the
Moors in 1844. D. 1849.
BUGGE, Chevalier Thomas, an emi-
nent Danish astronomer; greatly dis-
tinguished by his trigonometrical survey
of the island of Zealand. His other
chief works are a treatise on "Math-
ematics," and " An Account of the
state of the Arts and Sciences, &c., in
France, at the close of the Eevolution."
B. 1740 ; d. 1815.
BULL, John, doctor of music, was
chamber musician to James I. His
compositions were very numerous ; the
.aational anthem of " God save the King"
Dcing among them. The time of his
death is uncertain, but he was alive at
the commencement of the year 1622. —
Geouge, bishop of St, David's, a learned
prelate, and a very industrious and able
theological writer, author of "Harmonia
Apostolica," "Defensio Fidei Nicenee,"
*c. B. 1634 ; d. 1709.
BULLEK, Chaeles, a politician of
rare promise, b. at Calcutta, 1806, re-
ceived his education partly at Harrow,
Edinburgh, and Cambridge, and from
an early age gave promise of more than
ordinary abilities. In his 24th year he
entered parhament on the eve of the
reform bill for the borough of West
Looe, which belonged to his family. He
voted for the bill. On all questions that
came before parliament he took an active
part ; and on many occasions his opin-
ions were far in advance of the whig
party, with whom he subsequently took
office. In 1838 he accompanied Lord
Durham to Canada as his private secre
tary ; and in this capacity drew up the
masterly report upon the afifairs ot that
colony, which is considered as one of
the most eifective state papers of the
age. In 1841 he was appointed secre-
tary to the Board of Control, an office,
however, which he relinquished in 1842,
on the formation of the Peel ministry.
In 1846, on the formation of the whig
cabinet, he was appointed judge advo-
cate ; in November of the same year he
was nominated a queen's counsel, sworn
of the privy council in July, 1849, and
in November exchanged the easy office
of judge advocate for the onerous duties
of chief commissioner of the poor laws,
an office which he held till his death.
Besides discharging faithfully his official
duties, he found leisure for literary pur-
suits, and many able articles in tho
"Globe" and the " Edinburgh Review"
emanated from his versatile pen. D,
1848.
BULLET, Peter, an eminent Frencli
architect of the 17th century. He con-
structed the church of St. Thomas Aqui-
nas, and many other splendid edifices
in Paris, and wrote some good archi-
tectural works.
BULLIALDUS, Tsmael, a French as-
tronomer and mathematician, author of
" Philolaus ; a Dissertation on the True
Svstem of the World," "Tabulae Phi-
lolaicse," &c, B. 1605 ; d. 1694.
BULLIARD, Pierre, a French bota-
nist, author of " Dictionnaire Elemen-
taire Botanique," "Herbier de la
France," &c. He designed and en-
graved his own plates. B.'l742; d. 1793
BULLINGEK, Henry, a Swiss pastoi
of the reformed church, and the inti-
mate friend of Zuinglius, whom he suc-
ceeded as pastor of Zurich. His wri-
tings were very numerous, but being
almost entirely controversial, they are
now little regarded. B. 1504; d. 1575.
BULOW, Fredebio William, count
Wk
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bur
<on Dennewitz, a gallant Prussian gen-
eral, whose services were most essential
to his country on many perilous occa-
sions. He was actively engaged against
the French at the earliest periods of the
late war, and, in 1808, was made a gen-
eral of brigade. His memorable vic-
tories, in 1813, at Mockern, Luckau,
Grosbeeren, and Dennewitz, were re-
warded by promotion and a title. He
aftei-wards distinguished himself in
Westphalia, Holland, Belgium, &c. ;
and, as commander of the fourth di-
vision of the allied army, he contributed
essentially to the victorious close of the
battle of Waterloo. B. 1755 ; d. 1816.—
Baron Henry von, distinguished in the
annals of diplomacy, b. 17 'JO, at Meck-
lenburgh Schwerin. In 1826 he was
appointed ambassador of Prussia at the
court of St. James's; and to his talents
were due several of the most important
treaties which allayed the warlike spirit
of the times. Here he remained till
1841, when he was nominated minister
of foreign affairs at Berlin ; but the crisis
of affairs in Prussia proved too much
for his exhausted energies, and the
overstraining of his intellect, in his at-
tempt to guide the vessel of the state,
produced a mental alienation, under
which he succumbed in 1846.
BUNYAN, John, the celebrated au-
thor of "The Pilgrim's Progress," &c.,
was the son of a travelling tinker, and
for a time followed his father's occupa-
tion. Mean, however, as was his origin,
and dissipated as his early habits con-
fessedly were, it appears that he aban-
doned the latter, and attached himself
to the Anabaptists, among whom he
soen became distinguished as a preacher.
Being imprisoned for contravening the
laws against dissenters, he employed the
twelve years of his confinement "in wri-
ting the most popular allegory in our
language, "The Pilgrim's Progress."
He was at length released through the
interposition of the bishop of Lincoln,
and resumed his ministry al Bedford.
B. 1628; d. 1688.
BUONO, a Venetian architect of the
12th century, who erected the well-
known tower of St. Mark at Venice, a
campanile or bell-tower at Arezzo, and
several other grand edifices. He is de-
servedly reckoned among the earliest im-
provers of modern architecture.
BUONONCINI, Giovanni Baptisti, a
celebrated Italian composer, and One of
Handel's most powerful rivals in En-
gland. Besides operas, ho composed
various cantatas and sonatas, and the
frand funeral anthem for the duke of
larlborough. He is supposed to have
d. at Venice about the middle of the 18th
century.
BUPALUS, a famous sculptor of the
isle of Chios in the Gth century b. c.
He is said to have hanged himself in
vexation at a satire written upon him by
Hipponax, a poet, whose leanness he had
caricatured in a statue.
BUECHARD, or BROCARDUS, bish-
op of Worms, in the 11th century. As-
sisted by the abbot Albert, he compiled
the ftimous collection of canons, in 20
books, entitled " Magna Decretorum,
seu Canonum Volumen." D. 1026.
BURCHARD, John, a native of Ger-
many ; master of ceremonies to_ the
pope, and, subsequently, bishop of Cit-
ta di Castello ; author of a journal or
diary of Pope Alexander VI., the MS. ot
which, with a continuation by some
other hand, is in the Chigi Library at
Rome. D. 1505.
BURCHIELLO, an Italian poet, whose
real name was Dominico, was b. at
Florence, in 1380, and d. at Rome, 1448.
Burchielllo was a barber, and his shop
was the resort of all the wits of the eitv.
Such celebrity did this humble abode
obtain, that the representation of it was
painted in the Medicis gallery. W^ith
much wit and elegance, his poems are
in style the most eccentric, ana often un-
intelliarible, that can be imasrined.
BURCKHARDT, John Lewis, a Swiss
gentleman, who proposed to the English
association for exploring Africa to be
their missionary. He was unfortunate-
ly carried off by dysentery while wait-
ing fort he caravan with which he was
to go to Timbuctoo. His papers were
sent to England, and from them have
been published his " Travels in Nubia,"
and " Travels in Syria and the Holy
Land." B. 1784; d. 1816. John
Charles, a learned German astronomer :
author of " Tables de la Lune," &c.j
and of a German translation of La
Place's "La Mecanique Celeste." B.
1773; d. 1825.
BURDER, George, an eminent dis-
senting minister ; author of " Evan-
gelical Truth Defended," &c., and one
of the editors of the " Evangelical Maga-
zine." D. 1832.
BURDETT, Sir Francis, bart., ..n
aristocrat by birth and fortune, but for
a long series of years one of the most
popular members* of the British parlia-
ment, was b. in 1770, and received his
education at Westminster school and
Oxford university. On returning from
bur]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
$^25
a continental tour, during which he had
ample opportunities of witnessing the
progress of the Fi'ench revolution, he
was" evidently imbued with some por-
tion of its spirit, which was in no small
degree fostered and encouraged by his
friend and instructor, the celebrated
John Home Tooke, the well-known au-
thor of the " Diversions of Purley," of
whom, indeed, Sir Francis may fairly
l)c considered the el'eve. In 1793 he
married the youngest daughter of Tho-
mas Coutts, esq., the wealthy banker,
with whom he received a large fortune ;
and in four years afterwards, on the
death of his grandfather, succeeded to
the baronetcy. In 1767 he was returned
to parliament; and he soon distinguish-
ed himself by his resolute hostility to
the measures of government. His op-
Eosition to ministers was so formida-
le and unceasing that, in 1810, having
addressed a letter to his constituents, in
which he declared that the house of
commons had exercised their power il-
legally by committing John Gale Jones
to prison, the publication of this letter
was deemed a gross breach of privilege,
and the speaker was directed to issue his
warrant for the apprehension and com-
mitment of Sir Francis Burdett to the
Tower. " He refused to surrender, and
barricaded his house ; whereupon, after
a lapse of two days, the sergeant-at-
arms, accompanied by police officers and
a military force, succeeded in breaking
in, and conveyed him to the Tower. On
the return of the military the infuriated
mob attacked them, andin their defence
they shot one man and wounded several
others. He afterwards brought an ac-
tion against the speaker, &c.^ but was,
of course, unsuccessful. In the year
1819 he was prosecuted by the attorney-
general for addressing a letter to his
constituents, strongly animadverting on
the proceedings of the magistrates and
yeomanry at the memorable meeting of
the people at Manchester. The letter
was pronounced a libel, and he was sen-
tenced to three months' imprisonment
in the King's Bench, and to pay a fine of
1000?. Sir Francis Burdett was always
a loud and zealous advocate for parlia-
mentary reform. D. 1844, aged 74. —
Lady Burdett, who had for many years
suffered greatly in her health, d. the
same month.
, BUEDON, William, an able English
'writer ; author of " Materials for Think-
ing," of which Colton largely availed
Jimself in his " Lacon ;" "Thoughts
on Politics, Morality, and Literature,"
" Lifeand Character of Bonaparte." &o.
D. 1818.
BURGEE, Godfrey Augustus, a cele-
brated German poet, was b. January 1st,
1748, at Wolmerswende, near Halber-
stadt, where his father was a preacher,
and d. June 18th, 1794, at Gottingen.
He learned Latin with difficulty. In
1764 he studied theology at the univer-
sity of Halle, and in 1768 he went to
Gottingen, in order to exchange theology
for law, but soon formed connections here
equally disadvantageous to his studies
and his morals, so that his grandfather,
who had hitherto maintained him, with-
drew his support from him. The friend-
ship of several distinguished young men
at the university was now of great ser-
vice to him. In union with his friends
he studied the ancient classics and the
best works in French, Italian, Spanish,
and English, particularly Shakspeare,
and the old English and Scottish ballads.
Percy's Relics was his constant compan-
ion. His poems soon attracted attention.
In 1772 he obtained, by the influence of
Bole, the small office of bailey in Alten
Gleichen, and, by a reconciliation with
his grandfather, a sum for the payment
of his debts, which he unfortunately
lost, and during the rest of his life, was
involved in pecuniary difficulties. In
1774 he married the daughter of a neigh-
boring bailey, named Leonhardt, but his
marriage was unfortunate. He conceived
a violent passion for the sister of his
wife, and married her, in 1784, soon af-
ter his first wife's death. She also, his
celebrated Molly ^ died in the first year of
their marriage. At the same time he
lost his little property by imprudent
management, and was obliged, by in-
trigues, to resign his place. He was
made professor extraordinary in Gottin-
gen, but received no salarV, and this
favorite poet of the nation was obliged
to gain a living for himself and his chil-
dren by poorly rewarded translations for
booksellers. A third marriage, in 1790,
with a young lady of Suabia, who had
publicly off'ered him her hand in a poem,
completed his misfortunes ; he was di-
vorced from her two years afterwards.
The government of Hanover afforded
him some assistance shortly before his
death, which took place in June, 1794,
and was occasioned by a complaint of
the lungs. In the midst of these misfor-
tunes and obstacles it is astonishing how
mu(^ he did. He has left us songs,
odes, elegies, ballads, narrative poems,
and epigrams. Burger is a poet of more
strong than comprehensive imagination;
sm
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bcr
of more honest and plain than delicate
feelings ; his execution is more remark-
able than his conception.
BUKGESS, Daniel, a dissenting
preacher, very popular in his day on ac-
count of his quaint and familiar style of
pulpit oratory, of which a single speci-
men will suffice. " If," said lie, on one
occasion, " any among you want a cheap
suit, he musst go to Monmouth-street;
if a suit for life, he will go to the Court
of Chancery ; but if you want an eternal
sviit, you must go to Christ, and, put on
his robe of righteousness." B, 1G45 ; d.
1713. — Thomas, bishop of Salisbury, b.
1756, at Odiham, in liampshire, where
his father carried on business as a grocer,
was educated at Winchester, obtained a
scholarship at Corpus Christ! college,
Oxford, in 1775; and, by his talents and
diligence, in a short period became logic
reader and tutor of the college. He had
by this time distinguished himself as a
scholar of very considerable pretensions,
by the publication of several able works ;
and he found a patron in Dr. Shute
Barrington, who collated him, in 1787,
to the prebend of Wilsford and Wood-
ford, in Salisbury cathedral, and after-
wards preferred him to a prebendal stall
at Durham. Among his numerous
works are editions of " Burton's Penta-
logia," and " Dawes's Miscellanea Criti-
ca," " Considerations on the Abolition
of Slavery," an "Essay on the Study of
Antiquities," " First Principles of Chris-
tian Knowledge," " Eefiections on the
Controversiiil Writings of Dr. Priest-
ley," "Emendationes^n Suida met He-
sychium et alios Lexicographos Graecos,"
4 vols. ; " The Bible, antf Nothing but
the Bible, the Religion of the Church of
England ;" with many others, theologi-
cal, classical, and political. Bishop Bur-
gess was mainly instrumental in tound-
ing_ the Eoyal Society of Literature, of
which, in 1821, he became the first pres-
ident ; but in 1832, on account of his
loss of sight, and other infirmities, he
resigned the office in favor of the late
Lord Dover. D. 1837.
BURGH, James, the able author of the
" Dignity of Human Nature," &c., was
a native of Scotland, and educated at
St. Andrew's. Though brought up to a
trade, he afterwards filled several situa-
tions, more or less connected with liter-
ature, and for the last 20 years of his
life was master of an academy at Stoke
Newington. B. 1714 ; d, 1775. «
BURGOYNE, John, a lieutenant-gen-
eral of the British army, was a natural
son of Lord Bingley ; entered early into
the army, and in 1762, displayed much
talent and enterprise, in couunand of a
party of troops in Portugal, in tlie
American war, he led the army which
was to penetrate from Canada into the
revolted provinces. At first he was suc-
cessful ; but insuperable obstacles thick-
ening round him, he was ultimately
compelled to sun-ender at Saratoga.
Disgusted by the conduct of the minis-
try after his return, he resigned all his
employments. Burgoyne wrote the dra-
mas of the " Heiress," the "Maid of the
Oaks," the " Lord of the Manor," and
" Richard Cceur de Lion ;" some pamph-
lets in his own defence ; and a " Proba-
tionary Ode." D. 1792.
BURIDAN, John, a native of Be
thune, in Flanders, b. in the 14th cen-
tury, a nominalist philosopher, was rec-
tor of the university of Paris ; and has,
but erroneously, been deemed the foun-
der of the university of Vienna. He
is believed to have died about 1358.
His memory has been perpetuated by
his dUemma of the ass between two
bundles of hay, which he used to illus-
trate the doctrine of free will, and which
has grown into a proverb.
BURIGNY, John Levesque, a French
writer, member of the Academy of In-
scriptions. He wrote histories of Pagan
Philosophy ; Sicily ; and the Constant!-
nopolitan Empire; lives of Grotius,
Erasmus, Bossuet, and Cardinal de Per-
ron; a treatise on the Papal Authority;
and numerous other productions. B. at
Rheims, 1691 ; d. at Paris, 1785.
BURKE, Edmund, a celebrated states-
man. B. at Carlow, in Ireland, Jan. 1st,
1730; was educated at Dublin, where,
after three years' residence, he took his
bachelor's degree, 1749. He afterwards
applied for the logic professorship at
Glasgow, and when liis solicitations were
unsuccessful, he came to London, and
in 1753 entered at the Middle Temple.
But though possessed of great powers
of elocution, he paid no serious attention
to the law, considering literature and
politics as the fields most favorable for
the exertion of his genius. His first ac-
knowledged work, which was published
anonymously, was his " Vindication of
Natural Society," an admirable imitation
of Lord Bolingbroke's style and manner
of reasoning, which deceived even some
of the best judges. This was followed,
in 1757, by his " Essay on the Sublime
and Beautiful." In 1758 Dodsley began
at his suggestion, the " Annual Register,"
which owed much of its celebrity to his
pen. In 1761 he visited Ireland, as a
BtmJ
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
227
companion of his friend, Singlespeech
Hamilton, by whose interest he procured
a pension of £300 on the Irish estab-
lishment, and on his return he was in-
troduced by Mr. Fitzherbert to the notice
of Lord Rockins?iiain, tirst lord of the
treasury, who made him liis secretary,
and had him returned to parliament for
Wendover. In 1774, without any soli-
citation on his part, Jie was elected for
Bristol ; but this seat he lost at the next
election, in his having displayed too
much liberality of principle, with respect
to the Catholics and to Ireland. He sub-
sequently sat for Malton. In the mean
while he gave to the public his " Ob-
servations on Grenville's State of the
Nation ;" a " Short Account of a late
short Administration ;" " Thoughts on
the Causes of the present Discontents;"
and his speeches on American affairs.
To the impolitic contest with America
he made a strenuous and eloquent re-
sistance as a senator. On the downfall
of Lord North's ministry, Burke obtain-
ed the office of paymaster-general, and
a seat in the council ; and he availed
himself of this opportunity to carry his
celebrated reform bill, which he had pre-
viously brought forward in vain. The
expulsion of the coalition ministry of
course deprived him of his office. The
prosecution of Mr. Hastings, and the
opposition to Mr. Pitt's regency bill,
were among his next and greatest par-
liamentary efforts. Though the former
of these has drawn down upon him
much censure, and even calumny, there
can be no doubt that he undertook it as
a sacred and imperative duty. This is
irrefragably proved bv his recently pub-
lished letters to Dr. "Lawrence. When
the French revolution took place, he
early foresaw the result, and, in 1790,'
he produced his celebrated "Reflections"
on that event. A breach between him
and Mr. Fox was also occasioned by their
difference of opinion on this important
subject. In 1794 he retired from parlia-
ment, and a pension of £1200 a year was
bestowed on him by the government.
From the time when his " Reflections"
were published, till his decease, his lit-
erary hostility to the doctrines of revo-
hitionary France was continued with
unabated vigor. The last work which
he gave to the press was " Two Letters
on a Regicide Peace:" the concluding
two were posthumous. D. July 8th,
1797. His compositions have been col-
lected in 16 volumes octavo. In private
life Burke was amiable and benevolent ;
in public, indefatigable, ardent, and ab-
horrent of meanness and injustice. It
was this latter quality which rendered
him a persevering advocate of the Irish
Catholics. As an orator he ranks among
the first of modern times ; and as n
writer, whether we consider the splen •
dor of his diction, the richness and va-
riety of his imagery, or the boundless
stores of knowledge which he displays,
it must be acknowledged that there are
few who equal, and none who transcend
him. — Aedanus, a judge of the court of
chancery in South Carolina, was a native
of Galway, in Ireland. At the beginning
of the revolution he came as a volunteer,
to fight for American liberty. In 1778
he was appointed a judge of the supreme
court. In 1789 he was a delegate in
congress. D. 1802, aged 59. — Joim
DoLY, author of a history of Virginia,
was a native of Ireland, and educated at
Trinity college. Coming to America in
1797, he conducted for a short time a
?aper at Boston, and afterwards at New
ork, where he was arrested under the
sedition law. He was killed in a dueJ.
in 1808. He published a history of Vir-
ginia from its first settlement to" 1804, in
3 vols. He published also "Bunker
Hill," a tragedy ; " Bethlem Gabor," an
historical drama, 1803; and an oration
delivered March 4, 1808.
BURKITT, William, an English di-
vine ; author of a " Practical Exposition
of the New Testament," which has gone
through many editions. B. 1650; d.
1703.
BURLAMAQUI, John James, an il-
lustrious civilian, b. at Geneva, 1694,
was afterwards professor of civil law
there. In his " Principles of Natural
Law," written in French, he is suppo-
sed to have incorporated all the oest
things from Grotius, Pulfendorf, and
their commentator Barbeyrac. He pub-
lished, some time after, the " Principles
of Political Law," which were written
in the same language, and equally well
received. D. 1748.
BURLEIGH, William Cecil, lord
high treasurer of England in the reign
of Elizabeth. He was patronized by the
Protector Somerset, in Edward VI.'s
reign, and made a privy councillor ; and
when Elizabeth came to the throne, his
political sagacity and the devotion he
showed to liis sovereign earned for him
the highest honors. His state policy has
been admitted on all hands, but it
squared little with humanity, as may be
gathered from the prosecutions which he
encouraged against the unfortunate Ma-
ry, queen of Scots. B. 1520 ; d. 1598.
228
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bur
BUKMAN, Peter, an eminent critic,
b. at Utrecht, 1668, was professor of his-
tory, eloquence, and Greek, first at
Utrecht, and afterwards at Leyden. He
subsequently became professor of his-
tory and cliief librarian to the United
Provinces. Besides publishing valuable
editions of many of the Latin classics, and
an edition of Buchanan's work, he wrote
Latin poems, and various critical and
philological dissertations,diseourses, and
epistles. — John, a physician and botan-
ist, the pupil of Boerhaave, and nephew
of the celebrated critic. He was profes-
sor of botany at Amsterdam. Burman,
among other things, published a " Cata-
logue of Ceylonian Plants," in which Lin-
naeus assisted him ; and " Descriptions
of rare African and American Plants ;"
and translated into Latin " Rum-
phius's Herbal of Amboyna." B. 1707 ;
d. 1780. — Peter, brother of the bota-
nist, b. at Amsterdam, 1714, was brought
up by his uncle, whom he assisted in
his critical labors, and of whom he was
no unworthy rival in erudition. He
was professor of eloquence at Franeker,
and afterwards, professor of poetry, li-
brarian, and keeper of the gymnasium,
at Amsterdam, where he d^ of an apo-
plexy in 1778. He wrote a volume of
Latin poems, and edited Aristophanes,
Claudius, Propertius, and other classical
writers. Like his uncle, he was irasci-
ble, and was frequently engaged in vio-
lent literary quarrels.
BURN, KiCHARD, a native of Kirkby
Stephen, in Westmoreland, was edu-
cated at Oxford, and became vicar of
Orton, in his native county, a magistrate,
and chancellor of Carlisle. He is the
author of the useful book known as
" Burn's Justice ;" a similar work on
Ecclesiastical Law ; a " History of the
Poor Laws ;" and, in conjunction with
Nicholson, a " History of Westmoreland
and Cumberland." D. 1789.
BURNES, Sir Alexander, a lieuten-
ant-colonel of the British army in In-
dia, who filled several important of-
fices at Cabool, where he, with his
brother Charles and several others, were
assassinated in 1841.
BURNET, Gilbert, bishop of Salis-
bury, b. at Edinburgh, 1643, was a very
zealous promoter of the revolution
which finally placed the present family
on the English throne. As a writer, he
is distinguished by his " History of the
Reformation," published between 1679
and 16«1 and for which he had the
thanks of both houses of parliament.
In 1699 he published his "Exposition
of the 39 Articles of the Church of En-
gland ;" and after his death, which hap-
Eened March, 1714-15, his " History of
is Own Times, with his Life annexed,"
was published by his son, Thomas Bur-
net, afterwards Sir Thomas. — William,
eldest son of the foregoing, was suc-
cessively governor of the colonies of
New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts,
and New Hampshire. He landed at
Boston. July, 1728, and was immediate-
ly involved in provincial disputes. lie
was a man of learning, and published
several works on theological and scien-
tific subjects. B. 1688 : d. 1729.— Eliz-
BETH, third wife of Bishop Burnet, was
the daughter of Sir Richard Blake,
knight. At the age of 18 she married
Robert Berkeley, esq., with whom
she went to reside in Holland till the
revolution, and after being a widow
seven years, she, in 1700, married the
bishop of Sahsbury. The fortune
which she possessed was employed to
the most benevolent purposes, and the
goodness of her heart was displayed in
er maternal attention to the children
of her last husband. She published a
method of devotion, a book of merit,
which showed her great knowledge
of religion, and which was again re-
printed four years after her death. B.
1661 ; d. 1709.— Thomas, a philosopher
and divine, b. at Croft, in Yorkshire,
about 1685, was educated at Cambridge,
was appointed master of the Charter-
house, m 1685, and became chaplain and
clerk of the closet to King William. As
master of the Charter-house, he distin-
guished himself by boldly resisting the
attempts of James 11. to make a Roman
Catholic a pensioner of the establish-
ment. As a literary character, he ac-
quired reputation by various works of
merit, but particularly by his " Telluris
Sacra Theorie," which he subsequently
translated into English, with the title of
the "Sacred Theory of the Earth," and
which, though its philosophy is radically
defective, will always be admired, for
the sublimity of its imagery and the elo-
quence of its style. D. 1715.
BURNETT, James, Lord Monboddo,
a distinguished Scotch judge ; author
of a " Dissertation on the Origin of Lan-
guage," &c. Though both learned and
acute, he exposed himself to much and
merited ridicule by asserting the exist-
ence of mermaids and satyrs, and by
other ridiculous theories, particularly
his whimsical speculations relative to a
supposed affinity between the human
race and ne monkey tribe. B. 1714;
BUR J
CfCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
d. 1779. — George, a modern English au-
thor of some talent and more industry.
He wrote " Letters on the State of Po-
land," and the " Introduction to Mavor's
Universal History ;" he also edited vari-
ous publications,' but d. in penury, 1811.
— Gilbert Thomas, a lineal descendant
of the celebrated Bishop Burnet, having
received a classical and scientific educa-
tion, studied with success under medi-
cal and anatomical professors ; and ulti-
mately became the professor of medical
botany at King's college, London. He
had for some time previously lectured
upon his favorite study at the Hunterian
theatre in Windmill-street, and to which
he owed his appointment to the honor-
ary professorship to tlie Medico-Botani-
cal bociety, before his election to the
chair at King's college. B. 1800; d.
1835,
BUENEY, Charles, a doctor of music
and literary character of some note, was
b. at Shrewsbury, in 1726, and studied
music under Dr. Arne. In 1749 he pro-
duced at Drurv-lane, the musical pieces
of "Alfred," "Kobin Hood," and "Queen
Mab." He then settled at Lynn, where
he resided nine years, during which
period he was employed on his " Gener-
al History of Music," the first volume of
which however he did not give to the
press till 1776. In 1760 he returned to
the capital, and in 1766 brought out, at
Drury-lane, an English version of the
" Devin du Village." In 1770 and 1772 he
travelled through France and Italy, and
Germany and the Netherlands ; of "which
tours he published interesting narra-
tives. He became a member of the
Eoyal Society after his second return,
and contributed to their transactions an
account of young Crotch. Besides the
productions already mentioned, and
many musical compositions, he pro-
duced several works, one of the cnief
of which is a " Life of Metastasio," in
three volumes. D. 1814. — Charles,
second son of tiie preceding, was b. at
Lynn, in 1757, and educated at the Char-
ter-house, Caius college, Cambridge, and
Aberdeen. After having been an assist-
ant to an academy at Highgate, and
afterwards to Dr. " Kose, of Chiswick,
whose daughter he married, he estab-
lished a school at Hammersmith, which
at a subsequent period he removed to
Greenwich. He obtained the livings of
Deptford and of Cliffe, and a prebend
at Lincoln, and was appointed one of
the king's chaplains. Dr. Burney was
one of the most consummate Greek
Bcholarfl in Europe. His classical ac-
quirements were first displayed in his
criticisms in the " Monthly Keview." He
published an "Appendix to Scapula;"
an edition of the " Choral Odes of Ms-
chylus ;" and other erudite works. His
valuable library was purchased for the
British Museum. D. 1817. — James, a
son of the historian of music, b. 1739,
accompanied Captain Cook in two of his
voyages ; was much beloved by John-
son; became a rear-admiral, and dis-
played a respectable portion of the liter-
ary talent of his family, in a "History
of Voyages of Discovery," 5 vols. 4to;
an "Account of the Eussian Eastern
Voyages;" and some philosophical
tracts. D. of apoplexy, 1820. — Willl\m,
master of the royal academy, Gosport ;
a school where many distinguished naval
and military oflRcers have been educated.
He was the author of " Lives of the Na-
val Heroes of Great Britain," &c. B.
1762; d. 1832.
BUEE, Aaron", president of the col-
lege of New Jersey ; eminent as an able
and learned divine, and an accomplished
scholar ; in 1748 was unanimously elected
president of the college which he was
instrumental in founding, as successor
to Mr. Dickinson. The college was re-
moved about this time from Elizabeth-
town to Newark, and in 1757, a short
time before the death of Mr. Burr, to
Princeton. In 1754 he accompanied Mr.
Whitefield to Boston, having a high
esteem for the character of that eloc[uent
itinerant preachc-r. Mr. Burr published
a treatise entitled " The Supreme Deity
of our Lord Jesus Christ," maintained
in a letter to the dedicator of Mr. Em-
lyn's inquiry; reprinted at Boston in
1791. He published also a " Fast Ser-
mon" on account of tlie encroachments
of the French, January 1, 1758; "The
Watchman's Answer to the Question,
What of the Night?" a sermon, 1756;
a funeral sermon on Governor Belcher,
1757. B. 1714; d. 1757.— Joseph, a
philanthropist, of Manchester, Vermont,
who gave in his will over $90,000 to
public institutions. D. 1828. — Aaron,
third vice-president of the United States.
B. at Newark, New Jersey, February 6,
1756, was the son of the Eev. Aaron
Burr. His mother was the daughter of
the celebrated Eev. Jonathan Edwards.
He was graduated at the college in Penn-
sylvania, 1772, at the age of 16 ; in 1775,
in his 20th year, he joined the American
army, under Washington, at Cambridge ;
accompanied General Arnold as a pri-
vate soldier in his expedition against
Quebec ; after his arrival there, he acted
230
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bur
as an aid-de-camp to General Mont-
gomery; and on his return, in 1776,
Genera] Washington invited him to join
his family at head-quarters. Some cir-
cumstunce soon took place, which has
not been fully explained, by which Burr
lost the conlidence of Washington ; and
the hostility of the former to the latter
from that time was undisguised. In
1777 Burr was appointed lieutenant-
colonel, and distinguished himself as
an able and brave otlicer ; but in March,
177'J, he was, on account of the state of
his health, compelled to resign his office,
and retire from military life. He then
devoted himself to the study of law;
commenced practice at Albany, in 1782,
but soon removed to the city of New
York; he became distinguished in his
profession ; was appointed attorney-
general of the state of New York in
1789 ; from 1791 to 1797 he was a mem-
ber of the United States senate, and
bore a conspicuous part as a leader of
the republican party. At the election
of president of the United States for the
fourth presidential term, Thomas Jetfer-
son and Aaron Burr had each 78 votes,
and the choice was decided by congress,
on the 36th ballot, in favor of Jefferson
for president, and Burr for vice-presi-
dent. On the 12th of July, 1804, Colonel
Burr gave Alexander Hainilton, long his
professional rival and political opponent,
n mortal wound in a duel. He soon after
conceived the project of invading Mexi-
co ; for which he was at length appre-
hended and brought to Richmond, in
August, 1807, on a charge of treason,
and, after a long trial, acquitted. He
afterwards returned to the city of New-
York, practised law to some extent, but
passed the remainder of his life in com-
parative obscurity and neglect. D, at
Staten Island, New York, September
14:th, 1836.
BUKNS, Egbert, the greatest of Scot-
tish poets, was the sou of Wm. Burns,
a gardener and small farmer, near the
town of Ayr, and was b. January 25th,
17aO. He was brought up to rustic
labor ; but his education was not neg-
lected, as he received, at an early age,
instructions in English grammar, by a
Mr. Murdock, to which he add^d an ac-
quaintance with the French language
and practical mathematics. Smitten
■with a passion for reading, he devoted
every moment he could spare to the
perusal of such books as fell in his way,
and, among them, meeting with the
works of some of the best English
poets, he was enabled to cultivate and
improve a taste for poetry and romantic
fiction; which was, perhaps, first in-
spired by the chimney-corner tales of
an old woman in liis father's family,
whose memory was plentifully stored
with adventures of fairies, witches, war
locks, ghosts, and goblins, which she
religiously believed, and therefore do-
tailed witli the most impressive effect to
her admiring auditors. Burns's first
poetical effusions were prompted by
love, a passion of which he was pecu-
liarly susceptible. Having begun, he
continued to make verses, which at-
tracted the notice of his neighbors, and
gained him con^derable reputation. In
1781 he engaged in business as a flax-
dresser, in the town of Irvine ; but his
premises were destroyed by fire, and he
was obliged to relinquish the underta-
king. His father dying, he took a small
farm in conjunction with a younger
brother ; and this scheme also' proved
unsuccessful. In the mean time, he
had formed a connection with a young
woman, whom, on her becoming preg-
nant, he would have married ; but his
ruined circumstances induced her friends
to object to it. Thus unsuccessful at
home, he engaged himself as assistant
overseer to a plantation in Jamaica. To
obtain the funds necessary for the voy-
age, he was induced to publish, by sub-
scription, a volume of his poetical effu-
sions. It was accordingly printed at
Kilmarnock in 1786, and Burns, having
derived from the publication the assist-
ance he expected, was about to set sail
from his native land, when his purpose
was prevented by the communication
of a letter from Doctor Blacklock to a
friend of the Ayrshire poet, recom-
mending that he should visit Edin-
burgh, in order to take advantage of the
general admiration his poems had ex-
cited, and publish a new edition of
them. This advice was eagerly adopted,
and the result exceeded his most san-
guine expectations. After remaining
more than a year in the Scottish me-
tropolis, admired, flattered, and caressed
by persons of eminence for their rank,
fortune, or talents, he retired to the
country with the sum of £500, which
he had realized by the second publica-
tion of his poems. A part of this sum
he advanced to his brother, and with
the remainder, took a considerable fann
near Dumfries, and at the same time
procured the office of an exciseman.
He now also completed his matrimonial
engagement with Miss Armour, the
young woman to whom he had been
»ub]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
231
contracted. His convivial habits ere
long prevented him from paying a pro-
per attention to his farm ; and, after a
trial of tliree years and a half, he found
himself obliged to resign his lease, and
remove to the town of Dumfries, to fol-
low his employment as an exciseman.
He continued to exercise his pen, par-
ticularly in the composition of a number
of beautiful songs, adapted to old Scot-
tish tunes, for a periodical work pub-
lished at Edinburgh. But his residence
in Dumfries was by no means favorable
to his habits. His society was courted
by the idle, tlie gay, and tlie dissipated,
who were delighted with his conversa-
tion, or charmed with his brilliant wit ;
and, perhaps, many who had little sym-
pathy with the powers of his genius
were eager to solicit his acquaintance
and society, that they might be able to
boast of an intimacy with so extraordi-
nary a man. In the winter of 1795, his
constitution, broken by cares, irregular-
ities, and passions, fell into premature
decline. Tiie summer returned, but
only to shine on his sickness and his
grave. In July, 1796, a rheumatic fever
terminated his life and sufferings at the
early jige of 37. He lei't a wite and four
children, for whose support his friends
and admirers raised a subscription ; and
with the same object, an edition of his
works, in four volumes 8vo., was pub-
hshed by Dr. Currie, of Liverpool. In
his person. Burns was about five feet
ten inches high, of a form that indicated
strength as well as agility ; his forehead
was finely raised ; his eyes were dark,
large, full of ardor and intelligence. His
character, though marred by impru-
dence, was never contaminated by du-
plicity or meanness. He was an honest,
proud, warm-hearted man; combining
sound undei'standing with high pas-
sions and a vigorous and excursive ima-
gination. He was alive to every species
of emotion ; and he is one of the few
poets who have at once excelled in hu-
mor, in tenderness, and in sublimity.
His songs, his tales, and his poetical
epistles display pathos, wit, a vigor of
sentiment, and a purity and elegance of
style, while his prose is almost equal to
his poetry.
BURKILL, James, a distinguished
lawyer and statesman of Ehode Island,
b. at Providence, 1772, was, in 1797, ap-
pointed attorney-general of the state,
and continued to discharge the duties
of this office for more than sixteen
j^^ears. In 1813 he was elected to a seat
va the state legislature, and in the fol-
lowing year was chosen speaker of the
house of representatives. In 1816 he
was appointed chief justice of the su-
preme court, and in the next year was
elected to a seat in the senate of the
United States. Of this body he con-
tinued a member till his death in 1820.
Judge Burnll was eminent as a scholar
in general literature; and his moral
character was free from reproach or
suspicion. His moral and social virtues,
united with intellectual attainments of
so high an order, gave him an influence
in the circle of his acquaintance seldom
surpassed.
BURROUGHS, George; the name of
this man ought to be preserved from
oblivion, as a memento of the excesses
to which mankind may be driven, when
under the influence of any powerful de-
lusion. He was graduated at Harvard
cohere in 1670, and was a settled min
ister in Falmouth, Maine, now Portland,
and afterwards in Salem or Danvers.
In 1792 he was prosecuted for witch-
craft. The evidence, on which he was
convicted, could not have been admitted
in any court, whose members were not
deeply infected with the prevailing
mania. The witnesses were allowed to
tell, that two of his wives had appeared
to thetn, and accused him of being the
cause of their death ; and threatening
if he denied it, they would appear to
them in court. This, they pretended,
actually happened, and that they had
been thrown into a paroxysm of fear
from the horrid apparition.
BURROW, Sir James, an eminent
English lawyer, author of four volumes
of "Reports," an "Essay on Puncti\-
ation," &c. D. 1782. — Reubex, an able
mathematician, author of a tract " On
Projectiles," a " Restitution of Apollo-
nius on Inclinations," cfec. D. 1791.
BURROWS, William, an officer in
the American navy. In 1799 he re-
ceived a midshipman's warrant, and
served on board dificrent ships. In
1808 he was under Preble in the Tripol-
itan war. In the war of 1812 he was
appointed to the command of the sloop
of war Enterprise ; he sailed from Ports-
mouth, and on Sunday, Sept. 5, 1813,
fell in with his Britannic majesty's brig
Boxer, off Portland, between Segair and
Cape Elizabeth. After an action of 45
minutes, the Boxer was captured, the
commander, Blyth, being killed by a
cannon-ball. At the first fire, Lieut.
Burrows was wounded, but refused to
be can-ied below. When the sword of
his enemy was presented to him, he
233
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[but
exclaimed, clasping his hands, "I am
satisfied ; I die contented."
BUETON, Edward, renins professor
of divinity in the univer5>ity ot Oxford,
and rector of Ewelme, was b. 1794 ; edu-
cated at Westminster, and matriculated
at Christ-cliurcli, Oxford. His talents,
close application, and exemplary con-
duct did not pass unnoticed ; and he
rose from one honorable station to an-
other. His various pamphlets, and the
works he edited, prove that he was able
and industrious. D. 1836. — John, an
English divine and critic, author of
various theological treatises, poetry in
Gi-eek, Latin, and English, and other
productions. D. J 771. — Kobert, an
English divine, author of that sin-
gular work, " The Anatomy of Mel-
ancholy;" wbicli Archbishop Herring
describes as "the pleasantest, the most
learned, and the most full of sterling
sense." The archbishop adds, that the
wits of the reigns of Anne and the first
George were deeply indebted to Burton ;
and we may venture to say, that the
*' wits" of the succeeding reigns have
been no less so. B. 1576 ; d. 1640.
BUSBY, EicHARD, the venerable mas-
ter of Westminster school — celebrated
for his abilities as a classical teacher and
as an unfiinehing disciplinarian — was b.
in 1606. He held the situation of head
master from 1640 to the time of his de-
cease, in 1695.
BUSCHE, Herman von der, a learned
German, friend and fellow-laborer of
Luther, author of Scholia on ancient
writers, Latin poems, &c., &c. D.
1534.
BUSCHETTO DA DULTCHIO, a
Greek architect of the 11th century.
He erected the cathedral church of Pisa,
the first specimen of the Lombard ec-
clesiastical style of building.
BUSCHING, Anthony Frederic, an
able and industrious writer, to whom
the science of statistics is greatly in-
debted; author of a "Magazine of Mod-
ern History and Geography;" "Ele-
ments of Natural History , " Character
of Frederic H. of Prussia;" "History
and Theory of the Belles Lettres," &e.
B. 1724 ; d. 1793.
BUSHE, Sir Charles Kendal, was one
of the most eminent of all the lawyers
and tlie statesmen that made the courts
and the parliament of Ireland so bril-
liant towards the close of the 18th cen-
tury. Though he had to contend against
such opponents as Ponsouby, Plunkett,
Flood, Grattan, Curran, and Saurin, he
was never found unequal to the contest,
whether at the bar or in the house. He
was raised to the chief justicesliip of
Ireland, and made a privy councillor in
1822, and shone in that high office as
brightly as he had shone as advocate
and orator. " The infirmities of a very
advanced age at length compelled him
to retire upon a pension of £3000 per
annum. J). 1843.
BUTE, John Stuart, earl of, a British
statesman, descended from an ancient
Scotch family, was b. early in the 18th ■
century. In 1738 he was appointed one
of the lords of the bed-chamber to Fred-
eric, prince of Wales, the father of
George III. Soon after the young king's
accession, over whom Bute possessed
unbounded influence, he was made sec-
retary of state, and quickly after, first
lord of the treasury. Under his minis-
try, a peace, which disappointed the
hopes of the people, was concluded with
France and Spain ; and what added
greatly to his unpopularity, was the
marked favoritism he showed for his
countrymen, filling the most lucrative
offices in the state with Scotchmen. Ho
at length resigned his offices, and re-
tired into private life, which he adorned
by his benevolent disposition, and his
love of science. Botany was his favorite
study, and he expended vast snms in
its pursuit. D. 1792.
BUTLER, Alban, an English Catho-
lic divine. He was for some time chap-
lain to the duke of Norfolk, but at
length became president of the college
of St. Omer's. The chief of his works
is the " Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs,
and other principal Saints." D. 1773.—
Charles, a Eoman Catholic, bred to the
legal profession, and a most indefatiga-
ble and accomplished scholar. He Avas
the author of " Lives of the Saints,"
" Historical Account of the Laws against
the Eoman Catholics," "Book of the
Catholic Church," &c. B. 1750 ; d. 1832.
— Joseph, bishop of Durham, an ex-
tremely learned and able prelate; au-
thor of the well-known ana invaluable
work, "The Analogy of Eeligion, Natu-
ral and Eevealed, to the Course and
Constitution of Nature," and an invalu-
able collection of " Sermons." B. 1692;
1752.— Samuel, an English poet, Avhose
principal work, "Hudibras,^' is proba-
bly, both in design and execution, the
most strikingly original we have. Wit
abounds throughout it, and the odd
double rhymes in which the autlior so
much delighted, are singularly well
adapted to add point to the ridicule he
chose to inflict. His other works are
bik]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
233
far inferior to " Hndibras ;" and of the
thousand imitations of that work, not
one has the true Jludihrastic commin-
gJing of wit, humor, knowledge of the
world, and facility of expression. B.
1612; d. 1680.— Samuel, biSliop of Lich-
field, a learned and most exemplary En-
glisii divine. In 1798 he was appointed
to the mastership of Shrewsbnr^- school,
and, about tlie same, lie was selected for
the arduous task of preparing a new edi-
tion of ^schylus for the university press.
After receiving several minor prefer-
ments, he was, in 1886, promoted to the
bishopric of Lichfield. Though a per-
fect martyr to ill health, he was a very
voluminous autlior. His "Sketcli ot'
Ancient and Modern Geography," and
his " Ancient and Modern Atlases," are
the best works of their kind. B. 1774;
d. 1840.
BUTTNER, Christopher William, a
German naturalist and philologist, whose
zeal in pursuit of his favorite studies was
such, that in order to buy books, he re-
stricted himself to what was barely ne-
cessary to sustain life, never making
more than one frugal meal a day. B.
1716; d. 1801.
BUXHOWDEN, Frederic William,
count of, a general in the Russian army.
He entered on a military life at an early
age, and was engaged in the war against
the Turks in 1769; till, rising by de-
grees, he, in 1794, obtained the "^com-
mand of Warsaw and the administration
of Poland. In 1805 he commanded the
left wing of the army at the battle of
Austerlitz, which advanced while the
centre and right wins: were beaten ; but,
after the battle of Pultusk, lie was su-
perseded by Bennigsen. He was, how-
ever, again made commander-in-chief,
and, in 1808, conquered Finland. D.
1811.
BUXTON, Jedewah, a singulariy
gifted person, whose powers of calcula-
tion, derived solely from nature, have
probably never been equalled. It is said
that he was asked this most diificult
q^uestion — "In a body whose three
sides are, respectively, 23,145,789 yards,
5,642,732 yards, and' 54,965 yards, how
many cubical eighths of an incli are
there?" and that, amid many distrac-
tions, he gave the exact answer in little
more than five hours ! But it was only
ill calculating that he liad any intellect-
ual superiority ; in other respects, his
mind was rather below than above the
average. D. 1775. — Sir Thomas Fowell,
\ distinguished philanthropist. B. at
EarFs Colne, Essex, in 1786; and re-
20
ceived his academical education ut
Trinity college, Dublin. Having, in
1811, Joined the firm of Truman, Han-
bury & Co., the eminent London brew-
ers, his connection with the locality of
Spitalfields made him personally ac-
quainted with the sufferings of his poor
neighbors ; and the powerful appeals he
made in their favor in 1816 led to an ex-
tensive and well-organized system for
their relief. His success in tiiis charita-
ble undertaking, induced him (in con-
junction with his sister-in-law, Mrs.
Fry, and his brother-in-law, Mr. Hoare,)
to examine into the state of prisons, and
to publish the result of his labors. This
not only led to the formation of the
Prison Discipline Society, but was the
basis upon which many of the modern
improvements in jails are founded. In
1818 he was returned M. P. for Wey-
mouth, which borough he continued to
represent till 1837, when he was defeat-
ed by Mr. Villiers. During the time he
held a seat in the house, his energies
were almost unceasingly directed to
ameliorate the condition of tlio oppress-
ed. He became the recognized success-
or of Mr. Wilberforce, and he had the
supreme satisfaction of seeiiig his efforts
for the abolition of slavery crowned with
complete success. To other subjects of
paramount interest, viz. : the reform of
the criminal code — the civilization of
Africa by commercial, agricultural, and
missionary enterprise — the support of
benevolent institutions, particularly such
as had for their objects the education
and improvement of the poor, he ap-
plied himself with persevering assidu-
ity. D. 1845.
BUXTORF, John, a Calvinist divine,
professor of Chaldee and Hebrew at
Basle ; author of " Thesaurus Lingu89
Hebraicse," "Institutio Epistolaris He-
braica," cfec. B. 1564; d. 1629.— John,
son of the preceding, and his successor
in the professorship at Basle; author of
a "Chaldaic and Syriac Lexicon," &c.,
besides other classical and theological
works. It is recorded of him, that, at
the early age of four years, he was able
to read Hebrew and £atin. — Two others
of the same name, his son and nephew,
were also noted for their skill in the
Hebrew tongue.
BYIffiS, Mather, D.D,, minister of
Boston. He graduated at Harvard col-
lege in 1725, and was ordained the first
pastor of the church in Hollis-street,
1733. It was not long before he attained
considerable eminence in his profession,
and he became known by his publication
234
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[byr
of several pieces in prose and verso. He
continued to live happily with his parish
until tlie revolution began. Falling un-
der the imputation of being a tory, he
was in 1776 separated from his people,
by the jealousy and violence of the times,
and he was never afterwards reunited
to them. In May, 1777, he was de-
nounced in town meeting as a person
inimical to America, and he was obliged
to enter into bonds for his appearance
at court the June folio vang. He was
pronounced guilty, and sentenced to
confinement on board a guard ship, and
in forty days to be sent with his tamily
to England. The sentence was after-
wards altered to confinement in his own
house, with a guard placed over him.
This was accordingly done for a few
weeks, and then the guard was removed.
A short time afterwards a guard was
again placed over him, and again dis-
missed. Upon this occasion he observed,
in his own manner, that he was sruarded,
reguarded, and disreguarded. He pub-
lished a number of essays in the " New
England Weekly Journal," which are
marked by one of the letters composing
the word Celoiza ; a poem on the death
of George I., and the accession of George
II., 1727 ; a poetical epistle to Governor
Belcher, on the death of his lady, 1736.
A number of his miscellaneous poems
were collected and printed in a volume
in 1744. He also published numerous
sermons. D. 1788.
BYNG, JoHX, fourth son of Viscount
Torrington, was, like his father, an ad-
miral. After having frequently and
highly distinguished himself, he was
tried by court-martial for alleged cow-
ardice. He was dispatched to the relief
of Minorca, at that time blockaded by a
French fleet; and his hesitation to en-
gage an enemy of superior strength ex-
cited the clamor of the nation against
him. When the news arrived in En-
gland, the ministry, wishing to avert
the public odium from their unsuccess-
ful measm*es, took advantage of the ad-
miral's unpopularity; and though the
court by which the ill-fated commander
was tried, recommended him to mercy,
they suifered the unjust sentence to be
carried into execution. He was shot at
Portsmouth; March 14, 1757, meeting his
death with the firmness of a heTo and
the resignation of a Christian.
BYRNE, William, an eminent En-
glish engraver. His works are very
numerous, and remarkable for the ex-
celleiiee nt their aerial perspective. D.
1805.
BYROM, John, an ingenious prose
writer and poet, and the inventor of a
system of stenography. He was also a
contributor to the Spectator, under the
signature of " John Shadow.'' B. 1691 ;
d. 1763. •
BYRON, John, an eminent naval com-
mander and circumnavigator, whose suf-
ferings, when wrecked in the Wager,
are graphically described in his " Narra-
tive.'' He rose to the rank of admiral,
and commanded in the West Indies
during the American war. B. 1723 ; d.
1768. — George Gordon, Lord, grand-
son of the preceding, b. January 22d,
1778, was the sixth son in descent from
his ancestor, Sir John Byron, who re-
ceived the estate of Newstead as a grant
from King Henry VIII. The conduct
of his father, Capt. Byron, who had de-
serted his wife and squandered her for-
tune, made him an exile from England ;
and he d. in 1791, leaving his widow
and son almost destitute. Mrs. Byron
having previous to this event retired to
her native city of Aberdeen, in order to
live within the limits of her scanty in-
come, placed her son early in the gram-
mar school of that city; but when, in
1798, by the death of "^ his great- uncle,
without issue, he became possessed of
the family title and estates, he was placed
under the guardianship of Lord Carlisle,
who sent him to Harrow. His love of
liberty and independence were promi-
nent traits in his disposition, and they
were seconded by a fixed aversion to
control. In 1804 he went to Cambridge,
and there became chiefly remarkable for
his eccentric habits, and his defiance of
the rules of discipline. On quitting
Cambridge he took up his residence at
Newstead abbey, and soon after pub-
lished his " Hours of Idleness." Al-
though marked by some features of
juvenility, this production gave un-
doubted indications of poetic genius ;
but it met with most severe and un-
merited censure from the "Edinburo^h
Review." The ridicule thus cast by the
critic on the poet was not suffered to
rest there ; he exerted his powers, and
amply revenged himself in the cele-
brated satire of " English Bards and
Scotch Reviewers." About that period
he experienced a great disappointment
in seemg Miss Chaworth, who had been
the early object of his love, married to
another. His course of life was now
marked by extravagance and dissipa-
tion, impairing both his health and tor-
tune; and it was probably to extricate
, himself from the snares by which lie
cab]
{
was surrounded, that lie resolved on an
excursion to the Continent. He was ac-
companied by his friend and fellow-col-
legian, John'Cam liobhoiise, esq. ; and
after a stay of two years he returned,
and gave to the world the first two can-
tos of "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage."
This was quickly succeeded by "The
Giaour," "The' Bride of Abydos,"
" Lara," " The Corsair," &c. ; and the
noble bard became the poetical idol of
the day. In January, 1815, he married
Anna Isabella, only daughter of Sir
Ealph Milbanke Noel : but the union
was not productive of happiness, and
they separated soon after the birtli of a
daughter This rupture gave rise to
many rumors redounding little to Lord
Byron's credit, and he again went to
the Continent, with a determination not
to return to his native country. He
often changed his residence; and du-
ring his various travels, while he visited
the most celebrated parts of the south
of Europe, his admirers in England
were indulged with the productions of
his powerful and versatile genius. In
1823 the state of the Greeks awoke his
noble feeling of independence; and,
with disinterested generosity he re-
CYCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
235
solved to devote his fortune, his pen,
and his sword to their cause. His en-
ergies, however, were no sooner called
into action, than he was assailed by dis-
ease ; and he expired, of a fever, at Mis-
solonghi, on the 19th of April, 1824, in
the 37th year of his age, to the inex-
{)ressib]e sorrow of the Greeks, by whom
le was venerated for his personal exer-
tions and liberal pecuniary aid. With
faculties superior to those of most other
men, he was capricious and unfixed ; and
with a poetic taste that approached the
sublime was sometimes mixed a reckless
profligacy. In proportion, therefore, as
we admire the commanding talents and
poetic eloquence of Byron, so are we
compelled to deprecate the selfish pur-
poses to which they were too often made
subservient.
BYTHNEE, Victorinus, was a native
of Poland, but educated in England,
where he finally established himself as
a physician ; author of " L>ra x-ropheti-
ca Davidis Kegis," &c. D. 1664.
BZOVIUS, or BZOVSKI, Abraham, a
learned Pole ; professor of theology and
philosophy. He wrote the "Lives of
the Popes," " Annals of the Church,"
&c. B. 1567 ; d. 1637.
CAAB, or CAB, Ben Zohair, an Ara-
bian Jew, rabbi, and poet. He satirized
Mahomet so severely, that " the Proph-
et" made war on the Arabian Jews for
the purpose of getting the poet into his
power; but when Mahomet's success
was no longer doubtful, Caab became
his zealous panegyrist, abandoned Ju-
daism for Mahonietanism, and was
greatly in Mahomet's favor. He is said
to have assisted in the composition of
the Koran. D. 622.
CABANIS, Peter John George, a
French physician of considerable emi-
nence. Becoming intimate with Mira-
bcan, he was made a member of the
council of Five Hundred ; and under
the government of Napoleon he was one
of the senators. His writings are chiefly
medical ; but in addition to these he
published an interesting account of the
last illness and death of Mirabeau. B.
1757 ; d. 1807.
CABAKRUS, Francois, Count, a
Frenchman, who having settled in
Spain in a commercial character, ren-
dered that country considerable service
in establishing a paper currency, when
cut off from her resources in America.
He was afterwards the Spanish mLnistei
of finance ; to which office he was ap-
pointed by Joseph Bonaparte. B. 1752 ;
d. 1810.
CABESTAN, or CABESTAING,
William de, a Provengal poet of the
13th century, celebrated alike for his
talents and misfortunes. Having ex-
cited the jealousy of Eaymond de Seil-
lans, he was put to death' ; and his heart
was dressed and served up to the lady,
who, on learning the horrible nature of
her repast, died of grief.
CABOT, Sebastian, an English navi-
gator of great eminence, was the son of
a skilful Venetian pilot, who resided at
Bristol. He made several voyages with
his father, (who had obtained from Henry
VIII. letters patent, empowering him
and his three sons to discover unknown
lands and conquer them,) and they on
one occasion discovered Newfoundland,
and on another saw the mainland of
America, being the first Europeans who
had done so. He was among the first to
236
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[cad
notice the variations of the needle. His
skill in nmritimc affairs induced Edward
VI. to settle a pension on him as grand
pilot of England ; and he was consulted
on all questions relating to trade and
navigation. He published a map of the
world, and a work entitled " Naviga-
zione nelle parte Septentrionale." B.
1477 ; d. 1557.
CABRAL, or CABEAEA, Pedro
Alvarez, a celebrated Portuguese navi-
gator of the 16th century.
CACCIA, GuGLiELMo, sumamed, from
his place of residence, II Monealvo, an
excellent painter. He executed some
fine altar-pieces, but his fame chiefly
rests upon his small Madonnas, which
are higlily valued. D. 1625.
CACCINI, GiuLio, an Italian musician
and composer. In conjunction with
Peri, he composed the opera of "Eury-
dice," on the occasion of the mari'iaije
of Henri Quatre and Mary de Medici ;
and it is said to have been the first opera
performed in public. He was also the
author of a work entitled " Nuovo Mu-
siche." 1). 1615. — Francesca., daughter
of the above, much celebrated at Flo-
rence in the 17th century, as a poetess
and composer of music.
CADAMOSTO, Louis, a Venetian
navigator, patronized and employed by
the King of Portugal. He discovered
the Cape Verd Islands. An account of
his voyages and discoveries was pub-
lished after his death, which took place
in 1464.
CADE, Jack, a noted rebel, a native
of Ireland, who, during the feeble gov-
ernment of Henry VI., put himself at
the head of 20,000 men, collected from
the populace in Kent, and marched into
London, where he boldly proposed the
rectifying of various abuses in the state.
Elated with his popularity and success,
he next assumed the title of Lord Mor-
timer, declaring himself the rightfid heir
to the tlirone, as a descendant of Ed-
ward III. ; but this extravagance in-
duced the citizens to resist him, and the
insurgents were compelled to submit to
the royal authority. All who returned
to their homes were pardoned ; but
Cade, who was excepted from the gen-
eral amnesty, and for whose body 1000
marks were" offered by the government,
wandered about the woods of Kent and
Sussex for a time, till at length he was
discovered, and killed in a garden at
Holkfleld, Sussex, by a gentleman of
Kent, named Alexander Eden.
CADET DE VAUX, Anthony Alexis.
a French author, editor, and member or
various learned societies. He establish-
ed the " Journal de Paris," and wrote
several works connected with agricul-
ture. B. 1743; d. 1828.— De G.vssi-
couRT, Charles Louis, brother of the
preceding; author of the "Dictionary
of Chemistry," in 4 vols. ; various
Travels ; " Letters on London and the
English Nation," &c. B. 1760 ; d. 1821.
CADMUS, the founder of Thebes.
His history, like that of many other per-
sonages of high antiquity, is much
mingled with fable. It seems certain,
however, that he was born in Phoenicia
or Egypt, and that Greece owed to him
the sixteen letters of which its alphabet
originally consisted. He flourished in
the 16th century b. o. — A Milesian, the
first Greek author who wrote a prose
history. Dionysius, of Halicarnassus,
ascribes to this writer " The Antiquities
of Miletus and all Ionia," but no portion
of the work is now extant.
CADOG, son of Brychan, a saint, and
founder of some churches in Wales in
the 5th century. — The Wise, a Welsh
bard of the 6th century. He was the
first who made a complete collection of
British proverbs.
CADOGAN, William, first earl of
Cadogan, entered the army early in life ;
and, after he had attained the rank of
brigadier-general, distinguished himself
at the battle of Blenheim. He was pres-
ent with the duke of Marlborough ui all
his great victories ; and, at his death,
succeeded him as commander-in-chief
and master of the ordnance. D. 1727. —
William, a skilful English physician;
author of a treatise on the gout, in which
he wisely insists upon abstinence as the
best preventive and cure; an "Essay
on Nursing," &c. D. 1797.
CADOUDAL, Georges, a famous
Chouan chief. After the ill success of
his efforts for the restoration of the
Bourbons, he came to terms with Gen-
eral Brune, in 1800, dispersed his troops,
and proceeded to London. While there
he was accused by the French govern-
ment of planning the infernal machine,
Georges liaving avowed a personal hos-
tility to the first consul. lie afterwards,
on receiving the cordon rouge from
Charles X., and a lieutenant-general's
commission, embarked with Pichegru
in a secret expedition, and landed at
Falaise. It has been said that the ob-
ject was to assassinate Bonaparte, as well
as to excite a counter-revolution; and
Pitt was accused of sanctioning the en-
terprise, by a letter to Lord Hutchinson,
which is denied. He was traced b.y thd
(
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
237
Parisian police, and put under arrest,
while descending from a cabriolet, du-
ring which he wounded two of the offi-
cers ; and, after a summary judicial
"process, was executed on the 6th of
June, 1804. The two brothers Polignac
were also involved in the same process,
and condemned to death, but escaped
throuixh the humane exertions of Murat.
CAbWALADYE, Casail, a Welsh
poet of the 16th century; some of whose
works still remain in MS., and indicate
much ability.
CADWALLAPEE, Thomas, a phy-
sician of Philadelphia. He completed
his medical education in Europe. From
1752 to his death he was one of the phy-
sicians of the Pennsylvania hospital.
His dissections for Dr. Shippen were
among the earliest made in this country.
He published an essay on the Iliac pas-
sion, entitled, " An Essay on the West
India Dry Gripes," 1745, in which he
recommended the use of opiates and
mild cathartics, instead of quicksilver,
then employed. This was one of the
earliest American medical treatises. D.
1779. — John, was appointed by the
American congress a brigadier-general
in the army, in February, 1777. He was
a man of inflexible patriotism and un-
doubted bravery. He fought a duel
with General Conway, in consequence
of the intrigue in which Conway was
engaged for placing Gates at the head
of the army. After the war he was a
member of the assembly of Maryland.
D. 1786.
CiEDMON, a Saxon ecclesiastic, sup-
posed to have flourished in the 5th cen-
tury. A fragment of a hymn, by this
author, is preserved in King Alfred's
translation of Bede ; and is the oldest
specimen extant of Saxon poetry.
CiESALPINUS, Andrew, an Italian
physician and natural philosopher. This
enlightened man in some degree antici-
pated the grand discoveries of Harvey
and Linnaeus ; his " Qucestiones Peri-
pateticae," containing some hints on the
circulation of the blood, and his treatise
*' De Plantis," giving the first example
of a system of botanical arrangement,
based on similarity of structure. D.
1603.
CiESAE, Caitjs Julius, the first Eo-
man emperor, and one of the greatest
men that Eome produced. At the early
age of 16 he lost his father, who was a
praetor; and very shortly after that
event, he married Cornelia, the daugh-
ter of Cornelius Cinna, the friend of
Marius. This connection gave great
offence to the powerful Sylla who, hav-
ing vainly endeavored to briug about a
divorce, caused Caesar to be proscribed.
Caesar, however, escaped the search that
was made after him, and Sylla was at
length induced to exempt him from
prosecution, though he did so very un-
willingly, telling those who interceded
with him that they would repent their
kindness, as he could see in Caesar the
germ of many Mariuses. Having dis-
tinguished himself as an orator jn the
impeachment of Cornelius Dolabella, he
speedily grew a public favorite, and
became successively military tribune,
quaestor, and aedile. The profusion with
which he lavished his lioorality while
in these oflftces, involved him very deep-
ly in debt ; but having obtained the
government of Spain, he contrived to
amass money sufficient for their dis-
charge, though they are said to have
exceeded a million and a half sterling, a
fact which, as he hela the* government
only a year, says but little for his scru-
pulousness as to the means he used for
self-aggrandizement. Having united with
Pompey and Crassus in the memorable
coalition, called "the first triumvirate,"
he became consul, and then obtained
the government of Gaul, with the com-
mand of four legions. And now it was
that his genius had ample scope. His
military career was rapid and brilliant.
Belgians, Helvetians, and Nervians suc-
cumbed to him; the German tribes
were repulsed, and Gaul was wholly
subjected to the Eoman power. These
transactions, and his invasion of Britain,
are beautifully and graphically related
in his " Commentaries.'^ His successes
had the eflfect of exciting the jealousy of
Pompey, who had influence enough in
the senate to cause Caesar to be recalled
from the government of Gaul. He re-
fused to obey this order, and marched
with his army into Italy, Pompey re-
tiring into Greece. Having seized the
public treasury, and commissioned Mark
Antony to watch over his interests in
Eome, he proceeded to Spain, where a
large army remained in Pompey's in-
terest, which he defeated, and on his
return to Eome was declared dictator.
He then followed Pompey into Greece,
and defeated him in the memorable
battle of Pliarsalia, from which Pompey
escaped only to be assassinated in
Egypt. Having crushed every attempt
at resistance on the part of the sons and
friends of Pompey, and having been
honored with four*several triumphs, he
was declared perpetual dictator ; a title
238
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[cAt
which some of his friends wished to
alter to that of king. And as the great
body of the Roman people, dazzled by
his military genius, and gratified by the
liberality of his largesses, were insen-
sible of, or indifferent to, his thirst for
domination, it is more than probable that
he would have become an absolute king,
but that Brutus and other republicans
penetrated his designs, and resolved to
make his life a sacrifice to the freedom
of his country. Notwithstanding dark
hints had been given to him of his dan-
ger, he attended a meeting of the senate
without taking any measures for the
safety of his person, and fell beneath
the daggers of the conspirators on the
ides of March, in the year 43 b. c, and
in the 56th year of his age. — Sir Julius,
an eminent English civilian, who filled
various irnportant offices in the reigns
of Queen Elizabeth and Kings James I.
and Charles.I. His last office was that
of master of the rolls, which he held
above twenty years. B. 1557 ; d. 1636.
CAFFA, Melchiob, an able sculptor,
many of whose works adorned the
churches of Eome. D. 1687.
CAFFAEELLI, a republican French
general, b. 1756. He protested against
the despotism of Louis XVI., and served
with great distinction under Kleber and
Moreau on the Khine, where he lost a
leg, and under Bonaparte in Egypt. He
was killed at St. Jean d'Acre, in 1799,
by a cannon-ball ; and his tomb still re-
mains, without the walls. — Gaetano
Majorano, a celebrated Italian singer.
He studied under Porpira, who made
him practise the elements of singing
from a single sheet of music paper for
five years. He was so well rewarded
for his talent, that he purchased the
dukedom of Santo Dorato. D. 1783.
CAFFIAUX, Joseph, a Benedictine
of the congregation of St. Maur, author
of the "Genealogical Treasury," an
" Essay towards a History of Music,"
&c. D. 1777.
CAGLIAKT, Paul, see Paul Vero-
nese.
CAGLIOSTEO, Alexander, Count,
the assumed title of an impostor, whose
real name was Joseph Balsamo. He was
b. at Palermo ; and having lost his fa-
ther at an early age, he was placed
under the protection of the friars of
mercy, whose order he entered as a
novice. Here he acquired the elements
of chemistry and physic ; but he speed-
ily made his escape, and committed so
many frauds in Palermo, that he was
obliged to abscond. After visiting va-
rious parts, he at length reached Naples,
where he married a woman of as aoan-
doned a disposition as himself, with
whom he travelled to Spain, Portugal,
and England, pretending to supernatu-
ral powers, and wringing considerable
sums from those who iDecame his dupes.
In England tliis exemplary couple estab-
lished an order of Avhat they called
Egyptian Masonry, and as their dupes
were of the higher order, they easily
obtained from them the loan of valuable
jewels, on pretext of some intended
ceremonials. With these they went off
to Paris, and lived there in the utmost
extravagance. The count, however, was
thrown into the Bastile, on a charge of
being concerned in the fraud of the
celebrated diamond necklace of Marie
Antoinette; and when he obtained his
liberty, he judged it high time to quit
France. He then went to Italy, where
his wife divulged some of his crimes to
the Inquisition, and he was confined in
the dungeons of the castle of St. Angelo.
D. 1794.
CAIETAU, the assumed name, taken
from that of his birthplace, of Thomas
de Vio, a Neapolitan monk, and sub-
sequently general of his order, author
of a work on the "Power of the Pope,"
which procured him the archbishopric
of Palermo, and a cardinalate ; " Com-
mentaries on Aristotle and Aquinas,"
&c. D. 1534.
CAILLE, Nicholas Louis de la, an
eminent French mathematician and as-
tronomer, author of "Elements of As-
tronomy," and of numerous other valu-
able works of science. B. 1713 ; d. 1762.
CAIUS, otherwise GAIUS, an emi-
nent Eoman lawyer, author of a valuable
body of legal institutes. He died about
the beginning of the 3d century.
CALAMY, Edmund, a Presbyterian
divine. He was educated at Cambridge,
and obtained a living ; but he resigned
it, and joined the nonconformists, rather
than comply with the order for reading
the "Book of Sports." He entered
warmly into the religious disputes of
the time, and was one of the writers of
the treatise against episcopacy, entitled,
from the initials of its authors, " Smec-
tymnuus." Though he preached before
the house of commons, and was one of
the assembly of divines at Westminster,
he opposed both the execution of Charles
I. and the subsequent domination of
Cromwell. At the death of the lattar
he actively aided in the restoration, and
became chaplain to Charles II. The act
of uniformity caused him again to se-
oalJ
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
239
cede, and lie d. in retirement in 1656. —
Edmund, grandson of the above, and a
dissenting minister of great note. He
was a very voluminous writer. Besides
numerous sermons, and controversial
tracts against Echard, Hoadley, and
others, he published an abridgment of
"Baxter's History of his Life and
Times," with numerous supplementary
articles. D. 1732.
CALANUS, an Indian philosopher,
much esteemed by Alexander the Great.
At the age of 83, 'being afflicted with a
painful illness, he caused a funeral pile
to be erected, which he ascended with a
composed countenance, and expired in
the flames, saying, that having lost his
health, and seen Alexander, life had no
more charms for him.
GALAS, John, a merchant of Tou-
louse, memorable as the victim of judi-
cial murder. His eldest son committed
suicide ; and as he was known to be
attached to the Eoman Catholic faith, a
rabble cry arose that he had on that ac-
count been murdered by his father. It
was in vain that the unhappy parent
pointed out the fact that he nad a Eo-
man Catholic servant who was unin-
jured. He was condemned literally
without the shadow of a proof of his
guUt, and put to death by being broken
on the wheel. Voltaire and otheris sub-
sequently caused the process to be re-
vised, and the unhappy widow procured
a pension. The unjust and ignominious
death of Galas took place in 1762.
CALCAGNINI, Ccelio, an Italian
military officer, who bore arms under
the Emperor Maximilian^ and Pope
Julius II., and was distinguished ec|ually
as a soldier and a negotiator. Quitting
the profession of anns, he became pro-
fessor of belles lettres in the university
of Ferrara. His Latin poetry was much
esteemed, but as a prose writer he is
more valuable for his matter than for
his style. D. 1541.
GALDAEA, PoLrooRO, b. at Caravag-
gio, 1495, went to Eome in his youth,
carried bricks, at first, for the masons
who worked in the Vatican, and felt a
great desire to become a painter, from
seeing several painters who were occu-
Eied in the Vatican. Eaphael employed
im in the galleries of that palace, where
he painted, under his direction, several
excellent friezes. At Messina, he exe-
cuted an oil painting which represents
Christ bearing the cross, contains a
number of beautiful figures, and proves
his ability to treat the most elevated
subjects. He has approached, more
than any one, to the style and the man-
ner of the ancients, particularly in imi-
tating their hasso-relievos. His figures
are correct, well-distributed and ar-
ranged ; the positions are natural, the
heads full of expression and character.
It is evident that he would have acquir-
ed great celebrity if he had undertaken
greater works. He applied himself
to the cMuro-oscuro, particularly to that
kind of it which is called sgraffiato,
but showed, also much talent in his
landscapes. At the sack of Eome, in
1527, he fled to Naples, and on his re-
turn from that place to Eome, in 1543,
was murdered by a domestic. — A cele-
brated composer of the 18th century,
b. at Venice, 1714, and d. 1768. His
church compositions are still in repute.
CALDAS, Francis Joseph, a distin-
guished Spanish naturalist. He was
employed by the congress of New Gra-
nada to complete the Flora of Bogota,
when the disturbed state of public affairs
interrupted the work ; and this unfortu-
nate gentleman and his colleague, Don
Lozano, having sided with the patriot
party, were put to death by the. Spanish
general Murillo, in 1816.
CALDEEON. Don Pedro Galderon
DE LA Barca Henao y Eiano, descended
from an ancient family, was b. at Madrid,
Jan. 1, 1501, received his early educa-
tion in the Jesuit's college of his native
city, and studied at Salamanca, where
he devoted himself chiefly to history,
philosophy, and jurisprudence. His
poetical genius earlj^ discovered itself,
having even before his 14th year written
his first play, " El Garro del Cielo." His
talent for this species of poetry, which
has brought his name down to posterity,
and, perhaps, his powers of invention
in the preparation of entertainments or
festivals, soon gained him friends and pa-
trons. When he left Salamanca, in 1625,
to seek employment at the court of Ma-
drid, many noblemen interested them-
selves in bringing forward the young
poet. But, having an inclination for the
military profession, he entered the ser-
vice in 1625, and bore arms with distinc-
tion for 10 years in Milan and the Nether-
lands. Inl636 he was recalled by Philip
IV., who gave him the direction of the
court entertainments, and, in particular,
the preparation of plays for the court the-
atre. The next year lie was made knight
of the order of San Jago, and served in
the campaign in Catalonia. The unex-
Eected termination of the war restored
im again to his peaceful occupation.
The king now ccnferred on him a month-
240
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[CAL
ly pension of thirty escudos d' oro ; but
lie still employed his talents with unin-
termitted industry in composing for the
theatre and the church. Tlie king
spared no cost in the representation of
his theatrical pieces. Ten years after,
in 1651, he procured permission from the
order of San Jugo to enter the clerical
profession, and, in 1653, obtained a
chaplain's office in the archiepiscopal
church at Toledo, without quitting, how-
ever, his former occupation. But, as
this situation removed him too far from
court, he received, in 1663, another at
the king's court-chapel, (being still allow-
ed to hold the former,) and, at the same
time, a pension was assigned him from
tlie Sicilian revenue. His fame greatly
increased his income, as he was solicited
by the principal cities of Spain to com-
Eose their autos sacramentales, for which
e was liberally paid. He bestowed par-
ticular pains on the composition of these
pieces, and, in fact, eclipsed all that the
Spanish literature, so rich in this depart-
ment of fancy, had hitherto produced.
Eeligion is the ruling idea, the central
Eoint, of his poems. Whatever subject
e handles, he exhibits true poetical
genius. Even allowing that he is infe-
rior in richness of invention to Lope de
Vega, he certainly excels him in fineness
of execution, elevation of feeling, and
aptness of expression. The Spanish na-
tion esteem Calderon among the greatest
poetical geniuses, and many faults in his
writings are certainly to be attributed to
the age and circumstances of the author.
Among his dramatic works are many
pieces of intrigues, full of complicated
?lots, and rich in stirring incidents,
'here are, besides, heroic comedies and
historical plays, some of which merit
the name of tragedies. To this class
belongs the " Constant Prince," which
deserves an honorable place among ro-
mantic tragedies of the first rank. Be-
sides these, he has left 95 autos sacra-
mentales, 200 loas, (preludes,) and 100
saynetes, (farces.) He wrote his last play
in the 81st year of his age. The smaller
poems of Calderon, his songs, sonnets,
ballads, &c., notwithstanding the ap-
plause which they i-eceived from his co-
temporaries, are now forgotten ; but his
plays have maintained their place on
the stage even more than those of Lope
de Vega. The number of his collected
plays amounts to 128. He wrote, how-
ever, many more, some of which were
never published. D. May 25th, 1687.
CALDERWOOD, David, a Scotch
Presbyterian divine of the reign of
Charles II. His opposition to episcopa-
cy caused him to be banished, and he
went to reside in Holland, where he
published his celebrated "Altaire De-
mascenum." He subsequently returned
to Scotland, and by his writings and
personal exertions greatly aided in the
establishment of Presbyterianism. D.
1651.
CALENIUS, Walter, a native of
Wales and one of its historians. He
was archdeacon of Oxford in 1120.
CALENTIUS, Elisius, a Neapolitan
poet and prose author. He was precep-
tor to Frederic, the son of Ferdinand,
king of Naples, and the earliest writer
on the illegality of putting criminals to
death except for murder. D. 1503.
CALEPINO, Ambrosk, an Italian
grammarian and philologist : author of a
very valuable " Polyglot JDictionary," and
other learned and useful works. D. 1510.
CALETTI, Giuseppe, surnamed Ii
Cremonese, an admirable Italian painter.
His principal picture is that of St. Mark,
in the church ban Benedetto, at Ferrara.
In some of- his works he so closely
imitated Titian, that connoisseurs can
scarcely distinguish them. D. 1660.
CALHOUN, John Caldwell, one of
the most eminent of American states-
men, was of Irish descent, but b. in
Abbeville district, S. C, on the 18th
March, 1782. The family originally re-
sided in Pennsylvania, but' removed
thence to Virginia, and afterwards to
South Carolina. In 1802 he was sen^
to Yale college, studied law in Litch-
field, Conn., and in 1807 was admitted
to the bar of his native state. He was
elected to the legislature the next year,
and in 1811 was chosen to congress,
where he soon greatly distinguished
himself by his logical power as a debater,
and where he remained till 1817, when
he was made secretary of war, under
President Monroe. In 1825 he was
elected vice-president of the United
States, and in 1831, a senator. In 1843
he was made secretary of state, and
again became senator in 1845. Thus
from the year 1821 till his death, March
31st, 1850, he was rarely absent from
Washington. In all the political ques-
tions which arose dui'ing that time he
took an active and projoinent part, gen-
erally on the side oi extreme state rights.
His speeches were full of thought and
knowledge, terse, bold, and manly, and
his character was one of the greatest
integrity and elevation. He left behind
him several works on political subjects,
which are soon to be published.
']
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
241
CALKtITLA, Caitts C^sab Augustus
Germanicus, th3 Komau emperor and
tyrant, began his reigu a. t>. 37, with
every promising appearance of becom-
ing the real father and friend of his
people ; bat at the end of eight months
he Avas seized with a fever, which, it is
charitably presumed, must have perma-
nently deranged his intellect, for his dis-
position totally changed, and he com-
mitted the most atrocious acts of impiety,
cruelty, and folly. He caused sacrifices
to be 'offered to himself, his wife, and
his favorite horse; murdered many of
his subjects with his own hands : had
others put to the rack while he was
enjoying his meals, or beheaded in his
presence. But in the midst of his enor-
mities he was assassinated by a tribune
of the people, as he came out of the
thcLtre, A. D. 41, in the 29th year of his
age.
CALIPPUS, a Greek mathematician
of the 4th century b. c, famous for hav-
ing corrected the cycle of 19 years,
invented by Meton, to show the corre-
spondence of time in the revolutions of
the sun and moon.
CALLCOTT, John Wall, doctor of
music, an eminent English composer.
The Nobleman's Catch-club having pro-
posed a prize, he sent in a hunared
compositions. It was then ruled that
no individual should send more than
three compositions of a sort ; and Call-
cott accoroingly, in 1789, sent twelve,
four of which gained the four medals.
For many years he carried off at least
one annual prize, until 1793, when the
prizes ceased to be given. He wrote,
besides glees, catches, and other com-
positions, a "Musical Grammar," and
made some progress with a " Musical
Dictionary." B. 1766; d. 1821.— Au-
gustus Wall, brother of the above, an
eminent English landscape painter, b.
at Kensington, 1779. Originally a chor-
ister in Westminster abbey, he was
induced to try his hand at portrait paint-
ing ; and such was his success, that he
immediately followed the new pursuit
to which his inclination pointed. Year
after year his reputation increased ; and
from 1799, when he first submitted a
specimen of his abilities for exhibition
at the Royal Academy, till 1810, when he
was elected a royal academician, he had
advanced almost to the summit of his
profession. For many years his pictures
of sea-coast views and English inland
scenery were in considerable request ;
nor were they ever deficient in number,
his industry being on a par with his
ability. On his marriage with the widow
of Captain Graham, they made a conti-
nental tour, and it was evident soon
after his return that his study of Italian
scenery and the Italian m'asters had
wrought an entire change in his style
of composition. No longer did we see
rural scenes of England — mills, market-
carts, or ferry-boats; but "Morning"
and "Evening," Italian compositions;
" Sunset near Canneglia," " Italian Girls
at their First Communion," and othera
of that class. Though for a time, how-
ever, he had abandoned, he had not
forgotten the studies of his earlier years ;
and in 1837 the public were both sur-
prised and delighted with a large picture
of " Eaffaelle and the Fornarina," with
figures the size of life. In that year he
received the honor of knighthood. D.
1844, aged 65. — Makia, Lady, daughter
of Kear-admiral George Dundas, b. 1779.
was married at a very early age to Cap-
tain Graham, E. N. ; she accompanied
him to India, returned to England, and
published her travels in the three presi-
dencies before she was 24 years of age.
Some years later she accompanied her
husbaiid to South America, where he
died, and she was in Chili during the
temble earthquakes of 1822-3. Besides
the "Travels" above named, she pub-
lished a "History of Spain," a "Scrip-
ture Herbal," and several minor works.
Her second husband was Sir Augustus
Callcott, the artist. U. 1842.
CALLET, .John Francis, a celebrated
French mathematician, hydrographer,
and engineer; author of a " Memoir on
the Discovery of the Longitude," a
" Supplement' to Bezout's Trigonome-
try," and a "Table of Logarithms, from
1 to 108,000." D. 1798.
CALLIMACHUS, a sculptor and ar-
chitect of Corinth. He is said to have
invented the Corinthian order of archi-
tecture, and to have taken the hint of
its capital from a plant of the acanthus
which surrounded a basket covered with
a tile on a tomb. He flourished in the
6th century b. c, — A Greek poet and
historian. The remains of his writings,
consisting of elegies, hymns, and epi-
grams, have been published by several
eminent editors, and translated into En-
glish by Dodd and Tytler.
CALLINUS, a Grecian orator and
poet, supposed to have lived in the 8th
century n. c. Some of his poetry is in
the collection of Stobicus, and" he is
said to have been the inventor of elegiac
V6rS6
CALLISTHENES, a Greek philoso-
242
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[CAL
pher and poet, a relative and pupil of
Aristotle, by whom lie was recommend-
ed to Alexander the Great. He accom-
panied that prince in the expedition
against Persia, and was at first much
esteemed by him. It seems, however,
that the philosopher had no small por-
tion of arrogance, a quality not likely to
serve him with a despotic and irritable
prince. He crowned the offences of his
free speaking by boldly reprobating
Alexander's assumption of divine hon-
ors. For this he was put to death.
CALLOT, James, an eminent French
engraver. His plates are very numerous
and highly esteemed, and his drawings
scarcely less so. D. 1636.
CALLY, Pierre, a French divine and
philosopher. He was a stanch Cartesian,
and was much engaged in philosophi-
cal controversies. He also distinguish
ed himself in converting Protestants
to the church of Kome. In addition
to his controversial works, he wrote
some sermons, and an " Introduction to
Philosophy," and edited "Boethius de
Consolatione." D. 1709.
CALMET, AuGUSTiN, a French Bene-
dictine abbot of Senones ; author of a
"Universal History," "Dictionary of
the Bible," and other learned and well-
known works. B. 1672 ; d. 1757.
CALONNE, Charles Alexander de,
an eminent French statesman, who suc-
ceeded Necker as comptroller-general
of the finances in 1783 ; but after four
years of incessant endeavors at financial
reform, was obliged to retire to En-
gland. He wrote " Observations sur
plusieurs Matieres du Droit Civile et
Coutumier," &c. B. 1734; d. 1802.
CALPRENEDE, Walter de Costes,
lord of, a French nobleman and friend
of the great Conde, who is said to have
aided him in the composition of "Cas-
sandra," "Pharamond," &c., volumi-
nous romances, once very popular, but
now sunk into almost entire oblivion.
D. 1663.
CALVAEE, Dexis, an eminent Dutch
painter, who had the honor of giving
the earliest instructions to Guido, Alba-
no, and Domenichino. His cAef-d^ oeuvre
is the picture of St. Michael, in the
church of St. Peter, at Bologna, D. 1619.
CALVERT, George, first Lord Balti-
more, an English statesman. He was
for some time secretary of state to James
I., but was obliged to resign his office
on becoming a Roman Catholic. He did
not lose the favor of tlie king, how-
ever ; but obtained a valuable grant of
land in America, and by his wisQ and
just conduct formed the colonv which
lias in modern times increased to the
Eopulous and wealthy state of Maryland.
►. 1632.— Frederick, seventh Lord Bal-
timore; author of a "Tour to the East,
with Remarks on Constantinople and
the Turks," "Coelestes et Infcri," &c.
D. 1771.— -Frederick, an ingenious and
enterprising artist residing in London,
whose numerous drawings and litho-
fraphic prints afford ample evidence
otti of his versatility and untiring as-
siduity. D. 1835. — Leonard, first gov-
ernor of Maryhxnd, was the brother of
Cecilius Calvert, the proprietor, who
sent him to America as the head of the
colony, in 1633. He arrived with his
colony at Point Comfort, in Virginia,
1634. On the 3d of March he proceeded
in the bay of Chesapeake to the north-
ward, and entered the Potomac, up
which he sailed twelve leagues, and
came to an anchor under an island,
which he named St. Clement's. Here
he fired his camion, erected a cross, and
took possession, " in the name of the
Saviour of the world, and of the king
of England." Having obtained an in-
terview with the Werowance, or prince,
Calvert asked him whether he was will-
ing that a settlement should be made in
his own country. He replied, " I will
not bid you go, neither will I bid you
stay ; but you may use your own discre-
tion." Having convinced the natives
that his designs were honorable and
pacific, the governor now sought a more
suitable station for commencing his
colony. He visited a creek on the north-
ern side of the Potomac, about four
leagues from its mouth, where was an
Indian village. Here he acquainted the
prince of the place with his intentions,
and by presents to him, and his princi-
pal men, conciliated his friendship so
much as to obtain permission to reside
in one part of the town until the next
harvest, when it was stipulated the na-
tives should entirely quit the place.
Thus the governor took peaceable pos-
session of the country of Maryland, and
gave to the town the name of St. Mary's,
and to the creek on which it was situa-
ted the name of St. George. The prov-
ince was established on the broad foun-
dation of security of property and of
freedom of religion. This liberal policy
rendered a Roman Catholic colony an
asylum for those wlio were driven from
New England by the persecutions which
were there experienced from Protest-
ants. The governor superintended the
affairs of the countrv till the civil war in
']
CYCLOPiEWA OF BIOGRAPHY.
3^
England, when the name of a papist be-
came so obnoxious that the parliament
assumed the government of the prov-
ince, and appointed a new governor.
On the restoration, CeciUus Calvert re-
covered his right. D. 1676.
CALVI, Lazzako, an able Italian art-
ist, but of so jealous and evil a disposi-
tion, that he poisoned an artist who
rivalled him ; and, on finding Luca Cam-
braso's portion of the decoration of a
church prefen-ed to his own, abandoned
his own profession, and did not resume
it for 20 vears. D. 1606.
CALVIN, properly CAUVIN, John,
after Luther the most eminent of the
religious reformers. Plis writings, both
controversial and practical, were very-
numerous, and marked by great vigor
and perspicuity ; and though they are
now little read, the principles they in-
culcate are held by a vast body in all
countries in which the reformed religion
is established or tolerated. There is,
however, a deep stain in the character
of this reformer. While vindicating the
liberty of conscience, he so far forgot
his own principles and disobeyed the
behests ot the gospel, as to consign to
the flames the unfortunate Servetus.
The principal work of Calvin is his
" Christian Institutes." B. at Noyon, in
Picardy, 1509 ; d. 1564.
CALVISIUS, Sellius, a German wri-
ter; author of "Opus Ckronologicum,"
a work much praised by Scaliger and
other learned men ; a treatise on music ;
a work against the Gregorian calendar,
&c. He also composed several psalms
and other pieces of church music. D,
1615.
C AMBACERES, Jean Jacques Regis,
duke of Rome, &c., raised to distinction
by the French revolution, was b. at
Montpelier, in 1733, brought up to the
legal profession, and by his talents soon
attracted the notice of the convention,
by whom he was appointed to various
judicial offices. In the discussion rela-
tive to the fate of Louis XVI., although
he was one who declared him guilty, yet
he disputed the right of the convention
to judge him, and voted for his proviso-
ry arrest, or, in case of hostile invasion,
his death. For a time he had the man-
agement of foreign aifairs ; and when
Bonaparte was first consul, Catiibaceres
was chosen second consul. After Napo-
leon became emperor he was an especial
favorite, and was created archchaneel-
lor, grand officer of the legion of honor,
and ultimately duke of Parma, and presi-
'dent of the chamber of peers. In fine,
he always showed a sincere attachment
to Napoleon, and devoted his best ener-
gies to his cause ; and though he was
banished on the second restoration of
Louis XVIII., yet he was afterwards
allowed to return to Paris, where he d.
in 1824.
CAMBRIDGE, Adolphus Frederic,
duke of, the seventh and youngest son
of Georore III., wash. 1774; d. 1850.
CAMBRONNE, Pierre Jacques
Etienne, baron de, a distinguished
French general, was b. at Nantes, 1770.
Entering the army in 1790, he served
with distinction in the campaigns of the
republic and the empire. He accom-
panied Napoleon to Elba in 1814, re-
turned with him in 1815, commanded
a division of the Old Guard at the bat-
tle of Waterloo, refused to surrender,
though his men were nearly destroyed,
and fell into the hands of the English,
after being severely wounded. In 1816
he was brought before a council of war ;
but though unanimously acquitted, he
was placed in retirement, and did not
re-enter his country's service till 1830.
The celebrated words, " La Garde mcurt,
et ne se rend pas," are attributed to him.
D. 1842.
CAMBYSES, king of Persia, succeed-
ed his father, the great Cyrus, in 529
B. c. He was of a violent and vindictive
disposition, which he manifested equal-
ly by his invasions of Egypt and Ethi-
opia, Jind by his cruel treatment of his
own subjects. D. 521 b.o.
CAMDEN, Charles Pratt, Earl, a
distinguished British lawyer and states-
man, was the third son of Sir John
Pratt, chief justice of the court of King's
Bench, b. 1713. In 1757 he was ap-
pointed attorney-general ; and in 1762
made chief justice of the common pleas.
In 1765 he was created a peer, and the
year following advanced to the dignity
of lord chancellor. On the question of
libels Lord. Camden always opposed the
doctrine laid down by liigh authority,
viz., that juries were only the judges or
the matter of fact, and not of the law.
In 1782 he was appointed president of
the council, which office he resigned the
following year ; but he was afterwards
reappointed, and held it till his death
in 1794. — John Jeffreys Pratt, mar-
quis of, was b. in 1759, beinsrtlie only son
of Charles, first Earl Camden, some time
lord high chancellor of England. He
was educated at Trinity college, Cam-
bridge ; and in 1780 he "was returned to
parliament as one of the members for
Bath ; st.ortly after which he received
Ui
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[cam
the appoic.tment of one of the tellers of
the exchequer. In 1794 he succeeded
his father in the peernare, and the year
following he wa? made lord lieutenant
of Ireland. Fur his eminent services to
the state, he was created Marquis Cam-
den and earl of Brecknock in 1812. D.
1840. — William, a learned English an-
tiquary. He received his early educa-
tion at Christ's hospital, and subse-
quently studied at Oxford, where he
took his B.A. degree. After filling the
situations of second and chief master of
Westminster school, his proficiency in
antiquarian lore procured him the hon-
orable and lucrative office of Claren-
cieux king-at-arms. In addition to his
great and well-known work, "The
Britannia," he published "Annals of
Queen Elizabeth," a Greek grammar,
&c. B. 1551; d. 1623.
CAMERARIUS, Joachim, a learned
German writer, the frtend and biogra-
pher of Melancthon. B. 1500 ; d. 1574. —
Joachim, son of the above; author of
some botanical essays, &c. B. 1534 ; d.
1598.
CAMERON, John, a Scotch Protest-
ant divine^ who, after filling the divin-
ity chair at Glasgow, obtained that of
Montauban, in France. Mild by nature
and tolerant by Christian philosophy, he
endeavored to' mediate between Protest-
ants and Catholics; but some zealots
belonging to the latter caused him to be
so severely assaulted, that he died from
the effects of the brutal attack. D. 1625.
CAMILLA, daughter of Metabus,
king of the Volsci. On succeeding her
father she distinguished herself in arms,
and fell in battle assisting Turnus against
JEneas.
CAMILLUS, Marcus FuRius, a Roman
general. After obtaining the highest
honors from his applauding compatriots
he was charged with peculation, and
■went into exile. But when Brennus
and his Gauls besieged the capital,
Cam il his nobly set aside his private
feelings, hastened to Rome, and freed it
from the barbarians ; after which he was
made dictator. D. 365 b. c.
CAMOENS, Luiz de, the most cel-
ebrated poet of the Portuguese, was b.
at Lisbon, probably in 1§24; for it ap-
pears, from a catalogue of persons em-
barking for the East Indies in 1550, that
Camoens, whose age is there given at
twenty-five years, offered himself as a
volunteer for the campaign. His father
was a sea-captain, and perished by ship-
wreck, on the coast of Goa, in 1556.
Camoens studied at Coimbra, and hav-
ing couLpleted his education, re mrned to
Lisbon, where he fell deeply in love
with a lady of the palace, Catharine
d'Attayde. ' He was exiled to Santarem,
on account of disputes in which thit' love
involved him. From despair he became
a soldier, and served in the fleet which
the Portuguese sent against Morocco.
He composed poetry in the midst of
battles; and, as danger kindled his
genius, so genius animated his courage.
An arrow having deprived him of his
right eye before Ccuta, he naturally
hoped that his wounds would receive a
recompense, though his talents were not
appreciated; but envy opposed his
claims. Full of indignation at seeing
himself neglected, he embarked, in
1553, for India, and landed at Goa. His
f)owerful imagination was excited by the
leroic deeds of his countrymen in this
quarter ; and, although he had much
reason to complain of them, he could rtot
resist the desire of celebrating their gloiy
in an epic. But this vivacity of mind»
essential to the poet, is not easily united
with the moderation which a dependent
condition demands. Camoens was dis-
pleased with the abuses of the govern-
ment in India, and wrote a satire, which
caused his banishment to Macao, where
he lived several years in no other society
than that of natui'e, and composed his
Lusiad, the subject of which is Vasco
da Gama's expedition to India. The
parts of it which are best known are the
episode of Ines de Castro, and the ap-
pearance of Adamastor, who, by means
of his power over the storms, aims to
stop Gama's voyage, when he is about
to double the Cape. The versification
of the Lusiad has something so charm-
ing and splendid, that not only culti-
vated minds, but even the common
f)eople, are enraptured by its magic, and
earn by heart and sing its beautiful
stanzas. Being at last recalled from his
banishment, at the mouth of the river
Mecon, in Cochin-China, he was ship-
wrecked, and saved himself by swim-
ming ; holding in one hand, above the
water, the manuscript of his poem, the
only treasure which lie rescued from the
waves, and which was dearer to liim
than life. In Groa, he encountered new
persecutions ; he was confined in prison
for debt, and not allowed, until his
friends became responsible for him, to
embark and return to Lisbon, in 1569.
King Sebastian, yet hardly past the age
of childhood, took an interest in him.
He accepted the dedication of his epic,
(which appeared in 1572,) and, being on
cam]
CYCLOPiEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
245
the point of embarking on his expedi-
tion against th.* Moors in Africa, he
felt, more sensibly than others, the ge-
nius of the poet, who, like him, loved
dangers if they led to glory. But Sebas-
tian was killed in a battle before Alcacar,
in 1578, when every source of assist-
ance, as well as every hope of Camoena,
was destroyed by this event. So great
was his poverty, that at night, a slave
whom he had brought with him from
India, begged in the streets, in order to
support the life of his master. In this
misery he yet wrote lyric poems, some
of which contain the nlost moving com-
plaints. This hero of Portuguese liter-
ature, the ornament of his country and
of Europe, d. at last, in 1579, in the
hospital at Lisbon.
CAMP AN, Jeanne Louise Heneiette
■ DE, distinguished no less for her amia-
bility than, her acquirements, was b. at
Paris, 1752. Attached to the court in
the capacity of companion to the French
princesses, she was particularly dis-
tinguished by Marie Antoinette, whose
good and evil fortune she shared with
affecting fidelity and devotion. After
the revolution she instituted a celebrated
educational establishment at St. Ger-
mains; she was subsequently appointed
by Napoleon head of the institution for
the education of the daughters of officers
whom he had enrolled in the legion of
honor ; but after the restoration of the
Bourbons, this establishment was dis-
solved, and her relationship to Marshal
Ney involved her in various unpleasant
investigations which imbittered lier life.
She d. in 1822, leaving behind her, be-
sides a respected name, many educa-
tional works, (of which her *' Education
des Filles" deserves particular notice,)
and valuable memoirs, rich in interest-
ing sketches of the private life of her
former mistress and friend.
CAMP AN ELLA, Thomas, an Italian
monk of the Dominican order. Having
strongly opposed the Peripatetic philos-
ophy, his enemies caused him to be ac-
cused of conspiracy, and he was confined
first at Naples and afterwards at Rome.
From the latter place he escaped to
France, where Cardinal Eichelieu ob-
tained him a pension. His best works
are " De recta Eatione Studendi," and
" Aphorisma Politica." D. 1639.
CAMPBELL, ARcriraALD, marguis of
Argyle, a zealous and gallant partisan of
the Covenanters. At the restoration
of Charles II. the marquis was commit-
ted to the Tower. After remaining a
orisoner about five months, he was sent
21*
to Scotland, where he was tried for high
treason, and beheaded in 1661. — Archi-
bald, earl of Argyle, son of the above,
and a zealous adherent of the royal
cause, was excepted from the general
?ardon issued by Cromwell in 1654.
hough he defeated the endeavors of
his enemies to bring him to the scaflfold,
he most unfortunately ventured to re-
turn from Holland, where he had found
shelter, an^ being apprehended, was
conveyed to Edinburgh, and beheaded
in 1685. — John, duke of Argyle and of
Greenwich, was distinguished equally as
a soldier and a statesman. He was
brigadier-general at the famous battle
of Ramilies, and commanded with bril-
liant effect at Oudenarde and Malplaquet.
To fhese services he added that of beat-
ing the earl of Mar at Dumblain, and
compelling the Pretender to quit the
kingdom. These actions, and his ex-
ertions in bringing about the i;nion,
were rewarded with the garter and the
English dukedom of Greenwich. He
also held several offices, of which SirR.
Walpole deprived him, but which he
regamed on that ministers removal. B.
1671 ; d. 1743. — Archibald, a relative of
the above, and bishop of Aberdeen;
author of the very scarce and curious
work, " The Poctrine of a Middle State
between Death and the Resurrection."
He resigned his bishopric in 1724, and d.
1744. — George, a Scotch divine, princi-
pal of Marischal college, Aberdeen, and
professor of divinity there ; author of
the *' Philosophy of Rhetoric," — still a
standard work, — a " Reply to Hume on
the Miracles," " Lectures on Ecclesiasti-
cal History," &c. B. 1709 ; d. 1796.—
John, a Scotch architect, surveyor of
the works at Greenwich ; author of
" Vitruvius Britannieus." D. 1734. —
John, a clever and industrious Scotch
writer ; author of the " Militarj' His-
tories of Prince Eugene and the duke of
Marlborough ;" a " Political Survey of
Britain," the "Lives of the Admirals,"
&e. D. 1775. — Neil, was the officer
selected by the British government to
accompany Napoleon to the island of
Elba ; and it was during a short excur-
sion, which his bad state of health ren-
dered necessary, that Napoleon effected
his escape. After spending thirty-one
years in the service of his country, he fell
a sacrifice to the noxious climate of
Sierra Leone, of which colony he had
been appointed commander-in-chief. D.
1827.— Thomas, an eminent poet, was
the son of a Scotch merchant, who gave
him an excellent education at Glasgo-w,
2#
CrCLOPJiDiA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[cam
tvhere he j^reatly distinguished himself.
A translation of his from Aristophanes
was pronounced by the best juages to
be the finest college exercise they had
ever seen ; and, when little more than
thirteen, he won a bursary in his college
from a competitor nearly double his age.
Leaving Glasgow at an eaily age, he
settled in Edinburgh as a private tutor ;
and here, when only in lijs twenty-
second year, he published " The Pleas-
ures of" Hope" — by all judges allowed
to be one ot the most elegant poems in
our language. Tlie success of this work
was such as to allow of his making a
tour on the Continent, whence he gave
the world those splendid lyrics, " Ye
Mariners of England," " TJie Exile of
Erin," and " Hohenlinden." At the
buttle of Holienlinden he was so near
that he could see the returning conquer-
ors wiping their blood-stained sabres
\ipon their horses' manes ; a circum-
stance to which, in after years, he was
often heard to allude. Soon after his
teturu from the Continent, Mr. Campbell
married and settled in London, employ-
ing himself not only in occasional com-
§osition of poetry, but also in the
rudgery of mere compilation. He
published " Gertrude ot^ Wyoming,"
"The Battle of the Baltic,'"' "Lord
TJllin's Daughter," and " O'Connor's
Child ;" and he was engaged by Mr.
Murray to write the admirable and well-
known " Critical Essays and Speci-
mens." Subsequently he edited the
New Monthly and the Metropolitan
Magazines, and published "Theodoric,"
a poem, besides editing some few re-
prints and compilations. Early in his
career he was relieved from the absolute
want which too often stings genius into
imprudence, by the kindness of Charles
Fox, who put him on the pension list
for £200 per annum. His health had
for some years been but feeble, and in
1843 he retired to Boulogne, where he d.
June 15, 1844, aged 67.
CAMPE, Joachim Henry, a German
writer, author of a " German Diction-
ary," "Letters from Paris, eulogistic
of the French Revolution," " Theoph-
ron," and the " New Robinson Crusoe."
The last-named work, by which he is
ehiefly known in Engl.and, is founded
on the popular work of Defoe. B. 1746 ;
d. 1818.
CAMPEGGIO, LoBENzo, originally a
professor of civil law at Bologna, but on
the death of his wife he entered the
church, became a bishop, and at length
a cardinal. In 1519 he was sent as le-
gate to England, and while there waa
nominated bishop of Salisbury. After
being some time in Germany as legate,
and employed in opposing Lutheranism,
he again went to England to decide be-
tween Henry VIH. and Catharine of
Aragon, on which occasion he otfended
Henry without being of any real service
to the queen. He appears to have been
a man of considerable learning and nat-
ural ability; for he reckoned Erasmus
and other eminent scholars among his
friends. D. 1539. — A brother of the
above, and a bishop, author of several'
"Treatises on Canon Law." D. 1564.
CAMPER, Peter, a Dutch physician
and naturalist. His writings on various
departments of " Natural History and
Philosophy" are collected in 6 volumes;
and, in addition to these, he wrote an
ingenious treatise on "The Physiogno-
mies of Men of Different Nations." B.
1722 ; d. 1789.
CAMPHUYSEN, Dyrk, a Dutch land-
scape painter of the 17th century, dis-
tinguished for the excellence of his
moonlight pieces.
C AMPI, Bernardin, an Italian painter,
and author of an excellent treatise on
the principles of his art. D. 1584. —
Various persons of this name are dis-
tinguished in the annals of Italian art.
CAMPIAN, Edmund, an English Je-
suit. He was educated at Christ's hos-
pital, and graduated at Oxford ; but on
a visit to Ireland was induced to turn
Catholic, and enter as a Jesuit at Douay.
He wrote "Chronologia Universalis,"
and a drama, called " Nectar and Am
brosia." Being chosen by Gregory
XIII. to visit England as a missionary,
he was discovered, tried for high treasonj
and executed in 1581.
CAMPISTRON, Jean Gualbert de,
a French dramatic poet. Three volumes
of his plays are extant; and some of
them are thought to be but little inferior
to those of his celebrated cotemporary,
Racine. B. 1656 ; d. 1723.
CAMPOMANES, Pedro Rodriguez,
count de, a celebrated Spanish, states-
man, whose profound views in political
economy obtained him, in 1765, the ap-
pointment of fiscal to the council of
Castile. He was afterwards made min-
ister of state, and wrote many useful
works. D. 1789.
CAMPS, Francis de, abbot of Ligny,
author of a " History of France," "Dis-
sertation on Medals,"" &c. D. 1723.
CAMPSON, Gauri, raised by the
Mamelukes to the sultanship of i%ypt ,
and slain, after a beneficent reign or 12
can]
CYCLOPJEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT
347
years, in an action with Selim, emperor
of the Turks, in 1516,
CAMUS, Armand Gaston, was one
of the deputies from Paris to the states-
general in 1789; and, wlien a member
of the convention, voted for the deatli
of the king. Although he opposed the
estabUslunent of the consular govern-
ment, yet Bonaparte continued him in
his office of archivist, which he held
sevei-al years. B. 1740 ; d. 1804. — John
Peter, a French prelate, remarkable for
the raillery he introduced into his ser-
mons. He was created bishop of Bellay
by Henry IV., but his severe reproofs
of the monks, and his endeavors to
check their irregularities, made him
many enemies, and he at length re-
signed his bishopric and retired to a
monastery. Among his writings were
several religious romances, written with
the intention to supplant the less edify-
ing fictions which were just at that time
so popular. B. 1582; d. 1652.
OAMUSAT, Nicholas, canon of
Troyes, author of "Melanges Histori-
ques," "Historia Albigensium," &c.
D. 1655.
CANALETTI, or CANALE, Anto-
nio, a Venetian painter, whose excel-
lence was chiefly m landscape. To him
is ascribed the merit of having been the
first to make the camera obscura useful
in painting. B. 1697 ; d. 1768.
CANANI, John Baptist, an Italian
anatomist, professor of anatomy and
medicine at Ferrara, author of a valuable
and scarce work, entitled "Musculorum
Humani Corporis picturata Dissectio.?'
Some writers attribute to him the dis-
covery of the valves of the veins. D.
1590.
CANDAULES, a king of Lydia, put
to death by his favorite, Gyges, at the
instigation of the queen. Gyges sub-
sequently slew her also, and assumed
the crown, 718 b. c.
CANDIDO, Peter, whose real name
is said to have been De Witte, was a
native of Bruges, where he was dis-
tinguished as an historical painter.
Many of his works have been engraved.
CANDOLLE, Axtgustin P. de, whose
knowledge of botany has placed him in
the same rank with "^ Linnaeus, was b. at
Geneva, 1778. Having finished his
studies at Paris, he soon attracted the
notice of Cuvicr and Lamarck, whom
he aided in various scientific researches ;
and in 1808 he was appointed to the
cha r of botany in Montpelier. Obliged
to quit France for havmg taken office
under Napoleon during the hundred
days, he found refuge in his native city,
where a chair of natural history waa
expressly instituted for him, and where
he continued, for many years, to extend
the boundaries of his favorite science
by his lectures and publications. His
chief works are a " Theorie Elementaire
de Botanique," " Eeo:ni Vegetabilis Sys-
tema Naturale," " L'Organographie et
la Physiologic Vegetales," &c. ; in all
of which he seeks to enforce what is
called the natural arrangement. D. 1841.
CANGE, Charles du Fresne du, a
French antiquary, author of a "History
of the Empire of Constantinople," "By-
zantine History," &c. D. 1688.
CANNEMXN, Elias, a Dutch states-
man, who, in 1798, joined the revolu-
tion, and held a high financial post at
the Hague, when Holland was united to
France. In 1818 he was among the first
to declare the independence ot Holland,
and chief contributor to the restoration
of the house of Orange. B. 1773.
CANNES, Francis, ji learned Span-
iard, the author of "A Spanish and
Arabian Grammar and Dictionary." B.
1737 ; d. 1795.
CANNING, George, a highly gift5d
orator and distinguished politician, was
b. in London, April 11, 1770. His fa-
ther, who was from Ireland, was a man
of considerable literary abilities ; but
having otfended his family by marrying
a lady without fortune, came to London,
entered himself of the Middle Ternple,
and was called to the bar. Like many
others similarly situated, he soon aban-
doned the law for literature ; but this
failing to provide him with ths mean^
of support, he commenced business as d
wine merchant, and failed. Eepeated
disappointments seriously aflfected hid
health and spirits, and he died, broken-
hearted, on the very day that his infant
son was one year old. His widow, re-
duced by dire necessity, had recourse td
the stage for support, and married an
actor: he also died, and she then be-
came the wife of Mr. Hunn, a linen-
draper of Exeter. But she had th4
happiness to live to see the success of
her son, and to receive from him at all
times the tenderest marks of filial afiec-
tion. The friends of his father first
placed him at Hyde Abbey school, Win-
chester, and afterwards at Eton, wherd
he greatly distinguished himself as i
scholar, and formed many connectiona
which were of great service to him in
his after life. While at Eton, he dis-
played great skill as an author, in hifl
contributions to the "Microcosm," d
248
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[cab
periodical work conducted by the senior 1
scholais. At Oxford also lie distin-
guished himself, and proceeded thence
to Lincoln's Inn, his oratorical talents
suggesting the bar as the profession
best adapted for him. Being introduced
to the house of commons by Mr. Pitt,
he abandoned the bar, and devoted him-
self wholly to politics. His strenuous
and able support of the minister was
rewarded in 1796 with an under secre-
taryship of state ; and in the year 1800
he was placed in affluence by his mar-
riage with Miss Joanna Scott, the
daughter of General Scott, with a for-
tune of £100,000. His talents as a poet
and political writer were unquestion-
able, and he made an expert use of
them in the articles he contributed to
the " Antijacobin," a celebrated pub-
lication, in which the whigs were wit-
tily, inimercifully, and in some cases
unjustifiably, held up to popular con-
tempt. After the death of Pitt, and the
dissolution of the coalition ministry of
Fox and Grenville, Canning became
foreign secretary in Perceval's adminis-
tration ; and to him may justly be
ascribed the line of British pohcy in
Spain, which destroyed the hopes of
Kapoleon, and led to his final over-
throw ; for, as he once emphatically de-
clared, "his had been the hand which
committed England to an alliance with
Spain." Having, as it was alleged, un-
fairly endeavored to procure the removal
of Lord Castlereagh from office, a duel
took place, and both parties had to quit
office. In 1812 he was elected a member
for the great commercial town of Liver-
pool ; and in 1816 he again became min-
ister, being appointed president of the
board of control. In this situation he
miide himself extremely unpopular by
his defence of the Six Acts, and other
no less obnoxious measures. On the
return of Queen Caroline to England in
1820, Mr. Canning retired from office,
that he might not have occasion to vote
against her. This did not prevent his
being appointed governor-general of
India in 1822 ; and he had already made
preparations for his departure, when
the death of the marquis of London-
derry caused the seals of the foreign
office to be delivered to Mr. Canning.
In conjunction with Mr. Iluskisson, he
now advocated a course of both home
and foreign polity strikingly at vari-
ance with that of which he liacl for years
been the wittiest and readiest, if not the
most profound, defender. His new
policy was as popular as his old had
been obnoxious ; and the earl of Liver-
pool being seized with paralysis, from
which there was no hope of his recovery,
Mr. Canning reached the grand object
of his ambition — that of being the ac-
knowledged head of the administration.
But though the new premier was pop-
ular with the country, the party with
whom he had in a great measure ceased
to act rendered his task a difficult one.
The opposition to him was fierce, almost
rancorous ; and it was soon obvious that
he was sutfering both in mind and body
from over-exertion and constant excite-
ment. These, aggravating the effects
of a severe cold, caught AvlVile attending
the funeral of the duke of York, brought
on a most painful inflammatory disease,
which terminated his life at the age ol
57, in 1827.
CANO, Alonzo, a Spanish painter,
sculptor, and architect; he was sur-
named the Michael Angelo of Spjiin.
His colossal statues of St. Peter and St.
Paul were so admirably executed, that
foreign artists from all parts travelled to
see and copy them. Unhappily, in the
midst of his triumph and celebrity, he
became the victim of a horrible suspi-
cion. During his absence from home,
his wife was murdered and his house
robbed by an Italian servant ; .and Cano
being suspected, was put to the rack.
The torture itself could not shake his
firmness, and as there was no evidence
against him he was released. He then
entered the church ; and although he
strictly attended to his religious duties,
his love of the arts was unabated, and
the " ruling passion" was so strong, that
on his death-bed, he averted his face
from the crucifix of his confessor, be-
cause it was ill-carved. B. 1608; d.
1676. — James, a Portuguese navigator,
who in the 15th century discovered the
kingdom of Congo. — John Sebastian, a
Spanish navigator, Avho was employed
as principal surveying officer by Magel-
lan, who circumnavigated the globe in
1520-1. D. 1526.
CANOVA, Antonio, a celebrated
modern sculptor. He was b. in 1757,
at the little village of Passagno, in the
Venetian territory. The seigneur of the
village, having seen the figure of a Hon
modelled by Cauova when only 12 years
of aire, was generous enough to plnce
himWith Torretii, of Vienna, at that
time the greatest living s&alptor. At
the close of his studies at Vienna he
settled at Venice, and manifested the
originality of his powers by various
works. From Venice lie passed to
cap']
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
249
Eo -ne, where he was greatly patronized,
and in a comparatively brief time he
was admired by all Europe, and more
or less employed by every European
potentate. Fortune and honors flowed
in upon him, and he used them wisely
and honorably. Among his numerous
works the finest are "Cupid and
Psyche," "Venus and Adonis,'' "Mary
Magdalen," and " Napoleon holding the
Sceptre." D. 1822.
CANOVAI, Stanislaus, an Italian
mathematician, brought into notice by
a work to prove that Anierico Vespuccio
was the first discoverer of the New
World. B. 1740.
CANSTEIN, Charles Hildebrand,
Baron, a German nobleman, distinguish-
ed for an improvement in printing, anal-
ogous to stereotyping. He caused bibles
and testaments lo be printed from entire
pages, the testaments being sold as low
asfourpenee each. How the baron's
pages were formed does not clearly ap-
pear. D. 1719.
CANTACUZENE, Prince, a Greek
patriot, descended from the famous
Eastern emperor, John, and one of the
first to join Ypsilanti, in 1821, when de-
claring for the liberty of Greece, since
re-established.
CANTACUZENUS, John, emperor
of Constantinople. After filling several
impoi'tant offices he was proclaimed
emperor by the nobles and soldiery:
and he endeavored to heal the wounds
which five years of civil war had inflicted
on the state ; but the jealousy of Palse-
ologus, the rebellion of his own son,
and other disasters, induced him to
resign the crown and to retire to a mon-
astery, where he employed himself in
literary labors. He d; in 1411, being
more than 100 years old ; and he may
be considered as one of the greatest
among the successors of Constantine.
CANTAPJNI, Stmon, surnamed the
Pezarese, an Italian painter, whose works
are frequently mistaken for those of his
great master, Guido. D. 1648.
CAN TEMIR, Demetrius, a Moldavian
prince ; author of " The System of the
Mahotnetan Religion," a " History of the
Rise and Fall of the Ottoman Empire,"
&c. D. 1723. — Antiochus, son of the
above. He was educated in Russia, and
employed in some important embassies
from that country. He was the author
of several poems, and translated Anac-
reon into Russian. D. 1774.
CANTERBURY, Charles Manners
Sutton, Viscount, received his educa-
tion at Eton and Trinity college, Cam-
bridge ; entered parliament in 1807, as
member for Knaresborough, which
borough he represented till 1882, when
he was elected for the university of
Cambridge. In 1809 he was appointed
to the office of judge advocate general;
and on Mr. Abbot (afterwards Lord
Colchester) retiring from the speaker-
ship of the house of commons in 1817,
the talent and political integrity of Mr.
Manners Sutton recommended him to
the house as one eminently qualified to
fill so distinguished and honorable a
situation. It being reported that he took
an active part in the formation of the
Peel ministry in 1834, the adherents and
friends of Lord Melbourne put Mr. Aber-
crombie in nomination for the speaker-
ship, and he was chosen (Feb. 19, 1835)
by a majority of 10. Mr. Manners Sut-
ton was'shortly after called to the upper
house by the titles of Viscount Canter-
bury and Baron Bottesford. D. 1845.
CANTIPRATANUS, Thomas, a di-
vine and philosopher of the 13th cen-
tury; author of two rare and curious
treatises on the "Natural History of
Bees." He is also said to have trans-
lated into Latin the whole of the works
of Aristotle -but Aventine attributes it
to Henry of Brabant.
CANTON, John, an ingenious En-
glish mechanician and experimentalist.
The chief of his discoveries was that of
the means of making artificial magnets,
for which the Royal Society gave him itf
gold medal, and elected him a member
He contributed some valuable papers to
the transactions of the Royal Society, but
published no separate work. B. 1718;
d. 1772.
CANUTE, surnamed the Great, king
of Denmark by inheritance, and of En-
gland by conquest. Though his autho-
rity in England was ill-obtained, it
seems to have been both wisely and
justly administered. D, 1035. — ^IV.,
surnamed the Pious, king of Denmark.
He endeavored to invade England, but
was unsuccessful, and was slain by one
of his subjects in a revolt, consequent
on a grant he had made to the church.
D. 1087.
CAPASSO, Nicholas, an Italian di-
vine, and professor of civil law in the
university of Naples; author of some
works on theology and jurisprudence,
which are now but little known ; some
spirited and popular poetry, Latin and
Italian ; and a translation, which is
highly popular in Naples, of " Homer's
Iliad" into the Neapolitan patois. B.
1671 ; d. 1746.
250
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHi:.
[car
CAPEL, Aethihi Lord, a distin-
guished royalist, wlu, in conjunction
with Lord Norwich and Sir diaries
Lucas, gallantly defended Colchester
against the parliamentary troops. He
at length surrendered on a promise of
quarter, but was beheaded in 1648.
While confined in the Tower he wrote
some beautiful verses; and was the
author also of a moral work, entitled
*' Daily Meditations." — Akthur, earl of
Essex, son of the above, was ambassador
to Denmark and lord lieutenant of Ire-
land. He subsequently, for a short time,
held the office of first lord of the treas-
ury ; but lost his favor at court by voting
for the exclusion of the duke of York.
Being accused of participation in the
Eye-house plot, he was committed to the
Tower, where he cut his throat, in 1683.
CAPELL, EnwAKD, an eminent dra-
matic critic ; editor of a volume of an-
cient poetry, entitled "Prolusions," &c. ;
but chiefly known for his edition of
Shakspeare, a task which is said to have
occupied him more than 20 years. B.
1713; d.l781.
CAPELLO, BiANCA, at first the mis-
tress, and afterwards the wife of Francis,
son of the Grand-duke Cosmo de Medici.
She was possessed of great ability, but
was both artful and cruel, and her mem-
ory is literally detested by the Floren-
tines. The fact that her husband and
herself died within a few days of each
other, caused it to be surmised that they
were poisoned, and rumor charged the
dark deed upon the brother of her hus-
band, the Cardinal Ferdinand. D. 1587.
CAPISTKAN, John, a friar, who dis-
tinguished himself in the 14:tia century
by the zeal with which he labored against
Turks and heretics. He headed a cru-
sade against the Hussites, of whom he
is said to have made many converts.
D. 1456 ; and nearly two centuries after-
wards was canonized.
CAPISUCCHI, Blasius, marouis of
Monterio, and general of the Catholic
forces. Signalized himself by great da-
ring and zeal against the Huguenots,
especially in defending Poitiers against
them in 1569. The besiegers threw a
bridge across the river, when Capisucchi
and two companions plunged in, and in
the face of the enemy destroyed the
fastenings of the bridge, thereby render-
ing it useless. — Paul, bishop of Neocas-
tro. He was appointed by the pope to
examine the proceedings in the divorce
of Henry VIII. and Queen Catharine,
and reported that that measure was un-
warranted. D. 1589.
CAPMANI, Don Antokio, a Spanish
philosopher, b. 1749 ; author of a Spanish
dictionary and several elementary works.
D. 1810.
CAPO D'ISTKIA, John, count of, a
Greek diplomatist, b. at Corfu, 1780
He was the son of a physician, and him-
self studied physic at Venice. His fa-
ther was governor of the seven Ionian
islands, when occupied by Russia ; and
when the treaty of Tilsit transferred
them to France', Capo d'lstria entered
the official service of the former, in
Count Eomanzof's office. In 1812 he
was sent on a diplomatic mission to Ad-
miral Tchitchigotf. In 1813 the Em-
peror Alexander being pleased with his
conduct on that occasion, elevated him
to the rank of foreign minister ; and in
thi-s capacity his name is found at the
foot of most of the treaties signed by
the allies on the downfall of Bonaparte
in 1813-14. Russia allowed him, in
1828j to quit office, in order to become
president of the new Greek government.
He was assassinated in the autumn of
1821.
CAPPE, Newcome, an English dis
senting divine, pupil of Dr. Doddridge ;
author of " Illustrations of select Pas-
sages of Scripture," "Discourses on the
Providence and Government of God,"
&c. D. 1791.
CAPEAEA, Cardinal, a distinguished
Italian ecclesiastic, b. 1733. Attached
to the principles of the French revolu-
tion, he accompanied Bonaparte, in 1803,
to Brussels, and Avas by him made arch-
bishop of Milan. It was by Caprara that
Bonaparte was crowned king of Italy in
1805. D. 1810.
CAEACALLA, Marcus Aurelius An-
toninus, a Eoman emperor. He was b.
in 183, and, in conjunction with his
brother, Geta, succeeded his father, Se-
verus, in 211. Having murdered Geta,
he was so much enraged at the people
of Alexandria for their comments on
that crime, that he entered the city with
his troops and slew the inhabitants.
After six years' reign he was murdered
by one of his guarcis, in 217.
CAEACCT, LuDovico, a celebrated Bo-
lognese painter. His works are chiefly
to'be found in the churches and palaces
of Bologna, though some other Italian
towns boast the possession of a few of
them. He was an extremely amiable and
disinterested man. B. 1555; d. 1619. —
Annujale, cousin of the above, and still
more eminent as a painter. His paint-
ing in the palace of the Cardinal Far-
nese, at Eonae, is said, by the famous
OAR
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
251
Poussin, to excel the eiforts of all pre-
ceding painters; yet for these wonder-
ful works, which occupied him eight
years, he received but five hundred gold
crowns. 1). 1609. — Agostino, brother
of the last named. He, like his distin-
guished relatives, was an eminent paint-
er, and worked sometimes in conjunc-
tion with them; but he was still more
distinguished as an engraver. His prints
after Correggio, Paul Veronese, and Tin-
toretto, are greatly admired. D. 1602.
CAKACGIO, Antony, an ItaUan poet
of the 17th century; author of " D Cor-
radino," and other tragedies; and an
epic poem, entitled '"Imperio Vindi-
cato."
CARACCIOLT, Francisco, Admiral,
an Italian, b. 1770; one of the victims
who perished by the sanguinary reaction
at Naples in 1799, when the French
abandoned the town, and the royal fam-
ily were restored. Notwithstanding the
capitulation with Cardinal Rutfo guar-
anteed his life, he was hanged at the
masthead of his vessel, and his body
thrown into the sea. Much has been
said of the evil influence used by Lady
Hamilton over Nelson, then stationecl
off Naples, to get him to sanction this
outrage, but Lady Hamilton has vehe-
mently doiied it. — Louis Antony, a
French writer. His works are numer-
ous; but none of them obtained so
much notice as his pretended letters of
Ganganelli, Pope Clement XIV. These
are so superior to the other productions
of their author, that the ruse succeeded
in the outset; but his non-production
of the original MSS., and certain anach-
ronisms in the work, betrayed him. B.
1721 ; d. 1803.— EoBKRT, an Italian bish-
op, much employed by popes Calixtus
III. and Sixtus V. His sermons contain
passages of great eloquence. D. 1496.
CARACTACUS, whose real name was
Caradog, was the king of an ancient
British tribe inhabiting South Wales,
called Silures. He gallantly resisted the
Romans for a considerable time, but was
at length defeated by Ostorius, a. d. 75.
When taken prisoner and carried before
the emperor Claudius, his magnanimous
behavior and sensible appeal produced
such an effect on the Roman emperor,
that he gave him his liberty ; but what
afterwards became of him is not re-
corded.
CARADOG, a British historian ; au-
thor of " The Chronicle of Wales."
Several MS. copies of them remain ; and
one of them has been continued as far
as 1280. D. 1156.
CARAMUEL DE LOBKOWITZ,
John, bishop of Messi, and one of the
true chureh-militant ; tbr, though a bish-
op, he fought in the Netherlands, and
assisted in defending Prague against
the Swedes. He was a voluminous but
not very valuable controversialist, his
zeal greatly outweighing his judgment.
B. 1606 ; d. 1682.
CARAVAGGIO, Michael Angelo
Amerighi da, an eminent though self-
taught Italian painter. B. 1569; d. 1609.
CARAUSIUS, a bold Flemish pilot,
who usurped the empire of Britain, and
became so formidable by his possession
of Boulogne and of a large fleet, that
the Romans recognized him by treaty.
He was an arbitrary tyrant, and was
murdered by a servant in 293.
CARDAN, Jerome, an Italian physi-
cian of great note in his time. Thoiigh
he appears to have been a consummate
empiric, he certainly had considerable
talent. He was an excellent matnema-
tician, but so addicted to astrology, that,
having predicted the time of his death,
it is said he starved himself in order to
verify his prediction. His works on va-
rious subjects were printed in 10 vols,
folio, at Lyons, in 1663. B. 1501 ; d 1576.
CARDI, Louis, sometimes called Ci-
voli and Cigoli, an eminent Tuscan paint-
er and engraver. He greatly affected the
style of Coi-reggio. The masterpiece of
his pencil, "St. Peter Healing the Crip-
ple," was unfortunately destroyed by
the damp. D. 1613.
CARDON, Antoine, an eminent Bel-
gian engraver. B. 1739 ; d. 1813.
CARDONNE, Dominic de, professor
of the Turkish and Persian languages at
Paris, and keeper of manuscripts in the
royal library there ; author of a " His-
tory of Africa and Spain under the Do-
minion of the Arabs," "Indian Tales
and Fables," &c. B. 1720 ; d. 1783.
CAREW, George, an English mili-
tary officer. After serving with great
reputation, he was ennobled by James
I., and made master-general of the ord-
nance and a privy councillor. Charles
I. greatly esteemed and raised him to
the rank of earl of Totness. He wrote
a " History of the Wars in Ireland," D.
1629. — Thomas, an English poet. His
masque, "Coelum Britannicum," was
performed before the court at Whitehall
in 1663, and greatly admired. D. 1639.
— Richard, an English writer, chiefly
on topography: author of "A Survey
of Cornwall," &c. D. 1620.— George,
brother of the above ; was much em-
ployed by Queen Elizabeth, who kaiglit-
25«
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[car
ed him. He wroto an account of France
and the court of Henry IV., which was
not publislied till above a century after
his death. D. 1614.
CAKEY, Hknry, earl of Monmouth,
an English nobleman, distinguished for
his scliolarship, and especially for his
acquaintance with modern languages.
He translated numerous works from
the French and the Italian, of which the
most important are Biondi's "History
of the Civil Wars of England," and Paul
Paruta's " History of Venice." D. 1661.
— Henry, an English musician and poet.
Ho chiefly excelled in ballads, one of
which, " Sally in our Alley," was praised
by Addison for its words, and by the
celebrated Geminiana for its music. He
was the author of several burlesque and
other dramatic pieces highly popular in
their day. D. by his own hand, 1743. — ■
George' Saville, son of the above, in-
herited much of his father's peculiar
talent; and, though intended for the
business of a printer, speedily aban-
doned that for the stage. His songs,
chiefly patriotic ones, were inferior to
his father's both in poetry and music.
Besides these and some farces, he wrote
"A Rural Ramble," "Balnea," being
sketches of the English watering-places,
&e. D. 1801. — Joseph, a French printer,
who made some important improve-
ments in the art of stereotyping. D.
1801. — William, a celebrated Baptist
missionary, b. at Paulerspury, North-
ampconshire, 1761. His father kept a
small school in the village, and appren-
ticed his son to a shoemaker at Hack-
leton, where his earnest i)iquiries upon
religious subjects attracted the notice,
and soon obtained him the friendship
of the Rev. Tliomas Scott, of Raven-
stone. He joined a congregation of
Baptists, and in his 20th year began to
preach, which he continued for two
years, when he was publicly baptized in
the river Nen. In 1787 he was intrusted
with the cliarge of a congregation at Lei-
cester; where, persevering in his benev-
olent object of converting the heathen,
he induced other ministers to join him ;
and, in 1792, they formed themselves
into a Baptist Missionary Society at Ket-
tering. William Carey was nominated
to go upon their first mission, and India
was selected as the most desirable field
for the commencement of his zealous
efforts. He arrived in Bengal in 1794,
but had the ill fortune to lose all his
money and efteets by the sinking of a
boat in the river Hooghly. Aft^r pa-
tiently enduring severe toils and priva-
tions for three years, (during which pe-
riod however he acquired the Bengalee,)
Mr. Carey preached publicly ; but as the
East India Company were opposed to
his object of forming an estaolishment
inland, in 1799 he proceeded to tlie
Danish settlement of Serampore. This
little missionary settlement, consisting
of four preachers only, with their wives
and families, rapidly increased ; a school
was opened, and type being sent from
England, a translation of tlie Scriptures
was printed in the Bengalee language.
Mr. Carey having made himself a com-
plete master of the native language, was,
in 1801, appointed by the governor pro-
fessor of Sanscrit and other oriental Ian
guages at the college of Fort William,
Calcutta. He had many ditficulties to
contend with, both from the prejudices
of the natives, and the political views
of influential individuals at home. He
never relaxed in the work he had begun,
but translated the Scriptures into "sev-
eral of the Indian languages, and lived
to witness the success of his ardent ex-
ertions for their dissemination among
the native tribes. 13. 1834. — Matthew,
a voluminous writer of Philadelphia, b.
in Ireland. He was originally a printer
and bookseller, but in 1779 wrote a
pamphlet against the oppression of the
Irish Catholics, which causing alarm for
his safety, he was secretly sent to Dr.
Franklin in Paris, and gained his friend-
ship. In 1783 he set up the " Freeman's
Journid," which plead the Irish cause
with great warmth. He was prosecuted
for a libel on John Foster, the British
premier, and sentenced to Newgate, but
he was released at the instance of the
lord mayor of London, in 1784, and em-
igrated to Philadelphia, where he pub-
lished the "Pennsylvania Herald," the
"Columbian Magazine," and the "Amer-
ican Museum." He also wrote, in 1814,
the " Olive Branch," and subsequently
" Vindicite Hibernicas," the " Philoso"-
phy of Common Sense," &c. B. 1760 ;
d. 1839.
CARISSIMI, GiAcoMo, a much ad-
mired musical compo.ser of the 17th
centurv.
CARITEO, an Italian poet of the 15th
and 16th centuries; author of "Opera
Nuova e Amorosa Composta," &c.
CARLETON, George, bishop of Chi-
chester, was educated by tlie tamoua
Bernard Gilpin, who sent him to Oxford.
His literary powers are honorably men-
tioned by Fuller, Camden, and Echard ;
and his writings are very numerous.
D. 1628.— Dudley, Lord Dorohester, ao
CAHl
GYCLOPJEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
^5^
Englisn statesman during the reigns of
James I. and Charles I. He was a man
of great abihty ; but, like Laud and
other statesmen of that time, he had a
bigoted fondness for arbitrary govern-
ment. As an author he is chiefly known
by liis " Letters to and from Sir Dudley
Carleton during his embassy to Holland,
from January, 1616, to December, 1620."
These letters, which were edited by
Lord Hardwicke, contain much valuable
information, though they also display
much prejudice. D. 1632. — Guy, Lord
Dorchester, a military officer of great
courage and skill. Having passed
through the subaltern ranks, he, in
1762, became a colonel, and distin-
guished himself very greatly at the
siege of Havanna. In 1772 he was raised
to the rank of major-general, and in-
trusted with the important office of gov-
ernor of Quebec, in which situation he
defended Canada against generals Ar-
nold and Montgomery. For this Gen-
eral Carleton was knighted, and promo-
ted to the rank of lieutenant-general.
He next succeeded General Clinton as
commander-in-chief in America; and,
at the conclusion of the war here, was
raised to the peerage, and made gov-
ernor of Quebec, New Brunswick, and
Nova Scotia. D. 1808.
CARLISLE, Anthony, one of the
most distinguished anatomists and phy-
siologists ot the age, was b. at Stilling-
ton, Durham, 1768, and commenced his
professional studies at York. He thence
proceeded to London, and became a
resident pupil of Mr. H. Watson, a sur-
geon of Westminster hospital, and one
of the court of examiners of Surgeons'
hall, a man of the first rank in his pro-
fession. In 1798, that gentleman dymg,
Mr. Carlisle succeeded him in theTiospi-
tal, and speedily distinguished himself,
as much by his invariable humanity to
the suffering poor as by his surgical
skill. He was sdnior surgeon to the
Westminster hospital, one of the coun-
cil and court of examiners to the Eoyal
College of Surgeons. D. 1840. — Nicho-
las, an eminent antiquary, b. at York,
1771. After receiving what he himself
calls an " humble education," he entered
the naval service of the East India Com-
pany, and gradually amassed a consider-
able sum, which enabled him to be of
great assistance to his brother, the emi-
nent surgeon, at the beginning of his
career. In 1807 he was elected secretary
to the Society of Antiquarians, his com-
petitor being the late Dr. Dibdin ; and
ua this capacity he found leisure to com-
22
fdle many laborious and useful works,
n 1812 he was appointed assistant libra-
rian at Buckingham house; in 1828 he
was nominated one of the gentlemen of
the privy chamber; and m testimony
of the estimation in which he was held,
he received orders from Austria, Den-
mark, and Hanover, and from Oxford
the hoiorary degree of D. C. L., in 1835.
D. 1847.— Howard, earl of, b. in 1748 ;
uncle and guardian of Lord Byron ; to
whom the latter dedicated his " Hours
of Idleness ;" and finding them too
feebly defended from the attacks of the
northern critics by his noble relation, he
subjected him to the rack of satire,
along with his presumed enemies, in
" English Bards." The earl of Carlisle
always, after he was superseded by the
duke of Portland, in Ireland, acted with
the Whig opposition. Some of this
nobleman's literary works deserve a
higher character than they have attain-
ed. "The Step-Mother," and "A
Father's Vengeance," tragedies, are pub-
lished with a collection of his lordship's
poems, in 8vo.
CARLOS, Don, son of Philip II. of
Spain, was b. 1545. He was deformed
and sickly, and of an extremely violent
disposition. He was to have espoused
Elizabeth of France, but his father, be-
coming a widower, married that princess
himself This circumstance greatly irri-
tated him, and it is said that he had
entered into a conspiracy against his
king and father, On this charge he was
thrown into prison, where he died about
six months after his arrest. The man-
ner of his death is variously stated, some
affirming that he was poisoned, bled to
death, or strangled, while others attri-
bute his death to his own acts. B. 1545 ;
d. 1567.
CARLYLE, Joseph Dacke, an English
divine and linguist. He accompanied
Lord Elgin on his embassy to Constan-
tinople, and took that opportunity to
explore various parts of Asia Minory^
Egypt, &c. His specimens of Arabic
poetry, and a learned summary of the
affairs of Egypt, from the year 971 to the
year 1453, wore published during his
lifetime, and procured him considerable
celebrity. After his death, a volume
appeared of his "Poems suggested by
Scenes in Asia Minor, Syria and Greece."
D. 1804.
CARMONTELLE, a French writer:
author of "Proverbes Dramatiques,''
some romances, conversations, &c. D.
1806.
CARNARVON, Henrt John Geokob
254
CrCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
C'
Herbert, third earl of, eminent as an
author, a traveller, and a politician, was
b. 1800. After finishing his school edu-
cation at Eton, he repaired to Christ-
church, Oxford, and his university ca-
reer tenniuiitcd, he entered upon a well-
devised plan of travel, extendina: over
Italy, the Peninsula, parts of Africa and
Greece ; and the results of which he,
from time to time, g:ave to the world in
works abounding in animated and pic-
turesque descriptions. His most popu-
lar work was his "Portugal and Galli-
cia," but his " Moor," apoein, and " Don
Pedro," a tragedy, evince poetic powers
of no mean order. D. 1849.
CARNE, John, a modern author, who
travelled for a considerable time in the
East, and gave the fruits of his travels in
the volume entitled " Letters from the
East," which originally appeared as a
scries of papers in the "^ew Monthly
Magazine. ' Subsequently he publisheii
" Eeeollections of the East," "Letters
from Switzerland and Italy," " Lives of
the most Eminent Missionaries," " Tales
of the West," "Stratton Hill," &c. He
had taken deacon's orders, but never
officiated. B. 1789 ; d. 1844.
CARNEADES, an eminent Greek
philosopher. He was a pupil of Dioge-
nes the Stoic, and, subsequently, of
Egesinus. When he became a teacher
he opposed Chrysippus, opposed the
theology of the Stoics, and argued
against their doctrine of fate. But
though as a philosopher he was free
from" many of the errors of his time, it
was rather in a political than a philoso-
ghical character that he was serviceable,
ome having levied a fine on Athens,
Carneades, with Diogenes and Critolaus,
was sent to plead against it. He did so
successfully, and so great a sensation
did his eloquence make, thatCato feared
its eftect on the Roman youth. D. 125
B. O.
CARNOT, Lazare Nicholas Margue-
rite, a French mathematician, and war
minister under Napoleon, was b. in Bur-
gundy, in 1753, entered the corps of
engineers, and received promotion from
the prince of Conde ; yet, at the com-
mencement of the revolution he became
a decided partisan of the republic, and,
as a member of the convention, voted
for the death of the king. During the
reign of terror he took an active part in
public afi'airs ; and, on the establish-
ment of the executive directory, he be-
came one of its five members. In this
office he remained till 1797, when, with
Barthelemy and others, he was accused
as a royalist, and exiled, Bonaparte, on
becoming first consul, recalled Cariiot,
and made him minister of war. In this
office he quarrelled so much with the
finance minister.j, that he was at length
compelled to resign. He subsequently
served Bonapurte in various capacities,
and under all the aspects of the em-
peror's fortune ; but the emperor seems
always to have undervalued his talents.
As a writer, Carnot is very favorably
known by his " Reflexions sur la Meta-
physi(^ue du Calcul Infinitesimal," " La
Geometric de Position," and other scien-
tific treatises. D. 1823.
CARO, Annibale, an Italian poet.
His parents were very poor, but in early
life he had the good fortune to be patron-
ized by Pietro Ludovico Farnese. Sub-
sequently he became secretary to the
Cardinal Alexander Farnese, *who lit-
erally heaped preferments upon him.
Though greatly engaged in public affairs
he wrote much. His original works,
both prose and poetry, are of a very hign.
order ; but his great merit is in his
translations from the Greek and Latin.
From the latter he translated the Jineid.
B. 1507; d. 1666.
CAROLINE, Amelia Elizabeth, wife
of George IV., king of Great Britain and
Hanover, second daughter of Duko
Charles William Ferdinand of Bruns-
wick, and of the Princess Augusta of
England, sister of George III., was b.
1768; married the prince of Wales in
1795, and gave birth to the Princess
Charlotte in the year following ; but was
scarcely recovered from her confinement
when her husband abandoned her, with-
out assigning any other reason than that
"no one could force his inclinations."
The discarded princess retired to a man-
sion at Blackheath, where she devoted
herself to the arts and sciences, and
dispensed no inconsiderable part of her
income in acts of benevolence. Mean-
while, the friends, or rather the spies,
of the prince, circulated many reports
of her, unfavorable to her general de-
portment, accusing her of illicit connec-
tions, and even asserting that she was
the mother of a boy named William
Austin, whom she had adopted, and
that the father was Sir Sidney Smith.
This led to a "delicate investigation,"
as it was termed ; and on the whole
evidence being submitted to George III.,
he declared himself satisfied of her inno-
cence, and received her with marks of
his especial favor. In 1813 the contest
was renewed between the two parties ;
the princess of Wales complaining, as
oar]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPRY.
255
a mother, of the difficulties opposed to
her seeins: her dtuighter ; but the prince
of Wales, then reagent, disregardeci these
complaints. Upon this, in July, 1814,
the princess obtained permission to afo
to Brunswick, and, afterwards, +o make
the tour of Italy and Greece. On quit-
ting England, she assumed the title of
countess of Wolfenbuttel ; and, while
at Milan, took into her service an Italian,
named Bartolomeo Bergami, in the capa-
city of a courier, whom she soon eleva-
ted to the office of chamberlain, and
appointed his sister one of her maids of
honor. For a time she resided at a villa
on the banks of the lake of Como ; but
afterwards visited Tunis, Malta, Athens,
Constantinople, Ephesus, and lastly Je-
rusalem. While there she exhibited
extraordinary munificence in gifts to the
conventual fathers, as well as to the
poor ; and took upon herself to found a
new order of knighthood, entitled the
order of St. Caroline, of which she con-
stituted Bergami grand master. Her
indiscretion in thus exalting Bergami,
and the improper familiarity with which
it was alleged she treated him, became
a theme of general conversation; and
commissioners were secretly sent out to
Milan by the prince regent, in order to
make inquiries into her conduct, and to
furnish the necessary evidence on which
to obtain a divorce. All circumstances
appeared favorable to him for the con-
summation of this long-desired object.
While absent from England, death had
deprived her of her friends, George III.,
and the duke of Kent ; of her daughter,
the Princess Charlotte ; and her brother,
the duke of Brunswick, who fell in re-
sisting the French, previous to the bat-
tle of Waterloo. Yet, on the prince of
W^ales ascending the throne, January
29, 1820, the ministry offered her an in-
come of £50,000 sterling, the title of
queen of England, and all the dignities
appertaining thereto, on the condition
that she should continue to reside
abroad. This proposal she rejected with
great indignation, accused her enemies
of the basest conspiracy against her, and
returned to England, cheered by the
enthusiastic welcome of nine-tenths of
the people. She was now publicly ac-
cused by the minister. Lord Liverpool,
of adultery : and, after a protracted trial,
the bill of pains and penalties was passed
to a third reading, by a trifling majority ;
but governmentthought it prudent to
withdraw it, and the proceedings drop-
ped. After this outrage on public de-
tsency, preparations were made for the
king's coronation. Tlie queen at first
demanded to be crowned with him ; and
this being peremptorily refused, she re-
quested to be present"^at the ceremony,
but had to endure the mortification of
being repeatedly turned from the doors
of Westminster abbey, and refused ad-
mission. The spirit of Caroline sunk
under this last effort. She was sud-
denly taken ill, while witnessing a per-
formance at Drury-lane theatre, and d.
1821. Having expressed a wish that she
should not be buried in England, her
remains were removed to Brunswick,
and deposited between those of her
fixther and brother. On the funeral pro-
cession passing through London, a vio-
lent conflict took place between the
life-guards, who were conducting it, and
the populace. To what extent the queen
was guilty no one can say, the evidence
being most conflicting and unsatisfacto-
ry ; but never was a woman more deci-
dedly the victim of brutal vengeance, or
one who had so many pleas to urge in
extenuation of her crime, if really
guilty.
CAEPENTEE, Lant, an eminent theo-
logical writer, b. at Kidderminster, 1780 ;
was drowned 5th April, 1850. Dr. Car-
S enter was a most industrious writer,
lesides publishing numerous sermons
and polemical pamphlets, he contributed
largely to Eees's Cyclopaedia and many
periodicals ; and his substantial works,
{)ublished both during his life find since
lis death, are masterpieces of style and
argument. His " Apostolical Harmony
of the Gospels" is referred to as an au-
thority even by his theological oppo-
nents. — EiciiARD, an English divine of
the 17th century. He "was originally
educated for the established church,
but seceded from it, and became a Catho-
lic priest. He again recanted, and ob-
tained a vicarage in Sussex ; but at the
rebellion he quitted England, and again
professed himself a Catholic. Tlie res-
toration caused him to return to En-
gland, and turn Protestant. Here it
might have been supposed his turnings
would end, but he in fact changed once
more, and died a Catholic. The writings
of this unprincipled man are, " Expe-
rience, History, and Divinity," and
" The Pragmatical Jesuit."
CAEPI, Udo da, a painter and engra-
ver of the 16th century, to whom is
generally attributed the invention of the
kind of engraving called chiaro-oscuro.
— GiROLAMi DA, a painter of the 1 Gth
century, and a. very successful imitate
of Correggio and Parmegiano,
25#^
CYCLDP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[car
CARPTNI, John de Plano, a Domin-
ican friar of the 18th century, and one
of tlie embassy from Pope Innocent IV.
to the descendants of Zenghis Khan,
sent to prevent them from invading
Europe, and to induce them rather to
turn their arms against the Saracens and
Turks.
CARPOCRATES, a heretic of the 2d
century, who denied the divine nature
of Christ. His followers were accused
of lewd and immoral practices, but Dr.
Lardner tliinks the accuf^ation to have
arisen rather from enmity than fact.
CARR, John, an English attorney and
writer; author of "The Stranger in
France," " The Stranger in Ireland,"
"A Tour through Scotland," &c. While
'm Ireland, he was knighted by the lord
lieutenant. D. 1822,— William Hol-
WELL, an English clergyman, and a dis-
tmguished patron of the fine arts. He
spent large sums in pictures, which he
bequeathed to the National Gallery. D.
1830.
CARRA, John Louis, a French wri-
ter and politician. In addition to a pe-
riodical, entitled " Les Annales Poli-
tiques et Litteraires," he published
several essays. Having joined the party
of Brissot, he was condemned on the
fall of that leader, and guillotined in
1798.
C ARR ANZ A, Bartholomew, a French
Dominican, fie distinguished himself
at the council of Trent, and had the
honor to accompany Philip II. of Spain
to England, where fie labored so zealous-
ly to establish Catholicism, that the king
made him archbishop of Toledo. Here,
however, his success ended ; for being
accused of heresy, he was imprisoned at
Rome for 10 years, and subsequently
sent to a monastery for the remainder of
his life. His chief works are, a "Sum-
mary of the Council," and a " Treatise
on the Residence of Bishops." D. 1576.
CARRE, Louis, an eminent French
mathematician. Besides many import-
ant contributions to the "Memoirs" of
the Academy of Sciences, he published
an elaborate " Method of Measuring
Surfaces and Solids, and finding their
centres of Gravity, Percussion, and Os-
cillation." D. 1711.
CARREL, Armand, chief editor of
the " Paris National," and a distinguish-
ed political writer. D. of a wound he
received in a duel with M. Girardin, a
few davs previous, July 24, 1886.
CAliRENO DE MIRANDA, Juan,
Don, an eminent Spanish painter, pa-
tronized by Philip iV. In coloring lie
surpasses all his countrymen, with the
exception of Murillo. D. 1685.
CARRERAS, Jose Miguel, Juan, and
Luis, three brothers, distinguislied in
the revolution of Chili ; who for patriot-
ism, talents, and purity of character had
not their equals in that country ; yet, by
a singularly adverse fortune, they all
perished at Mendoza, under the merci-
less rule of O'Higgins and San Martin.
With brutal cruelty the latter sent their
aged father an account of the expenses
of the execution of Juan and Luis, who
suffered- in 1818, with an order for its
immediate payment. He paid it, and,
two days afterwards, expired of a broken
heart. Don Jose Miguel did not meet
his unhappy fa^^e till 1822, when endeav-
oring to take advantage of a popular
movement in his favor, he was sur-
rounded by a superior force, made pris-
oner, and executed on the very spot
where his brothers had suffered.
CARRIER,- John Baptist, a monster
of ferocity, gendered in the French rev-
olution, was b. near Aurillac, 1756. He
was sent on a mission to La Vendee,
where he caused thousands of victims,
men, women, and children, to be drown-
ed, beheaded, or shot, the ordinary
mode of execution being too tardy for
him. Fifteen thousand individuals per-
ished in this way ; in short, the banks
of the Loire were strewed with the dead
bodies, and the water was so polluted,
that it was prohibited to drink it. On
the fall of the party called the Mountain,
he was tried before the revolutionary tri-
bunal which condemned him to the guil-
lotine, 1794.
CARRINGTON, Edward, a valuable
officer in the American revolution, was
some time quartermaster-general of the
army under Gen. Greene, in tlie South,
and'by his judicious counsels and unre-
mittea exertions in supplying the army,
greatly contributed to the advantages
gained over the enemy. He afterwards
was attached to the «rmy in the North,
but, previously to the evacuation of
Charleston, iiesumed his former t^tation.
After the peace he was a representative
in congress from Virginia. When Aaron
Burr was tried for hiirh treason, he was
foreman of the jury." B. 1749 ; d. 1810.
CARROLL, John, first Catholic bish-
op in the United States, was b. at Upper
]\Iarlborough in Maryland, 1734, and sent
for education at the age of 13 to Flan-
ders. From St. Omer's, where he re-
mmned 6 years, he was transferred to
the collep's of Liege and Bruges. He
was ordained a priest and became a Jes-
cab]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
25T
uit. In 1775 he returned to America,
and engaged in tlie duties of a parish
priest. In 1736 lie was appointed vicar-
general, and settled at Baltimore. In
17yO he was consecrated in England,
Catholic bishop of the United States,
and returned with the title of tlie bishop
of Baltimore. A few years before his
death he was created archbishop. D.
1815. — Charles, the last surviving sign-
er of the Declaration of American Inde-
pendence. He was b. at Annapolis, on
the 20tli of Sept., 1737 ; and d. at Balti-
more, Nov. 14, 1882, in his 96th year.
He was descended of a respectable Irish
family ; inherited a large estate, and was
of the Catholic religion. He was educa-
ted and studied civil law in France.
Subsequently he went to England and
pursued the study of common law at the
Temple. At the' age of 27 years he re-
turned to America, and was soon known
as an advocate for liberty, and one of
the ablest political writers"^ of Maryland.
In 1776 he was elected a delegate to con-
gress, and subscribed his name to the
Declaration of Independence. In 1778
he left congress, and devoted himself to
the councils of his native state ; in 1789
he was elected a senator in congress;
and in 1810 he quitted public life at the
age of 64, and passed the remainder
of his days in tranquillity, beloved and
revered by his friends and neighbors,
and honored by his country. His mind
was highly cultivated, and he was much
distinguished for urbanity of manners
and social virtue.
CARSTARES, William, a Scotch di-
vine, but of more influence as a politi-
cian, was b. at Cathcart, 1 649. In order to
remove him from the danger of being led
into politics, his friends sent him from
Edinburgh, where he had commenced
his studies,to Utrecht. Becoming known
to the prince of Orange he soon obtain-
ed his confidence, and Avas much em-
ployed by him in forwarding his inten-
tions upon England. Being privy to the
Rye-house plot he was apprehended, and
put to the torture, which he bore with
much fortitude, but at length was in-
duced to make a statement, which was
afterwards used against his friend, Mr.
Baiilie. On his liberation he returned
to Holland, where the prince received
him very cordially, and made him his
chaplain. He accompanied William to
England, and thonghnominally only his
chaplain, was in fact one of tlie most in-
fluential and able of his state advisers.
Under Queen Anne he had no political
power, but she caused him to be made
22*
principal of the university of Edinburgh,
in which important post he gave satisfac-
tion equally to her majesty and to the
Scottish public. By the house of Han-
over he was equally patronized, and
he continued a favorite till his death, in
1715.
CARSTENS, AsMus Jacob, a Danish
painter of very considerable merit. His
subjects, nearly all taken from the classic
authors, exhibit gracefulness of attitude
with vigorous expression. B. 1754 ; d.
1798.
CARTE, Samuj:l, an English divine
and antiquary, author of a valuable and
elaborate work, entitled "Tabula Chro-
nologica," &c. D. 1740.— Thomas, son
of the above, and like him an antiquary
and historian, and a divine. On the
accession of George I., feeling that he
could not conscientiously take the re-
quired oaths, he abandoned his profes-
sion; and during the rebellion of 1715
he was so strongly suspected, that a
warrant was issued against him, but he
was safely concealed in the house of a
clergyman in Warwickshire. As an
author he is chiefly known by his " His-
tory of England," and that of the "Rev-
olution of Portugal." B. 1686; d. 1754.
CARTER, Elizabeth, an English lady,
daughter of a clergyman residing at
Deal, in Kent. Under the instructions
of her father she became an admirable
Greek and Latin scholar, and was well
skilled in German, French, Spanish,
Italian, Portuguese, Hebrew, and Ara-
bic; nor was she a mere reader. She
translated Crousaz's critique on Pope's
'^ Essay on Man," Algarotti's explana-
tion of Newton's philosophy, and Epic-
tetus. These dissimilar labors appeared
during her life ; and, after her decease,
six volumes of her correspondence were
published, which are calculated to give
even a higher opinion of her intellect
than her more learned and masculine
performances. B. 1717 ; d. 1806. — Johx,
an eminent draftsman, architect, and
antiquary. In the latter character he
wrote ably and zealously in reprobation
of the disfigurement of the remains of
ancient beauty by tasteless attempts at
improvement. Ot'his ability as a drafts-
man and engraver there "is abundant
proof in the plates of the " Views in En-
gland," &c. ; and it is worthy of notice,
that his various powers were developed
by his own industry, unaided by earl v ed-
ucation. D. 1818.— Thomas, an eminent
Irish musician and composer of vocal
music. Among his compositions are
the songs, " Oh, Nannie, wilt thou gang
258
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHt.
[CAK
wi' me !" and "Stand to your guns, my
hearts of oak." D. 1804. — Nathaniel
Hazeltixe, a scholar and traveller, grad-
uated at Dartmouth college in 1811, and
afterwards studied law. He was two
or tliree years professor of languages in
Dartnioutli university. In 1820 he be-
came the proprietor and editor of a
newspapejr in the state of New York.
, From 1825 to 1827, he was abroad trav-
elling upon the continent of Europe, as .
the companion and guide of a young
gentleman of New York, whose father
defrayed the expenses of the tour. Du-
nng his absence he enriched his paper
with letters froni Europe, which on his
return he collected and publislu-d, com-
prising the "Journal of a Tour through
Ireland, England, Scotland, France,
Italy, and Switzerland," 1827. In 182y,
lie relinquished his paper, and for tiie
benefit of his health proceeded again to
France. He d. at Marseilles, 1830, aged
42. He was a poet as well as a writer
of prose; his largest poetical piece is
entitled the " Pains of Imagination,"
delivered at Dartmouth college.
CAKTEEET, Sir Geokge, one of the
proprietors of New Jersey. The name
of New Jersey was given, because Car-
teret's family were from the isle of
Jersey. Elizabethtown is said to have
been "named from his wife. — John, earl
of Granville, an eminent English states-
man, was b. 1690. Immediately on at-
taining his majority, he took his seat in
the house of lords. Warmly supporting
the Hanoverian succession, he was no-
ticed by George I., and employed by
him in various posts until 1721, when
he succeeded Craggs as secretary of
state. In 1723 he was appointed lord
lieutenant of Ireland; and though he
gave the irritable natives some offence
by prosecuting the printer of the Dra-
per's (Swift's) letters, he was on the
whole a popular viceroy. In the reign
of George 11. he again held that distin-
guished post, and 'with even more suc-
cess than before. On his return to
England he became a strong opponent
of Walpole ; and when he had succeeded
in removing that statesman, and pro-
curing office for himself, he supported
measures similar to tliose he had for-
merly condemned. But though as sec-
retary of state, and as president of the
oouncil, in which office he died, his
conduct was marked by much vacilla-
tion, he retained his court favor to the
.ast. D. 1763. — Philip, a distinguished
naval officer of the 18th century. In
conjunction with Captain Wallis he
commanded an expedition to the South
Seas, in 1766. Of the discoveries they
made, some account is given by Ilawkes-
worth in the introduction to his narra-
tive of Cook's voyage.
CARTIER, James, a French navi-
gator, who made several voyages of
discovery on the coasts of North Amer-
ica, especially in Canada, from 1534 to
1542.
CARTWEIGHT, John, an English
gentleman, distinguished for his zealous
attachment to political reform. His
writings in favor of American inde-
pendence, and on universal liberty, as
well as the public addresses which he
promoted in furtherance of a radical
reform of the government, made him
conspicuous. He also displayed great
flrmness and disinterestedness on all
occasions where multitudes assembled
to advocate and petition for popular
rights. D. 1824, aged 84. — Edmund,
brother of the preceding, and a clergy-
man of the established church. In 1770
he published a poem called "Armine
and Elvira;" but he is chiefly known
by some valuable discoveries in me-
chanics, which obtained for him £10,000
from parliament as the reward of his
ingenuity. D. 1824. — Thomas, an emi-
nent Puritan divine of the reigns of
Elizabeth and James I., author of " Com-
mentaria Practica in totam Historiam
Evangelicam," a "Body of Divinity,"
"Commentaria Succinta et Dilucida in
Proverbia Salomonis," &c. D. 1603,
aged 68. — William, an English divine
and poet. Both as a preacher, and as a
member of the council of war at Oxford,
he served the cause of Charles I. ; and
his exertions in the latter capacity caused
him to be for a short time imprisoned
by the parliament. His literary talents
must have been great, for Bishop Fell
said that he was " all that man could
arrive at ;" and Ben Jonson, in his
familiar way, said, " My son, Cartwright,
writes all like a man." But the remains
of Cartwright are very disproportionate
to these high praises, consisting only of
four plays and a few poems. D. 1643.
CARUSO, LuiGi, an eminent Nea-
politan composer. His "II Fanatico per
la Musica" is the work by which he is
best known in this country ; but all his
works are very popular in Italy and Ger-
many. He died early in the present
centiiry ; but it is not precisely known
at what date.
CARVER, John, first governor of
Plymouth colony, was a native of En-
gland, and was among the emigrants to
car]
CYCLOPJEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
250
Leyden who composed Mr. Robinson's
church in that place. When a removal
to America was contemplated, he was
appointed one of the agents to negotiate
witli the Virginia company in England
for a suitable territory. He obtained a
patent in 1619, and in the following year
came to New England with the first
company. As they arrived without the
territory of the south Virginia company,
from whom they had received the char-
ter, which was thus rendered useless,
it was thought best that a political asso-
ciation should be formed. A written
instrument was drawn up and sub-
scribed before they landed, and Mr.
Carver was unanimously elected gov-
ernor for one year. He conducted the
affairs of the colony with great prudence,
and discovered great address in his
management of the natives. In the
ensuing March he was confirmed as
governor for another year. He died
suddenly in April following. — Jona-
than, an enterprising traveller, was a
native of Connecticut. He was intended
for the profession of medicine, but he
quitted it for a military life. He was
ari officer in the French war, and served
with reputation till the peace of 1763.
After this he spent two years and five
months in exploring the most interior
parts of North America, and penetrated
to the Pacific Ocean, over that broad
part of the continent, which lies between
the 43d and the 46th degrees of north
latitude.* He hoped to facilitate the
discovery of a northwest passage, or
of a communication between Hudson's
bay and the Pacific ocean. He^ arrived
at Boston in October, 1768, after having
travelled nearly 7000 miles. He went
to England for the purpose of publish-
ing his journals and charts. Though
he presented a petition to the king, even
his expenses were never refunded to
him. When his papers were almost
ready for the press, under a permission
he had obtained for their publication,
an order in council required him to
deliver them into the plantation office,
to do which, he was compelled to re-
purchase them, from the bookseller, to
whom he had sold them. About ten
years afterwards he published an ac-
count of his travels. D. in abject want
in London, 1780, aged 48.
CARY, Thomas, deputy governor of
North Carolina for the proprietors, and
collector of their quit rents, succeeded
Daniel in the administration of the
province, but was removed from his
ofiSces in 1709, for neglecting to account
to his employers. He continued to sit
in the council, and the next year at-
tempted to resume the reigns of gov-
ernment by force, in order that he might
retain the treasures which were in his
hands. He armed a band of insurgents,
but was at length repulsed and his fol-
lowers dispersed, lie was carried to
England for punishment, but was never
tried. — Henky Francis, the well-known
translator of Dante, was b. at Gibraltar,
1772. His father was a captain in the
army ; but soon after the birtli of his
son he settled in Staffordshire, and sent
him when eight years old to Uxbridge
school, and afterwards successively to
Rugby and Birmingham. In 1790 he
was admitted as a commoner of Christ-
church, Oxford, and after finishing his
college studies he was presented sac-
cessively with the livings of Abbot's
Bromley in Staffordshire and Kingsbury
in Warwickshire. The delicacy of his
health having obliged him to have re-
course to the best medical advice, he
went to London in 1808, and after hold-
ing various cures in the metropolis and
the vicinity, in 1825 he became assistant
keeper of printed books in the British
Museum, an office, however, which he
resigned in 1837, when his application
for the chief librarianship was rejected.
Mr. Cary was addicted to literature from
his youth up ; he contributed largely to
the " Gentleman's" and the " London
Magazine," produced translations of the
"Birds" of Aristophanes and the
" Odes" of Pindar, and wrote a series
of "Lives of the English Poets," in
continuation of Dr. Johnson's ; besides
editing the works of Pope, Cowper,
Milton, Thomson, and Young ; but liis
chief reputation rests on his admirable
translation of Dante, which, though
somewhat neglected on its first appear-
ance, has since received the meed of
acknowledgment from all competent
critics. D. 1844. — Robert, an English
divine and writer. During the civil
war he distinguished himself by leaving
the established church and joined the
Presbyterian party ; and, at the resto-
ration, he disgraced the church by again
espousing its principles. His tergiver-
sation was rewarded by an archdeaconry,
from which, however, he was ejected In
1664. He wrote a learned and useful
work, entitled "Palaeologia Chronica."
D. 1688. •
CARYL, John, secretary to Mary,
queen of James II. He remained taith-
ful to that unfortunate prince, and was
rewarded for his fidelity with the titles
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[CAS
of Earl Caryl and Faron Dartford. In
the reign of Queen Anne he was living
in England, and was intimate with
Pope. He was the author of some
poems, some translations of psalms
from the Vulgate, and of two plays,
*' The English Trinccss," a tragedy;
and " Sir Solomon, or the Cautious
Coxcomb," a comedy. The date of his
death is unknown. — Joseph, an eminent
nonconformist divine, author of a vo-
luminous and valuable "Commentary
on Job." 1). 1678.
CAS A, John ue la, secretary of state
under Tope Paul IV. He was distin-
guished as a statesman, and as an ec-
clesiastic ; but his fame rests upon his
writings, which are considered among
the purest specimens of Tuscan com-
position. Hxs poems, both light and
serious, are of a very high order, but
his chief work is a prose dialogue, " Ga-
lateo, or the Art of Living in the World."
B. 1503 ; d. 1556.
CASANOVA, Mark Antony, a mod-
ern Latin poet. He imitated Martial in
his style, and made Pope Clement VII.
a favorite object of his attack. He at
lengtli olfended so greatly that he was
condemned to die. Clement, however,
was induced to pardon him. But tlie
unlucky satirist escaped execution only
to perish still more miserably; for, on
the taking of Rome by the Imperialists,
he was reduced to the necessity of lit-
erally begging for bread, and at length
died of disease produced by hunger, in
1527. — De Seingalt, Jean Jacques,
whose career of adventure and intrigue
in almost all the countries of Europe lias
gained for him the name of the Gil Bias
of the 18th century, was b. at V^enice,
1725. He figured as priest, soldier, and
statesman, successively ; found means
to gain the favor of some of the greatest
potentates of Europe, among others,
Erederic the Great and Catharine II. ;
and after roaming from place to place
(for his intriguing spirit frequently led
to a forced change of quarters) he ended
his long life of mingled eharlatanerie,
Srofligacy, and ability at Vienna, 1803.
;is love of literature and science, and
his proficiency in them, brought him
acquainted witli Voltaire and other cele-
brated literary men of the day ; and
besides other works he left copious
memoirs of his life and times. Brock-
haus, the Leipsic bookseller, to whom
the MS. was intrusted for publication,
published them in 18:i2.— Francis, bro-
ther of the preceding an eminent painter,
chief y of landscapes and battle-pieces.
He was employed by Catharine II., of
Kussia, to paint the victories of her
armies over the Turks. B. in London,
1727 ; d. 1805. — Jean Baptiste, another
brotiier of the adventurer, was b. in
London, 1730. He was a pupil of Mengs,
and closely connected with Winckel-
mann in his antiquarian researches. It
is said that, by way of testing the saga-
city of the German antiquary, he sent
him two pictures, which he had him-
self painted in the style of those a short
time previously found at Ilerculaneum,
declaring them to be ancient discoveries;
and that Winckelmann was so taken in
as to insert engravings of them in the
first edition of his " History of Ancient
Art," with an elaborate commentary
upon their merits. Casanova was pro-
fessor of painting in the Dresden Acad-
emy ; and his works on ancient art are
still cited by the Germans as authorities.
D. 1798.
CASAS, Bartholomew de las, a
Spanish prelate, distinguished for his
generous and constant, though unavail-
ing, exertions in favor of the natives of
South America. He was b. in 1474, and
in his lyth year accompanied his tixther,
who sailed with Columbus, to the West
Indies. On his return to Spain he em-
braced the ecclesiastical profession, in
order that he might act as missionary
in the western hemisphere, "there to
spend his days in preaching the gospel
to the Indians, and humanity to their
oppressors." Never did man more
zealously endeavor to effect a great and
good object. Twelve times he crossed
the ocean, to plead at the foot of the
Spanish throne the cause of the wretched
Indians, and passed fifty years of his
life in attempting, though with little
effect, their amelioration. He was made
bishop of Chiapa in 1544, but he re-
signed his see in 1551, returned to his
native country, and d. at Madrid, 156j6.
Of the writings of Las Casas, the most
valuable is his " General History of the
Indies."
CASAUBON, Isaac, a native of Gene-
va, distinguished by his great erudition
and powers of criticism. For several
years he held the Greek professorship^ at
Geneva ; but at length feeling dissatis-
fied with the amount of remuneration,
he gave up his professorship, and re-
moved to Paris. There he Wiis mado
professor of the belles lettres, and had a
pension, not very punctually paid, as-
signed to him by' Henry IV. ; at whose
death Casaubon went to England, and
James 1. gave bim two prebends. In
OAS]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
261
return, nowever, the pedantic king re-
(^uired the aid of the great critic in wri-
ting against tlie Koman Catholic?*.
Casaubon's editions of clasHic authors
are very numerous, and display im-
mense industry and erudition. B. 1559 ;
d. 1614. — Mekic, son of tlie above. His
"Pietas contra Maledicos," written
against the Catholics, and in vindication
of his father, introduced him to the no-
tice of King Charles I., by whom he
was presented to some valuable church
Ere ferments.. During the commonwealth
e was persecuted and imprisoned, but
remained unshaken in fidelity. At the
restoration he recovered his livings.
Among his writings the best is, *' A
Treatise concerning Enthusiasm." D.
1671.
CASE, John, an English physician
and philosophical writer ; author of
" Summa veterum Interpretum in uni-
^ersam Dialecticam Anstotelis." D.
1599
CASANEUVE, Pierre de, a learned
French antiquarian ; author of " Ori-
gines au Etymolo.gies FranQoises," " La
Catalogue Fran^oise," &c. D. 1650.
CASIMIR III., called the Great, one
of the most illustrious sovereigns the
world has over seen, was b. 1309. Hav-
ing succeeded his father on the throne
of Poland in 1333, he entered upon a
course of vigorous and enlightened re-
form, and closed a long life of devotion
to his people's welfare in 1370.
C ASLOjST, William, an English letter-
founder, to whom we are indebted for
improvements in printing type. B. 1692 ;
d. 1766.
CASS AGNES, Jacques, a French ec-
clesiastic and poet. He was of so irri-
table a nature, that a satire of Boileau's
actually drove him mad, and he was
obliged to be confined in the convent of
St. Lazarus until his death, in 1679.
CASSANDER, George, an able Ger-
man controversialist. Of his writings,
which are very numerous, the ablest
and most elaborate is liis " Consultatio
Cassandri." De Thou praises his mild-
ness and modesty ; qualities but too
rarely belonaring to controversialists. B.
1515; d. 1566.
CASSAS, Louis Franqois, an eminent
French antiquarian and artist ; author
of " Voyage Pittoresque de la Syrie, de
la Phenicie, de la Palestine, et de la
Basse Egypte." B. 1756 ; d. 1827.
CASSERIO, or CASSERIUS, Giulio,
anatomical professor at Padua. He was
at first the menial servant of the great
ftTiatomist, Fabricius, at Aquapendente,
to whom he became assistant, and, final-
ly, successor in the prol'essorship. His
only published work is "Pentaesthesion,"
or a treatise on the five senses. D. 1616.
CA8SINI, John Dominic, an eminent
astronomer, was b. at Perinaldo, nenr
Nice, and studied at Geneva with tlie
Jesuits. His fame reaching France, he
was invited to pay a visit to that coun-
try, where the kindness shown to him
by Louis XTV., and his great minister,
Colbert, caused him to remain for the
rest of his life. He was the first resi-
dent in the royal observatory at Paris,
and he continued to inhabit it for up-
wards of forty years. During that time
he determined the parallax of Mars with
the sun, demonstrated the diurnal mo-
tion of Jupiter round his axis, and dis-
covered the four satellites of Saturn, in
addition to that which Huygens had dis-
covered. D. 1712. — James, son of the
preceding, and, like him, an eminent
astronomer ; author of "A Treatise on
the Figure and Magnitude of the Earth,"
" The Elements, or Theories of the
Planets," &c. B. at Paris, 1677; d.
1756. — De Thury, C^sar Francis, son
of the last named, and his successor in
the royal observatory. Like his father
and grandfather, he did much to ad-
vance science ; and, having better in-
struments than theirs, he was enabled
to improve upon their labors. B. 1714;
d.^ 1784.— The last member of this illus-
trious family, whose name is also asso-
ciated with theirs in the pursuit of
science, d. in 1845.
CASSIODORUS, Marcus Aurelius, a
Roman statesman and historian. He
was of a noble family, and held some of
the highest offices of state, including that
of consul. His writings are extremely
valuable, especially his twelve books of
epistles, on account of the light they
throw upon the manners of his time;
but his si vie is condemned by Gibbon
as being quaint and declamatory. D.
CASSIUS, LoNGiNus Caius, a Roman
of the last age of the republic, and the
associate of Brutus in the assassination
of Julius Caesar. That his patriotism
was sincere may fairly be inferred from
his reply to Antony, who, on the day
after the assassination of Caesar, taunt-
ingly asked him if he had another dag-
ger ; " Yes," was the reply, " if you
become a tyrant." At the battle of
Philippi he commanded the left wing,
and on its giving way he retired to a
tent with his freedman, by whom, as it
is thought, he was slain, as he was found
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[CAS
with his head severed from his body.
Brutus, in lamenting him, called him
" ultimas Romanorum." D. 42 b. c.
CASTAGNO, Andreas del, so called,
after t^e Tillage in which he was b., was
the son of very poor parents, and, being
earlv left an orphan, was adopt(i.d by an
uncle, who employed him m tencling
cattle in the fields. In this situation he
made some attempts at drawing, which
caused Bernard de Medici to place him
with a master. While studying at Flo-
rence he became acquainted with Do-
menico Venetiano, who was acquainted
with the new method of painting in oil
and varnish. The splendor of this mode
of coloring, the art of which was then
unknown in Tuscany, was much ad-
mired, and Castagno availed himself of
Domenico's friendship to obtain the
secret ; but not satisned with this, he
was wretch enough to murder his friend
and benefactor, in order to be the sole
possessor. This he effected without
suspicion, but just before his death con-
fessed the horrid crime. B. 1409; d.
1480.
CASTALIA, Sebastian, one of the
earliest friends and fellow-laborers of
Calvin. Unfortunately for Castalio's
worldly condition, he differed from the
great reformer on some theological ques-
tions. He was in consequence deprived
of his office of teacher in the college of
Geneva, and repaired to Basle, where
he occupied himself with a Latin and a
French version of the Bible, gaining a
scanty subsistence for his family by
teaching Greek. Calvin, unmoved by
the indigence to which his conscientious
and candid opponent was reduced, used
all his influence to thwart his exertions.
He even brought against him an accu-
Bation of theft, from which Castalio
cleared himself triumphantly. D. 1563.
CASTELL, Edmund", an English divine
and lexicographer, was a native of Hat-
ley, Cambridgeshire. He spent a hand-
some fortune, and occupied seventeen
years, in the composition of his "Lexi-
con Heptaglotton," a dictionary in seven
langujiges ; but nearly all the copies re-
mained unsold, and but for some prefer-
ment in the church, and the Arabic
professor at Cambridge, his zeal, learn-
ing, and diligence would have been
unrewarded. B. 1606 ; d. 1685.
CASTELLI, Bernardo, a Genoese
painter, a friend of Tasso, for the plates
of whose ".Jerusalem," engraved by
Agostino Caracci, he drew the designs.
D. 1629.
GASTELLO, Gabriel Launo&lot, a
Sicilian gentleman, distinguished for his
zeal and talent as an antiquarian ; author
of " The Literary History of Sicily,"
"Critical Remarks on a Book printed in
Catania, in 1747," " Dissertation on a
Marble Statue found in the Campagna
of Alessa," &c. B. 1727 ; d. 1794.
CASTELNAU, Michael le, lord of
Mauvissiere, an eminent statesman and
soldier in the reigns of Charles IX. and
Henry III. He was very often in En-
gland in the character of ambassador
trom France. While resident there he
acted with great kindness towards the
unfortunate Mary, queen of Scots. He
left memoirs of his negotiations, of which
there is an English translation by his
daughter. D. 1592.
C ASTI, GiAMBATTisTA, an Italian poet ;
author of an epic, entitled " Gli Animali
Parlanti," translated into English bv
Mr. Rose ; a satire, entitled " Tartaro , '
and some novels, &c. B. 1721 ; d. 1803.
CASTIGLIONE, Balthazar, an Ital-
ian statesman and writer. He was em-
ployed by various princes in very
delicate negotiations. In particular he
was sent by the pope, Clement VII., as
nuncio to the emperor, Charles V., on
which occasion he displayed great talent
and dexterity. His celeJDrity, however,
chiefly rests upon his writings. His
poems, both Latin and Italian, are much
admired, as are his letters, which thro\r
much light on the affairs of his time.
But his chief work is " II Cortegiano,"
the courtier. This work, which is a
body of information on the art of living
at court, is so much admired by the
Italians, that they call it " The Golden
Book." B. 1468; d. 1529.— Giovanni
Benedetto, a Genoese artist. He ex-
celled in landscapes and animals, but his
picture of " The Nativity" shows that
he had power for the highest walk of
art. He was also an admirable engraver.
D. 1670.
CASTILLO, Bernal diaz del, a
Spanish officer of the 16th century, one
of the companions of Fernando Cortez,
in his expedition to South America. He
wrote a work, rough in style, but full
of valuable information, entitled "His-
toria Verdadera de la Conquista de
Nueva Espagna."
CASTOLDI, Giovanno Giacomo, a
musical composer of the 16th century.
CASTRACANI, Castrtjccio, an Ital-
ian general of great skill and courage.
He rendered great service to the empe-
ror, Louis V. of Bavaria, who rewarded
him with the duchy of Lucca. Though
he wm «4w>9»t constantly in service, he
OAS]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
263
found time to cultivate his mind, and
his name is among tlae minor Italian
poets. B. 1281 : d. 1323.
CASTRO, John de, a celebrated Por-
tuguese general, who attended Charles
V. in the expedition against Tunis, and
was afterwards made governor of the
Portuguese settlements in the East In-
dies. He was as disinterested as brave,
and at his death only three rials were
found in his coffers. B. 1500; d. 1548.
CASTRUCCI, PiETRo, a celebrated
violinist, who led the orchestra at the
King's Theatre in the early part of the
last century. He was of a very irritable
disposition ; and Hogarth has given an
admirable caricature portrait of him in
the well-known print of " The Enraged
Musician."
CASTRUCIO, Castbacani, a celebrated
general, who was a foundling, discover-
ed by the monk Antonio, and his sister
Dianora, in a heap of leaves in a vine-
yard, at Lucca, in Tuscany, in 1284. He
was tenderly brought up by the human-
ity of his preservers, and intended for
the church ; but his fondness for bold
exertions and military exercises made
him prefer the profession of arms. He
entered in his 18th year as a lieutenant
in the army of the Ghibelins, whom the
party of the Guelfs had just driven from
Pavia. The valor and coolness which
he displayed recommended him to the
food opinion of Guinigi, the general, and
e soon rose, though opposed and even
imprisoned by his enemies, to the high-
est honor, ancl was at last declared by
the people of Lucca their sovereign
prince. The Florentines, however,
viewed his elevation with jealous en-
mity, and 30,000 foot, and 10,000 horse
appeared in the field, 22,000 of whom he
destroyed, with the loss of only 1600 of
his own men. But here fortune checked
the career of his greatness ; fatigued
after the bloody contest, and regardless
of a chill north wind which blew upon
him, he was seized with an ague, which
carried him off in a few days, when he
expected to rise to the sovereignty of
Italy. D. 1328.
CASWELL, Richard, governor of
North Carolina. He was a member of
the first congress, 1774. In 1776 he was
at the head of a regiment, and was en-
gaged by a body of loyaHsts under Gen-
eral McDonald, at a place called Moore's
creek bridge. McDonald was defeated,
and taken prisoner by Caswell, with the
loss of 70 men in killed and wounded,
and 1500 excellent rifles. This victory
vas of eminent ser^nce to the Americaia
cause in North Carolina. He was pres-
ident of the convention which formed
the constitution of North Carolina in
December, 1776, under which constitu-
tion he was governor from 1777 to 1780,
and from 1785 to 1787. D. 178y.
CATALANI, Angelica, one of the
most celebrated singers of modern times,
was b. at Sinigaglia in the papal states,
1782. Her early years were spent in the
convent of Gubio ; and so perfect were
her vocai ^rgans, even in her infancy,
that the sanctity of the church itself was
violated by the applause which her
choral performances called forth. Soon
after quitting the convent, she made her
debut in the theatre Argentina, at Rome,
in 1802 ; and the immense success which
she achieved on this stage procured her
immediate engagements in all the the-
atres of Italy. At Lisbon, Madrid, and
Paris new triumphs awaited her; but
even those were far outshone, in 1806,
by the enthusiasm of her reception in
England, where she remained eight
years, delighting the metropolis with her
appearance at the Italian opera, and
reaping large harvests both of fame and
wealth in her provincial tours. After
the restoration of the Bourbons, she re-
turned to Paris, where she undertook
the management of the opera buffa ; but
this speculation was unfortunate, and
Madame Catalani, to repair her shattered
fortunes, made a professional tour
through all the capitals of Europe, and
at length returned to England in 1822,
when the enthusiasm of her reception
suffered no abatement. There she re-
mained three years. In 1825 she again
visited Paris, and after once more going
the round of Europe, she retired to
Italy in 1830, when she purchased a villa
near Florence, and spent the remainder
of her life in the bosom of her family.
She had been long married to a French
captain, called Vallabregue. D. at Pari s,
1849.
CATEL, Charles Simon, an eminent
composer, b. 1773, at Paris, was the au-
thor of the fnmous "Traite d'Har-
mone," and of many operas, the chief
of which are "Semiramis," " Lcs Baya-
deres," " L'Auberge de Bagneres," &c.
D. 1880.
CATESBY, Mark, an eminent En-
glish naturalist, patronized by Sir Hana
Sloane and other wealthy lovers of
science. He spent many years in Amer-
ica, for the purpose of collecting and
describing the most curious natural pro-
ductions of that country. He fixed his
residence in Carolina, whence he mado
264
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[cat
excursions into Florida, Georgia, and
tlie Bahama Islands. The result of his
labors was " Tlie Natural History of
Canada, Florida, and the Bahama Isl-
ands ;" a very splendid work in two
folio volumes, illustrated by upwards
of 200 plates. B. 1680 ; d. 1749.
CATHARINE, St., of Sienna, was b.
at Sienna, 1847, and when she was 20
years of age became a sister of the order
of St. Dominic. Having considerable
ability and a very lively imagination, she
became celebrated as a seer of visions.
So great an influence, in fact, did her
alleged visions and revelations obtain
her, that she was able to prevail on
Gregory XI. to be reconciled to the
Florentines, and to remove the papal
seat to Eome from Avignon, after it had
for 70 years been fixed at the latter place.
She wrote six treatises on the " Provi-
dence of God," " The Divine Doctrine
delivered by the Eternal Father speaking
to the Spirits," some short prose pieces
of devotion, and some poems. D. 1380,
and was canonized by rope Pius II. in
1464. — Of France, daughter of Charles
VI. of France, and the wife of Henry V.
ef England, who, on his marriage to'her,
was declared successor to the French
crown. Their son, afterwards Henry
VI., was crowned in both countries
while still an infant. Being left a wid-
ow, she privately espoused Owen Tudor,
a Welsh gentleman, by whom she had
two sons, "the elder of whom, Edmund,
earl of Richmond, was father of Henry
VII. B. 1401; d. 1438.— Of Aragon,
daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of
Castile, was b. 1483. In her 18th year
she was married to Arthur, prince of
Wales, eldest son of Henry VII. The
young prince dying in a few months
after his marriage, Henry's mercenary
dread of losing the rich dowry of Catha-
rine, induced her brother-in-law, after-
wards Henry VIII., to marry her. The
vast religious changes to which this
marriage gave place, belong rather to
history than to biography. Suffice it,
therefore, to say, that after years of
anxiety and spirited resistances, he was
divorced. But though she was no lon-
ger called queen at court, her attend-
ants at Kimbolton castle, where she
took up her residence, were never al-
lowed to address her otherwise than as
aueen, as she protested to the last that
tne divorce was unjust and illegal. Just
before her death she wrote so pathetic a
letter to Henry in favor of Mary, their
daughter, that, stern as the tyrant was,
he is said to have shed tears as he pe-
rused it. She possessed considerable
literary ability, but some devotions!
pieces, which are sometimes attributed
to her pen, were in fact the production
of Queen Cntharine Parr. 1). 1536. —
The eldest daughter of Sir Thomas Parr,
of Kendal, in Westmoreland. She was
married early in life to Edward Burghe ;
and, surviving him, she was next mar-
ried to John" Neville. Lord Latimer.
Her second husband, too, slie survived ;
and, in 1643, was raised to the throne by
King Henry VIII., being the sixth and
last wife of that polygamic monarch.
Her attachment to the reformed religion,
and her kindness to those who support-
ed it, gave deep and deadly offence to
the still powerful Catholic faction.
Gardiner, Wriothesley, and others, de-
termined to remove, if possible, so dan-
gerous an opponent from court, but
failed. Though during the king's last
illness he was, in the words of a writer
of that time, "as furious as a chained
lion," Catharine continued to retain her
ascendency over him, and at his death
he left her a legacy of £4000 in addition
to her jointure, " for her great love, obe-
dience, chasteness of life, and wisdom."
She afterwards married Sir Thomas Sey-
mour, uncle of Edward VI., but they
lived by no means happily together;
and when she died, though in childbed,
it was currently reported that she was
poisoned. D. 1548. — De Medici, the wife
of Henry II. king of France, was the
daughter of Lorenzo de Medici, duke of
Urbino. In 1519, being then only in her
16th year, she was married to Henry,
duke of Orleans, son and successor to
Francis I. of France. Her beauty and
accomplishments made her the orna-
ment of the French court ; and young
as she was, she had deceit and cunning
enough to make herself acceptable to all
Earties. For ten years she brought her
usband no children, but she subse-
(juently had 10, of whom three success-
ively were kings of France. With pro-
found policy she secured the affection
and confidence of her children in their
earliest youth, thereby assuring to her-
self that influence which she desired to
exercise over their maturer age. On the
death of her husband, and the accession
of Francis II., the powerful Guises
shared her political power ; and it is
f)robable that it was in order to avoid col-
ision with them that she joined in their
detestable fury against the Huguenots.
But the reign of Francis was very brief;
and when Charles IX., then only in his
11th year, succeeded him, Catharine had
cat]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
265
all the authority of regent, though not
the title. The death of the duke of
Guise still further increased her power,
and she was joined heart and soul with
the Catholics in persecuting the Hugue-
nots. To characterize her political con-
duct at this time, we need only name the
horrible massacre of St. Bartholomew,
an atrocity which just and humane men
of every creed, country, and age will
join in reprobating. That Charles IX.
was urged to this horrid act by the per-
suasions of Catharine most historians
admit ; and in less than two years after
the massacre he died, worn out in mind
and body by the stings of remorse. At
the death of Charles, Catharine was de-
clared regent until the arrival of her son
Henry from Poland. During her regen-
cy she governed rigorously and saga-
ciously, and delivered up the kingdom
to Henry III. on his arrival, in such or-
der as with only common prudence and
firmness, would have insured him a
peaceable reign. But the new king's
weakness soon relaxed the bands which
his mother had so firmly drawn around
faction, and civil disturbances ensued,
by which Catharine's later years were
much imbittered. Admitted by all to
be a sagacious, adroit, and courageous
woman, but detested by every party in
the state, she d., aged 85, in 1589. — Of
Braganza, daughter of John IV. of Por-
tugal, and queen of Charles II. of En-
gland. The dissolute conduct of her
husband, and the shameful openness of
his illicit amours, gave her much pain.
But though neglected by him, she stead-
ily and sternly preserved her own honor,
and his so far as it depended on her.
After his death she returned to Portu-
gal, and when, in 1704, her brother, Don
Pedro, was compelled by his increasing
infirmities to retire, she was made re-
gent. She held this office but for a brief
space ; but her conduct, both as regards
lier internal measures and her carrying
Dn the war with Spain, showed consid-
erable political ability. D. in the 67th
year or her age, 1705.— I., empress of
Kussia, was the illegitimate daughter of
a Livonian peasant. After some years
spent in the service of a clergyman, she
married a Swedish dragoon, who shortly
afterwards went on an expedition and
never returned. She then resided, it is
doubtful wliether as servant or para-
mour, with the Russian general, Bauer,
vhen Prince Menkzikoff became enam-
~ed ">f her charms, and made her his
mistress. Peter I. now distinguished
her by his notice, and she became at
23
first his mistress and afterwards his em-
press. During his lifietime she showed
great devotion to him, and at his death
she was proclaimed his successor. But
her reign was short ; for her indulgence
in intoxicating liquors produced a dis-
ease of which she d. in 1727, at the age
of 41. — II., empress of Russia, was the
daughter of the prince of Anhalt-Zerbst,
b. 1729, and in 1745 became the wife of
the emperor Peter III. This prince was
addicted to low society and to the most
scandalous excesses ; and Catharine,
even in her youth, was by no means re-
markable for chastity. With the incon-
sistency usually to be observed in such
cases, each party reproached the other ;
Catharine, stung by her husband's bru-
tality, became still more openly indeco-
rous in her conduct, and Peter indulged
in low wassail to such an extent that he
must have been deranged. He at length
became so infatuated by his disgust for
Catharine and his passion for one of
his mistresses, the Countess WoronzoflT,
that he had determined to divorce and
imprison the former, and make the lat-
ter his empress. Informed of his de-
signs, Catharine promptly exerted her
self, caused her husband to be seized,
and sent him as a prisoner to a small
palace about 20 miles from St. Peters-
burgh, where Prince Alexis Orlofl" put
him to death, with the connivance, if
not at the positive command, of the
empress. This occurred in July, 1762,
and in the next month Catharine was
solemnly crowned empress of all the
Russias. Ill as her power was obtain-
ed, she used it wisely and well. She
trod firmly in the footsteps of Peter
the Great, aiming at once to enrich and
civilize her dominions. Schools and
towns were founded, public works of
equal magnificence and use were com-
menced and finished, and the horrible
tortures which had been inflicted on
Russian criminals were almost totally
abolished. But her amours in the mean
time injured her as a woman, and her
tyrannous conduct towards Poland is a
foul blot upon her escutcheon as a sover-
eign. Ambition, however, and lack of
female virtue did not wholly degrade
her, for her internal policy was as much
directed to the useful as" to the grand ;
and amid all the distraction of business
and dissipation she found time to en-
courage literature. Indeed, she was
herself the author of instructions for a
code of laws, which she also translated
into German; and she wrote sevtral
dramatic pieces, and some moral tales
266
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[cat
for the use of children. D. aged 67,
1796.
CATHAEINUS, Aaibbose, an Italian
divine ; author of " Treatises against the
Doctrines of Lnther and Ochinus." He
attended the coirncil of Trent, and be-
came successively bishop of Minori and
archbishop of Cauza. D. 1553.
CATHKALL, Isaac, a physician in
Philadelphia ; studied in that ciLy, and
in London, Edinburgh, and Paris, and
returned home in 1793. During the
prevalence of the yellow fever in that
year, and in 1797,' 1798, and 1799, he
remained at his post, and even dis-
sected those who died of the disease.
He published "Eemarks on the Yellow
Fever," 1794; "Buchan's Domestic
Medicine," with notes, 1797 ; " Memoir
on the Analysis of the Black Vomit,"
showing that it might be safely tasted,
1800, in 5th vol. of the transactions of
the American Philosophical Society;
and a pamphlet on the yellow fever, in
conjunction with Dr. tarris, in 1802.
D. 1819.
CATILINE, Lucrtjs Sekgius Catalina,
a Koman, of a noble family and great
talents, but of most depraved habits and
evil ambition. He was high in favor
with Sylla, who advanced him to the
qusestorship and other offices of honor
and profit. After the death of this
powerful patron, Catiline conspired with
other dissolute nobles and their follow-
ers, to murder the consuls and senators,
and assume the government. Fortu-
nately for Kome, Cicero was one of the
consuls ; and he, on being made aware
of Catiline's designs, branded him with
them in those famous orations which
alone would suffice to give him the first
rank among orators, ancient or modern.
Even the effrontery of Catiline quailed
before the indignant eloquence of the
consul. He left Eome and marched
towards Cisalpine Gaul, his confederates
in the mean time endeavoring to corrupt
the ambassadors of the Allobroges. In
this they were defeated by the vigilance
and promptitude of Cicero ; and Catiline
being stopped in his march by the pro-
consul. Q. Metellus Celer, an engagement
ensued, in which Catiline, at the head
of his associates, fighting with the most
most desperate courage, was slain, 62
B. C.
CATINAT, Nicholas, an illustrious
French general, as eminent for his vir-
tues as for his military talents. He was
educated for the law, but abandoned the
bar for the army, and rose to the highest
military honors by his skill and courage.
He defeated the duke o Savoy very sig-
nally in 1688, and in 1697 he took the
fortress of Ath, in Flanders, after expe-
riencing a desperate resistance. In 1701
he was appointed to the chief command
of the army in Italy ; but either his skill
was inferior to that of Prince Eugene,
to whom he was opposed, or age had
somewhat weakened liis high qualities,
for he was decidedly worsted and com-
pelled to retreat.' D. 1712.
CATC, Marcus Fortius, surnamed
the Censor, an illustrious Eoman. At
the early age of 17 he commenced his
career as a soldier, and distinguished
himself equally by his courage and by
his singular temperance. After some
time he was made military tribune in
Sicily, and then quaistor in Africa, under
Scipio. In both these important situa-
tions his conduct was marked by a rigid
and honorable economy of the public
money ; and in his 40th year he arrived
at the high dignity of the consulship.
In this situation he strongly opposed
the luxury of the Eomans, and inces-
santly endeavored to animate their ha-
tred of the Carthaginians, by speeches
in the senate, usually concluding with
"Delenda est Carthago;" "Carthage
must fall." He coinposed many works ;
but only "De Ee Kustica," and some
fragments of Eoman history, are all that
we know of his writings. JHe was t-vvice
married, and had a son by each of his
wives. B. 232 b. c; d. 148.— Marcus
Fortius, surnamed, from his birthplace,
" of Utica," was grandson of the younger
son of the last named. Being early left
an orphan, he was taken into the family
of his uncle, Livius Drusus. He served
for some time in the army, and obtained
the commission of tribune in the army
sent against Macedonia. He then be-
came quaestor, and exerted himself for
the reformation of abuses. His conduct
in this respect, and the unvarying gravi-
ty of his demeanor, rendered him almost
proverbial for integrity ; and Cicero, to
whose consular exertions he gave his
support, called him "the father of his
country." Perceiving the designs of
Caesar 5*^ he had the honesty and courage
to oppose him ; and considering Caesar
more dangerous than Pompey, he ranged
himself under the banners of the latter.
The fatal battle of Pharsalia compelled
him to fly to his native Utica ; and wlien
the triumphant Caesar arrived before
that place, Cato calmly retired to his
chamber, read Plato's Phaedo, or Dia-
logue on the Immortality of the Soul,
1 aiid ended his life by falling upon his
■]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
267
•word, 45 B. c. — ^Valekius, a Latin poet
and grammarian. All that remains of
his writings is " Dirse," a poem, which
is to be found in Muttaire's "Corpus
Poetarum." D. 30 b. o.
CATKOU, Francis, a learned French
Jesuit; author of a "Translation of
Virgil," "A History of the Empire of
Mogul," "A Roman History," &c. ;
and for many years a contributor to the
"Journal de T^revoux." D. 1737.
CATTENBUEG, Adrian Van, a
Dutch divine of the sect of Eemon-
strants, professor of theology at Kotter-
dam ; author of " Syntagma Sapientiae
Mosaicse." "The Life or Grotius," in
Dutch, &c. D. 1737.
CATULLUS, Caius Valerius, an ele-
gant but licentious Koman poet. D. 40
B. c.
C ATZ, James, a Dutch statesman and
poet, was b. 1577, at Brouwershaven, in
Zealand. He held various important
offices, was twice ambassador to En-
fland, and for fifteen years filled the
igh station of pensionary in Holland.
D. 1660.
CAULAINCOURT, Armand Auous-
TiN Louis de, duke of Vicenza, a descen-
dant of a noble and ancient family of
Picardy. In the early days of the rev-
olution he was imprisoned as a suspected
royalist, but was liberated on being
drawn as a recruit for the republican
army. There he rose from rank to rank
until he became aid-de-camp to Bona-
parte, whom he attended in the cam-
paigns of 1805-6-7. Subsequently he
was employed in confidential missions,
and in the post of foreign minister.
After the restoration he lived in retire-
ment. B. 1773 ; d. 1827.
CAUSSIN, Nicholas, a French Jesuit,
confessor to Louis XIIL ; author of a
treatise " De Eloquentia Sacra et Hu-
mana," &c. He was banished from
court for opposing Cardinal Richelieu.
D. 1651.
CAVALCANTI, Bartolomeo, a learn-
ed Italian ; author of a work on " Rhet-
oric," and of another on the "Forms of
a Republic;" both able treatises. He
served for some time as a military officer,
and was employed in some iinporta}it
negotiations by Pope Paul III. D. 1562.
— GuiDo, a Florentine philosopher and
poet of the 13th century, was a friend
of Dante, and, like him, an active Ghib-
elline. His poems, which are chiefly
amorous, are above mediocrity. D. 1300.
CAVALIER, John, the son of a
French peasant, was b. 1679. He be-
came leader of the Camisardes, or Prot-
estants of Languedoc, when I hey re-
volted against the tyranny of the king ;
and led by him, they' forced Marshal
Villars to make a treaty with them.
Cavalier then became a colonel in the
king's service, but fearing some treach-
ery he transferred his skill and courage
to England, and d. governor of Jersey,
1740.
CAVALIERI, Bonaventube, an Ital-
ian friar, who became a disciple of Gali-
leo. He was professor of mathematics
at Bologna, and wrote some valuable
treatises on geometry, conic sections,
&c. D. 1647.
CAVALLINI, PiETRo, a Roman paint-
er. He was pupil of Giotto, whom he
assisted in the famous mosaic in St.
Peter's. D. 1364.
CAVALLO, Tiberius, an ingenious
natural philosopher, b. at Naples 1749,
who went to England for commercial
objects, and was so struck with the dis-
coveries at that period in physical sci-
ence, that he abandoned Ms pursuits,
settled in London, and devoted his
future life to the advancement of science.
He was author of many treatises on
" Electricity," " Aerostation," " Mag-
netism," &c., and contributed largely to
the "Philosophical Transactions." D.
1809. ^
CAVE, Edward, an enterprising book-
seller, was b. at Newton, WarwicKshire,
1691, and educated at Rugby school.
Having been deprived of a clerkship in
the post-office, in consequence of his
resistance to some abuses of the privi-
lege of franking, he took a shop by St.
John's gate, Clerkenwell, and commen-
ced the '' Gentleman's Magazine." The
work was highly successful ; and among
the contributors to it was the subse-
quently famous Dr. Johnson, of whom
Cave was one of the earliest friends and
employers. D. 1754. — William, a learn-
ed English divine; author of "Primi-
tive Christianity," " Lives of the Apos-
tles and Martyrs," and "Historia Lite-
raria." The last-named work is an
account of the writers against and in
defence of Christianity down to the 14th
century. B. 1637 ; d. 1713.
CAVEDONE, GiACOMO, an eminent
Italian painter. He was a disciple of the
Caracci ; but though some of his works
are said to be equal to those of his mas-
ters, he d. in absolute destitution, in
1660.
CAVENDISH, Thomas, an English
navigator in the reign of Elizabeth, was
a native of Sutfolk, where he inherited
a good estate; but having injured hia
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[CJAZ
fortune by early extravagances, he fitted
out three vessels to cruise against the
Spaniards ; and sailing for the coast of
South America, succeeded in taking sev-
eral valuable prizes. After circumnavi-
gating the globe, he returned to England
with a large fortune. This he soon dissi-
pated, and again went to sea ; but meeting
with no suece:^s, d. of chagrin while off
the coast of Brazil, in 1592. — William, a
native of Suffolk, was b. 1505. He ob-
tained the office of usher to Cardinal
Wolsey ; and the fidelity he displayed
on the fall of his patron endeared him
to Henry VIII., who took him into his
service and knighted him. In the suc-
ceeding reigns he was equally favored,
and his son became the earl of Devon-
shire. He wrote the life of his early
friend and patron, Cardinal Wolsey. D.
1557. — William, duke of Newcastle, son
of Sir Charles Cavendish, the youngest
son of the last named. By James I. he
was made a knight of the Bath, Baron
Ogle, and Viscount Mansfield. Charles
I. appointed him governor to the prince
of Wales, and made him earl of New-
castle. The earl proved himself worthy
of the favor shown to him ; for, when
Charles I. resolved on an expedition
against the Scots, he contributed
£10,000, — a very large sum at that time
■ — besides raising a troop of horse. Du-
ring the civil war he belaaved with great
gallantry; and when the royal cause
became hopeless, he joined Charles II.
in his exile. At the restoration, he was
created duke of Newcastle. He was the
author of several poems and plays, but
is now chiefly remembered as an author
for his treatise on " Horsemanship." B.
1592; d. 1676.— William, first duke of
Devonshire, was the son of William,
third earl of Devonshire. He was b.
1640, and attended James, duke of York,
as a volunteer against the Dutch ; but
he soon made himself obnoxious at
court by his opposition in parliament.
He gave evidence in favor of Lord Wil-
liam Kussel, and even offered to ex-
change clothes with that unfortunate
nobleman to enable him to escape. In
1684 he succeeded to the title of earl of
Devonshire, and was shortly afterwards
imprisoned, and fined £30,000 for stri-
king Colonel Culpepper, in the presence
chamber. For the payment of tnis large
sum he gave bond, but before it became
due, the arrival of the prince of Orange
had put an end for ever to the tyranny
of James. The earl now became a favo-
rite at court, and in 1694 his earldom
was raised to a dukedom. D. 1707. —
John, Lord, brother of the piecoding;
an able statesman, who distinguishea
himself by his opposition to Lord North,
and succeeded that nobleman as chan-
cellor of the exchequer. D. 1796.—
Henry, a member of the Devonshire
family, and one of the most eminent
natural philosophers of modern times,
devoted himself exclusively to scien-
tific pursuits, acquiring a distinguished
rank among those who have most con-
tributed to the progress of chemistry ;
and his reseai'ches relative to hydrogen
gas, or infiammable air, gave rise to the
practice of aerostation. By the death
of an uncle, in 1773, he received a large
addition to his fortune ; and, being ex-
tremely regular and simple in his man-
ner of living, he left at his death the
enormous sum of £1,200,000, to his
relations. It has been truly said of him,
that he was "the richest among the
learned, and the most learned among
the rich men of his time." B. 1731 ; d.
1810.
CAWTON, Thomas, a nonconformist
divine. Being implicated in Love's plot
against Crt)mwell, he fled to Holland,
and became pastor of the English church
at Rotterdam. He was skilled in the
oriental languages, and assisted in the
Polyglot Bible, and Dr. Castell's Poly-
glot Lexicon. D. 1659. — Thomas, son
of the above, and, like him, a Puritan
divine and an oriental scliolar. He offi-
ciated to a dissenting congregation in
Westminster; and was author of "Dis-
sertatio de Usu Linguaj Hebraicaj in
Philosophia Theoretica," a "Life of his
Father," &c. D. 1667.
CAXTON, William, the earliest En-
glish printer, was a native of Kent, b.
about 1410. Having served his time as
a mercer, he went abroad as agent to
the Mercers' company, and afterwards
was taken into the suite of Margaret of
York, wife of the duke of Burgundy.
W^hile residing in Flanders, he acquired
a knowledge of the art of printing, and
translated and printed in that countiw
the " Eecuyell of the History of Troy."
Eeturning to England, he set up a press
in Westminster abbey ; and 1474 issued
the "Game of Chess," the first book
ever printed in England. D. 1491.
CAYLUS, Anne Claude Philip de,
count of, a French writer ; author of the
" Description of the Gems in the Royal
Cabinet," a truly splendid work ; " I)is-
sertation on the* Arts," &c. ; and found-
er of a prize for drawing in the Academy
of Painting. B. 1720; d. 1765.
CAZES, Pierre Jacques, a French
cel]
painter, pupil of Boulogne and the elder
Houasso. His principal work is a noble
Scripture piece of "The Woman with
an Issue of Blood," in the Qhurch of
Notre l)?me. B. 1676 ; d. 1754.
CAZOTTE, John, a French writer;
author of " Le Diable Amoureux," "Oli-
vier," and other poems, chiefly of the
humorous kind. In the revolution,
which he opposed with all his power,
he was thrown into the prison of the
Abbaye, with his daughter Elizabeth ;
and when the massacre of the prisoners
took place, his daughter threw herself
between him and the murderers, there-
by preventing the execution of their
purpose ; but he was again condemned
to death, and perished by the guillotine,
171)2, at the age of 72. From the scaf-
fold he cried with a firm voice to the
multitude, " I die, as I have lived, faith-
ful to God and to my king."
CEB A, AuFALDo, a Genoese poet ; au-
thor of two tragedies, a history of Rome,
and two heroic poems, "II Furio Ca-
millo," and " Esther." D. 1623.
CEBES, a Theban philosopher, pupil
of Socrates. The Tablaturc of Human
Life, usually printed with the Enchiri-
dion of Epictetus, is generally attributed
to him, but by some his authorship is
disputed.
CECCO DE ASCOLI, whose proper
name was Francis deou Stabili, an
Italian physician, mechanician, and
poet; author of "L'Acerta," a poem,
&c. In 1322 he obtained the appoint-
ment of professor of philosophy and as-
trology at Bologna, and subsequently
that of physician and astrologer to the
duke of Calabria; but being accused of
magic, he was condemned by the In-
quisition, and burnt to death in 1327.
CECIL, Robert, earl of Salisbury, was
the second son of Lord Burleigh, the
prudent minister of Queen Elizabeth.
Trained to business under his father, he
became first the assistant and then the
successor of secretary Walsingham.
Towards the close of Elizabeth's reign,
he sedulously cultivated the friendship
of James VI. of Scotland. The event
justified his foresight, for he was made
high treasurer, and created earl of Salis-
bury almost immediately after James's
accession to the English crown. He
was an extremely able, and, generally
speaking, upright minister; but the
share he had in causing the deaths of
Essex and Raleigh, tends much to sink
him in the estimation of posterity. B.
1563; d. 1612.
CECROPS, an Egyptian, who married
23*
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
the daughter of Actseus, a Grecian
prince ; and founded Athens about 1556
' CEDREMIS, George, a Greek monk
of the 11th century, who wrote a "His-
tory of the World, from the Creation to
the Year 1057," which was printed with
a Latin version at Paris in 1647.
CELESTI, Andrea, a Venetian paint-
er. He executed some beautiful land-
scapes and some fine altar-pieces. D.
1706.
CELESTINE I., saint and pope ; suc-
cessor of Boniface I. He became pope
in 422, condemned the doctrine of Nes-
torius in 430, and d. in 432, with a high
reputation for piety and wisdom. — III.,
pope, succeeded Clement III. in 1191.
He claimed the kingdoms of Naples and
Sicily, and conferred the latter on Fred-
eric, son of the Emperor Henry VI., on
condition that he should be tributary to
the holy see. D. 1198. — V., a pope and
saint. He was a Benedictine monk,
and founder of an order called Celes-
tines, which was suppressed in France.
He led a Ufe of great seclusion, and the
fame of his austerity caused him to be
elected pope in 1294. Cardinal Cajetan
persuaded nim to resign, and then, hav-
ing caused himself to be elected, bv the
title of Boniface VIII. , imprisoned Ce-
lestine. D. in confinement, in 1296.
CELLARIUS, Christopher, a learned
German writer, professor of history at
Halle; author of "Notitia Orbis Anti-
quse," "Atlas Coelestis," &c., and editor
of several Greek and Latin authors. D.
1707.
CELLIER, Reni, a learned French
Benedictine; author of an "Apology
for the Morality of the Fatl>ers," written
against Barbeyrac, and compiler of a
" General History of Sacred and Eccle-
siastical Authors." D. 1761.
CELLINI, Benvenuto, a Florentine
artist, of equal genius and eccentricity.
He was apprenticed to a goldsmith and
jeweller, and at the same time learned
drawing, engraving, and music. Clem-
ent VII. employed him both as gold-
smith and musician ; and such was hi»
reputation for courage, that when Rome
was besieged by they<luke of Bourbon,
Cellini was charged with the defence of
the castle of St. Angelo. During the
life of Clement, Cellini was employed to
make stamps for the mint, and his coins
and medals are exquisite specimens of
skill. On the death of his patron he
went to France, where he was patronized
and employed by Francis I. ; but he
soon returned to Rome, and bein^ &o-
^0
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[CER
ciised of having robbed the castle of St.
Angelo while intrusted with its defence,
he was there imprisoned. He however
escaped, was retaken, but finally released
at the intercession of the Cardinal Fer-
rara. He once more went to France,
>vJiere he executed some magniflcei^t
works, especially some large figures in
metal. In five years he left France for
Florence, wherehe was employed by the
Grand-duke Cosmo. Working equally
well in metal and marble, on tlie largest
and the most minute scale, Cellini, even
as an artist alone, was a most wonderful
man. But when we remember that he
was a musician, an author, and an ad-
mirable master of the sword, it is im-
possible to withhold our admiration
trom the extent and variety of his genius.
As an author, he produced a work on
sculpture and the casting of metals, a
treatise on the goldsmith's art, and an
autobiography full of vivid and vigorous
writing. This last work, which contains
some details scarcely credible, even with
a large allowance for the evident vanity
of the author, has been translated into
all the modern languages. B. 1500; d.
1570.
• CELSIUS, Olaus, a learned Swede;
the early patron of Linnaeus, and the
first promoter of the science of natural
history in Sweden. He published va-
rious theological and other Avorks, par-
ticularly one entitled " Hierobotanicou,"
an account of the plants mentioned in
the Bible. B. 1670 ; d. 1756.
CELSUS, AuKELius Cornelius, a Ro-
man physician of the time of Tiberius ;
author of treatises on agriculture, rheto-
ric, and military affairs, and of 8 books
on medicine.- All except the last work
is lost, but that is used in the medical
schools of every nation in Europe. — An
Epicurean philosopher of the 2d cen-
tury. He wrote a book against the
Christian religion. It is not extant, but
if we may judge from Origen's reply to
it, Celsus was a keen disputant, even
with the disadvantage of assailing truth
and defending error.
CELTES, CoNKAD, a modern Latin
poet, native of Germany. He wrote
odes, amatory poems, and' epigrams, and
a prose history of Nuremburg. D. 1508.
CENSORINUS, a Roman, twice con-
sul. In 270 the soldiery compelled him
'a accept the purple, and murdered him
d week after he had done so.
CENTLIVRE, Susannah, an English
dramatic writer and actress ; author of
"The Busy Body," "A bold Stroke for
a Wife," '&c. Her writings are viva-
cious and elegant, but they are occasion-
ally indelicate. D. 1728.
CEOLW^ULF, a king of Northumber-
land in the 8th century, of whom the
Venerable Bede makes honorable men-
tion as a just and pious king. His do-
minions being overrun by Etlielbald,
king of Mercia, Ceolwulf retired to the
monastery of Lindisfarne, and spent the
remainder of his life in retirement and
prayer.
CEPHALON, an Ionian author of an
epitome of general history from the time
of Ninus to that of the emperor Adrian,
in whose reign he flourished, and of a
history of Troy. In imitation of Herod-
otus, he divided his epitome into nine
books.
CERACCHI, Joseph, a Roman sculp-
tor, a pupil of the great Canova. He
unfortunately involved himself in polit-
ical disputes, and was obliged to seek
shelter in France, where he was engaged
in a conspiracy against the life of Bona-
parte, for which he was executed in 1801.
CERATINUS, James, a learned Dutch-
man, professor of Greek at Leipsic, which
office he owed to the recommendation
of Erasmus. His true name was Teyng,
that which he adopted being a Greek
derivative equivalent to Horn, the name
of his native place. He wrote "De
Sono Graecarum Literarum," compiled a
Greek and Latin lexicon, &c. D. 1530.
CERCEAU, John Anthony du, a
French poet. He wrote several critiques,
some comedies, and Latin and French
poems. B. 1676 ; and accidentally shot
in 1730, by the prince of Conti, to whom
he was tutor.
CERDA, Bernakda Ferreira de la,
a Portuguese ladv of the l7th century,
remarkable for the extent and variety
of her accomplishments. She was well
versed in the ancient and modern lan-
guages ; excelled in rhetoric, mathemat-
ics, and philosophy ; was a most skilful
musician ; and wrote various poems and
comedies of great merit.
CERE, John Nicholas, a distinguish-
ed French botanist, director of tfie bo-
tanic garden in the Isle of France. He
greatly extended the culture of cloves
and other spices in the island, and pub-
lished a valuable memoir on the cultiva-
tion of rice. D. 1810.
CERINI, Giovanni Domenico, an Ital-
ian painter, chiefly of historical subjects.
B. 1606; d. 1681.— Joseph, an Italian
poet and dramatist. B. 1788; d. 1779.
CERINTHUS, a heresiarch of the 1st
century. He was by birth a Jew, and is
supposed to have been a pupil of Simon
cha]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
271
Magus. His doctrine was a compound
of Judaism, Christianity, and the specu-
lations of the Gnostics.
CERUTI, Frederic, a learned Italian
schoolmaster. He wrote a Latin dia-
logue on the " Right Education of
Youth,' and another on " Comedy,"
and published editions of Horace, Juve-
nal, and Perseus, each with a para-
phrase. B. 1541; d. 1579.
CERUTTI, Joseph Anthony Joachim,
a Jesuit, for some time professor in the
society's college at Lyons ; author of an
" Apology" fo"r his order, and of various
miscellaneous pieces. He entered with
ardor into the atfairs of the revolution,
and conducted a paper called "Feuille
Villaireoise." B. 1735 ; d. 1792.
CERVANTES, de Saavedra, Migitel,
the celebrated Spanish novelist, was b.
1547. Although he gave early promise
of literary talent, he was compelled,
through poverty, to seek a subsistence
in some other profession, and became a
page to the cardinal Giulio Aquaviva, in
Rome. He then entered the navy, and
lost his left arm at the famous battle of
Lepanto. After this, he joined the
troops at Naples, in the service of the
Spanish king; but, returning home-
ward, he was unfortunately taken pris-
oner by a corsair, and remained in
slavery at Algiers five years. When he
was at length ransomed, he settled at
Madrid, married, and published in the
course of 10 years about 80 dramas ; but
though he snowed great genius, he was
not so successful as his rival, Lope de
Vega, and he reluctantly abandoned this
species of composition for that which
has immortalized his name — the produc-
tion of " Don Quixote." Cervantes had
in view, by this work, to reform the
taste and opinions of his countrymen.
He wished to ridicule that adventurous
heroism which was the source of innu-
merable novels on knight-errantry. The
work was, at first, coldly received, but
it soon met with applause, and it may
now safely be said to be the most popu-
lar work that was ever written. Still its
extraordinary good fortune did not ex-
tend to the author, who struggled on
for many years with nothing to console
him in his poverty but his genius, and
a proper estimation of his own merit.
D. 1G16. •
_ CERVETTO, a celebrated Italian mu-
sician, who performed at Drury-lane
in the time of Garrick. He much of-
fended that irritable performer by loudly
snoring one night, when the audience
was in a state ot the most perfect silence.
Garrick reproached him in the green-
room, but trie fiddler appeased the actor
by exclaiming, " Ah, Mr. Garrick, it ia
alvay the vay ven I be ver much please 1"
D. 1783, at the age of 103.
CESARINI, Julian, a cardinal. He
was employed by Martin V. and Euge-
nius IV., in political negotiations. Be-
ing sent by the latter pope to Hungary,
he persuaded Ladislaus to break truce
with the Turks. The battle of Varna
ensued, and the cardinal was slain, 1444.
— VntGiNio, an Italian writer, whose
Latin and Italian poems are distin-
guished bv great elegance. D. 1624.
CESAROTTI, Melchior, an Italian
poet, and professor of rhetoric, Greek,
and Hebrew, in the university of Padua;
author of "Essays on the Origin and
Progress of Poetry," " On the Italian
Language," &c. ; and translator into
Italian of the "Iliad," and of "Ossian'a
Poems." B. 1730 ; d. 1808.
CES PEDES, Paul, an eminent Span-
ish painter. His principal work is " The
Last Supper," an admirable picture in
the cathedral of Cordova. He was the
author of a learned treatise on ancient
and modern painting. D. 1608.
CEZELLI, Constance, a heroine of
the 16th century. Her husband, while
defending Leucate, was taken by the
Spaniards, and they threatened Con-
stance that they would put him to death
if she did not surrender the fortress.
She refused, but offered all her property
to ransom him. This was unavailing:
and being foiled in two assaults, they
raised the siege, and put their barbarous
threat in force.
CHABERT, Joseph Bernard, mar-
quis of, a distinguished navigator, as-
tronomer, and geographer, b. at Toulon,
1724. He performed several distant voy-
ages, and formed the project of a chart
of the Mediterranean ; but the American
war interrupted the work, and called
Chabert to nis post, where he distin-
guished himself so higlily, that, in 1781,
he was made commander of a squadron.
The revolution drove him to England.
In 1800 he lost his sight, in consequence
of his intense app]ic^^tion to study ; and,
in 1802, he returned to Paris, where
Bonaparte assigned him a pension. D.
1805.
CHABRET, Pierre, an able French
advocate ; author of a work entitled
" The French Monarchy and its Laws."
D. 1786.
CHABRIAS, an Athenian general, to
whom a statue was erected, for aiding
the Boeotians against Agesilaus. H«
fm
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[CHA
conquered Cyprus for the king of Egypt,
and was slain at Chio, 585 b. c.
CHABRY, Makk, a French painter
and sculptor. His best works, inclu-
ding a fine equestrian statue of Louis
XIV., adorned the city of Lyons, but
they were destroyed by the revolution-
ary rabble. D. 1727.
CHAIS, Chakles, a Protestant divine.
He was a native of Geneva, but for many
years officiated as pastor of the French
church at the Hague. He was author
of " An Apology for Lioculation," some
theological essays, and a French transla-
tion of the Bible. D. 1785.
CHAISE, Francis de la, a French
Jesuit, confessor to Louis XIV., over
whom he acquired a vast influence. D.
1709. The site of his house and grounds
at Paris is now occupied by the beauti-
ful cemeterv which bears his name.
CHALCIDIUS, a Platonic philosopher
of the 3d century. He wrote a com-
mentary on the Timaeus of Plato, of
which a Latin version was published at
Levden.
OHALCONDYLES, Demetrius, a
learned Greek, who, on the taking of
Constantinople in 1479, established him-
self as a teacher of Greek in Italy. He
wrote a Greek grammar, and edited the
lexicon of Suidas. D. 1518.
CHALES, Claudius Francis de, a
French Jesuit, professor of hydrogra-
phy and mathematics ; author of a
"History of Mathematics," a " Treatise
on Navigation," "Eesearehes on the
Centre oi Gravity," &c D. 1678.
CHALLE, Charles Michael Angelo,
a French painter, and professor of paint-
ing in the Paris academy. He was a
successful imitator of Salvator Eosa and
of Guido. D. 1778.
CHALMEES, Alexander, was b. 1759,
at Aberdeen, where his lather carried on
business as a printer. When he was 18
years of age, an appointment of assist-
ant surgeon in the West Indies was
procured for him ; but, instead of sail-
ing for Jamaica he proceeded to Lon-
don, where he connected himself with
the press. He became editor of the
" Public Ledger" and " London Packet"
newspapers, during the period of the
American war. Party politics were then
running high, and Mr. Chalmers ob-
tained much credit as a political writer
to other journals, under the signature
of Senex. He was for a long time a
contributor to the " Morning Chroni-
cle," and afterwards editor of the "Morn-
ing Herald." He also entered into en-
gagements with several publishers, to
edit their books, and published many
works in his own name. In 1812 the
first portion of the work appeared,
which, of all his productions, has the
most largely contributed to his fame,
namely, "Tlie General Biographical Dic-
tionary," which was completed in 1817 ;
and he continiied to occupy himself in
literary pursuits till ill-health compelled
him to abandon them. D. 1834. —
George, a Scotch writer of considerable
ability and industry; author of "Cale-
donia," "An Estimate of the Compara-
tive Strength of Great Britain," <fec.
His statistical ability procured him the
situation of chief clerk of the Board of
Trade, which he enjoved for many years.
B. 1744; d. 1825.— Thomas, was b. at,
Anstruther, in File, on the 17th of
March, 1780, and was early sent to study
at St. Andrew's university. On the com-
pletion of his theological studies, he offi
ciated for about two years as assistant
in the parish of Cavers, and in 1803 he
obtained a presentation to the parish of
Kilmany, in Fifeshire. Here he remained
for some years, in the quiet discharge of
his clerical duties, when he was suddenly
awakened to a knowledge of "vital Chris-
tianity," while engaged in writing the
article "Christianity" for "Brewster's
Edinburgh Encyclopaedia," and from this
moment his quickened and concentrated
faculties were intent on reviving the old
"evangelism of the Puritans and the
Eeformers." The heroism with which
he avowed his change, and the fervor
with which he proclaimed the gospel,
made a great sensation in the quiet
country round Kilmany ; and at last tlie
renown of this upland Boanerges began
to spread over Scotland, when, in 1815,
the town council of Glasgow invited him
to be the minister of their Tron church
and parish. Thither he repaired, and
in that city for 8 years sustained a series
of the most brilliant arguments and
overpowering appeals in behalf of reli-
gion. In 1817 he visited London. Here
his popularity was not less overwhelm-
ing. The churches in which he was to
E reach Avere crowded to suffocation long
efore the service commenced ; and
amongst his auditors were a number of
the distinguished clergy, peers, mem-
bers of parliament, and literary charac-
ters of all classes and denominations.
After continuing about four years min-
ister of the Tron churcli, he was re-
moved to the new church of St. John's.
In this new sphere he tried to give
Eractical direction to the theories he
ad propounded, relative to the support
CHAJ
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
273
and the suppression of pauperism. In
manasfement, he expected it to become
a model for all the parishes in Scotland,
in the independence of its provision for
the abatement of pauperism, as well as
in the spiritual agen^jy it was to adopt.
But tlie work he had undertaken, and
the invasions made upon his time, de-
prived him of that solitude so much
required for pulpit preparations, especi-
ally for such pulpit exhibitions as he
was wont to give ; and he was fiiin to
seek relief in an academic retreat. In
1824 he accepted the chair of moral phi-
losophy at St. Andrew's ; in 1828 he was
removed to the chair of theology in the
university of Edinburgh ; and here he
prosecuted his multifarious labors, lec-
turing, preaching, publishing, organi-
zing schemes for the welfare of the
church, and taking an active manage-
ment in her courts, till the disruption
in the church of Scotland, in 1843, when
he joined the Free Church, which he
mainly contributed to found, and be-
came principal and professor of theology
to the seceding body. D. 1847. — Lioxel,
a physician of South Carolina, eminent
for medical science. He first practised
in Christ-church, but soon removed to
Charleston, where he continued till his
death. He wrote, in 1754, useful re-
marks on opisthotonos and tetanus,
which were published in the first vol-
ume of the observations and inquiries
of the Medical Society of London. His
most respectable work is an essay on
fevers, published at Charleston, 1767, in
which he gave the outlines of the spas-
modic theory, which had been taught
by Hoffman,' and which was afterwards
more fully illustrated by Cullen. Besides
several smaller productions, he also pub-
lished a valuable work on the weather
and diseases of South Carolina. D.
1777.
CHALONER, Thomas, an English
statesman. He obtained his knight-
hood by his gallantry at the battle of
Musselburgh, and was afterwards em-
ployed as Queen Elizabeth's ambassador
to Spain and Germany. He translated
*' Erasmus's Praise of Folly," and wrote
"De Republica Anglorum instauranda,
libri decern," &c. D. 1565. — Thomas,
son of the above, was distinguished as a
chemist and natural philosopher, author
of a tract on the virtues of nitre. J).
1603.— Edward, an English divine, son
of the above, chaplain to James I., and
one of the most celebrated preachers of
his time. D. 1625. — James, brother of
*he preceding, a member of parliament.
and one of the judges of the ill-fated
Charles I. His zeal in the parliamentary
cause obtained him the governorship of
Peel castle, in the Isle of Man. At the
restoration in 1660, messengers were
sent to apprehend him, when he com-
mitted suicide. — Thomas, brother of the
last named, and also one of the king's
judges ; author of an account of the
(pretended) discovery of the tomb of
Moses. He absconded from England at
the restoration. 1). 1661.
CHAMBERLAINE, Robert, an En-
flish poet, author of " The Swaggering
)amsel," a comedy ; " Nocturnal Lu-
cubrations," &c. i). 1637.
CHAMBERLAYNE, Edward, author
of an able work, entitled "The present
State of England," &c. D. 1703.— John,
son of the above, translator of the "Re-
ligious Pliilosopher," by Nieuwentyt,
&c. D. 1724.
CHAMBERS, Ephraim, an able and
most industrious English writer, com-
piler of the well-known "Cyclopaedia"
which bears his name. U. 1740. — Sir
William, an able architect. He built
that fine structure, Somerset house, and
was the author of a valuable treatise
on "Civil Architecture." Though of
Scotch descent, he was by birth a Swede,
and his knighthood was conferred by
the king of Sweden. D. 1796.
CHAMIER, Daniel, a French Prot-
estant divine, author of a treatise " De
(Ecumenico Pontifice," and other learned
works. His reputation as a politician
was so great, that he was intrusted with
the important task of drawing up the
edict ot Nantes. He was killed during
the siege of Montauban, in 1621.
CHAMILLARD, Stephen, a learned
but very credulous French Jesuit and
antiquary, author of " Dissertations on
Medals, Gems, and other Monuments
of Antiquity." D. 1730.
CHAMISSO, Adelbert von, son of
Louis, vicompte d'Onnont, was b. at
Roncourt in Champagne in 1781. Driven
with his parents from their home by the
French revolution, he was educated in
Berlin, where he became one of the
royal pages, served in the Prussian
army *.ill the peace of Tilsit, and then
returned to France, where he remained
till 1812, as professor at Napoleon ville.
But his strong inclination for his favo-
rite study, natural history, and the at-
tachment he had imbibed for the land
of his education, once more drew him
to Berlin, where he seized the oppor-
tunity of accompanying Kotzebue in hia
voyage round the world j i 1815; and
'^4
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[CHA
on his return, in 1818, he was appointed
superintendent ot' the botanic <jarden in
Berlin, an office which he held till his
death. Chamisso's works range over
various departments of literature. "His
Views and Observations during a Voy-
age of Discovery" are replete '^ith in-
teresting matter ; his poems take rank
among nis countrymen with those of
Uhland ; and, as the author of " Peter
Schlemil," he has obtained a European
fame. D. 1838.
CHAMPAGNE, Philippe, an eminent
Flemish painter, was b. at Brussels in
1602 ; went to Paris, where he studied
under Poussin, and became painter to
the Queen Maria de Medici, who gave
him the direction of the paintings in
the Luxembourg, and he was also made
director of the academy of fine arts.
His paintings, which are very fine, adorn
the dome of the Sorbonne, the museum
of Paris, &c. D. 1674.
CHAMPE, John, sergeant-major of
Lee's legion of cavalry in the revolu-
tionary war. Immediately after the
treason of Arnold he was sent by Lee,
at the request of Washington, as a spy
to New York, for two purposes : to
ascertain, whether another American
general was also a traitor, as had been
suggested in some papers in the hands
of Washington ; ancl, if possible, to
bring off Arnold to the American head-
quarters, that he might be tried and
punished, and thus Andre be saved.
It was with a daring spirit of patriotism,
that Champe undertook this enterprise.
He feared not the danger; but the ig-
nominy of desertion and of enlisting in
the army of the enemy, he apprehended,
would destroy his hope of promotion,
should he live to return. He was as-
sured, that his character should be pro-
tected at a proper time. At 11 o'clock
the same night Champe took his cloak,
valise, and orderly booK, drew his horse
from the thicket, "and fled as a deserter
from the American camp at Tappan.
In half an hour the desertion was re-
ported to Lee, who made all the delay
m his power, and then ordered a pur-
suit about 12. At day-break a few miles
north of the village of Bergen the pur-
suing party beheld from the summit
of a hill, the deserter half a mile in
front. CKampe now put spurs to his
horse and the pursuit was hot; he
passed through Bergen, to reach the
British galleys a few miles west at Eli-
zabethtown point. Getting abreast of
the galleys, having lashed his valise on
his shoulders, he dismounted, and run-
ning through the marsh plunged into
the river, and called to the galleys for
help. This was promptly given, and a
boat sent to take him up. Tlie horse
was carried back to camp. To Wash-
ington the success of Champe was very
acceptable intelligence. Champe was
taken to New York and examined by
Sir Henry Clinton, and by him sent to
Arnold, who offered him the place of
sergeant-major in the legion he was
raising. On the last day of September
he was appointed one of Arnold's re-
cruiting sergeants. He enlisted for the
purpose of being near the person of
Arnold. The dearest wish of^ Washing-
ton's heart, in this business, could not
be accomplished, as Champe could not
secure Arnold in season to save Andre,
whose execution could be delayed only
to the 3d of October. In a few days
Champe sent ample evidence of the in-
nocence of the accused general, so that
General Washington dismissed all his
suspicions. Washington expressed his
approbation of Champe's plan for taking
Arnold, of whom he wished to " make
a public example." The plan was, to
seize Arnold when in nis garden,
whither he went at a late hour every
night, to gag him, and to drag him be-
tween two men, as a drunken soldier,
to a boat on the Hudson, and to deliver
him to a party of horse on the Jersey
shore. It failed : it appeared that on
the eventful day, Arnold removed his
quarters, and the American legion, to
which Champe belonged, was trans
ferred to the fleet of transports, and
landed in Virginia. Champe rejoined
the American army in North Carolina.
When his story was known it secured
him the love and respect of the whole
army. W^ashington granted hirri a dis-
charge, lest falling into the hands of the
enemy, he should die on a gibbet. In
1798 inquiry was made for Champe at
the request of Washington, it was found
that he removed to Kentucky and soon
after died there.
CHAMPEAUX, William de, a divine
and philosopher, teacher of the cele-
brated Abelard, who subsequently be-
came his rival. Champeaux rose to be
bishop of Chalons, ancl wrote a treatise
" On the Origin of the Soul." D. 1121.
CHAMPIER, Symphorien, a French
physician. He wrote several learned
works, and founded the college of phy-
sicians at Lyons. He also served under
the duke of Lorraine, by whom lie was
knighted for his courage. He compiled
several works, of which the most valu-
cha]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
275
able is "Les Grands Chroniques des
Dues de Savoie." D. 1540.
CHAMPLAIN, Samuel de, a French
naval officer. He was governor-general
of Canada, and founded the city of Que-
bec ; and there is a lake in Canada which
fttill bears his name. His "Travels in
Canada" contain much curious inform-
ation. D. 16-34.
OHAMPMESLE, Mary Desmares de,
a French actress. She was originally
only a member of a strolling company,
but when she appeared in Paris, the
great Racine praised her tragic perform-
ance, and even afforded her instruction.
This raised her to eminence in her pro-
fession, and she became highly popular.
D. 1698.
CHAMPOLLION, Jean Francis, a
French writer, distinguished for his ac-
quaintance with arciiseology, especially
as regards Egypt. In 1828 he went with
an expedition of learned men to Egypt,
at the expense of the king, and made
many important discoveries there.
Among his numerous works are "Pre-
cis du Systeme Hieroglyphique des An-
ciens Egvptiens," and "Pantheon
Egvptien.'' B. 1790; d. 1832.
CHANCELLOR, Richard, an English
navigator, and founder of the English
Russia company. By this company he
was sent to Russia a second time, and,
while on his return with the Russian
ambassador and suite, he perished off
Norway, in 1556.
CHANDLER, Edward, bishop of
Durham; author of a "Defence of
Christianitv from the Prophecies of the
Old Testament," &c. B. 1671 ; d. 1750.
— Mary, an English poetess. B. 1687 ;
d. 1745. — Richard, a divine and anti-
quary. He travelled, in 17^4, through
Asia Minor and Greece, at the expense
of the Dilettanti Society; and wrote
" Travels" in those countries. — Samuel,
an eminent dissenting divine; author
of a " Vindication of the Christian Re-
ligion," a "Vindication of the History
of the Old Testament," a " History of
Persecution," " History of the Life of
David," &c. B. 1693 ; d. 1766.
CHANDOS, John, an English gener-
al of great celebrity, in the l4th centu-
ry ; distinguished not more for bravery
than for his generosity and moderation.
He was killed at the bridge of Leusac,
near Poitiers, in 1369.
CHANNING, William Ellery, was
b. at Newport, Rhode Island, 1780. His
maternal grandfather, William Ellery,
was one of those who signed the Decla-
Ution of Independence, and his father
was a partner in the eminent mercantile
firm of Gibbs & Channing, at Newport.
Educated at Harvard college, he ,was
early induced to abandon the profession
of medicine, for which his father intend-
ed him, and to prepare himself for the
Unitarian ministry ; and in 1803 he com-
menced his career by taking charge of
the congregation of the Unitarian chaj el
in Federal-street, Boston. His eloquence
rendered him from that time forth one
of the most conspicuous men in Amer-
ica. His discourses display great geni us ;
they are beautiful specimens of pulpit
eloQuence; chaste, earnest, pure, and
sublime. He took an earnest part in all
the great religious and moral move-
ments of the day, and by the fervor of
his convictions, the chasteness and per-
suasiveness of his style, his dignified
character, and fearless utterance of what
he thought, wielded a potent influence
not only over the opinions of his cotem-
poraries, but over the whole future mind
of his country. To him more than to
any one else the people of New England
are indebted for the liberality and tol-
erance of religious controversy. Dr.
Channing was ever the advocate of
peace, and though he could not but be
aware that his opposition to the slave
system must needs diminish his popu-
larity, he was instant in season and out
of season in denouncing it. D. Oct. 2,
1842, aged 62.
CHANTREY, Francis, a sculptor of
eminence, was b. at Norton, near Shef-
field, 1781. When a mere child he dis-
covered considerable talent in drawing
and modelling ; and during his. appren-
ticeship with Mr. Ramsey, a carver and
gilder at Sheffield, the whole of his leis-
ure hours were most assiduously devoted
to the study and practice of his favorite
pursuits. Having made a compensation
to his master for the remaining term of
his apprenticeship, he paid a short visit
to London, and attended the school of
the Royal Academy. He then returned
to SheiSield, where, at 20 years of age,
he may be said to have commenced bus-
iness ; but his career of fame and for-
tune was not begun until 1809, when he
received an order from Mr. Alexander,
the architect, for four colossal busts of
Howe, St. Vincent, Duncan, and Nelson,
for the Trinity House, and for the Green-
wich Naval Asylum. From this period
he was unrelaxing in his efforts, and
continually successful ; and, among the
admirable productions of his chisel,
there appeared, in 1817, that exquisita
group of "The Sleeping Children," in
276
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[CHA
Lichfield Cathedral; universally ac-
knowledged as "images of artless beau-
ty and innocent and imaffected grace."
His busts of Lord Castlereagh, Sir Wal-
ter Scott, the poets Wordsworth and
and Soutliey, Mr. Canning, John Ren-
nie, George IV., Willian IV., Queen
Victoria, Lord Melbourne, Sir Eobert
Peel, and the duke of Wellington • and
statues of James Watt, Dr. Cyril Jack-
son, Grattan, Washington, Sir Joseph
Banks, Spencer Perceval, Canning, Sir
John Malcolm, Dr. Dalton, Roscoe, Gen.
Gillespie, Lady Louisa Eussell, (when a
child,) Bishops Bathurst and Ryder, are
among his chief works. D. Nov. 25, 1842.
CHAPMAN, Frederic Henry, a
Swedish vice-admiral; author of a
" Treatise on Marine Architecture." D.
1808. — George, an English poet. He
wrote 17 dramatic pieces, but he is
chiefly remembered for his vigorous
translation of Homer, of which Pope is
said to have made more use than he
chose to admit. D. 1604. — John, a
learned English divine; author of "Eu-
sebius, or a Defence of Christianity,"
&c. B. 1704 ; d. 1784.
CHAPONE, Hester, was the daugh-
ter of a Mr. Mulso, of Twywell, North-
amptonshire. Among her first produc-
tions is the interesting story of " Fidelia,"
in the "Adventurer;" but she is prin-
cipally known by her valuable " Letters
on the Improvement of the Mind," ad-
dressed to a young lady, and published
in J773. D. 1801.
CHAPPE D'AUTEROCHE, John, a
French astronomer. In 1760 he went
into Siberia to observe the transit of the
planet Venus; and, in 1768, he gave
the public an account of liis journey in
three volumes. He then went, to Cali-
fornia for the same purpose, but died
there in 1769. — Claude, nephew of the
preceding, was b. 1763. He introduced
the use of telegraphs into France, and
the first public event communicated by
it was the capture of Conde, in 1793.
The honor of the discovery being claim-
ed by others, his mind was so much
ivtfected that he committed suicide in
".805.
CHAPPLE, William, an English to-
pographer. He contributed largely to
the " Gentleman's Magazine," and ed-
ited a part of " Risdon's Survey of Dev-
onshire. D. 1781.
CHAPTAL, Jean Antoine Claude,
count of Chanteloupe, a French peer,
statesman, and writer. Being a younger
son he was destined for the profession of
medicine, and had completed his studies
when he was induced to accept the pro-
fessorship of chemistry at Montpelier.
His lectures procured him great repu-
tation, and on the breaking out of the
revolution he took an active part in it,
and was selected by the new govern- ^^
ment to supply the army with gunpowr'
der. In 1799 the first consul made him
counsellor of state ; and, in the following
year, minister of the interior. He was>
the inventor of several kinds of cement,
and wrote learnedly and well on national
industry and chemistry. B. 1756; d. .
1832.
CHARDIN, Sir John, a French trav-
eller, whose travels in Persia and the
East Indies are extremely valuable. The
revocation of the edict of Nantes drove
him to England, where he was well re-
ceived by Charles IL, who knighted him.
D. 1713.
CHARENTON, Joseph Nicholas, a
French Jesuit, and for many years a
missionary in Persia. He translated
Maricana's " History of Spain" into
French, and appended some valuable
notes. ■ D. 1735.
GHARETTE DE LA COINTRE,
Francis Athanasius de, a French roy-
alist, and leader of the party in La Ven-
dee. He displayed great bravery in
numberless combats, but being at length
defeated by the republicans, and wound-
ed, he was taken prisoner, and shot at
Nantes, in 179S.
CHARLEMAGNE, or Charles the
Great, king of the Franks, and subse-
quently emperor of the West, was b.
742. He was the son of Pepin, and suc-
ceeded his elder brother, Carloman, in
771. Having defeated the Saxons, and
overrun Lombardy, he was crowned
emperor in»800. Though of a warlike
turn, and continually engaged in war,
he was a great friend to learning, found-
ed several universities, and attracted
by his liberality the most distinguished
scholars at his court; among others,
Alcuin, from England, whom he chose
for his own instructor. He completed
many important national works, encour-
aged agriculture and tlie arts, and ren-
dered his name immortal by the wisdom
of his laws. In private life, Charle-
magne was exceedingly amiable, a good
father, and generous friend. His do-
mestic economy afibrded a model of
frugality ; his person a rare example of
simplicity and greatness. He despised
extravagance oi" dress in men, though,
on solemn occasions, he appeared in alt
the splendor of state ; and as his person
was commanding and liis counte lance
oha]
CYCLOPEDIA Oi BIOGRAPHY.
277
noble and beneficent, he inspired those
who saw him, with sentiments of love
and respect. He d. at Aix-la-Chapelle,
in 8U.
CHARLEMONT, James Caulfield.
earl of, au Irish nobleman, distingaisheo.
as the political coadjutor of Bnrke, Flood,
Grattau, and the other patriotic advo-
cates of Ireland, and as the commander
of the h'ish volunteers. He possessed
considerable literary talents, and, after
his death, his correspondence with
Burke and other eminent men was pub-
lished. B. 1728 ; d. 1709.
CHAELES IV., emperor of Germany,
son of .John of Luxemburg, and grand-
son of the emperor, Henry VII., ascend-
ed the throne in 1347. His reign was
distinguished by the golden bull of the
diet of Nuremburg, by which the Ger-
manic constitution was established. D.
1378. — v., emperor of Germany and
king of Spain, succeeded his grandfather,
Ferdinand, on the throne of Spain, in
1516, and became emperor of Germany
on the death of Maximilian, in 1519.
His title to the imperial crown was dis-
puted by Francis I. of France; but,
aided by Henry VIII. of England,
Charles maintained himself, and, at the
battle of Pa via, even took his rival pris-
oner. His whole reign, however, was
stormy — France, the Moors, and the
Protestant princes of Germany gave him
full employment, until, in l.lSG, he re-
signed the crown to his son, and sought
in private life the happiness he had not
found in governing an empire. Taken
altogether, he is one of the most remark-
able characters in history. He exhibited
no talents in his youth, it not being till
his 30th year that he showed himself
active and independent ; but, from that
time till his abdication, he was, through-
out a monarch. He was indefatigable
in business, weighing the reasons on
both sides of every case with great
minuteness ; very slow in deciding, but
firm of purpose, and prompt to execute.
Being equally rich in resources and saga-
cious in the use of them; gifted with a
cool judgment, and always master of
himself, he steadily pursued his plans,
and was generally able to ovefcome the
greatest obstacles. D. 1558. — VI., son
of the Emperor Leopold, was declared
king of Spam by his father, in 1703, and
crowned emperor in 1711. The taking
of Belgrade by his general, Prince Eu-
gene, compelled the Turks to make
peace with him ; and his alliance with
Holland, France, and England enabled
him to obtain considerable advantaget
24
over Spain. Subsequently, however, he
was at war with his allies, and thus lost
Naples and Sicily; and was also en-
faged in an injurious contest with Tur-
ey. D. 1740. — VIII., elector of Bavaria,
was raised to the empire of Germany in
1742, by the influence of France and
Prussia, though he had a powerful rival
in Maria Theresa of Hungary, who was
supported by England and Sardinia.
D. 1745. — II., surnamed the Bold, king
of France. He was crowned king in
840, and elected emperor by the Romans
in 875. D., supposed by poison, in 877.
— III., king of France, surnamed the
Simple. He ascended the throne in 893.
His whole reign was one of struggle
against the Normans and his turbulent
barons, who at length caused Robert,
a prince of the blood royal, to be crown-
ed. In the battle fought between the
two sovereigns, Robert was slain; but
his son, Hugh the Great, pressed Charles
so hard, that he sought shelter in the
castle of the count of Vermandois,
where he d. 929.— IV., son of Philip the
Fair, succeeded to the crown of France
in 1322. His reign lasted only six years,
and in that brief time he was deprived
by England of the province of Guienne.
D. 1328. — v., surnamed the Wise, was
the first prince who bore the title of
dauphin, on the death of his brother, in
1364. His reign was very beneficial to
his people, whose commerce and agri-
culture he greatly promoted. He found-
ed the library of Paris, and gained
several advantages over the English. D.
1380.— VI., surnamed the Well-beloved,
was son and successor of the above.
Owing to the feuds of the dukes of Bur-
gundy and Orleans, and the misconduct
of his ministers, he was unable to resist
the warlike Edward of England, who
conquered France and disinherited the
dauphin. D. 1422.— VII., surnamed the
Victorious. He was crowned in 1422,
and recovered the whole of his domin-
ions from the English, with the excep-
tion of Calais. D. 1461.— VIIL, king of
France, surnamed the Afiable, was the
son of Louis XL, and ascended the
throne of France in 1483, at the early
age of thirteen. He was a warlike
prince, and, in 1495, obtained a victory
over an army of Italians five times as
numerous as his own. D. 1498. — IX.,
king of France, succeeded to the throne
in 1650. The civil wars, and, above all,
the massacre of Paris, have left an in-
delible stain upon the memory of this
prince. D.1574.— X., or Charles-Phi-
lippe DE Bourbon, (known as Count
m
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[CHA
d'Anois until the accession of his
brother Louis XVIIL, and afterwards
as Monsieur,) was the fifth and youngest
son of the dauphin Louis, son of Louis
XV., and was b. 17.">7. In 1773 he mar-
ried tlie princess Maria Tlieresa, daugh-
ter of Victor Amadeus III., liing of
Sardinia. On his succeeding to the
throne of France in 1824, it was seen
that he adhered too much to the ex-
ploded dogmas of the old regime to ac-
quire the same degree of popuhvrity that,
by ^ood tact and a more complying dis-
gosition, his predecessor had enjoyed,
'n the 25th of July, 1830, in conse-
quence of the result of a general election,
Charles X. issued his two fatal ordi-
nances, one abolishing the freedom of
the press, and the other changing the
mode of election. As a resiut, "the
glorious revolution of 1830" took place,
in Paris, and paved the way for Louis
Philippe. The king retreated from St.
Cloud to Rambouillet, where he offered
to abdicate in favor of his grandson, the
duke of Bordeaux, and requested from
the provisional government a safe -con-
duct to a seaport. Embarking at Cher-
bourg he sailed for England, and for a
time took up his residence at Lulworth
castle, and then removed to Holyrood
house, the scene of his former exile.
There he remained about a twelvemonth,
and afterwards retired to. the Austrian
dominions. D. at Goritz, in lUyria,
1837. The latter years of this monarch
were passed in acts of superstitious de-
votion : he constantly wore hair-cloth
next his skin, he fasted much, and fre-
quejitly imposed upon himself, as a
penance for some hasty expression, an
absolute silence for several hours. The
dukes d'Angouleme and de Berri were
his sons. — II., surnamed the Bad, king
of Navarre. He succeeded to his king-
dom when only 18 years of age, and his
reign was marked by much wickedness.
He murdered the constable, Charles of
Angouleme ; seduced the dauphin, after-
wards Charles V., into rebellion against
his father ; and was accused of employ-
ing a person to administer poison to
Charles V. His death was as horrible
as his life had been wicked. Being ill
of a leprosy, his physicians caused liim
to be swathed in cloths dipped in spirits
of wine, and covered with brimstone,
and his page accidentally setting fire to
these inflammable materials, Charles d.
in great torture, in 1387. — I., king of
Naples and Sicily. He was the son of
Louis VIII. of France, and, marrying
the daughter of the count of Provence,
he became possessed of Provence, and
of Anjou and Maine. Defeating Man-
fred, the usurper of Sicily, he assumed
the style of king of Naples ; and taking
his rival, Conradin, duke of Suabia, and
the duke of Austria prisoners, he eter-
nally disgraced himself by causing them
to be put to death on the scaffold. His
tyranny at length so much enraged the
Sicilians, that on Easter Monday, in
1282, they massacred 8000 of the French
— an event spoken of in history as the
'* Sicilian Vespers." After this they
chose Peter of Aragon for their king.
D. 1285. — XL, sou of the above, at the
time of his lather's decease, was a pris-
oner in the hands of the Sicilians, and
would most probably been put to death
by them but for the humane interces-
sion of Constantia, the wife of Peter of
Aragon. At her request he was set at
liberty, in 1288, on condition of his re-
nouncing all claim to the crown of Sicily ;
a condition from which the pope ab-
solved him. His attempts upon Sicily
were, however, of no avail, and he was
obliged to content himself with Naples,
which he governed with wisdom and
moderation. D. 1309. — III., king of
Naples, great grandson of the last
named. He married Margaret, niece of
Joan, queen of Naples ; and when Joan
was excommunicated, in 1380, he ob-
tained that kingdom from the pope. He
put the deposed queen to death, and was
in his turn excommunicated by the pope.
This did not prevent his endeavoring to
possess himself of the crown of Hun-
gary, but he was slain in the attempt in
1386. — X., GusTAvus, king of Sweden.
He was the son of John Casimir, and
ascended the throne on the abdication
of queen Christina, in 1654. He was
very successful against Poland, but was
compelled to raise the siege of Copen-
hagen, which he sought to possess him-
self of, on account of Denmark having
allied itself with Poland. D. 1660.— XI.,
king of Sweden, son and successor of
the preceding. He lost several import-
ant places during his. wiir with Denmark,
but they were restored to him at the
peace of Nimeguen. He greatly in-
creased the power and resources of his
kingdom. D. 1697. — XII., king of
Sweden, son and successor of the pre-
ceding. He was only 15 years of age
when he ascended the throne, and his
youth encouraged Russia, Denmark, and
Poland to unite against him. Those
powers, however, found him fully equal
to the task of humbling them. Den-
mark being subdued, he attacked Rua-
cha]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
27$
sia ; and in the famous battle of Narva,
in 1700, he is said to have slain 30,000
of the enemy, besides making 20,000
prisoners, though his own force was
short of 10,000. Poland next felt his
power ; he dethroned Augustus, and
made Stanislaus king in his stead. Thus
far his wliole course had been prosper-
ous ; but in seeking utterly to crush
Peter the Great, he sustained a terrible
defeat at the battle of Pultowa, and was
himself so severely wounded, that he
was removed from' the field on a litter,
and compelled to seek shelter in Turkey.
Here his conduct was so violent that
the Grand Seignior was compelled to
besiege his residence. After desperate
resistance Charles was overpowered, and
for ten months he was kept a prisoner.
He no sooner was allowed to return to
his own dominions than he commenced
an attack on Norway, and in besieging
Frederiekshall was killed by a cannon-
shot, in 1718. He was one of the great-
est warriors of history. — XIII., king of
Sweden, was b. in 1748 ; and* being ap-
pointed, at his birth, high admiral of
Sweden, his education was directed
chiefly to the learning of naval tactics,
and in 1788 he defeated the Russians in
the gulf of Finland. On the murder of
Gustavus III. he was placed at the head
of the regency; but he resigned the
government, in 1796, to Gustavus Adol-
phus IV., who had become of age, and
did not appear again in public life till a
revolution hurled the King from the
throne. He was then elected, and sub-
sequently bestowed his entire confidence
on jjlarshal Bernadotte, whom the estates
had chosen to succeed Prince Christian
in 1810. D. 1818.— Charles Albert,
king of Sardinia, son of Carlo Emanuele,
prince of Carignano, was b. 1798. At
his birth he had but little chance of ever
swaying the sceptre, for there were seven
male heirs of the house of Savoy,
through whom the crown might have
descended. His early life was conse-
quently passed in comparative insignifi-
cance, and his name was but slightly
known to Europe until the revolution of
1821, which broke out in support of the
so-called Spanish constitution of 1812,
compelled King Vittorio Emanuele to
abdicate in favor of his brother, and led
to Charles Albert's nomination as regent
of the kingdom. Charles Albert, who
had all along been in the secrets of the
conspirators, took measures to carry out
their designs ; but the duke of Genevois,
in whose favor King Vittorio had resign-
ed the crown, having refused to sanction
the proceedings of the new government,
and having taken instant measures to
put down the insurgents, Charles Albert
fled to No vara, and deserted and be-
trayed the party with whom he had co-
operated. Kenouncing the opinions he
liad adopted, he acted as a volunteer in
1823, in Spain, under the duke d'An-
gouleme, and thei'e lent his aid to crush
the constitution, the principles of which
he had so lately attempted to establish in
Sardinia. On his return to Turin he re-
mained in retirement until the death of
Carlo Felice led to his accession to the
throne, 27th April, 1831. During the
first 17 years of his reign, few events
occurred to give a clear insight into the
natural bent of his mind ; but in March,
1848, after the Milanese had driven out
the Austrians from Northern Italy, he
a second time unfurled the revolutionary
banner, and in a proclamation to the
"people of Lombardy and Venice,"
espoused the cause of Italian regenera-
tion against Austria. His arms were at
first crowned with success; but the
Austrian field-marshal Kadetzky having
regained step by step the positions he
had lost, at length compelled the Sar-
dinian forces to evacuate Milan in Au-
gust of the same year, and in September
an annistice was signed by the contend-
ing parties. In March, 1849, Charles
Albert was forced, by the clamors of his
subjects, to renew the war with Austria.
But the Sardinian army was defeated at-
all points by Marshal Radetzky in the
shortest campaign on record, four days ;
and immediately afterwards, on the 24th
March, Charles Albert abdicated the
throne in favor of his eldest son, and
precipitately leaving Turin, took up his
residence at Oporto, where he died, as
it is alleged, of a broken heart, July 18,
1 849 .--Louis DE Lorraine, archduke of
Austria, a distinguished military com-
mander, son of Leopold II., and younger
brother of Francis II., was b. 1771. He
first entered on the career of arms under
Prince Coburg in 1793; and his great
abilities, not less than his exalted rank,
rapidly procured his elevation in com-
mand. After the battle of Nerwinde,
which restored that rich province to the
imperial power, he was appointed gov-
ernor of the Low Countries, and was
soon after created a field-marshal. In
1796 he was promoted to the command
of the imperial armies on the Rhine,
gained some advantages over the repub-
lican generals, Jourdan and Moreau,
whom he compelled to retire across the
Rhine ; took Kehl in 1797 ; sul se iuently
280
CYCLOPEDIA OF BJOGKjvPHY,
[cHi
commanded in Italy against Bonaparte
and Massena ; long disputed victory at
Caldiero, EckmuhT, and Essling; but
lost the decisive battle of Wagram,
where he was wounded. After this
event lie lived in retirement, during
which lie wrote a luminous and impar-
tial narrative of his campaigns, and en-
riched military science with the profound
views set forth in his "Principes de
Strategic." D. 1847.— I., king of En-
gland, was b. in Scotland, 1600. He
was the second son of James VI. of
Scotland, and I. of England, by Anne,
daughter of the king of Denmark ; and
upon the death of Prince Henry, his
elder brother, in 1612, was created
prince of Wales. On the death of his
lather, in 1625, he ascended the throne,
his kingdom being engaged in war with
Spain, and much imbittered against his
friend and minister Buckingham. It
unfortunately happened for Charles I.
that he had to the full as high and ex-
acting a notion of the royal prerogative
as either his father or Elizabeth, while
he had to deal with an entirely ditferent
state of public opinion. The parliament
impeached Buckingham, and the king
supported him ; war with France was
declared, against the popular wish, be-
cause Buckingham so willed it; and
then the king, obstinate and impolitic
in his enforcement and extension of his
prerogative, got at loggerheads with his
parliament, and ultimately forced the
nation into civil war. The first battle
between the king's forces and the par-
liamentary army was at Edgehill, in
which neither party had much to boast
of. For some time, however, the royal-
ists were generally successful ; but the
battles of Marston Moor, Newbury, and
Naseby were all singularly unfavorable
to the royal cause. Indeed, after the
defeat at Naseby, the king was so power-
less, that he took the resolution of
throwing himself upon the ^ood feel-
ing of the Scottish army, then lying
before Newark ; and by that army he
was sold, and delivered into the hands
of the parliament. For a time he was
treated with much outward respect, but
becoming alarmed for his personal safe-
ty, he found means to make his escape
from Hampton Court. On arriving on
the coast, whither he went with the in-
tention of quitting the kingdom, he
could not obtain a vessel to go abroad,
but crossed over to the Isle of Wight,
where the governor, Harinnond, con-
lined him in Carisbrook castle. While
there, negotiations were carried on be-
tween him and the parliament ; but the
dominant party, commanding the army,
cleared the house of commons of the
moderate and timid members, and
erected a court for the trial of the king.
He was condemuvjd to death, and on the
30th January, 1649. beheaded at White-
hall, a warning to hypocrites and tyrants.
— 11. , son of the above, was b. in 1630.
He was living a.s a refugee at the Hagiio
when the sentence on his father was
carried into execution. He, neverthe-
less, assumed the regal title, and finding
that the Scots had proclaimed him, he
left the Hague for Scotland, and was
crowned at Scone. Cromwell marched
towards Scotland to give him battle, and
Charles passed by forced marches into
England. Cromwell, however, whose
force was superior, discovering the
manoeuvre, turned back in pursuit ; and
the royal army was overtaken at Wor-
cester, and utterly routed. After diffi-
culties and escapes which have rather
the air of romance than of fact, diaries
escaped to France, where he resided for
some years, keeping up the mimicry of
a court, but freqiiently reduced to ex-
treme distress. The death of Cromwell,
the general discontent of the people, and
the dexterous policy of General Monk,
restored Charles to his crown and king-
dom ; and he reigned with a power far
greater than that for aiming at which
his father had been put to death. Un-
taught by adversity, he was luxurious,
selfish, and indolent. The English non-
conformists were treated with jealous
rigor, and the Scottish Covenanters
were shot and sabred without compunc-
tion. And, perhaps, Charles's reply to
some complaints made to him of Lau-
derdale's cruelty in Scotland, will give
quite as full a clew to his kingly char-
acter as can be required : " I perceive,"
said Charles, " that Lauderdale has been
guilty of many bad things against the
people of Scotland ; but I cannot find
that he has acted against my interest."
D. 1685. During this monarch's reign
the capital was visited by heavy calam-
ities ; the plague in 1665, and the fire
of London in the following year ; while
preteiJded plots and conspiracies were
made pretexts for bringing some emi-
nent persons, who were obnoxious to
the court, to an ignominious death. As
to the character of Charles II., he was,
in the fullest acceptation of the terms, a
sensualist and voluptuary : encouraging,
by his example, a taste for dissolute
manners, which poisoned the moral
health of society ; and thoiigh he pre-
chaJ
CTCLOP^EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
281
served a degree of popularity with the
multitude, from the easiness of his
mauners, yet he was totally destitute of
exalted sentiments. — Edw.uid Stuajrt,
called the Pretender, was the grandson
of James II., and b. at Kome, 1720. In
1745 he landed in Scotland, and pub-
lished a manifesto exhibiting the claims
of his father to the English throne. He
was joined by several of the Highlanders,
and on entering Edinburgh, he caused
his father to be proclaimed; on which
General Cope hastened towards the
capital, but was attacked by the Pre-
tender at Preston Pans, and defeated.
Instead of making a proper use of this
victory, by advancing into England,
Charles returned to Edinburgh, wasting
his time in an idle parade of royalty.
Afterwards, on being joined by lords
Kilmarnock, Cromarty, Balmcrino, and
other discontented chiefs, he marched
as far as Manchester ; but hearing that
the king was about to take the field, he
returned to Scotland, where he defeated
the English forces, under Hawley, at
Falkirk. In the mean time the duke of
Cumberland advanced to Edinburgh,
and from thence to Aberdeen, the Pre-
tender retreating before him. At last
the two armies met at Culloden, April
27, 1746, when, after an obstinate con-
flict, in which the Highlanders displayed
prodigious courage, his army was sig-
nally defeated, and entirely dispersed.
Charles, after wandering about in dif-
ferent disguises, chiefly among the He-
brides, ettected his escape to France.
D. at Florence, 1788.
CHARLETON, Lewis, hishop of
Hereford, an able prelate, distinguished
for his proficiency in theology and the
mathematics. D. 1369. — Walter, an
Ensrlish physician. He resided abroad
witlb Charles 11. , and returned with him
at the restoration. His writings, in
natural history, medicine, theology, and
natural philosophy, are very- numerous
and learned, especially his " Onomas-
tlcon Zoicon" and " Chorea Gigantum ;"
the former a classified arrangement of
animals, the latter an essay on Stone-
henge. D. 1707.
CHARLEVOIX, Peter Francis Xa-
viER, a French Jesuit, and for some
time a missionary in America. On his
return, he became conductor of the
"Journal de Trevoux." In addition to
his numerous contributions to that
work, lie wrote " Histoire Generale de
Paragnav," " Histoire Generale de la
Nouvelle France," &c. I). 1761.
CHARLOTTE AUGUSTA, daughter
24*
of George IV. and Queen Caroline, was
b. Jan. 7, 1796, and married to Prince
Leopold of Cobiirg, May 2, 1816. Her
marriage was the result of mutual
esteem. But their anxious wishes as
parents were suddenly blighted : on the
5th of November, 1817, the princess was
delivered of a still-born child ; and, in
a few hours after, she was seized with
convulsions and expired. Never before,
perhaps, was national and individual
sorrow so strikingly expressed. The
unhappy dissensions of her royal pa-
rents, and the vicious blandishments of
courtly parasites, were contrasted at
Claremont by conjugal afiection and the
pleasures of a virtuous life.
CHARNOCK, John, an English naval
officer and miscellaneous writer, author
of a "History of Marine Architecture,"
"Biographia Navalis," a "Supplement
to Campbell's Lives of the Admirals,"
&c. D. 1807. — Stephen, a nonconfor-
mist divine. He was an eloquent and
popular preacher, and advocated Calvin-
istical doctrines with great force and
originality. His " Discourse on Provi-
dence" is considered the best of his
writings. D. 1680.
CHARPETIER, Francis, the author
of a treatise " On the Excellence of the
French Language," and other works.
D. 1702.
CHARRERIE, Madame de St. Hya-
ciNTHE DE, a French lady of versatile
ability ; authoress of " Lettres Neu-
chatelloises," " Caliste, ou Lettres
ecrites de Lausanne," and several suc-
cessful novels and dramas. D. 1806.
CHARRON, Peter, a French divine,
and a friend of Montaigne, who, by will,
left him the privilege of bearing his
arras ; a strong proof, considering the
pride of a Gascon, of his personal con-
sideration. His chief works are " The
Three Smiths," a "Treatise on Wis-
dom," and a volume of " Christian Dis-
courses."
CHASE, Samuel, a judge of the su-
preme court of the United States under
the constitution of 1789. He was set-
tled in the practice of law at Annapolis,
at the commencement of the American
revolution, was a delegate to thegenei'al
convention at Philadelphia, 1774, and
served in that body several years. When
the proposition for independence was be
fore congress, as he had been prohibited
from voting for it, by the convention of
Maryland, he immediately traversed the
province, and summoned county meet-
ings to address the convention. ' In this
way that body was induced to vote for
282
CrCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY
[CHA
independence ; and with this authority-
Mr. Chase returned again to congress in
season to vote for the declaration. In
1783 he was sent to Enghmd as the
agent of the state of Maryland to re-
claim a large amount of property, which
had been intrusted to the bank of En-
gland. In 1785 he removed to Balti-
more. In 1790 he was a member of the
convention in Maryland for considering
the constitution of the United States.
In 1791 he was appointed chief justice
of the general court of Maryland, and
in 1796, an associate judge of the su-
preme court of the United States, in
which station he continued till his death.
In 1803 Judge Chase was impeached for
his conduct in the trials of Fries and
Callender, solely on political grounds,
and the senate acquitted him. D. 1811.
CHASLES, Francis James, a French
writer of the 18th century ; compiler of
the " Dictionnaire de Justice." — Grego-
ry DE, a French naval officer and a witty
writer: author of " Les Illustres Fran-
coises,'' "Journal d'un Voyage fait aux
Indes Orientales," &c. D. 1720.
CHASSENEUZ, Bartholomew de, an
eminent French lawyer ; author of
"Catalogus Gloriae Mu'ndi," "Consilia,
or Consultations on Points of Law," &c.
It is greatly to his credit that he used all
his power as president of the parliament
of Provence to delay the decree issued
by that body against the Vaudois of Me-
rfndol and Cabrieres. Indeed, it was
suspected that his humanity caused his
enemies to hasten his end by poison.
D. 1541.
CHASTELATN, Claude, a French
ecclesiastical writer ; author of a " Uni-
versal Martyrology," the " Roman Mar-
tyrology," and a journal of his own life.
t>. 1712.
CHASTELARD, Pierre de Boscole
»E, a Frencli gentleman, whom De Thou
mpposes to have been grandson of the
Chevalier Bayard. He went to Scotland
in the suite of the unfortunate Mary, and
became so violently enamored of his
royal mistress, as to secrete himself in
her apartment. Being discovered when
the queen retired to rest, he was com-
mitted to prison, and finally beheaded
on a charsre of treason
CHASTELER, John, marquis of, an
eminent Austrian general. lie was se-
verely wounded at the siege of Valen-
ciennes in 1793, and was subsequently
opposed successively to Lefevre and
Murat. In 1808, with Hormayer, he was
the soul of the famous Tyrolese insur-
rection ; and he was characterized by
Napoleon, in a wiatnrul proclamation, as
" the leader of a band of robbers," and
an outlaw. In all his engagements h.)
displayed equal skill and courage, and
was at length rewarded with the post of
governor of Venice. B. 1763; d. 1820.
CHASTELET,. Gabrielle Emilie dk
Breteuil, marchioness of, a French
lady, distinguished by her proficiency
in science. She translated the "Insti-
tutes of the Philosophy of Leibnitz "
from the German, and subsequently be-
couiing acquainted with the philosophy
of Newton, she translated liis " Prin-
cipia," and added an able commentary.
B. 1706 ; d. 1749.
CHASTELLUX, Francis John, Mar-
quis de, a French field-marshal ; author
of " Travels in North America," and a
treatise on " Public Happiness." D.
1738.
CHATEAUBRIAND, Francis Av-
ousTE, vicomte de, whose checkered ca-
reer and numerous productions gained
him a prominent place in the history of
his time, was b. at St. Malo, 1769. Aflc*
pursuing his studies at Dol and Rennes,
in liis 17th year he joined the regiment
of Navarre as sub-lieutenant, and re-
paired to Paris. On the eve of the
meeting of the states-general in 1789,
animated by a love of adventure, he went
to America. Here he spent two years
amid the wild grandeur of savage life,
" the world forgetting, by the world for-
got," wlien accident threw into his
hands a journal whic a revealed to him
the immense events which three years
had suffered to bring about in his native
country, and he returned. Wounded at
the siege of Thionville in 1792, he was
conveyed in a dying state to Jersey;
and after a partial recovery sailed for
England, where he suffered great priva-
tions, which a few translations, and, as
he subsequently made known, the time-
ly aid of the Literary Fund Society, en-
abled him to mitigate rather than relieve.
Here he published his first work, enti-
tled " Essai Historique et Politioue sur
les Revolutions Anciennes et Moder-
nes," 1797. After the 18th Brumaire
he returned to France, and contributed
to the Mercure. His " Attala" appeared
in 1801 ; and was followed in 1802 by his
most celebrated work, the " Genie du
Christianismc." Soon afterwards he
was appointed by Napoleon secretary to
the French embassy at Rome. In March,
1804, he was nominated minister pleni-
potentiary to Switzerland ; but he re-
signed on learning the melancholy fate
of the duke d'Enghien, and resisted all
cha]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
283
the overtures which Napoleon subse-
q^uently made to him. In 1807 he pub-
lished "Les Martyrs," and four years
later his " Itineraire de Paris a Jerusa-
lem." In 1814, Chateaubriand hailed
the restoration, in a brochure, entitled
"Bonaparte et les Bourbons." At
Ghent he was considered one of the
ministers of Louis XVIII. ; in 1815 he
was created a peer of France ; in the fol-
lowing year he became a member of the
Institute. " La Monarchic selon la
Charte," which he published the same
year, threw him for some years into dis-
credit with the court ; but in 1820 the
highest state appointments once more
lay open to him, and he became success-
ively ambassador at Berlin in 1820, and
at London in 1822, and the same year
minister of foreign affairs in the V'ilele
ministry, when he organized the inva-
sion of Spain under the duke d'Angou-
leme, and took part in the congress of
Verona, the history of which he after-
wards recorded. In 1824, being sum-
marily dismissed from office, he took
refuge in the columns of the Journal
des Debats, where he vigorously attack-
ed his former colleagues ; and on their
fall in 1828, he was sent as ambassador
to Eome, but resigned his office in 1829,
on the formation of the Polignac admin-
istration. On the news of the ontbreak
of the revolution of 1830, he hastened to
Paris, where he was hailed with accla-
mation by the people, but after deliver-
ing a glowing oration in favor of the
duke of Bordeaux, he retired from the
chamber of peers, never to enter it
again. From this period he personally
took leave of politics ; but he continued
to send forth from time to time pam-
{)hlets on the government of Louis Phi-
ippe, conceived in so Ijitter and violent
a spirit, that he became an object of sus-
picion to the ministry, and was summa-
rily arrested, but soon discharged. His
last years were spent in domestic privacy.
Besides the works above mentioned,
Chateaubriand wrote " Etudes Histo-
riques," " Essai sur la Litt(^rature An-
glaise," (a poor production,) and numer-
ous painplilets upon historical subjects
and tlie politics of the day. D. 1848.
CHATE.\UBRUN, John Baptist Vi-
vian DE, a French dramatic writer ; au-
thor of " Philoctetes," " Mahomet II.,"
" Les Troyennes," &c. D. 1775.
CriATEAUKENAUD, Francis Louis
RoussELET, count of, a distinguished
French admiral. He was a great scourge
to the Sallee rovers, and signally defeat-
ed the Dutch fleet in 1675. D. 1716.
CHATEL, Fbanck du, a Flemish
painter of the 16th century. His chief
work, which is in the town-hall of
Ghent, represents the king of Spain re-
ceiving the oath of fidelity from the
states of Flanders and Brabant. — Pierre
Du, bishop of Orleans, a strenuous de-
fender of the Galilean church. He was
an excellent scholar, and assisted Eras-
mus in his translations from the Greek.
He wrote a Latin letter against the em-
peror, Charles V., and two funeral ora-
tions for Francis T. D. 1552. — Tanne-
GUY DU, an able French general. He
was in the famous battle of Agincourt ;
and when the Burgundians surprised
Paris, he was fortunate enough to save
the dauphin, between whom and the
duke of Burgundy he afterwards
brought about a reconciliation. D. 1449.
CHATELET, Paul du Hat, lord of,
a French officer of state in the reign of
Louis XIII. ; author of the " History of
Bertrand du Guesclin," constable of
France. D. 1686.
CHATHAM, William Pitt, earl of,
one of the most illustrious statesmen that
ever graced the British senate, was b.
1708. After studying at Eton and Ox-
ford, he entered the army as a cornet of
dragoons, but quitted it on being re-
turned to parliament as a member for
Old Sarum. His talents as an orator
were soon displayed in opposition to Sir
Robert Walpole, and had so great an ef-
fect, that the duchess of Marlborough,
who had a deadly hatred to that minis-
ter, bequeathed to Mr. Pitt a legacy of
£10,000. On the change of administra-
tion, he was made joint vice-treasurer of
Ireland and paymaster-general of the
army, which places he resigned in 1755:
but the year following he was appointed
secretary of state. In a few months he
was again dismissed from office ; but an
efficient administration being wanted in
1757, and tlie nation being enthusiasti-
cally attached to him, he returned to his
former situation as secretary of state.
His great mind now revealed its full
force, and his ascendency was complete
over the parliament no less than in the
ministry. He aroused the English na-
tion to now activity, and, in the space
of a few years, it recovered its superior-
ity over France, am ihilating her navy,
and stripping her of her colonies.
France was beaten in the four quarters
of the world. In 1760 he advised the
declaration of war against Spain, while
she was unprepared for resistance, as ho
foresaw that she would assist France.
The elevation of England on the riina
284
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[CHA
of the house of Bourbon was the great
object of his policy. But his plans were
suddenly interrupted by the doath of
George 11., whose successor was preju-
diced against Pitt by his adversary, the
earl of Bute, a statesman jf* limited
views. Pitt, therefore, resigned his post
in 1761, only retaining bis seat in the
house of commons. Foreseeing the
separation of the American colonies
from the mother country, if the arbitra-
ry measures then adopted should be
continued, he advocated, especially in
1766, a conciliatory policy, and the re-
peal of the stamp act. In the same
year he wp . ,nvited to assist in forming
a new ministry, in which be took the
office of privy seal, and was created vis-
count "Burton, baron Pynsent, and earl
of Chatham ; but in 1768 he resigned, as
he found himself inadequately seconded
by his colleagues. In the house of
lords, he continued to recommend the
abandonment of the coercive measures
employed against America, particularly
in 1774 : but his warning was rejected,
and, in 1776, the colonies declared them-
selves independent. He still, however,
labored in the cause, and used all his
efforts to induce the government to ef-
fect a reconciliation with the American
states ; and, as he was speaking with
his accustomed energy on the subject,
in the house of lords, April 8, 1778. he
fell down in a convulsive fit. He d. on
the 11th of the following month, and
his body, after lying in state, was sol-
emnly interred in Westminster abbey,
where a superb monument was erected
to his memory at the national expense.
— John, earl of, &c., eldest son of the
celebrated statesman, was b. 1756, and
succeeded to the peerage on the death
of his father, in 1778. On the death of
the duke of Kent, he was appointed
governor of Gibraltar, which he held,
with other offices, to the time of his
death, in 1885, He was the last peer of
the Pitt family.
CHATTERTON, Thomas, an English
poet, whose precocious genius and mel-
ancholy fate have gained him much
celebrity, was b. at Bristol, 1752. His
father was sexton of Redcliff church,
Bristol, and young Chatterton professed
to have received from him several an-
cient MSS. These he palmed upon the
world as the poems of Rowley, a priest
of Bristol in the 15th century; and so
'admirably was his forgery executed, that
it is even now rather assumed than
proved. Having vainly endeavored to
persuade Horace Waipole and other
scholars of the genuineness of the MSS.,
Chatterton, though still a mere boy, be-
came a party writer ; but even this re-
source failed him, and in a state of deep
despondency, produced by absolute
want, he destroyed himself by poison,
in 1770, at the age of 18.
CHAUCER, Geoffrey, an immortal
poet, to whom is justly given the title
of the father of English poetry. He
studied law in the Temple, but soon
turned his attention to the court, and
became successively yeoman and shield-
bearer to Edward III., and comptroller
to the customs of London. In the fol-
lowing reign, having embraced the doc-
trines of Wickliff, he was committed to
prison, but released on recanting his
opinions. He now retired to Wood-
stock, where he composed his treatise
on the astrolabe. He seems to have
been fortunate beyond the usual lot of
poets ; for, independent of bounties he
had bestowed on him by the crown, he
derived considerable property and influ-
ence from his marriage with a connection
of the great John of Gaunt, duke of
Lancaster. As a poet. Chancer is far
less read and understood than he de-
serves, for his writing has a fresh and
lusty vigor, rarely to be met with in
more modern poesy. B. 1828 ; d. 1400.
CHAUNCEY, Charles, an American
divine, and one of the most eminent
writers of the Universalists ; author of
" Thoughts on the State of Religion in
New England," " The Benevolence of
the Deity considered," " A True Sketch
of the Sufferings and Misfortunes of
the Town of Boston," &c. B. 1705 ; d.
1787. — Henrt, an English lawyer and
antiquarian. He was knighted by Charles
II. in 1681, and, in 1688, was made a
Welsh judge. Just before his death he
published the "Historical Antiquitiea
of Hertfordshire," one of the most valu-
able of English county histories. D.
1700. — Charles, second president of
Harvard college, was b. in England, in
1589. He received his grammar educa-
tion at Westminster, and took the degree
of M. T). at the university of Cambridge.
He emigrated to New England in 1638,
and after serving for a number of years
in the ministry at Scituate, was appoint-
ed, in 1654, president of Harvard college.
In this office he remained till his death,
in 1671. — Isaac, a distinguished commo-
dore of the navy of the United States.
He was b. at Blackrock, Conn., and fol-
lowed the sea in the earlier part of his
life. In 1798 he was appointed lieuten-
ant in the navy, and served with honor
;hb]
CtCLOVMmA OF BIOGRAl'HY.
286
under Truxton, Preble, and others.
During the war of 1812 he had com-
mand of lake Ontario, and in 1816 nego-
tiated the treaty with Algiers. D. 1840.
CHAUSSE, Michael Angelo de la, a
French archseological writer; author of
"Museum Komanum," "Picturse An-
tiquae Cryptarum Eomanarum," &c. D.
1724.
CHEKE, John, an eminent English
statesman and scholar, professor of
Greek at Cambridge. Besides his cor-
respondence with Gardiner, he wrote
and translated several treatises. He
also left in MS. an English translation
of St. Matthew, in which no word was
admitted of other than Saxon origin.
B. 1514; d. 1557.
CHEMNIZER, Ivan IvANOvrrcH, a
Eussian soldier and poet. He served
several campaigns in the imperial
guards, and afterwards entered the
corps of engineers. "When he at length
retired he published various tales and
fables, which the Eussian critics com-
gare to those of La Fontaine. B. 1744 ;
. 1784.
CHENEVIX, EiCHARD, an Irish gen-
tleman of great and versatile ability as
a writer ; author of " Eemarks on Chemi-
cal Nomenclature according to the Svs-
tem of the French Neologists," " Ob-
serx'ations on Mineralogical Systems,"
"The Mantuan Eivals," a comedy;
"Henry VII.," a tragedy; "An Essay
on National Character," &c. D. 1830.
CHENIEE, Marie Joseph, a French
writer; author of " Charles IX.," "The
Death of Calas," and some other dra-
mas; of several odes sung on public
occasions during the revolution, and of
" An Historical Sketch on the State and
Progress of French Literature." t).
1841.
(yHERON, Elizabeth Sophie, a French
lady, eminent as a portrait painter. She
possessed considerable talent for music
and poetry, and wrote several psalms
and canticles in French. D. 1711. —
LouK, brother of the above, and also a
painter. Being refused admittance to
the academy of painting in Paris, on
account of his being a Cmvinist, he went
to England in 1695, and remained there
till his death, .in 1713.
CHEEUBIN, a French Capuchin friar,
astronomer, and mathematician of the
l''th century ; author of " Dioptrique
Oculaire," "A Treatise on the Theory,
Construction, and Use of the Telescope,"
and "La Vision Parfaite."
CHEEUBINI, Salvador, a distin-
gTiished musical composer, was b. at
Florence in 1760. His precocious skill
in music attracted the attention of the
grand-duke of Tuscany, who gave him
a pension, and this enabled him to
complete his studies under Sarti, whom
he afterwards assisted in his composi-
tions. In 1784 he repaired to London,
where he produced the " Finta Princi-
pessa," and " Giulio Sabino." In 1786
ne settled in Paris, which thenceforward
became his adopted country, and the
scene of his greatest triumphs. His
operas of " Iphigenia," "Lodoiska,"
" Ali Baba," would alone have testified
to the extent and variety of his powers ;
but his fame chiefly rests upon his sa-
cred music, of which his " Eeijuiem,"
composed for his own obsequies, de-
serves particular notice. He was di-
rector of the Conservatoire at Paris.
D. 1842.
CHESELDEN, William, an emiijent
English surgeon and anatomist ; author
of a treatise on " The Anatomy of the
Human Body," a treatise " On the High
Operation for the Stone," " Osteography,
or Anatomy of the Bones," a translation
of "Le Dran's Surgery," &c. He was
an admirable oculist; and invented a
system of lithotomv. B. 1688 ; d. 1752.
CHESTEEFIEL'D, Philip Dormer
Stanhope, earl of, was b. 1694. He was
a particular favorite of George II., on
whose accession he was sworn a privy
councillor ; was appointed, in 1728, am-
bassador extraordinary to Holland ; made
a knight of the Garter in 1730, and was
appointed steward of the household.
The latter office he soon afler resigned,
and he continued for several years the
strenuous opponent of Sir E. Walpole,
distinguished himself by his writings
in the "Craftsman," as well as by his
powerful eloquence in the house. In
1745 the government once more availed
itself of his talents, and he was sent to
Ireland as lord-lieutenant, where he
continued a year, exercising his power
in a manner calculated to gain the ap-
probation of the people. He was after-
wards secretary of state, but deafness
and declining health induced him to
relinquish office in 1748. He wrote
some papers in the " World," and sev-
eral poetical pieces, but he is principally
known as the author of " Letters to his
Son." D. 1773.
CHETHAM, HuMPHERY, a wealthy
merchant of Manchester, to whose well-
directed munificence that town owes ita
collesre and library. D. 1653.
CHETWOOD, Knightly, dean of
Gloucester ; author of a " Life of Virgil,"
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPH"
fnm
a " Life of Lycurgus," &c. D. 1720.—
William: Eufus, a dramatic writer;
author of some plays, and of a "Gen-
eral History of the Stage." D. 1766.
CHEVALIER, Antony Eodolph de,
French tutor to Princess, afterwards
Queen, Elizabeth of England. He was
an erudite scholar, and published tin
excellent "Hebrew Grammar," an im-
proved edition of the "Thesaurus of
Banct. Pagninus," &c. He had com-
menced a Bible in four languages, but
did not live to finish it. D. 1572.
CHEVERUS, Lefebuke de Cardinal,
archbishop of Bordeaux, was b. at May-
enne, 1768; came to America after the
French revolution, and was consecrated
first Catholic bishop of Boston in 1810 ;
returned to France by the invitation of
Louis XVIII., and was consecrated
bishop of Montauban in 1823, and arch-
bishop of Bordeaux in 1826 ; and was in
1835, made a cardinal. He was a man
of distinguished talents, and extensive
scientific and literary acqiiirements.
During his residence in Boston, he
sustained the character of a most amia-
ble, exemplary, and devout man. He
devoted himself with great zeal and
assiduity to the duties of his office, not
overlooking the meanest of his flock;
and he was regarded by Protestants, as
well as by Catholics, with sincere affec-
tion and high respect. D. July 19, 1836.
CHEVILLIEE, Andkew, a French
ecclesiastic and antiquary, librarian to
the Sorbonne. He published a Latin
dissertation on the " Council of Chalce-
don," an historical dissertation on the
" Origin of Printing in Paris," &c. D.
1700.
CHEVREATJ, Urban, an eminent
French scholar. He became secretary
to Queen Christina of Sweden, and is
said to have had considerable share in
converting her to Catholicism. After
acting as tutor and secretary to the duke
of Maine, he at length retired from all
f)ublic duties, and devoted himself to
iterature. He wrote " Effets de la For-
tune," a romance ; "A History of the
World," some plays, &c. D. 1701.
CHEYNE, George, an eminent phy-
sician and writer, settled in London.
His first publication was a mathematical
treatise, entitled "Fluxionum Methodus
inversa," which procured him consider-
able reputation, and admission to the
Royal Society. His chief works are
"The English Malady, a Treatise on
Nervous Disorders," " A Treatise on
Gout," and an "Essay on Regimen."
D. 1748
CHIABRERA, Gabriel, ciJled tne
Italian Pindar, was b. at Savona, 1552.
Besides odes and epic poems, which are
chiefly Anacreontic, he wrote several
dramas. D. 1637.
CHIARAMONTI, Scn-io, an Italian
ecclesiastic and writer. His works are
very numerous, and are chiefly on the
mathematics and natural philosophy.
He founded the academy of the Otfus-
cati, at Osena, in Bologna, and was
president of it when he d., 1652.
CHIARI, PiETRo, an Italian ecclesi-
astic and poet of the 18th century. He
was a rival of Goldoni, and his comedies
attained considerable popularity. Those
of Chiari were however much inferior to
those of his rival. D. 1788.
CHICHELEY, Henry, archbishop of
Canterbury, an able and accomplished
scholar and statesman, was b. at Higliam
Ferrers, 1362. On the accession of the
infant king, Henry VI., he became first
privy councillor, and directed all his
attention to church affairs, striving at
once to check the progress of Wickliff-
ism, and to moderate the ardor of the
Catholic court. He founded and en-
dowed All Soul's college, Oxford, made
many important improvements in Lam-
beth palace, and built the western tower
of Canterbury cathedral at his own ex-
pense. D. 1443.
CHICOYNEAU, Francls, an eminent
physician and professor of medicine at
Montpelier. When the plague was ra-
ging at Marseilles, he was sent to the
relief of the sufferers, whom he reas-
sured by his calm courage. The import-
ant services he rendered on this occasion
procured him a pension and several
appointments at court. His principal
litei-ary production is a work " On the
Origin, Symptoms, and Cure of the
Plague;" a work doubly valuable on
account of the interesting narratives
with which it is interspersed, being the
result of the author's own experience.
D. 1752.
CHILD, JosiAH, an eminent London
merchant of the 17th century, and au-
thor of several works on subjects con-
nected with political economy, among
which may be noticed his "Discourse
on Trade'" &c. B. 1630; d. 1699.—
William, an English musical composer
and musician. He was for many years
organist in St. George's chapel, Wind-
sor, and in the Chapel Royal, at White-
hall. The simple style of his composi-
tions caused them to be neglected in hia
own time, but they are now much ad-
mired. D. 1697.
CHO]
CYCLOP'^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
287
CHILDEBEET I., king of France,
who ascended the throne in 511. Aided
by his brothers, Clotaire and Clodomir,
he attacked and defeated Sigismund,
king of Burgundy. Childebert and
Clotaire then turned their arms against
Spain, but without success. D. 558. —
II., king of France, succeeded his father,
Sigebert, in 575. On the death of his
uncle, Chilperic, king of Soissons, he
gained the kingdoms of Orleans and
Burgundy. D. by poison, 596. — III.,
king of France. He ascended the throne
at the very early age of 12 years; of
which circumstance Pepin, mayor of the
palace, took advantage to govern both
king and kingdom. D. 711.
CHILDERIC I., king of France. He
succeeded his father, Merovaeus, in 456 ;
was deposed in the following year, and
reinstated upon the throne in 463. D.
481. — II., king of France, was the son
of Clovis II., and succeeded his brother,
Clotaire III., in 673. He was a de-
bauched and cruel tyrant, and, together
with his wife and son, was assassinated
in 673. — III., surnamed the Idiot, king
of France, began his reign in 742, and
was deposed in 752.
CHILLINGWORTH, William, an
English divine. He was a sound schol-
ar, an able mathematician, and above
mediocrity as a poet. But his chief bent
was towards disputation and metaphys-
ics : and he was so acute in discovering
difficulties, that he doubted where men
of far less natural capacity and acquired
knowledge would have been presump-
tuously certain. In this state of mind
a Jesuit convinced him of the truth of
the tenets of Papacy, and he actually
went to the Jesuit's college at Douay.
While there, he meditated the publica-
tion of a_¥iudication of his conversion
to the church of Rome, but Laud, then
bishop of London, dissuaded him from
his purpose. He subsequently returned
to England, became a Protestant again,
and published the masterly treatise,
entitled "The Religion of Protestants,
a safe Way to Salvation." Some hesi-
tation about signing the thirty-nine
articles prevented him from obtaining
preferment in the church; but he at
length consented to sign, and became
chancellor of Salisbury, &c. At the
breaking out of the civil war, he warmly
espoused the royal cause, and published
a treatise on the "Unlawfulness of Re-
sisting the Lawful Prince, although
most Tyrannous, Impious, and Idola-
trous." He also invented a machine,
or rather imitated one described by some
ancient authors, for the attack of fortified
places. D. 1644.
CHILMEAD, Edmund, an English
mathematician and musician; a^ithor
of a treatise " On the Music of Ancient
Greece ;" another, which was not printed,
"On Sounds," and a "Catalogue of the
Greek MSS. in the Bodleian Library."
D. 1654.
CHILO, one of the seven sages of
Greece. He flourished in the 6tn cen-
tury B. c, and was celebrated for his
just conduct as a magistrate. It was ho
who caused the celebrated "Know thy-
self," to be graven on the temple of
Delphi.
CHIPMAN, Nathaniel, a distin-
guished lawyer and judge of Vermont,
b. at Salisbury, Ct., 1752, and in 1786
made judge of the supreme court of
Vermont, whither he had removed. In
1791 he negotiated the admission of
Vermont into the union as a state. In
1793 he published a small work called
"Sketch of the Principles of Govern-
ment," which was afterwards expanded
in a larger work. D. 1843.
CHITTENDEN, Thomas, first govern-
or of Vermont, was a member of the
convention which declared Vermont an
independent state, and one of the com-
mittee to solicit an admission into the
union in 1778 ; he was elected governor,
and continued so till his death. D. 1797.
CHITTY, Joseph, an eminent special
pleader, and the author of many well-
known works, which have become in-
dispensable auxiliaries to every legal
student and practitioner. D. 1841, aged
65.
CHOISEUL, Stephen Fkancis, duke
of, entered the army early, was appoint-
ed ambassador to Rome and Vienna, and
honored with a peerage. He then be-
came prime minister of France, to which
station he was raised through the in-
fluence of madame de Pompadour. He
made many judicious reforms and alter-
ations in the French army, increased
the navy, and brought about the cele-
brated family cornpact. In 1770 he was
dismissed from office, and exiled to one
of his estates. B. 1714 ; d. 1785.
CHOISI, Francis Timoleon de, a
French ecclesiastic and writer. In his
youth he was of very debauched and
abandoned habits. For some years he
wore the dress of a woman, and passed
by the name of the Countess des Barres ;
but a severe illness had the good effect
of awakening him from this way of life,
and he became an abbe. Besides a
" Life of David," a "Lift* of Solomon,"
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHf.
[CHR
and a "History of the Church," he
^ve the " Memoirs of the Countess des
Barres," containing some account of
his youthful irregularities. He also
wrote and translated several other pieces,
but they arc held in very little estima-
tion. D. 1724.
CHOPIN, Frederic, a great modern
composer and pianoforte player, was b.
near Warsaw, 1810. Compelfed to leave
Poland in consequence of political con-
vulsions, he played in public at Vienna
and Munich in 1831,andsoon afterwards
repaired to Paris, where he continued to
exercise his art till the revolution of
1848 drove him to England. He re-
turned to Paris in 1849 ; and d. in the
autumn leaving behind him a reputation,
both as a player and a composer, which
will not soon pass away. — Eene, an emi-
nent French lawyer and writer, author
of "The Custom of Anjou," "The
Custom of Paris," " De Sacra Politica
Monastica," &c. D. 1606.
CHORIER, Nicholas, a French law-
yer and writer, author of a " General
History of Dauphiny," &c. D. 1692.
CHOKIS, Louis, an eminent Eussian
artist and traveller, b. 1795. He was
appointed draughtsman to Captain Kot-
zebue's expedition round the world in
1814, and on his return published his
" Voyage Pittoresque," accompanied
with Cuvier's descriptions. He also
published " Les Cranes Humains,"
with observations by Dr. Gall and
others. In 1827, M. Choris sailed from
France, with the intention of travelling
througn America; but while on his
journey in Mexico, in company with an
English gentleman, they were attacked
by robbers near Xalapa, and Choris lost
his life, March 19, 1828.
CHRETIEN, Florent, a French poet
of noble family, tutor to Henry IV. of
France. Besides writing satires and
tragedies, he translated Oppian, some
of the plays of Aristophanes, and Paca-
tus' panecrvric of Theodosius. D. 1596,
CHEISflAN, Edward, an English
lawyer, author of an " Account of the
Origin of the Two Houses of Parliament
with a Statement of the Privileges of the
House of Commons," a " Treatise on
the Bankrupt Laws," &c. He was
Downing professor of law in the uni-
versitv of Cambridge, and chief justice
of the Isle of Ely. D. 1828.
CHRISTIE, James, the son of an emi-
nent auctioneer in London, was distin-
guished for his critical taste in the fine
arts, and his antiquarian knowledge.
Though he followed his father's profes-
sion, he found time to give to the world
some ingenious and valuable works,
viz., an "Essav on the Ancient Greek
Game invented by Palamedes," show
ing the origin of the game of chess; a
" Disquisition upon Etruscan Vases ;"
an " Essay on the Earliest Species of
Idolatry," &c. D. 1831.
CHRISTINA, Queen of Sweden. She
was the only child of the famous Gusta-
vus Adolphus, whom she succeeded in
16o2, being then only 6 years old. Du-
ring her minority the kingdom was
wisely governed by the Chancellor Ox-
enstiern ; and when she was crowned,
in 1550, she formally declared her
cousin, the count palatine Charles Gus-
tavus, her successor. For four years
she governed the kingdom with an evi-
dent desire to encourage learning and
science ; and at the end of that time,
weary either of the task of governing,
or of the personal restraint which roy-
alty imposed upon her, she abdicated in
favor of her cousin, and proceeded to
Rome, where she surrounded herself
with learned men, and busied herself
with learned pursuits. At Paris, on
one of the various occasions of her vis-
iting that city, she had her equerry, an
Italian, named Monaldeschi, murdered
in her own residence, and almost in her
own presence ; a crime which seems to
have had no other cause than the un-
fortunate equerry's indifference to the
blandishments of his mistress. In 1660,
the death of the king, her cousin,
caused her to go once more to Sweden ;
but her change of religion, and the re-
ports which had reached that country
of her conduct elsewhere, had so dis-
gusted her former subjects that they
resolutely refused to reinstate her in the
sovereignty. Being threatened with the
loss of her revenues as well as her
crown, she consented to preserve the
former. by finally renouncing the latter;
and she retired to Rome. D. 1689.
CHRISTOPHE, Henry, a negro, one
of the leaders of the insurgent slaves of
St. Domingo. He possessed consider-
able ability, but his courage was carried
to ferocity. He successfully opposed
the French, whose perfidious seizure of
the negro chief, Toussaint Louverture,
he amply revenged, and assumed the
title of Henry I., king of Hayti ; but he
acted so despotically that a consnoiracy
was formed against him ; and Boyer,
the successor of Petion, who had estab-
lished a republic in the south of Do-
mingo, was invited to take jjart with the
discontented subjects of Christophe, and
CHU]
demanded his deposition. At length,
finding that even his body-guard was
no longer to be depended on, he shot
himself through the heart, Oct. 8, 1820.
CHRISTOPHERSON, John, bishop
of Chichester, during the reigns of
Henry VIII. and Edward VI. He
translated, from Greek to Latin, Philo,
Eusebius, and other authors ; but he
was rather industrious than learned, and
succeeding authors have been much
misled bv him. D. 1558.
CHRYSOLORAS, Manuel, a Greek
of noble family. Being sent to Europe
by the Emperor Manuel Palaeologus to
solicit the Christian princes to aid Con-
stantinople against the Turks, he settled
at Florence as a teacher of Greek. Sub-
sequently he taught at Milan ; but when
the Emperor Manuel came to that city,
he was employed by him in a mission to
the court of the Emperor Sigismund,
and aft. r wards to the general council at
Constance, in which citv he died. He
was author of a " Greek; Grammar," a
" Parallel between Ancient and Modern
Rome," &c. D. 1414.
CHRYSOSTOM, John, St., was really
named Secundus, but was called Chry-
sostom, which signifies "golden mouth,"
on account of his eloquence. He was
b. at Antioch, and was intended for the
bar ; but being deeply impressed with
religious feelings, he spent several years
in solitary retirement, studying and
meditating with .a view to the church.
Having completed his voluntary proba-
tion, he returned to Antioch, was or-
dained, and became so celebrated for
the eloquence of his preaching, that on
the death of Nectarius, patriarch of Con-
stantinople, he was raised to that high
and important post. He now exerted
himself so rigidly in repressing heresy
and paganism, and in enforcing the ob-
ligations of monachism, that Theophi-
lus, bishop of Alexandria, aided and
encouraged by the Empress Eudoxia,
caussd him to be deposed at a synod
held at Chalcedon, in 403. His deposi-
tion gave so much offence to the people,
by whom he was greatly beloved, that
the empress was obliged to interfere for
his reinstatement. He soon, however,
provoked her anger by opposing the
erection of her statue' near the great
church ; and, in 404, another synod de-
posed him, and exiled him to Armenia.
Ho sustained his troubles with admira-
ble courage ; but being ordered to a still
greater distance from the capital, where
is enemies still feared his influence, he
died while on his journey. D. 407.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
m
CHUBB, Thom.\s, an English deistical
writer, author of " The Supremacy of
the Father asserted," "Discourse on
Miracles," &c. B. 1679; d. 1747.
CHURCH, Benjamin, celebrated for
his exploits in the Indian wars of New
England, was b. at Duxbury, Mass.,
1639. He commanded the party that
killed Philip in August, 1676.— Benja-
min, a physician of some eminence, and
an able writer, was graduated at Har-
vard college in 1754, and practised med
icine in Boston. For several years be-
fore the revolution, he was a leading
character among the whigs and patriots ;
and on the commencement of tl e war
he was appointed physician-general to
the army. While in the performance
of the duties assigned him in this capa-
city, he was suspected of a treacherous
correspondence with the enemy, and
immediately arrested and imprisoned.
After remaining some time in prison,
he obtained permission to depart for
the West Indies. The vessel in which
he sailed was never heard from after-
wards. He is the author of a number
of occasional poems, serious, pathetic,
and satirical, which possess considerable
merit.
CHURCHILL, Chables, an English
clergyman and poet. The death of his
fother, who was curate of St. John's,
Westminster, brought him to London,
and he obtained the vacant curacy. His
income was small, while his love of gay
and expensive pursuits was unboundec^
and he was on the verge of imprison-
ment, when Dr. Lloyd, of Westminster
school, interfered, and effected a com-
position with the creditors. He now
determined to exert the talents he had
so long allowed to lie idle ; and his first
production was " The Rosciad," an
energetic description of the principal
actors of the time. Public attention
was fixed on this poem by the vehe-
mence with which the players replied
to it, and Churchill found it worth his
while to give the town a new satire,
under the title of an " Apology" for his
former one. "Night," "The Ghost,"
— in which he assailed Dr. Johnson, at
that time all but omnipotent in the lit-
erary world — and the "Prophecy of
Famine," followed ; he at length threw
aside all regard for his profession, sep-
arated from his wife, and became a com-
plete "man of wit about town." He
now rapidly produced an "Epistle to
Hogarth." "The Conference." " Tne
DuelUst." "The Author." "Gotham,"
" The Candidate," " The Times," " lu-
290
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[cic
dependence," and " The Journey."
The viffor clisplayed in these makes it
Srobawe that he would in time have
evoted himself to higher subjects than
party politics, and have produced works
calculated to give him a higher and
more lasting fame ; but a fever hurried
him to the grave, at the early age of 34,
in 1764. — Winston, a Cavalier, whose
estates were sequestered during the
commonwealth ; but they were restored
to him by Charles II., who also knighted
him. He wrote "Divi Britannici ;"
histories of the English monarchs. D.
1688.
CHTJECHYAKD, Thomas, an English
poet, author of "The Worthiness of
Wales," &c. He flourished in the reign
of Queen Elizabeth.
CIACONIUS, Peter, an eminent
Spanish scholar. Pope Gregory XIII.
employed him to superintend an edition
of the Bible, the " Decretal" of Gratian,
and other works, which that pontiff
caused to be printed at the Vatican
press. He wrote some very learned
notes on TertuUian, Pliny, Seneca, and
other Latin writers ; a variety of tracts
on Italian antiquities ; a treatise on the
old Roman calendar, &c. ; and he aided
Clavius in reforming the calendar. D.
1581.
CIAMPINI, John Justin, a learned
Italian, author of " Vetera Monumenta,"
a "History of the College of Abbrevia-
tors," " Lives of the Popes," &c. He
was one of the literary associates of
Christina, queen of Sweden, during her
residence at Rome, and was much aided
by her in forming an academy for the
study of mathematics, and another for
the study of ecclesiastical history. D.
1698.
CIBBEE, Collet, an actor and dram-
atist, was the son of Gabriel Cibber, a
celebrated sculptor, and b. in London,
1671. Being disappointed of a scholar-
ship at Cambridge, he entered the army
which did not suit his taste ; and when
only about 18 years old he quitted it for
the stage. For some time he had but
little success; but his performance of
Fondlewife, in the "Old Bachelor,"
made him very popular, and obtained
him the monopoly of parts of that kind
at Drury-lane. His first dramatic etfort,
"Love's Last Shift," appeared in 1695 ;
and it was followed by "Woman's
Wit" and "The Careless Husband."
His next production as a dramatist was
an adaptation of Moliere's Tartuffe,
under the title of the " Nonjuror." of
whic'h. tte "Hypocrite" of the more
modern stage is a new version. The
piece was wonderfully popular, and, in
addition to the large prints Cibber de-
rived from its performance, it procured
him the situation of poet-laureate. This
appointment drew upon him the rancor
of cotemporary wits and poets, and of
Pope among the number; but Cibber
had the good sense to think solid profit
more important than the censure of the
envious was injurious ; and he wore the
bavs, and performed in his own pieces
till he was nearly 74 yeafs of age. Be-
sides tragedies and comedies^ to the
number of twenty-five, some of which
still continue to be played as stock
Eieces, Cibber wrote an "Apology" for
is own life ; an " Essay on the Charac-
ter and Conduct of Cicero," and two
expostulatory epistles to his assailant
Pope. D. 1757. — Theophilus, son of
the above, an actor and dramatist, but
very inferior in both capacities to his
father. He wrote a musical entertain-
ment called "Pattie and Peggy," and
altered some of Shakspeare's pla\s.
" The Lives of the Poets of Great Brit-
ain and Ireland" appeared with his
name ; but the work was said to be
written by Shields, subsequently aman-
uensis to Dr. Johnson, from materials
furnished by Thomas Coxeter. Cibber
was of very extravagant habits, and his
life was consequently spent in much
distress. He was drowned in his pas-
sage to Ireland, 1757. — Anna Maria,
wife of the last named, and an actress
of the highest class. Her union with
Theophilus Cibber was productive of
both discomfort and disgrace, and she
was separated from him for many years.
Her coaduct, however, made it evident
that he had been more to blame for the
circumstance than she ^ had; and she
was as much respected in private life as
she was admired on the stage. Her
style of acting was avcU adapted to that
of Garrick, with whom she frequently
performed. D. 1766.
CICCARELLI, Alphonso, an Italian
physician ; author of " De Clitumno
Flumine," " Istoria di Casa Monaldes-
ca," &c. Having forged genealogies,
and committed other literary impostures,
he was executed at Rome, in 1580.
CICERO, Marcus Tullius, the prince
of Roman orators, was the son of noble
Sarents, and at an early age gave such
ecided indications of "his ability, that
after having served in a single campaign
under Sylla and P. Strabo, he devoted
himself, "by the advice of- his friends, to
I the bar. !For this purpose he studied
cm
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
SSIt
under Molo. an eminent lawyer, and
Philo the Athenian, then resident at
Eome ; and, at the age of 26, he com-
menced practice as a pleader ; his first
important cause bein^ the defence of
Sextus Roscius Amarmus, who Was ac-
cused of parricide by one Chrysogonus,
a freedman of the dictator Sylla. He
saved his client, but was obliged to with-
draw to Athens from fear of resentment
of the dictator. As long as Sylla lived
Cicero remained at Athens, turning
even his exile into a benefit by diligent-
ly studying under Antiochus and other
eminently learned men. When he re-
turned to Rome he rapidly rose in his
profession, and the qusestorship in Sicily
was bestowed upon him. In this office
he made himself very popular; and
henceforth his course was all prosperous,
until he attained the great object of his
ambition — the consulship. 'The bold
and evil designs of Catiline made
Cicero's consular duty as difficult and
dangerous as his performance of it was
able and honorable. But his popularity
declined very soon after the expiration
of his consulship, and it was chiefly as
an advocate and author that he for some
time afterwards exerted his splendid
talents. At length the task of averting
ruin from his own head tasked even his
powers to the utmost. Publius Clodius
who had now become tribune of the
people, raised such a storm against him
that he was a second time obliged to go
into exile. This time he sought shelter
with his friend Plancus, in Thessalonica,
until the repentant Romans recalled him,
making him magnificent recompense for
the depredation and devastation by
which he had been impoverished. In
the struggle between (Jaesar and Pom-
{)ey, Cicero espoused the cause of the
atter ; but after the fatal battle of Phar-
salia he made his peace with the former,
with whom he continued to all appear-
ance friendly, until Caesar fell under the
daggers of Brutus and his friends. He
now took part with Octavius, and pro-
nounced the bitter philippics against
Antony, which at once shortened his life
and added to his fame. Antony, stung
to the quick, insisted upon the cleath of
Cicero, and Octavius basely consented
to the sacrifice. In endeavoring to
escape from Tusculum, where he was
living when the news of his proscription
arrived, he wsis overtaken and murdered
by a party of soldiers, headed by Popi-
li'us Lfenas, whose life he had formerly
saved by his eloquence ; and his head
and hands were publicly exhibited on
the rostrum at Rome. Cicero was b. at
Arpinum, 106 b. c, and perished in his
64tli year, 43 b. o. He was a perfect
model of eloquence ; and, as Augustns
truly said, " he loved his country sin-
cerely." Of his works, which are uni-
versally known, and fiir too numerous
to be even named here, there have been
almost innumerable editions.
CID, The, a Spanish hero, whose real
name was Don Roderigo Dias de Bivar.
He was knighted in consequence of the
valor he had displayed in his very youth ;
and, in 1063, maitehed with Don Sancho
of Castile against Ramiro, king of Ara-
gon, who fell in battle ; after which he
went to the siege of Zamora, where
Sancho, now become king, was slain.
On Sancho's death, his brother Alfonso
ascended the throne of Castile ; but
Roderigo, instead of continuing the
peaceful and obedient subject, declared
himself independent, and, after depopu-
lating the country, fixed his habitation
at Pena de el Cid, the rock of the Cid,
near Saragossa. He afterwards took
Valentia, and maintained his independ-
ence till his death, 1099. The history
of this hero, whose name Cid signified
lord, has been immortalized in the ro-
mances of the Spaniards, and particu-
larly in the popular tragedy of Corneille.
CIMALINE, John, a Florentine paint-
er. He painted only in distemper, oil
colors bemg then undiscovered ; and
though he painted historical subjects, he
had no idea of light and shadow. Dante
praises hira ; and, considering the bar-
barism of the time at which he lived,
the praise was not undeserved.
CIMAROS A, DoMENico, a Neapolitan,
famous as a musical composer. When
the army of revolutionized France took
possession of Italy, Cimarosa so openly
sympathized with revolutionary princi-
ples, that, when the French withdrew,
he was thrown into prison, and treated
with a rigor which is supposed to have
materially shortened his life. Of twen-
ty-six operas which he composed, and
most of which are comic, " II Matrimo-
nio Segreto" and " II Matrimonio per
Susurro," are the most admired. B.
1754; d. 1801.
CIMON, a celebrated Athenian gen-
eral. He was the son of Miltiades, and
first distinguished himself at- the battle
of Salamis. Aristides, sumamed the
Just, tliought so highly of him, notwith-
standing his youth had been vary dis-
sipated, that he initiated him into publio
business. After having repeatedly
beaten the Persians, and enriched hw
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
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country by the spoils he wrested from
the enemy, the party of Pericles caused
him to be ostracized, on a charge of
having been bribed. At the end of five
years, which was only half the term for
which he had been banished, he was re-
called, and again led the Athenians to
victory over their Persian foe. While
besieging Citium, in Cyprus, he died ;
having served Athens, not only by his
prowess as a soldier, but also by his
wisdom in founding public schools. He
flourished in the 5tli century b. o.
CINCINNATUS, Lucius Quintus, one
of the most illustrious characters of an-
cient Rome. He was made consul when
the senate and the people were striving
for the ascendency ; and, being much
incensed against the latter for having
banished his son, he sternly resisted
their demands. He was named consul
a second time, but refused the office and
retired to his farm, whence he did not
again emerge until he was saluted dic-
tator, and entreated to lend his aid
against the ^qui, who had closely in-
vested the consul Minucius, and the
army under his command! Stepping at
once from the petty details of a farm to
the momentous duties of a general and a
statesman, Cincinnatus exerted himself
so efficiently, that the JEqui were fain
to retire, after having passed under the
yoke. Having caused nis son to be re-
called from exile, after the chief witness
against him had been convicted of per-
jury, he laid down his vast authority
and returned to his farm. He was again,
though 80 years of age, made dictator,
when Maelius conspired to overthrow the
republic ; and he put down the domestic
conspirator as promptly as he had for-
merly repelled tne ^qui. He flourished
in the 5th century b. c.
CINELLI, Giovanni, a Florentine
physician ; author of " Bibliotheca Vo-
lante." B. 1625 ; d. 1706.
CINNA, Lijcius Cornelius, a Eoraan ;
the friend, partisan, and fellow-consul
of Marius. He it was who drove Sylla
from Rome, and recalled Marius from
his African exile. He participated in
the numerous murders which followed
the return of Marius ; and when in his
third consulship, and while preparing
for hostilities with Sylla, was assassin-
ated, 84 B. 0.
CINO DA PISTOIA, an Italian juris-
consult and poet, b. at Pistoia, 1270,
whose proper name was Guittone. He
was very eminent as a lawyer, and be-
came a senator of Rome, and professor
Buccessively at various universities. In
addition to some elegant poetiy, by
which he is chiefly known, he wrote a
" Commentary on the Digest." D. 1336.
CINQ-MAPS, He:s-hy Coiffier mar-
quis of, was son of the marquis d'Effiat,
marslml of France. He was introduced
by Cardinal Richelieu to the notice of
Louis XIII., and was for some time a
most distinguished favorite of that mon-
arch. Ungrateful equally to the cardinal
and to the king, he instigated Gaston,
duke of Orleans, the king's brother, to
rebellion. They had proceeded so far in
their treasonable designs as to set on
foot a treaty with Spain, enffagin^ that
power to assist them. But the vigilance
of the cardinal discovered their plans,
and the marquis was apprehended ^nd
beheaded in 1642.
CIPRIANI, John Baptist, an emiient
painter, b. at Pistoia, in Tuscany. His
drawings are greatly admired for their
correctness, fertility of invention, and
harmonious coloring ; and many exqui-
site engravings were made from them
by Bartolozzi. D. 1785.
CIRCIGNANO, Nicholas, an Italian
painter, several of whose works are in
the churches of Loretto and Rome. D.
1588. — Anthony, son of the above, and
also eminent as a painter. D. 1620.
CIRILLO, Dominic, an Italian bota-
nist, president of the Academy at Naples,
and professor of medicine in the uni •
versity of that city; author of "The
Neapolitan Flora," a " Treatise on the
Essential Characters of certain Plants,"
&c. When the French entered Naples,
Cirillo took an active part against his
sovereign, and on the restoration of le-
gitimate government was executed as a
traitor in 1795.
CIVILIS, Claudius, sometimes called
Julius, leader of the revolt of the Ger-
manic nation of the Batftvi against the
Romans, A. D. 69-70, as chronicled by
Tacitus.
CIVITALI, Matteo, an Italian
sculptor and architect, b. at Lucca, 1435;
d. 1501. He followed the occupation of
a barber until about 1470, when he sud-
denly rose to the highest rank among the
sculptors of his time. His greatest works
are six statues of white marble in the
cathedral at Lucca, representing Old
Testament personages Among his
architectural works is the Bernardine
palace at Lucca.
CLAGGETT, John Thomas, first
bishop of the Protestant episcopal church
in Marvland, b. in Prince George's county,
1742; d. 1818. He graduated at Prince-
ton in 1762 and immediately commenced
Hk]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHr.
293
the study of divinity. The Bishop of
London, to whose diocese all the Amer-
ican colonies were attached, ordained
him deacon in September, and priest in
Oct., 1767. He was rector of All Saints'
parish, Calvert county, up to the revolu-
tionary war, and afterward annexed St.
James's parish to his pastoral field. Upon
the organization of the diocese of Mary-
land he was elected its tirst bishop, and
was consecrated in New York, 1792. —
William, an P>nglish divine, author of
four volumes of sermons, and of some
tracts against dissent and Catholicism.
CLAIKAULT, Alexb, a French
mathematician; author of "Elements
of Geometry," "Elements of Algebra,"
a " Treatise on the Figure of the Earth,"
&c. He was remarkable for the pre-
cocity of his talent ; for at four years of
age he could read and write, at nine he
had so far studied mathematics as to be
able to solve some difficult problems,
and at eleven he published a work on
curves. B 1713 ; d. 1765.
CLAIRE, Martin, a French Jesuit,
b. at St. Valery, 1612; d. 1693. He
gained great distinction as a preacher,
but he is now chiefly remembered for hav-
ing remodelled the Latin hymns of his
church in a pure, clear, and elegant style.
CLAIKON, Claebe Josephine de" la
TuDE, a celebrated French actress, b.
near Conde, 1723, and who, commen-
eing lier histrionic efforts at the early
age of 12 years, soon became the first
tragic performer of her age and country.
B. 1803.
CLAIRBOENE, William C. C, gov-
ernor of Mississippi and Louisiana.
Being bred a lawyer, he settled in Ten-
nessee, of which state he assisted in
forming the constitution, and afterwards
represented it in congress. In 1802 he
was appointed governor of the Mis-
sissippi territory, and in 1804, of Louis-
iana, to which office he was chosen by
the people, after the adoption of its con-
stitution, from 1812 to 1816. He was
then elected a senator of the United
States, but d. before he took his seat, in
1817.
CLAPPERTON, Htron, the celebrated
African traveller, was b. in Annan, Dum-
friesshire, 1788, and at the age of 13 was
apprenticed to the sea-service. Having
during his apprenticeship inadvertently
violated the excise laws, oy taking a few
Eounds of rock salt to the mistress of a
ouse which the crew frequented, he
consented (rather than undergo a trial)
to go on board the Clorinda frigate,
^mmanded by Capt. Briggs. Through
25*
the interest of friends he was soon pro-
moted to be a midshipman, and in 1814
was raised to the rank of lieutenant, and
appointed to the command of the Con-
fiance schooner, on lake Erie. In 1822
he was chosen to accompany Dr. Oud-
ney and Lieutenant Denhain on an ex-
pedition to Central Africa, and on his
return to England he received the rank
of captain. In six months afterwards
he was dispatched on a second mission
for exploring the country from Tripoli
to Bornou, but was not allowed to enter
the place. It was during the period of
his detention that he was attacked with
dysentery, which proved fatal at Sacka-
too, on the 18th of April, 1827.
CLARENDON, Edwakd Htde, earl
of, lord high chancellor of England, was
b. at Dintou, in Wiltshire, 1608. He
was educated at Oxford, and studied law
under his uncle, Nicholas Hyde, chief
justice of the King's Bench. During
the civil wars he zealously attached him-
self to the royal cause, and contributed
more than any other man to the resto-
ration. In his judicial capacity his con-
duct was irreproachable. thou»-h he was
a strong loyalist. But ne at length be-
came unpopular, and was removed from
his high employments, and, in order to
escape the consequences of impeach-
ment, found it prudent to go into vol-
untary exile. D. at Rouen, 1764. His
" History of the Rel^ellion," taken as a
whole, is an admirable work, and calcu-
lated to secure to his memory a lasting
fame. His daughter Anne was married
to the duke of York, afterwards James
II. ; and two daughters, Anne and Mary,
the fruit of this marriage, both ascended
the English throne. — Henky Hyde, earl
of, son of the foregoing, was b. 1638.
He was, for a short time, lord lieutenant
of Ireland, in the reign of James IL,
and wrote a "History of the Irish Re-
bellion," &c. D. 1709.
CLARK, William, originally of Vir-
ginia, was b. 1770, and moved with his
father's family to Kentucky, in 1784.
They arrived at the falls of Ohio, where
the city of Louisville now stands, on the
4th of March, the town then consisting
of but a few log cabins, surrounding a
fort, but a short time established by
Gen. George Rogers Clark, the brother
of the deceased. In 1808 he was ten-
dered by Mr Jefferson, the appointment
of captain of engineers, to assume joint
command with Captain Merriwether
Lewis^ of the northwestern expedition
to the Pacific ocean. This was accepted,
and the party left St. Louis for the vast
294
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[CLA
and then unexplored reffions between
the Mississippi river and the ocean, in
March, 1804. On this perilous expedi-
tion, he was the principal military di-
rector, while Lewis, assisted by liimself,
was the scientific manager. Gen. Clark
kept and wrote the journal, which lias
been since published', and assisted Lewis
in all celestial observations when they
were together. In 1813, President Mad-
ison appointed him governor of the ter-
ritory and superintendent of Indian
affairs. He held these offices in junc-
tion, until Missouri was admitted' into
the union, in 1820. In 1822 he was ap-
pointed, by President Monroe, superin-
tendent of Indian affairs. As commis-
sioner and superintendent of Indian
affairs for a long series of years, he
made treaties with almost every tribe
of Indians. D. 1838.
CLARKE, Adam, one of the most
eminent modern scholars in the oriental
languages, and biblical antiquities. He
was b. in Ireland, and received the ru-
diments of learning from his father,
who was a schoolmaster in that coun-
try; but' subsequently studied at the
school founded by John Wesley, at
Kings wood, near Bristol. At the early
age of 18 he became a travelling preach-
er in the Methodist connection, and for
20 years continued to be so. But though
he was very popular as a preacher, it is
chiefly as a writer that he is known.
He published a very curious and useful
"Bibliographical Dictionary;" a supple-
ment to that work ; a laborious '* Com-
mentary on the Bible;" a "Narrative
of the last Illness and Death of Eichard
Porson;" "Memoirs of the Wesley
Family;" and edited "Baxter's Chris-
tian Directory," and several other reli-
gious works. His "Commentary on
the Bible" alone would have been a long
labor to a man of ordinary industry.
But such were his energy and perseve-
rance, that besides the above works and
numerous sermons, he wrote four elab-
orate and valuable reports on the state
of the public records, and edited the
first volume of a new and laborious edi-
tion of Eymer's "Foedera." B. 1762;
d. of cholera, 1832. — Edward Daniel, a
celebrated modern traveller, and profes-
sor of mineralogy at Cambridge, was b.
1767. He accompanied Lord Berwick
to Italy in 1794 ; and in 1799 he com-
menced a tour through Denmark, Swe-
den, Lapland, Finland, Eussia, Tartary,
CircaHsia, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine,
Egypt, Greece, and Turkey, returning
in 1802, through Germany and France.
By his exertions the library of Cam-
bridge was enriched with nearly a hun-
dred volumes of manuscripts, and the
colossal statue of the Eleusinian Ceres.
He also brought to England the sar-
cophagus of Alexander, and a splendid
collection of mineralogical specimens,
which he turned to the best advantage
in his subsequent popular lectures on
mineralogy, when be was appointed to
the profes'sor's chair in 1808. D. 1821.
— Jekemiah, organist to St. Paul's ca-
thedral. His compositions are not nu-
merous, but they are remarkable for
Eathetic melody. An imprudent and
opeless passion for a lady of high rank
so much disordered his mind, that he
committed suicide, in 1707. — John, an
American divine and writer ; author of
" Funeral Discourses ;" a popular t-<ict,
entitled "An Answer to the Quest j)n,
' Why are You a Christian ?' " &c. D.
1798. — Samuel, a learned English di-
vine; author of "Scientia Metrica et
Ehythmica," &c. D. 1669. — Abraham,
a signer of the Declaration of Indepen-
dence, was b. in New Jersey in 1726.
He was a delegate to the continental
congress, a member of the general con-
vention which framed the. constitution,
and a representative in the 2d congress
of the United States. D. 1794. He was
a man of exemplary and unsullied in-
tegrity. — George Eogers, colonel in the
service of Virginia against the Indians
in the revolutionary war, distinguished
himself greatly in that post, and ren-
dered efficient service to the inhabitants
of the frontiers. In 1779 he descended
the Ohio, and built Fort Jefferson on
the eastern bank of the Mississippi : in
1781 he received a general's commission.
D. 1817, at his seat near Louisville, Ken-
tucky.— Samuel, a celebrated English
theologian and natural philosopher, was
b. at Norwich, 1675. While at college,
he translated "Rohault's Physics," in
order to familiarize students with the
reasoning of the Newtonian philosophy.
W^hen he took or iers, he became chap-
lain to the bishop of Norwich, and ap-
peared as an author in his own profes
sion, in 1699, when he published " Three
practical Essays on Baptism, Confirma-
tion, and Eepentance." By this work
he established his reputation as a writer;
and he now entered the lists as a con-
troversialist, by publishing "Eeflec-
tions" on a book by Toland, entitled
" Amyntor." In 1704-5 he was appoint-
ed to preach the sermons at Boyle's
Lecture, and took for the subjects of his
sixteen sermons, " The Being and Attri-
cla"]
CYCLOPEDIA OF EIOGRAPHY.
295
butes of God," and " The Evidences of
Natural and Revealed Eeligion." In
1712 he published a new and valuable
edition of " Caesar's Commentaries," and
a work entitled, "The Scripture Doc-
trine of the Trinity." This work in-
volved him in a controversy, in which
his principal opponent was Dr. Water-
land ; and the heterodoxy of Dr. Clarke
was made the subject of a complaint in
the lower house of convocation. Sub-
sequently he had a controversy with
Leibnitz on the principles of religion
and natural philosophy ; and gave con-
siderable offence by altering the singing
psalms at St. James's, where he was
chaplain to Queen Anne. The latter
f)art of his life was distinguished by his
etter to Mr. Hoadley, " On the Propor-
tion of Velocity and Force in Bodies in
Motion," and his edition of "Homer's
Iliad" with a Latin version. D. 1729. —
John, brother of the above, dean of
Salisbury; author of "Sermons on the
Origin of Evil," a translation of Gro-
tius^s "De Veritate," &c. D. 1729.—
William, an English divine and writer ;
author of " The Connection of the Eo-
man, Saxon, and English Coins," "A
Discourse on the Commerce of the Eo-
mans," &c. D. 1771.
CLAEKSON, Thomas, a man whose
whole life may be said to have almost
passed in laboring to effect the extinc-
tion of the slave trade, was b. at Wis-
beach, in Suffolk, in 1760. He was first
brought into notice as the friend of the
negro by a Latin prize essay upon this
subject, which was afterwards published
in English. Associations were formed,
and the question was agitated and dis-
cussed throughout England ; at length
Mr. Clarkson having become acquainted
with Mr. Wilberforce, it was agreed that
the latter gentleman should bring the
subject under the notice of parliament.
This was in 1787, and it there met with
various success until 1807, when the
memorable anti-slavery law obtained the
sanction of the legislature. D. Sept. 26,
1846, aged 85.
CLAUDE, John, an eminent French
Protestant divine. He composed a re-
ply to a work of the Port-Eoyalists on
the eucharist, and was involved, in con-
sequence, in a controversy with the
Catholic writers, in which lie displayed
immense controversial powf . D. 1687.
CLAUDE LOEE AINE, sc called from
the place of his birth, was an admira ,)le
landscape painter. His real name was
Claude Gelee, and he was the son of
DOor parents, who put him apprentice,
it 's said, but doubtfully, to a pastry-
cook. The love of art, however, pre-
vailed over the circumstances in which
he was placed; and having received
some instructions in drawing from his
brother, who was a wood-engraver, he
went to Eome, and was employed by
the painter Tassi, from whom he re-
ceived instructions in the fundamental
principles of his art. But it was from
the study of nature that he derived his
best lessons, and in that study he was
unwearied, passing entire days in the
fields, noting every change in the aspect
of nature at the various stages of the
day, from sunrise to dusk. The sight
of some pictures by Godfrey Vals en-
chanted him so much, that, in spite of
his poverty, he travelled to Naples to
study with the artist. His genius now
unfolded itself with such rapidity, that
he was soon considered one of the first
landscape painters of his time ; particu-
larly after lie had studied, in Lombardy,
the paintings of Giorgione and Titian,
whereby his coloring and chiaro-oscuro
were greatly improved. After making
a journey, into his native country, he
settled, in 1627, in Eome, where his
works were greatly sought for, so that
he was enabled to live much at his ease,
until 1682, when he died of the gout.
The principal galleries of Italy, France,
England, Spain and Germany are adorn-
ed with his productions.
CLAUDIANUS, Claudius, a Latin
poet, whose place of nativity is sup-
gosed to be Alexandria, in Egypt. He
ourished under the reigns of Theodo-
sius, Arcadius, and Honorius ; and a
statue was erected to his honor in the
forum of Trajan.
CLAUDIUS, Tiberius Drusus, a Eo-
man emperor, was b. 9 b. c, at* Lyons,
and originally called Germanicus. After
spending 50 years of his life in a private
station, unhonored and but little known,
he was, on the murder of Caligula, his
uncle, proclaimed emperor by the body-
guard, and confirmed in the sovereignty
by the senate. At first he performed
some praiseworthy acts, but he soon be-
came contemptible for his debauchery
and voluptuousness, and he died of
poison administered by his second wife,
Agrippina, 54. — II., Marcus Aurelius
Flavius, surnamed Gothicus, a Eoman
emperor, b. 214, was raised to the throne
on the death of Gallienus ; and, by his
virtues, as well as by his splendid victo-
ries over the Goths, he proved himself
worthy of his exalted station. D. 270.
CLAUSEL, Bertrand, a distinguish-
296
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY,
[CLB
ed French soldier, b. at Mirepoix, 1773.
He had already gained distinction in the
army of the 1 yrenees, at St. Domingo,
in Italy, and Dalmatia, when he was
Bent to Spain in 1810, nnder Junot and
Massena. He besieged Cindad Kodrigo,
was wounded at Salamanca, and having
saved, during a retreat memorable in
military annals, the army of Portugal,
and led it into Spain, was appointed
commander-in-chief in the north of
Spain, 1813. Banished on the return of
the Bourbons in 1815, he retired to the
United States, where he remained some
years. Immediately after the revolution
of 1830 he was appointed commander-
in-chief of the forces in Algeria ; but
the check he sustained at Constantine,
in 1836, led to his resignation, and the
rest of his days were passed in retire-
ment. D. 1842.
CLAVIEKE, Etienne, a statesman
and financier, was a native of Geneva,
and for some time conducted a bank in
that city ; but was forced to emigrate to
France on account of the part he took in
some political ofiences. In conjunction
with Brissot, he published a treatise,
" De la France et des Etats Unis." Dis-
playing great zeal in revolutionizing
France and her colonies, he obtained
considerable influence; but on the fall
of the Girondists he was arrested, and
committed suicide in prison, 1793.
CLAVIGERO, Francesco SAVEmo, a
native of Vera Cruz, in Mexico. Hav-
ing made himself acquainted with the
traditions and antiquities of the Mexi-
cans, he wrote a very valuable work,
entitled, "The History of Mexico."
CLAVIUS, Christopher, a German
Jesuit and mathematician. By order of
Pope Gregory XIII. he corrected the
calendar ; and he ably defended himself
against the animadversions on his labor
of the elder Scaliger and others. He
also published some valuable mathe-
matical works, among which was an
edition of Euclid, with annotations. D.
1612.
CLAYTON, EoBERT, bishop of Clog-
her; author of an "Introduction to the
History of the Jews," " The Chronoloory
of the Bible Vindicated," " A Vindica-
tion of the Histories of the Old and
New Testament." written against Bo-
lingbroke, &c., &c. B. 1695 ; d. 1758.—
John, an eminent botanist and physi-
cian of Virginia, was b. in England, and
came to America in 1705. He was clerk
or prothonotary for Gloucester county,
in Virginia, 51 years. D. 1773, aged 87.
— JosmrA, a physician, was the president
of Delaware from 1789 to 1718, and
governor under the present constitution,
from 1793 to 1796. In 1798 he was elect-
ed to the senate of the United States.
During the war, when the Peruvian
bark was scarce, he substituted for it
successfully in his practice, the poplar
Liviodendron tulipifera, combined with
nearly an equal q\ jmtity of the bark of
the rootof thedogjvood, Gornus Florida.
D. 1799.
CLEAVER, William, bishop of St.
Asaph, and principal of Brazenose col-
lege, Oxford ; author of " Directions to
the Clergy on the Choice of Books,"
" Observations on Marsh's Dissertations
on the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and
Luke," " Sermons," and other theologi-
cal works, and a " Treatise on Greek
Metres." He was also editor of the
celebrated " Oxford Homer," published
under the patronage of Lord Grenville.
D. 1815.
CLEGHOEN, George, a Scotch phy-
sician, surgeon, and anatomist; authoi
of a " Treatise on the Diseases of Minor-
ca," &c. D. 1789.
CLELAND, James, a distinguished
statistical writer, who held the office of
superintendent of public works at Glas-
gow, and by his numerous publications
of a local nature, gained the esteem of
all conversant with political economy.
B. 1770; d. 1840.
CLEMENS, EoMANus, an early Chris-
tian, a fellow-traveller of St. Paul, and,
subsequently, bishop of Rome. His
epistle to the church of Corinth is to be
found in the " Patres Apostolici" of Le
Clerc. Clemens is said to have died at
Rome, at the end of the 1st century. —
Trrus Flavius, known as Clement of
Alexandria, one of the fathers of the
church. About the year 189 he succeed-
ed Pantasnus in the catechetical school
of Alexandria, and taught there until
202, when the edict of Severus compelled
him to seek a new abode. When or
where he died is unknown. His chief
works arc " Prsetrepticon, or an Exhort-
ation to the Pagans," " Psedagogus, or
the Instructor," " What Rich Man shall
be Saved," and " Strom ata," the last
named of which is a very valuable mis-
cellaneous work, contai: ing facts and
quotations to be met with in no other
writer.
CLEMENT XIV., Pope, whose real
name was Gangaxelli, was a native of
St. Archangelo, near Rimini. In 1759
he was raised to the cardinalate by Pope
Clement XIII., and on the death of that
pontiff- he was elected his successor.
cle]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
299^
He was at first apparently disinclined to
the suppression of the powerful but
unpopular order of the Jesuits, but he
at length became convinced of the ne-
cessity for their suppression, and he
signed the brief for it in 1773. Clement
was one of the most enlightened and
benevolent characters that ever wore
the tiara. D. 1776. — FRANora, a French
Benedictine monk ; author of a comple-
tion of " L'Art de verifier les Dates," a
" Treatise on the Origin of the Samari-
tan Bible," &c. D. 1793.— Jean Marie
Beknakd, a French critic and dramatic
writer, who distinguished himself by
his strictures on the works^ of Voltaire,
La Harpe, and others. He is the author
of the tragedy of " Medea."— B. 1742 ;
d. 1812.
CLEMENTI, Mtjzio, an eminent com-
poser and pianist ; the father of piano-
forte music, and a genius whose fancy
was as unbounded as his science. B. at
Eome, 1752; d. 1832.
CLEOPATRA, queen of Egypt, was
the daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, who,
at his death, left his crown to her and
her younger brother, Ptolemy ; but be-
ing minors, they were placed under the
guardianship of Pothinus and Achilles,
who deprived Cleopatra of her share or
the government. Usesar, however, who
had met her at Alexandria, being struck
with her youthful charms, proclaimed
her queen of Egypt ; and for some time
Cleopatra exercised a very potent and
injurious influence over the Eoman
warrior. After Csesar's death she ex-
erted her art, and used her beauty and
accomplishments to entangle the trium-
vir, Mark Antony ; and becoming in-
volved in the ruin he brought upon
himself in his contest with Octavius, she
put an end to her existence, by applying
an asp to her arm, the bite of which
caused her immediate death, 30 b.c,
aged 39.
CLEOSTRATUS, a native of Tenedos,
and an eminent astronomer and mathe-
matician. He first arranged the signs
of the zodiac, Aries and Sagittarius, and
corrected the error of the length of the
Grecian year, by introducing the period
termed Octoetaris. According to Dr.
Priestley, he fiourished in the 6th cen-
tury B. 0.
OLERC, John le, a celebrated scholar,
o. at Geneva, 1657. As his father was a
physician of eminence, and a Greek pro-
fessor at Geneva, the greatest attention
was paid to his education, and after
studying belles lettres and the classics
mth the most indefatigable earnestness,
he directed his thoughts to divinity at
the age of 19, and was at the proper
time admitted into orders. He soon
after embraced Arminianism, and after
residing some time at Sauraur, he visit-
ed England, where he was honored with
the acquaintance of many learned and
respectable characters. At Amsterdam,
1683, he became popular as a preacher,
and particularly as professor of philos-
ophy, Hebrew, and polite literature. His
"Ars Critica" was published in 1696,
and in 1709 appeared his '* Sulpicius
Severus," his " Grotius," and also the
" Remains of Menander and Philemon,"
a collection which drew upon him the
severe censures of those able scholars,
Bentley and Burman. D. 1736.
CLERFAYT, Francis Sebastian
Charles Joseph de Croix, count de, an
Austrian general, who served with great
distinction in the seven years' war, par-
ticularly at the battles of Prague, Lissa,
&c. From the conclusion of that war
till 1788, when he took the field against
the Turks, he lived in retirement; but
in the war which arose out of the French
revolution, he commanded the Austrian
army with great credit to himself, in
1798 and 1794, though overborne by
numbers, and often defeated in conse-
quence. In 1796 he was made field-
marshal, and general-in-chief on the
Rhine, and closed his military career by
totally foiling the plans of the French.
He then resigned his command to the
Archduke Charles, and became a mem-
ber of the Austrian council of war. D.
1798.
CLERMONT TONNERE, Antoine
Jules de, cardinal, and chief of the
French bishops, was bishop of Chalons
in 1782, and was an active member from
his diocese to the states-general. He is
chiefiy mentioned, however, as the au-
thor of a most interesting " Journal of
what occurred at the Temple during the
Captivity of Louis XVI." B. 1749 ; d.
1839. — Stanislaus, count de, was one
of the first among the nobility to side
with the popular party in the opening
scenes of the French revolution. Hav-
ing at length given umbrage to his party
he was put to death in 1792.
CLEVELAND, John, a political wri-
ter of the time of Charles I. He stren-
uously supported the cause of that
monarch, and, for a time, prevented
Cromwell from being returned member
of parliament for Cambridge. When
the civil war actually broke out he join-
ed the royal army, and was made judge
advocate to the troops which garrisoned
298
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[CLI
Newark. Of his satires several editions
have been printed, but they have shared
the fate of most works written on tem-
porary subi'ects, and are now known to
but few. b. 1659.
CLIFFOKD, George, earl of Cumber-
land, an eminent naval commander and
scholar of the time of Queen Elizabeth.
He was present at the trial of the unfor-
tunate queen of Scotland, and in the
same year sailed for the coast ©f South
America, where he made himself very
formidable to the Portuguese. He was
captain of one of the ships engaged
against the memorable " Armada" of
Spain, and subsequently commanded
several expeditions to the Spanish main
and the W estern islands ; in one of
which expeditions he had the good for-
tune to capture a galleon, valued at
£150,000. B. 1558; d. 1605.— Anne,
daughter of the preceding. She was
married first to Ei chard, Lord Buck-
hurst, afterwards earl of Dorset, and
second son to Philip, earl of Pembroke.
She possessed considerable literary abil-
ity, and wrote memoirs of her first hus-
band, and of some of her ancestors.
But she was chiefly distinguished by
her generosity and high spirit. She
built two hospitals, repaired several
churches, and erected monuments to the
memory of Spenser and Daniels, the
latter of whom had been her tutor.
CLINTON, James, was b. 1736, in
Ulster county, New York. He display-
ed an early inclination for a military life,
and held successively several offices in
the militia and provincial troops. Du-
ring the French war he exhibited many
proofs of courage, and received the ap-
pointment of captain-commandant of the
four regiments levied for the protection
of the western frontiers of the counties
Ulster and Orange, In 1775 he was ap-
pointed colonel of the third regiment of
New York forces, and in the same year
marched with Montgomery to Quebec.
During the war he rendered eminent
services to his country, and on the con-
clusion of it retired to enjoy repose on
his ample estates. He was, however,
frequently called from retirement by the
unsolicited voice of his fellow-citizens ;
and was a member of the convention for
the adoption of the present constitution
of the United States. D. 1812.— George,
vice-president of the United States, was
b. in the county of Ulster, New York,
1739, and was educated to the profession
of the law. In 1768 he was chosen to a
seat in the colonial assembly, and was
elected a lelegate to the continental
congress in 1775. In 1776 he was ap-
pointed a brigadier in the army of the
IJnited States, and continued during the
progress of the war to render importank
services to the military departme^nt. In
April, 1777, he was elected both gover-
nor, and lieutenant-governor of New
York, and was continued in the formei
office for eighteen years. He was unan-
imously chosen president of the con-
vention which assembled at Pough-
keepsie, in 1788, to deliberate on the
new federal constitution. In 1801 he
again accepted the office of governor,
and after continuing in that capacity for
three years he was elevated to the vice-
presidency of the United States ; a dig-
nity which he retained till his death at
Washington, in 1812. — De Witt, was b.
1769, at Little Britain, in Orange county,
New York. He was educated at Colum-
bia college, commenced the study of the
law, and was admitted to the bar, but
was never much engaged in professional
practice. He early imbibed a predilec-
tion for political life, and was appointed
the private secretary of his uncle, Geo.
Clinton, then governor of the state. In
1797 he was sent to the legislature from
the city of New York ; and two years after
was chosen a member of the state senate.
In 1801 he was appointed a senator of
the United States, and continued in that
capacity for two sessions. He retired
from the senate in 1803, in consequence
of his election to the mayoralty of New
York, an office to which lie was annual-
ly re-elected, with the intermission of
but two years, till 1815. In 1817 he was
elected, almost unanimously, governor
of the state, wae again chosen in 1820,
but in 1822 dechned being a candidate
for re-election. In 1810 Mr. Clinton had
been appointed, by the senate of his
state, one of the board of canal commis-
sioners, but the displeasure of his polit-
ical opponents having been excited, he
was removed from this office in 1823, by
a vote of both branches of the legisla-
ture. This insult created a strong re^
action in popular feeling, and Mr.
Clinton was immediately nominated for
governor, and elected by an unprece-
dented majority. In 1826 he was again
elected, but he'd, before the completion
of his term, February 11, 1828. Mr.
Clinton was not only eminent as a states-
man, but he occupied a conspicuous
rank as a man of learning. His national
services were of the highest importance,
and the Erie canal especially, though
the honor of projecting it may belong to
another, will remain a perpetual monu-
c&o]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
299
ment of the patriotism and perseverance
of Clinton. — Sir Henry, an English
general, served in the Hanoverian war,
and was sent to America in 1775, with
the rank of major-general. He distin-
guished himsell at the battle of Bunker
Hill, evacuated Philadelphia in 1778,
and took Charleston in 1780. He re-
turned to England in 1782, and soon
after published an account of the cam-
f)aign in 1781-83, which Lord Cornwal-
is answered, and to which Sir Henry-
made a reply. He was governor of
Gibraltar in 1795, and also member for
Newark, and d. soon after. He was the
author of " Observations on Stedman's
History of the American War."
CLITUS, a distinguished Macedonian
general, who saved the life of Alexander
the Great at the battle of the Granicns,
but who, having expostulated with his
imperial master when the latter was in a
fit of intoxication, was slain by him.
CLIVE, Robert, Lord Clive, and
baron Plasset, was b. 1725, and in his
19th year went to India as a writer, but
soon quitted that employment for the
army. Being intrusted with the attack
of Devicottah, a fort of the rajah of
Tanjore, he performed this important
duty so well, that he was shortly after-
wards made commissary. The French
having artfully obtained considerable
territory in the Carnatic, Cli ve advised
that an attack should be made on the
city of Arcot, which being intrusted to
him, a complete victory was obtained.
This unexpected victory drew off the
French from Trichinopoly, which they
were then besieging, to Vetake Arcot,
which Clive defended in such a manner
that they were compelled to raise the
siege. This was followed by a series of
victories ; and in 1753 he embarked for
England, where he received a valuable
present from the East India Company,
and was raised to the rank of lieutenant-
colonel in the king's service. After a
short stay in England for the benefit of
his health, he returned to India, and
was shortly called upon to march to Cal-
cutta, of which the nabob Surajah Dow-
lah had taken possession. He was again
successful, and perceiving that there
could be no permanent peace obtained
until the nabob was dethroned, he made
the necessary arrangements, and in the
famous battle of Plassey, put the nabob
completely to the rout, and established
the power of the English more firmly
than it had ever before been. As gov-
ernor of Calcutta, Lord Clive performed
great services, both civil and military ;
and when he returned to England h«
was raised to the first peerage by the
titles which stand at the head of this
article. He once more visited India,
but was called upon only for civil meas-
ures, which he took with his usuai
sagacity. In 1767 he returned to En-
gland, having done more to extend the
English territory and consolidate the
English power in Inflia than any other
commander. But the large wealth he
had acquired during his long and ardu-
ous services exposed him to an accusa-
tion in the house of commons of having
abused his power. Tie cha^e fell to
the ground, but it had .he eflfect of in-
juring his mind so deeply tnat he com-
mitted suicide in 177^ — Catharine, a
celebrated actress, was the daughter of
an Irish gentleman named Ruftar. At
an early age she gave her hand to Mr.
Clive, a barrister; but a separation
taking place between them, she took
the stage for her profession, and became
a very great favorite. In private life her
wit caused her to be sought by persons
of the highest rank. D. 1785.
CLOOTS, John Baptist de, a Prus-
sian baron, better known as Anacharsis
Cloots, one of the wildest and most
violent actors in the early^scenes of the
French revolution. He was b. at Cleves,
and very early dissipated the greater
portion of his fortune. In 1790, being"
at Paris, he presented himself at the
bar of the national assembly, attended
by a number of men dressed to repre-
sent various foreign nations ; and, de-
scribing himself as the "orator of the
human race," he demanded the right of
confederation. After making himself
conspicuous by a variety of projects, he
was m 1792 sent to the nationar conven-
tion as deputy from the department of
the Oise. He was among those who
voted for the death of the unfortunate
Louis XVI., but becoming an object of
suspicion to Robespierre, he was arrest-
ed, and guillotined in 1794. *
CLOSTERMAN, John, a German
portrait painter. He was employed iu
Spain, Italy, and England : in the latter
country there are many of his works ;
among them the great picture of Queen
Anne^ in Guildhall, London. D. 1718.
CLOVIS, the first Christian king of
France. From a comparatively petty
tract he extended his rule far and wide,
Eartly by force of arins and partly by
is marriage with Clotilda, daughter of
Childeric, the deceased king of the Bur-
gundians. Having conquered the petty
iudependeut states of Gaul, he aacl«<i
300
CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[cob
them to his dominions, and established
the capital of his kingdom at Paris,
•where he d. in 511.
CLOWES, John, an English divine,
rector of the church of St. John at Man-
chester. Embracing the doctrines of
Swedenborg, he published translations
of a large portion of his theological wri-
tings, and many works in agreement
with them. B. 1745; d. 1831.
CLUBBE, John, an English divine,
author of a satirical tract, entitled "The
History and Antiquities of Wheatfield,"
intended as a satire on conjectural ety-
mologists ; " A Letter of Advice to a
Young Clergyman," &c. D. 1773.—
William, son of the above, vicar of
Brandeston, in Suffolk; translator of
Horace's "Art of Poetry," and of six
of the satires of that poet, and author
of three lyric odes, &c. D. 1814.
CLUTTERBUCK, Egbert, an English
antiquary and topographer, was a native
of Hertfordshire, and having an inde-
pendent fortune, devoted his time to
scientific and literary pursuits. Having
collected materials for a new edition of
Chauncey'a " History of Hertfordshire,"
he changed his plan, and produced a
new work instead of re-editing the old
one. D. 1831,
CLUVIER, Philip, a Dutch soldier
and scholar, author of " Germania An-
tiqua," " Sicilia Antiqua," " Italia An-
tiqua," &c. He is said to have under-
stood and spoken with fluency no fewer
than nine languages. D. 1623.
CLYMER, George, a patriot of the
American revolution, and one of the
signers of the declaration of independ-
ence. He was educated a merchant.
In 1775 he was one of the first conti-
nental treasurers. In 1780 he co-oper-
ated with Robert Morris in the estab-
lishment of a bank for the relief of the
country. He was a member of congress
under the present constitution. In
1791 he was placed at the head of the
excis^department in Pennsylvania. In
1796 he was sent to Georgia to negotiate,
together with Hawkins and Pickens, a
treaty with the Cherokee and Creek
Indians. He was afterwards president
of the Philadelphia bank, and of the
academy of fine arts. D. 1813, aged 73.
COBB, Samuel, an ingenious poet,
educated at Christ's hospital, of which
he afterwards became master. He was
of Trinity college, Cambridge. D. at
London, 1713. He wrote observations
on Virgil, and a collection of poems.
He also assisted Rowe in his "Calli-
paedia," and Ozell in his "Boileau's
Lutrin." — Ebenezeb, remarkable for
longevity, was b. in Plymouth, M<iss.,
March 22, 1694, and was ten years co-
temporary with Peregrine White, of
Marshfield, the first son of New En-
gland, wlio was born on board the May-
flower in Cape Cod harbor in Nov., 1620.
D. at Kingston, Dec. 8, 1803, aged 107
years. — James, secretary to the East In-
dia Company, author of " The Siege of
Belgrade," " The Haunted Tower," and
other dramatic pieces. D. 1818.
COBBETT, William, was b. in the
parish of Farnhara, Surrey, 1762, and
brought up from his earliest years on
his fiither's farm. An accident — the
mere sight of the stage-coach on its
journey to London while he was going
to Guildford fair — led him suddenly to
quit his home and rustic pursuits, in
order to seek his fortune in a wider
sphere. His flrst employment, unfitted
as he was for it by nature and habit,
was that of an "under-strapping quill-
driver" in Gray's Inn. After nine
months' drudgery he enlisted as a sol-
dier, and he was sent to the depot at
Chatham, where he remained about a
year, attending closely to his duty, but
applying every leisure moment to the
improvement of his mind. The regi-
ment at length sailed for Nova Scotia,
and was then ordered to St. John's, New
Brunswick, where he soon attracted the
notice of his superiors by his industry,
regularity, and habitual temperance ,
and was'rewarded by being appointee^
sergeant-major of the regiment. After
seven years' service, the regiment re-
turned to England ; and Sergeant-majoi
Cobbett solicited and received his dis-
charge. But seeing that a war with En-
gland was inevitable, he embarked for
America, where, under the sobriquet of
Peter Porcupine, he quicklj'' began to
exercise his talents by the publication
of his "Observations" and other polit-
ical pamphlets, opposed to the preva
lence of French principles. But he
found it necessary to quit America;
and, on his return to England, com-
menced a daily paper called the " Por-
cupine," in which at first he strenuously
supported the government. He then
began a publication styled " The Weekly
Register," which contained various
articles which were severely denomi-
nated libels, and he was arrested, fined,
and imprisoned. From this periol a
gradual change may be discovered in
the tone of Cobbett's political disquisi-
tions, and ere long he was looked upoK
as the leader of the radical reformers
coc]
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHV.
In 1809 ho again attracted the notice of
Sir Viciiry Gibbs, at that time his maj-
esty's attorney-general. ' The libel re-
lated to the flogging of some men in the
local militia, at Ely, in Cambridgeshire ;
he was found guilty, sentenced to two
years' imprisonment in Newgate, to pay
a fine of £1000 to the king, and at the
expiration of the two years to give se-
curity for his good behavior for seven
years, himself in £800, and two securi-
ties in £100 each. This severe sentence
Cobbett never forgot or forgave. No
sooner was he liberated than he showed
his enemies that his active mind had
received a fresh stimulus ; he reduced
his " Register" to 2d., whereby its sale
was immensely increased, and he sought
for every possible means of annoying
those who had persecuted him. At
length the arbitrary "Six Acts" were
passed ; and as he firmly believed they
were passed for the express purpose of
silencing him, (particularly the Power
of Imprisonment Act,) he instantly took
his departure for America, and settled
in Long Island ; from which spot his
future "Registers" were dated, till his
return to England, in 1819, after that
act was repealed- Cobbett announced,
on his arrival at Liverpool, that he had
brought with him the bones of the cele-
brated republican, Tom Paine. In 1832
he was chosen a member of parliament.
His writings are numerous, spirited, and
valuable. D. 1835.
COBENTZEL, Chakles, count de, an
eminent statesman. He was a native of
Laybach, and at an early age commen-
ced his public career. During the trou-
bles in the reign of Maria Theresa, his
services gave so much satisfaction, that
in 1753 he was placed at the head of af-
fairs in the Austrian Netherlands. In
this important situation he showed great
respect for literature and the arts, and
several useful reformations were carried
into effect by him. Among his other
services was that of founding the Acad-
emy of Sciences at Brussels. P. 1770.
— Louis, count de, son of the above,
and, like him, a diplomatist. At the
early age of 27 he was intrusted with
a mission to Catharine II. of Russia, and
his gallantry and compliance with her
taste for theatricals made him a great
favorite with her. From 1795 he was
concerned in many of the important ne-
gotiations between Austria and other
powers, until the treaty of Luneville, in
1801. That treaty restoring peace be-
tween Austria and France, he was short-
ly afterwards made minister of state for
26
foreign aflFairs at Vienna. In 1805 ha
was dismissed from this office, and he d.
in 1809. — John PHn.ip, count de, a
cousin of the last named, and also a
diplomatist. Being sent to Brabant to
treat with the Netherlanders, who re-
sisted some edicts of the emperor which
they considered oppressive, they refused
to receive him, and the edicts were in
consequence revoked. This failure pre-
vented him from being employed again
during the following 10 years; but at
length, in 1801, he was sent ambassador
to Paris. D. 1810.
COBURG, Frederic Josias, duke of
Saxe-Coburg, an Austrian field- marshal,
was b. 1737. In 1789 he commanded the
imperial army on the Danube, and, in
connection with the Russian general,
SuwarroflF, defeated the Turks, and con-
quered Bucharest. In 1793 he defeated
the French at Neerwinden, expelled
them from the Netherlands, and invaded
France, taking Valenciennes, Cambray,
and other places ; but when the Enghsh
army, under the duke of York, separa-
ted from him, he sustained several de-
feats, retreated across the Rhine, and
resigned his command. D. 1815.
COCGEIUS, John, a Dutch scholar of
the 17th century, professor of theology
at Leyden. He taught that the Old
Testament was merely a type of the
New ; and the book of Revelations being
a principal object of his attention, he
warmly asserted the doctrine of the
Millennium. His followers formed a
rather numerous sect, called Cocceians.
Besides 10 folio volumes of writings on
divinity, which he published during his
life, he let\ a work, not printed till many
years after his death, entitled " Opera,
Anecdotiea Theologica et Philologica."
B. 1603 ; d, 1669.— Henry, an eminent
Dutch civilian ; author of " Prodromus
Justitiae Gentium," " Theses," &c. He
was raised to the dignity of a baron of
the empire in 1713, and d. 1719. — Sam-
uel, son of the last named, and succes-
sor to his title. He became grand chan-
cellor of Prussia, under Frederic the
Great, and was a chief author of the
Frederickian code. He also published
a valuable edition of Grotius, "De Jure
Belli et Pacis." D. 1755.
COCHIN, Charles Nicholas, an emi-
nent French engraver and writer of the
18th century; author of "Travels in
Italy," "Letters on the Pictures of
Herculaneum," " Dissertation en the
Effect of Light and Shade," &c. Hia
plates are numerous and well-executed.
OOOHL^US, John, an able bat bit-
3«e
CrCLOPJEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[cod
ter opponent of Luther, Calvin, and
other reformers, but more especially of
the first named, whom he censured with
treat asperity in his work, " De Actis et
criptis Lutheri," He published, be-
sides this work, a very curious " Histo-
ry of the Hussites," and he maintained
a fierce controversy with Dr. Morrison,
an English clergyman, on the subject of
the marriage ot Henry Vlll. and Anne
Boleyn. D. 1552.
_ COCHRAN, William, a Scotch ar-
tist of considerable talent and reputa-
tion. After studying at Rome, he settled
at Glasgow, where his abilities were so
well appreciated, that he realized a re-
spectable fortune. Of his historical
pieces, " Endymion" and " Daedalus"
are held in high estimation. B. 1788 :
d. 1785.
COCHRANE, Archibald, earl of
Dundonald, b. 1749. He became a cor-
net of dragoons, but exchanged from the
army to the navy, and had risen to the
rank of lieutenant when he succeeded
to the earldom. He then devoted him-
self entirely to scientific pursuits, with
the intent of making improvements in
the commerce and manufactures of the
kingdom. Among the numerous works
published by him in the prosecution of
this patriotic intention, were " The
Principles of Chemistry applied to the
Improvement of Agriculture," " An Ac-
count of the Qualities and Uses of Coal
Tar and Coal Varnish," &c. He made
many useful discoveries, for some of
which he obtained patents ; but unfor-
tunately, though he did good service to
his country, he was so far from enrich-
ing himself, that he was at one time
actually obliged to receive aid from the
Literary Fund. D. 1831. — John Dun-
das, nephew of the above, an English
naval officer. On retiring from the na-
val service, he travelled on foot through
France, Spain, and Portugal ; and then
through the Russian empire to Kam-
Bchatka. Of this latter journey he pub-
lished an account in two volumes, which
contain much curious information. He
was about to travel on foot across South
America, when he d. at Valentia, in Co-
lumbia, 1825.
COCKBURN, Catharine, an English
authoress. Though almost self-educa-
ted, she began to publish at the early
age of 17, her first production being a
tragedy, entitled "Agnes de Castro."
In two years more she produced another
tragedy, entitled " Fatal Friendship,"
which was received with much approba-
tion at the theatre in Lincoln's Inn
Fields. Besides these, and a tragedy,
entitled " Thei Revolution of Sweden,"
she published some poems, a " Histoiy
of the Works of the Learned," " Vindi-
cations of the Philosophy of Locke ''
and several metaphysical treatises. !d.
1679 ; d. 1749.
COCKER, Edward, an English pen-
man and arithmetician ; whose fame as a
computist was formerly held in such re-
pute, that " according to Cocker" is still
used as an arithmetical proverb. D.
1677.
COCLES, PiTBLius HoRATius, a valiant
Roman. . He was a descendant of the
Horatii, and proved himself worthy of
his line. When Porsenna, king of the
Etruscans, had pursued the Romans to
the wooden bridge over the Tiber, Co-
des and two companions boldly with-
stood the enemv unt the Romans had
crossed the bridge. His two compan-
ions then retired, bi t Codes remained
until the bridge was broken down be-
hind him, and then plunged into the
river, and swam to the citv.
CODDINGTON, William, the father
of Rhode Island, was a native of Lin-
colnshire, England. He came to this
country as an assistant, or one of the
magistrates of Mass. and arrived at Sa-
lem in the Asbella, 1630. He removed
to Rhode Island, 1638, and was the prin-
cipal instrument in effecting the origi-
nal settlement of that place. After va-
rious visionary projects, something like
a regular plan of government was adopt-
ed, and Mr. Coddington chosen govern-
or, and continued in that office until
the charter was obtained, and the island
was incorporated in Providence planta-
tions. In 1647 he assisted in forming
the body of laws, which has been the
basis of the government of Rhode Island
ever since. In 1648 he was elected gov-
ernor, but declined the office. In 1651
he went to England and was commis-
sioned governor of Aquetnech island,
separate from the rest of the colony ;
but as the people were jealous lest his
commission should affect their laws, he
resigned it. He was governor in the
years 1674 and 1675. D. 1678, aged 77.
CODRINGTON, Christopher, a na-
tive of Barbadoes, was educated at All
Saints college, Oxford ; to which he be-
queathed the sum of £10,000 for the
erection of a library, leaving his West
Indian estates to the Society for the Pro-
pagation of the Gospel. As an author,
this munificent gentleman is only known
by some verses addressed to Garth, on
the publication of bia " Dispensary,"
QOk]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
303
and by some Latin poems in the " Mu-
886 Anglicanae." B. 1668 ; d. 1710.
GODRUS, the 17th and last king of
Athens. Disguised as a common per-
son, he rushed into the midst of the
ftrmy of the Heraclidse, and was slain ; a
sacrifice he was led to make by the ora-
cle having pronounced that the leader
of the conquering party must fall. At
his death, ttie Athenians deeming no one
worthy to be worthy to be the successor
of their patriotic monarch, established a
republic.
COELLO, Alonzo Sanchez, an emi-
nent painter, a native of Portugal, whose
works obtained for him the appellation
of the Portuguese Titian. B. 1515 ; d.
1710.
COEN, John Peterson, governor of
the Dutch settlements in the East In-
dies, and founder of the city of Batavia.
He went to India as a merchant, and in
1617 succeeded to the governorship of
Bantam, when in 1619 he removed to
the new factory he had founded. After
passing a short time in Europe, he, in
1627, returned to Batavia, and bravely
defended that place against tfle emperor
of Java. So many men perished in this
memorable contest, that their bodies
produced a pestilence, of which Coen d.,
1629.
COEUE, James, a French merchant of
the 15th century. His trade surpassed
that of any other individual in Europe ;
and he is said to have had 300 agents in
the Mediterranean. He lent Charles VII.
an immense sum, to enable him to con-
quer Normandy, which was never re-
paid ; for being falsely accused of pec-
ulation, and of poisoning the king's
mistress, he was so disgusted, that, on
getting his release, he went into volun-
tary exile. D. 1456.
COFFEY, Charles, a poet and dram-
atist ; author of " The DevU to Pay,"
&c., and editor of an edition of the
works of Drayton. He was deformed
in person, and performed the part of
jEsop for his own benefit. D. 1745.
CdGAN, Thomas, an English phy-
sician, b, in Somersetshire. In 1574 he
was chosen master of the school at Man-
chester, where he also practised in his
proper profession. He wrote the " Ha-
ven of Health," " A Preservative from
the Pestilence," and an "Epitome of
Cicero's Epistles." D. 1607.— Thomas,
a physician, b. at Kibworth, Leicester-
shire, 1736 ; who, in conjunction with
Dr. Hawes, founded the Humane So-
ciety. He translated the works of Cam-
per, and was the author of "A Philo-
sophical Treatise on the Passions,"
" Theological Disquisitions," &c. D.
1818.
COGSWELL, William, an eminent
divine and writer of New Hampshire,
secretary of the Education Society, and
at first £^professor at Dartmouth, and
then president of the Gilmantic Theo-
logical Seminary. B. 1788 ; d. 1850.
COHAUSEN, John Henry, a German
physician. He wrote a curious work,
instructing his readers how to live to
115 years of age ; it was translated into
English by Dr. Campbell, under the
title of " Hermippus Kedivivus, or the
Sage's Triumph over Old Age and the
Grave." D..in his 85th year, 1750.
COHOEN,*Menno, Baron, a celebrated
Dutch engineer, who, after distinguish-
ing himself as a military officer on many
important sieges and battles, fortified
Namur, Bergen-op-Zoom, and other
towns. He was the author of a " Trea-
tise on Fortification." D. 1704.
COKAYNE, Sir Aston, a poet and
dramatist of the 17th century. A col-
lection of his plays and poems was
printed in 1658. D. 1634,
COKE, Sir Edward, a celebrated En-
glish judge and law writer, b. at Mile-
ham, Norfolk, 1549, He pleaded his first
cause in 1578 ; and having married a sis-
ter of the minister Burleigh, he possessed
considerable political influence. In 1592
he had obtained a high reputation, and
was appointed solicitor-general ; and in
1600, being then attorney-general, he
prosecuted the earl of Essex; and the
asperity with which he conducted him-
self to that nobleman amounted to very
little less than brutality. In 1603 h«
was knighted ; and we nnd him prose-
cuting Sir Walter Raleigh, and behaving
to him as unfeelingly as he had formerly
behaved to Essex. In 1606 he was made
chief justice of the common pleas; and
in 1613 he was sworn of the privy coun-
cil, and removed to the court of King's
Bench. His activity in the case of Sir
Thomas Overbury's murder made him
many enemies; and his opposition to
the king and Chancellor Egerton caused
him to be removed from office in 1616.
Having vainly endeavored to get into
favor with the court, he in 1 621 joined
the popular party, and was committed,
though only for a short time, to the
Tower. In 1628 he represented the
county of Buckingham in parliament,
and distinguished himself by his zeal
against the duke of Buckingham. In
mere legal knowledge he has never per-
haps been equalled ; but for the noble'-
304
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[col
qualities of his mina we may seek in
vain. His "Commentarj^ on Littleton"
and his "Reports" are invaluable. D.
1634.
COLBEET, JoHx Baptist, marquis of
Seguelai, a celebrated French statesman,
to whose talents, activity, an(#enlarged
views France owes much of its financial
and commercial prosperity, was de-
scended from a Scottisn family, but b.
at Rheims, 1619, where his father was
a wine merchant. In 1648 he became
clerk to the secretary of state, Le Tellier,
whose daughter he married; and his
conduct in this situation recommended
him to the king as intendant of finances.
Subsequently he became superintendent
of buildings, secretary of state, and min-
ister of the marine ; and in every ca-
pacity he acted so as to merit the love
of his countrymen, and obtain the ap-
probation of his king. To literature and
the arts he constantly gave encourage-
ment ; he instituted the Academy of
Sciences, and that of sculpture and paint-
ing ; and it was at his recommendation
that the royal observatory was erected.
To him, too, Paris owed the erection of
many elegant buildings ; and, if a less
brilliant minister than some of his pre-
decessors, he certainly conferred more
substantial benefits upon his country
than most of them. D. 1683?^John
Baptist, marquis of Torcy, son of the
preceding. He filled, successively, the
offices of secretary of state for the foreign
department and director-general of the
posts ; and wrote '* Memoirs of the Ne-
gotiations from the Treaty of Ryswick
to the Peace of Utrecht." B. 1665 ; d.
1746.
COLBUEN, Zera, an arithmetical
prodigy, b. at Cabot, Vt., 1804. His
powers of mental calculation, displayed
at an early age, made him famous both
in this country and in England. He
could solve the most difficult problems
almost instantaneously. While in En-
gland he studied under Charles Kemble
for the stage, but the experiment was a
failure. He subsequently became a
teacher of a school at Fairfield, N. Y.,
and afterwards a Methodist preacher.
D. 1840.
COLCHESTEE, Charles Abbot, Lord,
was b. at Abingdon, Berks, 1757; and
having^ received the rudiments of his
education at Westminster school, was
entered of Christ-chuiyh, Oxford, in
1775. After spending some time abroad,
he was called to the bar, and practised
with every prospect of becaming a popu-
)%r advocate. His forensic pursuits,
however, were but of short continuance,
for on entering parliament for Helston
he was speedny noticed for his talent
and business-like habits, and on the
formation of the Addington ministry he
was appointed secretary for Ireland, and
keeper of the privy seal. He now com-
menced some useful reforms in Ireland,
but before he could complete them he
was elected speaker of the house of
commons. In 1817 an attack of erysipe-
las obliged him to resign the office of
■f)eaker ; on which occasion he was called
to the upper house by the title of Baron
Colchester, with a pension of £4000 per
annum. D. 1829.
GOLDEN, Cadwalladeb, was b. in
Dunse, Scotland, 1688. After studying
at the university of Edinburgh, he turned
his attention to medicine and mathe-
matical science until the year 1708, when
he emigrated to Pennsylvania, and prac-
tised physic with much reputation till
1715. In 1718 he went to the city of
New York, and relinquishing the practice
of physic, turned his attention to public
affairs, and became successively sur-
veyor-genial of the province, master
in chancery, member ot the council, and
lieutenant-governor. His political char-
acter was rendered very conspicuous by
the firmness of his conduct during the
violent commotions which preceded the
revolution. His productions were nu-
merous, consisting of botanical and
medical essays. His descriptions of
between three and foui^ hundred Ameri-
can plants were printed in the " Acta
Upsaliensia." He also published the
" History of the Five Indian Nations."
D. 1775. He had three sons, Cadwalla-
der, David, and Alexander, all of whom
acquired more or less local distinction
in and about New York. — David, the
youngest, excelled in mathematics and
natural philosophy, and was a corre-
spondent of Dr. Frankhn. — Cadwalla-
deb D., son of David, was b. on Long
Island, 1769. He practised law at
Poughkeepsie, till he came to New
Yprk, 1796. He was there made dis-
trict attorney, and acquired the highest
rank in his profession. He was mem-
ber of the assemblv in 1818, mayor of
the city after De Witt Clinton, in 1822,
member of congress, and in 1824, of the
state senate. He was an active pro-
moter of public schools and all other
charitable projects. D. 1834.
COLE, William, an English herbalist.
He was educated at Merton college, Ox-
ford, and became secretarv to Dr. Duppa,
bishop of Winchestei. ilis works ara
Oul]
CYCLOPiEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
305
"The Art of Simpling," and "Adam in
Eden, or Nature's Paradise." D. 1662.
— Thomas, one of the most eminent
American landscape painters, was b. in
England, but was brought to this coun-
try, where his pareaats had previously
resided, when a chila'. They lived for
a time at Philadelphia, jnd then re-
moved to the West. His father, in 1818,
established a paper factory at Steuben-
ville, Ohio, where young Cole took his
first lessons in drawing. He was ex-
ceedin^dy fond of the art, and passion-
ately m love with natural scenery.
About 1820, a Mr. Stein, a travelling
portrait painter, lent him an English
work on painting, which opened and
turned his mind to the art. He pursued
it from that time with indefatigable in-
dustry and zeal. Like Goldsmith, with
no companion but his flute, he then
began to wander over the West as a
portrait painter. He met at first with
mdifferent success, but finally reached
the city of Philadelphia. There he paint-
ed some transparencies to celebrate the
arrival of Lafayette, which enabled him
to go to New York, whither his father
had removed. He erected his easel in
the family garret, where he was long
without a patron, till Mr. G. W. Bruen
gave him a small commission, and he
gradually got into notice. Mr. Cole
subsequently went to Europe, passed
some time in Italy, and on his return
painted those splendid serial works, the
" Course of Empire," the " Voyage of
Life," " Past and Present," with numer-
ous landscapes, which have made his
name immortal. The latter part of his
existence was passed at Cattskill, in the
prosecution ot his art. D. 1847. Mr.
Bryant, the poet, his friend, has com-
memorated his genius in a beautiful and
appreciative discourse, delivered before
the Academy of Design of New York.
COLEBROOKE, Henby Thomas, an
eminent orientalist, and director of the
Eoyal Asiatic Society, was b. 1765, and
in 1782 was appointed to a writership in
India. Being sent as one of a deputa-
tion to investigate the resources of a
part of the country, it led to his publish-
mg " Remarks on the Husbandry and
Commerce of Bengal;" in which treatise
he advocated a free trade between Great
Britain and her eastern possessions.
Soon after this he began the study of
the Sanscrit language, in which ^e sub-
sequently became so eminent. The
translation of the great "Digest of
Hindu Law," which had been compiled
tinder the direction of Sir W. Jones,
26#
but left unfinished at his death, was
confided to Mr. Colebrooke ; and while
engaged in this work, he was appointed
to a judicial situation at Mirzapore,
where he completed it in 1796. His
other works consist of a "Dictionary
of the Sanscrit Language," the "Alge-
bra of the Hindoos," and various trea-
tises on their laws, philosophy, and
arithmetic ; besides numerous communi-
cations to the society of which he was
director. D. 1837.
COLERIDGE, Samuel Taylob, emi-
nent as a poet, essayist, and moral phi-
losopher, was b. at Bristol, in 1770,
where he received the rudiments of his
education. He was afterwards sent to
Christ's hospital, London, at which
establishment he made great progress
in the classics ; and he completed his
studies at Jesus college, Cambridge,
where, in 1792, he obtained the gold
medal for the best Greek ode. It ap-
pears that he was first inspired with a
taste for poetry by the perusal of Lisle
Bowles' Sonnets ; and his intimacy with
such men as Southey and Wordsworth
(which commenced in early life) was
likely to produce a congeniality of feel-
ings and lead to similar results. The
chief of Mr. Coleridge's works are,
"Sibylline Leaves," a collection of
poems; "Biographia Literaria," or bio-
graphical sketches of his life and opin-
ions ; "Aids to Reflection, in the Form-
ation of a Manly Character," &c. ; and
"The Friend," a scries of essays; be-
sides a variety of minor poems, many
of which are replete with oeautiful ima-
gery and sublime feeling ; and numerous
treatises and essays connected with
public events in the moral and political
world, some of which were published
in a separate form, but the major part
appeared in the public journals. D. at
Highgate, 1834. His " Specimens of
Table Talk," and some of his other
productions, were published after his
death by his nephew, Henry Nelson
Coleridge, who distinguished himself
by various valuable contributions to
"Knight's Quarterly Magazine" and
other words, and who d. a victim to
rheumatism, 1843. — Hartley, one of the
most original and pleasing writers of the
day, son of the above, was b. 1797. He
was the author of many minor poems
of great merit, of " Biographies of North-
ern Worthies," and an extensive con-
tributor to "Blackwood's Magazine."
D. 1849.
COLIGNI, Gaspard de, admiral of
France. On the death of Henry IL, he
306
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[col
became chief of the Calvinist party, and
the most efficient of its leaders against
the Guises. When peace was tempo-
rarily established in 1571, he appeared
at court, and was received with every
appearance of cordiality. But at the
horrible massacre of St. Bartholomew,
in 1572, he was among the victims of
party rage ; and the infamous Catharine
de Medici ordered his head to be sent to
the pope. — Odet, brother of the above,
archbishop of Toulouse, was deposed
for having embraced the Protestant
faith, and retired to England, where he
was poisoned by a servant, in 1571. —
Henrietta, countess de la Suse ; an
ingenious French poetess, whose odes
and songs are printed with the poems
ofPelisson. D. 1673.
COLLADO, Diego, a Spanish Domin-
ican, superintendent of the convents of
the Philippines ; author of a Japanese
dictionary, and a treatise on the Japan-
ese grammar. D. 1638.
COLLANGE, Gabriel de, a French
writer ; author of " Polygraphy, or Uni-
versal Cabalistical Writing." This book,
which he published under the name of
J. M. Trithemius, subjected the author
to the charge of magic. At the massa-
cre of St. Bartholomew, in 1572, he was
mistaken for a Protestant, and murdered
— as one of his biographers naively says
— " by mistake."
COLLEGE, Stephen, a mechanic of
the time of Charles 11. He was a very
zealous supporter of Protestantism,
whence he obtained the sobriquet of
the " Protestant joiner ;" and probably
it was on this account that some inform-
ers charged him with being concerned
in a plot against the king. He defended
himself with spirit and ability, but was
condemned and executed in 1681.
COLLEONE, Bartholomew, an Ital-
ian soldier of fortune, b. at Bergamo, in
1400. He served at first under De Mon-
tone, and then in the army of Queen
Joan of Naples. Passing into the ser-
vice of Venice, he totally destroyed the
army of Nicholas Piccinino ; but being
ill rewarded, he left the Venetians, and
took his troops to the aid of Philip Vis-
conti. He next served with Francis
Sforza, and gained the battle of Frascati
over the French. The Venetians now
made him their generalissimo, and when
he d., in 1475, the senate erected a statute
to his memory.
COLLIER, Jeremiah, an English non-
juring divine and learned writer, b.
1650. At the revolution he refused to
cake the oaths, and was imprisoned in
Newgate for writing in favor of James XL
He attended Sir John Friend and Sir
W^illiam Perkins, when they were exe-
cuted for the "assassination plot." Two
nonjuring clergymen who accompanied
him on this occasion, were taken up,
but Collier escaped, and lay hidden un-
til the affair had blown over, when he
again made his appearance, and publish-
ed "Essays on Miscellaneous Subjects."
This work obtained him considerable
reputation; and his next publication
was a spirited attack upon the licen-
tiousness of the stage. He was, as a
matter of course, replied to by many of
the dramatic writers of the time. He
next translated and continued " Moreri's
Dictionary ;" and his reputation had now
BO much increased, that Queen Anne's
government offered him valuable church
preferment, which, with a rare consist-
ency, he steadily declined. His remain-
ing works were, an "Ecclesiastical His-
tory," brought down to the death of
Charles II., some sermons, pamphlets,
and a translation of "Marcus Antoni-
nus." D. 1726.
COLLIN, D'Harville, John Francis,
a French advocate, dramatist, and poet;
author of " The Inconstant," " Le Vieux
C^lebataire," and various other dramas.
B. 1750 ; d. 1806. — Henry de, a German
poet ; author of six tragedies, some frag-
ments of an epic poem, entitled " The
Kodolphiad," and a number of spirit-
stirring war songs. B. 1772 ; d. 1811.
COLLINGS, John, a nonconformist
divine ; author of " The Weaver's Pock-
et Book, or Weaving Spiritualized," and
other works of a similar class. At the
restoration he was one of the Presbyte-
rian divines at the famous Savoy con-
ference. D. 1690.
COLLINGWOOD, Cuthbert, Lord, a
celebrated English admiral, was b. at
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1748. He enter-
ed the navy when only 13 years of age,
and his services were long, arduous, and
valuable. In the action of June 1, 1794,
he was flag-captain to Admiral Bowyer
on board the Prince ; and at the battle
of Cape St. Vincent, in 1797, he com-
manded the Excellent. Having attained
the rank of vice-admiral of the blue, and
being second in command at the battle
of Trafjilgar, where the hero of England's
navy fell, the command of the fleet
devolved upon Admiral CoUingwood,
whose sfs^llant conduct at the onset had
called fortli an exclamation of delight
from Nelson, and to whose skill and
judgment, after the battle, the preserva-
tion of the captured vessels was chiefly
col]
CYCLOP JKDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
307
attributable. For this and his other im-
portant services he was promoted to the
rank of vice-admiral of the red, and ele-
vated to the peerage. His letters, pub-
lished since his death, which took place
in 1810, show him to have possessed
considerable literary ability. — Francis
Edw.vrd, a captain in the English navy,
was a midshipman on board the Victory,
at the battle of Trafalgar ; and to him is
ascribed the honor of being the avenger
of Nelson's death, having shot, the
Frenchman in the maintop of the Ee-
doubtable, who was seen to take delib-
erate aim at the English hero the mo-
ment before he fell. D. 1835.
COLLINS, Anthony, a deistical con-
troversialist, was b. at Heston, Middle-
sex, in 1676. Among his works are " A
Discourse on Free Thinking," "A Dis-
course on the Grounds and Seasons of
the Christian Religion," " Priestcraft in
Perfection," &c. He was intimate with
Locke a"d other great men, and spent
his life ii literary pursuits, and his wri-
tings exhibit him as a determined foe to
Christianity. B. 1676; d. 1729.— Ar-
thur, a celebrated Enghsh genealogist ;
author of an English "Peerage" and
"Baronetage;" lives of "Cecil, Lord
Burleigh," and "Edward the Black
Prince," &c. He was rescued from
poverty by a pension of £400 per an-
num, granted to him by George IL B.
1682 ; d. 1760. — David, grandson of the
above, a distinguished military officer,
and governor of Van Dieman's Land;
author of " A History of Botany Bay,"
which is written in a very unpretend-
ing style, and abounds with interest-
ing information. D. 1810. — Francis,
doctor of the Ambrosian college, at
Milan; author of a treatise, "De Ani-
mabus Paganorum," &c. D. 1640. —
John, an able mathematician and ac-
countant. He was for some time in the
naval service of Venice against the
Turks ; but at the restoration he was
appointed to the office of accountant to
the excise office, the court of chancery,
&c. He, however, found time to con-
tribute largely to the transactions of the
Royal Society ; corresponded with Bar-
row, Newton, and other eminent math-
ematicians ; and wrote various mathe-
matical works. B. 1624; d. 1683.—
William, a highly gifted but ill-fated
English poet; author of odes, eclogues,
&c., was b. 1720, at Chichester. In
1774, he settled himself in London, but
suffered from poverty even beyond the
common lot of poets. The death of his
ano}«, Colonel Martin, who bequeathed
him a legacy of £200, raised him from
this abject condition; but his health
and spirits were broken, and after lin-
gering for some time in a state of men-
tal imbecility, he d. 1756. His odes,
which when published were utterly dis-
regarded, are unquestionably among the
first productions of British poesy ; and
the fate of their author is an indelible
disgrace to the pretended patrons of
genius, and the age in which he lived.
— William, an artist of distinguished
merit, was b. in London, 1787. He in-
herited an enthusiastic admiration for
the beauties of nature from both his pa-
rents. His father, who was one of the
first picture dealers of his time, was a
man of considerable literary attain-
ments- and his friendship with Mor-
land the painter, early led to his son's
initiation into the mysteries of the pen-
cil. In 1807 he became a student of the
Royal Academy, and having prosecuted
his studies with great zeal and success,
he was chosen an associate in 1814, and
elected an academician in 1820. Down
to the year 1846 he contributed regularly
to every exhibition, displaying the ver-
satility "of his powers by most elaborate
productions illustrative of history, and
by frequent revivals of those more do-
mestic subjects by which he had won
his early fame. True to his " first love,"
his last production, " Early Morning,"
was an English sea-piece. D. 1847.
COLLINSON, Peter, an English bot-
anist, was b. 1694. He was intimate
with Franklin and Linnaeus, the latter
of whom gave the name CoUinsonia to a
genus of plants. D. 1768.
COLLOT D'HERBOIS, Jean Marie,
a French actor of little repute, but a
fierce republican. On the breaking out
of the revolution he became a conspicu-
ous agitator, and was the first who voted
for the abolition of royalty. When Ro-
bespierre was falling he joined in im-
peaching him, while his treatment of
the royalist Lyonese obtained him the
sobriquet of the Tiger He wrote some
dramatic pieces, and the almanac of
Father Gerard. Being transported to
Cayenne, he d. 1796.
COLLYER, Joseph, senior associate
engraver of the Royal Academy, was b.
of parents who were conspicuous in the
literary world by their translations from
Gesner and Boder, when the German
language' was but little known in En-
gland. He showed superior talent in
the stippled style of engraving; his
Portraits in that line stand unrivalled,
►. 1827.
308
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT.
[col
COLMAN, GEOBaE, a dramatic writer
and accomplished scholar, was b. at
Florence, 1733, where his father at that
time resided as the British envoy.
Having received his education at West-
minster school and at Christ-church,
Oxford, he turned his attention to the
law as a profession; but his writings
in "The Connoisseur" having met with
success, gave him a bias towards po-
lite literature. His first dramatic at-
tempt was "Polly Honeycombe," which
was performed at Drury-lane with great,
though only temporary success. In the
following year, 1761, he produced his
comedy of the " Jealous Wife," which
at once became popular, and has ever
since kept the stage. "The Clandes-
tine Marriage," "The English Mer-
chant," &c., added to his fame ; and
he wrote a number of other pieces,
which, though inferior to these, were by
uo means deficient in merit. He also
translated the comedies of Terence, and
Hc-ace's " De Arte Poetica." D. 1794.
— George, "the younger," an eminent
dramatist and wit, son of the preceding,
was b. 1762. In 1784 his first acknowl-
edged play, called " Two to One," was
brought forward, and introduced to the
Eublic by a prologue from the pen of
is father, who announced it as the pro-
duction of "a chip of the old block."
The success of this exceeded his most
sanguine expectations. In 1787 his cel-
ebrated opera of "Inkle and Yarico"
appeared, and at once stamped his fame.
His principal works were, " The Moun-
taineers," "The Iron Chest," "The
Heir at Law," "Blue Beard," "The
Eeview, or Wags of Windsor," "The
Poor Gentleman," "Love laughs at
Locksmiths," "John Bull," "Who-
wants a Guinea?" " We fly by Night,"
"The Africans," and "X. Y. Z."
These, with numerous preludes and in-
terludes, prologues and epilogues, may
be said to embrace his dramatic works :
his other compositions, entitled "Ean-
dom Records,'' "My Nightgown and
Slippers," "Broad Grins," "Poetical
Vagaries," "Vagaries Vindicated, or
Hypocritic Hypercritics," complete the
list. D. 1836.
COLOCCI, Angelo, an Italian bishop,
author of some very elegant Latm
poems. After the fashion of his time,
ne assumed a Latin name ; that of An-
gelus Colotius Bassus. D. 1549.
COLOCOTRONIS, Theod., one of
the regenerators of modern Greece, was
b. in Messenia; 1770 ; distinguished
himself in numerous engagements with
the Turkish oppressors of his country,
and contributed, by his heroic conduct
during the insurrection, to the final
triumph of the Greek cause in 1828.
After the death of Capo d'Istria, he be-
came a member of the provisional gov-
ernment ; but having conspired against
the regency established till the majority
of King Otho in 1884, he was condemned
to death, and owed his escape to the
clemency of the king. D. 1843.
COLOMIES, otherwise COLOME-
SIUS, Paul, a French scholar and
critic. He was librarian to the arch
bishop of Canterbury, but lost that
office on the deprivation of Sancroft.
He wrote " Icon Theolo^orum Presby-
terianorum," " Bibliotheque Choisie,"
&c. D. 1692.
COLONNA, Francis, an ingenious
philosopher, author of the "Natural
History of the Universe." He was
burnt to death in his house, at Paris,
in 1726. — Prospero, son of Anthony,
prince of Salerno, was a very distin-
guished military oflficer. He assisted
harles VIII. of France to conquer
Naples, but subsequently aided in re-
takmg it for the house of Aragon. D.
1523. — PoMPEo, nephew of the above,
a restless and intriguing Roman cardi-
nal, who at length became viceroy of
Naples. A poem of his is extant, en-
titled " De Laudibus Muliebrum." D.
1532. — ViTTORiA, marchioness of Pes-
cara, a celebrated Italian poetess, whose
works are alike remarkable lor the
beauty of their thoughts and the ele-
gance of their diction. B. 1490 : d. 1547.
COLOTHES, or COLOTES, a Grecian
sculptor, cotemporary with Phidias,
whom he is said to have assisted in the
statue of Jupiter Olympus. Several of
his works are spoken of in very high
terms, especially an ivory figure of ^s-
culapius.
COLQUHOUN, Patrick, a celebrated
writer on statistics and criminal juris-
prudence. He was a native of Dum-
barton, in Scotland, b. 1745, and early
in life came to America. On his return
from that country he settled at Glasgow
as a merchant, and became lord provost
of the city, and president of its chamber
of commerce. Subsequently he removed
to London, and in 1792 he was made a
police maaristrate. He published sev-
eral valuable works, including a " Trea-
tise on the Police of the Metropolis," a
tract on the " Education of the Laboring
Classes," "A Treatise on the Popula-
tion, Wealth, Power, and Resources of
the British Empire," &o. J). 1820.
com]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
809
COLTON. Caleb C, a writer of con-
siderable talent, but of eccentric and
discreditable habits, first attracted no-
tice by the publication of a pamphlet,
«ntitle"d "A plain and authentic Isarra^
tive of the Sampford Ghost," in which
he attempted to prove that certain oc-
currences which took place in a house
at Sampford Peverell, near Tiverton,
originated in supernatural agency. He
also wrote a satirical poem, entitled
"Hypocrisy," and another on "Napo-
leon, but he obtained most of nis
fame from " Lacon, or Many Things in
Few Words," which he published in
1820. Though a beneficed clergyman,
holding the vicarage of Kew with Pe-
tersham, in Surrey, he was a well-known
frequenter of the gaming-table; and
suddenly disappearing from his usual
haunts in the metropolis about the time
of Weare's murder, it was strongly sus-
pected that he had fallen by the hand
of an assassin. It was, however, after-
wards ascertained that he had absconded
to avoid his creditors ; and, in 1828, a
successor was appointed to his living.
He then came to reside in America ; but
subsequently lived in Paris, a professed
famester ; and it is said that he gained
y this vicious course of life, in two
years only, the sum of £25,000. He
blew out his brains while on a visit to a
friend at Fontainbleau, in 1832. — Wax-
TEK, an American author, and chaplain
in the United States navy. His prin-
cipal work is "Ship and Shore," a
series of sketches in the countries bor-
dering the Mediterranean. D. 1850.
COLUMBA, St., a native of Ireland,
who went to Scotland, and founded the
famous monastery of Icolmkill. D. 597.
COLUMBUS, Christopher, the most
celebrated navigator, and in many re-
spects one of the greatest men record-
ed in history, was b. at Genoa, 1437.
He soon evinced a strong passion for
geographical knowledge, together with
an uresistible inclination for the sea.
After many years spent in the active
duties of a maritime life, he went to
Lisbon, where an elder brother of his
was settled ; married the orphan daugh-
ter of Palestrello, an Italian navigator ;
and studied all the maps and charts he
could procure, making occasional voy-
ages. His own reflections, corroborated
by facts of which he was informed by
various seamen, led him at length to
feel convinced that there were unknown
lands separated from Europe by the
Atlantic. After vainly seeking aid from
Q^aoa, Portugal, and England, he at
length induced Ferdinand and Isabella
of Spain to equip and man three vessels
for a voyage of discovery ; . it being
stipulated that Columbus should have a
tenth of all profits, and be viceroy of all
the land he expected to discover. He
set sail from Palos, on his daring ad-
venture, on the 2d August, 1492 j and,
after sailing for two months, was in im-
minent danger of losing the reward of
all his study and toil, the variation of
the needle having so much alarmed his
crews, that they were on the point of
breaking into open mutiny, and he was
obliged to promise that if three days
produced no discovery he would com-
mence his homeward voyage. On the
third day they happily hove in sight of
one of the Bahamas, and subsequently
explored some other of the West India
Islands. Having thus far succeeded, he
built a fort at Hispaniola, left some of
his men there, and then set out on his
return to Europe, where he was re-
ceived with every mark of admiration
and regard. The gold and other valu-
ables which he presented to the king
and queen in token of his success, ex-
cited the spirit of adventure in both the
sovereigns and their subiects, and in
Ms second voyage he had no difficulty
in obtaining followers. It was not until
his third voyage, made in 1498, that he
saw the mainland of America, which
both Americus Vespucius and Sebas-
tian Cabot reached before him. Having
assumed the command of the settlement
at Hispaniola, various complaints were
made against him, and Columbus was
not merely displaced, but Bobadilla, a
new governor, who had been dispatched
thither by the court of Spain, even sent
him to that country manaclea as a pris-
oner. Columbus endured this outrage
with noble equanimity ; and on his re-
turn, having obtained an audience of
his sovereigns, was partially restored to
his dignities ; but he found that full
justice was never intended to be award-
ed him. Yet, notwithstanding this un-
worthy treatment, he made another
voyage, in which he encountered every
imaginable disaster from storms and
shipwreck ; and, two years after his re-
turn, his noble mind sunk under the
load of injustice and oppression. D. at
Valladolid, 1506. — Bartholomew, Don,
brother or the above, was famous for
his skill in constructing sea-charts. D.
1501.
COMBE, Dr. Andrew, one of the
most eminent medical practitioners and
writers of our time, was b. at Ediii-
310
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[con
irnrgli, 1797. In 1825 he took the de-
gree of M.D., and two years later was
elected president of the Phrenological
Society. During these and several fol-
lowing years, he contributed many in-
teresting papers to the "Phrenological
Journal," and published a work on
mental derangement. In 1836 he had
the gratification of being appointed
physician to the king of the Belgians.
Between the years 1834^39, he publish-
ed the three great works for which he
had been long and carefully collecting
and arranging the materials, " The
Principles of Physiology applied to the
Preservation of Health and to Educa-
tion," "The Physiology of Digestion,"
and "The Moral and Physical Manage-
ment of Infancy." In 1838 he was ap-
pointed one of the physicians extraor-
dinary to the queen in Scotland. D.
1847.
COMENIUS, John Amos, a Moravian
minister. He for some time officiated
as pastor to a congregation at Fulnec,
but was driven thence by the invasion
of the Spaniards, and settled in Poland,
where he published a work, entitled
"Janua Linguarum," which obtained
him so great a celebrity that he was
invited to England; but the breaking
out of the civil war rendered his stay
both brief and unprofitable, and he set-
tled for the remainder of his life at Am-
sterdam. B. 1592; d. 1671.
COMES, Natalis, the Latinized name
of Natal Conti, an Itahan writer, au-
thor of poems in Greek and Latin, &c.,
and of a system of mythology. D. 1590.
COMMANDINE, Fkederic, an Ital-
ian mathematician, the author of some
original works, and translator of Ar-
chimedes, ApoUonius, and other ancient
mathematicians. D. 1575.
COMMELIN, Jerome, a very learned
French printer. He established his
press first at Geneva, and subsequently
at Heidelberg; and published several
of the Greek and Latin fathers, with
notes from his own pen. D. 1598.
COMMERSON, Philibeet, a French
physician and botanist. He wrote
" Icthyology," two quarto volumes;
and the "MartjTology of Botany," an
account of those who had lost their
lives in botanical pursuits. B. 1721 ; d.
1773.
COMMINES, or COMINES, Philip
DE, lord of Argenton ; an eminent his-
torian, statesman, and courtier of the
reign of Louis XL, b. in Flanders, 1445.
His "Memoirs of his own Times"
abound with valuable facts and obser-
vations, though he is too lenient when
speaking of the atrocities of Louis XI.
On the death of that monarch, Corn-
mines was thrown into prison and
treated with great severity, but was ab
length liberated. D. 1509.
COMMIKE, John, a French Jesuit,
distinguished for his Latin poetry.
Among his works are fables, which
some have considered equal to Phae
drus. D. 1702.
COMMODI, Andrea, an Italian his-
torical painter. His best work is a pic-
ture painted for Paul V., of the angels
falling from heaven. D. 1638.
COMMODUS, Lucius Aurelius An
TONiNus, a Koman emperor, son and
successor of Antoninus the philosopher.
He was guilty of the worst crimes, and
was poisoned by his concubine, Marcia,
who had discovered that he intended to
put her to death, 122.
COMNENUS, Demetrius Stephano-
POLi Constantine, the supposed de-
scendant of the celebrated family of the
Comneni, which for ages sat on the
throne of the eastern empire, was b.
1749, in the island of Corsica. After
studying at Eome, with the intention
of becoming an ecclesiastic, Demetrius
entered into the service of France, and
obtained a captaincy in a regiment of
dragoons in 1778. At the beginning of
the revolution, he fought under the
banners of Conde, and went into exile
with other royalists; but he returned
to France in 1802, and lived on a pen-
sion of 4000 francs, assigned to him by
Napoleon. Louis XVIII. confirmed
this stipend, and made him marechal
de camp, and knight of St. Louis. D.
1821.
COMPTE, Louis le, a French Jesuit
and mathematician. He was for some
time a missionary in China, and on his
return to Europe published memoirs of
that country. D. 1729.
COMPTON, Spencer, earl of North
ampton, one of the bravest and mos
zealous adherents of Charles I. Being
overpowered at the battle of Hopton
Heath, he was offered quarter, but in-
dignantly refused it, and was slain, 1648.
CONCA, Sebastian, an eminent Ital-
ian painter. D. 1761.
CONCINO CONCINI (more celebra-
ted and better known by his title of
Marshal d'Ancre) was by birth a Flor-
entine, and accompanied Mary de Me-
dici, the wife of Henry IV., to France.
He obtained great preferment, and after
the death of Henry IV. so much abused
the influence he had over the queen-
con]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
311
regent, that when her son, Louis VIII.^
became old enough to act for himselt,
he consented to the assassination of the
marquis, wliich accordingly took place
in 1617 ; and in the same year his wife
was biirned to death as a sorceress. The
judges who tried her on this absurd
charge, demanded of her by what arts
she had gained her ascendency over the
queen, when she made the memorable
reply, "My only sorcery has been the
influence of a strong mind over a weak
one."
CONDE, LotJis, first prince of, was
the son of Charles of Bourbon, duke of
Vendome, and greatly distinguished
himself at the battle of St. Quintin,
though he was then very young. At
the death of Henry II. he became a
leader of the Huguenots, and was killed
at the battle of Jarnac, in 1569. His
memoirs were published after his death.
— ^Henry, prince of, who, at the request
of Henrj^ IV., became a Catholic, was b.
1588. In 1616 he was sent to the Bas-
tile, where he remained three years.
After the death of Louis XIII. the
prince was liberated, and made minister
of state to the regent. D. 1646. — Louis,
prince of, duke of Enghien, the illus-
trious son of the preceding, and usually
called the Great, wa.s b. at Paris, 1621.
When he was a mere boy, his conversa-
aon evinced so much talent, that Cardi-
nal Eichelieu predicted that he would
become *' the first general in Europe and
the first man of his time." When only
22 years of age he gained the victory of
Kocroi, over the Spaniards ; and follow-
ed uj) that achievement by the capture
of Thionville and other important places.
Subsequently he distinguished himself
in various actions in Germany, whence
he was recalled and sent to Catalonia, but
was repulsed before Lerida. In 1641 he
defeated the Imperialists in Flanders,
on which occasion the slaughter was
prodigious. For a time he sided with
the queen-mother and her advisers, and
even succeeded in reconciling them to
their opponents ; but being iU-treated
by Cardinal Mazarin, he joined the mal-
contents, and fought against the court
in the civil war of 1652. Kefusing to
accede to the peace made between the
contending parties, he entered into the
service of Spain; but at the peace of
1659 he was restored to the favor of
France, and greatly distinguished him-
self, particularly in the conquest of
Francne Compte, until infirmity of body
compelled him to retire to private life.
D. 1686.
CONDILLAC, Stephen, a French
metaphysician ; author of an " Essay on
the Origin of Human Knowledge," a
"Treatise on Animals," a "Treatise on
the Sensations," "A Course of Study
drawn up for the Instruction of the
Prince of Parma," to whom he was
tutor, &c. D. 1780.
CONDORCET, John Anthont Nich-
olas Caritat, marquis of, a French
mathematician and philosopher, was b.
at Eibemont, in Picardy, in 1743, and ed-
ucated at the college of Navarre. When
only 22 years of age he distinguished
himself among ma.^ematicians by the
Sublication of his work on "Integral
alculations." Two years afterwards
he published a treatise on "The Prob-
lem of the Three Bodies," and in the
following year his " Analytical Essays."
In 1769 he was chosen member of the
Academy, and in 1773 became its secre-
tary, in which situation he distinguish-
ed himself by the graceful eloquence of
his eloges. In 1791 he became a mem-
ber of the national assembly and of the
Jacobin club, and he soon became as
noted for his political virulence as he
had already been eminent for his scien-
tific genius. Becoming offensive to
Eobespierre, that tyrant threw him into
prison, where, on the third morning,
28th March, 1794, he was found dead in
his bed. Besides the works named
above, he wrote "A Sketch on the Pro-
gress of the Human Mind," an "Ele-
mentary Treatise on Arithmetic," and a
tract on "Calculation."
CONFUCIUS, or CONG-FU-TSE, a
Chinese philosopher, was b. 551 b. c.
He spent his life in endeavoring to en-
lighten and improve his fellow-subjects,
and his advice was attended to by the
king of Lu, with a respect little short
of reverence. His descendants to this
day are mandarins of the highest but-
ton, and his books are regarded by the
Chinese as treasures of the purest mo-
rality. D. 407 B. c.
CONGEEVE, William, ah eminent
English dramatist, was b. near Leeds,
1670, and educated at Trinity college,
Dublin. He entered himself as a stu-
dent at the Middle Temple, but, like
many more before and since, abandoned
the law for literature. His first piece,
written at the age of 17, was a romance,
entitled " Incognita, or Love and Duty
Eeconciled." In 1693, being then only
21 vears old, he wrote his first comedy,
"The Old Bachelor." This produced
him not only great reputation, but also
the substantial benefit of a commission-
312
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
CON
ership in the hackney-coach office,
which was given to him by the earl of
Halifax, who afterwards still further
patronized and favored him. He wrote
also "Love for Love," "The Dou-
ble Dealer," "The Mourning Bride,"
"The Way of the World," an opera:
and some poems. D. 1729. Witty and
spirited as Congreve's plays are, they
•are too licentious to keep possession of
the stage at the present day ; and in his
own time they received severe castiga-
tion from the celebrated Jeremiah Col-
lier. — Sir William, the inventor of the
Congreve rockets, was b. in 1772, and
entered the military service early, in
which he obtained the rank of lieuten-
ant-colonel. He possessed much inven-
tive talent, whicn he applied to the
mechanic arts ; and for several years the
rocket which bears his name, and which
was first used in the attack on Boulogne,
in 1806, was considered a grand auxili-
ary in warlike operations, although it
has now fallen into comparative disre-
pute. D. 1828.
CONNOR, Bernabd, an Irish physi-
cian, for some time settled at Warsaw:
author of a "History of Poland," and
also of a Latin work on the miracles of
our Saviour. D. 1698.
CONRAD I., count of Franconia. In
912 he was elected king of Germany, but
Arnaul, duke of Bavaria, disputed his
title, and engaged the Huns to overrun
Germany. Conrad, however, avoided
the threatened ruin by engaging to pay
a yearly tribute. D. 918. — II., son of
Herman, duke of Franconia, was elected
king of Germany in 1024. Attempts
were made to displace him, but he beat
his opponents, and in 1027 was crowned
emperor at Rome. By the will of Ro-
dolphus the kingdom of Burgundy be-
came his in 1033. D. 1039.— III., em-
peror of Germany, was son of Frederic,
duke of Suabia, and before his election
was duke of Franconia. His election
produced civil war ; but he terminated
that and went to the Holy Land, where
he lost a vast number of his troops
through the Greeks poisoning the foun-
tains. He died in his own dominion,
1152. — ^IV., duke of Suabia, was elected
emperor at the death of his father, Fred-
eric II. The pope, Innocent IV., pre-
tended that the right of appointment
lay in him, and preached a crusade
against the new emperor. Conrad re-
plied to this by marching into Italy, and
taking several important places. D.
1254. — CoxRAD, or Co>fRADLN, son of the
last named, who loft him the kingdom
of Naples. Pope Urban IV. gave the
kingdom to Charles of Anjou, who de-
feated Conrad, then only 16 years old,
and caused him to be beheaded in 1268.
CONRINGIUS, Hermann, professor of
physic and politics at the university of
Helmstadt ; author of valuable treatises
on law, German antiquities, and on the
Aristotelian system. D. 1681.
CONSALVI, Ercole, cardinal and
prime minister of Pope Pius VII., was
b. at Toscanella, 1757. As he had ever
opposed the French party in Rome to
the utmost of his power, he was ban-
ished from that city when the French
took possession of it. When, however,
the papal affairs were in a better condi-
tion he returned ; and, as secretary of
state, he concluded the famous concor-
dat with Napoleon ; continuing, in fact,
at the head of all the political and eccle-
siastical affairs of the Roman state till
the death of the pope. D. 1824.
CONSTABLE, Archibald, the most
enterprising bookseller that Scotland has
ever produced, was b. at Kellie, in Fife-
shire, 1775. After serving his appren-
ticeship to Mr. Peter Hill, of Edinourgh,
the friend and correspondent of Bums,
he commenced business for himself in
1795 ; and his oblij^ing manners, general
intelligence, and indefatigable activity
gained him the esteem of all who came
in contact with him. His reputation as
a publisher dates from 1802, when he
published the first number of the Edin-
burgh Review ; and in 1805 he published,
in conjunction with Messrs. Longman
& Co., "The Lay of the Last"^Min-
strel," the first of that long series of
original and romantic publications in
poetry and prose which has immortal-
ized the name of Walter Scott. The
well-known "Miscellany" that bears his
name was his last project. D. 1827. —
John, an eminent landscape painter,
was b. at East Bergholt, in Suffolk, 1776.
Having early displayed a love of art, he
visited London in 1795, and in 1802 sent
his first picture to the exhibition of the
Royal Academy. From this period he
was a regular contributor down to the
year of his death. Few pencils, indeed,
have been more prolific ; and the works
he has left behind him, both in numi)er
and excellence, have earned for him a
distinguished place among the land-
scape painters, not only of England, but
of the world. In 1829 he was elected
an academician. D. 1837.
CONSTANS I., Flavius Julius, one
of the sons of Constantine the Great,
and his successor in the sovereignty or
con]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
31S
Africa, Italy, and Weatern Tllyricum.
Ilis brother Constantine endeavored to
dispor'sess liiia of it ; bnt being defeat-
ed and slain in the attempt, Constans
became master of the whole empire.
His conduct was, however, so offensive
to the people, that the standard of revolt
was hoisted, and Constans was put to
death, 350.
CONSTANT DE KEBECQUE, Ben-
jamin DE, a distinguished orator and
author, attached to the liberal or consti-
tutional party in France. He was b. at
Lausanne in 1767, and at the commence-
ment of the French revolution went to
reside at Paris, where he soon distin-
guished himself, both by his political
writings and his eloquent speeches in
the senate. His conduct, however, ren-
dered him obnoxious to the first consul,
and he was dismissed from his office in
1802. After retiring to Germany he
again appeared at Paris in 1814, and
publicly advocated the cause of the Bour-
Dons. In 1819 he was elected a mem-
ber of the chamber of deputies, where
he long remained as a distinguished
leader of the opposition, particularly in
all the vliscussions relating to tlie cen-
sorship of the prSss and the rights of
the i>eople. He wrote many works on
political questions, was one of the editors
of " La Minerve," and a contributor to
the " Biographic Universelle." As an
orator he was eloquent and profound ;
and as a writer lively, imaginative, and
acute. D. 1830.
CONSTANTINE, Caius Flavius Va-
lerius AuRELics Claudius, surnamed
the Great, emperor of the Komans, was
the son of Constantius Chlorus, by
Helena, and b. a. d. 274. On the death
of his father, in 306, he was proclaimed
emperor by the troops. After defeating
the Franks, he crossed the Rhine into
Belgium, which he overran. In 307 he
married Fausta, the daughter of Maxi-
man, but he was soon involved in a war
with his father-in-law, who assumed the
title of emperor. The usurper's reign
was brief; and on his being taken pris-
oner, Constantine caused him to be
strangled. This involved him in a war
with Maxentius, son of Maximinian, in
which the latter was defeated and drown-
ed in the Tiber. It was at this time that
the emperor, as he alleged to Eusebius,
saw a luminous cross in the heavens,
with the inscription, " In hoc signo
vinces." (Under this sign thou shalt
conquer.) He accordingly caused a
standard to be made in imitation of this
cross; marched to Rome in triumph;
27
published the memorable edict of toler-
ation in favor of the Christians ; and was
declared bjy^the senate, chief, Augustus,
and pontifex maximus. Constantine
had married his daughter to Licinius ;
but the latter, jealous of his fame, took
up arms against him, and they met in
Pannonia, a. d. 314. Constantine, sur-
rounded by bishops and priests, in-
voked the aid of " the true God ;" while
Licinius, calling upon his soothsayers
and magicians, relied v.pcr them and
their gods for protection. The Chris-
tian emperor was victorious, and a peace
was granted to Licinius ; but he after-
wards renewed hostilities, was again de-
feated, and finally put to death. Thus
Constantine became, in 825, sole head of
the Eastern and Western empires ; and
his first care was the establishment of
peace and order. Though his actions
on the whole entitled him to the proud
surname of " The Great," yet various
acts of cruelty, and, above all, the mur-
der of his son Crispus, have left a stain
upon his character alike as a man, a
Christian, and an emperor. D. 337. —
II., son of the above. In the division
of the empire he had for his share, Gaul.
Spain, and Britain ; but, discontented
with the arrangement, he marched
against his brother Constans, and was
killed at Aquileia, 840. — Flavius Julius,
a private soldier, who was raised by the
army in Britain to the imperial dignity
in 407, on which he crossed over to
Gaul, and conquered that country and
Spain. He fixed his court at Aries,
where he was besieged by Constantius,
the general of the Emperor Honorius,
to whom he surrendered on the promise
that his life should be spared ; but it was
basely violated, and both Constantine
and his son were put to death, a. d. 411.
— IV., who was called the Bearded, was
son of Constant II., whom he succeeded
in 658. The army having set up his two
brothers as his coadjutors, he ordered
their noses to be cut off. He defeated
the Saracens, and called a council at
Constantinople, at which the doctrine of
the Monothelites was condemned. D.
685. — VL, was son of Leo II., whom he
succeeded. Being only ten years old
when his father died, his mother Irene
was his guardian and regent of the em-
pire. On arriving at a mature age he
assumed the government himself; but
Irene, made cruel by ambition, took ad-
vantage of an invasion of the Bulgarians
to cause her son to be seized and de-
f rived of his eyes. This occurred in
92, and the unfortunate emperor Ian-
di4
CYCLOP.'EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[COO
guished some years in obscurity, and
when he d. was succeeded by his un-
natural parent. — VII., surnamed Por-
phyrogenitus, succeeded Leo the Wise
m 912. He drove the Turks from Italy,
and defeated the Lombards. But mil-
itary affairs did not prevent him from
attending to letters ; and besides other
writings, he left a treatise on state af-
fairs, the geography of the empire, and
the " Life of the Emperor Basilius the
Macedonian." D. 959. — IX., was son
(^f the Emperor Komanus, and, in con-
junction with his brother, Basil II.,
succeeded John Eimisces in 976 ; the
actual power, however, was chiefly
wielded by Constantine. D. 1028. —
Dkaooses or Pal^ologus, the last of the
Greek emperors, succeeded to the throne
in 1449. He was killed in bravely de-
fending Constantinople against Mahomet
II., who, in 1453, besieged the city with
800,000 men. The heroic valor display-
ed by Constantine in this unequal con-
test demands our admiration ; but valor
W&s of no avail, the city was taken by
storm, and thus ended the Greek em-
pire. — C^SAEOviTCH Paulovitch, grand-
prince of Eussia, second son of the
Emperor Paul, and brother of Alexan-
der, was b. 1779. He attended his
brother in all his campaigns, and was
distinguished for bravery in the field :
but he possessed the characteristics of a
half-civilized ruler, being cruel and
tyrannical in all that related to the gov-
ernment of the Poles, over whom he
was placed. He formtdly renounced his
right of succession to his younger bro-
ther, the Emperor Nicholas, and was
present at his coronation. D. 1831.
CONSTANTIUS, Chlorus, the son
of Eutropius, and the father of Constan-
tine tne Great. He obtained the title of
Csesar from his victories in Germany
and Britain ; and on the abdication of
Diocletian was chosen the colleague of
Galerius. He d. at York, in 806. —
Flavius Julius, the second son of Con-
stantine the Great, was b. 317, made
Caesar in 323, and elected emperor in
837. The soldiers, to secure tbe throne
to the three sons of Constantine, mas-
sacred the uncles and cousins of those
princes, with the exception of Julian the
Apostate, and his brother Gallus. After
this the sons of Constantine divided the
empire, Constantius taking the East to
his share. He d. on his march against
Julian in 861.
CONTAT, Louise, madame de Parny,
a French actress, remarkable for her
beauty, vivacity, grace, and dignity ; b.
1760 ; sustained her station on the stage
32 years ; and d. 1813.
CONTE, Nicholas Jacques, a French
painter, but more distinguished for the
ingenuity of his mechanical contrivances.
He accompanied the expedition to Egypt,
where his services were of the greatest
value ; for, the machines and instru-
ments of the army having fallen into the
hands of the Arats, he constructed corn
and gunpowder mills, manufactured
swords, engineering instruments, tele-
scopes, and, in short, every thing neces-
sary for a military and scientific expedi-
tion. B. 1755 ; d. 1805.
CONWAY, Henry Seymour, was a
distinguished military officer and states-
man, b. 1720. He served with applause
in the seven years' war, was secretary
of state from 1765 to 1768, appointed
commander-in-chief in 1782, and d. in
1795, being at that time the senior Brit-
ish field-marshal.
CONYBEAEE, John, bishop of Bris-
tol ; author of an able " Defence of
Eevealed Eeligion," against Tindal's
" Christianity as Old as the Creation,"
and of two volumes of sermons. D.
1757. — John- Josias, a learned English
divine, critic, and anfiquary ; author of
a volume of sermons, preached at the
Bampton Lecture, and of various arti-
cles on Saxon literature, contributed to
the " Censura Literaria," and the " Brit-
ish Bibliographer." D. 1824.
COOK, Henry, an English painter.
He studied in Italy under Salvator
Eosa, but for many years after hisTe-
turn to England he lived in obscurity
and distress. He was at length em-
ployed by King William to repair the
cartoons, from which time he seems to
have been comparatively prosperous, as
Horace Walpole mentions several pub-
lic works which were either wholly or
in part performed by him. D. 1700. —
James, a celebrated EngUsh navigator,
was b. at Marton, in Yorkshire, 1728,
and his parents being poor, his early
education included only reading, wri-
ting, and the rudiments' of common
arithmetic. He commenced his naval
career in the merchant service, then en-
tered on board the Eagle man-of-war,
and after four years' meritorious service,
was made master of the Mercury. This
vessel formed part of the squadron sent
against Quebec, and Cook performed
the difficult task of taking soundings in
the St. Lawrence, in the very ftice of the
French encampment, and of making a
chart of the St. Lawrence below Que-
bec. After various and arduous serviw
coo]
CTCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
315
ces he was at length raised to the rank
of lieutenant, and then commenced that
series of voyages, the details of which
form one ot the most popular and de-
lightful books in our language. Un-
happily, while touching at Owhyhee,
Captain Cook, in spite of the utmost
prudence and humanity, was involved
m a dispute with the natives, and while
endeavoring to reach his boat, was sav-
agely murdered, on St. Valentine's Day,
1779.
COOKE, Benjamin, an able musician
and composer ; author of " How Sleep
the Brave," "Hark, hark, the Lark,"
and many other beautiful and popular
glees. D. 1814. — Geokge Frederick,
an eminent modern English actor, was
b. 1756. In early life he was appren-
ticed to a printer, but his attention to
theatricals so completely absorbed his
mind, that his master soon had his in-
dentures cancelled. He then tried the
navy with no better success, his inclina-
tion for the stage being unconquerable.
In October, 1800, he made his appear-
ance at Covent-garden, in the character
of Richard III. His performance of
this character gave him at once a place
among the very first histrionic artists of
the day. He afterwards accepted an
engagement in America, where he per-
formed with similar success, but his
Indulgence in debauched habits broke
his originally vigorous constitution, and
he d. in 1812. — Thomas, an English
poet, translator of the works of Hesiod,
and of some of those of Cicero. He
also wrote some political tracts, dramas,
and poems, the latter of which gave
offence to Pope, and procured their au-
thor a place in the "Dunciad." D.
1756. — Thomas, whose versatility of
musical talent has had few equals, was
b. at Dublin, 1781. He evinced even in
his infancy a genius for music ; and so
assiduously did he cultivate his talents,
that at the age of 15 he became leader
of the band at the Theatre Eoyal of his
native city. His first appearance as a
singer was in the character of Seraskier,
in the "*iege of Belgrade." In 1813
he appeared on the boards of the En-
flish Opera house, now the Lyceum, in
iOndon, where he at once became a
public favorite. Besides being the lead-
er of the Philharmonic concerts for
many years, and a conductor on many
occasions, he was appointed, in 1846,
leader of the Concerts of Ancient Mu-
sic, and was repeatedly engaged in the
same capacity for the great musical fes-
*ivalp throughout the country. D. 1848.
— ^William, an eminent English la^vyer.
author of a "Compendious System or
the Bankrupt Laws, with an Appendix
of Practical Precedents." D. 1832.—
William, a poet and biographer, b. at
Cork, in Ireland; author of "The Art
of Living in London," "Elements of
Dramatic Criticism," "Biographies of
Macklin and Foote," "Conversation,"
a didactic poem, &c. D. 1824.
COOMBE, William, an industrious
and clever writer ; author of " The Dia-
boliad," a satire ; " The Devil upon Two
Sticks in England," " Tour of Dr. Syn-
tax in Search of the Picturesque,"
"History of Johnny Quae Genus,"
"English Dance of Death," &c. D.
1823.
COOPER, Anthony Ashley, first
earl of Shaftesbury, an eminent states-
man, b. 1621. He studied for a short
time in Lincoln's Inn, but at the early
age of 19 he was elected member of
Earliament for Shrewsbury. At the
reaking out of the civil war, he at first
sided with the king, but afterwards
went over to the parliament, raised
troops, and stormed Wareham, in Dor-
setshire. After serving in the long par-
liament, and in the convention which
succeeded it, and being also one of
Cromwell's privy councillors, he be-
came one of Monk's colleagues in bring-
ing about the restoration of Charles fl.
The king, in 1672, created him earl of
Shaftesbury, and raised him to the high
and important post of lord high chan-
cellor. This office, however, he held
only a year* and on the seals being
taken from nini he became one of the
opposition. In this capacity he was so
violent that he was at length sent to
the Tower, where he remained more
than a year, and only obtained his re-
lease at last by making a full submis-
sion. When he again got into power,
he had the merit of bringing forward,
and causing to be passed, the invaluable
law called the habeas corpus act. His
unremitting efforts to exclude the duke
of York from the succession, roused
that prince to such strenuous exertions,
that in four months the ministry was
turned out, and shortly afterwards the
earl was sent to the Tower on a charge
of high treason. On this perilous charge
he was acquitted, to the great joy of the
people at large ; but his triumph was
somewhat damped by the withering
satire with which his character was de-
picted in Drvdeii's "Absalom and
Achitophel." D. 1683. — Anthony Ash-
ley, third earl of Shaftesbury, and
31i5
CrCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[cop
grandson of the last named, was an emi-
nent English writer, b. 1671. In 1693
he was elected member of parliament
for Poole, in Dorsetshire. He was the
author of various works, the principal
one of which is entitled "Characteristics
of Men, Manners, Opinions, and Times."
As a man, both in public and private
life, he was beloved and respected by
all parties. D. 1713. — Sir Astley Pas-
ton, a surgeon of distinguished celebri-
ty, was b. at Brooke, in Norfolk, 1768.
In his 20th year he went to London, and
took up his abode with Mr. Cline, who
found him so able a coadjutor, in his
situation of demonstrator to the stu-
dents, as to assign him a share in his
anatomical lectures also. In this promi-
nent position he outshone all who had
preceded him as a popular teacher. His
class of students increased from 50 to
400, which was the largest ever known
in London. In 1792 he visited Paris,
and attended the lectures of Desault
and Chopart ; and on his return he took
up his residence in London, first in
Jeffery-square, and afterwards in Broad-
street. His practice had now become
immense, and long before he removed
to New-street, Spring Gardens, he was
decidedly affluent. While there he for
many years realized from £18,000 to
£20,000 per annum. The honor of a
baronetcy was conferred on him at the
coronation of George IV., to whom he
had been appointed surgeon. D. 1841. —
John Gilbert, a clever English writer ;
author of " The Power of Harmony," a
poem; "The Life of Socrates," "Let-
ters on Taste," "The Tomb of Shak-
speare," &c. D, 1769. — Samuel, an
eminent English painter whose excel-
lence in miniature painting gained him
the name of the Miniature Vandyke.
One of his best works is his portrait of
Oliver Cromwell. D. 1672. — Samuel, an
American clergyman, distinguished both
as a preacher and a patriot. He was
among the foremost in opposing Great
Britain in her dispute with the colonies,
and wrote many political tracts ; and he
was also an eminent critic and theologi-
an. B. 1725; d. 1823. — Thomas, bishop
of Winchester; author of "An Epit-
ome of the Chronicles," "An Exposi-
tion of the Sunday Lessons," "Tiiesau-
rus Linguas Eomange et Britannicae, et
Dictionarium Historicum et Poeticum,"
&c. lie was a v^ry learned and zealous
prelate, and much favored by Queen
Ehzabeth. D. 1594. — Thomas, a dis-
tinguished political writer, b. at Lon-
don, 1759, educated as a ph}-sician, and
who took an active part in defence of
the French revolution. He was de-
nounced by Burke for his democratic
sentiments. He came to America, joined
Priestley in Pennsylvania, where he es-
tablished himself as a lawyer. His
earlv opposition to the administration
of the elder Adams, caused him to be
prosecuted under the sedition act. He
was afterwards appointed to the chair
of chemistry in Dickenson college, and
then to that of Columbia college, S. C.
He was also the author of a translation
of "Justinian's Institutes," a treatise
on " Bankrupt Laws," and a great many
minor essays, metaphysical, political, re-
hgious, and scientinc.
COOTE, Sir Eyke, a distinguished
military officer. He was b. in Ireland,
1726, and as early as the rebellion of
1745 bore arms in the king's service.
His regiment being ordered to the East
Indies in 1754, he greatly distinguished
himself at the sieges of Haughley, Chan-
dernagore, and Pondicherry, and at the
battle of Plassey, &c. In 1780, Hyder
Ally having invaded the Carnatic, Sir
Eyre Coote, with a vastly inferior force,
arrested his progress, and in various
encounters signally defeated him. D.
at Madras, 1783.
COPERNICUS, Nicholas, a cele-
brated mathematician and astronomer,
was a native of Thorn, in Prussia. He
travelled into Italy, and became a pro-
fessor of mathematics at Rome. On his
return to his native country, his uncle,
the bishop of Warmia, gave him a can-
onry ; and being thus at ease as to
fortune, he diligently labored to improve
the science of astronomy ; and the fruits
of his researches appeared in his Latin
treatise "On the Revolutions of the
Celestial Orbs," in which he represent-
ed the sun as occupying a centre round
which the earth and the other planets
revolve. His great work remained in
MS. some years after he had completed
it, so diffident was he as to the reception
it might meet with ; and it was only a
few hours before his death that a print-
ed copy was presented to him, giving
him assurance that his opinions would
see the light, though he would be be-
yond the reach of censure and persecu-
tion. B. 1473; d. 1543.
COI'LESTON, Edward, bishop of
Llandaff, and dean of St. Paul's, was
b. at Otfwell in Devonshire, of which
parish his father was at once the patron
and incumbent, 1776. At an early age
of his life he gained great distinction by
his polemical pamphlets in favor of the
cor]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
S\1
university; and besides contributing
various articles to the "Quarterly Ee-
view," gave to the world numerous
sermons and charges, all of them dis-
tinguished by vigor, clearness, and pre-
cision of thought. D. 1849.
COPLEY, John Singleton, an emi-
nent painter J was b. at Boston, 1738 ;
visited Italy m 1774; and in 1776 went
to England, and was chosen a member
of the Koyal Academy. As an artist he
was self-educated, and had executed
many works of merit before he left
America: but his "Death of Lord
Chatham'' established his fame in En-
gland. Many other line historical sub-
jects were subsequently produced by
nim, among which were "The Siege
of Gibraltar," "Death of Major Pier-
son," " Charles I. in the House of Com-
mons," &c. Mr. Copley was the father
of Lord Lyndhurst, late lord chancellor
of England, and since chief baron of the
exchequer. D. 1815.
COKBET, EicHAKD, an English di-
vine, and a poet; author of a spirited
" Narrative of a Journey to France,"
and of various other poems, published
under the title of "Poetica Stromata."
He was remarkable for wit, and no less
so for an eccentricity and mirthful jocu-
larity, which did not very well accord
with the character of his profession. It
did not, however, prevent him from
being raised, successively, to the bish-
oprics of Oxford and Norwich. B. 1582 ;
d. 1635.
CORD ABA, Julius C^sae, an Italian
Jesuit, author of an able work, entitled,
"Historia Societatis Jesu," &c. D.
1784.
CORD AY D'ARMANS, Marie Anne
Charlotte, a female of great beauty and
courage, who, in revenge for the death
of her lover, an officer in the garrison
of Caen, became the murderer of Marat.
Inspired with a deep-rooted hatred
against him, she left her home, and on
arriving at Paris, (July 12, 1793,) she
went to his house, but was not admit-
ted. On the same evening she wrote to
him as follows :—" Citizen, I have just
now come from Caen. Your love for
your country no doubt makes you de-
sirous of being informed of the unhappy
transactions in that part of the republic.
Orant me an interview for a moment.
I have important discoveries to make
to you." The following day came, and,
with a dagger in her bosom, she pro-
ceeded to the house of Marat, who, just
on the point of coming out of his bath,
^mmedjately gave orders that she shoula
27*
be admitted. The assemblies at Cal-
vados were the first subjects of conver-
sation, and Marat heard with eagerness
the names of those who were present
at them. "All these," he exclaimed,
" shall be guillotined." At tliese words
Charlotte plunged her dagger into his
bosom, and he" instantly expired, utter-
ing the words, "To me, my friend!"
Meanwhile the maid remained calm and
tranquil as the priestess before the altar,
in the midst of the tumult and confu-
sion. She was afterwards conducted as
a prisoner to the Abbaye. A young
man, who begged to die in her place,
was also condemned to death. Her first
care was to implore the forgiveness of
her father for disposin^^ of her life with-
out his knowledge. She then wi-ote to
Barbaroux as follows : " To-morrow, at
five o'clock, my trial begins, and on the
same day I hope to meet with Brutus
and the other patriots in elysiura."
She appeared before the revolutionary
tribunal with a dignified air, and her
replies were firm and noble. She spoke
of her deed as a duty which she owed
her country. Her defender, (Chaveau
Lagarde,) full of astonishment at such
courage, cried out, " You hear the ac-
cused herself ! She confesses her crime :
she admits that she has coolly reflectea
upon it ; she conceals no circumstance
ot it; and she wishes for no defence.
This unshaken calmness, this total
abandonment of herself, these appear-
ances of the utmost internal tranquillity,
are not natural ! Such appearances are
not k) be explained only by that polit-
ical fanaticism, which armed her hand
with the dagger. To you then, gentle-
men of the jury, it belonj^s to judge of
what weight this moral view may be in
the scale of justice !" His words could
make no impression on the minds of the
judges. Slie was condemned, and led
to the scatfold, retaining her calmness
and presence of mind to the last, though
pursued by the crowd with yells and
shouts of execration. She was b. at St,
Saturnin, near Seez, in Normandy, 1768,
and suffered by the guillotine, July 17,
1793. Lamartine calls her the "angel
of assassination."
CORDIER, Mathurin, an eminent
professor at Paris in the 16th century,
better known by his Latin name, Ct>R-
DERius; author of tlie "Colloquies" so
much used in the eflucation of yoatli,
and various other works. D. 1546.
CORDINER, Charles, an antiquarian
and topographical writer, was b. at Pe-
terhead, 1746. He wrote "The Pio-
318
VYCLOtALDLA Ub liHJKit\.AftiY.
[cor
turesque Scenery and Antiquities of the
North of Scotlandj" 1780, London.
The engravings which accompany this
work are from designs by Mr. Cordiner,
and are much admired for their ac-
curacy. D. 1794.
COiiDOVA, Jose, general in chief
of the auxiliary Colombian army in Bo-
livia, who repeatedly distinguished him-
self by his bravery, and was for a long
time the faithful adherent of Bolivar;
but he set up the standard of revolt in
Antioquia, where he was attacked by
General O'Leary, and slain, 1829.
CORIATE, or CORYATE, Thomas,
an English traveller and writer. For a
considerable time he held a situation in
the household of Prince Henry, son of
James I., and was so remarkable for
oddity and eccentricity, that, as An-
thony Wood remarks, "he was the
whetstone for all the Avits of the age."
In 1608 he commenced a pedestrian tour
of Europe ; and having walked 900
miles with one pair of shoes, he hung
them up, on his return, in the parish
church of liis native place, Odcombe, in
Somersetshire. This eccentric traveller,
who is said to have introduced into En-
gland the use of table forks, published
" Crudities hastily gobbled up in Five
Months' Travel in France, Savoy, Italy,
Klietia, Helvetia, Germany, and the
Netherlands;" "Coriate's Crambe, or
his Colewort twice Soddeil," " Traveller
for the English Wits," and " A Letter
from the Court of the Great Mogul."
D. while travelling in the East Indies,
1617.
GORILLA, Maria Madelina Fer-
NAN^DEz, a celebrated improvisatrice.
Her abilities, both as a poetess and a
musician, were veiy great and versa-
tile. She became a member of the acad-
emy of the Arcadi at Rome, and was
solemnly crowned at the accession of
Pius VI. She was married to a Signer
Morelli, of Leghorn ; but her conduct
after marriage was very unworthy of her
great genius. D. 1800.
COlfelNNA, a celebrated poetess, to
whom the Greeks gave the appellation
of the Lyric Muse. She composed a
great number of poems, of which only
a few fragments have come down to us ;
and five times obtained the poetic wreath
from her great competitor, Pindar. She
flourished in the 5th century b. c, and
a tomb was erected to her memory in
her native citv, Tanagra, in Boeotia.
CORIOLANUS, Caius Marcius. was
a descendant of the patrician famUy of
the Marcii, and was from an early age
distinguished for the courage and pride
so much prized by the Romans. In a
war with the Volscians, the Romans be-
sieging Corioli, the capital of the Vol-
scians, were driven back to their lines.
Marcius rallied his countrymen, pursued
the enemy, and possessed himself of
Corioli; for which he was rewarded
with a large share of the spoil, and with
the surname of Coriolanus. Subse-
quently, in disputes which took place
between the patricians and plebeians,
Coriolanus made himself so obnoxious
to the latter, that he was banished.
Stung by the ingratitude of his coun-
trymen, he joined the Volscians, and,
jointly with TuUus Auiidius, led a nu-
merous army against Rome. He had
encamped within live miles of the city,
and its ruin seemed inevitable, when,
at the urgent entreaties of his mother,
he withdrew his army. It is generally
supposed that, in a tumult of the en-
raged Volscians, he was assassinated as
a traitor to their cause ; but the histo-
rian Fabius affirms that he lived many
years after this event. 448 b. c.
CORNARO, LuDovico, a Venetian
noble, who, having greatly injured his
health by too free indulgence in the
pleasures of the table, had the resolu-.
tion entirely to abandon that indul-
gence, and to restrict himself to twelve
ounces of food and fourteen ounces of
wine in the 24 hours. Having by this
regimen restored himself to health, he
wrote various treatises recommendatory
of the system from which he had de-
rived so much benefit. Besides these,
which are collected under the title of
"Discorsi della Vita Sobria," he wrote
" Trattato delle Acque." He com-
menced his dietary rule when he was
40, and died at the great age of 104, in
1566. — Helena Lucretia, a learned
Venetian lady, who was educated at the
university of Padua, where she took her
degrees, and was made a doctor, and
received the title of Unalterable. At
Rome she was admitted at the univer-
sity, and was entitled the Humble. She
made a vow of perpetual celibacy, that
she might with more intense application
devote herself to literary pursuits ; and
so great was the reputation of her learn-
ing, that the most illustrious characters
who travelled through Venice were
more anxious to see her than all the
curiosities of the citv. D. 1685.
CORNBURY, Edward Hyde, lord,
governor of New York, was the son of
the earl of Clarendon, and one of the
first officers who deserted the army of
OOBJ
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
319
King James King William, in grati-
tude for his services, appointed him to
an American government. He com-
menced his administration as a suc-
cessor of Lord Bellamantin, 1702. He
was a bigot in religion, and oppressive
and unjust in his administration of the
government, D. 1723.
CORNEILLE, Fiekke, the greatest
of the Freu(;h dramatic poets, was b. at
Eouen, 1606, and for some time prac-
tised in that city as an advx)cate. His
first dramatic performance was "Me-
lite," a comedy, which met with such
distinguished success, that he was en-
couraged to devote his rare powers to
the drama. The tragedies of " Medea,"
"The Cid," "The Horatii," and "Chi-
na," followed, and established for their
author a pre-eminent station among
French dramatists. Besides the fore-
going, he wrote many other tragedies ;
and translated Thomas a Kempis, " On
the Imitation of Jesus Christ." It is
melancholy to reflect that the great Cor-
neille, who had achieved fame equally
for himself and his country's literature,
ended his days in poverty and distress.
D. 1684. — Thomas, brother of the pre-
ceding, and also a fertile and successful
dramatist, was b. 1625. Several of his
tragedies are admirable; in fact, there
seems to be a good deal of truth in Vol-
taire's assertion, that Thomas Corneille
would have had a great reputation, if
he had not had a great brother. Be-
sides dramatic works, he wrote a " Dic-
tionary of Arts and Sciences," a "Geo-
graphical and Historical Dictionary,"
ana a translation of the Metamorphoses
of Ovid. D. 1708.
COENELIA, an illustrious Koman
lady. She was the daughter of Scipio
Africanus, wife of Tiberius Sempronius
Gracchus, and mother of the two famous
tribunes. She was of a grave and dig-
nified deportment, and possessed so
great a control over her feelings, that
when a friend condoled with her on the
death of her sons, she replied, " The
woman who had the Gracchi for sons
cannot bo considered unfortunate." Her
literary talents must have been consid-
erable, as Cicero very highly commends
some of her epistles. She flourished in
the 2d century b, c, and after her death
the Romans erected a statue to her
memory, bearing the inscription, "To
Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi."
CORN WALLIS, Sir Charles, an able
English statesman. He was sent to
Spain as ambassador from James I., and
■"^as treasurer to the king's son, Prince
Henry. D. 1630. — Charles, marquis
of, son of the first Earl Cornwallis, was
b. 1738, and entered the army as soon
as he had completed his education at
Cambridge. In America he acted a
conspicuous part, and greatly distin-
guished himself at the battle of Brandy-
wine, and at the siege of Charleston.
Alter gaining the important battles of
Camden and Guildford he determined
to invade Virginia ; but his plans fail-
ing, and owing, as he atfirmed, to the
inetiicient conduct of Sir Henry CUnton,
upon whom he had relied for support,
he and his army were made prisoners.
In 1786 he was made governc-general
and commander-in-chief in In iia. In
1798 he was sent to Ireland as lord
lieutenant ; and in the trying and terri-
ble scenes of the rebellion so conducted
himself as to gain the good opinion of
the public, while vigorously upholding
and vindicating the laws. In 1804 he
was a second time appointed governor-
general of India. D. 1805.
CORONELLI, Vincent, a Venetian
ecclesiastic, and a professor of geog-
raphy and mathematics. He was the
author of a very extensive atlas, and the
founder of the 'geographical society at
Venice. D. 1718.
CORREA DA SERRA, Joseph Fban-
cis, a botanist, and the founder of the
academy of sciences at Lisbon, was b.
at Serra, Portugal, 1750. In 1816 he
was sent to the United States as Portu-
guese envoy and recalled in 1819, to be
a member of finance. D. 1823.
CORREGGIO, Antonio Allegki da,
a painter of transcendent ability, was b.
in 1494, at Correggio, in the duchy of
Modena. He is the founder of the
Lombard school, and unrivalled by all
competitors for the grace and loveliness
of his figures, and Ihe exquisite har
mony of his coloring. " His color and
mode of finishing," says Sir Josliua
Reynolds, " approach nearer to perfec-
tion than those of any other painter;
the gliding motion of his outline, and
the sweetness with which it melts into
the ground ; the clearness and trans-
parency of his coloring, which stops at
that exact medium in which the puri-
ty and perfection of taste lies, leaves
nothing to be wished for." Yet, not-
withstanding his genius and industry,
"poorly, poor man, he lived; poorly,
poor man, he died!" D. 1534.
CORSINI, Edward, an Italian monk,
professor of philosophy and metaphysics
at Pisa; author of "Philosophical and
Mathematical Institutions," m 6 vols.*
320
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[cos
"Elementary Geometry," several clas-
Bical works, "A History of the Uni-
versity of Pisa," &c. D. 1765.
COKTEZ, or COETES, Feenando,
the conqueror of Mexico, was b. 1485,
at Medelin, in Estremadura, and, after
studying the law, quitted it for the mil-
itary profession. In 1511 he went with
Velasquez to Cuba; and the conquest
of Mexico being determined upon, Cor-
tez obtained the command of the expe-
dition for that purpose. In 1518 he set
sail with 700 men in ten vessels ; and
on landing at Tabasco he caused his
vessels to be burned, in order that his
soldiers might have no other resource
than their own valor. Having conquer-
ed the Tlascalans, and induced them to
become his allies, he marched towards
Mexico, where he Avas amicably re-
ceived: but having, seized upon*^ their
inca, Montezuma, and treated the peo-
ple with the utmost insolence, the Mex-
icans first murmui-ed, and then resisted.
Cortez besieged tlie city of Mexico ; and
in the desperate struggle which ensued,
it is said that u;pwards of 100,000 of the
faithful and untortunate Mexicans were
killed or perished by famine. Having
reduced the devoted city, Cortez com-
pletely overran the Mexican territories ;
m doing which he committed atrocities
which would be incredible if related on
any less irrefragable testimonies than
those which compel our belief. In re-
ward for the addition he had made to
the wealth of Spain, he had a grant of
land and the title of marquis ; but on
returning he found that the court of
Madrid were become jealous of his
{)ower, and treated him with cold neg-
ect. D. 1554.
COKTONA, PiETRODA, properly Pie-
TRO Berrettini, an Italian painter, was
a native of Cortona, in Tuscany, and at
an early age was placed under the tuition
of Baccio Ciarpi at Kome. The Barbe-
rini palace, the new works at the Vat-
ican, and many of the churches of
Kome, were decorated by him ; and at
Florence he adorned the Pitti palace for
the Grand-duke Ferdinand II. In ad-
dition to being an eminent painter, he
was almost equally eminent as an archi-
tect. D. 1669.
COEVISAKT, John Nicholas, an
eminent French physician, was b. 1755.
He was chief physician to Napoleon,
who made him a baron, and an officer
of the legion of honor. Nor was his
great merit overlooked by the Bourbons,
the place of honorary member of the
royal academy of medicine being con-
ferred on him a short time previous to
his death, in 1821.
COSIN, John, a leamed, and chari-
table prelate, was b. at Norwich, 1594.
In 1640 he was made dean of Peter-
borough ; but the Puritans deprived
him ot his preferments, and even went
the length of impeaching him on a
charge of being inclined to popery. On
this he retired to France, where he re-
mained until the restoration of Charles
II., who raised him to the see of Dur-
ham. Among his writings are " A
History of Transubstantiation," and
"A Scholastical History of the Canon
ofthe Holy Scriptures." D. 1762.
COSMO I., grand-di ke of Tuscany,
b. in 1519, was the son of John de
Medici ; and on the assassination of
Alexander, chief of the house of Medici,
was elected head of the republic of Flor-
ence. Several attempts were made to
shake the power of Cosmo, but he suc-
ceeded in defeating them; and it was
probably in order to secure himself able
and zealous defenders in case of open
revolt, that he instituted the military
order of the Knights of St. Stephen.
He restored the university of Pisa, and
held out the most liberal encouragement
to men of scientific and literary emi-
nence to settle there as professors. He
also founded the academy of Florence,
established its gallery of paintings, and
performed many other wise and honor-
able actions ; thus procuring himself a
celebrity and influence which probably
he would in vain have sought by the
rnore dazzling, but infinitely less useful
achievements ofthe warrior. D. 1574.
COSTA FUETADO DE MENDOCA,
HippoLYTo Joseph da, a Portuguese gen-
tleman of scientific and literary attain-
ments, who, being charged with free-
masonry, was thrown into the prison of
the Inquisition at Lisbon. Here he was
repeatedly examined, and his answers
not being satisfactory to his persecutors,
he was remanded to his dungeon, with
little prospect that his suflferings would
terminate otherwise than in death. By
one of those fortunate accidents which
sometimes make " truth stranger than
fiction," his cell was left open, and he
was enabled to possess himself of a bur ch
of keys which opened every lock tnat
was between him aud liberty. Having
taken these keys, and a book which lay
beside them, he made his escape ; anci
after lying hidden several weeks, in the
immediate neighborhood of his late
dungeon, he found means to embark foi
England. The book which he brought
cotJ
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
321
from his prison contained, inter alia,
notes of his examinations before the in-
quisitors ; aud soon after liis arrival he
Eublished a narrative of the persecutiong
e had undergone, the account of his.
examiuiition beintc taken from the offi-
cial document of which he had thuti
oddly become possessed. His talents,
and the interest excited by his adven-
tures, obtained him considerable notice,
aud he became foreign secretary to the
duive of Sussex, and charge d'affaires in
England for the Brazilian government.
D. 1824.
COSTANZA, Angelo di, a Neapolitan
poet, of noble birth ; author of sonnets
and other poems, and of " Istoria del
Regno di Napoli," containing the his-
tory of Naples from 1250 to 1489. D.
1591.
COSTARD, George, a learned En-
glish divine ; ailthor of " Letters on the
Astronomy of the Ancients," a treatise
on " The ijse of Astronomy in Chronol-
ogy and History," " A Commentary on
the Book of Job," &c. B. 1710; d.
1782.
COSTE, PiERKE, a learned French
Protestant, for some time resident in
England, and who acted as amanuensis
to Locke, but subsequently returned to
his own country. He translated into
French, Locke's " Reasonableness of
Christianity," Newton's "Optics," &c.
He also wrote the "-Life of the Great
Conde." D. 1747.
COSTER, Laurence Jansen, a native
of Haerlem, in Holland, to whom his
countrymen ascribed the invention of
the art of printing, in the year 1430.
The Germans, how-ever, with sufficient
groof assert, that the merit is due to
rutteniberg, Coster having merely used
wooden blocks, and not, as Junius as-
serts, metal types. B. 1370 ; d. 1439.
COS WAY, Richard, an eminent En-
glish artist. He painted miniatures ad-
mirably, and was almost equally great as
an oil painter. He was one of the oldest
members of the Roval Academy, and d.
attheaije of 90, in 1821.
COTELTER, John, a learned French
divine and critic ; the author of " Ec-
clesia Graecse Monumenta," and the co-
adjutor of Du Cange in making a
eatalogue of the Greek MSS. in the royal
library at Paris. D. 1686.
COTP^S, Francis, an English artist of
great eminence as a portrait painter, as
well in oil as in crayons. D. 1770.
COTIN, Charles, a French poet of
the 17th century, chiefly known now
firom the satires levelled at him by
Boileau and Moliere. He was counsellor
and almoner to the king, and a member
of the French Academy. B. 1604; d.
1682.
COTTA, J. G., Baron, an eminent
bookseller of Germany, and the pro-
prietor of the " Allgemeine Zeitung," a
political daily paper, as well as of several
others devoted to literatui-e and the arts,
was b. at Stuttgard, in 1764 ; for many
years carried on an extensive and flour-
ishing concern ; and also acted a con-
spicuous part as a political man. D.
1832.
COTTERELL, Sir Charles, an excel-
lent linguist and scholar of the 17tb
century. He was master of the requests
to Charles II., an office which was filled
by his descendants for several genera-
tions. He translated the romance ot
" Cassandra" from the French, besides
some works from the Spanish and Ital-
ian. D. 1687.
COTTIN, Sophia de, an accomplished
French lady; authoress of " Matilde,"
" Claire d'Albe," the well-known and
highly popular " Elizabeth, ou les Exiles
de SiMrie," &c. B. 1773 ; d. 1807.
COTTON, Charles, an English poet ;
author of " Scarronides, or Virgil Tra-
vestie ;" a supplement to " Walton's
Treatise on Angling," and a volume of .
original poems, &c. He also translated
Corneille's tragedy of the Horatii and
Montaigne's Essays. B. 1530 ; d. 1687.
—Nathaniel, an English physician and
poet ; author of " Visions in Verse for
the Instruction of Younger Minds."
He for some years kept a lunatic asylum
at St. Alban's, and the poet Cowper was
for a time one of its inmates. B. 1707 ;
d. 1788. — Sir Robert Bruce, a distin-
fuished English antiquarian, was b. at
)enton, in Huntingdonshire, 1570. In
1629 he was brought before the privy
coancil, in consequence of a political
treatise of his in MS. being lent by his
librarian, the contents of which gave
so much offence at court, that he was
sent to the Tower. He wrote " The
Antiquity and Dignity of Parliaments ;"
and assisted, both with his literary treas-
ures and his purse, Speed, Camden, and
other writers on British archaeology.
D. 1631. — John, one of the most distm-
giiished of the early ministers in New
England, When the English church
fell into the hands of Bishop Laud, a
complaint was preferred against Mr.
Cotton, for nonconformity, in not kneel-
ing at the sacrament. Being cited be-
fore the high commission court he
embarked for America, and arrived at
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[cou
Boston, September 4, 1638, and October
10 was established the teacher of the
church in Boston, as colleasrue with Mr.
Wilson, who was pastor. On the voy-
age from England Mr. Cotton's eldest
son was born, and whom at his baptism
in Boston he called Seaborn. He re-
mained connected with this church more
than nineteen years, and such was his
influence in establishing the order of
the churches, and so extensive was his
nsefulnesf*, tliat he has been called the
patriarch of New England. D. 16o2.
COUDEETTE, Christopher, a French
priest, and a very able opponent of the
Jesuits ; author of " A General History
of the Jesuits," " Memoirs relative to
the Formulary," &c. His bold and
)iberal tone of thought caused him to be
twice imprisoned : at Venice in 1735,
and at Paris, in the Bastile, in 1738. D.
1774.
COULOMB, Charles Axtottstine de, a
French philosopher and officer of engi-
neers, to whose scientific labors many
discoveries in electricity and magnetism
are owing. B. at Angouleme, 1736 ; d.
1806.
COUPLET, Philip, a Flemish Jesuit
and missionary to China; author of
*' Chronological Tables of Chinese His-
.tory," " A Treatise on the Philosophy
of Confucius," &c. D. while on a second
voyage to China, 1693.
COURIER, Paul Louis, one of the
wittiest writers and most profound Hel-
lenists of France, was b. near Angou-
leme, in 1774. He was for several years
in the corps of artillery, in which he
rose to be a major ; but at length he re-
signed in disgust. Every moment of
leisure while in the army was devoted
by him to the study of Greek authors.
lie was assassinated in 1825. Coui'ier
Sublished various translations from the
■reek ; but his chief fame is derived
from his political pamphlets, which are
remarkable for wit, irony, and pungency
of style.
COURTANVAUX, Francis C^arle
Tellier, marquis de, a French military
officer, and also a distinguished natural
philosopher. He served with great
ability and courage in Bavaria and Bo-
hemia under his uncle, the marshal de
Noailles ; but was obliged to quit the
service in 1745 on account of ill health.
He then devoted his time to science, and
became a member of the Academy. He
was a good astronomer and mechanician.
D. 1781.
COURT DE GEBELIN, Anthony, a
native of France, minister of the re-
formed church at Lausanne, in Switzer-
land ; author of " Le Monde Primitif
analyse et compare avec le Monde
Moderne," a pamplilet in praise of ani-
mal masruetism, &c. D. 1784.
COURTILZ, Gamen de, a French
military officer, remarkable for his i.trong
predilection for literature. His works
are " The Annals of Paris," " A History
of the Dutch War," "The Lives of Co-
ligni, Turenue, and Rochfort," &c.
Some of his opinions givinsr offence to
the court, he was thrown into the Bastile,
where he remained nine vears. D. 1712.
COURTNEY, WilllIm, archbishop
of Canterbury, b. 1341. In 1381 he be-
came archbishop of Canterbury and lord
high chancellor, in which office he show-
ed a rancorous spirit of persecution
against the Wickliffites. His characto
was resolute and arrogant. D. 1396.
COURTOIS, James, ' surnamed II
Borqonone, a French painter, especially
eminent in battle-pieces. His wife dyin»
of poison, which he was suspected of
having administered, he took the habit
of a lay brother of the Jesuits, with
whom, though he still practised his ar*,
he remained till his death, in 1676. —
William, brother of the above, and also
an eminent painter. He excelled in
historical pieces, and assisted his bro-
ther in some of his works. D. 1679.
COURVOISIER, Jean Jos. Antowk,
b. at Besanqon about 1770, was originally
a soldier under the prince de Conde, and
afterwards a lawyer in his native city.
In 1815 he was made advocate-general,
and was then elected a deputy of the
chambers for eight years, where he dis-
played extraordinary ability as a speaker.
In 1829 he was appointed to the depart-
ment of justice under the administration
of Polignac. The revolution of July
drove him into retirement. He is known
as an author by his " Dissertation sur le
Droit Naturel," and his "Traitesur Ob-
ligations Divisible et Indivisible, selon
I'Ancienne et la Nouvelle Loi." D.
1835.
COUSIN, John, a native of France,
and generally regarded as the earliest
French historical painter. He chiefly
painted on glass, but his " Last Judg-
ment," painted on canvas for the con-
vent of the Minims at Vincennes, is
esteemed an excellent work. He was
the author of " Livre de Perspective,"
and some other treatises connected with
the art. D. 1590.
COUSTON, Nicholas and William,
brothers ; two French sculptors of con-
siderable eminence in their profession :
cow]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
323
the former b. at Lyons, in 1658 ; d. 17S3 :
the latter b. 1678 ; d. 1746.
COUTHON, George, a French advo-
cate and president of the court of justice
at Clermont. Becoming a member of
the legislative assembly and of the na-
tional convention, he voted for the trial
and death of Louis XVL ; and after
liesitating awhile as to the party with
which he should act, gave in his adhe-
sion to that of Robespierre. When
troops were sent against Lyons, he was
commissioner from the convention, and
gave with his own hand the signal for
the destruction of the buildings of that
city. Sharing the power and participa-
ting in the acts of Robespierre, he was
also involved in his ruin. Guillotined
1794.
COUTTS, Thomas, a London banker,
eminent for his wealth and connections.
He went from Scotland at an early age ;
and from being a junior partner in a
mercantile house in London, rose to be
one of the most considerable bankers in
England. In 1815 his first wife died;
and, three months afterwards, he mar-
ried Harriet Mellon, an actress of some
celebrity, to whom he bequeathed the
whole of his immense property, consist-
ing of £600,000 in personal, besides real
estates in lands and houses, to a great
amount. D. 1821, aged 66.
COUVREUR, Adkienne le, a cele-
brated French actress. She was the
mistress of tlie great Marshal Saxe, and
when tliat celebrated commander was in
great distress for money and troops, she
pledged her plate and jewels for 40,000
livres, and sent the money to him. D.
1730.
COVELL, John, a learned English
divine. He was for some time chaplain
to the English embassy in Turkey, and,
while resident in tliat country, obtained
mucii valuable knowledge on the early
constitution of the Greek church, on
which subject, when he returned to
England, he published a very valuable
work. D. 1722.
COVENTRY, Henry, author of
"Letters of Philemon to Hydaspes,"
and one of tlie authors of the well-known
"Athenian Letters." D. 1752.— John,
a skilful, self-taught English mechan-
ician, whose genius led him to make
experiments in mechanics. He invented
an hygrometer, Avhich met with the ap-
probation of the Royal Society, and was
presented to the king. Subsequently
lie employed himself in drawing mi-
crometers on ivory and glass ; and to
*uch a perfection did he bring them,
that his squares were only the millionth
part of an inch superficial. He also
made two chamber organs, telescopes
of extraordinary power, and some bal-
ances for the assaying of gold, of such
nicety that they would weigh to the
thousandth part of a grain. D. 1812. —
Thomas, lord keeper of the great seal in
the reign of Charles L, was the son of
Thomas Coventry, a justice of the court
of common pleas. He was b. 1578;
studied the law in the Inner Temple ;
and having by various gradations be-
come solicitor-general, attorney-general,
and lord keeper, in 1628, he was raised
to the peerage ; and, according to the
character given of him by Clarendon,
he was well worthy of his great and
uninterrupted success. — William, son
of the above, was knighted in 1665, and
made a commissioner of the treasury in
1667 ; but having offended the duke of
Buckingham, he was forbidden to appear
at court. On this he retired to his seat
in Oxfordshire, and passed the remain-
der of his life in privacy. He was author
of several political works. D. 1686.
COVERDALE, Miles, an English di-
vine, and one of the earliest reformers,
was educated at Cambridge, and became
a canon of the order of St. Augustin.
Having embraced the reformed doctrines
he went abroad, and, in 1522, joined
William Tyndale in translating the
Scriptures. On his return to England
he was made almoner to Queen Catha-
rine, and subsequently bishop of Exeter.
On the accession of Queen Mary he re-
tired to the Continent, but returned on
the accession of Elizabeth. D. 1580,
aged 81.
COWARD, William, an English phy-
sician, and author of "Thoughts on the
Human Soul ; demonstrating the Notion
of the Human Soul united to the Human
Body to be an Invention of the Hea-
thens, and not consonant to the Princi-
ples of Philosophy or Reason." This
work excited considerable indignation
among the more zealous divines, who
procured an order to have it burned by
the common hangman. D. about 1722.
CO WELL, John, an English lawyer
and antiquary ; author of " The Inter-
preter," a law dictionary, which was
burned by the common hangman on
account of some unconstitutional doc-
trines on the king's prerogative, and
"The Institutes of the Laws of En
gland." D. 1611.
COWLEY, Abraham, an eminent En-
glish poet, b. in London, 1618. In his
17th year he published a volume entitled
3'24
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[cow
"Poetical Blossoms," which procured
him considerable reputation. In 1636
lie was elected a scholar of Trini'y col-
lege, Cambridge, where he produced a
pastoral comedy, entitled " IJove's Rid-
dle," and " Naufragium Joculare," a
Latin comedy, which was pertbrmed by
the members of his college. He resided
at the university until 1643, when he was
ejected by tlie 'Puritan visitors, and be-
came an active partisan of the royal
cause. He was much esteemed by Lord
Falkland, and accompanied the king in
several journeys. When the queen left
the country he accompanied her majesty,
and remained abroad for some years ;
during which time he was a chief agent
in managing the correspondence between
the king and queen. In 1656 he return-
ed to England, and soon after published
a volume containing most of the poems
printed in the final collection of his
works. Being suspected by the party
in power, he was thrown into prison,
but released on the bail of Dr. Scar-
borough. He again went abroad, and
was again employed in aiding the royal
cause. On the restoration taking place
he was for some time neglected ; but at
length, by the interest of the duke of
Buckingham, he obtained the lease of a
farm at Cliertsey, which produced him
about £300 a year, D. 1667.— Hannah,
an accomplished English dramatic wri-
ter; authoress of "The Runaway," "The
Belle's Stratagem," " More Ways than
One," &c., besides some poems and
farces. The sprightliness of dialogue,
and the variety of characters and inci-
dents which this lady introduced in her
dramatic works, evince much versatility
of genius. D. 1809. — Henry Welles-
ley, Lord, a distinguished diplomatist,
and a scion of that illustrious family of
which the duke of Wellington is the last
surviving representative, was b. 1773.
In 1807 he was returned to parliament,
and became one of the secretaries of the
treasury; but in 1809 he exchanged his
Sarlianientary duties for the embassy at
[adrid ; a mission which, amid s^reat
difficulties and obstructions of all kinds,
he fulfilled for thirteen years. In 1823
he went as ambassador to Vienna; here
he remained till 1831 ; and for the ability
he displayed there, coupled with his
length of service, he was raised to the
peerage with the title of Baron Cowley
— ^the original patrouymicof the Welles-
ley family. In 1841 he was appointed
ambassador to the Tuileries. This
office he held till the fall of Sir Robert
Peel's ministry in 1846. D. 1847.
COWPER, William, Earl, an eminent
English lawyer, who was raised to the
peerage in the reign of Queen Anne, by
the title of Viscount Fordwick, and
made lord high chancellor. This office
he resigned in 1710, but accepted it again
in 1714. In 1717 he was created Earl
Cowper, and in 1718 wholly retired from
office. During the latter years of his
public life, he very ably exerted himself
in favor of religious liberty; and par-
ticularly in causing a bill to be thrown
out, by which Unitarians would have
been subject to severe penalties. D.
1723. — William, a distinguished En-
glish poet, was b. at Berkhampstead,
Hertfordshire, 1781. He was the son
of a clergyman of good family, and was
at an early age removed from a country
school to that of Westminster. Being
naturally of a timid temper and slight
frame, the rough usage he met with
from stronger and less sensitive boys
rendered his school a place of complete
torture to him, as may be seen from the
tone of his "Tirocinium." On quitting
school, he was articled to an attorney,
with whom he remained for three year's,
and then entered himself of the Middle
Temple. He seems, however, to have
been by nature unfit for the rougher
f)aths of life; for though the interest of
lis tamily had procured him the valu-
able and honorable place of clerk to the
house of lords, his nervousness and
mauvalse Tionts were such that he was
obliged to resign it. He then fell into
so terrible a state of nervous and mental
debility that he was for some time placed
in the lunatic asylum of Dr. Cotton. The
skill and humanity of that gentleman
restored him, and he retired to Hunting-
don. There he became acquainted with
the family of the Reverend Mr. Unwin ;
and after that^ gentleman's death he re
moved, with Mrs, Unwin, to Olney.
Bucks, where he contracted a closo
friendship with the curate of Olney, the
Reverend John Newton, and subse-
quently with Lady Austen. His natural
melancholy gave him so gloomy a view
of religion, tliat his mind was frequently
reduced to imbecility. While this was
the case, the influence of Lady Austen
tended to rouse and sustain him; though
that of his other friends seems rather to
have increased his weakness, by coin-
ciding with his delusions. But although
his mind was so frequently assailed by
gloom, and bent down by despondency,
he was not only a very voluminous wri-
ter, but a poet of first-rate merit. In
addition to translating Homer, which
OR a]
CyCLOP^fiDlA OF BIOGRAPHY.
325
he did with more accuracy than Pope,
if with less poli.Hli, he wrote "The Task"
— the best of all his poems, ''The Sofa,"
"Tirocinium," and a host of smaller
poems : he also translated some of Ma-
dame Guyon's spiritual songs ; and his
correspondence, exhibits him as one of
the most elegant of English letter-wri-
ters. Towards the close of his life, his
gloom deepened into absolute despair,
from which he never wholly emerged,
and he d. 1800.
COX, Mrs. Letitia. The name of this
female, who d. at By brook, in Jamaica,
1838, is inserted here as affording the
most surprising instance of longevity to
be met with in modern times. By her
own account she was a grown-up young
woman at tlie time of the destruction
of Port Royal by an earthquake, (June
9, lGy2,) so that she must have been up-
wards of 160 years of age. — Richard,
bishop of Ely, was b. at Whaddon,
Bucks, 1500. While at New college, he
embraced the opinions of the Reforma-
tion, and was consequently thrown into
jail, but obtained his release through
the influence of Cranmer. He subse-
quendy became tutor to Edward VI., in
whose reign he was made a privy coun-
cillor, almoner to the king, dean of
Westminster, and chancellor of Oxford.
He contributed the Gospels, the Acts,
and the Epistle to the Romans, to the
"Bishops' Bible," besides writing vari-
ous controversial tracts.
COXE, Wu-UAM, an historian and
traveller, was b. 1747. After receiving
a university education, he became a
canon residentiary^ of Salisbury, and
archdeacon of Wilts. He was the au-
thor of "Travels in Switzerland," "Trav-
els in Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Den-
mark," a " History of the House of
Austria," "Historical Memoirs of the
Kings of Spain," "Memoirs of Sir Rob-
ert Walpole," and many other works
equally interesting,' and valuable for
their research and adherence to truth.
D. 1828.
COYER, Gabrlei. Francis, a French
writer, b. 1707. His principal works are
"History of John Sobieski," "Travels
into Italy and Holland," and his trans-
lation into French of " Blackstone's
Commentaries." D. 1782.
COYPEL, the name of several emi-
nent French, painters. — Nokl, was b.
1628, and d. 17o7. He adorned the old
Louvre and the Tuileries, painted some
fine pictures for the council hall of Ver-
sailles, and executed several Scriptural
pieces oi great merit. — Anthony, his
28
son, was distinguished by the richness
of his imagination and the dazzling na-
ture of his coloring, and his fame laid
the foundation for the mannerism of
the French school. D. 1721. — Noel
Nicholas, usually called Coypel the un-
cle, despised the false glitter of this
school, and aimed only at truth and na-
ture. D. 1735. — Charles Anthony, the
son of Anthony, was a decided coypist
of his father's manner, and accommo-
dated himself to the prevailing taste of
the times for gaudy coloring. B. 1694 ;
d. 1752.
COYSEVOX, Antoine, a celebrated
sculptor, was b. at Lyons, 1640, and d.
at Paris, 1720. Among his best works
are the statue of Cardinal Mazarin, in
the museum at Paris, an equestrian
statue of Louis XIV., Castor and Pol-
lux, &c. On account of the beauty and
animation of his portraits, he was called
the Vandyke of sculpture.
CRABBE, George, rector of Trou-
bridge, Wilts, and author of "The Li-
brary," "The Village," "Tales of the
Hall," &c. ; a poet, whose "short and
simple annals of the poor" exhibit an
accurate knowledge ot human nature,
and show that however homely or pain-
ful the scenes may be which he depicts,
there is no want of skill or truth in his
representations. He had the good for-
tune to receive the early patronage of
the celebrated Edmund Burke, which
led to other valuable connections, of
whom Dr. Johnson was one ; and event-
uallv to church preferment, at the hands
of the duke of Rutland. Crabbe's po-
etry is distinguished for minuteness of
description and close analysis in depict-
ing human character, however dark or
disgusting; yet, though searching, mi-
nute, and often repulsive, it abounds
with vigor, pathos, and originalitv. An
elegant edition of his works, with a life
and notes, by his son, was published by
Mr. Murray, in 1834. B. 175-4; d. 1832.
CRAFTS, William, a lawyer, and a
Sopular miscellaneous writer, was b. in
harleston, S. C, 1787. He received his
education at Harvard college, and stud-
ied law in his native city, where he ac-
quired some reputation for talent and
eloquence. He was a member of the
South Carolina legisliitare, and for some
time editor of the " Charleston Courier."
D. 1826.
CRAIG, John, a Scotch mathemati-
cian of the 17th century, famous for a
work entitled "Theologiae Christianae
Principia Mathematica." The object of
this curious tract is to apply mathemati-
006
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
b
i'.al calculation to the credibility of the
gospel history, upon which principle he
maintains tliat tiie Ctiristian religion
must end, according to the doctrine of
chances, in the year 315Q, when our
Saviour will make his second appear-
ance. — Sir Thomas, an eminent Scotch
lawyer, b. 1548 ; author of a treatise on
feudal law, which has often been re-
print(!d. D. 1608. — William, a Scotch
judge, and a literary character of no
mean ability, was b. 1745 ; entered at
the bar in 1768, and succeeded Lord
Hailes on the bench in 1792. He was a
principal contributor to the "Mirror,"
wrote many papers in the " Lounger,"
and numbered among his friends some
of the most eminent literary men of the
age. D. 1813.
CKAMER, Francis, an eminent mu-
Bician, was b. at Mannheim, 1772. In
1799 he succeeded his father as a leader
of the Ancient concerts, in London.
For many years he was alternate leader
of the Philharmonic concerts, with Lo-
der, T. Cooke, Weichsels, &c. ; and for
upwards of 40 years held the chief
Elace at the great provincial festivals.
K 1848. — Gabriel, an eminent geome-
trician; editor of the works of Wolf and
the " Bernouillis," and author of several
mathematical and algebraic works. B.
1704 ; d. 1752. — John Andrew, a Ger-
man mineralogist, was b. at Quedlin-
burg, 1710. He was the first who sys-
tematized the art of assaying, upon
which subject he wrote a very able work.
J). 1787. — John Andrew, a German poet
arvd miscellaneous writer, was b. in Sax-
ony, 1723, but principally resided in
Denmark, where he d. 1788. Besides
his, poems, he wrote "The Northern
Spectator," and "Sermons," in 22 vols.
He also translated "Bossuet's Universal
History," and other works. — John An-
thony, dean of Carlisle, a well-known
writer on subjects of classical antiquity,
was b. in Switzerland, 1793. In 1831 he
was appointed principal of New-hall
Inn. During this period he was actively
engaged in literary pursuits, and his
descriptions of Ancient Italy, Asia Mi-
nor, and Ancient Greece, are enduring
monuments of his accuracy and research.
In 1842 he succeeded Dr. Arnold as re-
gius professor of iiiodern history, and in
1844 he was nominated to the deanery
of Carlisle. D. 1848. •
CRANFIELD, Edward, president of
New Hampshire, succeeded Waldron in
1682, and was succeeded by Barefoote,
in 1688. He was afterwards collector of
Barbadoes, and d. about 1700. The ty-
rannical acts of his admi^.'stration are
narrated by Belknap. In his displeasure
towards the Rev. Mr. Moody, he ven-
tured to enforce the uniformity act. He
ventured to tax the people without their
consent. He came to this country to
make his fortune ; his injustice drove
him away in dishonor.
CRANMER, Thomas, archbishop of
Canterbury, whose life is rendered so
memorable by the part he took in the
Reformation, was b. at Aslacton, Not-
tinghamshire, 1489, and educated at
Jesus college, Cambridge. The opinion
which he gave on the question of Hen-
ry VIII.'s divorce from his first wife,
Catharine of Aragon, recommeried
him to that monarch, who empkyed
him to vindicate the measure, and sent
him to the foreign universities to obtain
their opinion upon the point. On Cran-
mer's return the king raised him to the
archbishopric of Canterbury, in which
office he zealously promoted the cause
of the Reformation. Through his means
the Bible was translated and read in
churches, and he greatly aided in sup-
pressing the monastic institutions. In
1536, when Anne Boleyn was destined to
lose her reputation and her life, Cranmer
meanly stooped to promote the sentence
of divorce. By Henry's will he was ap-
pointed one of the council of regency to
Edward VI. ; and as the young king
was brought up chiefly under the arch-
bishop's care, it enabled him to further
the objects of the Reformation in a
re:^ular and consistent manner, by fra-
ming the liturgy, the homilies, articles of
religion, &c. On the accession of Mary
he was tried on charges of blasphemy,
perjury, incontinence, and heresy, ana
sentenced to be deprived of office.
Tempted, however, by the promise of
pardon, he was induced to sign a recan-
tation of his principles, and avowed his
sorrow for having, entertained them.
But when he was brought into St.
Mary's church to read his recantation in
public, instead of doing what was re-
quired of him, he besought the forgive-
ness of God for the apostasy of which
he had been guilty, and exhorted the
people against the errors of the church
of Rome. This greatly enraged his ad-
versaries, who, after vilifying him as a
hypocrite and heretic, dragged him to
the stake opposite Baliol college, which
he approached with a cheerful counte-
nance, and met his death with the ut-
most fortitude, exclaiming, as he held
out his right hand for the flames to
consume it, "This unworthy hand I
creJ
CYCLDPiEDiA OF BIOGRAPHY.
327
this unworthy handl" D. March 21,
1556.
CRANZ, or KRANZ, David, a Mora-
vian preacher, b. 1723, and resided sev-
eral years as a missionary in Greenland,
of which country he wrote a valuable
history; also "A History of the Mora-
vians.'" D. 1777.
CkASHAW, RicHAKD, a poet, h. in
London, and educated at Cambridge.
He was a friend of the poet Cowley,
and having embraced the Roman Catho-
lic faith, was appointed to a canonry at
Loretto. His poems have considerable
merit, and contain ideas which were
thought worthy of imitation both by
Milton and Pope. D. 1650.
CRASSUS, Lucius Licinius, a Roman
orator, of whom Cicero speaks in terms
of the highest praise. He was consul
96 B. c, and afterwards censor. — Mabcus
Licinius, surnamed Dives, from his
riches, was of the same family as the
preceding. He defeated Spartacus, and
put an end to the Servile war. He was
nrst consul, then censor, and formed one
of the triumvirate with Caesar and Pom-
Eey. He perished, with a great part of
is army, in an expedition against the
Parthians, 53 b. o.
CRATINUS, an Athenian poet, to
whom the invention of satirical comedy
and comic poetry is attributed. His
powers of sarcasm are said to have been
unrivalled. He was an exception to the
general rule that intemperance leads to
an early grave, having attained the age
of 97, though a hon mvo/nt in its fullest
sense. D. 431 b. c.
CRAVEN, Charles, governor of South
Carolina from 1712 to 1716, had been
Previously secretary to the proprietors,
'hey ordered him m 1712 to sound Port
Royal river, and probably he built Beau-
fort soon afterwards. In 1715, on the
occurrence of an Indian war, he dis-
played great vigor and talents, and ex-
pelled from the province the invading
savages.
CRAWFORD, Adam, a physician and
naturalist of considerable eminence in
his profession ; physician to St. Thomas's
hospital, and professor of chemistry at
Woolwich. He was the author of sev-
eral chemical works, and the first who
prescribed muriate of barytes for the
scrofula. B. 1749; d. 1795. — Anne, an
actress of great ability, which combined
with her personal beauty, caused her for
many years to be highly attractive on
the 'stage. D. 1801, aged 67.— David,
historiographer for Scotland in the reign
of Queen Anne, and the author of sev-
eral works relative to that country. D.
1726. — William Harris, b. in Nelson
county, Va., 1772, was early removed
with his parents to Georgia, where he
taught a school, while he was acquiring
a knowledge of law, until he was admit-
ted to practice, in 1799. Before 1802 he
was at the head of his profession, when
he was elected a member of the legisla-
ture and thence transferred to the sen-
ate of the United States in 1807. He
was re-elected in 1811, and in 1813 made
minister to France, by Mr. Madison.
After two years he returned to take
charge of the department of war, and
then of the treasury. He was nomi-
nated for the presidency in 1816, in a
democratic caucus of the members of
congress, but did not receive as many
votes as Mr. Monroe. In 1827 he was
appointed judge of the northern circuit
of Georgia. D. 1834. He was distin-
guished as a speaker, and a man of up-
right character and affable address.
CREBILLON, Prosper Jolyot de, a
French dramatic poet, denominated the
French ^schylus, was b. at Dijon, 1674.
He was intended for the legal profession,
but evincing a decided predilection for
the drama, the solicitor with whom he
was placed encouraged him to pursue
the bent of his inclination. He accord-
ingly devoted himself to the tragic muse,
and produced " Idomeneus," which met
with success. This was followed by
"Atreus," " Electra," and "Rhadamis-
tus," which were still more successful.
He then led a secluded life for many
years, but again resumed his dramatic
labors, and produced the tragedies of
"Cataline" and "The Triumvirate."
D. 1762. — Claude Prosper Jolyot de,
son of the foregoing, was b. 1707. He
acquired the name of the French Petro-
nins, from his novels; one of which,
entitled " Les Egaremens dn Coeur et de
I'Esprit," is alluded to by Sterne in his
*' Sentimental Journey." D. 1777.
CREECH, Thomas, an English poet,
was b. at Blandford, Dorsetshire, 1659 ;
and after receiving the rudiments of a
classical education at Sherborne free-
school, finished his studies at Wadham
college, Oxford. He translated, into
English verse, Lucretius, Horace, Theoc-
ritus, &c. D. bv his own hand, 1700.
CREIGHTON, Robert, an English
divine and musical composer. He
shared the exile of Charles II., and
spent the leisure' thus unhappily afford-
ed him in the stiidy of music. Among
his compositions is the celebrated an-
'■hem, " I will arise and go to my father,"
CTCLOP^tlllDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[CRO
which is performed in nearly all the En-
glish cathedrals. D. 1736.
CRELLIUS, John, a German divine.
He was a Unitarian, and one of the ablest
advocates of that sect, which he defend-
ed at once ably and courteously against
Grotius. His cliief works are, " Answer
to Grotius," " Two Books concerning
the One God, the Father," " A Treatise
concerning the Holy Spirit," and " A
Defence of Religious Liberty." D. 163:3.
ORESCENZI, Juan Baptiste, marquis
de la Torre, was an eminent painter, b.
at Rome, towards the end ot the 16th
century. Philip IV. made him a gran-
dee of Castile, and honored him with
his title. — PiETRo, the restorer of the
scientific study of agriculture in Europe,
was b. at Bologna, 1230. He spent a
long life in acquiring and disseminating
agricultural knowledge; and his "Ru-
ralium Commodorum" is a masterly pro-
duction, founded on simple principles,
and free from many errors that contin-
ued to prevail even for centuries after,
CREbPI, Giovanni Maria, surnamed
II Spagnuolo, on account of the cox-
combry of his attire, an eminent Bolog-
nese painter of the 18th century. His
chief talent lay in caricatures ; but there
are many of his more ambitious com-
positions in the palaces and churches
of Bologna. In order to command a
nice observation of the force of light and
shadow, he used to paint in a room in
which there was only a sufficient aper-
ture to admit a single ray of light.
CRESSEY, or CRESSt, Hugh Paulin,
an eminent Catholic divine and writer ;
author of " Exomologesis," a narration
of the cause of his conversion to the
Catholic faith; "The Church History
of Brittany," &c. He was an able
writer, and as much distinguished for
his candor and good temper in disputa-
tion as for his ability in argument. D.
1674.
CREUTZ, GusTAVus Philip, count of,
a Swedish poet and statesman, b. 1726.
His poem, entitled "Atis og Camilla,"
is considered a very fine production.
He was appointed Swedish minister at
Paris, where he remained twenty years,
and became particularly acquainted with
Marmontel and other celebrated French
writers. J). 1785.
CREVIER, John Baptist Louis, a
French historical writer; author of a
continuation of "Rollin's History,"
"History of the Roman Emperors to
Constantino inclusive," "History of the
University of Paris," " Observations on
the Spirit" of Laws,'* &c. D. 1765.
.CRICHTON, James, a Scottish gen-
tleman of the 16th century, who, on ac-
count of his i*emarkable endowments,
obtained the surname of the Admirable.
The most extraordinary tales of his
Erowess, both bodily and mental have
een lianded down to us ; but, so far as
the latter is concerned, the verses that
remain, go far to sliow, that, however
astonishing he might be on account of
his versatility, he received at least as
much praise as he deserved. He was
educated at St. Andrew's, and gave
such early proofs of his learning, that
he obtained the degree of M.A. when
only 14 years of age. He excelled in
eloquence ; overcame every opponent in
logic and scientific disputation ; knew
ten languages ; and was a per.'"ct master
of all military and athletic exercises. He
is said to have been stabbed by his pu-
pil, Vincenzo Gonzaga, son of the duke
of Mantua, and to have d. of the wounr?,
in 1583. aged only 23.
CRILLON MAIION, Louis de Ber-
TON DEs Balbes DE QuiERs, duke de, a
descendant of Louis de Berthon Crillon,
an eminent military officer. He served
against England in her war with the
United States of America. He com-
manded at the celebrated siege of Gib-
raltar, where he was repulsed by the
ability and courage of General Elliot.
He wrote " Military Memoirs," and d.
1796. — Louis Athan^vsius Balbes Ber7
TON DE, brother of the last named ; an
eminent French divine and scholar ; au-
thor of "Memoires Philosopbiques de
M. le Baron de * * *, Chambellan de
S. M. I'Imp. Reine," a treatise "De
rHomme Morale," &c. D. 1789.
CRITIAS, an Athenian, was among
the number of the rulers who are made
notorious in Jiistory under the title of
the " thirty tyrants," and is said to
have distinguished himself even among
them for cruelty and avarice. When
Thrasybulus and his patriotic friends
took arms against "the thirty," Critias
was slain in an attack made on the Pi-
raeus, in the year 400 b. c.
CROCKETT, David, an eccentric
backwoodsman, who was elected to the
congress of the United States in 1827,
where he acquired great notoriety by his
speeches and actions. Many of the say-
ings and doings ascribed to him, how-
ever, are fictitious. He moved to Texas
in 1834, and fell heroically fighting in
defence of the Alamo in San Antonio de
CROES, John, bishop of the Protest-
ant Episcopal church of New Jersey, b.
']
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
329
of German parents at Elizabethtown,
>762. He educated himself, and was
ordained a priest in 1792. His minis-
trations were confined mostly to Spotts-
wood and New Brunswick, till his elec-
tion in 1816 to the bishopric of New
Jersey enlarged the sphere of his use-
fulness. D. 1832.
CRCESUS, the fifth and last king of
Lydia. He succeeded his father, Alyat-
tes, in the year 557 b. c, and was so
fortunate in all his enterprises, that he
soon became one of the richest monarchs
of that time. Vain of his great wealth
and influence, he asked the philosopher
Solon what he thought of his good for-
tune : " I pronounce no man fortunate
until his death," was the sage's reply.
Subsequently the wealthy and powerful
monarch was overpowered and made a
prisoner by Cyrus, king of Persia. Ac-
cording to the barbarous practice of the
time, the unhappy captive was bound
to the stake an^ about to be burnt to
death. In this miserable condition he
recalled the impressive words of Solon,
and thrice repeated that philosopher's
name. Cyrus, struck with the earnest-
ness of his tone, demanded an explana-
tion. Croesus gave it ; and Cyrus, prob-
ably impressed by it with a more than
usual feeling of the mutability of all hu-
man greatness, not only spared his life,
but also took him into nis favor and
protection.
CEOFT, Sir Herbert, was originally
intended for the bar, but took holy or-
ders, tliough he never held any benefice.
He wrote a life of Dr. Young, which
was introduced into Johnson's "Lives
of the Poets," and a volume of letters,
entitled " Love and Madness," and sup-
Eosed to be written by the Rev. James
[aekman, who was hanged in 1779, for
shooting Miss Ray. D. 1816. — Sir Rich-
ard, a relation of the last named, and
his successor in the baroiietcy. He was
very eminent as a surgeon and accou-
cheur; and was selected to attend the
Princess Charlotte, the lamented daugh-
ter of George IV. and Queen Caroline.
The unfortunate death of his illustrious
]>atient, in 1817, so preyed upon his
mind, tliat he committed suicide a few
months after. — William, an excellent
English musician and composer. His
best anthems and a sublime burial ser-
vice, were published in 1724, under the
title of " Musica Sacra. B. 1667 ; d. 1727.
CROKE, Sir Alexander, b. at Ayles-
bury, was an eminent civilian, and a
voluminous writer. D. 1842. — Richard,
•a English divine and scholar ; tutor to
28*
the duke of Richmond, the natural son
of Henry VIII. He was one of the
earliest English cultivators of the Greek
language, and wrote some valuable trea-
tises on philosophical subjects. D. 1558.
CROMWELL, Thomas, earl of Essex ;
one of the ablest statesmen of the time
of Henry VIII. Being confidentially
employed by Cardinal Wolsey, he got a
seat in the house of commons ; and
when the full tide of popular as well as
courtly hate ran against his once power-
ful friend and patron, he boldly and ably
defended him. In all probability this
very circumstance tended to recommend
him to the truculent Henry VIII., who.
on the death of Wolsey, clistinguished
and employed him. In "the various high
offices he held, he served the king zeal-
ously, ably, and faithfully ; but his merit
in that respect is greatly diminished by
the indifi'erence he displayed to the wel-
fare of the people. Having, after all his
services, given offence to the king, by
promoting the marriage between his
majesty and Anne of Cleves, he was ar-
rested while sitting at the council table
on a charge of high treason, condemned
even without a hearing, and notwith-
standing a most humble and affecting
letter to the king, beheaded on Tower-
hill, July 28, 1540.— Oliver, one of the
most extraordinary characters in English
history, was the grandson of Sir Henry
Cromwell, and the son of Robert Crom-
well, a man of good property, and a
brewer at Huntingdon, where Oliver
was b., April 25, 1599. Having been
educated at the free-school of that city
and at Sydney college, Cambridge, he
became a law student at Lincoin's Inn.
Here, however, he did not remain long ;
as in his 21st year he married Elizabeth,
the daughter of Sir James Bourchier,
and settled at Huntingdon. In his
youth he is said to have manifested a
degree of reckless dissipation ; but as
soon as he married he threw the follies
of youth aside, and assumed a staid and
grave aspect and deportment, well cal-
culated to obtain the esteem and confi-
dence of his neighbors, one of the
consequences of which was his being
elected member of parliament for Hunt-
ingdon, in 1625. Shortly atter his elec-
tion he openly attached himself to the
Puritans, wlio were just then rapidly
rising into power and influence. In his
parliamentary career he was remarkable
rather for his business-like habits and
energy of character, than for elegance of
language or gracefulness of delivery.
His appearance and dress, too, were
330
CrCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[CRU
plain and unpreposseasing. He not-
withstanding acquired considerable in-
fluence: and in 1642, when it was
resolved to levy forces to oppose the
king, Cromwell received a commission
from the earl of Essex, and raised a troop
of horse at Cambridge, of which he, of
course, had the command. Small as
was tills beginning, the energy and self-
pos.session of the man made it sufficient.
This force he soon enlarged to a regi-
ment of 1000 men, at the head of which
lie became the most conspicuous of the
parliamentary leaders, l^etween 1642
and 1646 he signalized himself on a great
variety of occasions, particularly at
Marston Moor, Newbury, Naseby, and
Torrington. In the negotiations which
ensued between the king and the vic-
torious parliament, Cromwell was at
^n'st disposed to consent to restoring
Charles under certain conditions, but,
finding that the royal captive was not to
be trusted, he resolved to join in bring-
ing him to the Jolock. He was one of
the forty persons who, after the death of
Charles, formed the council of state.
Ireland yet remained to be subdued.
Cromwell was, therefore, appointed lord
governor of that island for three years,
and in August, 1649, he sailed to assume
the command. Stormin^ Drogheda and
Wexford with horrible slaughter of the
garrisons, he so terrified the enemy that
in nine months peace was restored. In
1650 he defeated the Scots at Dunbar ;
and, in the following year, he obtained
what he called his " crowning victory"
over Charles, at Worcester. One step
more sufficed to place him at the summit
of powar. Having by force dissolved
the Long Parliament, he assumed the
supreme authority, in 1653, under the
title of lord protector. The title of king
he was more than once desii'ous to ob-
tain, but was deterred from assuming it
by tlie dread of alienating his partisans.
For five years he maintained himself in
the perilous station to which he had
reached, but his sway was disturbed by
incessant plots, cabals, and other cir-
cumstances of formidable annoyance.
At length he fell into a nervous fever,
of which he d., September 8, 1658. The
political administration of Cromwell was
energetic and decisive ; the army was
regularly paid, and the public revenues
were strictly and economically managed ;
while the honor of England was Wt-ll
maintained on the ocean, and her foreign
commerce assumed a flourishing aspect.
He lived without parade or ostentation ;
he was temperate, indefatigably indus-
trious, and exact in hia official duties;
yet, under the guise of pietv and virtue,
he practised the most subtle Machiavel-
ism, and maintained his power as he had
acquired it, by cunning and boldness.
He had appointed his eldest son, Richard,
to succeed him ; but the reins of govern-
ment were not to be held by one so mild
and virtuous ; and having been com-
pelled by the mutinous officers to dis-
solve the parliament, he voluntarily
abdicated the protectorship, April 22,
1659, and ended his days in tranquil
seclusion, at Cheshunt, Hertfordshire,
in 1712. His brother Henry, whose up-
right administration, as viceroy of Ire-
land, had gained him many friends, also
retired to private life, an.^ d. in 1674. —
Oliver, great grandson of Henry, second
son of the protector. He was for sev-
eral years a solicitor in London, and
held the appointment of clerk to St.
Thomas's hospital. He is noticed here
chiefly on account of his valuable pub-
lication, entitled "Memoirs of the Pro-
tector Cromwell, and his sons Eichard
and Henry ; illustrated by Original Let-
ters and other Family Papers." He
succeeded to the family estates of The-
obalds, which descended to him through
the children of Richard Cromwell above
named, and d. at Cheshunt-park, Herts,
in 1821, aged 79.
CROWNE, John, a poet and dramatist
of the 17th century, and the cotempo-
rary of Dryden. He was a native of
Nova Scotia, but passed the greater part
of his life in England. At the command
of Charles II. he wrote the "Masque of
Calisto ;" and subsequently he ridiculed
the whig party, in his comedy of " The
City Politics." Besides seventeen dra-
mas, he wrote "Daeneids," a burlesque
poem ; and " Pandion and Amphigeria,"
a romance.
CRU DEN, Alexandeb, who was bet-
ter known during his life by his assumed
title of " Alexander the Corrector," was
a native of Aberdeen, b. 1701, and edu-
cated with a view to his becoming a
minister of the kirk of Scotland. Un-
happily he exhibited such an unsteadi-
ness of intellect that he was not consid-
ered fit for so important a profession;
and, proceeding to London, he for some
time maintained himself by giving pri-
vate lessons in the clas&ics; but in 1732
he commenced business as a bookseller,
near the Royal Exchange. While thns
employed, lie devoted his leisure in
compiiing a very elaborate and useful
"Concordance of the Old and New
Testament." Soon afterwards he be-
CUM
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
331
came d 3cidedl^ lunati(5, and was placed
by his friends in a madhouse at Bethnal
green, from which place, however, he
contrived to make his escape, and sub-
sequently brought an action for false
imprisonment, i)ut was nonsuited. He
subsequently resumed his old employ-
ment of correcting the press. As a
literary man he was extremely industri-
ous, patient, and able; and his "Con-
cordance" holds, and ever will hold, a
very liigh place in the estimation of all
biblical students. D. 1770.
CKUIKSHANK, William, an eminent
English surgeon, anatomist, and writer;
author of " The Anatomy of the Ab-
sorbent Vessels of the Human Body,"
"Expepments on the Insensible Per-
spiration of the Human Body," &c. D.
1800.
CEUZ, JuANA Inez de la, an ingeni-
ous lady, b. at Mexico. She was natu-
rally endowed with great powers of mind,
which were carefully cultivated, and
rendered her well-skilled in philosophy,
history, mathematics, poetry, and every
branch of literature. The poems which
she published possessed great merit,
according to the opinion of Father Fey-
jod. The best part of her life was spent
m the seclusion of the monastery of St.
Geronimo, where she d. 1695.
CRUZ CANO Y OLMEDILLA, Dox
Juan de la, an eminent Spanish geog-
rapher of the 18th century ; author of
the "Mapo Geographico de America
Meridional."
CTESIBIUS, of Alexandria, an emi-
nent ancient mathematician. He is said
to have invented the pump ; and he
constructed a clepsydra, or water-clock,
in which the moving power was a falling
column of water. A work of his, en-
titled " Geodesia, or the Art of Dividing
and Measuring Bodies," is to be found
in the Vatican Library. He flourished
in the 165th Olympiad, or about 120 b. c.
CTESIPHO^, or CHERSIPHRON, a
famous Ephesian architect. He gave
the design for the first temple of Diana
of the Ephesians, which was fired by
Erostratus. He flourished in the 6th
centurv b. c.
CUDWORTH, Ralph, an English
divine and philosopher; author of a
" Discourse concerning the True Nature
of the Lord's Supper," " The True In-
tellectual System of the Universe," &c.
He was an extremely learned and power-
ful writer ; and, independently ot hold-
ing some valuable church preferment, he
was master of Christ's college, Cam-
Hridge. D. 1688.
CUFF, Henbt, an eminent English
scholar, was for some time Greek pro-
fessor at Merton college, Oxford; but
growing weary of a secluded life, he be-
came secretary to Robert, earl of Essex,
on the expedition to Cadiz. Being im-
plicated in the transactions which led to
the apprehension and trial of the earl of
Essex, the latter charged him with beir ^
his adviser and abettor in all his violent
measures. Cuff was accordingly tried,
condemned, find executed in 1601.
CU JACIUS, or CUJAS, James, a cele •
brated French jurist; was professor of
law at Turin, and was held in the high-
est esteem as an expounder of difficult
questions. His writings were collected
in five folio volumes. D. 1590.
CULLEN, WiLLLVM, a celebrated phy-
sician and medical writer, was b. at Lan-
ark, 1712. After serving his apprentice-
ship to a surgeon and apothecary at
Glasgow, he went some voyages as a
surgeon. He subsequently settled at
Glasgow, and was appointed lecturer on
chemistry in the university of that city,
in which capacity he obtained so high a
reputation, that he at length became
medical professor in the university of
Edinburgh. As an author, he is well
known by his " Lectures on the Materia
Medica," "Synopsis Nosologiae Prac-
ticse," and his "First Lines on Medical
Practice." D. 1790.
CULPEPER, Sir Thomas, an English
writer of the 17th century ; author of
" Considerations on Mjirriage," a " Dis-
course on Usury," " Brief Survey of the
Growth of Usury in England." — Nicho-
las, an English herbalist of the 17th cen-
tury. He was educated at Cambridge;
and, after serving his apprenticeship to
an apothecary, settled in that profession
at Spitalfields, in London. lie wrote a
"Herbal" and a " Dispensary," but the
science and industry which he indispu-
tably possessed were in a great degree
marred by his absurd pretensions to as-
trology. — Thomas, lord, governor of Vir-
ginia from 1680 to 1683. D. 1719.
CUMBERLAND, Richard, bishop of
Peterborough ; author of a treatise " De
Legibus Naturae," written in opposition
to the philosophy of Hobbes ; a transla-
tion from Eusebius of " Sanconiathon's
Phoenician History," an " Essay on the
Jewish Weights and Measures," "Ori-
gines Gentium Antiquissimse." He was
an extremely learncvl man, but not more
remarkable for learning than for modest
and unsispiring virtues. — Richakd, an
able dramatic and miscellaneous writer,
was a son of Dr. Cumberland, bishop
332
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[cur
of Clonfert, and b. 1732. He was in-
troduced to public life as the secretary
of Lord Halifax, when viceroy of Ire-
land. His first literary eiforts obtained
for him but little fame ; but on the ap-
pearance of his comedy of "The West
Indian," in 1771, his reputation as a
dramatist was at once established. From
this period till the time of his decease,
he continued to be one of the most pro-
lific writers for the stage, though none
of his subsequent pieces were so suc-
cessful as the comedy before mentioned.
In 1780 he was employed by the govern-
ment to conduct a secret negotiation
with the coitrts of Miadrid and Lisbon ;
which, to the disgrace of the ministry,
involved him in great distress, as they
refused to reimburse his expenses, to
the amount of £5,000, which compelled
him to part with his hereditary proper-
ty. To add to his distress, the board of
trade was broken up, and he retired,
with a trifling pension, to Tunbridge
Wells, where he devoted himself to lit-
erary pursuits with the most unabating
ardor and industry. Besides his numer-
ous dramatic productions, he publish-
ed a collection of essays, under the title
of "The Observer;" also the novels of
"Arundel," "Henry," and "John de
Lancaster ;" " Calvary," a poem, and
various other works, the last of which
was his own " Memoirs." The comic
drama wa» certainly his forte ; but
throughout the whole of his writings
there is much merit, and many of them
possess the elements of a lasting vitali-
ty. D. 1811. — William Augustus, duke
of, second son of George II., was b.
1721, and at an early a^e entered on the
duties of a military lite. At the battle
of Dettingen, in 1743, he was wounded,
while fighting by the side of his father ;
and in 1745 he signalized himself, when
commander-in-chief of the British army
in Flanders, at the battle of Fonteuo^-,
where, however, he was obliged to yield
the palm of victory to Marshal Saxe.
On his return to England he took the
field against the Scottish rebel troops,
whom he defeated at the battle of CuUo-
den ; but he stained his laurels by un-
necessary cruelty. I). 1765.
OUNITIA, Makia, a learned lady in
the 17th century, b. in Silesia. She
possessed a perfect knowledge of an-
cient and modern languages, but par-
ticularly excelled in mathematics and
astronomy, on which she wrote some
ingenious treatises, especially her " Ura-
nia Propitia," in 1650, in Latin and Ger-
man. D. 1664.
CUNNINGHAM, Alexander, a Scotch
historical writer; author of a "History
of Great Britain, from the Revolution to
the Accession of George I." This was
elegantly written by him in Latin, but a
translation of it was published by Dr.
Thompson, in 1787. Cunningham also
held some government employments,
among which was that of resident at
Venice. D. 1737. — Allan, an eminent
poet, novelist, and miscellaneous writer,
was b. at Blackwood, in Dumfriesshire,
1785. His parents were in very humble
circumstances, and he was taken from
school when only 11 years of age, and
apprenticed to a stone-mason. These
disadvantageous circumstances did not
prevent him from acquiring, by ^reat
though desultory reading, much inform-
ation ; and in 1810 he repaired to Lon-
don, where he at first earned a main-
tenance by contributing to periodicals,
and reporting for the press. At a later
period he obtained employment in the
studio of the eminent sculptor Chantrey,
as principal assistant, which enabled
him to prosecute his literary tastes with-
out hazard ; and he so well improved
his advantages, that he not merely dis-
tinguished himself as a critic and histo-
rian as to the arts, and as a poet and
novelist, but also by combining the pru-
dence and tact of the man of business
with the fervor and feeling of the man
of genius, acquired considerable pecu-
niary resources. Amon^ his numerous
works are " Sir Marmaduke Maxwell,"
a drama; "Paul Jones," and "Sir Mi-
chael Scott," novels ; the " Lives of
Burns and Sir David Wilkie," besides
many poems, ballads, and lyrics ; but
his most important work, and that by
which he is best known south of the
Tweed, is "The Lives of British Paint-
ers, Sculptors, and Architects." D.
1842.^-JoHN, an ingenious Irish poet
and dramatic performer ; author of
"The Landscape," and other poems,
and of " Love in a Mist," a farce, upon
which Garrick is said to have founded
that of the " Lying Valet." D. 1773.
CURL, Edmund, a bookseller, whose
name is handed down, like many others,
by the satirical wit of Pope, kept a shop
in the purlieus of Co vent-garden, and
had his ears cut off in the pillory as a
reward for publishing obscene books.
CURRAN, John Philpot, a celebrated
Irish barrister, of humble origin, was b.
near Cork, 1750 ; received his education
at Trinity college, Dublin, and coming
to London, studied law in the Temple.
In course of time he was called to the
cus]
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
333
bar, and though at first he had to strug-
gle with great difficulties, his brilliant
talents, exerted in defence of various
persons charged with political offences,
overcame all obstacles, and he quickly
rose to forensic eminence. He became
a member of the Irish house of com-
mons in 1784, and was a powerful mem-
ber of the opposition until the Whigs
came into office, in 1806, when he was
made master of the rolls in Ireland.
This office he held until 1814, and re-
ceived a pension of £3,000 on retiring,
after which period he generally resided
in London. His oratorical powers were
of the most splendid kind ; his wit,
Eathos, and sarcasm being alike irresisti-
le ; and though mean in personal ap-
pearance, and not always using his
mtellectual reapons with good taste,
they enabled him to support the charac-
ter of a popular advocate and an effec-
tive debater. D. 1817.
CURRIE, James, was a native of Scot-
land, but settled as a medical man at
Liverpool, where he enjoyed an exten-
sive and very lucrative practice. He is
very favorably known as a professional
writer, by a paper "On Tetanus and
Convulsive Disorders," and " Medical
Keports," &c. But his literary celebrity
rests less upon his professional treatises
than upon his biography of the poet
Burns, an edition of whose works was
superintended by Dr. Currie, in a man-
ner which obtained him great and well-
merited applause. D. 1805.
CURTIb, William, an eminent En-
glish botanist, was a native of Alton, in
Hampshire, and was apprenticed to an
apothecary in that place. But his love
of botanical pursuits induced him to
relinquish his profession to establish a
botanical garden, and exhibit as a botani-
cal lecturer. Besides his lectures, which
were published with expensive and
handsome illustrative plates, he wrote
" Practical Observations on the British
Grasses," "Flora Londinensis," an ac-
curate and beautiful work ; a " Botanical
Magazine," &c. D. 1799.
CURTIUS, Marcus, a celebrated Ro-
man. Livy relates, that in the year
362 B. c, a vast chasm appeared in the
midst of the Forum, which the oracle
gronounced could only be closed by the
lomans throwing into it that by which
they were most powerful. Curtis de-
clared that the arms and courage of the
Romans were their most valuable pos-
sessions, and having solemnly devoted
himself, he put on his armor, mounted
Uis horse, and galloped headlocg into
the gulf, — RuFus QuiNTUs, a Roman his-
torian, who wrote the history of Alex-
ander the Great in ten books, the first
two of which are lost. The exact period
in v/hich he flourished is not known ;
for though his style would indicate that
he lived in one of the best periods of
the Latin language, no writer of any
earlier date than the 12th century has
made any mention of him.
CUSA, Nicholas i>e, an eminent car-
dinal, who took his name from that of
the village of Cusa, in the diocese of
Treves, where he was born. After some
minor preferments in the church, he
was sent by Pope Eugenius IV. as legate
to Constantinople, to endeavor to bring
about a union between the Greek and
Latin churches. He was made a cardi-
nal by Pope Nicholas V., who also gave
him the see of Brixen, in the Tyrol. Be-
sides metaphysical, theological, mathe-
matical, and other treatises, which form
three volumes folio, he wrote a very
learned and powerful refutation of the
Koran. D. 1464.
GUSHING, Thomas, lieutenant-gov-
ernor of Massachusetts, was graduated
at Harvard college, 1744. Being the son
of an eminent merchant of Boston, he
had no chosen profession. He was early
called into public life, first as a repre •
sentative of Boston, and afterwards
speaker of the house. He held the
latter office when the controversy with
England had reached the point, which
made an appeal to arms indispensable,
and he sidea with his country. He was
a member of the first and second con-
Sress. On his return to his own state
e was elected into the council, which
then constituted the supreme executive.
After the adoption of the present con-
stitution of Massachusetts he was elect-
ed lieutenant-governor, and was kept in
that office till his death. D. 1788, aged
62. — William, judge of the supreme
court of the United States, was gradu-
ated at Harvard college, 1751. In 1772
he received a commission as justice of
the superior court of Massachusetts, and
in 177y that of chief justice. At the
beginning of the revolution among the
high in office, he, alone, supported the
rights of his country. At the organ-
ization of the federal government, he
was placed by Washington, in 1789, on
the bench of the supreme court of the
United States, and held the office till his
death. D. 1810.
CUSTINE, Adam Philip, count de,
was b. at Metz, 1740; and having en-
tered the army early in life, attracted
384
CYCLOP iEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[CZE
the notice of Frederic of Prussia, under
whom he served in the seven years'
war. He afterwards accepted a com-
mission in one of the French regiments
tliat assisted the Americans in resisting
the English ; and on returning to France
was made governor of Toulon. In 1792
he had tlie command of the army of the
Ehine ; but being suddenly summoned
to France, the rulers of the hour sent
him to the guillotine, August, 1793.
CUTHBEKT, an English saint, who
had the honor to baptize Egfred, king
of Northumberland, and the good for-
tune to be made bishop of that district.
He founded a monastery at Lindisfarne,
and d. in 686.
CUVELLIER DE TRIE, John Wil-
LLAM Augustus, a French dramatist of
great fecundity and considerable talent,
was b. 1766, and d. 1824. He was some-
times called the Corneille of the bou-
levards.
CUVIER, George Leopold Christian
Frederic Daoobert, Baron ; the most
eminent naturalist of modern times:
was b. at Moatbeliard, in tlie duchy ci
Wirtemberg, 1769. Having a decided
partiality for natural history, he devoted
his leisure hours to the pursuit of that
interesting science, while acting in the
capacity of private tutor in the family
of count d'Hericy, in Normandy. As
soon as he quitted this situation he
established himself in Paris ; and such
was his talent, and such the perseve-
rance with which he followed up his
examinations and inquiries, that he was
ere long acknowledged to be one of the
first zoologists in Europe. His profound
knowledge and comprehensive views,
his ingenious classifications and elegant
illusti'ations, delighted the accomplished
visitors of the Lycee, where he lectured ;
and his fame reaching the ears of Na-
poleon, the most important offices in the
department of public instruction were
given to him. He twice visited England,
namely, in 1818, and in 1830 ; and d. at
Paris in 1832. To Baron Cuvier, France
is indebted for the finest osteological
collection in the world ; while the whole
world is indebted to him for the im-
mense addition he has made to the gen-
eral stock of zoological science. — Fred-
eric, brother of the above, was also
highly distinguished as a naturalist. D.
1838.
CYPRIAN, Thascius C-sicilius, was a
learned father of the church, b. at Car-
thage, and who embraced Christianity
in 246. He wrote a work, entitled
"Gratia Dei;" succeeded Donatus, as
bishop of Carthage ; and suffered mar-
tyrdom in 258.
CYRIL, St., originahy named CoN-
STANTINE, and called the Pliilosopher,
was the apostle of the Slavi, in the 9th
century, and invented the Sclavonic al-
phabet. D. at Rome., in 822.
CYRUS, king of Persia, a renowned
conqueror, was the son of Cambyses and
Mandane, daughter of Astyages, king
of Media, by whom he was sent to Per-
sia. Here he soon collected a formid-
able army, and deposed his grandfather,
560 B. c. He also conquered CrcBSus,
the rich and powerful king of Lydia,
and Nabonadius, king of Babylon, whose
capital he took, after a siege of two
years. Extending his conquests on all
sides, till his dommions in Asia reached
from the Hellespont to the Indus, he at
length marched against the Massagetee,
a people of Scythia, then ruled by a
queen named Tomyris ; but though suc-
cessful in the first great battle, he was
defeated in the second, and slain, 529
B. c. — The Younger, was the sou of Da-
rius Nothus, and brother of Artaxerxes,
whose life he attenipted, in order to
obtain the throne. He was, however,
Eardoned, and made governor of Lydia;
ut he treacherously raised an army,
marched against his brother, fought a
desperate battle, and was killed, 400 b.o.
— Of Panapolis, a Latin poet and sol-
dier, in the time of Theodosius the
Younger. He was made consul and
prefect of Constantinople ; afterwards
embraced Christianity, and was made
bishop of Phrvgia, where he died.
CZERNI-GfeORGE, whose real name
was George Petrovitsch, the appella-
tion of " George the Black" being given
him on account of the darkness of his
complexion, was b. of humble parents,
near Belgrade ; but he raised himself to
the rank of a prince by the force of his
natural talents, and a degree of courage
rarelv equalled. With an ardent desire
to liberate Servia, his native country,
from the Turks, he first raised a small
troop, was successful in various en-
counters, and at length, in 1800, made
himself master of Belgrade. A lon^
and arduous struggle followed ; and
though for a time Czerni-George was
the acknowledged prince of Servia, he
was eventually compelled to retire to
Russia, where he was received with
distinction, and created a Russian
prince. But he was still bent on pos-
sessing Servia ; and having entered that
territory, in 1817, he was taken prisoner
and beheaded.
dalI
CTCL0F2EDIA OF BIOGRAPHT.
335
D.
DACH, Simon, a German poet, b.
1605, professor of poetry at Konigsberg.
D. 1659.
DACIER, Andrew, a critic and clas-
sical commentator of some eminence, b.
1651, at Castres, in Upper Languedoc.
He was made perpetual secretary of the
French Academy in 1781, and had the
care of the cabinet in the Louvre in-
trusted to him. He translated Horace,
Plato, Plutarch, Epictetus, cfec, into
French. D. 1722. — Anne Lefevre, wife
of the preceding, was b. 1651, at Sau-
mur. Her love of classical literature
was displayed at an early age ; and her
proficiency was so great, that at the age
of 22 she produced an admirable edition
of "Callimachus," which was followed
by various others of the Delphian clas-
sics. She subsequently translated Ho-
mer, Anacreon, Sappho, Terence, with
portions from Aristophanes, Plautus,
&c. In 1683 she married M. Dacier,
and soon after they both renounced the
Protestant religion. Though her life
was spent in constant literary labor, she
was far from being ostentatious of her
eminent abilities. D. 1720.
D^DALUS, a celebrated Greek arch-
itect and sculptor, who is said to have
flourished at Athens in the 10th cen-
tury B.C., and to have been the inventor
of many useful instruments, viz., the
axe, the saw, the plummet, the auger,
<fec. — There was also another Daedalus
of less note, a sculptor of Sicyon.
DA^IfDELS, Herman William, a
Dutch general, b. at Hattem, 1762, who
took an important part in the troubles
which began in Holland in 1787, on the
side of^the patriots, and, with many of
his countrymen of the same party, was
compelled to take refuge in France. In
1793 he was appointed colonel to the
new legion of volunteers, and rendered
great service to Dumouriez and to Pich-
egru in 1794. When Louis Bonaparte
ascended the throne he was made gov-
ernor-general of Batavia. He was re-
called by Napoleon in 1812, and on his
return published an account of his ad-
ministration, in which many valuable
statistics were also giv en. He was after-
wards appointed by the king of the
Netherlands, to organize the colonies on
the coast of Africa. D. 1818.
DAGGETT, Napthali, the fifth pres-
ident of Yale college, was grafiuated at
the same institution, in 1748. He wa«
a native of Attleborough, Mass., and in
1751 was settled in the ministry at Smith
Town on Long Island. From this place
he removed to New Haven in 1756, and
became professor of divinity in the col-
lege. He held this office till his death ;
and from the death of Mr. Clap in 1766,
till April, 1777, he exercised the duties
of president. D. 1780. — David, an emi-
nent judge of Connecticut, b. 1764, a
senator of the Unitc-d States, Kent pro-
fessor of law at Yale college, and chief
justice of the supreme court of the
United States. D. 1850.
DAGOBERT I., king of the Franks,
surnamed the Great on account of his
military success, began his reign in 628,
and d. at the age of 32.
D' AGUESSEAU, Henry Francis, call-
ed by Voltaire the most learned magis-
trate that France ever produced, was b.
at Limoges in 1668, and d. 1751. Hia
works were published in 13 vols. 4to.
DALBERG, Charles Theodore An-
thony Maria, a baron of the Gennan
empire, prince-primate of the confeder-
ation of tlie Rhine, grand-duke of Frank-
fort, and, finally, archbishop of Ratisbon,
was b. near Worms, 1744. He espoused
the new ideas to which the French rev-
olution gave impulse; and though he
opposed the invasion of Germany by
the French in 1797, he assisted at the
coronation of the Emperor Napoleon in
1804. Throughout life he was distin-
fuished for industry in the discharge of
is official duties, and for an incorrupt-
ible love of justice ; he was also the en-
courager of learning and science, and
himself the author of several ingenious
treatises, legal, scientific, and philosoph-
ical. In 1813 he voluntarily resigned
all his possessions as a sovereign pnnce,
and retired to private life, retaining only
his ecclesiastical dignity. D. 1817.
D'ALBRET, Charlotte, sister of
John d'Albret, king of Navarre, and
wife of Caesar Borgia. She was- a poetess
of no mean powers, and as remarkable
for virtue as her husband was for vice.
D. 1514. — Charles, constable of France
in the reign of Charles VI., to whom he
was related by blood. He conmianded
the French army at the famous battle of
Agincourt, in which he lost his life,
1514. — Jeanne, daughter of Margaret,
queen of Navarre, and mother of Henry
336
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[dal
of Navarre, afterwards Henry IV. of
France. D. 1572.
DALE, Richard, an American naval
officer, was b. in Virginia, 1756; was
sent to sea at 12 years of age, and at ly
had the command of a merchant-vessel.
While serving as a midshipman on
board of the American brig-of-war Lex-
ington, he was taken by a British cutter ;
but, after being confined a twelvemonth
in Mill prison, he effected his escape
into France, where he joined the cele-
brated Paul Jones, then commanding
the American ship Bon Homme Eichard,
and was the first man that boarded the
English frigate Serapis, which was cap-
tured. In 1801 he had tlie command
of an American squadron, and hoisted
his pendant on board the President.
He was a brave, honorable, and intelli-
gent seaman. The adventures of his
early days were of the most romantic
and perilous kind ; but his latter years
were passed in the peaceful enjoyment
of a competent estate at Philadelphia.
D. 1826. — David, a skilful mechanic,
and the originator of the well-known
Lanark Mills, was b. 1739, at Stewarton,
in Ayrshire. From being a journeyman
weaver he became a cotton manufacturer
on a most extensive scale, first in con-
junction with Sir R. Arkwright, and
afterwards on his own ac-^ount. By his
means employment was given to thou-
sands, old and young ; nor did he leave
the latter without the means of mental
instruction, but provided teachers and
established schools at all his works. D.
1806. — Sir Thomas, was sent out to Vir-
ginia as high marshal, in 1609, and a
second time in May, 1611, with 300 col-
onists, supplies, and new laws, with the
execution of which he was intrusted.
His administration was rigorous and
excited great disaffection, but the in-
terests of the colony were advanced
under it. He built the town of Hen-
rico, on James river, and conquered
that of the Appomattox Indians, at the
mouth of the river of that name. In
August, 1611, Sir Thomas Gates suc-
ceeded him in the government. He
continued, however, to take an active
part in the affairs of the colony, and on
the return of Gates to England, in 1614,
the chief command again devolved on
him. He returned to England in 1616.
He afterwards went to the East Indies,
and there died. _
DALIN, Glaus Von, called the father
of modern Swedish poetry, was the au-
thor of many spirited satires, songs,
epigrams, and fables. He also wrote
" The Argus," a work on the plan of the
Spectator ; " A General History of Swe-
den ;" " Brumhildiv," a tragedy, &c.
B. 1708 ; d. 1763.
DALLAS, Sir Geokoe, lord chief jus-
tice of the common pleas, was b. in
London, 1758, and at the age of 18 he
went to India as a writer, where hia
talents soon raised him to high civil
offices. He warmly espoused the cause
of Hastings when impeached, and in
1789 he wrote a pamplilet, in which he
attributed to him the British supremacy
in India. In 1793 he published his
" Thoughts upon our Present Situation,
with Remarks upon the PoUcy of a War
with France," which created consider-
able sensation, and especially excited the
admiration of Mr. Pitt. D. 1833.— Rob-
ert Charles, known as the friend and
biographer of Lord Byron, was b. at
Kingston, Jamaica, and studied the law
in the Inner Temple. After residing
for a time in France and America, he
returned to England, and devoted him-
self to literature. He translated several
works from the French, and wrote the
novels of " Aubrey," "Perceval," " The
Morlands," &c. ; but he is now more
remembered for his " Recollections of
Lord Byron." D. 1824. — Alexander
James, was b. in the island of Jamaica,
1759. In 1783 he left Jamaica for the
United States, and settled in Philadel-
phia. In 1785 he was admitted to prac-
tise in the supreme court of the state,
and in four or five years in the courts of
the Union. During this time he pre-
pared his " Reports," and was engaged
in various literary pursuits, writing
much in the periodical journals. Ho
occupied successively the offic^j^f sec-
retary of Pennsylvania ; district attorney
of the United States ; secretary of the
treasury, and secretary- of war. On the
restoration of peace in 1816, Mn Dallas
resigned his political situation, and re-
sumed the successful practice of his pro-
fession. His services a.s an advocate
were called for in almost every part of
the Union, but in the midst of very
flattering expectations he d. at Trenton
in 1817. — Alexander James, son of the
preceding, became a distinguished naval
officer of the United States. He entered
the navy in 1805, when only 14 years of
age, was with Commodore Rogers on
board of the President, in 1812, and,
subsequently with Chauncey on lake
Ontario. He also accompanied Porter
in his exterminating cruise against the
West India pirates. D. 1844.
DALRYMPLE, Alexander, hydro/?-
dan]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
337
raplier to the Admiralty and the India
Company, was b. at New Hailes, near
Edinburgh, in 1737, and spent the early
part of ins life in India, as a writer. He
quary, was b. at Edinburgh in 1726, and
educated at Eton and Utrecht, On his
becoming a judge of the court of session
in 1766, he took the title of Lord Hailes.
His principal works are " Annds of Scot-
lana," which Dr. Johnson assisted in
revising, and ** Memorials relating to the
History of Great Britain." D. 1792.—
Sir John, for many years a baron of
exchequer in Scotland, and the author
of "Memoirs of Great Britain and Ire-
land." D. 1810.
D ALTON, John, a mathematician and
natural philosopher, was b. at Eagles-
field, near Cockennouth, in 1766. From
teaching a school as a boy in his native
village, in 1793, when in his 23d year,
he became professor of mathematics and
natural philosophy in the new college,
Manchester. He made his first appearance
as an author in a volume of " Meteoro-
logical. Observations and Essays," in
1798. In 1808 he published "A New
System of Chemical Philosophy," and a
second part in 1810. In 1826 he was
presented with a gold medal by the
Royal Society for his scientific discov-
eries ; and iii 1833 the sum of £2000 was
raised by his friends and townsmen for
the erection o'f a statue (by Chantrey)
to perpetuate his remembrance. His
" Atomic Theory" must ever render his
name memorable. Cotemporaneously
with Gay-Lussac, with whom many of
his researches run parallel, he discovered
the important general law of the expan-
sion of gases ; and his contributions to
meteorology were also of the most im-
portant kind. D. 1844. — Michael, an
eminent lawyer of the 16th century;
the author of a book on the " Office of
a Justice of the Peace," and another on
the " Duties of Sheriffs." D. 1620.
DALZIEL, Thomas, a Scotch general,
who was with Charles II. at the battle
of Worcester; after which he entered
into the Russian service, but was re-
called at the restoration.
DAMER, Anne Seymour, eminent as
a sculptor as well as for her general ac-
com})lishments, was the daughter of
Field-marshal Conway, and b. 1748.
She took lessons in the art from Ceracci
and Bacon, and afterwards studied in
Italy. D. 1808.
DAMIENS, Robert, who, owing to
29
his vicious inclinations, obtained the
appellation of Robert le diable, was b.
1715, at Tieulloy, a village of Artois.
While at Paris, in a menial employment,
he was accused of having poisoned one
of his masters and robbed another ; and
having evaded the law by flight, he in
course of time returned, to practise new
enormities. In January, 1757, he stabbed
Louis XV. in the midst of his guards, as
he was getting into his carriage. The
wound was not mortal, and Damiens
was instantly seized ; but the most cruel
tortures which he was doomed to suffer
could not induce him to confess that he
had any accomplices; 'and the horrid
sentence, which condemned him to be
torn in pieces by horses, was executed
March 28, 1757.
DAMOCLES, a sycophant at the court
of Dionysius of Syracuse. He was one
day extolling the happy condition of
princes, on which the king invited him
to a sumptuous entertainment, but
caused a naked sword to be suspended
over his head by a single hair ; thereby
intimating the danger that awaited the
great, though surrounded by vassals
and revelling in luxury. This is said to
have produced a salutary effect on the
courtier, who begged that the king
would dismiss him to any meaner sta-
tion, so that lie might live in safety.
DAMON, a Pythagorean philosopher^
rendered memorable for his friendshiv
with Pythias. Dionysms having cor-
demned him to death, he obtained leave
of absence to go home and settle his
affairs, Pythias pledging himself to en-
dure the punishment in his stead if he
did not return at the appointed time.
Damon was punctual ; and this instance
of friendship so pleased the king, that
he pardonea Damon, and requested to
become one of his friends.
DAMPIER, William, an English
navigator,, was b. at East Coker, Somer-
setshire, in 1652, and became a mariner
at an early age. During many years of
active service in privateers and trading
vessels, he several times visited the
South Seas ; and the result of his obser-
vations were given to the public in a
work, entitled " Voyages round the
World," which possesses vory con-
siderable merit. He d., as is supposed,
in 1712, but the exact time is not Known,
DANA, Francis, chiet-justice of Mas-
sachusetts under the constitution of 1780
He was a delegate in congress from Mass.
from 1776 to 1779, when he accompan^'ed
Mr. Adams to Paris as secretary ot le-
gation. He was appointed minister to
338
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT,
[dan
Russia 5 a 1780, and though not publicly
received as such, remained there till the
end of the war ; he returned to America
in 1783, and was a delegate in congress
in 1784. He was appointed chief justice
in 1792, and resigned in 1806. D. 18L1,
aged 68. — James Fkeeman, was gradu-
ated at Harvard college, 1813, and in a
few years after was appointed assistant
firofessor of chemistry in that seminary.
n 1820 he was appointed professor of
chemistry and mineralogy at Dartmouth
college ; resigned this office in 1826, on
being appointed professor of chemistry
in the college of physicians and surgeons
at New York. ' He published, with his
brother, " Outlines of the Geology and
Mineralogy of Boston;" an "Epitome
of Chemical Philosophy" as a text book.
D. 1827.
DANCKERTS, the name of a family
of Dutch artists, of whom Cornelius, b.
1561, appears to have been the first of
any note. He excelled as a portrait and
historical engraver.
DANCOURT, Florence Carton, a
French actor and dramatic poet, was b.
in 1661, at Fontainbleau, and was origi-
nally a barrister, but quitted that pro-
fession for the stage. D. 1726.
DANDINI, Cesar and Vincent, two
Florentine painters of the 16th century,
both eminent for their historical pieces ;
as was also their nephew Pietro, who d.
in 1712.
DANDOLO, Henry, a celebrated doge
of Venice, to which high office he was
chosen in 1192, when in his 84th year.
At the siege of Constantinople, during
the fourth crusade, the venerable doge
commanded his men to run up to the
walls, and was himself the first who
leaped on shore, D. 1205, aged 97. —
Vincent, a Venetian chemist, descended
from the famous doge and captor of Con-
stantinople, was b. 1758. At all times
zealous for the independence of Italy, he
became a member of the council of the
Cisalpine republic, after the treaty of
Campo Formio. Among his works are
" Fondamenti della Scieuza Fisico-Che-
mica," &c. D. 1819.
D'ANDRADA, Anthony, a Portu-
guese Jesuit, who discovered in 1624
the country of Cathay and Thibet, of
which he published an account. D. 1684.
—-Diego de Payvu, a learned Portuguese
divine, who distinguished himself at the
council of Trent by his talents and elo-
quence, and wrote an elaborate defence
of it against the attack of Chemnitius.
D. 1575. — Francis, his brother, was his-
toriographer to the king of Spain, and
wrote the *' History of John III., king
of Portugal." — Thomas, another brother,
an Augusthie friar, called by his order
Thomas of Jesus, attended Don Sebas-
tian in his expedition against the emper-
or of Morocco, was taken prisoner, and
shut up in a cave by the Moors, in which
place he wrote a book called " The Suf-
ferings of Jesus."
DANE, Nathan, an eminent jurist
and statesiftan. He was b. at Ipswich,
Mass. He was the framer of the cele-
brated ordinance of congress of 1787, for
the government of the territory of the
United States northwest of the river
Ohio, by which the principles of free
government, to the exclusion of slavery,
were extended to an immense region,
and its political and moral interest se-
cured on a permanent basis. His great
work, entitled "A General Abridgment
and Digest of American Law," will re-
main a proof of his learning and indus-
try, and the Dane Professorship of Law,
founded by his munificence at Harvard
university, and the Law Hall, will be
enduring monuments of his desire to
promote the interest of the profession
of law, and the welfare of th^ com-
munity. D. 1834, aged 82 years.
DANGEAU, Philip de Courcillon,
marquis of, was b. 1638, and distin-
guished himself not less by his own
talents than by the patronage he af-
forded to the literati of his day. He
wrote an extensive " Journal of the
Court of Louis XIV.," extracts from
which have been published, but not the
work entire. D. 1720.
D'ANGHIERA, Peter Martyr, an
Italian scholar of a noble Milanese family,
author of several historical works, which
are usually quoted under the name of
Peter Martyr. B. 1455; d. 1526.
DANICIAN, Andre, better known
by the name of Philidor, a celebrated
player and writer on cliess, was b. at Paris,
and resided several years in England,
where he published his " Analysis " of
that celebrated game, and also some
musical compositions. D. 1795.
DANIEL, Samuel, a poet and histo-
rian, was b. 1562, near Tauntonj Devon,
and educated at Magdalen hall, Oxford.
He became poet laureate on the death of
Spenser, and was subsequently appoint-
ed to the office of groom of the bed-
chamber to James T. Besides various
poems, some of which possess consid-
erable merit, he wrote a " History of
Enirland" to the end of the reign of
Edward III. D. 1619.
DANIELL, Samuel, an artist, who
dan]
vCYCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
339
travelled into the interior of Africa,
made numerous drawings tliere, and on
his return published a work entitled
"Alrican Scenery." He also spent six
years in the island of Ceylon, where he
d. in 1811. He left an extensive collec-
tion of drawings, chiefly illustrative of
\;he natural history of the island ; and a
volume was published, entitled " Tlie
Scenery, An mals, and Native Inhabit-
ants of Ceylon." — William, an eminent
draughtsman, b. 1769, was initiated in
the pictorial art at a very early age, and
accompanied his uncle to India, when
he was only 14, for the express purpose
of assisting in depicting the scenery,
costume, &c., of that interesting coun-
try. Immediately on their return, the
large work, entitled " Oriental Scenery,"
was printed. He also published '' A
Picturesque Voyage to India," a work
entitled " Zoography," and a great va-
riety of separate views and panoramas.
He was particularly successful in de-
picting the ocean in all its varied aspects ;
and his glowing representations of East-
ern scenery are well known to the pub-
lic bv his splendid " Oriental Annuid."
D. 1837.
DANNECKER, John Henry, whose
statue of Ariadne on the Leopard, at
Frankfort, would suthce to place him in
the first rank of modern sculptors, was
b. at Stuttgard, 1758. His female fig-
ures have rarely been surpassed; and
his busts of Schiller, Lavater, Gluck,
and many of the members of the royal
family of Wurtemburg, are models of
artistic skill. D. 1841.
DANTE ALIGHIERI, the sublimest
of the Italian poets, was b. at Florence,
in 1265. The family name was Caccia-
guida, and that of his mother was Ali-
ghieri. The name by which he has de-
scended to posterity is a contraction of
Durante, his Christian name. Brunetto
Latini was his teacher, and Dante rapid-
ly profited by his instructions. Nor
were his feelings less precocious than
his talents, if it be true that at the age
of ten years he fell in love with the lady
whom he has inmiortalized under the
name of Beatrice. He was destined,
however, in his twenty-sixth year, to
marry Gemma, one of the Donati family,
from whom, after having lived unhap-
pily wi*;!! her, he was separated. Be-
fore his marriage, he served his country
with distinction in the wars against
Arezzo and Pisa, and also as an envoy,
in which capacity he v as fourteen times
employed. In 1300 he was raised to
be one of the eight chief magistrates of
the republic. Here ended his good for-
tune. He belonged to the party called
the Bianchi, or Whites ; and their oppo-
nents, the Neri, or Blacks, having gained
the ascendency, he was first lianished
from Florence,^ind afterwards condemn-
ed to be burnt alive, in case of his fall-
ing into their hands. Nearly all the re-
mainder 01 Dante's life wa's spent in
wandering-*, and in fruitless struggles.
At length, he found an asylum with
Guide Novella, lord of Kavenna; and
at Kavenna he d. September 14, 1821.
Dante wrote various works, but his
fame rests on the Divina Commedia,
which consists of three parts, Hell, Pur-
gatory, and Heaven. In this astonish-
ing production Dante does, indeed, " on
Horror's head horrors accumulate."
For boundless and wild imagination, for
gloomy grandeur, for terrific energy, it
has no superior; while, on the other
hand, it often charms by exquisite
sweetness, simplicity, and grace. The
best English translation (and it is not
likely to be surpassed) is that by Gary.
— Ignatius, a Dominican, of the same
family as the poet. He was a cele-
brated mathematician, and wrote a trea-
tise on the astrolabe. He became bishop
of Alatri, and d. 1586.— John Baptist,
professor of mathematics at Venice in
the 15th century, was also a member of
the above family, and is said to have
made a pair of wings, with which he
flew over the lake Thrasimenus.
DANTON, George James, b. in 1759,
was an advocate by profession, but be-
came one of the most active among the
leaders of the French revolution. He
took the lead in the meeting of the
Champ de Mars, which paved the way
to the dethronement of the king. Well
qualified for the position he assumed, by
his colossal figure, stentorian voice, and
fierce demeanor, he became one of the
executive council, and prepared meas-
ures for the defence of the capital when
it was threatened by the Prussian in-
vaders under the duke of Brunswick.
He was afterwards a member of the
convention and of the committee of pub-
lic safety, and was a chief promoter of
all the acts of that terrible period. At
length a struggle for supremacy took
place between'iiim and Robespierre, in
which the latter succeeded, and Danton
was sent to the guillotine, in 1794.
D'ANVILLE, Jean Baptiste Bour-
guignon, first geographer to the kinir of
France, member of the Academy of In-
scriptions and Belles Lettres, of tlie An-
tiquarian Society of London, and ad-
S40
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOORAPHT.
[datj
joint-geographer to the Parisian Acade-
my of Sciences. Among tiie best of hia
works are the "Atlas of Ancient Egypt,"
" Urbis Veteribiis Notus," and " Orbis
Eomauus." He publislied 78 treatises
and '211 maps, aU of whicli are distin-
guished for tlieir accuracy and perspi-
cuity. B. Ifi97; d. 1782.
DARAN, James, an eminent French
surgeon, b. 1701, was celebrated chiefly
for his skill in diseases of the bladder.
For a considerable time he was surgeon-
major in the imperial army, but settled
in Paris, where he acquired both fame
and fortune by his practice. D. 1784.
D'ARBLAY, Madame, (Frances Bur-
key,) was the daughter of Dr. Burney,
the celebrated composer and author,
and may be reckoned among the most
distinguished novelists of the last cen-
tury; her first work, "Evelina," hav-
ing created a greater sensation among
the literati of her time than was probably
ever caused by any similar production.
Her other chief works were "Cecilia,
or the Memoirs of an Heiress," " Ca-
milla, or a Picture of Youth," " The
Wanderer, or Female Difficulties," and
"Memoirs of Dr. Burney." D. 1840.
DARCET, John, a French chemist
and physician, who contributed much
to the progress of chemical science, was
b. in 1725," at Douazit, in Guienne. He
made several improvements in the man-
ufacture of porcelain, tried the effect of
fire on various minerals, and demon-
strated the combustibility of the dia-
mond. D. 1801. — His son, John Peter
Joseph, also an ingenious practical chem-
ist, has greatly contributed to the im-
-provement of science by a number of
valuable discoveries.
DARCY, Patrick, Count, an eminent
engineer, was b. at Galway, in Ireland,
in 1725, and educated at Paris. He also
distinguished himself by his mathemati-
cal works, viz. : " An Essay on Artil-
lery," " A Memoir on the Duration of
the Sensation of Sight," &c. D. 1799.
D'ARGENSOLA, Lupercio Leonar-
do, a Spanish poet, b. at Balbastro, Ar-
agon, in 1565, was secretary of war at
Naples, under the viceroy there. He
was the author of three tragedies and
various poems. D. 1618. — Bartholo-
jMEW, brother of the preceding, was
chaplain to the Empress Maria of Aus-
tria, and tlie writer of some historical
works of merit, viz., a " History of the
Conquest of the Molucca Islands,"
" Annal-^ of the Kingdom of Aragon,"
&c. D. 1731.
D'AEGENSON, Mark Rene le Vot-
er Paulmy, Marquis, a distinguished
statesman in the reign of Louis XIV.,
was lieutenant-general of the police in
Paris, and the first who introduced let-
tres-cle-cachet : he was subsequently
chancellor; but finally retired under
some disgrace to a monastery, in which
he d. 1721. B. 16G2.
D' ARGONNE, Noel Bonaventure, a
French Carthusian monk of the 17th
century. His "Melanges d'Histoire et
de Litterature," published under the
name of Vigneul ae Marville, is a clever
collection of anecdotes, accompanied by
striking and just remarks. Argonne is
also favorably known as the author of
"Traits de la Lecture des Peres de
I'Eglise."
DARIUS I., king of Persia, was the
son of Hystaspes. He entered into a
conspiracy, with six others, against the
usurper Smerdis, and having slain him,
they agreed that he should have the
crown whose horse should neigh first in
the morning. By a well-concerted plan
of his groom, the horse of Darius neigh-
ed immediately he came to the spot
where they were to meet, in conse-
quence of which he was saluted king.
D. 485 B. c.
DARNLEY, Henry, earl of, the hus-
band of Mary, queen of Scots, whose
hand he received in 1565, and perished
about two years afterwards, owing to
the house in which he resided being
blown up with gunpowder. Whether
Mary was privy to this horrid crime or
not, has never been clearly proved ; but
there are those who conjecture that her
illicit passion for Bothwell, or resent-
ment for the death of her favorite, Riz-
zio, might have been the cause of the
catastrophe;
D ARU, Pierre Antoine Noel Bruno,
a peer of France, eminent as a states-
man, poet, and historian, was b. at
Montpelier, in 1767. At the age of 16
he entered the army, and at the break-
ing out of the revolution adopted its
principles. He published a translation
of the worKS of Horace, which, with his
"Cleopedie," or "Theory of Literary
Fame," established his reputation as a
poet. It was not long before Napoleon
discovered his abilities, and rewarded
him by various official appointments of
trust ; and at the first restoration of the
Bourbons, he was called to the chambei
of peers by Louis XVIII. He afterwards
wrote rhe" Life of Sully" and the " His-
tory of Venice," the latter work being
one of the most important productions
of modern literature. D. 1829
DAVj
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
341
DAK WIN, Erasmus, a poet and phy-
sician, was b. at Elton, near Newark, in
1721. He was educated at Cambridge,
took liis doctor's degree at Edinburgh,
and settled at Lichlield as a physician
till 1781, when he removed to Derby,
where he d. in 1802. He was a man of
great talent but of remarkably eccentric
opinions, as his works abundantly prove.
Ills poetic fame rests upon his " Botanic
Garden," the versification of which is
highly polished but too mechanical.
His other great work is entitled " Zoo-
nomia, or the Laws of Organic Life,"
which, though able and ingenious, is
built upon the most absurd hypotheses.
He also wrote "Physologia, or the Phi-
losophy of Agriculture and Gardening,"
several papers in the "Philosophical
Transactions," &c.
DASCHKOFF, Catharine Komanow-
NA, princess of, b. 1744, was a woman
of great courage, and of considerable
literary abilities. Having led a body of
troops to the Empress Catharine, the
latter placed herself at their head, and
precipitated her husband from the
throne. For this service she desired to
have the command of a rej^iment of
guards, which the czarina refused ; but
was made director of the academy of
sciences, and president of the newly
established Russian academy. She was
the author of some comedies and other
works. D. 1810.
DAUBENTON, Louis Jean Marie, a
French naturalist and physician, was b.
at Montbar, Burgundy, in 1716. He
was the friend and coadjutor of Buflfbn
in his " Natural History of Quadrupeds,"
the anatomical part of which was pre-
pared by him with great clearness and
accuracy. He is the author of " In-
struction to Shepherds," "A Method-
ical View of Minerals," and other works.
D. 1800. — His wife was the author of a
popular romance called " Zelie dans le
Desert." D. 1824.
D'AUDIGUIER, Vital, a French no-
bleman, author of a "Treatise on the
True and Ancient Usage of Duels." D.
1630.
DAUN, Leopold Joseph Maria,
Count, an Austrian field-marshal, was
b. 1705. He commenced his military
career in the war against the Turks, and
greatly distinguished himself; but it
was as commander-in-chief, when op-
posed to Frederic of Prussia, during the
seven years' war, that he obtained his
fame as a great general. D. 1766.
DAUNOU, Pierre Claude Franqois,
a very learned French writer and pro-
29*
fessor, was b. at Boulogne-Bur-mer,
Being sent to the convention by the de-
Eartment of Calais, he strove to save the
ing and the Girondists, but was thrown
into prison by Robespierre. B. 1761 ;
d. 1840.
DAVENANT, Sir William, an emi-
nent poet, was b. at Oxford, in 1606, and
there educated. After having been in
the service of the duchess of Richmond
and Lord Brooke, he began to write
for the stage ; and upon the death of
Ben Jonson, he was created poet lau-
reate. During the civil war he fought
for the king, was made a lieutenant-
feneral, and received the honor of
nighthood. On the restoration of
Charles II., he obtained a patent for a
theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields. His
works consist of plays and poems, all
of which display talents far above me-
diocrity. D. 1668. — Charles, eldest son
of the preceding, an eminent author and
civilian, was b. 1656. He was succes-
sively joint inspector of plays, commis-
sioner of excise, and inspector-general
of exports and imports. His " Essays
on Trade," was his principal work; but
he also wrote "Circe," a tragedy, and
some other plays.. D. 1714. — John,
bishop of Salisbury, was the son of an
eminent merchant in London, where he
was b. in 1570. He was elected pro^ssor
of divinity at Cambridge in 1609 ; but is
chiefly known as having been sent by
James I. to the synod o^ Dort.
DAVENPORT?, Christopher, an En-
glish Franciscan friar and theological
writer. He was chaplain to the queen
of Charles I. B. 1598; d. 1680.— John,
first minister of New Haven. He was
an eminent preacher among the Puritans
in London. Becoming a conscientious
nonconformist, he was obliged to resign
his pastoral charge and to retire into
Holland, 1633. A letter giving a favor-
able account of the colony of Massa-
chusetts induced him to come to Amer-
ica in 1637. He sailed with his company
March 30, 1638, from Boston to Quinni-
piack, or New Haven, to found a new
colony. He preached under an oak,
April 18th, the first Sabbath after their
arrival, and he was minister there nearly
thirty years. D. 1670, aged 72. — Ad-
dington, judge of the supreme court of
Massachusetts, was graduated at Har-
vard college in 1689, and after having
visited England, Spain, and the West
Indies, returned to Boston, and sus-
tained successively several of the most
responsible offices in the government.
He was clerk of the house of represent-
342
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[dav
atives, aud of the supreme court and
court of common pleas, a member of the
council, and in irio was appoiuted a
judge of the supreme court. D. 1736,
aged 66.
DAVEZAC, AuGusTE, late charg^
from our government to the court of
Holland, was b. of French parents in
St. Domingo, and was sent in his youth
to a military college in France. Troubles
m St. Domingo, which enabled the
blacks to expel the French, hiduced his
family to take refuge in the United
States. He studied medicine in North
Carolina, and afterwards settled as a
practising physician in Accomac county,
Virginia. After the accession of Louis-
iana to the Union, he went to New
Orleans, whei-e, under the advice of his
brother-in-law, the eminent jurist, Ed-
ward Livingston, he commenced the
study of the law. He soon became dis-
tinguished in his new profession, par-
ticularly as a criminal lawyer. In the
last war he served as judge advocate and
aid to General Jackson, and rendered
signal service at the battle of New Or-
leans. In 1829, General Jackson, then
J)resident, appointed him secretary of
egation at the court of the Netherlands.
In 18-31 he was appointed charge-d'af-
faircs at the same court. In the years
18il and '43 he was elected to' the
legislature of this state from the city of
New York. In the early part of Presi-
dent Polk's administration, he was sent
as charg^ to Holland, where he remained
four years. D. 1850.
DAVID, St., the patron saint of
Wales, was the son of the prince of
Ceretica, now Cardiganshire, and b.
towards the ^nd Of the 5th century.
On the death of St. Dubricius, he be-
came archbishop of Caerlon, at that time
the metropolitan church of Wales ; but
he translated it to Menevia, now St.
David's. He had the reputation of
great learning and piety, and was the
founder of twelve monasteries, the prin-
cipal of which was in the vale of Ross.
— I., king of Scotland, succeeded his
brother Alexander the Fierce in 1124.
He married Maud, grand-niece of Wil-
liam the Conqueror; and was earl of
Northumberland and Huntingdon when
called to the Scottish throne. D. 1153.
— II., king of Scotland, was the son of
Robert Bruce, at whose death he was
only five years old. On the invasion of
Scotland by Baliol, David was sent to
France ; but his party prevailing, after
a bloody contest, he returned home in
1342. He made several inroads on En-
gland, but was taken prisoner after a
brave resistance, and conveyea to the
Tower, and did not recover his liberty
till 1357, on paying a heavy ransom. D.
1371. — Francis Anne, a very eminent
French engraver, who published many
illustrated works, among which were
" Histoire de France, sous le Rcgne de
Napoleon le Grand," " Elemens du
Dessin," &c. D. 1824. — Jacques Louis,
a celebrated modern French painter, was
b. at Paris in 1750, and was a pupil of
Vien. In 1774 he went to Rome, where
his talents for historical paijiting were
quickly developed; and in 1789 he
finished a large picture, representing
Brutus condemning his son to death.
In the national convention he became
one of the Mountain. In the sudden
changes, however, which at that time
took place, he was committed to the
Luxembourg, and only escaped the
guillotine from the celet)rity he had
gained as an artist. In 1800 "Bonaparte
appointed him painter to the govern-
ment; and, dunng the imperial domi-
nation, David exercised considerable
influence over the measures adopted for
the cultivation of the fine arts. On the
restoration of the Bourbons he was ban-
ished from France, and d. at Brussels
in 1825.
DAVIDSON, John, a celebrated trav-
eller. From 1826 up to the time of his
death, he was constantly engaged in ex-
ploring distant regions. "He visited
North and South America, India, Egypt,
Syria, Palestine, Greece, Italy, France,
and Germany. His last expedition was
to Africa, and it proved a fatal one.
Whilst vainly attempting to reach the
great object of European curiosity, the
far-famed city of Timbuctoo, and when
about 25 days' journey from it, he was
robbed and murdered by a party of the
tribe of El Harib, Dec. 18, 1836.— Lucre-
TiA Maria, an American poetess of ex-
traordinary talent, industry, and preco-
city, was b. at Plattsburg in 1808. When
she was only four years old she was in
the habit of retiring to some secluded
place, while her schoolmates where at
play, and there occupying herself in
making rude drawings, with verses de-
scriptive of them, written in the charac-
ters of the printed alphabet. Her parents
not being in good cii'cumstances, she
was much employed in domestic ser-
vices ; but still shedevoted every interval
of leisure to intellectual pursuits, and
with such a fatal ardor, that it laid the
foundation of a disease which termina-
ted in death, August 27, 1825, in the
DAV]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
343
I7tli year of her age. Her poetical
pie'jes were afterwards published, with
a biographical sketch, by Mr. Morse. —
A younger sister exhibited a similar
precocious development, and died at the
same early age.
DAVIE, William Richardson, a na-
tive of England, but brought up in
America, was graduated at the college
of Nassau-hall, New Jersey. He was
intended for the law, but yie'lding to the
military spirit which the war of indepen-
dence had excited in Carolina, he ob-
tained the command of a company in
Count Pulaski's legion, quickly rose in
rank, and greatly distinguisheoi himself
by his zeal, courage, and skill. In 1799
he was elected governor of North Caro-
lina, and, soon after, appointed by
President Adams one of the envoys to
France. He possessed a commanding
figure, a noble and patriotic spirit, and
was gifted with a masculine, ready elo-
quence, alike serviceable to himself and
the cause of his country. D. 1820.
DAVIES, Sir John, an English poet
and judge, b. 1570, was a native of Wilt-
shire. On the accession of James I. he
was created a knight, and appointed to
the office of attorney-general for Ireland.
In 1626 he was made chief justice of
the King's Bench, but died during the
Bame year. His principal poem, en-
titled " Nosce Teipsum,'^ has very con-
siderable merit, and his work on the
state of Ireland contains many sound
Solitical arguments and reflections. —
OHN, a learned Welsh divine ; author
of a grammar of the Welsh languasre,
and a dictionary, Welsh and Latin. ^.
1644. — Robert, a modern bard of Wales,
and one whose knowledge and love of
Cambrian literature were never exceed-
ed. He gained numerous medals and
premiums at the different Eisteddfodan,
for his Welsh effusions on popular and
patriotic s\ibjects ; and was also the au-
thor of an excellent " Welsh Grammar,"
&c. _ Among the admirers of the ancient
British language, Mr. Davies was known
by the bardic appellation of Bard Nant-
glyn. D. 1836. — Walter, vicar of Llhan-
rhai-adhr, one of the Cambrian patriots,
to whom, since the middle, and, more
particularly, since ,the last decennium
of the 18th century, the principality be-
came indebted for a new epoch in the
development of old British literature,
and, at the. same time, of the national
life and spirit of the Welsh people ; was
b. at Wern, in the parish of Llhan-y-
Mechain. 1761 ; d. 1840. — Samuel, presi-
dent of Princeton college, in New Jer-
sey, was b. 1724. He went to Hanover,
Va., in 1747, and soon obtained of the
general court a license to officiate in
four meeting-houses. In October, 1748,
three more meeting-houses were licens-
ed, and among his seven assemblies,
which were in different counties, Han-
over, Henrico, Caroline, Louisa, and
Goochland, some of them forty miles
distant from each other, he divided his
labors. In 1759 he was chosen president
of Princeton college. D. 1761.
DAVILA, Arrigo Caterino, an emi-
nent historian, was b. in the territory of
Padua, in 1576 ; and being brought up
in France, served with reputation in the
French army. On his return to his na-
tive country, he held several high offices
under the Venetian government; but in
1631, while on his journey to take the
command of the garrison at Crema, he
was assassinated. He wrote '' The His-
tory of the Civil Wars of France," a
work which still ranks among the best
Italian productions.
DAVIS, Henry Edward, an English
divine, b. at Windsor, in 1756. He was
the author of " An Examination of Gib-
bon's Rome," and the only opponent
whom the historian deigned to answer.
D. 1784. — John, an eminent navigator,
was b. near Dartmouth, in Devonshire,
and went to sea at an early age. In
1585 he was sent out with two vessels
to find a northwest passage, when he
discovered the straits which still bear
his name. He afterwards explored the
coasts of Greenland and Iceland, pro-
ceeding as far as latitude 73® n. In
1571 he went, as second in command,
with Cavendish, in his unfortunate voy-
age to the South Seas. After this he
made five voyages to the East Indies, in
the last of which he was killed in an
engagement with some Japanese pi-
rates off the coast of Malacca, 1 605. He
wrote an account of his voyages, and in-
vented a quadrant. — Thomas, a miscel-
laneous writer, by turns a bookseller and
an actor, was the author of "The Life
of Garrick," "The Life of Henderson,"
" Dramatic Miscellanies," &c. D. 1705.
DAVOUST, Louis Nicholas, duke of
Auerstadt and prince of Eckmuhl, a
marshal and peer of France, was b. at
Annoux, 1770. He studied at Brienne
with Bonaparte, and entered the army
in 1785. He accompanied Bonaparte to
Egypt; but it was in those brilliant
campaigns which took place from 1803
to 1809 that he obtained his high repu-
tation, and was rewarded with the titles
of marshal, duke, and prince. D. 1823.
344
CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[lEC
DAVY, Sir Humphkey, one of the
most eminent among modem chemists,
was b. at Penzance^ in Cornwall, 1778.
He was intended for the medical profes-
sion, and placed with an apothecary for
the necessary initiation ; but he gave
himself up to the study of chemistry,
and, with the consent of his master,
quitted him in his 15th year, in order to
grepare himself as a physician at Edin-
urgh. His friends encouraged the bent
of his genius, and he was induced to
accept tlie superintendence of a pneu-
matic institution at Bristol. While
there he published his " Chemical and
Philosophicixl Researches," the fame of
which immediately obtained him the
firofessorship of chemistry at tlie Royal
nstitution, where his popularity as a
lecturer was unbounded. In 1803 he
became professor to the Board of Agri-
culture ; in 1818 he was created a bar-
onet; and in 1820 he was elected
president of the Eoyal Society ; and a
series of scientific discoveries and pro-
fessional honors flowed on without in-
terruption till his death, which took
place at Geneva, in 1829. Tlie invention
of the safety-lamp, the discovery of the
metallic bases of the alkalies and earths,
and of the principles of electro-chemistrj',
and numerous other discoveries and in-
ventions not less important, attest his
skill and industry, and give him an
imperishable fame. Besides his separ-
ate works of a scientific character, he
was the author of numerous papers in
the " Philosophical Transactions ;" and
when, during his illness, he was dis-
posed to divert his mind with lighter
studies, he wrote " Salmonia, or days
of Fly-fishing," and " Consolations in
Travel." — John, a musical composer of
some notoriety. He was a pupil of
Jackson, discovered a very early genius
for music, and composed some success-
ful operas and songs. B. 1765 ; d. 1824.
DAWE, George, an eminent painter,
who held the situation of first painter to
the emperor of Russia, and was a mem-
ber of the academies of St. Petersburgh,
Stockholm, and Florence, excelled both
in portraits and historical subjects, and
was the author of " The Life of George
Morland." D. 1829.
DAY, Thomas, an English writer, was
b. in 1748, and received his education at
the Charterhouse, from wlience he was
removed to Corpus Christi college, Ox-
ford, after which he entered the "Middle
Temple, but never followed the law as a
profession. His manners were eccentric,
and his opinions visionary. He wrote
many works, but the only one by which
his name will be perpetuated is the
' ' History of Sandford and Merton . " D .
1789. — Stephen, the first printer of New
England, came to America in 16S8 or
1639. The first thing printed was the
freeman's oatli, next an almanac, made
by William Peirce, mariner ; then the
Psalms, newly turned into metre. D.
1668, aged 58.
DAYTON, Elias, a revolutionary
officer, was appointed by congress
colonel of a New Jersey regiment, in
February, 1778 ; and at the olose of the
war was' promoted to the rank of brig-
adier-general. His services were par-
ticularly useful when the enemy under
Kniphausen penetrated into Jersey, in
directing the execution of the measures
adopted for their annoyance; after the
war was concluded, he held the office of
major-general of the militia. In private
life he sustained a high reputation. D.
at Eliziibethtown, N. J., 1807, aged 71.—
John, governor of South Carolina, elect-
ed in 1800, and again in 1808. He was
afterwards appointed district judge of
the United States, and held the place till
his death, at Charleston, 1822, in his Gist
year. He published " A View of South
Carolina," and " Memoirs of the Revolu-
tion" in that state.
DEANE, Sn.As, a member of the first
congress of 1774,commissionerto France,
and other countries, to negotiate treaties.
D. 1789.
DEARBORNE, Henry, an eminent
revolutionary general, who reached Lex-
ington the day after the battle with sixty
volunteers ; was at the fight on Banker
hill ; accompanied Arnold in the expedi-
tion to Quebec; served with Gates at
the capture of Burgoyne ; distinguished
himself at Monmoutli, and ^s present
when Yorktown was surrendered. In
1801 he was appointed secretary of war,
and in 1813 captured York, in Upper
Canada. He was minister to Portugal
in 1822. D. 1829.
DE BERNARD, Charles, one of the
most graceful and lively modern Avriters
of fiction, was b. 1803. His works " La
Femme de Quarante Ans," " Gerfant,"
&c., are chiefiy illustrative of French
domestic life. He was of a shy and re-
served disposition, and many curious
anecdotes are told of his abstraction and
absence of mind. D. at Paris, 1850.
DECATUR, Stephen, an American
naval officer, distinguished for skill and
bravery, was b. in 1779, became captain
of the President frigate, and performed
many gallant exploits during the late
del]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
war witK England, In 1812 he fell in
with and captured the Macedonian,
English frigate, a vessel of inferior class
to his o^^n, after an engagement of an
hour and a half In 1815 hie endeavored
to elude the vigilance of the British
squadron blockading New York, but
was captured after a running fight of
two hours and a half. He lost his life
in a duel with Commodore Barron in
1820.
DE CANDOLLE, Augustin Pyrame,
one of the first botanists of Europe, b.
at Geneva, 1778, was professor of botany
at Montpelier, and wrote the " Theorie
Elementaire de Botanique," " Plantarum
Succulentarum Historia," " Flore Fran-
Qaise," &c. D. 1841.
DECKER, Thomas, an English dram-
atist, cotemporary with Ben Jonson,
who satirized him in his " Poetaster,"
under the name of Crispanus, but Deck-
er retorted in his " Satyromastix, or un-
trussing of a Humorous Poet." He
wrote several plays, some of which pos-
sess e:reat merit. ' D. 1638.
DECRES, a French admiral, b. 1761.
He commanded the Guillaume Tell at
the battle of Aboukir, and when that
vessel was blown up, was saved and
made prisoner by the victors.
DEE, John, a'mathematician and as-
trologer, was b. at London in 1527, and
educated at St. John's college, Cam-
bridge. In the reign of Maiy he was
imprisoned on a suspicion of treasonable
practices ; but was in great favor with
Queen Elizabeth, who visited him at
Mortlake, where he had collected a
library. In 1596 he was made warden
of Manchester college, and d. 1608. He
puV)lished several mathematical works
in Latin and English, and wrote many
more which were never printed.
DEFFAND, Maria de Vichy Cham-
ROUD, marchioness du, a French lady,
who for many years was a conspicuous
character among the literati of the age,
and whose "Correspondence" has been
published, was b. in 1697. Few females
possessed more natural or cultivated
talents, and her abode was regarded as
the rendezvous of wit and genius. D.
1780.
DEFOE, Daniel, an immortal English
writer, whose family name was Foe, was
the son of a butcher, and b. 1660. In
1688 he kept a hosier's shop in Cornhill,
but failing, he had recourse to his pen
for a subsistence. In 1695 he was made
accomptant to the commissioners of the
glass duty, which office he held till that
'mpoat was taken off. In 1701 he pro-
duced his " Trne-born Englishman," a
satire, coarse but characteristic. The
year following appeared his " Shortest
Way with the Dissenters," for which he
was' sentenced to the pillory, fined, and
imprisoned. He was instrumental in
promoting the union of England and
Scotland. In 1713 he was again com-
mitted to prison for some political pam-
phlets, but Lord Oxford procured his
pardon. In 1715 he published the
"Family Instructor," a religious per-
formance of merit; and in 1719 appeared
hi^ admirable " Robinson Crusoe."
Defoe wrote a number of other books,
among which was a " Journal of the
Plague in 1665," by a supposed witness
of It, " Captain Rock," &c. D. :'731.
DELABORDE, Jean Benjami-^, a cel-
ebrated French musical composer and
performer on the violin. He was b. in
1734; was a great favorite with LouLs
XV. ; became afterwards fermier-gene-
ral, and was guillotined during the
reign of terror, as a favorer of monarchy.
DELACAPEDE, Bernard Germain
Stephen Laville, a celebrated French
naturalist, b. 1756. He held the situa-
tion of keeper of the cabinets in the
Jardin du Rois at Paris, which he great-
ly improved. He was successively sec-
retary and president of the national
assembly, and on the formation of the
institute he was chosen one of the first
members. Under the regime of Bona-
parte he became president of the con-
servative senate, and grand chancellor
of the legion of honor ; but when, in
1814, the reverses of the emperor tried
the fidelity of his friends, Delacapede
appeared to waver. At the restoration
of the Bourbons he returned to hia
studies in natural history. D. 1825.
DELACOUR, James, an Irish poet;
author of " The Prospe^^ct of Poetry,"
and a poem in imitation of Pope's, en-
titled " Abelard to Eloisa." His intellect
becoming deranged, he possessed the
notion that he was gifted with the spirit
of prophecy. B. 1709 ; d. 1781.
DELAMBRE, John Baptist Joseph,
one of the most eminent French astrono-
mers, and a pupil of Lelande, was b. at
Amiens, 1794. Though he did not com-
mence the study of astronomy till he
was 36 years of asre, he rapidly acquired
great fame, and produced numerous
works of great merit ; among which are
his " Theoretical and Practical Astrono-
mv," and a " History of Astronomy."
D! 1822.
DELANDTNE, Anthony Francis, a
modern French writer, b. at Lyons,
346
CYCLOPJSUIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[del
1756, of which city he became the hbra-
rian. He wrote " Memoires Bibliogra-
phiques et Litteraires," and other
works. D. 1820.
DELANY, Patrick, a learned divine,
was a native of Ireland, and b. about
1686. In 1732 he published "Revela-
tion examined with Candor," and in
1738 appeared his "Reflections upon
Polygamy." His next publication was
the " Life of David," and in 1754 he
published " Observations on Lord Orre-
ry's Remarks on the Life and Writings
of Swift." D. 1768.
DE LA RUE, Geevaise, a French
abbe and an eminent antiquarian ;
knight of the legion of honor, and a
member of many learned societies in
Europe. His works are chiefly elucida-
tory of Anglo-Norman poetry. D. 1835.
DELAUNEY, Count D'Antraigues,
a dis^tinguished political agent during
the revolutionary era of France. When
Robespierre was in his zenith he emi-
grated to Germany, and in 1797 he was
employed in the service of Russia.
While thus engaged in Italy, he was
an-ested by the agents of France, and
thrown into prison, from which ho
was liberated through the intercession
of Madame St. Huberti, a celebrated
actress belonging to the French opera,
whom he afterwards married. In 1806
he was sent on a mission to England
by the emperor of Russia, and he was
often employed by the government. He
resided at Barnes, Surrey, and, from
some cause wholly unaccounted for, he
was assassinated by his Italian servant,
on the 3d of July, 1812.
DELAVAL, Edward Hussey, a chem-
ist and natural philosopher. He particu-
larly directed las attention to optics, and
his'principal work was "An Experimen-
tal Inquiry into the Cause of the Changes
of Colors in Opaque and Colpred Bod-
ies." He was brother to Lord Delaval.
D. 1814.
DELAVIGNE, Casimik, one of the
most eminent of the modern French
poets, was b. at Havre-de-Grace. His
works were very numerous, and to the
honor of French taste be it said, they
were very popular also ; for never since
the days of Corneille has French verse
embodied sentiments more noble or
magnificent. D. 1843, aged 49.
DELILLE, Jaques, a modern French
poet of eminence, was b. at Aigue Perse,
in 1738. His translation of "VirgiFs
Georgics," in 1769, established his fame,
and obtained him admission to the
French Academy. He was professor of
Latin poetry at the college of FVance,
and of the belles lettres at the university
of Paris ; but in 1794 he' withdrew from
France, though he returned again in
1801, and was chosen a member of th*}
Institute. He again, however, e^uiigra-
ted ; and it was in London that he trans-
lated the " Paradise Lost." After his
final return to his own country, lie wTote
his admired poem, " La Conversation,"
and became blind. Besides the poems
already mentioned, the most prominent
of his productions are the " Three
Reigns of Nature," "Imagination," and
" Misfortune and Pity." Without pos-
sessing so large a share of creative
genius as some others, he was excelled
by none in exquisite versification, purity
of moral sentiment, or true pathos. D.
1813.
DELISLE, Claude, a French I 8to-
rian, was b. at Vaucoleurs, in 1644, and
d. in 1720. His works are, " Relation
Historique du Royaume de Siam,"
" Abridgment of the Universal Histo-
ry," 7 vols., and a " Genealogical and
Historical Atlas." — William de, son of
the preceding, was b. at Paris, 1675. He
was appointed geographer to the king,
to whom he had the honor of giving
lessons in that science. D, 1726. — Louis
DE, brother of the preceding, an able
astronomer and geographer, made sev-
eral journeys on the coast of the frozen
ocean, to determine ' the situation of a
variety of places in the countries lying
nearest to the north pole ; after which
he traversed Siberia ; and in 1741 went
alone to Kamtschatka, with the same
object, but d. the same year. — Joseph
Nicholas de, the youngest and most
celebrated of the three brothers, was b.
at Paris in 1688 ; visited England, where
he formed an acquaintance with Newton
and Halley ; and in 1726 was appointed
astronomer-royal at Petersburg, where
he resided 21 years, during which he
eublished " Memoirs Illustrative of the
listory of Astronomy," and an atlas of
Russia. On his return to Paris, in 1747,
he was appointed professor of mathe-
matics in the royal college. D. l768. —
John Baptist Isoard, a French writer
known under the name of Delisle de
Sales, was b. at Lyons, 1743. He was
the author of "La Philosophic de la
Nature," which being denounced as
immoral and irreligious, he was tried
and imprisoned, thereby acc^uiring a
temporary celebrity. He afterwards
wrote romances, histories, and Platonic
dreams; was imprisoned during the
reign of Robespierre, but subsequently
OEM
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
347
became a member of the Institute. T>.
1816.
DELLA MARIA, Dominique, a musi-
cal com poser, of Italian extraction, though
b. at Marseilles, 1778. He studied under
the first masters in Italy, and acquired a
style at once pure, natural, and graceful.
D. 1806.
DELOLME, John Louis, a native of
Geneva, was b. in 1745, and bred to the
practice of the law ; but, taking an ac-
tive part in the political events of his
country, he was obliged to repair to En-
gland, where he at length became known
by his celebrated work on the *' Consti-
tution of England." He also wrote a
"History of the Flagellants;" and re-
turning to Switzerland in 1775, d. there
in 1706.
DELOEME, Marion, was b. 1612 or
1615, but where is not exactly known,
though probably in Champagne, or
Franche Compte. Of marvellous beau-
ty and exquisite wit, she became, after
certain amatory adventures, the mis-
tress, and subsequently, by secret mar-
riage, the wife of Cinq Mars ; and, as
such, was persecuted by tlie terrible
Cardinal Richelieu. Even before he was
sent to the scaffold, she had formed
other intrigues, and then liad a long
list of lovers, amongst whom were De
Grammont and St. Evremont. Then
she became the ■" glass of fashion and
the mould of form" of the city of Paris ;
she dabbled in politics, and eventually
formed one oft he chiefs of the malcon-
tent party ; was in danger of arrest, like
the rrinces De Conti and De Conde.
To escape a jail she spread a rumor that
she was dead, and actually got up a
Sock funeral of herself. 'Afterwards
le escaped to England, married a lord,
and in a short time became a widow,
with a legacy of £4,000. She returned
to France, and on her way to Paris was
attacked bv brigands, robbed of her
money, and made to marry the chief of
the band ; four years later she was again
a widow, and then she wedded a M.
Laborde ; after living with him seven-
teen years, he died, and she went to
Paris with the remains of her fortune ;
robbed by her domestics, she was re-
duced to beggary, and continued to lead
a wretched existence to the extraordina-
ry age of 1 34.
DELPINI, Charles Anthony, was b.
in the parish of St. Martin, Rome. He
was the best clown of his day, and the
author of several dramatic works. D.
1828.
DELITC, John Andrew, a Genevese
naturalist, latterly residing in England,
where he obtained a pension from
Queen Charlotte, who appointed him
her reader. He was the author of sev-
eral geological works. B. 1726 ; d. 1817.
DEMETRIUS, surnamed Poliorce-
TEs, king of Macedon, was the son of
Antigonus. At the age of twenty-two
his mther intrusted him with an army
against Ptolemy, by whom he was de-
feated near Gaza. JBut he soon repaired
the loss, and with a fleet of 250 ships
sailed to Athens, which he delivered
from Demetrius Phalereus. He after-
wards defeated Cassander at Thermo-
pylae ; but the successors of Alexander,
alarmed at his progress, collected their
forces and marched against him. They
met at Ipsus, 301 b. c, and after an ob-
stinate battle the army of Demetrius
was defeated, and his father si. 'n, but
he himself fled to Ephesus. He, how-
ever, mustered a new army, and relieved
Athens from the tyranny under which
it groaned. He then slew Alexander,
the son of Cassander, and seated him-
self on the throne of Macedonia. D.
284 B. c. — I., king of Syria, surnamed
SoTER, was the son of Seleucus Philopa-
ter. He was sent hostage to Rome by
his father, on whose death Antiochus
Epiphanes, and after him his son Antio-
chus Eupator, the one the uncle, and the
other the cousin of Demetrius, usurped
the throne of Syria. He applied to the
Roman senate for assistance to recover
his right, but in vain. The Syrians,
however, recognized him for their law-
ful prince, and at last he obtained the
throne. — II., called Nicator, (conquer-
or,) was the son of the preceding. Ptol-
emy Philometor, king of Egypt, placed
him on the throne of his father, after
expelling the usurper, Alexander Balas,
146 B. c. He married Cleopatra, the
wife of the same Alexander, and daugh-
ter of Ptolemy. — ^Phalereus, a philoso-
pher of the Peripatetic sect. The
Athenians were so charmed with his
eloquence, as to erect statues to his
honor. He afterwards fell into dis-
grace, and retired to the court of Ptol-
emy Lagus, king of Egypt, whose son
banished him from his dominions, and
he d. by the bite of an asp, 234 b. c. —
A czar of Russia, commonly called the
false Demetrius, was, according to most
historians, a native of Jarowslaw, and a
novice in a monastery, where ho was
tutored by a monk to personate Deme-
trius, son of the czar John Basilowitz,
who had been murdered by Boris Gude-
now Having learnt his tale Ixe wont
348
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[den
into Lithuania, embraced the Roman |
Catholic religion, and married the |
daugliter of the Palatine Sendomir. In
1604 Demetrius entered Russia at the
head of a small army, was joined by a
number of Russians and Cossacks, and
defeated an army sent against him.
On the death of Boris, the people stran-
gled his son, and placed Demetrius on
the throne ; but his partiality to the
Poles, and contempt of the Greek re-
ligion, occasioned an insurrection, and
he was assassinated in 1606, after reign-
ing about 11 months.
DEMOCRITUS, one of the most cele-
brated philosophers of antiquity, and of
the Eleatic school, was b. at Abdera, 460
B. c. He studied under Leucippus ; and
on the death of his father, who was a
wealthy citizen, he travelled to Egypt,
Chuldea, and other countries, by which
he greatly enlarged his stores of knowl-
edge ; and when he returned to his na-
tive city, though at first slighted, liis
intellectual acquisitions gained the re-
spect of his countrymen, and he was
placed at the head of public atfairs ; but,
indignant at the follies of the Abderites,
he resigned his office, and retired to
solitude, devoting himself wholly to
philosophical studies.
DEMOSTHENES, the greatest orator
of antiquity, was the son of an opulent
Bwcrd-blade manufacturer at Athens,
and was b. about 380 b. c. Having lost
his father when a mere child, his educa-
tion was neglected; but at the age of
seventeen he determined to study elo-
quence, though his lungs were weak,
his pronunciation inarticulate, and his
gestures awkward. These impediments
e conquered by perseverance, till by
degrees he surpassed all other orators
in the power and grace of eloquence.
When the encroachments of Philip of
Macedon alarmed the Grecian states, he
depicted his ambitious design with so
much effect, that similar orations are to
this day called Philippics. When that
monarch was about to invade Attica,
Demosthenes was sent as ambassador to
prevail on the Boeotians to assist them-,
m which mission he succeeded. He
was also at the battle of Cheronea, but
his conduct there showed that he was
as deficient in personal courage as he
was inimitable m the senate. The in-
fluence of Demosthenes being on the
decline, iEschines took advantage of it
to bring an accusation against him on
the subject of his conduct at Cheronea,
and his having had a crown of gola
awarded him ; but the orator so well
defended himself in his celebrated ora-
tion De Corona, that he was honorably
acquitted, and his adversary sent into
exile. Shortly after, however, Demos-
thenes was convicted of receiving a
golden cup and twenty talents from
Harpalus, one of Alexander's generals,
who had retired to Athens with a quan-
tity of plunder, which he had gathered
in Asia. To avoid punishment, he fled
to JEgina, where he remained till the
deatli of Alexander, when he was re-
called by his countrymen, and brought
home in triumph. But this change of
fortune was of short duration. The
victory of Antipater was followed by an
order" to the Athenians to deliver up
Demosthenes, who fled to the temple of
Neptune, atCalauria, where he poisoned
himself, 322 b. o.
DEMPSTER, Thomas, a Scotch writer,
was b. in 1570, and studied at Cam-
bridge, from whence he removed to
Paris. He was afterwards professor of
philology at Pisa, and d. at Bologna in
1625. He wrote several works, the most
curious of which are a " Martyrology
of Scotland," a " List of Scottish Wri-
ters," and a " History of the Etruscans."
DENHAM, Dixox, an enterprising
traveller and intrepid soldier, was b. in
1786, and entereA the army as a volun-
teer in 1811, serving with honor in the
peninsular war, wliere he obtained a
lieutenancy. In 1821 he was chosen to
proceed to central Africa, in coinnany
with Captain Clapperton and Dr. Oud-
ney, for the purpose of exploring those
regions, his courage, perseverance, ad-
dress, and conciliatory manners pecu-
liarly fitting him for such an unaerta-
king. On his return to England, in 1824,
he published a " Narrative" of his
travels. In 1826 he was sent to Sierra
Leone as superintendant of the liber-
ated Africans, and in 1828 was appointed
lieutenant-governor of the colony ; soon
after which he was seized with a fever,
which quickly proved fatal. — Sir John,
a poet of some celebrity, was b. 1618,
at Dublin, where his father was elnet
baron of the exchequer, but afterwards
became a judge in England. In 1641
appeared his tragedy of "The Sophy,"
and soon after he was made governor of
Fareham castle for the king. In 1643
he published his *' Cooper's Hill." He
attended Charles II. in his exile, and
was sent by him ambassador to Poland.
At the restoration he was knighted and
appointed survevor-general of the royal
buildiu.^rs. D. 1668.
DENINA, GiAcoMo Carlo, an Italian
DES]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
349
historian, was b. 1731, at Eevel, in Pied- ]
mont. For many years he was a pro-
fessor of rhetoric at Turin, and ulti-
mately became librarian to Napoleon.
His principal works are " History of
the Eevolutions of Italy," " The Politi-
cal and Literary History of Greece,"
"The Eevolutions of Germany," &c.
D. at Paris, .1813.
DENMAN, Thoma3, an eminent phy-
sician and medical writer, was b. at
Bakewell, Derbyshire, in 1733. He first
served in the mivy as a surgeon, but in
1770 lie commenced giving lectures on
the obstetric art in London, and was ap-
gointed licentiate in midwifery of the
ollege of Physicians in 1783. He wrote
an "Essay on Puerperal Fever," an
"Introduction to the Practice of Mid-
wifery," and " Aphorisms " for the use
of junior practitioners. His son was
the' late distinguished chief justice of
the court of King's Bench. D. 1815.
DENNIS, John, a dramatist and critic,
was b. in London, 1657, studied at Cam-
bridge, and devoted himself to literature.
Throughout life he was almost per-
petually in broils with one or other of
the wits of the age ; and Pope, in re-
turn for his animadversions, gave him a
conspicuous place in the Dunciad. He
originally had a considerable fortune ;
but having dissipated it, the duke of
Mai-lborough obtained for him the place
of land-waiter at the custom house;
this he mortgaged, and his latter days
were spent in poverty, aggravated by
blindness. D. 1734.
DENON, DoMiNiQtJE VivANT, Baron
ie, was b. in 1747, at Chalons-sur-Saone,
m Burgundy. Though originally des-
tined for the law, he was appointed to
the office of "gentilhomme ordinaire"
about the person of Louis XV. He
afterwards resided several years in Italy,
as secretary of embassy, during which
period he applied himself sedulously to
the study ot the arts. He was a man
of great "and varied talents; and his
able work, entitled " Travels in Upper
and Lower Egypt during the Campaign
of General Bonaparte," nas gained him
an imperishable fame. D. 1825.
D'EON DE BEAUMONT, Chakles
Genevieve Louise Auguste, was b. at
Tonnerre, in 1728, and known until
1777 as the Chevalier D'Eon. He was
equerry to Louis XV"., chevalier, doctor
or law, parliamentary advocate, military
officer, ambassador, royal censor, &e. ;
occupying in short, during his eventful
life, the most varied stations with con-
pummate skill, and involving his sex
80
and real character in unparalleled mys-
tery. That D'Eon was a man of talent
is sufficiently evident by his works,
which appeared under the title of " Loi-
sirs du Chevalier D'Eon."
DERMODY, Thomas, a poet of some
merit, was the son of a schoolmaster,
and b. at Ennis, Ireland, in 1775. He
obtained through Earl Moira a commis-
sion in the army ; but so confirmed were
his habits of intemperance, that he d. a
victim to the disease, in 1802. His poems,
which were written under the pressure
of necessity, and often in great haste,
possess considerable merit.
DERRICK, Samuel, a native of Ire-
land, who, on the death of Beau Nash,
was appointed master of the ceremonies
at Bath and Tunbridge Wells. On com-
ing to London he attempted the stage ;
but being unsuccessful as an actor, he
had recourse to his pen. He wrote "A
View of the Stage," "The Third Satire
of Juvenal in English Verse," " Sylla,"
a dramatic piece ; and edited " Dryden's
Poems," 4 vols., a "Collection of Voy-
ages," &c. B. 1724; d. 1769.
DERSCHAWIN, or DERZHAVINE,
Gabriel Romanovitsch, a Russian poet
and statesman, was b. at Gasai\, in 1743.
In 1760 he entered the army as < com-
mon soldier, but soon distinga.shed
himself; and, after a military service of
14 years, entered the civil service, in
which he arrived at the important situ-
ations of treasurer of the empire, and
minister of justice. He holds a high
Elace among the bards of his country,
K 1819.
DERYCK, or DERTCK, Peter Cor-
nelius, a painter of Delft, b. in 1568,
and d. 1630. He excelled in landscapes.
► DESAGULIERS, John Theophilus,
an ingenious philosopher, was b. 1683
at Rochelle, and at Oxford succeeded
Dr. Keil as lecturer in experimental phi-
losophy. He published a "Course of
Experimental Philosophy," a " Disser-
tation on Electricity," &c. D. 1749.
DESAIX DE VOIGOUX, Louis
Charles Anthony, a French general,
was b. 1768. In the early part of the
revolution he became aid-de-camp to
General Custine ; and contributed great-
ly, by his talents, to the famous retreat
of Moreau. He accompanied Bonaparte
to Egypt, was appointed governor of
the upper part of the country, and signed
the treaty of El-Arish with the Turks
and English. He was killed at the battle
of Marengo, to which victory he greatly
contributed, June 14, 1800.
DESAUSSURE, Henby W., a distin-
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[«E8
euishad chancellor of South Carolina.
He bore arms* in defence of Charleston
in tlie revolutionary war, and was ap-
pointed by Washington director of the
mint. He was for 29 years cliancellor
of the state, during which t.me he pub-
lished four volumes of "Equity Re-
ports," which contain a valuable record
of decisions. B. 1764 ; d. 1839.
DESCARTES, Rkne, a celebrated
French philosopher, was b. at La Haye,
in Touraine, in 1596, and received his
education at the Jesuit college at La
Fleche. On leaving that seminary he
removed to Paris, and applied to the
study of mathematics. In 1616 he
entered into the army of the prince of
Oi'ange ; and, while serving in the garri-
son at Breda, solved a difficult mathe-
matical problem which had been posted
in the pubUc streets. This introduced
him to the acquaintance of the learned
Beckmann, the principal of the college
ofDort. While at Breda, he wrote in
Latin a "Treatise on Music," and pro-
jected some other works. He next
served in the army of the duke of Ba-
varia, but soon after quitted the military
life, and travelled into Italy, where he
saw the famous Galileo at Florence. In
1629 he settled at Amsterdam, and ap-
plied assiduously to the mathematical
sciences, particularly dioptrics, in which
he made some important discoveries.
About this time he vis^ited England, and
during his stay made observations on the
declination of the magnetic needle. His
philosophy now became the subject of
much discussion, and met with an ex-
tensive reception, though with consider-
able opposition. At the invitation of
Christma, queen of Sweden, he went to
Stockholm, where he d. 1650. His prin-
cipal works are "Priucipia Philoso-
phise," " Dissertatio de Methodo recte
regendaa Rationis," &c. ; " Dioptricae,"
" Meditationes," and "Geometry."
DESEZE, Raymond, or Romain, a
native of Bordeaux, and an able coun-
sellor of the parliament of that city, was
b. in 1750. He afterwards practised at
Paris, and his acknowledged talents
caused him to be named one of the
counsel for the unfortunate Louis XVI.,
whose cause he most ably defended, after
Target had dechnedthe dangerous task.
He was imprisoned for a time, but es-
caped the scaffold. He held several
distinguished offices ; was a peer of
France, a knight of the order of Malta,
a member of the French Academy, and
f resident of the court of repeal. D.
829.
DESFORGES, Peter John Baptist
Choudard, a dramatic writer and actor,
b. at Paris, in 1746. He was the author
of twenty-four comedies, besides some
romances.
DESGODETS, Anthony, a French
architect, was b. in Paris, 1653. On his
Eassage to Rome in 1674, he was taken
y tlie Algerines, and kept in slavery
sixteen months. On being exchiinged
he repaired to Rome, where he com-
posed a work, entitled "The Ancient
Edifices of Rome ;" and, on his return
to Paris, he was made comptroller of the
roYal buildings, and architect to the king.
D." 1728.
DESHOULIERES, Antoinette du Li-
GiER, a handsome, witty, and accom-
plished woman, and a writer of much
versatility, was b. at Paris, in 1634;
married a gentleman of family, and was
on terms ot friendship with the principal
literati of the age. She produced nu-
merous plays and operas, few of which
were successful ; but her " Idyls," " Ec-
logues," and "Moral Reflections" are
still admired. D., after twelve years of
suffering, of a cancer in her breast, in
1694. — Antoinette Therese, a daughter
of the preceding, and the inheritor both
of her talents and her sufferings ; hav-
ing written various poems, &c., and
been for twenty years the victim of can-
cer. D. 1718.
DESMOULINS, Benedict Camille^ a
native of Guise, in Picardy, who dis-
played his republican zeal at the taking
of the Bastille, and in the demolition of
the monarchy. As the friend of Danton
he was one of the original founders of
the Jacobin club. The fall of Danton
was his own; for seized in the night,
31st March, 1794, he opened his windows
to call in vain for help, and with Young's
Night Thoughts and Hervey's Medita-
tions in his hand, he was dragged to
prison, and immediately after to the
scaffold. His writings were mainly —
"The Revolutions of France and tira-
bant" — "The History of the Brissotins"
— the " Vieux Cordelier." His wife, who
wished to share his fate, was permitted
to follow him ten days after to the seat-
fold. When asked his age by the bloody
tribunal, he answered, " My age is that
of Jesus Christ when he suffered death,"
33.
DESPARD, Edward Marcus, a native
of Ireland. He early embraced a ?r.ili-
tary life, and was employed in the West
Indies, on the Spanish main, and in the
bay of Honduras, where he was ap-
pointed superintendent of the English
dew]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
351
colony. His conduct in this office gave
offence to the settlers, and in conse-
quence of their comphiints he was re-
called home, 17K0; but when he applied
to government to investigate his ad-
ministration, his representations were
rejected Avithout explanation. This
rendered him a disaffected subject. He
was seized for seditious conduct, under
the suspension of the habeas corpus act,
and confined in several prisons, but
when at last liberated, past misfortunes
had made no impression upon him, but
rather stimulated him to revenge. He
now formed the plan of seducing the
soldiery from their allegiance, and in
the secret committees which he held
with his associates, under the sanction
of a solemn oatli it was agitated to as-
sassinate the king, as he proceeded to
the opening of parliament. This design
was discovered by some of the accom-
plices, and Despard and his associates
were seized, and tried at a special com-
mission in Southwark, 5th February,
1803. He suffered on the 21st March
with nine others. — Johk, entered the
army at an early age, and saw much
service in different quarters of the globe.
He had been in 24 engagements, had
two horses shot under him, was three
times shipwrecked, taken prisoner once,
and had the standard of his regiment
shot out of his hand, when an ensign, at
15 years of age. After all these "hair-
breadth escapes" he lived to attain his
85th year, and d. 1829.
DESSALINES, John James, origin-
ally a slave in St. Domingo, but having
an opportunity of showinof great courage
and talents during the disturbances m
that colony, became second in command
to Toussaint Louverture ; on whose im-
Erisonment he was chosen emperor of
[aytj, under the title of James I. This
was in 1804; but he retained his im-
perial dignity only two years, having
perished the victim of a conspiracy, in
1806.
DESTOUCHES, Philip Nericault, an
eminent French dramatic writer, was b.
at Tours, 1680. His principal pieces are
" Le Philosophe Mane," and "Le Glo-
rieux." D. 1754.
DEVEREUX, EoBERT, earl of Essex,
b. in 1567, accompanied the earl of Lei-
cester to Holland, where he behaved
with much bravery at the battle of Zut-
phen, and on his return to England was
made master of the horse. In 1591 he
commanded the forces sent to the assist-
ance of Henry IV. of France ; and in
1596 he was appointed joint-commander
with Lord Howard in an expedition
against Spain, where he contributed to
the capture of Cadiz. In 1597 he was
made earl marshal of England, and, on
the death of Lord Burleigh, chancellor
of Cambridge. Beheaded 1601. — Eobebt,
earl of Essex, son of the preceding, was
b. 1592, and restored to his family lienors
by James. In 1620 Essex served under
Sir Horatio Vere in the Palatinate, and
afterwards under Prince Maurice in
Holland. On his return to England he
appeared as a member of the opposition
against the court ; and on the oreaking
out of the rebellion had the command
of the parliamentary army. He gained
the battle of Edgehill, after which he
took Reading, raised the siege of Glou-
cester, and fought the first battle of
Newbury. By the self-denying ordi-
nance in 1645 he was deprived of hia
command, and d. the year following.
DEVONSHIRE, GkoRoiANA Caven-
DjsH, duchess of, a female alike remark-
able for personal graces and mental ac-
complishments, was b. 1757, and married
to the duke of Devonshire in her 17th
year. Her "Passage of Mount St.
Gothard," and such other of her poems,
as have been published, bear the im-
press of a highly cultivated mind. D.
1806.
D'EWES, Sir Simonds, an antiquary,
was b. in 1602, and created a baronet in
1641 ; but on the breaking out of the
civil war he espoused the cause of de-
mocracy, and d. in 1650. He was the
author of "The Journals of the Parlia-
ments during the Reign of Elizabeth."
DE WEES, William Potts, a distin-
guished physician of Philadelphia, b.
1768, at Pottsgrove, Pa. He was long a
professor in the university of Philadel-
phia, where he published his " System
of Midwifery," his "Diseases of' Chil-
dren," his '"' Practice of Medicine," and
other works, which are standard with
the profession. D. 1841.
DE WINT, Peter, a distinguished
artist, was b. at Stone, in Staftbrdshire
where his father practised as a physician
1783. English landscape seenery'formed
the chief theme for nis fertile pencil-
D. 1849.
DE WITT, John, an enlighteneu
statesman, was b. in 1625, at Dort, in
Holland. At the age of 23 he published
an excellent mathematical work entitled
" The Elements of Curved Lines." In
1650 he was chosen pensionary of his
native city; and, after distinguishing
himself in public affairs, was elected
pensionary of Holland. While in that
352
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
DIB
capacity he concluded a peace with
Cromwell, one article of which excluded
the house of Orange from the' stadt-
holdersliip ; and in 1667 Ijc established
the perpetual edict for abolisliing the
office of stadtholder, for which lie re-
ceived pubUc thanks. However, in
1672, when Holland was invaded by the
French, and civil dissension overspread
tlie country, both John de Witt and his
brother Cornelius were barbarously mur-
dered by the populace. — Benjamin, a
physician of New York, was appointed
professor of medicine in Columbia col-
lege in 1807, and professor of chemistry
in 1808. He was also health officer of
the city, and died of the yellow fever, at
Staten Island, 1819, aged^ 45. He pub-
lished a " Dissertation on the etfect of
Oxygen," 1798 ; an " Oration commem-
orative of the Prisoners who died in the
prison ships at Wallabout," 1808 ; " Ac-
count of Minerals in New York," &c.,
&c. — John, professor of biblical history
in the theological seminary of the Dutch
Keformed Church at New Brunswick,
N. J. He was a native of Catskill, N. Y.
D. 1881, aged about 42.
DEXTER, Samuel, a benefactor of
Harvard college, was a merchant of Bos-
ton. In the political struggles just be-
fore the revolution he was repeatedly
elected to the council and negatived for
his patriotic zeal by the royal governor.
In his last years he was deeply engaged
in investigating the doctrines of the-
ology. For the encouragement of bib-
lical criticism he bequeathed a hand-
some legacy to Harvard college. He
also bequeathed $40 to a minister, whom
he wished to preach a funeral sermon
without making any mention of him in
the discourse, from the words " the
things which are seen are temporal, but
the things which are "not seen are eter-
nal." D. 1810. — Samuel, secretary of
war of the United States, son of the pre-
ceding, was b. in 1761, and graduated
at Harvard college, 1781. After being
some time a member of the house of
representatives in congress, he was
elected to the senate. During the ad-
ministration of John Adams he was ap-
pointed secretary ,of war in 1800, and
secretary of the treasury in January,
1801, and for a short time, also had the
charge of the department of state. D.
1816.
DIAZ, Bartholomew, a Portuguese
navigator, who, in 1486, with two small
vessels, discovered the Cape of Good
Hope, which he named the Cape of
Tempests, and perished there in a storm,
in 1500. The king, however, changeh
it to its present niore auspicious appel-
lation. — John, a martyr to the frantic
zeal of his brother, was a native of Cu-
enza, in Spain. He studied at Paris,
where, by reading the works of Luther,
he became a Protestant. He then quitted
France, and visited Calvin at Geneva:
afterwards he went to Strasburg, and
lastly to Neuberg, whither he was fol-
lowed by his brother Alphonsus, a zeal-
ous Catholic. Alphous'is finding his
exhortations could not ; iclaim him, pre-
tended to close his vif^it and take his
departure, but secretly returned at break
of day, with a companion, and murdered
him with an axe, 1546.
DIBDIN, Charles, a dramatist, poet,
and actor, but mostly celebrated as a
writer of songs and a musical composer,
was b. at Southampton, in 1745. He
was intended for the church, and re-
ceived his early education at Winches-
ter ; but, seduced by his love of music,
and relinquishing all thoughts of the
clerical profession, he made his first ap-
pearance as a performer, in 1762 ; but he
never shone as an actor, though both as
a writer of light dramatic pieces and
musical compositions he was very suc-
cessful. His sea songs were eminently
popular. Altogether he produced about
1400 songs and 30 dramatic pieces : be-
sides which he wrote " A History of
the Stage," his "Professional Life,"
" A Musical Tour," three novels, &c.
D. 1814. — Thomas, a dramatic author
and song writer, was the eldest son of
the preceding, had the honor of having
Garrick for his godfather; and in 1775,
when only four years of age, he appeared
on the stage as Cupid, in Shakspeare's
"Jubilee," to the Venus of Mrs. Sid-
dons. From that time until 1795 he is
said to have performed in every depart-
ment of the drama, and written more
than 1000 songs. Among his best theat-
rical compositions are " The Cabinet,"
" The English Fleet," " Mother Goose,"
(which yielded more than £20,000 profit
to the managers of Covent-garden thea-
tre,) "The High-mettled Racer," (a
clear gain to the proprietors of Astlev's
of £18,000,) "The Jew and Doctor,"
" Past Ten o'Clock," &c. D. 1841.—
Thomas Froonall, nephew of the cele-
brated song writer, and himself the
most zealous bibliographer, and one of
the most voluminous and miscellaneous
writers of his time, was b. at Calcutta,
1775, and after receiving his education
under the care of an uncle at Reading,
matriculated at Oxford, as a commoner
']
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
8^
of St. John's college, where his taste for
literature and history commenced. The
law being his destination, he became a
pupil of Mr. Basil Montague ; but he
subsequently changed his views, and
after waiting some time for a degree, he
was ordained a clergyman in 1804. D.
1847.
DICK, Sir Alexander, a Scotch phy-
sician, was b. in 1703, and studied at
Leyden under Boerhaave. In 1756 he
was chosen president of the college of
physicians at Edinburgh, to which he
was a benefactor. He was the first who
paid attention lo the culture of the true
rhubarb in Britain; for which he re-
ceived, in 1774, the gold medal from the
London Society for promoting arts and
conunerce. D. 1785. — Sir Robert Henrt,
entered the army as an ensign in the
75th foot, in 1800'; and in 1804 obtained
a company in the 78th. He accom-
panied the expedition to Sicily, and was
wounded at the battle of Maida; joined
Abercromby, and was present at the
battle of Alexandria, and was severely
wounded at Rosetta. In 1808 he com-
manded a light battalion at Busaco and
Ciudad Rodrigo, and at the storming of
Fort St. Michael, and during the siege
of Burgos, &c. He served in the cam-
paign of 1815, and was severely wounded
at Quatre Bras while commanding the
42d. On the restoration of peace he re-
tired to his paternal estate at TuUimet.
D. 1846.
DICKONS, Mrs. (whose maiden name
was Poole,) was a celebrated singer,
who, though not equal to Mrs. Billing-
ton, many years sustained the same cast
of characters at the opera, and was regu-
larly engaged as a principal vocalist at
the oratorios. She commenced iier pro-
fessional career at Covent-garden in
1793, and retired in 1818. D. 1833.
DICKINSON, Jonathan, first pres-
ident of New Jersey college, was gradu-
ated at Yale college, 1706. He was a
settled minister of the first Presbvterian
church, in Elizabethtown, New Jersey,
nearly forty years. The charter of the
college of New Jersey, being enlarged
by Governor Belcher, the institution
was commenced, and Mr. Dickinson
appointed president, Oct. 22, 1746, and
d. Oct. 7, 1747, aged 59. His publica-
tions were numerous, but exclusively
upon theological subjects, and princi-
pally sermons. — .John, president of Del-
aware and of Pennsylvania. He was a
member of the Pennsylvania assembly
m 1764, and of the general congress in
1765 : of the first revolutionary congress
30*
in 1774, and in subsequent years. In
June, 177G, he opposed the declaration
of independence, when the motion was
considered by congress, because he
doubted of the policy of that particular
period, " without some precursory trials
of our strength," and before the terms
of confederation were settled, and foreign
assistance made certain. He had occa-
sion afterwards, in order to prove the
sincerity of his attachment to his coun-
try's liberty, to appeal to the fact, that
within a few days after the declaration,
he was the only member of congress who
marched to face the enemy. He accom-
Sanied his regiment to Elizabethtown in
uly to renel the invading enemy, and
remained tnere till th. end of the tour
of service. In 1779 he was a member
of congress from Delaware, and in 1781
president. In 1782 he was chosen pres-
ident of Pennsylvania, and remained in
oflice from Nov. 1782 to Oct. 1785. In
Nov. 1767, he began to publish his cel-
ebrated letters against the acts for tax-
ation of the colonies ; in which writings
he supported the liberties of his country,
and contributed much towards the
American revolution. Of the eloquent
and important state papers issued by
the first congress he wrote the principal.
Mr. Dickinson's political writings were
collected and published in two volumes,
1801. D. 1808.— Philemon, an oflRcerin
the war of the American revolution, who
engaged in that contest at an early
period, and enjoyed the praise of cour-
age and zeal in the cause of liberty. He
commanded the Jersey militia at the
battle of Monmouth. After the organ-
ization of the national government in its
present form, he was appointed to a seat
in congress. Having discharged the
duties of the several civil and military
stations which he held with reputation,
and enjoyed several years of retirement
from public life, he d. at Trenton in
1809.
DICKSON, James, a Scotch divine,
but known chiefly as a writer on agri-
culture, was a native of East Lothian,
and d., by a fall from his horse, in 1776.
His " Treatise on the Agriculture of the
Ancients" is much esteemed.
DIDEROT, Denis, a French writer,
was b. at Langres, in 1713. In 1746 he
published " Pens^es Philosophiques,"
and was concerned in a Medical Dic-
tionary, which sufiTgested to him the idea
of a DictionnaireEncycl oped i que ; which,
with the assistance of D'Alenibert and
others, he completed. While eneraged
in the Encyclopedic, he wrote a licen-
354
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[dig
tious novel, called " Les Bijoux Indis-
crets," and two comedies, " Le Fils
Naturel" and " Le Pere de Fainille."
In 1749 appeared his " Letters to the
Blind," the tree sentiments in which
occasioned his being imprisoned six
months at Vineennets. D. 1784.
DIDOT. Fkanois Ambkose, a cele-
brated printer, was b. at Paris, in 1730.
He greatly raised the typographic art ;
improved the construction of paper-
mills ; and invented many curious and
useful machines relative to the art of
type-founding, stereotyping, and print-
ing. J). 1804. — Pierre Francois, his
brother, as well as his sons and nephew,
have each eminently contributed to the
improvements of the arts of type-found-
ing and printing. — Firmin, the most cel-
ebrated and skilful of modern printers,
and son of Frantj-ois Didot, was b. 1764.
His editions of Sallust, the •' Lusiad,"
and the " Henriade" are much sought.
He was an excellent translator, and" no
mean oriariuiil writer. D. 1836.
DIEBITSCH, Count Sabalkansky, a
distinguished Russian general, was the
son of a brave officer who had served
under Frederic the Great, but who after-
wards quitted the Prussian service for
the Russian, where he obtained an im-
portant command. In the campaign of
]812, '13, and '14, he signalized himself
by his skill and bravery, and was ad-
vanced to the rank of quartermaster-
general to the Emperor Alexander. He
displayed great courage in the battles of
Austerlitz,' Dresden, Eylau, and Fried-
land. D. 1831.
DIEFFENBACH, Johann Friederich,
one of the most distinguished surgical
operators that ever lived, was b. at
Konigsberg, in 1795. After studying
for the church at Greifswalde, he took
part in the war of liberation of Germany ;
and it was not till a year or two after the
fall of Napoleon, in 1815, that he began
the study of medicine and surgery, in
which he has secured undying fame.
D. 1848.
DIEM EN, Anthony Van, governor
of the Dutch East India possessions,
was b. at Kuilenberg, of which place his
father was a burgomaster. He went to
India, where he ^vas employed as ac-
countant to the government. In 1625
he became a member of the supreme
council. In 1631 he returned to Hol-
land as commaiiLler of the India fleet,
but the year following went out again
as director-general ; and not long after
ho became governor-general, greatly ex-
tending the Dutch interest in the East.
In 1642 he sent Abel Tasman on a voy-
{ige to the south, the consequence of
which was, the discovery of that oart of
New Holland called Van Diemen's ^and.
D. 164.5.
DIETRIC, John Conrad, a Lutheran
divine, was b. at Butzbach, in Wetter-
avia, in 1612. After studying at various
universities, he became professor of
Greek and history in his own country,
and in 1653 removed to Giessen, where
he d. 1667. He wrote " De Peregrina-
tione Studiorum," " Antiquitates Ro-
mansB," " Lexicon Etymologico-Gras-
cum," " Antiquitates Biblicffi," &c.
DIETRICH, John William Ernest,
an excellent painter, was b. 1712, at
Weimar, where his father was painter
to the court, and celebrated for his por-
traits and battle-pieces. After studying
under his father he went to Dresden,
and was instructed in landscape paint-
ing by Alexander Thiele. He next
visited^ Italy, and in 1763 became pro-
fessor in the academy of Dresden, and
director of the school of paintinar at
Meissen. For versatility and general
excellence few have surpassed him. D.
1774. ^
DIEZ, Juan Martin, better known a3
the Empecinado of modern Spanish
guerilla warfare, was the son of a peasant
of Valladolid, and b. in 1775. He first
served in the regular army as a dragoon ;
but in 1808, with a chosen band of about
50 brave fellows, he commenced that
harassing guerilla system, which so
much contributed to the disasters of the
enemy in the Peninsula. On the re-
establishment of Ferdinand's govern-
ment, the Empecinado became obnoxious
to the ruling powers, who, regardless of
his former great services, had him seized
on a charge of conspiracy, tried, and ex-
ecuted, in 1825.
DIGBY, Sir Everard, an English
gentleman, a partisan in the Gunpowder
plot, for whicli he was executed in 1607.
— Sir Kenelm, son of the preceding, was
b. at Gothurst, in Bnckinghamshire, in
1603. He was knighted by James' I.,
and by Charles I. he was jippointed to
several offices. On one occasion, when
some difference existed between England
and the Venetians, he was sent with a
fleet into the Mediterranean, where he
attacked the fleet of the republic in the
bay of Scanderoon. About 1636 he
quitted the church of England for that
of Rome. At the connnencement of the
civil war he was imprisoned by the par-
liament in Winchester house, but in-
1643 he regained his liberty, and went to
DIO]
CYCLOPEDIA Oi BIOGRAPHY.
355
France. When Cromwell assumed the
government, he ventured to visit his
native country, and paid great court to
that ruler. lie wrote a " Treatise on the
Nature of Bodies," " On the Operations
and Nature of Man's Soul," and " Peri-
patetic Institutions." D. 1665. — John,
earl of Bristol, b. in 1580, was gentle-
ma., of the bed-chamber to James I.,
who sent him to Spain to negotiate a
marriage between rrince Charles and
the Intimta, and the same year he was
created earl of Bristol. When the civil
wars broke out he emigrated, and d. at
Paris in 1653. — Lord Georoe, son of the
above was b. at Madrid in 1612. He
became a member of the Long Parlia-
ment, wherein he at first opposed the
court, but afterwards joined the royal
Darty, and exerted himself in the service
of Charles I. D. 1676.
DIGGES, Thomas, an astronomer and
mathematician; author of "Alae sive
Scalae Mathematicae," " Perfect Descrip-
tions of the Celestial Orbs," &c. D.
1595.— Sir Dudley, son of the preceding,
was b. 1583, and educated at Oxford.
He was knighted by James I., who sent
him ambassador to Russia ; but in the
parliament of 1621 he resisted the court
measures, and so continued to do till
1636, when he was brought over by the
grant of the mastersliip of the rolls. He
wrote "A Defence of Trade," "A Dis-
course concerning the Rights and Priv-
ileges of the Subject." D. 1689.
DILLENIUS, John James, an emi-
nent botanist, was b. in Darmstadt, in
Germany, in 16S7, and educated at the
university of Giessen. In 1721 he ac-
companied Dr. Sherrard to England,
where he spent the remainder of his
days. Soon after his arrival he under-
took a new edition of " Ray's Synop-
sis ;" and was appointed the first
botanical professor at Oxford on Sher-
rard's foundation. He wrote " Hortus
Elthamensis" and a " History of Moss-
es." D. 1747.
DILLON, Wentworth, earl of Ros-
common, was b. in Ireland about 1633,
and educated at Caen, in Normandy, by
the famous Bouchart. After dissipating
his property by gaming, he was made
master of the horse to the duchess of
York. He then married a daughter of
the earl of Burlington, and applied to
poetry. D. 1684.
DIMSDALE, Thomas, a physician,
who became celebrated by his success-
ful mode of inoeuUvtlng for the small-
pox. In 1768 he went to Russia, and
moculate<i the empress and grand-duke,
for which he was created a baron of the
empire, physician to her majesty, and
counsellor of state. He wrote Tracts on
Inoculation, in which is an account of
his first journey to Russia. D. 1800.
DINEZ DA Cruz, Anthony, an emi-
nent Portuguese poet, was b. 1780, and
d. in 1798. As a writer of odes, son-
nets, and lyrical pieces generally, he
holds the first rank among his country-
men.
DINOCRATES, a Macedonian archi-
tect, who was emplo^'ed by Alexander
in building the city of Alexandria. He
also rebuilt the temple of Ephesus, and
proposed to cut Mount Athos into a
statue of the Macedonian hero. He
died in Egypt, under the reign of Ptol-
emy.
DiNWIDDIE, Robert, governor of
Virginia from 1752 to 1758, had been
previously clerk to a collector of customs
in the West Indies, whose enormous
fraud he detected and exposed. For
this disclosure he was rewarded by his
appointment in Virginia. But while he
was governor he did not forget what he
had learned when a clerk.'for he was
charged with applying to his own use
£20,000 sent to defray the expenses of
Virginia for the public service. It was
during his administration that Braddock
proceeded on his expedition against the
Indians. D. 1770.
DIOCLETIAN, Caius Valerius, a
Roman emperor, in whose reign the
Christians suffered a persecution, was
born of an obscure family in Dalmatia.
He rose from being a common soldier
to the rank of general, and on the death
of Numerian, in 284, was chosen em-
peror. He renounced the crown in 304,
and retired to Salona, where he d. 31,3.
DIODATI, John, an eminent divine,
b. at Lucca, in 1589, was descended
from a noble family, and brought up in
the Catholic faith ; but he embraced
Protestantism, became professor of He-
brew at Geneva, and is much celebrated
for a translation of the Bible into Italian.
D. 1649.
DIODORUS, SiotJLTTs, a native of Ar-
gyrium, in Sicily, who wrote a Univer-
sal History, of which only 15 books and
a few fragments remain. He flourished
about 44 B. c.
DIOGENES, sumamed the Cynic,
was b. at Sinope, a city of Pontns, 414
B. 0. He accompanied his father to
Athens, where he applied to the study
of philosophy under Antisthenes, the
founder of the Cynics. He distinguished
himself by the excessive rudeness of
556
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT.
his manners, with which was blended a
great knowledge of human nature, and
a zeal for the interests of virtue, on
Aviiich account Plato called him the
" Mad Socrates." — the Babylonian, was
a Stoic philosopher, who flourished
about 200 B. c. — Laertius, a Greek his-
torian, was born in Cilicia. He wrote
the " Lives of the Philosophers," in 10
books, and d. 222. — a Cretan philoso-
pher ; succeeded his master Anaximenes
in his school of Ionia, about 560 b. c.
DION, a celebrated patriot of Syra-
cuse, was the disciple and friend of
Plato when that philosopher was at the
court of Dionysius, whose daughter
Arete he married. Being accused of
treason, he was banished by Dionysius,
and went to Athens, where he acquired
considerable popularity ; which so pro-
voked the tyrant, that he confiscatecl his
estates, and compelled his wife to marry
another man. Dion, irritated at this
treatment, resolved to attempt the de-
liverance of his country; and with a
small force he landed in Sicily during
the absence of Dionysius, and entered
Syracuse in triumph. After various suc-
cesses he perished, the victim of a con-
spiracy, headed by one Calippus, an
Athenian, 3o4 b. c.
DION CASSIUS, an historian of the
third century, born at Bithynia; was
twice consul ; and wrote, in Greek, the
" History of Eome, from the Building
of the City to the Eeign of Alexander
Severus." '
^ DIONYSIUS I., of Syracuse, who,
from being a citizen, became commander
of the forces, overthrew the govern-
ment, and assumed the title of king,
404 B. c. — II., the Younger, the son and
successor of the above, was driven from
Syracuse, 343 b. c, but again returned
atout 10 years afterwards, and was ex-
gelled by'Timoleon, on which he fled to
orinth, where he supported himself as
a schoolmaster. — An ancient geographer,
who was sent by Augustus to survey
the Eastern part of the world, was
called Periegetes, from his poem of
"Periegesis, or Survey of the World."
D. about 150. — An historian and critic of
Halicarnassus, in Caria, who was invited
to Eome about 30 years b. c, and there
wrote his " Eoman Antiquities," only
11 books of which are extant. — The
Areopagite, was a native of Athens,
and a member of the Areopagus, where
he sat when St. Paul was brought before
it, and made his ftimous speech respect-
ing the " unknown God."
DIOPHANTUS, a mathematician of
[l)OD
Alexandria, to whom is attributed the
invention of algebra, is supposed to have
existed at the beginning of the Chris-
tian era;
DIPPEL, John Conbad, a German
Ehysician and celebrated alchemist, was
. at Frankenstein, in Hesse, in 1672.
He led a wandering kind of life, made
himself obnoxious to various govern-
ments, and was often imprisoned. He
pretended to have discovered the phi-
losopher's stone, and prophesied that he
would not die till 1808. He, hovvevev,
falsified his prediction, by suddenly de-
parting this life in 1734 ; and instead ox
finding the philosopher's stone, he dis-
covered Prussian blue, and the animal
oil which bears his nam'*
DISEAELI, Isaac, aul.ior of the
" Cui-iosities of Literature," the " Quar-
rels" and "Calamities of Authors,"
"Illustrations of the Literary Charac-
ter," was b. at Enfield, 1767. He was
the only child of Benjamin Disraeli, a
Venetian merchant. Besides the works
above mentioned, which have carried
his name throughout the civilized world,
he published " Commentaries on the
Life and Eeign of Charles I.," the
" Amenities of Literature," and was
for many years a contributor to the
" Quarterly Eeview" and the " Gentle-
man's Magazine." Mr. Disraeli was
smitten with blindness in 1839, and the
last years of his intellectual pursuits
were impeded, though not interrupted,
by this atfliction. D. 1848.
DOBSON, William, an English paint-
er, who succeeded Vandyke in the ap-
pointments he held under Charles 1.,
was b. in 1610, and d. in 1646.
DODD, Ealph, a civil engineer, to
whom several important public works
owe their origin, was a native of Nor-
thumberland, b. 1761. He was the pro-
i'ector of Vauxhall bridge, the South
iambeth waterworks, the Gravesend
tunnel, &c. ; and wrote several able
works connected with his profession.
D. 1822. — George, his son, who fol-
lowed the same profession, was the
planner, and for a time the resident en-
gineer, of Waterloo bridge. D. 1827. —
William, was b. 1729, at Bourne, Lin-
colnshire; and after being educated at
Cambridge, entered into orders, became
a popular preacher in London, and was
made one of the king's chaplains. But
he kept high society, and was extrava-
gant; and finding himself unable to
support an extensive establishment, he
endeavored to procure the living of St.
George's, Hanover-square, by offering a
DOLJ
bribe of £3000 to the lady of the lord
chancellor. She was, however, indig-
nant at the offer, and on her informing
the chancellor, Dodd was struck off the
royal list. The earl of Chesterfield, to
whom he had been tutor, afterwards
presented him with a H ving ; but being
Sressed for money he forged a bond for
4,200 on his former pupil and patron,
probably intending to take it up before
It became due ; but the fraud was soon
discovered, and he was tried, convicted,
and executed at Tyburn, in 1777, not-
withstanding great interest was used,
and the most extraordinary efforts made
to obtain his pardon. He was the au-
*-hor of several works ; the principal of
which are " Sermons on the Miracles
and Parables," in 4 vols,, " Sermons to
Yonng Men," 3 vols.. " Poems," " Ee-
flections on Death," "Thoughts in
Prison," and " The Sisters," a novel.
DODDRIDGE, Sir John, an English
judge, and the author of several works
on legal science, was b. in 1555, at Barn-
staple in Devonshire, and educated at
Exeter college, Oxford. In 1618 he be-
came one of the judges of the King's
Bench, and d. in 1628. His chief works
are " The Lawyer's Light," " The En-
glish Lawyer," "The Law of Nobility
and Peerage," " The Complete Parson,"
&c. — Phtt.ip, a pious and highly-gifted
dissenting minister, was b. in the me-
tropolis in 1702. He was successively a
minister at Kibworth, Market Harbor-
ough, and Northampton, and acquired,
a great and deserved reputation. Being
afhicted with a pulmonary complaint, he
went to Lisbon for the benefit of his
health, but d. there in 1751. His prin-
cipal works aie " The Family Expositor,"
"The Life of Colonel Gardiner," "Ser-
mons," and " Hymns."
DODINGTON, George Bubb, Lord
Melcombe Regis, a statesman, remark-
able for political versatility, was b. 1691,
in Dorsetshire. In 1715 he came into
parliament, was soon after appointed
envoy to Spain ; was made lord of the
treasury during Walpole's administra-
tion ; and, after years of political in-
trigue, in which the most shameless der-
eliction of principle was manifest, he
was raised to the title of Lord Melcombe.
Though servile as a politician, he wa'S
generous, witty, and hospitable in pri-
vate life; and had the merit of associa-
ting witlv and patronizing men of talent.
His celebrated "Diary," published in
\784, is highly interesting, revealing, as
it does, much of the art and mystery of
Btatesmanship. D. 1762.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
867
DODSLEY, RoBEKT, an author and
bookseller, was b. 1703, at Mansfield,
Nottinghamshire. His parents being
poor, lie was apprenticed to a stocking-
weaver, which trade he left, and became
footman to the Hon. Mrs. Lowther.
While in this situation he published a
volume of poems, entitled " The Muse
in Livery," and a dramatic satire, called
"The Toyshop," which being patron-
ized by Pope, and successfully brought
out on the stage, enabled Dodsley to
commence business as a bookseller in
Pall Mall. He still continued his literary
pursuits, and produced "Cleone," a
tragedy, and four light dramas ; many
poems ; " The Economy of Human Life,"
(fee. He also edited and published u
"Collection of Old Plays," and was the
projector of the "Annual Register."
DODSWORTH, Roger, an EngUsh
topographer, was b. in Yorkshire, in
1585, and d. in 1654. He collected the
antiquities of his native country, in 162
folio volumes, which are in the Bodleian
library, Oxford.
DODWELL, Henry, a learned critic
and theologian, was b. at Dublin, 1641,
and educated at Trinity college. In
1688 he was appointed Oamden profes-
sor of history at Oxford, but lost his
office soon after the revolution. He
wrote several books, but the work which
excited most notice was " On the Natu-
ral Mortality of the Soul." D. 1711.—
Henry and William, his sons, were
also both distinguished by their wri-
tings ; the former, who was bred to the
law, by his skepticism ; the latter, who
was a prebendary of Salisbury, by his
orthodoxy.
DOES, Jacob van der, a Dutch paint-
er, b. 1623, and d. 1673 ; he studied at
Rome, and adopted the style of Bam-
boccio. — Jacob and Simon, his sons,
were both good artists ; the former,
celebrated for his historical pieces, d. in
1613 ; the latter, who excelled in land-
scapes and cattle, d. in 1717.
DOGGETT, Thomas, an actor and
dramatic poet, was a distinguished
comic performer at Drury-lane. He is
now remembered by the legacy he left
to provide a " coat and badge," which
is rowed for annually on the 1st of Au-
gust, from London-bridge to Chelsea,
by six watermen. D. 1721.
DOLCE, Louis, a Venetian writer,
was b. 1508. He translated into Italian
great portions of Horace, Ovid, Seneca,
Euripides, &c. ; but was chiefly cele-
brated for his heroic poem, entitled
" L' Aehille et I'Enea." He also wrote
658
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[dow
a life of Charles V. D. 1568.— Carlo, a
celebrated painter, b. at Florence, 1616,
was remarkable for the felicitous man-
ner in which he treated sacred subjects.
His heads of madonnas and saints are
inimitable. D. 1686.
DOLLOND, John, an eminent opti-
cian, was b. at Spitalfields, London, in
1706, and brought up as a silk-weaver ;
bxit, devotincf himself to the study of
astronomy, his attention became direct-
ed to the improvement of telescopes.
He invented the achromatic object-glass,
the application of the micrometer to re-
flecting telescopes, &c. D. 1761. — Peter,
his son, who d. in 1820, made many val-
uable improvements in optical instru-
ments, and they both enjoyed a well-
deserved reputation.
DOLOMIEU, Deodatus, a French
geologist and mineralogist, was b. in
Dauphine, in 1750, and entered into
the order of Malta. He accompanied
Bonaparte to Egypt, and on his return
was taken prisoner and confined at Mes-
sina. He was the author of many es-
teemed works, of which his " Mineral-
ogical Philosophy," and a "Voyage to
the Lipari Islands," are the chief. D.
1801.
DOMBEY, Joseph, one of the most
eminent French botanists of the last
century, b. 1742. After a life of perse-
cution, from which his ultra-phi lanthro-
gy did not protect him, he was captured
y corsairs, in returning from St. Do-
niingo, and d. in the prisons of Mont-
DOMENICHINO, a celebrated paint-
er, whose real name was Domenicho
Zampieri, was b. at Bologna, in 1681,
and was a pupil of the Caracci. Though
at first his progress was so slow that his
fellow-students, in derision, called him
"the Ox," yet he rose to first-rate emi-
nence in his art. He was also well
skilled in architecture, and held the
situation of architect to Gregory XV.
D. 1641.
DOMINIC, St., founder of the order
of monks which bears his name, was b.
1170, at Calahorra, in Old Castile. He
was employed by Pope Innocent to
convert the" Albigenses ; but, failing in
his endeavors, arid, dying in 1221, was
canonized for his zeal.
DOMINIS, Mark Anthony de, a
Dalmatian archbishop, who went to En-
gland, and was made dean of Windsor.
He wrote " De Kepublica Ecclesiastica,"
and was the first who gave a true ex-
planation of the colors of the rainbow.
U. 1625.
DOMITIAN, Trrus Flavitis, the sec-
ond son of Vespasian, and the last of
the 12 Csesars, was b. 51, and succeeded
his brother Titus in 81. He was volup-
tuous, cruel, and malignant ; and though
at his accession he made some show of
justice, and even of kindness to the
citizens, yet the cruelty of his disposi-
tion was" too deep-rooted for conceal-
ment, and he was both feared and hated
for his tyranny. He was in continual
dread of conspirators, and at length fell
by the hands of an assassin, in the 45th
year of his age, 96.
.DONALD v., king of Scotland, suc-
ceeded his brother Kenneth II. The
ancient l^ws of Scotland were revised
and confirmed under his authority. He
d., after a. reign of four years, in 864.—
VI., succeeded Gregory the Great on
the Scottish throne, in 894. In tixW
reign, the Danes having invaded his
kingdom, he fought and defeated them.
He d. at Forres, in 904. — VII., comrr^on-
ly called Donald Bane, usurped the
throne in 1093. He was expelled from
the throne by Duncan, in 1094, but re-
gained it again by the murder of that
prince. He did not, however, long en-
joy it, for he was finally dethroned by
JEdgar Atheling, in 1098.
DONALDSON, Joseph, a native of
Glasgow, and author of " The Eventful
Life of a Soldier," and "Scenes and
Sketches of a Soldier's Life in Ireland."
D. 1830.
DONATELLO, or DONATO, an emi-
nent sculptor, was b. at Florence, 1383.
His statues and basso-relievoes adorn
many of the Italian churches, and it is
said that Michael Angelo held his works
in high esteem. D. 1466.
DONATI, Vitaliano, an Italian phy-
sician, b. at Padua, in 1717 ; author of a
" Natural History of the Adriatic Sea."
He travelled to the East for scientifla
purposes, and d. at Bassorah, in 1763.
DONDUCCI, George Andrew, a Bo-
lognese artist. He was b. in 1575 ; stud-
ied under Arinibale Caracci ; and his
pictures are remarkable for their strong
contrasts of light and shade.
DONDUS, or DONDI, James, a phy-
sician of Padua, who acquired the name
of Aggregator, on account of the nu-
merous medicines he made. He was
also well skilled in mechanics, particu-
larly in horology. D. 1350.
DONNE, John, an English divine
and poet, was b. in London, 1573. Be-
ing the son of a Catholic, he was brought
up in that faith; but after completing
his studies at Oxford, he embraced Prot-
DOU]
tiYCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
9m
estantism, and became secretary to the
Lord Chancellor Ellesmere. After hav-
ing lost this office, and even been im-
prisoned for clandestinely marrying the
chancellor's niece, he took orders, when
King James made him one of his chap-
lains, and lie afterwards became preach-
er of Lincoln's Inn, and dean of St.
Paul's. Donne has been termed by
Dr. Johnson the founder of the meta-
physical school of poetry. Though rug-
ged in his versification, he often displays
groat force and originality ; and his prose
works, though quaint, and sometimes
pedantic, show deep thinking and strong
powers of reasoning. His works com-
prise Letters, Sermons, Theological Es-
says, &c. D. 1631.
DDK AT, John, a French poet, b. in
1507, was professor of Greek at the
Eoyal college, and poet laureate to
Charles IX. He has the reputation of
greatly contributing to the revival of
classical literature in France, and of
having written a host of Greek and
Latin verses, besides some French po-
ems. D. 1588. — Claude Joseph, a
French poet, b. 17-34. His works are
voluminous, and embrace poetry of every
class, with dramas and romances. D.
1780.
DOEIA, Andrew, a Genoese naval
commander of great renown, was b. of
a noble family at Oneglia, 1468. Hav-
ing distinguished himself in the service
of ditferent Italian states, and success-
fully contended against the African pi-
rates and other enemies of his native
country, he entered the French service,
in the hope of counteracting the revolu-
tion that had broken out in Genoa, by
putting that city in possession of, the
Freucli; but failing in his design, he
joined with the Imperialists in endeav-
oring to expel them. This object being
effected, the Genoese senate gave him
the title of "the Father and Defender
of his Country," erected a statue to his
honor, and built a palace for him. His
whole life was a scene of great exploits
and brilliant successes ; and he d. at
the great age of 92, in 1560.
DDRIGNY, Michael, a French paint-
er and engraver in aqua-fortis, was b. in
1617, and d. in 1665. — Nicholas, a son
of the foregoing, b. 1657, was the en-
graver of the celebrated cartoons of
Eaphael at Hampton-court, for which
he received the honor of knighthood
from George I. D. at Paris, 1746, aged
90.
D'OELEANS, Peter Joseph, a French
liistorian, and one of the society of Jes-
uits, was the author of " A History of
the Eevolutions of England," and " A
History of the Eevolutions of Spain."
B. 1644; d. 1698.
DOESCH, EvERARD, a celebrated en-
graver on gems, was b. at Nuremburg,
1649, and d. 1712.
DOESET, Thomas Saokvelle, earl of,
the son of Sir Eichard Sackville, was b.
in 1527, and educated at Oxford and
Cambridge. He was distinguished both
as a statesman and an author, having
been ambassador to Holland, chancellor
of Oxford, and lord treasurer. He wrote
the "Induction to the Mirror for Magis-
trates," and the "Complaint of Henry,
duke of Buckingham," &c. D. 1608. —
Charles Sackville, earl of, was b. in
1637. He was one of the distinguished
wits and revellers at the court of Charles
II. ; but he was of an heroic turn ; and
while acting as a volunteer, under the
duke of York, in the Dutch war, he
wrote on the eve of a battle the cele-
brated song, "To all you ladies now
on land." His poems possess consider-
able point and liveliness, D. 1706.
DOSSI, Dosso, a painter of Ferrara,
some of whose works have much of the
style both of Titian and Eaphael. Ari-
osto mentions him in terms of high com-
mendation. B. 1479 ; d. 1560.
DOUCE, Francis, an antiquarian, well
known to the literary world by his "Il-
lustrations of Shakspeare and of Ancient
Manners." He also contributed various
papers to the '• Archseologia," the "Gen-
tleman's Magazine," &c. ; and shortly
before his death published a beautiful
volume, illustrating the " Dance of
Death," by dissertations on the claims
of Holbein and Macaber. D. 1834.
DOUGLAS, Gawin, a Scotch divine,
and poet of some eminence, was b. at
Brechin, 1474. After receiving a liberal
education he entered the church, was
made provost of St. Giles's, and event-
ually obtained the abbacy of Aber-
brothick and the bishopric of Dunkeld.
Political dissensions induced him to
seek refuge in England, where he was
liberally treated by Henry VIIL, but he
fell a victim to the plague of London,
in 1522. He wrote "The Palace of
Honor," and other works ; but his chief
performance is a translation of Virgil's
^neid. — James, an eminent anatomist,
was b. in Scotland, 1675 ; settled in Lon-
don, and was patronized by the cele-
brated Dr. John Hunter. He is the au-
thor of a "Comparative Description of
all the Muscles" and other works on
medical science. D. 1742. — Sir JAMEa,
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[doit
a renowned warrior, who on the death
of Kobert Bruce, king of Scothmd, was
commissioned to carry tlie king's heart
to the holy sepulchre at Jerusalem ;
upon whicll errand he sailed in June,
1830. On arriving oif Sluys, in Flanders,
where he expected to find companions
in his pilgrimage, lie learned that Al-
phonso XL, the young king of Leon
and Castile, was engaged in a war with
Osman the Moor; and such was the
crusading zeal of Douglas that he en-
tered the lists against the foes of Chris-
tianity. The Moors were defeated ; but
Douglas was slain. — Archibald, brother
of the preceding, was appointed regent
for Scotland for king David Bruce, and
fell at the battle of Ilalidon Hill, July
22, 1333.— William, lord of Liddisdale,
was a warrior of considerable renown in
the 14th century ; but whose fame was
tarnished by an act of baseness and in-
humanity towards the brave Alexander
Eamsay.' The king pardoned him, but
he was killed by the earl of Douglas, in
1353, while hunting in Ettrick forest. —
William, first earl of, was taken pris-
oner witli David Bruce at the battle of
Durham, but soon ransomed. He re-
covered Douglasdale and other districts
from the Eiiglish; afterwards went to
France, and fought at the battle of Poic-
tiers. D. 1384. — James, second earl of,
after performing many valorous exploits,
was killed at the battle of Otterburn, in
1388.— William, lord of Nithsdale, call-
ed "The Black Douglas," whose very
name was said to be a terror to the
English, married Egedia, daughter of
Kobert II. ; and after a life of bold and
successful warfare, was murdered by
the earl of Clitford, in 1390. — Archibald,
the fourth earl, succeeded his father
Archibald in the title and estates, and
married Margaret, daughter of Kobert
II. When Henry IV. of England laid
siege to the castle of Edinburgh, in
1400, Douglas successfully defended it ;
but he lost an eye and was taken pris-
oner at the battle of Homildon. He
afterwards joined Percy in his rebellion
against his king, was taken prisoner at
the battle of Shrewsbury, but recovered
his liberty and went to France, where
he was slain at the battle of Vcrnoil, in
1424. — Archibald, the fifth earl, was the
ambassador to England for the release
of James I. D. 1438.— William, the
sixth earl, is remembered on account of
the tragical fate which awaited him,
almost as soon as he came to his finnily
titles and estates. Under the specious
pretext that, tlje young earl's presence
was necessary at the meeting of parlia-
ment, to be held at Edinburgh, he and
his brother accepted an invitation to a
royal feast at the castle. The entertain-
ment was prolonged with unusual pomp,
and every delicacy spread on the table ;
till at length a bull's head was suddenly
placed before the two noble guests,
which they knew to be the herald of
death. They then hastily sprung from
their seats, and made some vain efforts
to escape ; but a body of armed men, at
a given signal, rushed in, bound their
hands, ancf led them to instant execu-
tion. This happened in 1437. — Wil-
liam, the eighth earl, was a haughty and
ambitious noble, wielding at times an
uncontrolled influence over the king,
and at others openly bearding his au-
thority. He raised the power and
f grandeur of the house of Douglas to its
oftiest height; and, not content with
the sway he exercised at home, caused
himself to be received at Kome and
France with those honors which are duo
to sovereign princes. Killed by King
James, 1452. — James, brother of the
foregoing, and ninth and last earl, took
lip arms to revenge his brother's death,
and, assembling all the members of the
league, brought a large army into the
fiefd. The king, however, being active,
and well provided with forces, laid siege
to the castle of Abercorn, when Douglas
fled to Annandale, with his brothers,
the earls of Onnond and Moray. Thither
they were pursued by the king's forces ;
Moray was slain, Ormond made pris-
oner, and Douglas himself driven to
provide for his safety in England. Sev-
eral years after, Douglas returned with
Percy, earl of Northumberland, upon an
expedition against his country, in which
Douglas was'taken prisoner ; and James
contented himself with sending his rebel
captive to the abbey of Lindores, where
he d. 1488. — George, fifth earl of Angus,
was commander of the forces that de-
feated the earls of Douglas and Nor-
thumberland, when Douglas was taken
prisoner, and his estates forfeited. D.
1462. — Archibald, sixth earl of Angus,
commanded the right wing of the royal
army at the battle of Torwood, where
Jaines III. lost his life ; and at the fatal
battle of Flodden Field he endeavored,
though unsuccessfully, to dissuade
James IV. from that engagement. His
eldest son, George, was there slain ; and
the earl died in the year following.—
James, earl of Morton, was for some
time regent of Scotland, and was a chief
actor in the transactions which took
DBA]
cyclop:<edia of biography.
361
place xn that country during the reign
of Mary^ and in the minority of her son
James VI. He was beheaded in 1581. —
James, earl of Morton and Aberdeen,
was b. at Edinburgh, 1707. He estab-
lished the Edinburgh Philosophical So-
ciety, and in 1783 was elected president
of the Koyal Society of London. D.
1768. — JoHx, a learned divine and critic,
b. at Pittenvreem, Fifeshire, in 1721 ; was
raised to the see of Carlisle in 1787 ;
transferred to that of Salisbury in 1792;
and d. in 1807. Dr. Douglas was a dis-
tinguished writer, and the friend of Dr.
Johnson and most of the eminent lit-
erary characters of his day. — David B.,
an officer of the United States army, who
behaved gallantly at Lundy's Lane and
the siege of Fort Erie. He afterwards
took an active part in the organization
of the military academy at West Point,
where he was a professor for some years,
when he retired to prepare the plans,
etc., for the Croton aqueduct, and to
discharge the duties of president of
Kenyon college. B. 1793 ; d. 1849.
DO USA, John, whose real name was
Vandkb Does, was b. at Noordwick,
Holland, in 1545. He became eminent
both as a soldier and a scholar. D. 1604.
DOUW, Gekabd, an eminent Dutch
painter, and the pupil of Rembrandt,
was b. at Leyden, 1618, and d. there in
1674, or, as some say, in 1680. For the
excellence of his coloring, delicacy of
finish, and attention to every minutiae
of his art, this master's compositions are
unrivalled ; and the prices which some
of his paintings have obtained are al-
most without parallel.
DOVER, George James Welbore
Agar Ellis, Lord, was b. 1797. In 1818
he was returned as member for Heytes-
bury ; in succeeding parliaments he sat
for Seaford, Ludgershall, and Oak-
hampton ; and in 1830 he was appointed
chief commissioner of woods and forests.
But it is as a patron of the fine arts, and
as a promoter of literature, that Lord
Dover will be chiefly remembered. In
1828 he published "Historical Inquiries
respecting the Character of Edward
Hyde, Earl of Clarendon;" after which
appeared the " Ellis Correspondence,"
which was followed by his " Life of
Frederic the Great ;" arid his last liter-
ary task was that of editing the " Letters
of Horace Walpole to Sir Horace Mann."
D. 1883.
DOYEN, Gabriel Francis, an emi-
nent French painter, pupil of VanloO.
The "Death of Virginia," "Death of
St. Louis," and other works of great
81
merit, were produced by him. D.
1806.
DRACO, an Atheniar legislator, the
extraordinary and indiscriminate sever-
ity of whose laws has rendered his name
odious to humanity.
DRAKE, Sir FBANcia, an eminent
navigator and commander, was b. at
Tavistock, Devon, 1545. He first served
in the royal navy under his relative, Sir
John Hawkins ; and distinguished him-
self by his valbr at the unfortunate ex-
pedition against the Spaniards, in the
harbor of Vera Cruz. In 1570 he went
to the West Indies, on a cruise against
the Spaniards, which he soon repeated
witli success ; and in 1572, having re-
ceived the command of two vessels, for
the purpose of attacking the commercial
ports of Spanish America, he took pos-
session of two of their cities, and re-
turned laden with booty. On his return
he equipped three frigates at his own
expense, with which he served as a vol-
unteer, under the earl of Essex, in Ire-
land, where he distinguished himself so
much by his bravery, that Sir Christo-
pher Hatton introduced him to Queen
Elizabeth. Drake disclosed to her hia
plan, and being furnished with five
ships, he sailed, in 1577, to attack the
Spaniards in the South seas. In this
expedition he ravaged the Spanish set-
tlements, coasted the North American
shore as far as 48o N. lat., and gave the
name of New Albion to the country he
had discovered. He then went to the
East Indies, and having doubled the
Cape of Good Hope, returned to Ply-
mouth in 1580. In 1585 he again sailed
to the West Indies, and succeeded in
taking several places and ships. In
1587 he commanded a fleet of 80 sail,
with which he entered the harbor of
Cadiz, and destroyed the shipping ; and,
in the foUowing year, he commanded aa
vice-admiral under Lord Howard, and
had his share in the destruction of the
Spanish armada. D. off Nombre de
Dios, 1596. — Francis, an eminent anti-
quary and surgeon at York ; author of
" Eboracum," or the history and anti-
quities of that city. D. 1770. — James,
an English physician and political wri-
ter, was b. at Cambridge, in 1667. In
1704 he published a volume, entitled
" The Memorial of the Church of En-
gland," which gave such otfence that a
proclamation was issued for discovering
the author, who kept concealed. He
was afcerwards prosecuted for the pub-
lication of a newspaper, called "Mer-
curius Politicus ;" but though he wa»
mt
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAHIY.
[duo
acquitted, it produced in him such
violent excitement as to cause his death.
He was also the author of a " System of
Anatomy," a translation of Herodotus,
&c. D. 1707. — Joseph Eodman, a poet
and physician of the city of New York,
who d. while he was yet young, bat who,
in his " Culprit Fay," and several mis-
cellaneous pieces, gave promise of the
most exalted fame. His friend, Fitz-
Greene Halleck, has celebrated his
memory, in those often-quoted lines :
" None knew thee but to love thee,
None named thee but to praise."
He was b. 1795 : d. 1820.
DRAPER, Sir William, a military
officer, well known also as a controver-
sial writer, was b. at Bristol, 1721.
Having entered the army, he distin-
guished himself in the East Indies, was
raised to the rank of a colonel in 1760,
and in 1763 he commanded the troops at
the capture of Manilla, for which he re-
ceived the honor of knighthood. In
1779 he was appointed lieutenant-gov-
ernor of Minorca. He owes his literary
celebrity to the circumstance of his
having undertaken the defence of his
friend, the marquis of Granby, against
the attacks of Junius. D. 1787.
DRAYTON, Michael, a poet, was b.
at Atherstone, Warwickshire, in 1563,
and educated at Oxford. He wrote
"The Shepherd's Garland," "Baron's
Wars," " England's Heroical Epistles,"
" Polyolbion," "Nymphidia," &c., and
is reckoned a standard author among
the early poets. D. 1681.
DREBBEL, Coknelius Van, a Dutch
chemist and natural philosopher, was b.
at Alkmaar, in 1572. With a consider-
able share of charlatanism, he combined
real talent, and made several useful dis-
coveries ; such as the invention of the
thermometer, the method of dyeing
scarlet, and the improvement of tele-
Bcopes and microscopes. D. 1634.
DRELINCOURT, Charles, a French
Protestant divine, was b. at Sedan in
1595, and d. at Paris in 1669. He was
the author of several religious books,
but the only one by which he is now re-
membered is that entitled "Consola-
tions against the Fears of Death."
DREW, Samuel, the son of poor
parents at St. Austell, Cornwall, was b.
in 1765, and became a shoemaker. In
1799 he published his " Remarks on
Paine's Age of Reason." This was
very favorably received _; but it was from
his nextproduction_, entitled "An Essay
on the Immateriality and Immortality
of the Soul," that he' is chiefly indebtecl
for his reputation as a theological meta-
physician. Quitting trade, he now wrote
several valuable works, among which
must be noticed his " Treatise on the
Being and Attributes of God ;" and from
the year 1819 to his death he edited the
"Imperial Magazine" with singular
ability. D. 1833.
DROUET, John Baptist, one of the
French revolutionists, was b. 1763. He
was postmaster of Menehould when
Louis XVI. and his family, in 1791,
passed through that town in their en-
deavors to escape from France ; and it
was owing to Drouet that they were
conducted back to Paris. For this im-
portant service the national assembly
offered him 30,000 francs, which he re-
fused. In 1792 he was nominated a
deputy to the convention, in which ho
distinguished himself by his support ol*
the most violent measures. D. 1824.
DROUOT, General Count, the well-
known commander of the artillery of the
guard under Napoleon, was b. at 'Nancy,
1774. Scarcely had he finished his edu-
cation when the wars of the revolution
broke out in 1792. The following year
he was admitted into the school of artil-
lery as sub-lieutenant, and gradually
rose through the different ranks to that
of general of division, which he attained
in 1818. In abilities as an officer of
artillery, in bravery and steadiness, and,
above all, in single-minded honesty,
stanch fidelity, and unimpeachable vir-
tue, he had no superior and but few
eq^uals in all that band of heroes who
raised the emperor to his throne. D.
1847.
DROZ, Peter Jaoquet, a skilful me-
chanician, was a native of Switzerland,
and b. in 1721. Among other curious
things he made a writing automaton, the
motions of whose fingers, &c., corre-
sponded exactly with those of nature.
D. 1790. — Henry Louis Jaoquet, a son
of the foregoing, b. in 1759, excelled
even his father, by whom he was taught,
in the construction of mechanical fig-
ures. At the age of 22 he went to Paris
with some of the products of his inge-
nuity, among which was an automaton
representing a female playing on the
harpsichord, which followed the notes
in the music-book with the eyes and
head, and having finished playing, got
up and made an obeisance to the corn-
pan v. D. 1791.
DRUMMOND, William, a Scotch
poet, was the son of Sir John Drum-
mond of Hawthornden, and b. 1585. He
was educated at ths university of Edin-
dub]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT.
363
burgh, and studied civil law at Bourses ;
but Parnassus had more charms for him
than legal science; and, on coming to
the family estate, the romantic beauties
of HawthQrnden inspired him with a
love for poetry and polite literature.
His poems are replete witli tenderness
and delicacy. He d. 1649, and his death
is said to have been accelerated by grief
for the tragical fate of Charles 1. — Sir
William, a learned antiquary, a states-
man, and the author of several works,
classical and historical. He was a privy
councillor, and at one period filled the
office of envoy extraordinary and minis-
ter plenipotentiary from Great Britain to
the king of the Two Sicilies ; and at an-
other, (1801,) went on an embassy to
Constantinople, when he was invested
with the Turkish order of the Crescent.
His principal woi'ks are " A Review of
the Governments of Sparta and Ath-
ens," " Herculanensia," "Odin," a po-
em, and " Origines, or Remarks on the
Origin of several Empire.-,, States, and
Cities." D. at Rome, 1828.
DRYDEN, Jonx, one of the most
celebrated English poets, was b. at Aid-
winkle, Northamptonshire, in 16;>1, and
received his education at Westminster
school and Trinity college, Cambridge.
On the death of his father, in 1654, he
went to London, and acted as secretary
to his relation. Sir Gilbert Pickering,
who was one of Cromwell's council :
and on the death of the protector he
wrote his well-known laudatory stanzas
on that event. At the restoration, how-
ever, he greeted Charles II. with a poem,
entitled "Astrea Redux," whicli was
quickly followed by a panegyric on the
coronation ; and from thai time his love
for the royal house of StuUrt appears to
have known no decay. In 1661 he pro-
duced his first play, " The Duke of
Guise," but the first that was performed
was "The Wild Gallant," which ap-
peared in the year following. In 1667
he published his " Annus Mirabilis ;"
and his reputation, both as a poet and a
royalist, being now established, he was
appointed poet laureate and historiogra-
pher royal, with a salary of £200 per
annum. He now became professionally
a writer for the stage, and produced
many pieces, some of which have been
strongly ceu»ared for their licentiousness
and want of good taste. In 1681 he
commenced his career of political satire,
and at the express desire of Charles II.
composed his famous poem of " Absa-
lom and Achitophel," which he followed
vp by " The Medal," and " A Satire on
Sedition." His next satire was "Mao
Elecknoe;" after which appejyed "Re-
ligio Laici," a compendious view of the
arguments in favor of revelation. At
the accession of James II., Dryden be-
came a Roman Catholic, and, like most
converts, endeavored to defend his new
faith at the expense of the old one, in a
poem called " The Hind and Panther,"
which was admirably answered by Prior
and Montague, in "The Country Mouse
and City Mouse." The abdication of
James deprived Dryden of all his offi-
cial emoluments; and during the 10
concluding years of his life, "when he
actually wrote for bread, he produced
some of the finest pieces of which our
language can boast. His translation of
Virgil, which alone would be sufficient
to immortalize his memory, appeared in
1697 ; and, soon after, that masterpiece
of lyric poetry, "Alexander's Feast,"
his " Fables," &c. D. 1700.
DUBOCAGE, Marie Anne le Page,
a -French lady of considerable literary
abilities, and a member of the academies
of Rome, Bologna, &c., was b. at Rouen,
1710. She translated Pope's "Temple
of Fame,"* Milton's "Paradise Lost,"
"The Death of Abel," &c. into French,
and wrote " The Columbiad," an epio
poem on the discovery of America;
"The Amazons," a tragedy ; and " Trav-
els through England, Holland, and Ita-
ly." D. 1802.
DU BOIS, Edward, who gained a
high reputation in the lighter literature
of the day, was b. 1775. He commenced
his literary career as the editor of the
" Monthly Mirror," while Thomas Hill
was its proprietor, and Theodore Hook
was a contributor. He at the same time
filled the lighter dex)artment8 of the
"Morning Chronicle/' under Mr. Per-
ry ; and he maintained his connection
with the press to his latest years. In
1808 appeared " My Pocket' Book, or
Hints for a ryghte merrye and conceit-
ede Tour in Quarto," written in ridicule
of the "books of travel manufactured by
Sir John Carr. The only works pub-
lished with his name were "The
Wreath," " Old Nick," a satirical story,
the " Decameron of Boccacio, with
Remarks on his Life and Writings,"
and an edition of " Francis's Horace.
D. 1850. — De Grange, Edmund Louis
Alexis, a modern French statesman,
was b. at Charleville in 1749. He was
one of the deputies to the states-general
in 1789, and in the convention he voted
for the death of the king. To him the
republican army owed its first organiza-
364
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[dud
tion, by his having procured the decree
for the levy of 500,000 men, promotion
Hccordinf to 8eniority, &c. D. 1811. —
William, a French cardinal and states-
man, notorious for his ambition and his
vices, was the son of an apothecary, and
b. at Brive la Gaillard, in the Limousin,
in 1656. Ilavinsr obtained the situation
of precentor to the duke of Orleans, he
pandered to the passions of his pupil,
and secured his attachment ; till at
length he became his privy councillor,
and overseer to the household; and,
when the duke became regent, he was
appointed minister of foreign affairs.
The archbishopric of Cambray having
become vacant, Dubois, though not
even a priest, had the boldness to re-
quest it, and succeeded; and by his
consummate address he afterwards ob-
tained a cardinaPs hat, and was made
prime minister. D. 1723.
DUBOS, Jean Baptiste, an author of
merit, and secretary to the French Acad-
emy, was b. at Beauvois in 1670, and "dis-
tinguished himself both as an historian
and a writer on the polite arts. D.
1742.
DUBY, Peter Atjcher Tobiesen, a
celebrated Swiss medalist and antiqua-
rian, was b. 1721, and d. 1782.
DUCAREL, Andrew Coltee, an emi-
nent antiquary and civilian, was b. at
Caen, Normandy, 1713. His principal
works are "Anglo-Norman Antiquities"
and "Histories of Lambeth Palace and
of St. Catharine's Church." D. 1785.
DUCASSE, Jean Baptiste, a French
naval officer, who, as governor of St.
Domingo, rendered himself formidable
to the English, and who also obtained a
victorv over Benbow. D. 1715.
DUCHANGE, Gaspard, a French en-
graver, and counsellor of the academy
of painting. B. 1662; d. 1756.
DUCHESNE, Andrew, geographer
and historiographer to the king of
France, was b. 1584, and d. 1640. —
Joseph, better known by the Latin
name of Quercetanus, a celebrated
French physician and writer; author of
a "Pharmacopoeia," and several med-
ical works, now verj- rarely referred to.
D. 1609.
DUCHESNOTS, Josephine Eufin, a
celebrated French actress of whom it is
said that she was so much attracted by
the representation of " Medea," which
she witnessed when only 8 years of age,
that she secretly began to prepare for
her future career, and appeared, in the
part of Palmyra, in " Mahomet," when
only 13. She performed at the Theatre
Fran9ais from 1802 until 1880. B. 1777
d. 1835.
DUCIS, Jean Francois, a distin-
guished French dramatist, was b. at
Versailles in 1733. D. 1817.
DUCK, Stephen, an English poet,
was originally an agricultural laborer,
near Marlborough, Wilts, who, in a fit
of mental derangement, drowned him-
self, in 1756.
DUCKWORTH, Sir John Thomas, an
English admiral, b. in Surrey, 1748, and
entered the navy in 1759. He had fre-
quent opportunities of distinguishing
himself during the war, from the mem-
orable action of the 1st of June, 1794,
in which he took a conspicuous part, to
his destruction of the French squadron
off St. Domingo, in 1806. D. 1817.
DUCLOS, Charles Pineau, a French
novelist and biographer, was b. at Di-
nant, in Brittany, in 1705 ; became sec-
retary of the French Academy, and on
the death of Voltaire was appointed to
the office of historiographer of France.
All his writings are lively and satiriciil,
descriptive of love, women, and in-
trigue; the principal are "Memoires
sur le Mceurs du XVIlIme Siecle,"
"Confessions du Compte du B." D.'
1772.
DUCREST, Charles Louis, marquis
was a brother of madame do Genlis. He
published, in 181<7, " Faite de la Mo-
narchic Absolute," a work containing,
among other singular propositions, one
to teach the military discipline on the
Lancasterian system.
DUDLEY, Edmund, a celebrated
statesman, b. 1462, who on the death of
Henry VII. was sent, with Empson, to
the Tower, and beheaded in 1510.
While in confinement, Dudley wrote a
piece entitled " The Tree of the Com-
monwealth." — John, duke of Northum-
berland, was a son of the preceding, and
b. in 1502. He was first created Vis-
count Lisle, then earl of Warwick, and
after being appointed lord high admiral,
reached his dukedom in 1551. He ef-
fected a marriage between his son, Lord
Guildford Dudley, and Lady Jane Grey,
daughter of the auke of Suffolk. He
afterwards prevailed on the young king,
Edwfird, to set aside his sisters, Mary
and Elizabeth, from the succession in
favor of Lady Jane, whom he caused to
be proclaimed at the king's death. But
an insurrection being raised in favor of
Mary, she was proclaimed in London,
and the duke executed as a traitor, in
1553. — Robert, earl of Leicester, a son
of the preceding, was b. 1532. Queen
duh]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
m&
Elizabeth proposed him as a husband
for Mary queen of Scots, but she re-
jected him with disdain; and in 1572
he married privately Lady Douglas, but
never acknowledged her as his wife.
He afterwards married the countess
dowager of fissex, and finding Lady
Douglas intractable to his proposals for
a separation, is charged with having
poisoned her. D. 1588.— Sir Kobekt,
the son of the earl of Leicester by the
Lady Douglas, was b. 1573. He drained
the morass between Pisa and the sea,
by which Leghorn became one of the
finest ports in the world. He was the
author of "Del Arcano del Mare," and
other works. D. 1630. — Sir Henry
Bate, was b. in 1745, educated for the
church, and took orders. Much of his
early life was, however, spent in politi-
cal, literary, and convivial society ; and,
. in spite of his sacerdotal calling, he was
engaged in several duels. "Parson
Bate," as he was familiarly called, es-
tablished the "Morning Post," and
" Morning Herald," daily papers ; and
wrote " The Woodman," " Eival Can-
didates," and several other dramatic
pieces. His political connections event-
ually procured him a baronetcy and
valuable church preferment. D. 1824. —
John William Wakd, earl of, was a
man of powerful talents, but remarkable
for his absence of mind and the habit
of "thinking aloud," of which many
ludicrous anecdotes are told. In 1823
he succeeded to the peerage; was ap-
pointed secretary of state for foreign
affairs, and sworn a member of the
privy council in 1827 ; raised to the
rank of an earl in the same year, and
d. 1833.
DUFAU, Fortune, a native of St. Do-
mingo, who studied under David, and
became an excellent painter. His
"Count Ugolino in Prison" is an ad-
mirable production. D. 1821.
DUFKESNOY, Charles Alphonso, a
French painter and poet, was b. 1611.
In 1634 he went to Italy, where he com-
gleted his well-known poem, " De Arte
rraphica;" though it did not appear
till after his death, when his friend De
Piles published it, with annotations.
It has been three times translated into
English, by Dryden, Graham, and Ma-
son. In painting, Titian and the Ca-
racci appear to have been his models;
and though he benefited but little by
his artistical labors, they are now highly
valued. D. 1665.
c' J DUFEESNY, Charles Eiviere, a ver-
^Tifttil© and witty French dramatist and
81*
comic writer, was b. in 1648, and d. in
1724.
DUGDALE, Sir William, an emi-
nent antiquary and herald, was b. near .
Coleshill, Warwickshire, 1605. His
chief work is the " Monasticon Angli-
canum ;" but he also wrote " The Bar-
onage of England," "The History of
St. Paul's Cathedral," " Origines Juri-
dicales," and several other works of
merit. D. 1686.
DUGUAY TKOUIN, Eene, one of
the most celebrated naval officers of
France, was b. at St. Malo in 1673. His
love for a maritime life soon showed
itself, and at the age of 18 he was the
commander of a privateer. At 20 he
maintained an action with forty -gun
ship, against six English v.ssels, out
was captured. T). 1736.
DUGUESCLIN, Bertrand, a re-
nowned Ffench warrior and statesman,
who was constable of France in the 14th
century, may be regarded as a model of
valor, prudence, and high-minded hero-
ism. Though deformed in person, and
of an unamiable disposition in his youth,
he persevered in his endeavors to eclipse
these defects by the brilliancy of nia
actions; and mainly to him must be
attributed the expulsion of the English
from Normandy, Guienne, and Poitou.
DUHALDE, John Baptist, a French
Jesuit, was the author of " A Geoo:raph-
ical and Historical Description of China,"
which he compiled from the records of
successive missionaries, and is allowed
to furnish the best account ever pub-
lished of that immense empire. B. 1674;
d. 1743.
DUHAMEL, John Baptist, a French
ecclesiastic and a philosopher, was b. at
Vire, in Lower Normandy, 1624. In
1678 appeared his "Philosophia Vetus
et Nova." His other works are, " Ee-
gisB Scientiarum Academise Historia,"
and an edition of the "Vulgate Bible,
with Notes and Tables, Chronological
and Geographical." D. 1706 — Du Mon-
CEAu, Henry Louis, an eminent French
Ehilosopher and writer on agriculture,
. at Paris, 1700. His whole life was
dedicated to the cultivation of useful
science ; and besides largely contribu-
ting to the transactions of different learn-
ed societies, of which he was a member,
the following are among his separate
works : " Traite de la Culture des
Terres,"* "Elements of Agriculture,"
Traite des Arbres et Arbustes qui se
cultivent en France en pleine Terre,'*
"Physique des Arbres," "De I'Ex-
ploitation desBois," " Traite des Arbre»
866
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT.
[■
Fniitiers," " El^mens de 1' Architecture
Navale." D. 1782.
DUIGENAN, Patrick, an Irish civil-
Jan, was b. of humble pjireuts, in 1735.
He practised us a barrister, was after-
wards kij g's advocate, then judge in
the prerogative court ; tUl by perseve-
ring industry he raised himself to the
post of vi car-general of the diocese of
Armagh, with a seat in the Irish house
of commons, and the rank of a privy
councillor. He was a strong promoter
of the Union, and as firm an opponent
of Catholic emancipation. He wrote
" Lachrymae Academicse," and various
political pamphlets. D. 1816.
DUJAKDlN, Charles, an eminent
Dutch painter, a pupil of Berghem, was
b. at Amsterdam, in 1640; and d. at
Venice, 1678.
DU JARRY, Laurence Juillard,
eminent both for his pulpit oratory and
his poetry, was b. 1658 ; d. 1730.
DULON, Louis, a distinguished flute-
player and musical composer, was b. at
Oranienburg, near Berlin, 1769. He lost
his sight at a very early age, but evin-
cing a decided taste for music, he was
put under the first performers, and soon
arrived at singular eminence iu his pro-
fession. He prepared an autobiographi-
cal work, entitled " The Life and Opin-
ions of the Blind Flutist," which was
edited by the celebrated Wieland. D.
1826.
DULONG, a celebrated French chem-
ist, to whom we owe the discovery of
the "Chlorure d' Azote," by an explo-
sion of which dangerous substance he
lost an eye and a finger. B. 1785; d.
1838
DUMANIANT, John Andrew, an
actor and dramatic writer, was b. in
1754, at Claremont, and d. in 1828.
^ DUMARESQ, Henry, who at the
time of his death was chief commission-
er of the Australian company in New
South Wales, entered the army as a lieu-
tenant in the 9th foot, at the age of 16 ;
and served in 8 campaigns, of which 6
were in the Peninsula, one in Canada,
and the last that of Waterloo, where he
was shot. The ball, which was never
extracted, is supposed to have event-
ually induced paralysis, and caused his
death, March, 1838.
DUMESNIL, Marie Francoise, acele-
brated French actress, who rose to the
highest eminence as a tragical performer,
was b. 1713, first appeared on the stage
in 1737, retired from it in 1775, and d,
1803. Like Mrs. Siddons, she surpassed
nil her cotemporaries iu parts requiring
queenly dignity, deep pathos, or the ve-
hement display of the fiercer passions.
DUMON r, George, a statistical wri-
ter, and at one time secretary to the
French embassy at St. Petersburgh, was
b. at Paris in 1725, and d. in 1788.
Among his works are a "History of the
Commerce of the English Colonies," a
"Treatise on the Circulation of Cred-
it," &c. — John, an eminent publicist,
was a native of France, but settling in
Austria, became historiographer to the
emperor, by whom he was created baron
of Carlscroon. He published a volumi-
nous work, entitled " A Universal Diplo-
matic Code of the Law of Nations,"
besides "Voyages," &c. D. 1726.—
Etienne, a distinguished writer oh le-
fislation, and a member of the order of
esuits, was b. at Geneva, in 1750. He
resided for several years in England,
and was on friendly terms with the cele-
brated Jeremy Beiitham, who intrusted
him with the'^manuscript of his "Traite
de Legislation Civile," which Dumont
published in 1802. He subsequently
translated" and edited Bentham's " Theo-
rie des Peines et des Recompenses,"
and also published his "Tactics of Le-
gislative Assemblies." Since his death,
which happened in 1829, at Milan, an
interesting work by him, under the title
of " Souvenirs sur Mirabeau," has been
published.
DUMONT D'URVILLE, Jules Se-
bastian CAESAR, one of the most skilful
and intrepid navigators of France. D.
1842.
DUMOURIER, Charles Francois, an
eminent French general, was b. at Cam-
bray, 1739. He entered the army early
in life, and at 24 years of sxge had re-
ceived 22 wounds, and was made a
knight of St. Louis. In 1772, Louis
XV. sent him with communications to
Sweden, but he was arrested, and for a
long time confined in the Bastille. How-
ever, in 1789, we find him a principal
director of the Jacobin club, which was
composed of all who aspired to be ac-
counted the friends of liberty. The
directory entertained suspicions'regard-
ing his designs, because it was known
that he was desirous to spare the life of
the king, and Dumourier retired into
Switzerland. Finding that a reward of
300,000 francs was offered for his head,
he went to Hamburgh, where he lived
on a small pension from the landgrave
of Hesse-Ca^sel until 1804, when he ac-
cepted an asylum in England, wrote his
own memoirs, and employed his mind
in other literary pursuits. D. 1823.
Dt/P]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
367
DUNBAR, William, a Scotch poet of
considerable merit, was b. about 1465,
and d. in 1535. I'or the age in which
he lived, his poems display much skill,
and are not deficient either in imagina-
tion or energy. "The Thistle and
Eosi" and " The Friars of Berwick" are
favorable specimens of his poetical vein.
DUNCAN, Adam, Viscount Duncan,
of Camperdown, &c., was a native of
Dundee, and b. 1731. He went to sea
when young, rose to the rank of post-
captain in 1761, and steadily advanced
till he became admiral of the blue.
"While in command of the North Sea
fleet, he had for two years the tedious
duty of watching the motions of the
Dutch squadron, and was at length
forced to quit the station, in conse-
quence of a mutiny breaking out among
his men, during which the enemy put
to sea. The admiral, however, came up
with the Dutch fleet otf Camperdown,
totally defeated them, and captured 8
sail of the line, June 11, 171)7. D. 1804.
— William, a learned writer, was b.
1717, a£ Aberdeen, where he was edu-
cated, and afterwards became professor
of philosophy in the Marischsil college.
He wsis the author of a " Treatise on
Logic," and the translator of Cicero's
Orations and Caesar's Commentaries.
DUNCOMBE, William, b. in Lon-
don, 1690, was the author of " Lucius
Junius Brutus," a tragedy. He also
translated Horace, and wrote various
minor poems and prose pieces. D.
1769. — John, his sou, b. 1730, and d.
1786. was the author of "The Feme-
noid" and other poems.
DUN DAS, Sir David, a general in
the English army, and a member of the
privy council, was b. at Edinburgh in
1736, and entered the military service in
1758. His " Principles of Military Move-
ments" and " Regulations for the Caval-
ry" are both acknowledged standard
works in the army. D. 1820.
DUNLAP, William, an eminent
painter, b. at Perth Amboy, N. J., 1760,
who was among the earliest and most
successful of American artists. He was
originally a pupil of Benjamin West,
some of whose works he copied. He
was also a dramatist and an author,
having written "Memoirs of George
Frederic Cooke," a " History of the
American Theatre," the " Art of De-
sign," sevei'al plays, and a " Biography
of Charles Brockden Brown." D. 1839.
DUNN, Samuel, a mathematician,
who having acquired considerable prop-
erty in the exercise of his profession,
bequeathed it at his death towards the
foundation of a mathematical school at
his native town of Crediton, in Devon-
shire. He published an atlas, treatises
on book-keeping, navigation, &c. D.
1792.
DUNNING, John, Lord Ashbuktok,
a celebrated lawyer, was b. at Ashbur-
ton, Devon, in 1731. He became attor-
ney-general in 1767, chancellor of the
duchy of Lancaster in 1782, and was
raised to the peerage, but d. in the fol-
lowing year.
DU jNlOlS, John, count of Orleans and
Longueville, an illegitimate son of the
duke of Orleans, was b. in 1402. So
successful was he in his military ca-
reer, particularly in the share he bore
in the expulsion of the English torn
France, that Charles VII. honored him
with the title of " Restorer of his Coun-
try." D. 1468.
DUNS, John, usually styled Duns
Scotus, a theological disputant, who
acquired the title of " the most subtle
doctor" by his metaphysical abstrac-
tions, was b. at Duustance, in Northum-
berland; studied at Merton college,
Oxford; and having entered the uni-
versity of Paris, was soon appointed
professor and regent in the theological
schools. Great as was his fame, the
works which obtained it are now disre-
garded as a mass of misapplied talent
and intellectual lumber. D. at Cologne,
in 1309.
DUNSTAN, St., archbishop of Canter-
bury, an accomplished prelate and emi-
nent statesman, was b. at Glastonbury,
in 925, in the reign of Athelstan. He
took a conspicuous part in the political
strug^es of the day ; and assumed, as
was the custom of the clergy in that a^e,
as great a share in the temporal authority
of the kingdom as in its spiritual affairs.
D. 988.
DUNTON, John, a noted London
bookseller, was b. at Graffham, Hun-
tingdonshire, in 1669. He projected
and carried on "The Athenian Mer-
cury," a selection from which, under
the title of "The Athenian Oracle,"
was reprinted. He was also the author
of" Athenianism," consisting of numer-
ous treatises in prose and verse ; and a
curious work, entitled " Dnnton's Life
and Errors." D. 1733.
DUPATY, Jean Baptiste Meroieb,
president in the parliament of Bordeaux,
was b. at Rochelle, 1746 ; and d. at Paris.
1788. He was the author of " Historical
Reflections on Penal Laws," " Academi-
cal Discourses," and " Letters on Italy."
$m
CrCLOPiEDIA 0¥ BIOGRAPHT.
[dub
— Charles, his son, was a celebrated
sculptor, whose productions are remark-
able for their classic purity. D. 182;).
DUPEKRON, James Davy, a Swiss
Protestant, who, having abjured his
religion, was successively promoted by
Henry III. and IV., till he at length ob-
tained the archbishopric of Sens, and
was elected a cardinal. B. 1556 ; d. 1618.
DUPIN, Louis Ellis, an eminent
French historian and ecclesiastic, was b.
in Normandy, 1687. He became pro-
fessor of divinity in the royal college,
but lost the professorship in conse-
quence of his religious moderation. He
was the author of an extensive and valu-
able work, entitled "Bibliotheque Uni-
verselle des Auteurs Ecclesiastiques,"
&c. D. 1719.
DUPLEIX, Joseph, was a celebrated
French merchant, who, as the head of
the factory at Chandernagore, had raised
it to such a pitch of prosperity, that, in
1742, ^ he was appointed governor of
Pondicherry, and director-general of the
French factories in India. In 1748 he
successfully defended it against the En-
glish, for which he was raised to the
rank of marquis ; and during his whole
administration he displayed first-rate
talents, both civil and military. D. 1763.
— SciPio, historiographer of France, was
b. in 1566. He wrote " Memoirs of the
Gauls," a "History of France," a "His-
tory of Eome," "A Course of Philoso-
phy," &c. D. 1661.
DUPONT DE NEMOURS, Peter
Samuel, a French political economist,
■was b. at Paris, 1739. Though he twice
sat as president of the constitutional
assembly, and held other high official
situations under the revolutionar/ gov-
ernment, he invariably opposed the
anarchists, and narrowly escaped be-
coming their victim, in 1797, by his
timely retreat to America. From that
country he returned in 1805, and became
president of the chamber of commerce ;
and in 1814 he was appointed secretary
to the provisional government. In the
following year he finally retired to
America, where he d. in 1817. Dupont
was the author of various treatises on
different branches of political economy ;
he also wrote " Philosophic de FUni-
vers," and other works of merit.
DUPRE DE ST. MALTR, Nicholas
Francis, a French writer, b. 1695, and
d. at Paris, 1775. He translated Mil-
ton's " Paradise Lost," and wrote some
works on numismatics. <
pUPUYTREN, Baron William, one
of the most renowned surgeons of mod-
em times, was b. in the department of
Haute Vienne, 1777. At the age of 8
vears he was stolen from his home by a
lady of rank, who wished to adopt him ;
but he Avas subsequently returned to
his parents, and he owed his future
elevation to the accidental circumstance
of an officer who seeing him in his na-
tive village, and being struck with his
address, made proposals that he should
go with him to Paris, where his educa-
tion should be attended to. Placed by
this officer in the college cie la Marche.
he soon evinced a great aptitude for
medical science; in 1803 he took his
degree of M.D., and after passing with
distinction through various grades of
the profession, he obtained in 1815 the
chair of clinical surgery in the Hotel
Dieu, the laborious duties of which he
discharged with equal ability and suc-
cess for twenty years. Dupnytren was
equally distinguished as a physiologist
and as a surgeon; and there are few
among the most enlightened practition-
ers of France who do not acknowledge
him as their master. D. 1835.
DUQUESNE, Abraham, a brave and
skilful naval officer in the French service,
was b. at Dieppe, in 1610. He distin-
guished himself by numerous acts of
intrepidity during a long career, and
added much to tlie maritime character
of his country. D. 1688.
DURANTJE, Francesco, a celebrated
musical composer, was b. at Naples, in
1698, where he d. in 1755. He is prin-
cipally known as the composer of vocal
church music.
DURER, Albert, an eminent painter
and engraver, was b. at Nuremberg in
1471. His father was a goldsmith, in
which profession the son had made con-
siderable progress before he turned his
attention exclusively to the arts. He
was the first who in Germany taught
the rules of perspective, and of the pro-
portions of the human body, according
to mathematical principles. Though
particularly eminent as a painter, he
also excelled as a sculptor and architect,
wrote several works illustrative of those
arts, and made great improvements in
copperplate and wood engraving. He
was patronized by the emperors Maxi-
milian I. and Charles V., and d. at his
native town, in 1528.
D'URFEY, Thom.-vs, a facetious poet,
once highly popular, but now nearly
forgotten, was the son of a French ref-
ugee, and b. at Exeter in 1628. He
abandoned the study of the law for the
life of a di'amatist, and was the author
DWiJ
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
369
of about thirty comedies, all of which
have justly become obsolete from their
licentiousness. He was also a writer of
Bongs and party lyrics, which were
printed in 6 vols., under the title of
"Pills to purge Melancholy;" and being
the boon companion of Charles II. his
society was courted by the witty and
profligate frequenters of his court. D.
1723.
DUKHAM, John George Lambton,
carl of, was in 1828 raised to the peer-
age by the title of Baron Durham. On
the formation of Earl Grey's government
in 1830, he became a member of the
cabinet, as lord privy seal ; and to him
is mainly attributed" the great extent
and liberality of the reform bill, and its
eventual triumph. In 1835 he went to
Russia as ambassador, and remained
there till the summer of 1837, when he
returned to England ; and in tlie follow-
ing year he went out as governor-general
to Canada, intrusted with extraordinary
powers; but finding himself not sup-
ported as he expected by the ministry,
he returned home the same year. B.
1792; d. 1840.— Sir Philip Charles
Calderwood, was b. at Largo, in Fife-
shire, in 1763, and entered the navy in
1777, as a midshipman on board the
Edgar, of 74 guns. lie was afterwards
acting lieutenant in the Viceroy, 104,
flag-ship of Admiral Kempenfelt, whom
he followed on his removing to the
Eoyal George. He was appointed aet-
inc^ lieutenant of the Union, 98, at the
relief of Gibraltar, by Lord Howe ; and
after various promotions, to which his
services well entitled him, he com-
manded the Defence, of 74 guns, at the
battle of Trafalgar, Oct. 21, 1805 ; but,
in fact, he was almost continuously
employed from 1780 to 1815, when the
last Bonapartean flag that waved in the
West In(iies struck to him. He was
made vice-admiral in 1819, and full ad-
miral in 1820. His last service was that
of commander-in-chief at Portsmouth,
which post he resigned in 1839. Sir
Philip was M. P. for Queensboroutrh in
1830, and for Devizes in 1835. D. 1845.
DIJROC, Michael, duke of Friuliaud
a marshal of France, was b. 1772, and
entered the army in 1792. Being sub-
sequently appointed aid-de-camp to
Bonaparte, he accompanied him to
Egypt, where he eminently distinguish-
ed himself. On the formation of the
imperial court in 1805, he was created
grand-marshal of the palace ; and was
afterwards employed in diplomatic mis-
Bions, though he still took his full share
of peril and glory in the wars of France,
till the time of his death, which happen-
ed at the battle of Wurtzen, in 1813.
Napoleon, who was firmly attached to
Duroc, wept over him on his death-
bed.
DUSAET, Cornelius, a Dutch paint-
er, who excelled in tavern scenes, revel-
ry, &c, was the disciple of Adrian
Ostade. B. 1665 ; d. 1704.
DUSSAULT, John Joseph, a French
journalist and critic, was b. at Paris,
1769. He contributed largely to the
" Journal des Debats," and the articles
he furnished were afterwards published,
entitled " Annales Litteraires " D. 1824.
DUSSEK, John Louis, an eminent
musical composer, was b. at Czaslau, in
Bohemia, 1762, and studied at Ham-
burgh, under the famous Emanuel Bach.
From the north of Europe he went to
France, but being compelled to leave
that country during the revolution, he
repaired to London in 1796, and, in con-
junction with Corri, opened a musical
establishment. D. 1812.
DUTENS, Louis, a miscellaneous wri-
ter, was b. at Tours, 1730. His prin-
cipal works are, " An Inquiry into the
Origin of Discoveries," and " Memoirs
of a Traveller in Retirement." D. 1812.
DUVAL, Alexander Vincent Fin-
der, a popular and voluminous French
author. He was a member of the In-
stitute, and keeper of the arsenal library
B. 1767 ; d. 1842.— Valentine Jamerai,
the son of a peasant, was b. at Artonay^
in Champagne, in 1695. Being left ai
orphan at the age of 10, he was employ-
ed as a shepherd's boy, and underwent
great privations ; but at 18 he became
keeper of the cattle belonging to the her-
mits of St. Anne, near Luneville, and by
one of that fraternity he was taught to
read. Thenceforth he displayed an
earnest desire for acquiring knowledge ;
and being discovered by two noblemen
while he was studying geography under
a tree, with his maps stretched out be-
fore him, they Avcre so pleased with his
conversation that they introduced him
to the duke of Lorraine, who sent him
to college, afterwards made him his
librarian, and eventually procured him
the situation of keeper of the books and
medals of the imperial cabinet of Vienna.
D. 1775.
DUVERNEY, Joseph Guiohard, a
celebrated French anatomist, was b. at
Feurs, in 1648 ; appointed professor of
anatomy at the royal garden in 1679, and
d. in 1730.
D WIGHT, Timothy, an American
370
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[eat
divine, of great refutation both as a pul-
pit orator and a writer, was b. in Massa^
chusetts, in 1752 ; became president of'
Yale college in 1795; and d. in 1817.
His "System of Theology" is regarded
as a work of great merit, and has been
frequently reprinted,
DYER, Sir Edward, a poet of the
Elizabethan age, was b. about 1540. He
received many proofs of the royal favor,
being employed in various embassies by
the queen, who conferred on him the
chancellorship of the garter in 1596. His
poetical pieces consist chiefly of pastoral
odes ancl madrigals. — George, a classical
scholar and miscellaneous writer, whose
long life of literary toil may in some sort
be exemplified by quoting from the
*' Gentleman's Magazine" the following
mournful record : — " Tlie greatest labor
of his life was the share he had in the
production of Valpy's edition of the
classics in 141 volumes, being a combi-
nation of the Delphin, Bipont, and Vari-
orum editions. With the exception of
the preface, Dyer contributed all that
was original in this vast work, upon
which lie was engaged from the year
1819 to 1830 ! He had scarcely com-
pleted this work when his eyesight gave
way, and shortly afterwards left him in
total blindness." His writings are va-
ried and numerous ; amongst them his
" History of the University and Cnllegcj»
of Cambridge,'" 2 volt*., and "The I'riv
ileges of the University of Cambridge,"
&c., are the most important. B. 1755;
d. 1841. — Sir James, chief justice of the
common pleas, and speaker of the house
of commons, was b. 1512, and d. 1581.
Dyer's " Ecports" are still highly valued
by the Drofession. — John, a poet of con-
siderable reputation, was b. at Aber-
glasney, Caermarthenshire, in 1700, and
educated at Westminster school. He
was intended for the law, which he
abandoned for painting, but not arriving
at excellence as an artist, he took orders,
and obtained some respectable church
preferment. In 17*7 he published his
poem of *' Grongar Hill," which met
with deserved success. He then made
the tour of Italy, where, besides the
usual study, he often spent whole days
in the country about Eome and Florence,
sketching those picturesque scenes tha<
there abound ; and it is very naturally
imagined that the beautiful landscapes
depicted in his two subsequent poems
owe their existence in no slight degree
to that cause. These are entitled "The
Euins of Rome," and "The Fleece."
His poetry displays a lively imagination,
and combines great originality with the
warmest sentiments of benevolence and
virtue. D. 1758.
E.
EACHAED, John, an English divine,
was b. 1636. After studying at Catha-
rine hall, Cambridge, he was chosen
master in 1675, and d. 1697. He wrote
a work, entitled, " The Grounds and
Reasons of the Contempt of the Clergy
and Eeligion inquired into," and was
also known as the author of two dia-
logues, in which the system of Hobbes
is attacked with satiric humor.
EADMEE, an English Benedictine
monk of the 12th century, who became
ibbot of St. Alban's. He wrote a "His-
•^ory of the Liberty of the Church," and
various other ecclesiastical works. D.
1124.
EAELE, John, an English prelate,
\tns b. at York, and entered Merton col-
lege, Oxford, in 1620. He became chap-
lam and tutor to Charles, prince of
Wales, and suffered much in the rebel-
lion. At the restoration he was made
dean of Westminster and bishop of
' Worcester, from which see he was
translated to Salisbury in 1638. Dr.
Earle was the author of an ingenious
work, entitled, " Microcosmography ;
or, a Piece of the World Characterized,
in Essays and Characters." He also
translated the "Icon Basilike" into
Latin. D. 1665. «
EAELOM, EicHARD, a mezzotinto en-
graver, was b. in London, 1740. He
was employed by Boydell to make draw-
ings from the celebrated collection of
pictures at Houghton, which he after-
wards engraved in mezzotinto — an art in
which he was his own instructor. D.
1822.
EATON, William, an American offi-
cer, was b. at Woodstock, Conn., 1764,
and at the age of 16 enlisted as a soldier.
In 1792 he received a captain's commis-
sion in the American army, and in 1794
obtained the appointment of American
consul at Tunis. War being declared
in 1801 against the United States, by
the bey of Trinoh. who was a usurper,
bom]
CTCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHr.
371
Hamet Pacha, the ex-bey, who was then
an exile at Tunis, induced Mr. Eaton to
join him in the desperate attempt of
recovering possession of his dominions.
D. 1811.
EBELING, Christopher Daniel, a
distinfirnished geographer, was b. 1741 ;
d. 1817.
ECHARB, Laihience, an English di-
vine and historian, was b. 1671 ; became
archdeacon of Stowe, find obtained some
vaUmble livings in his native county,
Suffolk. He was a very voluminous
writer : " The Roman History," a " Gen-
eral Ecclesiastical History," a "Historv*
of England," and a " Gazetteer," are
the most prominent of his works. D.
1730.
ECHINUS, Sebastian, a Venetian
nobleman, eminent for his writings,
particularly on medals. D. 1585.
ECKHARD, John Frederic, a learn-
ed and voluminous writer on philology
and bibliography, was director and li-
brarian of the college of Eisenach; b. in
Saxony, 1723 ; d. 1794.— John George,
an antiquary and historian, was b. in
Brunswick, 1764, and brought up a
Protestant; but abjuring his religion,
he was made historiographer and keep-
er of the archives at Wurzburg. Ilis
principal works are, "A Body of His-
tory of the Middle Ages " "The Origin
of the Families of Hapsburg and
Guelph," &c. D. 1730.
ECKHEL, Joseph Hilary, a learned
Jesuit, well skilled in numismatics, was
b. in Upper Austria, 1786. His two
works, entitled "Doctrina Nummorum
Veterum" and " Nummi Veteres Anec-
doti," are both replete with sound in-
formation on the subject. D. 3798.
ECLUSE, Charles de l', better known
by the name of Clusius, was b. at Arras,
in Flanders, in 1526, and became emi-
nent as a physician and botanist. D.
1609.
EDELINCK, Gerard, an eminent
engraver, b. at Antwerp, 1649 ; d. 1707.
EDEN, Sir Frederic Morton, a
writer on statistics and political econ-
omy. His principal work is entitled
"The State of the Poor, or a History of
the Laboring Classes in England, from
the Concjuest to the present Time." D.
1809. — Sir Morton, a diplomatist, who,
after being employed as ambassador to
various continental powers, was raised
to the peerage by the title of Lord Hen-
let, and d. 1802.
EDGAR, one of the most distin-
guished Saxon kings of England, suc-
oeeded his brother Edwy in 959, at the
age of 16. The moderation of his reign
Erocured him the name of Peaceable.
[e vanquished the Scots, and laid
Wales under a yearly tribute of a cer-
tain number of wolves' heads, which
cleared the country of those animals.
He subdued part of Ireland, and main-
tained a large fleet which secured his
kingdom from invasion. D. 975.
EDGEWORTH, Richard Lovell, of
Edgeworthtown, Ireland, was b. at Bath,
1744. Being possessed of a good fortune
he devoted much of his time to agricul-
tural improvements, as well as to the
amelioration of the existing modes of
education, by writing, in conjunction
with his highly gifted daughter, many
useful works. He also wrote his own
" Memoirs ;" and among his various
mechanical inventions was a telegraph.
D. 1817. — Marla., the celebrated" Irish
novelist, whose works have had great
influence in promoting the cause of
education, and of social morality, was b.
in Oxfordshire, in 1766. She was the
daughter of Richard Lovell Edgeworth
above mentioned. She commenced her
career as an authoress about 1800 ; and
in her early literary efforts she wa.s
greatly assisted by the advice of her
father. The famous " Essay on Irish
Bulls," the joint production' of herself
and her father, was published in 1801.
Her "Castle Rackrent" abounds in ad-
mirable sketches of Irish life and man-
ners. Her " Belinda," a novel of real
life and ordinary characters, is also de-
scriptive of some of the striking traits
of the Irish character. In 1804 she
published her " Popular Tales ;" and
two years afterwards, " Leonora," a
novel in 2 vols. In 1809 she issued
"Tales of Fashionable Life," of a more
Eowerful and varied cast than any of
er previous productions. Three other
vols, of "Fashionable Tales" appeared
in 1812, and fully sustained the high
reputation which she had now attained.
In 1814 her novel of " Patronage" was
published. For many years, indeed,
literary composition formed the chief
business of her life. Originality and
fertility of invention, and a power of
depicting Irish manners, unequalled
among modern authors, are her chief
characteristics as a novelist. D. 1849.
EDMONDES, Sir Thomas, a states-
man in the reigns of Elizabeth, James
I., and Charles I. He was also distin-
guished as a political writer. D. 1639.
EDMONDSON, Joseph, a genealogist
and heraldic painter. His prineipaJ
works *e, " A Body of Heraldry," and
372
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[edw
" Baronagium Genealogicum, or the
Pediorrees of English Peers." D. 1786.
EDMUND, St., king of the East An-
gles, was so illustrious for his piety as
to obtain a place in the Roman calendar.
In 870 he was defeated, and taken pris-
oner by the Danes under Ivar, who
caused him to be fastened to a tree, and
to be shot to death with arrows. His
remains were interred at Bury St. Ed-
mund's.— I., king of England, son of
Edward the Elder, succeeded his bro-
ther Athelstan in 941. He subdued
Mercia, Northumberland, and Cumber-
land. He was killed in 948, while at a
banquet, by an outlaw, named Leolf. —
II., surnamed Ironside, on account of
his prodigious strength, was the son of
Ethelred, whom he succeeded in 1016 ;
but being opposed by Canute, he agreed
to share the crown with him. After a
reign of nine months only, he was
treacherously murdered, in 1017.
EDRIDGE, Henry, an eminent land-
scape and miniature painter, b. at Pad-
dinsrton, 1768. D. 1821.
EDRISSI, Abu Abdallah Mohammed
BEN Mohammed, a descendant of the
African princes of the race of Edris,
was b. in Spain, in 1099, and settled at
the court of Roger, king of Sicily, for
whom he framed an immense terrestrial
globe of silver, and wrote, in Arabic, a
geographical work to explain it.
EDWARD THE Elder, son of Alfred
the Great, succeeded his father in 901.
He encouraged learning, and improved
the university of Cambridge. North-
umbria and East Anglia were subdued
by him ; and he extended his domin-
ions, by conquests, in Scotland and
Wales. D. 925. — The Marttr, son of
Edgar, king of England, was b. in 962,
and crowned in 975. He was murdered
by order of his stepmother Elfrida, at
Corfe castle, after a reign of three years.
— The Confessor, was the son of Ethel-
red, and succeeded Hardicanute in 1041.
He restored Malcolm to the throne of
Scotland, which had been usurped by
Macbeth. He caused the Saxon laws to
be revised, amended, formed into one
body, and translated into Latin ; hence
they were called his laws. He consulted
William of Normandy about the choice
of a successor, which furnished that
prince with a plea for invading the
kingdom after the death of Edward,
which happened in 1065. — T., (of the
Norman line,) called Longshanks, suc-
ceeded his father, Henry III., in 1272.
After firmly establishing his authority
at home, he led an army into P&estine,
against the Saracens, >vhere he signali-
zed his valor on many occasions ; and
having, on his return, conquered Wales,
he created his son prince of that coun-
try, which title luis from that time been
given to the heir-apparent. He also
brought Scotland into subjection, and
took the king, John Baliol, prisoner.
D. at Carlisle, 1807.— II., son of the p^-e-
ceding, b. at Caernarvon. He was gov
erned by his favorites, Gaveston and
the Spencers, which occasioned the
barons to rise against him. After re-
signing his crown, "he was confined in
Berkeley castle, Gloucestershire, where
he was traitorously murdered py the
contrivance of his queen, Isabe Jji, and
her favorite, Roger Mortimer, earl of
March, in 1328.— III., the son and suc-
cessor of the above, was one of the
most celebrated heroes of his country.
Being but 15 when the crown devolved
to him, the queen dowager and her in-
famous paramour governed during the
first three years of his reign ; but in
1330 the king took the reins of govern-
ment into his own hands ; disgraced
and confined his mother, and caused
Mortimer to be tried and executed for
the murder of his father, and his uncle,
the earl of Kent. He then put himself
at the head of his army, reduced the
Scots, and took their king, David, pris-
oner. He next invaded France, laid
claim to the crown, as heir to his moth-
er, the sister of Charles, the last king,
who died without issue. Victorious by
sea and land, against France and Spain,
he was elected emperor of Germany, but
refused the imperial throne, and re-
turned in triumph to England, leaving
his son Edward, the Black Prince, to
command the army in his absence. D.
1377. — The Prince of Wales, surnamed
the Black Prince, son of Edward III.,
was b. in 1330, and, accompanying his
father to France, in 1345, took a leading
part in gaining the victory of Crecy, in
the year following. During his stay in
France, in 1356, he won the great battle
of Poictiers. D. 1376.— IV., son of
Richard, duke of York, succeeded Hen-
ry VI., in 1461. He married Lady
Elizabeth Grey, which so disgusted the
earl of Warwick, commonly called the
king-maker, that he joined the Lancas-
trian party, and defeated Edward's
forces near Banbury, in 1469. Soon
afterwards he took Edward prisoner,
who effected his escape, and obtained a
victory over Warwick, at Stamford
Wells. That nobleman fled to France,
from whence lie returned with a supply
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
373
of troops, and proclaimed Henry. Ed-
ward on this escaped beyond sea, and
Warwick released Henry from the Tow-
er and placed him on the throne ; but
Edward returned with succors, and
marched to London, where he took
Henry prisoner. He shortly after de-
feated Warwick, who was slain. An-
other victory at Tewkesbury secured to
him the quiet possession of the throne.
D. 1483. — v., son of the precediner,
whom he succeeded at the age of 12
years. Richard, duke of Gloucester,
his uncle, took the guardianship of him
and his brother into his own hands, and
placed them in the Tower, where they
were smothered in their beds, in 1483.
— VI., the only son of Henry VIII., by
Jane Seymour, his third queen, ascend-
ed the throne when only nine years old,
and, considering his extreme youth,
displayed many qualities of the fairest
promise. He promoted the reforma-
tion, and established the service of the
church of England, in 1552, by act of
parliament. He founded the hospitals
of Christ-church, Bridewell, and St.
Thomas. _ D. 1553. — Plantagenet, earl
of Warwick, the only surviving male
descendant of the house of York, was
kept a prisoner in the Tower several
years, through jealousy, and at last be-
headed, in 1499, on a pretext that he
entered into a conspiracy with Perkin
Warbeck against Henry VII.
EDWAEDS, Bryan, an ingenious
writer, b. 1748, at Westbury, in Wilt-
shire. Mr. Edwards wrote "The His-
tory, Civil and Commercial, of the Brit-
ish Colonies in the West Indies," "The
Proceedings of the Governor and As-
sembly of Jamaica, in regard to the
Maroon Negroes," and " An Historical
Survey of the French Colony in the
Island of St. Domingo." D. 1800. —
George, an eminent naturalist, was b.
1693, at Stratford, in Essex. D. 1773.
— JoxATHAN, celebrated for his meta-
Shysical knowledge, was b. at Windsor,
onn., 1703. In 1722 he became a
preacher, at New York, to a Presbyte-
rian congregation, and in 1724 was cho-
sen tutor of Yale college. In 1726 he
resigned that station, and became assist-
ant to his grandfather, who was a min-
ister at Northampton. Here he con-
tinuea till 1750, when he was dismissed
for refusing to administer the sacrament
to those who could not give proofs of
vheir being converted. The year follow-
mg he went as missionary among the
Indians, and in 1757 was chosen presi-
•lent of the college of New Jersey,
82
where he d. in 1758. He wrote a " Trea-
tise concerning EeligioiTs Affections,"
"The Life of David Brainerd, a Mis-
sionary," "An Inquiry into the Modern
Prevailing Notion of that Freedom of
Will which is supposed to be essential
to Moral Agency," 'Ac. — Thomas, an in-
genious poet and critical writer, was b.
in London, in 1699, and bred to the bar.
In 1744 he attacked Warburton's edition
of Shakspeare, which being coarsely
noticed by the haughty editor, was fol-
lowed by a humorous publication, enti-
tled "Canons of Criticism, with a Glos-
sary," which passed through several
editions. D. 1757.— William, a self-
taught architect, was b. in Glamorgan-
shire, in 1719. He was only a common
mason, but by the force of genius he
acquired an extraordinary skill in build-
ing bridges, the principal of which is
that on the river Taafe. D. 1789.
EDWIN, John, a comic actor of very
considerable talents, was b. in London,
in 1750. He made his first appearance
on the London boards at the Haymarket
theatre, in 1775, and subsequently per-
formed at Covent-garden, where he was
a decided favorite. D. 1790.
EDWY, king of England, son of Ed-
mund I., succeeded his uncle Edred, in
955. He opposed the temporal power
of St. Dunstan, and called him to ac-
count for his share in the administration
of the preceding reign ; but the wily
ecclesiastic proved too much for the
monarch, and Edwy was driven from
his throne, to make way for his brother
Edgar. D. 959.
EGBERT, the first king of all En-
gland, and the last of the Saxon heptar-
chy, was a prince of great accomplisli-
ments ; but, while young, he was obliged
by Brithric, king'^of Wessex, to with-
draw to France, "where he lived at the
court of Charlemagne. There he ac-
quired both the arts of war and govern-
ment ; and being recalled to take pos-
session of the kingdom of Wessex, to
which he was the rightful heir, he soon
united all the other kingdoms under
him, giving the whole the name of En-
gland. His dominions were twice after-
wards invaded by the Danes with great
force, but he signally defeated them on
both occasions. D. 838.
EGEDE, Hans, a Dutch divine, b. in
1686, was the founder of the religious
missions to Greenland, whither he went
in 1721. D. 1758.— Paul, son of the
preceding, was his assistant in the mis-
sion. He composed a dictionary and
grammar of the language, translated into
374
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[elo
it a part of the Bibie, and published a
journal of his residence in Greenland,
G-onl 1721 to 1788. D. 1789.
EGERTON, John, an eminent pre-
late, b. in London, 1721 ; was made dean
of Hereford in 1750, and afterwards suc-
cessively preferred to the bishoprics of
Bangor, Liolifield, and Durham. D.
1787. — Thomas, lord chancellor of En-
gland in the reign of James I., b. 1540 ;
was made attorney-general in 1592 ; soon
after, master of the rolls, and then lord
keeper. In 1603 he was appointed lord
chancellor, with the title ot Baron Elles-
mere; and in 1616 he was created
Viscount Brackley. His principal work
is entitled "The Privileges and Preroga-
tives of the High Court of Chancery."
D. 1617.
EGG, John Gaspar, a Swiss agricul-
turist and political economist, b. in 1738.
He was the founder of several industri-
ous agricultural colonies, working with
common funds, in the manner of those
projected by Mr. Owen of Lanark.
EGIL, SoALLEGRiM, an Icelandic war-
rior and poet of the 10th century, who
distinguished himself by his warlike ex-
ploits in predatory invasions of Scotland
and Northumberland.
EGINHART, or iEGINHAKD, a cele-
Drated historian, was a native of Ger-
many and the pupil of Alcuin, who rec-
ommended him to Charlemagne. At
first he was the emperor's secretary, and
it appears that he gained his esteem and
confidence ; but the story of his nightly
interview and marriage with Charle-
magne's daughter, Imma, is now be-
lieved to oe as fabulous as it is incredi-
ble. He wrote a " Life of Charlemagne,"
" Annals of France, from 741 to 829,"
and some tpistles. He became abbot
of the monastery of Seligenstadt, and
d. 839.
EGINTON, Francis, an artist cele-
brated for his paintings on glass, and to
whom we are indebted for the restora-
tion of that art, was b. 1737, and d. at
Handsworth, in Shropshire, in 1805.
EGMONT, Lamoral, count of, a dis-
tinguished nobleman in Flanders, was
b. 1522, and served in the armies of
Charles V. Avith great reputation. He
was made general of horse by Philip IL,
and distinguished himself at the battle
of St. Qnintin in 1557. But the duke
of Alva fearing his power, and that his
designs were in favor of the prince of
Orange, caused him to be beheaded at
Brussels, in 1563, together with Count
Horn.
EICHHORK, John George, an emi-
nent German divine and biblical critic,
was b. in 1752, and became professor of
Oriental literature at Jena; from which
place he went to the university of Got-
tingen, where he was long one of its
brightest ornaments. His works are
erudite and voluminous, the principal
being " The History of Literature from
the Earliest to the Latest Times," a
"General Library of Biblical Litera-
ture," "Repertory of Biblical and Ori-
ental Literature," "Introductions to the
Old and New Testaments," D. 1827.
ELBEE, GiGOT d', generalissimo of
the Vendean royalists, was b. at Dres-
den, 1752. He entered the French
army as lieutenant of cavalry ; and liav-
ing, at the commencement of the rev-
olution, retired to his estate in Anjou,
the insurgent peasants of La Vendee, in
1793, chose him their leader. He dis-
played great courage and firmness, won
many victories, and was often defeated
by superior numbers ; at length he was
wounded and token prisoner, brought
before a court-martial, and shot, Jan-
uary 2, 1794.
_ ELDON, John Scott, earl of, a dis-
tinguished lawyer and statesman, who
for twenty-five "years filled the office of
lord high chancellor of England, was
the third son of William Scott, coal-
fitter, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. He
was b. on the 4th of June, 1751. In
1773 he was admitted a member of the
Middle Temple ; but he resided chiefly
in or near Oxford, till he was called to
the bar in 1776. In 1783 he came into
parliament and attached himself to the
party of Mr. Pitt, who was his personal
friend. He was made solicitor-general
in 1788, received the honor of knight-
hood, and became attorney-general in
1793 ; succeeded Sir James Eyre as lord
chief justice of the common pleas ; and
in July, 1799, was raised to the peerage
as Baron Eldon, of Eldon, in the county
of Durham. In 1801 he became lord
high chancellor of England. In Feb-
ruary, 1806, he resigned the great seal ;
but was reappointed in April, 1807,
from which period he held it until April
30, 1827. At the coronation of George
IV. the lord chancellor was promoted to
the diarnities of Viscount Encombe and
earl of Eldon. D. 1838.
ELGIN, Thomas Bruce, earl of, was
b. 1771, and succeeded to the peerage in
his childhood. On many occasions the
earl of Elgin was honored with diplo-
matic missions, the last of which was to
the Sublime Porte, in 1789, where he
continued till the French were finally
ell]
CYCLOP/EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
375
driven out of Egypt. Being desirous of
rescuing the remains of Greece also
from destruction and oblivioa, he availed
himself of tlie opportunities of his sta-
tion, and succeeded in forming a vast
collection of statues, specimens of archi-
tecture, medals, and other valuable an-
tiquities, which were eventually pur-
chased by government for £35,000, and
deposited in the British Museum. D.
1841.
ELIAS, Matthew, an eminent painter,
was b. at Cassel in 1658, and settled at
Dunkirk, where he painted a grand altar-
piece. His portraits are in high estima-
tion. D. 1741.
ELIO, Francis Xavier, a Spanish
general, who nobly defended his coun-
try against the French, and at the res-
toration of Ferdinand VII. was appointed
governor of Valencia; but when the
revolution took place, in 1820, part of
the population rose against the governor,
and declaring him guilty of tyrannical
acts, he was imprisoned, tried by a
irilitary commission, and sentenced to
tbfc punishment of death, which was
inflicted, Sept. 8, 1822.
ELIOT, John, styled the apostle to
the Indians, was b.'l604; came to New
England in 1631 ; and there learned the
Indian language, that he might devote
himself to the conversion of the natives.
In this he met with great success, and
obtained a considerable influence over
the various tribes. He translated the
Bible into their language, and wrote
several pieces of practical divinity. D.
1689. — Thomas, an English writer in the
reign of Henry VIII. He was a native
of Suffolk, but resided chiefly at Cam-
bridge. He compiled a Latin and En-
glish dictionary. D. 1546.
ELIOTT, George Augustus, Lord
Heathfield, was b. about 1718. After
receiving his education at Leyden he in
1735 attached himself to the engineer
corps. In 1759 he served on the Con-
tinent with great reputation; and on
his recall from Germany he was sent to
the Havanna, in the reduction of which
he had an eminent sliare. In 1775 Gen-
eral Eliott was appointed commander-in-
chief in Ireland ; from whence he re-
turned soon after, and was made gov-
ernor of Gibraltar, which fortress he
defended with consummate talent and
persevering fortitude. He was very
abstemious, his constant food being
vegetables, and his drink water. He
never allowed himself but four hours
sleep at a time ; and was so accustomed
to hardiness that it was become habitual.
On his return to England he was raised
to the peerage by the title of Lord Heath-
field, liaron Gibraltar. D. 1790.
ELISSP^, Perk, a name once of great
diplomatic influence. B. 1769: d. 1817.
ELIZABETH, queen of England, was
the daughter of Henry VIII. by Anne
Bolevn, and b. in 1533. She was edu-
cated in the Protestant religion ; and in
the reign of Mary, in consequence of
her known attachment to it, she was
sent to the Tower, from whence she
was afterwards removed to Woodstock.
On the death of her sister in 1558, she
was proclaimed queen. Philip of Spain
made her an offer of marriage, which
she declined. The French and Span-
iards having formed a league for the
extirpation of heresy, Elizabeth was in-
duced to protect the Protestants ; and
this she did so effectually as to separate
the United Provinces from the Spanish
throne. In 1588 Philip sent against En-
gland his famous Armada, to which the
gope gave the name of "Invincible."
>n this occasion the queen distinguished
herself by her great presence of mind
and courage. She rode on horseback in
the camp of Tilbury, and inspired her
people by her deportment and her
speeches. The English fleet, however,
assisted by the winds, prevented the
Spaniards from landing, and their boast-
ed armada was destroyed. Elizabeth
combined prudence with fortitude, and
judgment with vigor ; but she was vio-
lent, haughty, and insatiably fond of
admiration. She had strong natural
talents, was well versed in Greek and
Latin, and gave repeated proofs of her
skill in the art of governing. D. 1602. — ■
Petrowna, daughter of Peter the Great,
was b. 1709. in 1741 she usurped the
imperial throne, by dethroning the in-
fant Ivan, which revolution Avas effected
without the shedding of blood. At her
accession she made a vow that no capi-
tal punishments should take place in
her reign. But her humanity was equiv-
ocal, as is instanced in the shocldng
punishment which she inflicted upon
the Countess Bestuchef and Lapookin,
who were publicly knouted, and had
their tongues cut out, for betraying
some secrets relating to the amours of
the empress. D. 1761.
ELLENBOROUGH, Edward Law,
lord chief justice of the King's Bench,
and a distinguished lawyer, b. 1748, at
Great Salkfleld, Cumberland. On the
trial of Warren Hastings, in 1785, Ers-
kine having refused to undertake the
defence, he served as leading counsel,
376
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[ell
ftud obtained the victory. In 1801 he
was made attorney -general, and next
year, on the death of Lord Kenyon, be-
came lord chief justice of the King's
Bench, and was created a peer. It is
said that the result of the trials of Hone,
who was prosecuted for
in:pious pa
dies and libels, (the jury having found
verdicts contrary to his lordship's
charges,) had a great effect on his de-
clining state of health ; and though he
continued, to appear in court, and per-
formed his functions with his usual
energy of mind, his frame was fast
sinking. D. 1818. •
ELLEY, Sir John, a distinguished
English officer, who by his own merit
rose to the highest military rank, and to
a host of other honors, from the vp.ry
humble situation of a private in the
roval horse guards. D. 1839.
'ELLIOTT, Ebenezer, "The Corn-
Law Khymer," was b. at Masborough,
near Eotherham, in 1781, where his fa-
ther was a commercial clerk in the iron
works. His first publication, " The
Vernal Walk," written in his 17th year,
showed to what extent the scenery of
his native country had impressed itself
on his mind. From this period his
poetic effusions were unceasing. He
contributed to the *' New Monthly Mag-
azine," "Tait's Magazine," and many
other periodicals. The great object of
his political life was tlie abolition of the
corn laws ; and it is not too much to say
that the "Corn-Law Rhymes" were as
instrumental, especially in the manufac-
turing districts, in fanning the excite-
ment which ultimately led to the aboli-
tion of the corn laws, as the eloquence
of any member of the Anti-Corn-Law-
League. The last edition of his poems
appeared in one volume in 1840. D.
1849. — Jesse Duncan, a distinguished
commodore of tlie United States navy,
b. in Maryland, 1785, who served with
honor in the war on the lakes in 1812,
performing many gallant exploits, and
afterwards on the Mediterranean and
West India stations. D. 1845.
ELLIS, George, a miscellaneous wri-
ter of considerable talent, was b. in Lon-
don, 1745, and d. 1815. He commenced
his literary career as the author of various
political satires and essays ; and he sub-
sequently produced " Specimens of early
English poets," "Specimens of early
English Metrical Eomances." — John, an
English poet, was b. in London in 1698,
and brought up a scrivener. D. 1791. —
John, a naturalist, was b. in London in
1710, and d. 1776. His principal works
are " An Essay towards a Natural His
tory of British Corallines," and " A,Nat-
ural History of uncommon Zoophytes."
— William, a practical agriculturist of
the 18th century, who lived at Great
Gaddesden, Herts, and enjoAed con-
siderable reputation both as an inventor
of farming implements, and as the au-
thor of "The Modern Husbandman."
ELLISTON, Robert William, an
eminent comedian, was b. in London in
1774. He was intended for the church ;
but at the age of 16 he quitted school,
without the knowledge of his friends,
went to Bath, and there first gratified
his ambition for scenic celebrity. His
first bow to a London audience was
made at the Haymarket theatre, 1796;
but it was not till 1804 that he became
fixed at either of the winter houses.
This occurred on Kemble's retirement
from Drury-lane ; and till the destruc-
tion, by fire, of that edifice in 1809, he
continued to be one of its most active
and efficient supporters. D. 1831.
ELLSWORTH, Oliver, chief justice
of the United States, graduated at the
college in New Jersey, 1766. In 1777
he was chosen a delegate in congress
from Connecticut. In 1780 he was
elected into the council of Connecticut,
and was a member of that body till
1784, when he was appointed a judge
of the superior court. In 1787 he was
elected a member of the convention,
which framed the federal constitution.
In an assembly illustrious for talents,
erudition, and patriotism he held a dis-
tinguished place. When the federal
government was organized in 1789 he
was a member of the senate from Con-
necticut. In 1796 ho was appointed by
Washington chief justice of the supreme
court of the United States, but on ac-
count of ill health resigned the office in
1800. In 1799 he was appointed by
President Adams envoy extraordinary
to France for the purpose of settling a
treatv with that nation. D. 1807, awed 65.
ELLWOOD, Thomas, was b. at Crow-
ell in Oxfordshire, in 1689. He was bred
in the tenets of the church of England,
but was induced to join the Quakers,
through which he lost the favor of his
father. He became reader to Milton,
which tended greatly to his improve-
ment in learning. EUwood suffered
imprisonment for liis profession, and
wrote a number of books in its defence.
He also edited " George Fox's Journal,"
and published a " History of the Old and
New Testaments ;" a sacred poem on
the life of David, &c. D. 1713.
ELZ]
ELMSIiEY, Peter, an eminent phi-
lolosrist and classical scholar, was b. in
1778. In pursuit of his philological
studies he visited the principal libraries
on the Continent; and in 1819, in con-
junction with Sir Humphrey l>avy, he
accepted a commission from govern-
ment for the development of the Hercu-
lanean papyri, but their labors proved
aboi'tive. On his return he settled at
Oxford, where be obtained the Camden
pi-n/e^«orshin of ancient history, and
was elected' T>rinntr>al of St. Alban's
hall. He produced" editions of various
classics, and contributed to the early
numbers of the " Edinburgh Eeview,"
and at a subsequent period to the
" Quarterly." D. 1825.
ELPHINSTON, Arthur, Lord Bal-
MERiNo, was b. 1688. He had the com-
mand of a company of foot in Lord
Shannon's regiment in the "reign of
Queen Anne ; but at the accession of
George I. resigned tbat commission, and
joined the earl of Mar, under whom he
served at the battle of Sheritfmuir. At
the decisive battle of CuUoden he was
taken prisoner by the duke of Cumber-
land's army. Being conducted to Lon-
don, he was committed to the Tower,
and brought to trial in Westminster
hall, 29th July, 1746, along with the
earls of Kilmarnock and Cromarty, both
of whom pleaded guilty. The earl of
Cromarty obtained a pardon, but the
other two sutfered decapitation on
Tower-hill, 18th August, 1746.— James,
a native of Edinburgrh, whose attempts
to effect an imasrinary reformation in
the orthography "'of the English lan-
guage, by "spelling all words as they are
Dronounced. occupied a great part of
tiis life, and ended in complete" disap-
f)ointment. In this pursuit he pub-
ished various works, among which we
may mention "English Orthography
epitomized," and "Propriety's Pocket
Picture." B. 1721 : d. 1809.
ELPHINSTONll, George Keith,
Viscount, b. 1747, was a distinguished
naval officer. He entered the service
eai.y in life, and arrived at the rank of
post-captain in 1775. During the Amer-
ican war he served with great credit at
the attack on Mud Island, at Charles-
ton, &c. ; he also captured L'Aigle of
40 guns and 600 men ; and when the
war broke out with France he was
among the first who sustained the credit
of the British navy. D. 1823.— George
William Kefth, b. 1782. Early in life
this distinguished, but eventually un-
fortunate, officer entered the service as
.S2*
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
3T7
ensign in the 84th infantry. After
serving with much distinction in various
parts of the globe, he was made lieu-
tenant-colonel of the 33d foot in 1813.
He was made major-general in 1837, and
was commander-in-chief of the Bengal
army, when the British arms received
so awful and disgraceful a check in Aff-
ghanistan. D. 1842.
ELSTOB, William, a learned divine,
was b. at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1673,
and d. 1714. He was profounclly skilled
in the Saxon language and antiquities,
and published a Latin translation of the
"Saxon Homily of Lupus;" and the
" Homily on St. Gregory's Day," in
Saxon and Latin. He also wrote " An
Essay on the Affinity and Agreenrent
between the Two Professions of Law
and Divinity," &c. — Elizabeth, sister
of the preceding, was b. at Newcastle,
1683. She resided with her brother at
Oxford, and became the partner of his
studies. She accompanied his " Homi-
ly on St. Gregory" with an English
version and a prefiice, and published a
Saxon grammar. D. 1756.
ELVIUS, Peter, a Swedish mathe-
matician, andsecretary of the royal acad-
emv of sciences at Stockholm, was b. at
Upsal, 1710; and d. 1749.
EL WES, John, an extraordinary mi-
ser. His family name was Meggot,
which he altered in pursuance oif the
will of Sir Harvey Elwes, his nncle, who
left hira at least £250,000, and he was*
possessed of nearly as much of his own.
At this time he attended the most noted
gaming houses, and after sitting up a
whole night at play for thousands, he
would proceed to Smithfleld to meet his
cattle, where he would stand disputing
with a cattle-butcher for a shilling. He
would sit in wet clothes to save the ex-
pense of a fire ; eat his proyisions in the
last stage of putrefaction ; and, in short,
subject himself to any privation, or bo
guilty of any beggarly conduct, by
which a sixpence might be saved ; yet,
if by his personal exertions he could as-
sist another, provided it cost him noth-
ing but his labor, he was active and
ready. In 1774 he was chosen mcir.be'
for Berkshire, and his conduct in parlia
ment was perfectly independent. D
1789, aged about 77, leaving a fortum
of £500,000, besides entailed estates.
ELZEVIR. The name of a celebrated
family of printers, residing at Amster-
dam and Leyden, whose beautiful edi-
tions were chiefly published between the
years 1594 and 1680.— Louis, the first of
them, began to be known at Leyden in
378
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
b
1595, and was tlie first who made the
distinction between the « consonant and
the u vowel. He took for his device an
eagle holding seven arrows, with the
motto, " Concordia res parvae creseunt."
This he afterwards exchanged for that
of a man standing, with the motto " Non
solus;" and this M'as adopted by his
successors. Their names were John,
Daniel, Matthew, Isaac, Bonaventura,
and Abkaham. The latter two prepared
the smaller editions of the classics, in
12mo. and 16mo., which are still valued
for their beauty and correctness. Al-
though the Elzevirs were surpassed in
learning, and in Greek and Hebrew edi-
tions, by the Stephenses of Paris, they
■wer« unequalled in their choice of
works, and in the elegance of their ty-
pographv.
EMANUEL, king of Portugal, suc-
ceeded John II. in 1495. He restored
the nobility to their privileges, and
greatly encouraged maritime adven-
tures, by which" means a new passage
to India was discovered by Gama, and
Brazil in 1501, by Cabral. Emanuel also
sent an expedition to Africa, and estab-
lished a commercial intercourse with
the kinsrdom of Congo. D. 1521.
EMERY, John, an actor of very con-
siderable merit, (particularly in rustic
characters, where his perfect'knowledge
of the Yorkshire dialect rendered him
so effective,) was b. at Sunderland, in
1777. D. 1822.
EMLYN, Thomas, a Protestant dis-
senting minister, memorable for the
persecution he sustained in consequence
of his religious sentiments with regard
to the Trinity, was b. at Stamford, Lin-
colnshire, in 1663, and studied at the
university of Cambridge. In 1691 he
settled at Dublin, as assistant to the
Eev. Joseph Boyce, but was soon inter-
dicted from his pastoral duties, on sus-
picion of Arianism. Finding himself
the object of much odium and miscon-
ception, he published " A Humble En-
quiry into the Scripture Account of Je-
sus Christ;" upon which he was arrest-
ed on the charge of blasphemy, tried,
and sentenced to a year's imprisonment
and a fine of £1000. Ilis character was
ainiable, and he was on terms of inti-
macy with Dr. Clarke, Whiston, and
other eminent men. D. 1743.
EMMETT, Robert, the son of a phy-
dieian at Cork, was educated for the le-
gal profession ; but,' on the breaking
out of the Irish rebellion, he was drawn
into its vortex, became secretary to the
secret directory of United Irishmen,
and in 1803 suff"ered the death of a trai-
tor. His youthful ardor, eloquence, and
intrepidity have been greatly extolled.—
Thomas Addis, elder brother of the pre-
ceding, was also bred to the profession
of the law, but becoming involved in
the Irish rebellion, he fled his country,
and settled in the United States, where
he practised as an advocate. D. at New
York, 1827.
EMPEDOCLES, a Greek philosopher,
whose doctrines were nearly allied to
those of Pythagoras, was b. about 460
B. c, at Agrigentum, in Sicily. The
sovereignty was oifered him by his fel-
low-citizens ; but being a friend to pure
democracy he refused it, and established
a popular government.
ENFIELD, William, a dissenting
minister, and a writer of much judg-
ment, was b. at Sudbury, 1741 ; and af-
ter filling the situation of resident tutor
and lecturer on the belles lettres at
Warrington academy till the dissolu-
tion of that establishment, Ihe d. 1797.
He was one of the principal contributors
to " Dr. Aikin's Biographical Diction-
ary;" and is known as the author or
compiler of several useful works, viz.,
" The Speaker," "Exercises on Elocu-
tion," " Natural Philosophy," &c.
. ENGEL, John James, a German wri-
ter, whose philosophical works are held
in high esteem, was b. in Mecklenburgh,
1741 ;' and, after studying at several
German universities, he accepted the
office of professor of morals and litera-
ture at Berlin, where he was made a
member of the Royal Academy of Sci-
ences,, and wrote the greatest part of his
works. D. 1802.
ENGELBRECHT, John, a religious
fanatic, was b. at Brunswick, 1599. He
travelled for several years through Ger-
many, fasting at times for a fortnight
together, and not unfrequently fallin»
into trances, during which lie pretended
to receive divine revelations and mis-
sions for proselytizing mankind. D.
1642.
ENGHIEN, Louis Antoine Henri dk
Bourbon, duke" of, son of the duke ol
Bourbon, and a descendent of the great
Conde, was b. at Chantilly, in 1772.
Havinjr served with credit in the armies
opposed to the French republic, he went
to Baden, in 1804, maiTied, and lived
there as a private citizen. He was, how-
ever, regarded with a jealous eye, as one
who miarht become a dangerous foe to
the ambitious designs of the first consul ;
and an order to arrest him was accord-
ingly issued. He was accused of having
EPl]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHr.
37^
taken part in conspiracies against the
life of the first consul ; and though noth-
ing was proved against him, he received
sentence of death, and was led into the
fosse of the castle, where he heroically
and firmly submitted to it.
ENGLEFIELD, Sir Henrt Charles,
a fellow of the Koyal and Antiquarian
societies, to whose " Transactions" he
contributed largely, was b. 1752. .He
was the author of a work " On the De-
termination of the Orbits of Comets,"
" A Description of the Picturesque
Beauties and Geological Phenomena of
the Isle of Wight," &c. D. 1822.
ENNIUS, QuiNTus, a celebrated Latin
poet of the earlier times of the republic,
was b. at Calabria 239 b. o. Cato the
Censor became acquainted with him in
Sardinia, was his pupil, and brought
him to Rome, where lie soon gained the
friendship of the most distinguished in-
dividuals, and instructed young men of
rank in Greek. D. 269 b. c.
ENTICK, John, an English divine, d.
in 1780. He published a " History of
the War which ended in 1763," a "His-
tory of London," a well-known and ap-
proved " Latin and English Dictionary,"
&c.
ENTINOPUS, an eminent arcliitect
of Candia in the 4th century, who may
properly be styled the founder of Venice.
Having fled from the ravages of the
Goths to the morasses on the Adriatic
coast, he built the first house there for
himself, and afterwards assisted the in-
habitants of Padua, who also took refuge
there, in building the 80 houses which
formed the first city, D. about 420.
EPAMINONDAS, a Tlieban general,
illustrious for his talents and his virtues,
was the son of Polymnis. He was the
friend of Pelopidas, and by him appoint-
ed to the command of the Theban armies.
He defeated Cleombrotus, and gained
the battle of Leuctra ; overcame Alex-
ander tyrant of Phersea ; and fell in the
moment of victory at the battle of Man-
tinea, 363 B. c.
EPEE, Charles Michael de l', a
French abbe, founder of the institution
in Paris for the deaf and dumb, was b.
at Versailles in 1712, and deserves grate-
ful remembrance for the philanthropic
occupation in which the greater part of
his life was spent. He entered into holy
orders, and oeeame a Catholic priest ;
but his great object being to impart in-
struction to the deaf and dumb, he spent
his whole income, besides what was
contributed by benevolent patrons, in
the education and maintenance of his
pupils, for whose wants he provided
with such disinterested devotion, that he
often deprived himself of the necessaries
of life, restricting himself to the plainest
food, and clothing himself in the coarsest
apparel. D. 1789.
EPICHARMUS, of Cos, a philosopher
of the Pythagorean school, lived in the
latter part of the 5th century b. c, at
Syracuse, and there wrote his celebrated
comedies, all of which are now lost. He
also wrote upon medical and philosoph-
ical subjects, and attained the age of 97
years.
EPICTETUS, a Stoic philosopher, who
lived in the first century, was a native
of Hierapolis, in Phrj'gia, and was origi-
nally a slave to Epaphroditus, one of
Nero's freedmen. Having been eman-
cipated, he gave himself up wholly to
the study of philosophy, and liis life
afforded an example of unblemished
virtue.
EPICURUS, the founder of the Epi-
curean sect of philosophers, was b. at
Gargettus, 342 b. c, and studied at
Athens. For a time he resided succes-
sively at Colophon, Mitylene, and Lamp-
sacus, but finally settled at Athens,
where he purchased a garden, and there
expounded his system of philosophy.
D. 271 B. c.
EPIMENIDES, a celebrated philos-
opher and poet of Crete, who flourished
during the 6th century b. c. He is rej)-
resented as favored with divine commu-
nications, and as an infallible prophet.
EPIN AY, Louise, madame d\ a female
of considerable talents, and notorious for
her connection with Rousseau, was the
wife of M. Delalive de Bellegarde, who
filled the office of farmer-general. Du-
ring the earlier part of her life, she form-
ed an acquaintance witli the philosopher
of Geneva, to whom she gave a cottage
in her park of Chevrette, (afterwards the
well-known hermitage,) where he passed
many of his days, which were rendered
happy by this romantic attachment, un-
til he became jealous of Baron Grimm,
whom he had himself introduced to his
mistress. She was the author of " Les
Conversations d'Emilie," " Lettres k
mon Fils," and " Mes Moments Heu-
reux." D. 1783.
EPISCOPIUS, Simon, alearned divine,
b. at Amsterdam, 1583. In 1612 he was
chosen divinity professor at Leyden ;
was the principal of the remonstrants, or
'Arminians, at the synod of Dort, which
arbitrary assembly deposed him and the
other deputies from their ministerial
functions, and banished them the re-
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[eri
public. He then went to Antwerp, but
in 1626 lie returned to Holland, and be-
came minister to the remonstrants at
Eotterdam. D. 1643.
EPONINA, a Koman female, whose
strength of conjugal affection is worthy
of record, was the wife of Julius Sabinus,
who, after being defeated in his revolt
against Vespasian, took shelter in a sub-
terranean cave, wliere, during nine years,
he and Eponina lived concealed. Their
retreat bcin^ at length discovered, and
Sabinus bemg condemned to suffer
death, the faithful wife having vainly
implored the emperor's clemency for her
husband, heroically refused to survive
his loss, and d. a willing martyr to her
constancy, 78.
ERASiSTKATCS, an ancient physi-
cian, who acquired great reputation at
the court of beleucus Nicanor, king of
Syria, was one of the first who dissected
human bodies, and accurately described
the brain.
ERASMUS, Desiderius, one of the
most eminent scholars of his age, was b.
at Rotterdam, 1467. He was the illegit-
imate son of one Gerard, "by the daugh-
ter of a physician ; but his father and
mother dying when he was only nine
years old, he was left to the care of
three guardians, who determined on
bringing him up to a religious life, that
they might enjoy his patrimony ; for
which purpose they removed him from
one convent to another, till at last, in
1486, he took the habit among the
canons-regular at Stein, near Tergou.
The monastic life being disagreeable to
him, he accepted an invitation from the
archbishop of Cambray to reside with
him. During his abode with this prelate
he was ordained priest; but in 1496 he
went to Paris, and supported himself by
giving private lectures. In 1497 he vis-
ited England, and met with a liberal re-
ception from the most eminent scholars.
On his return he spent twelve years in
France, Italy, and the Netherlands ; and
during that time he published several
works of great merit. In 1506 he took
his doctor's degree at Turin, and went
to Bologna, where he continued some
time; thence he removed to Venice, and
resided with the famous Aldus Manu-
tins. From Venice he went to Padua
and Rome, where many offers were made
him to settle ; but havinsr received an
invitation from Henry VIII. he went
to England again in 1510; wrote his
" Praise and Folly" while residing with
Sir Thomas More ; and was appointed
Margaret professor of divinity, and
Greek lecturer, at Cambridge. In 1514
he once more returned to the Continent,
and lived chiefly at Basle, where he vig-
orously continued his literary labors,
and prepared his edition of the New
Testament, with a Latin translation;
his " Ciceronianus," and his celebrated
"Colloquies," which latter gave such
offence to the monks, that they us^^J to
say, "Erasmus laid the egg which Lu-
ther hatched." With Luther, however,
whom he had provoked by his treatise
on Free "Will, ne was in open hostility.
In 1528 appeared his learned work, "De
recta Latinis Graecique Sermonis Pro-
nunciatione," and liis last publication,
which was printed the year before his
death, was entitled " Ecclesiastes, ortha
Manner of Preaching." D. 1536.
ERATOSTHENES, a native of Cyrene,
in Africa, 275 b. c, was librarian at Alex-
andria, and improved the science of
mathematical geography, which he cor-
rected, enlarged, and reduced to system.
He was also a philosopher, poet, and
grammarian ; while he rendered much
service to the sciences of astronomy and
geography, by first observing the ob-
liquity of the ecliptic, and by discover-
ing the method of measuring the cir-
cumference of the srlobe.
ERCILLA Y ZUNIGA, a Spanish
poet and soldier, was b. in Biscay, about
1 530. He was brought up at the court
of Charles V., and joined an expedition
which was sent out to Chili against a
tribe of natives called the Araecanians.
Hence came his admirable epic of " La
Araucana," which describes the perils
and exploits of that fierce and dangerous
contest ; this he wrote on scraps of paper,
and on bits of leather when paper could
not be had, during those brief intervals
which could be snatched from active
duty.
I!REMITA, Daniel, r writer of the
17th century, was a native of Antwerp,
and became secretary to the duke of
Florence. He wrote several works, the
principal one being entitled " De Aulica
Vita ac Civili." D. 1613.
ERIC IX., king of Sweden, Denmark,
and Norway, succeeded Margaret in 1412.
He married the daughter of Henry IV.
of England, In 1439 he was formally
deposed. He afterwards settled in Po-
merania, where he d. in 1459. He com-
piled a "History of Denmark to the
year 1288." — XIV., son and successor
of Gustavus L, king of Sweden. He
courted the Princess Elizabeth, after-
wards queen of England, but being
refused, he married the daughter of a
ERS]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
881
peasant;. This alienated from him the
hearts of his subjects, and, together with
his cruelties, occasioned a revolt. Eric
was compelled to renounce his throne
in 1568. D. in prison, in 1578.
ERIOEIKA, Iekdinand vs Menezes,
Count, a Portuguese historian, was b.
at Lisbon, in 1614. He devoted himself
to military service, and distinguished
himself as an able general at Tangier.
He wrote "The History of Tangier,"
"History of Portugal," &c. — Fkancis
Xavter Menezes, Count, great-grandson
of the above, was b. at Lisbon, in 1763;
and d. in 1718. He wrote on " Academ-
ical Studies," "Parallels of Illustrious
Men and Women," &c.
EEIGENA, John Scotus, a learned
man of the 9th century, was b. in Scot-
land, though some make him a native
of England, and others of Ireland. He
is said to have travelled to Athens,
where he acquired the Greek and Ori-
ental languages. He resided many years
at the court of Charles the Bald, king of
France, with whom he lived on terms
of the greatest familiarity. At the re-
quest of his patron he translated the
works of Dionysius into Latin, which
drew upon him the resentment of the
pope, to avoid whose fury he went to
England, where he was courteously re-
ceived by Alfred the Great, who placed
him at the head of his newly-founded
college at Oxford ; but after a residence
there of about three years, he retired to
the abbey of Malmesbury. His greatest
work was the "Division of Nature, or
the Nature of Things," printed at Ox-
ford in 1681.
ERNESTI, John ArausTua, an emi-
nent German critic, and professor of
theology at Leipsic, was b. 1707. He
published several valuable editions of
Xenophon, Cicero, Suetonius, Tacitus,
Homer, and Callimachus, accompanied
with learned notes ; and a " Theological
Library." D. 1781.— Augustus Wil-
liam, a nephew of the preceding, was
also a distinguished classical scholar,
and published several learned works.
B. 1753 ; d. 1801.
ERSCH, John Samuel, a German
bibliographer, b. 1766, was principal
librarian, and professor of geography
and statistics, at the university of Halle.
He wrote a " Manual of German Litera-
ture ;" a " Dictionary of French Writers,
from 1771 to 1805;" was joint editor
with Professor Gruber of the " Universal
Encyclopajdia," published at Leipsic;
and editor of the "Jena Literary Ga-
«ette." D. 1828.
ERSKINE, Ebenezer, ':he founder of
the secession church in Scotland, b. at
Dryburgh, in Berwickshire, 1680. In
1731 he accepted of a call to Stirling;
and circumstances soon afterwards hav-
ing occurred to augment the hostility he
had always shown to the law of patron-
age, he declared the church judicatories
to be illegal and unchristian, and, after
some delay and discussions, was "de-
posed from the office of the holy minis-
try" in 1740. But he was soon joined
by his brother Ralph, minister' of Dun-
fermline, and other ministers ; and hav
ing constituted themselves into a presby-
tery, they founded the secession church
of Scotland. D. 1754. — John, son of an
eminent Scotch lawyer of the same name,
was b. at Cardross, in 1721, and destined
for the bar ; but his inclination leading
him to the study of theolooy, he was,
in 1742, licensed to preach. His " Theo-
logical Dissertations" appeared in 1765,
but his " Sketches and Hints of Church
History and Theological Controversy"
were not published till many years
after. These, with a volume of sermons,
are his principal works. D. 1803. —
Thomas, Lord, third son of David Henry
Erskine, earl of Buchan, was b. in 1750.
He was called to the bar in 1778, and
obtained immediate success. In May,
1783, he received a silk gown, and, the
same year, was elected member o'f parlia-
ment, and unanimously rechosen tor the
same borough on every succeeding elec-
tion, until raised to the peerage. In
1792, being employed to defend Thomas
Paine, when prosecuted for the second
part of his " Rights of Man," he declared
that, waiving all personal convictions,
he deemed it right, as an English advo-
cate, to obey the call ; by the mainte-
nance of which principle he lost his
office of attorney-general to the prince
of Wales. The most arduous effort,
however, in his professional life, arose
out of the part cast upon him, in con-
junction with Mr. (afterwards Sir Vicary)
Gibbs, in the trials of Hardy, Tooke, and
others, for high treason, in 1794. These
trials lasted for several weeks, and the
ability displayed by Mr. Erskine on this
eventful occasion was admired and ac-
knowledged by all parties. He was a
strenuous opposer of the war with
France ; and wrote a pamphlet, entitled
"A View of the Causes and Consequen-
ces of the War with France;" wbeu
such was the attraction of his name,
that it ran through the unprecedented
number of forty-eight editions. In 1802.
the prince of Wales not only restorea
382
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[■
TH
him to liis office of attorney-general, but
made him keeper of his seals for the
duchy of Cornwall. He was the author
of a political romance, entitled "Ar-
mata," and some pamphlets on the
Greek cause. Eut it was at the bar
that he shone with peculiar lustre. D.
1823.
ERXLEBEN, John Christian Polt-
CAKP, a German naturalist, b. at Qued-
linburg, 1744. He studied physic at
Gottingcn, and gave lectures there on
the veterinary art and natural history.
His " Principles of Natural History" is
particularly valuable. D. 1777.
ESCOBAR Y MENDOZA, Anthony,
a celebrated Spanish Jesuit, b. at Valla-
dolid, 1589, and d. 1669. He was a
popular preacher and a voluminous au-
thor. His most noted works are his
"Moral Theology," and his "Cases of
Conscience."
ESCOIQUIZ, Don Jttan, a Spanish
diplomatist and author, b. 1762. He
was the confidential friend of Ferdinand
VII., whom he defended zealously
against the machinations of the Prince
of Peace, and of Napoleon at Bayonne ;
yet for having advised the king to accept,
at least in part, the constitution of tne
Cortes, he was banished on his restora-
tion, and d. in exile, in 1820. Among
his works are the " Conquest of Mexico,"
and also translations from Milton and
Young.
ESMENARD, Joseph Alphonse, a
French poet and political writer, was b,
1770, at Pelissane, in Provence. During
the revolution he was connected with
many literary and political journals;
accompanied General Leclerc to St. Do-
mingo; and on his return became ac-
quainted with Marmontel. His poem,
" La Navigation," is highly descriptive ;
he also wrote the operas of "Trajan"
and " Ferdinand Cortez," D. 1811.
ESPAGN AC, John Baptist, baron d',
a French general, b. 1713. He served
under Marshal Saxe, and wrote a num-
ber of books on the military art, and a
history of the marshal, in 3 vols. 4to.
ESPER, John Frederic, a naturalist
und astronomer, was b. at Drossenfeld,
in Bayreuth, 1782. He published "A
Method of determining the Orbits of
Comets, and other celestial Bodies,
without astronomical Instruments or
mathematical Calculations ;" and was
the first who examined and described
the curious fossil remains in the subter-
ranean caverns of Bayreuth. D. 1781.
ESPREMENIL, James Duval d', a
oounsellor of the parliament of Paris,
and deputy lirom the nobility to the
states-general in 1789. He had from hia
youth entertained the project of resto-
ring to France the states-general ; and
for the violence of his speeches on that
subject he was seized and banished to
the isle of St. Margaret ; but being re-
called to Paris in 1789, he defended the
monarchy against innovators with as
much warmth as he had before opposed
the despotism of the ministry. He was
ultimately condemned "by the revolu-
tionary tribunal, and perished on the
scatfold, in 1793.
ESTAING, Chaelbs Henry, Count, a
French commander, wak b. of a noble
family in Auvergne, ana commenced
his career in the East Indies, under
Lally, when he was taken prisoner by
the English. In the American war he
was employed as vice-admiral and gen-
eral of the French armies on that sta-
tion, where he took the island of Grena-
da. In 1787 he became a member of
the assembly of notables, and command-
ant of the national guards at Versailles,
at the commencment of the revolution;
but, like many others who had promoted
the revolution, he was accused of coun-
ter-revolutionary projects, and suifered,
in 1793, by the guillotine.
ESTE, one of the most ancient and
illustrious fomilies of Italy, which owed
its origin to those petty princes who
governed Tuscany in the time of the
Carlovingians. In later times, they re-
ceived from the emperors several dis-
tricts and counties, to be held as fiefs of
the empire, with the title of marquis.
Of this family was Guelfo IV., who,
having received the investiture of the
duchy of Bavaria, founded the house of
Brunswick.
ESTRADES, Godfrey, Count, a
French general and diplomatist, b. 1607,
and d. 1661. He served with distinction
in the Netherlands, under Prince Mau-
rice.
ESTREES, Gabriellb, duchess of
Beaufort, mistress to Henry IV. of
France, was b. about 1571, and was de-
scended from an ancient and noble
family in Picardy. So passionately was
she loved by Henry, that he intended to
raise Gabrielle to tiie throne as his law-
ful consort, for which purpose he prp-
cured a divorce from Margaret of Vaiois.
The design was strongly opposed by
Sullv, who succeeded in rendering it
abortive. D. 1599.
ETHELBERT, king of England, the
second son of Ethelwolf, succeeded his
brother Ethelbaid, in 860. He was a
eul]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
virtuous princse, and "beloved by his
subjects.
ETHELRED I., king of England, son
of Ethelwolf, succeeded his brother
Ethelbert, in 866.— II., king of England,
the son of Edgar, succeeded his broth-er
Edward the Martyr in 978, and, from
his want of vigor and capacity, was sur-
named the Unready. He paid a tribute
to the Danes by a tax levied on his sub-
jects, called Danegelb. To free himself
from this oppression, h6 caused all the
Danes in England to be treacherously
T[iassacred in one day. On this, Sweyn,
king of Denmark, entered his kingdom,
and compelled him to fly to Normandy ;
but Sweyn dying soon after, Ethelred
returned and resumed the government.
D. 1016.
ETHELWOLF, king of England, suc-
ceeded his father Egbert, in 838, and
gave to his son, Athelstan, the sover-
eignty over Essex, Kent, and Sussex.
D. 857.
ETHEREDGE, Sir George, an En-
glish dramatist, and one of the wits of
the court of Charles II., was b. about
1636. He studied at one of the inns
of court, but soon relinquished legal
science tor the dissipation which char-
acterized the era in which he lived. He
devoted considerable attention to light
literature, and wrote songs, panegyrics,
lampoons, and dramas; which, though
tinctured with licentiousness, possess
humor, ease, and spirit. His comedies
are entitled "The Comical Revenge, or
Love in a Tub," "She Would if She
Could," and " The Man of Mode." Ho
is said to have lost his life, in 1683, by
falling down stairs while in a state of in-
toxication.
ETOILE, Peter de r', a French wri-
ter, b. 1540, whose diary of events fur-
nished the matter for the "Journal of
Henry III.," and the " Journal of Hen-
ry IV." D. 1611.
ETTY, William, a distinguished art-
ist, was b. at York, 1787. On his arrival
in London, in 1805, he soon attracted
the attention of Opie, Fuseli, and Sir
Thomas Lawrence ; and the death of an
uncle, who bequeathed him a consider-
able fortune, having enabled him to
prosecute his studies as he pleased, he
proceeded on a tour to Italy, where he
imbibed that taste for Venetian art
which he subsequently carried out in
the numerous works that> proceeded
from his pencil. His " .Judith" and
. " Joan of Arc" may rank with the best
<»ompositious of modern times. D, 1850.
EUCLID, an eminent philosopher of
Megara, and the disciple of Socrates,
from whom he differed in the manner
of teaching ; for, instead of instructing
his pupils in morals, he co.nfined their
attention wholly to the subtleties of
logic. He flourished about four centu-
ries before the Christian era, and was
the founder of the Megaric sect, — A
celebrated mathematician of Alexan-
dria, who flourished 300 b. c. He im«-
mortalized his name by his books on
geometry, in which he digested all the
propositions of the eminent geometri-
cians who preceded him, as Thales,
Pythagoras, and others. His "Ele-
ments" have gone through innumerable
editions ; and hough he wrote on mu-
sic, optics, and other subjects, it is as a
geometrician that he will ever be re-
membered.
EUDOCIA, a learned female of
Athens, whose original name was Athe-
nais, was the daughter of Leontius the
philosopher. In 421 she was married
to the emperor Theodosius, who after-
wards divorced her in a fit of jealousy.
She then went to Jerusalem, where she
built churches, and led a life of great
devotion. This empress wi'ote several
Greek poems, and paraphrases on some
of the prophets. D. 460.
EUGENE, Francis, of Savoy, known
as Prince Eugene, a distinguished mili-
tary commander, and a grandson of the
duke of Savoy, was b. at Paris, 1663.
He was intended for the church, but his
predilection for military life was so
strong, that on being refused a regi-
ment in the French army, he entered
the service of the emperor, as a volun-
teer against the Turks, where his bra-
very attracting notice, he was soon ap-
pointed to the command of a regiment
of dragoons. He was afterwards placed
at the head of the army of Hungary, and
was the companion in arms of the^ great
duke of Marlborough, participating in
the victories of Blenheim, Oudenarde,
&c. He likewise saved Turin, expelled
the French from Italy, reduced Lisle,
and, in short, raised his name to the
very pinnacle of military renown, hy
repeated demonstrations of skill and
bravery. D. 1736.
EUGENIUS, an obscure man, who,
from being a grammarian, was pro-
claimed emperor in Dauphine, by Count
Arbogatus, after the death of Valentin-
ian the Younger, in 892. He crossed
the Alps, and made himself master of
Milan ; but in 394 he was defeated and
slain by the emperor Theodosius,
FULLER, Leonabdj a celebrated ma-
884
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
EVA
ihcmatician, b. at Basle, in 1707, and
was a pupil of John Bernouilli. He was
one of the literati invited to St. Peters-
burg by Catharine 1., and for a time
sustained tlie whole weight of the ma-
thematical department in the new uni-
versity, with great ttdent and industry.
In 1741 he accepted an invitation from
Frederic the Great, and remained at
Brienne till 1766, when he returned to
the Kussian capital, where he d. in 1783.
Though he hud been blind for many
years before his death, he still con-
tinued his literary labors ; and in that
state he produced his " Elements of
AJgebra" and his "Theory of the
Moon." His writings, which are nu-
merous, are able and original, both in
metaphysics and philosophy ; and, in
fact, he may justly be regarded as one
of the greatest mathematicians of the
age. — John Albert, Charles, and
Christopher, three sons of the pre-
ceding, were each eminent in their re-
spective walks of life. — John Albert, a
mathematician, was b. at St. Petersburg,
in 1734, and d. there in 1800. He was a
counsellor of state, and secretary of the
Imperial Academy of Sciences, and
wrote many treatises on astronomy, op-
tics, &c. — Charles, the second son, who
was b. at St. Petersburg, in 1740, was
physician to the court, and a member
of the Imperial Academy of Sciences.
D. 1766; and to him is attributed an
able treatise on the motion of the plan-
ets. — Christopher, the youngest son,
was b. at Berlin, 1743. Besides being
eminent as a mathematician, he was an
excellent astronomer, and was one of
the persons selected to observe the tran-
sit of Venus, in 1769.
EUEIPIDES, a Grecian tragic poet,
was b. in the island of Salamis, 480 b. o.
He studied at Athens under Anaxagoras
the philosopher, and Prodicus the rhet-
orician ; but left that city in disgust, on
account of the rivalship of Sophocles
and the raillery of Aristophanes, and
went to the court of Archelaus, king of
Macedon. He wrote an immense num-
ber of tragedies, nineteen of which are
extant. As he was walking one evening
in a wood, he was attacked by the king's
hounds and torn in pieces. He was
then in his 75th year.
EUSDEN, Laurence, an English poet,
was b. in Yorkshire. In 1718 he ob-
tained the laureateship, which raised
him several enemies, particularly Pope,
who placed him in the " Dunciad." He
became rector of Coningsby, in Lincoln-
shire. D. 1730.
EUSEBIU8, Pamphilct, an ecclesias-
tical historian, was b. in Palestine about
270. In the persecution by Diocletian,
he assisted the sutfering Christians by
bis exhortations, particularly his I'riend
Pamphilus, whose name, out of venera-
tion, he assumed. Eusebius was chosen
bishop of Caesarea about 313. He was
at first the friend of Arius, because ho
considered him as persecuted, but on
perceiving the dangerous extent of his
opinions, he abandoned hitn, and as-
sisted at the council of Nice, which h'
opened with an address. He was als.
at that of Antioch. The emperor Con
stantine bad a particular esteem for him,
and showed him several tokens of favor.
He died about 338. He wrote an " Ec-
clesiastical History," the " Life of Cou-
stantine," and other works, the principal
of which is " Evangelical Preparation."
EUSTACHIUS, Bartholomew, an
eminent Italian physician of the 16th
century. He settled at Rome, where he
formed his anatomical tables, and made
several important discoveries, among
which is the passage from the throat to
the internal ear, called the Eustachian
tube. Boerhaave published this author's
" Opuseula Anatomica" in 1707. D. 1570.
EUSTATHIUS, an eminent critic imd
archbishop of Thessalonica, was b. at
Constantinople, and lived in the 12th
century. He wrote commentaries on
Homer and Dionysius the geographer;
displaying, in the former more especial-
ly,_profound philological learning.
EUTROPIUS, Flavius, a Latin his-
torian of the 4th century. He was sec-
retary to Constantine the Great, and
served under Julian in his Persian ex-
E edition. He wrote an epitome of the
istory of Rome, of which numerous
editions have been printed.
EUTYCHES, an ecclesiastic of the 5th
century, from whom the sect of Euty-
chians sprung, was a man of strict piety,
but who, in opposing the doctrines of
Nestorius, fell into the opposite extreme,
and\lenied the human nature of Christ.
EVAGORAS, a Greek writer in the
time of Augustus. He wrote a History
of Egypt, the Life of Timagenes,, " De
Artificio Thucydidis Oratorio," «fec.
EVANS, Abel, commonly called Dr.
Evans, the epigrammatist, was one of
the Oxford wits, and intimate with the
most eminent poets of the age. He was
a member of St. John's college, and
vicar of St. Giles, Oxford. He took his
degree of D. D. in 1711.— Arise, an
astrologer of the 17th century, was a
native of Wales, and educated at Oxford.
CYCLOPJSDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
385
He removed to London, where lie taught
the mathematics, practised astrology,
and had the reputation of a necro-
mancer. — Caleb, was an eminent Bap-
tist mhiister at Bristol, and the author
of " Sermons on the Scripture Doctrine
of the Son and Holy Spirit," "JJUrist
Crucitied, or the Scripture Doctrine of
the Atonement," &c. D. 1791.— Cor-
NKLius, an impostor, was b. at Mar-
seilles, but Ixis father was a Welshman.
In 1648 he went to England, aud pre-
tended to be the prince of Wales, to
whom he bore a great resemblance.
After carrying on this farce a few weeks
he was sent to Newgate, from whence
he effected his escape, but what became
of him afterwards is not known. — John,
a Baptist minister, and theological wri-
ter, was b. at Uske, in Monmouthshire.
He wrote and compiled several works,
but is chiefly known as the author of
" Aj, Brief Sketch of the several Denom-
inations into which the Christian'World
is divided. D. 1827. — Nathaniel, minis-
ter and poet, was b. in Philadelphia, 1742.
Having been ordained by the bishop of
London, he entered on a mission near
the close of that year, (under the pa-
tronage of the Society for Propagating
the Gospel,) in Gloucester county,
N. J., where, after laboring nearly ten
years, he d. 1767. He had a high repu-
tation for talents, and left a variety of
manuscripts, from which a selection of
f)oetiy and prose was soon after pub-
ished. — Lewis, eminent for his ac-
quaintance with American geography,
was a surveyor in Pennsylvania, and d.
1756. He made many journeys into the
neighboring colonies, and had been fre-
quently employed in surveying lands
purchased of the natives. He had col-
lected a great store of materials from
other sources. From these he compiled
a map of the middle colonies, and of
the adjacent country of the Indians
lying northward and westward. The
first edition of it was published in 1749,
and a second in 1755, accompanied with
an explanatory pamphlet.
EVARTS, Jeremiah, secretary of the
American board of commissioners for
foreign missions, graduated at Yale col-
lege, 1802. From 1803 to 1804 he was
the instructor of the academy at Peach-
am, and afterwards studied law with
Judge Chauncey of New Haven, where
ho commenced practice. In 1810 he re-
moved to Charlestown,near Boston, in or-
der to become editor of the " Pauoplist,"
a religious and literary monthly publica-
tion. In 1820 the " Missionary Herald"
33
was substituted in place of the " Panop-
list," under the authority of the Ameri-
c:m board. This work was also committed
to him. He had been chosen treasurer
of the board in 1812, and the next year
one of the prudential committee. He
served as treasurer till 1822. In 1821,
he succeeded Dr. Worcester as corre-
sponding secretary, in which office he
continued nearly ten years, till his death.
D. 1831.
EVELYN, John, was b. in 1620.
Throughout life he evinced a love for
the liberal and useful arts ; and having
at an early period been induced to leave
England on account of the civil war, he
added greatly to his stock of knowledge
by the good use he made of his timo
while travelling in France and Italy.
He returned home in 1651, and made
some efforts in favor of the royal cause;
on which account he was much favored
by Charles II. after his restoration. On
the foundation of the Eoyal Society, he
was nominated one of the first fellow^s ;
soon after which he published his most
celebrated work, entitled "Sylva, or a
Discourse of Forest Trees," &c. In
1664, Evelyn was appointed one of the
commissioners of sick and wounded
seamen ; also a commissioner for re-
building St. Paul's cathedral ; and he
afterwards had a place at the board of
trade. In the reign of James II. he was
made one of the commissioners for
executing the office of lord privy seal,
and after the revolution he was ap-
pointed treasurer of Greenwich hos-
pital. Evelyn has the honor of being
one of the Arst who improved horticul-
ture, and introduced exotics into this
country. Of his garden at Sayes Court,
a curious account may be seen in the
'•Philosophical Transactions." Besides
his " Sylva," he wrote " Terra, a Philo-
sophical Discourse of Earth." " Numis-
mata, or a Discourse of Medals,"
" Sculptura," " Acetaria," &c. His
" Memoirs," comprehending a curious
Diaiy aud Correspondence, have been
published ; besides an interesting " Me-
moir of Mrs. Godolphin," (which he left
in MS.,) edited by the present bishop
of Oxford ; and still more recently a
" History of Religion." D. 1706.
EVERARD, Johannes Secundus, sou
of Nicholas Everard, president of the
council of Holland, was b. at the Hague,
1511, and became Latin secretary to the
emperor Charles V., whom he accom-
panied to the siege of Tunis. He was
the author of " Basia," a collection of
Latin poems, elegant in language, but
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[eyo
licenfcioiia in principle ; it is therefore to l
be lamented that they have been trans-
lated into most modern European lan-
guages. Johannes Secundus, as he is
usually called, died in 1586.
EVi:KDINGEN, Alder Van, a Dutch
painter, celebrated both for landscapes
and sea-pieces, was b. in 1621.
EVERETT, Alexander H., a distin-
guished literary man, was b. at Dorches-
ter, Mass., 1790. After leaving college,
he was an usher at Phillips' academy,
Exeter; and in 1809 accompanied Mr.
Adams to St. Petersburg, as secretary
of legation. In 1818 he was appointed
by Mr. Monroe charge d'atiaires at
Brussels, and in 1825, by Mr, Adams,
minister to Spain. He remained at
Madrid until the year 1829, when he
was recalled by General Jackson. Mr.
Everett returned to America by the
way of Paris, in which city he held an
interesting interview with Charles X., a
short time previous to the breaking out
of the revolution of the three days.
A few months after his return to the
United States, Mr. Everett became the
editor and principal proprietor of the
" North American Ke view." He had long
been a leading contributor to this jour-
nal, which, under his charge, was mate-
rially improved. About the year 1832
he engaged actively in politics ; and soon
after connected himself with the demo-
cratic party. On the accession of Mr.
Polk to the presidency, he gave to Mr.
Everett the appointment of commis-
sioner to China. Mr. Everett sailed for
Canton about 1845, but proceeded no
farther than Eio Janeiro, in consequence
of ill-health. From Eio Janeiro he re-
turned to the United States, and after
an interval of several months again
Bailed for Canton, but had hardly be-
come settled in his new residence, when
he d. 1847.
EVREMOND, St., Charles Marque-
TEL DE St. Denis, lord of, was b. 1613,
and became one of the most lively and
amusing writers of his time. He stud-
ied the law, but subsequently entered
the military service, and obtained the
rank of general under the prince of
Conde ; but he lost his commission for
having indulged his propensity for
satire at the expense of the prince. He
then got embroiled with Cardinal Maza-
rin, was imprisoned in the Bastille, and
afterwards escaped a second arrest only
by flying to England. He was well re-
ceived at the gay court of Charles II. ;
and, after indulging in a life of ease and
enjoyment, d. 1708.
EWALD, John, an eminent Danish
poet, was the son of a clergyman, and
b. at Copenhagen, 1743. Having lost
his father while young, and disliking
the clerical life, he left his home when
but 15 years of age, and enlisted in the
Prussian army. Deserting to the Aus-
trian service, he was made a sergeant,
but not being able to obtain his dis-
charge when he wished, he deserted
again and returned to Denmark. His
youthful follies being now at an end, he
pursued a literary life with great ardor,
and produced several very excellent
works ; but that one to which he owed
his earliest distinction as a poet was an
" Elegy on the Death of Frederic V."
His "Songs of the Scalds," and other
pieces after the manner of Ossian, gave
him great reputation ; and he may be
said to have surpassed all preceding
Danish poets in spirit and originality.
D. 1781.
EWING, John, an eminent divine,
natural philosopher, and mathematician,
was b. in Maryland, in 1732. He was
pastor to the first Presbyterian church
m Philadelphia ; and on visiting Great
Britain in 1773, he received from the
iiniversity of Edinburgh the diploma of
D.D. In 1775 he returned home ; and
in a few years afterwards was made pro-
vost of the university of Philadelphia.
He also became one of the vice-presi-
dents of the American Philosophical
Society ; and was justly esteemed as a
mathematician of (distinguished reputa-
tion. D. 1802.
EXMOUTH, Edward Pellew, Vis-
count, was descended from a Cornish
family of respectability, and born at
Dover in 1757. At the age of 13 he
entered the navy as a midshipman on
board the Juno frigrate ; and during the
American war we find him in the Blonde
frigate, contending for naval supremacy
on Lake Champlain, where he attracted
the notice of his superiors by his daring.
He also served in the war with France.
Few men in the naval service bore so
prominent a part, or evinced more deter-
mined courage and coolness in discharge
of their arduous duties, than did this
gallant, humane, and active officer. He
seemed to be the verv beau ideal of a
British sailor. D. 1833.
EYCK, Hubert and John Van, bro-
thers, both eminent as painters, were b.
at Maasevk, in Hollancl; the former in
1866, the latter in 370. Hubert is re-
garded as the founder of the Flemish
school ; and John, who from his place
of residence is known as John of Bru-
fab]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPJIY.
387
ges, was certainly the first who brought
the art of painting in oil to perfection.
He also made great improvements in the
ftrt of perspective ; and is allowed to
have excelled all others in painting on
glass, delicately blending his colors, and
yet so firmly fixing them that oblitera-
tion was impossible. He d. in 144:1.
F.
FABER, Basil, a learned German
Protestant, who published, in 1571, a
work, entitled " Thesaurus Eruditionis
Sciioliasticifi," since improved by Cel-
larius and others. D. 1576. — John, a
German divine, was b. at Heilbron in
1500. — There was another of this name,
termed " Malleus Hereticorum," or the
Crusher of the Heretics, who wrote sev-
eral publications against the Protestants,
for whicli he was raised to the archbish-
opric of Vienna. D. 1542.
FABERT, Abraham de, a French
military commander of great reputation,
was b. at Metz in 1599. When only 13
years oli, his father procured him a
commis& on in the army ; and such was
his skill and ardor for the service, that
he rose to the first rank in his profes-
sion, and distinguished himself by a
series of exploits which have had but
few parallels in modern warfare. D.
1662.
FABIAN, Robert, an English chron-
icler of the 15th century. He was a
tradesman of London, and served the
ofl&ces of alderman and sheriflf. His
" Chronicle of England and France" was
first printed at London in 1516.
FABIUS, Maximus Rullianus, an il-
lustrious Roman. In 303 b. o. he served
the office of censor, and obtained the
name of Maximus for lessening the
power of the populace in elections. He
triumphed over seven nations, and
served the office of dictator a second
time, 287 b. c. — Maximus, Quintus, sur-
namcd Verrucosus, was a lineal de-
scendant of the above. He was employed
against Hannibal, in opposition to whom
he adopted a harassing and protracted
mode of warfare, instead of risking the
fortunes of Rome upon the event of a
single battle; and thus the Fabian
manner of conducting a campaign has
become an adage. D. 203 b. c. — Pictor,
the first writer of the Roman history,
who flourished 225 b. c. There is a work
extant under his name, but it is a man-
ifest forgery.
FABRE, John Claudius, a French
writer of some note, was b. at Paris in
1668, and d. about the middle of the
last century. He wrote a "Continua-
tion of Fleury's Ecclesiastical History,"
a " French and Latin Dictionary," and
translated Virgil, Phaedrus, &c. — John,
a native of jNismes, whose name deserves
to be handed down to posterity' as a
noble instance of filial piety. At a pe-
riod when the spirit of persecution was
rife in France, his fother was condenm-
ed to the galleys for having made one
of a Protestant congregation. The son
was no sooner informed of the cruel
sentence than he solicited to be ex-
changed for him, and was accepted.
Though compelled to herd with the
vilest of mankind, he remained in this
degrading state of slavery upwards of
six years, having refused to purchase
his liberty on the condition of prevailing
upon the Protestant pastor to quit the
kmgdom. B. 1729 ; d. 1797.
_ FABRICIUS, Caius, surnamed Lus-
cinus, a Roman general, who was twice
consul, and gained several victories over
the Samnites and Lucanians. He was a
pattern of virtue, in his integrity and
contempt of riches. D. 250 b.c. — John
Albert, a learned critic and divine, was
b. at Leipsic, 1668. He became pro-
fessor of eloquence at Hamburgh, where
he d. in 1736; leaving behind him a
justly-acquired fame for profound and
comprehensive erudition. He is the
author of " Bibliotheca Latina," " Bib-
liotheca Grseca," " Codex Apocryphns
Novi Testumenti," and many ' other
learned works. — John Christian, a dis-
tinguished entomologist, and the friend
and pupil of Linnaeus, was b. at Tun-
dera, in Sleswick, in 1742, and d. at
Copenhagen in 1807.
FABRONI, Angiolo, a learned Ital-
ian, was b. at Marradi, in Tuscany in
1732. He is generally known by his
biographies of Italian literati of the 17th
and 18th centuries, of which work he
published 18 volumes, and left another
ready for the press. He also wrote the
" Lives of Lorenzo and Cosmo de Me-
dici," and of " Leo X. ;" besides edit-
ing a literary journal, wkich extended
to 110 volumes. Towards the close of
his life he retired to Pisa, became cu«
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[fax
rator of that university, and there d. in
1802. — Giovanni, an Italian writer of
great celebrity, whose works on polit-
ical economy, njOfriculture. and physical
science are alike remarkable for the
sound maxims they contain, and the
extensive views in which they abound.
He was director of bridjres and high-
ways, (under the imperial government,)
for the department beyond the Alps,
and held many honorable situations
connected with literature and science.
B. 1752 ; d. at Florence, 1823.
FABROT, Charles Annibal, a learn-
ed jurist, was professor of jurisprudence
at Aix, in Provence, where he was b.
in 1581. His principal work, entitled
" Basilicon," is a translation of the
basilics or laws of the Eastern empire ;
but he wrote several professional works,
and edited many of the Byzantine his-
torians. D. 1659.
FABRY, John Baptist Germain, sec-
retary of Fouche, duke of Otranto, Bo-
naparte's minister of police. He was
the author of ''Le Spectateur Fran^ais
au 19me Siecle," and many other works.
B. 1780 ; d. 1821.
FACCIOLATI, James, an Italian phi-
lologist, was b. at Torreglia, near Padua,
in 1682. He devoted great attention to
reviving the study of ancient literature ;
and having conceived the idea of a Latin
lexicon, in which every word, with all
its significations, should be contained
and illustrated by examples from the
classical writers, this immense under-
taking occupied for nearly forty years
both him and his pupil Forcellini. D.
1769.
F ACINI, Peteb, a native of Bologna,
who was first a pupil, and afterwards
the rival, of Annibal Caracci. He was
extensively employed in ornamenting
churches and mansions ; but his works
being painted in fresco, few of them are
preserved. B. 1561 ; d. 1602.
FAGE, Raimond de la, a French
artist, celebrated for the extraordinary
facility and beauty of his pen-and-ink
drawings, some of which have been en-
graved and published. D. 1690.
FAGEL, Gaspar, an eminent Dutch
statesman, b. at Haerlem, in 1629, was
grand pensionary of Holland, and dis-
tinguished himself not more by the
firmne-'s with whl.h he opposed Louis
XIV., when he invaded his country,
than by the activity with which he sup-
ported the prince of Orange in his plans
for the expulsion of James II. from En-
gland. D. 1688.
FAGIULOLI, John Baptist, an Ital-
ian poet, celebrated for the facetiousness
and drollery of his writings, was b. at
Florence, in 1660, and d. in 1742.
FAHRENHEIT, Gabriel Daniel, an
experimental philosopher, whose ar-
rangement of the thermometer and ba-
rometer which bear his name, was a
work of great utility. He was a native
ofDantzic. B. 1686; d. 1736.
FAIRFAX, Edward, was the son of
Sir Thomas Fairfax, of Denton, in York-
shire, and is regarded as one of the
great improvers of English versification.
Settling at Newhall, in Knaresborough
forest, ne led the life of a retired coun-
try gentleman, devoted to literary pur-
suits. His chief reputation as a poet
rests on his translation of Tasso's " God-
frey of Bouillon," which is written in
the same stanza with the original, and
combines fidelity to the sense of the au-
thor, Avith striking harmony of style.
He also wrote " Eclogues," and a prose
work on " Demonology," in which he
was, it seems, a believer. D. about 1632.
— Thomas, Lord, a distinguished com-
mander in the civil wars, and one of the
leading characters of that turbulent pe-
riod, was the eldest son of Lord Fairfax,
to whose title and estates he succeeded
in 1647. "When the disputes between
Charles I. and the parliament terminated
in open rupture, Fairfax warmly es-
poused the cause of the latter, and
joined his father in making active prep-
arations for the approaching contest.
In the earlier part of liis career, he suf-
fered various checks from the royalist
forces, but he retrieved his character at
Marston-moor, and was appointed gen-
eral-in-chief when Essex resigned. He
was afterwards victorious at Naseby,
reduced the west to obedience, and
compelled Colchester to surrender. But
he was hostile to the execution of the
dethroned monarch; and considerable
jealousy appears to have been enter-
tained of him by Oliver Cromwell. At
length he resigned the command of the
army, and retired for awhile from pub-
lic life. At the restoration he crossed
over to Holland for the purpose of con-
gratulating Charles 11. on his accession,
and was formally reconciled to' that
monarch. He devoted his leisure hours
to the encouragement and cultivation
of letters, and left behind him a volume
of poems and miscellanies, including an
interesting sketch of his own life. D.
1671.
FAIRFIELD, John, a senator of the
United States, from Maine, b. at Saco,
1797, and elected to congress in 1885,
■fan]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
where he became distinguished. In
1842 he was chosen governor of Maine,
and tb e same year senator. He was re-
elected in ] 845. D. 1848.
FALCONER, William, an English
poet and writer on naval affairs, was b.
at Edinburgh, about 1730. When very
young, he went to sea in the mercliant
service, and had risen to the situation
of second mate, when tlie vessel to
which he belonged was cast away.
Thus furnished with the incidents of
his "Shipwreck," it was published in
1762. In 176y he was appointed purser
of the Aurora, which ship was never
heard of after she quitted the Cape of
Good Hope, in December, 1769, and was
theref; re supposed to have foundered at
flea, and all lier crew to have perished.
Besides "The Shipwreck," he wrote
some minor poems, and a "Marine
Dictionary."
FALCONET, Stephen Mattrice, a
celebrated French sculptor, was b. at
Paris, in 1716. Although, owing to his
humble origin, he had been apprenticed
to a cutter of barber's blocks, Jie became
an excellent modeller, and, assisted by
Lemoine, the sculptor, rose to eminence
as an artist; while, owing to his per-
severing application, he also shone as
an author. In 1766 he was invited to
Kussia, to execute the colossal statue of
Peter the Great, and there he resided
twelve years. D. 1701.
FALCONETTO, John Makia, an Ital-
ian architect, was b. at Verona^ in 1458.
He built palaces, and much improved
the style of architecture in the Venetian
states ; and a building of his at Padua
is said to have suggested to Palladio the
idea of the famous Villa Capra, which
served as the model of Lord Burling-
ton's villa at Chiswick. D. 1534.
FALIERI, Marino, a Venetian noble,
succeeded Andrew Dandolo as doge of
Venice, in 1354. He had previously
commanded the troops of the republic
at the siege of Zara, in Dtilmatia, where
he gained a brilliant victory over the
king of Hungary; and was afterwards
ambassador to Genoa and Eome. When
he succeeded to the office of doge, he was
76 years of age, and had a young and
beautiful wife. Jealous of Michael Steno,
he quarrelled with and was insulted by
him at a masquerade; but Steno being
sentenced to no more than a montli's
imprisonment for his offence, Falieri,
burning with revenge, entered into a
conspiracy with the plebeians to overturn
the government and massacre the patri-
cians. On the night before it was to be
83*
carried into effect, the plot was discov-
ered, and Falieri suffered decapitation,
April 17, 1355.
FALK, John Daniel, was the son of
a poor wig-maker at Dantzic, who
would scarcely allow him to be taught
even to read and write before he em-
ployed him in his trade ; but his love
of knowledge was sufficient to overcome
the difficulties that lay in his way of at-
taining it, and all his little savings were
laid out at the circulating library. Hav-
ing thus obtained a tolerable education,
he published some admirable satires,
but afterwards wrote principally upon
religious subjects. B. 1770; d. 1826.
FALKENSTEIN, John Henry, a vo-.
luminous writer, was b. in Franconia,
in 1682. He wrote the " Antiquities of
Nordgau," and other works of a similai
kind. D. 1760.
FALKLAND, Henrt Gary, Viscount,
son of Sir Edward Gary, master of the
jewel office to Queen Elizabeth and to
James I., was made comptroller of the
king's household, and elevated to the
(Scotch) peerage of Falkland in 1617.
Subsequently he was made lord deputy
of Ireland, but did not long hold the
office, the Catholic party being much
opposed to him. He w.is a man of con-
siderable literary talent, and published
"Letters to the Duke of Buckm^ham,"
" A History of that unfortunate Prince,
Edward II.,"&c. D. 1633.— Lucius Gary,
Viscount, son of the preceding, fought
boldly and for his king ; and d. at the
battle of Newbury, in the 34th year of
his age, 1643. — Henry Lucius Gary,
Viscount, son of the above, died young.
He is said to have been a man of talent,
but the only proof we have of it is a
play, called '^ The Wedding Night."
D. 1663.
FALLOPIUS, Gabriel, an eminent
anatomist and physician, was b. at Mo-
dena ; studied at Ferrara and Padua ;
was professor of anatomy for three years
at Pisa ; and, lastly, filled the chair of
anatomy and surgery at Padua, where
he remained till his cJeath, in 1563. He
was the first who accurately described
the vessels and bones of the foetus; and
his account of the Fallopian tubes has
served to perpetuate his name. His
chief work is entitled " Observations
Anatomicae."
FANEUIL, Peter, founder of Faneuil
hall in Boston, d. March 3, 1743. He
possessed a large estate, and he employ-
ed it in doing good. While his charities
were extensive, his liberal spirit induced
him to present to the town of Boston a
3^
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
{far
Stately edifice for the accommodation of
tlie inhabitants at their public meetings.
FANSHAWE, Sir RiciiAKn, a states-
man and poet, was b. at Ware parlc,
Herts, in 1608. In 1635 he was sent
ambassador to Spain, whence, in 1641,
he returned, and acted steadily for the
royal cause. He was taken prisoner at
the battle of Worcester, and closely con-
fined for a considerable time ; but at last
recovered his liberty, and went to Breda,
where he was knighted by Charles II.,
in 1656. At the restoration he was
made master of requests, and sent to
Portugal to negotiate the marriage ■with
the king and the Infanta Catharine. In
1664 he was sent ambassador to Spain,
and d. there in 1666. He translated into
English the " Pastor Fido, or Faithful
Shepherd of Guiarini ;" also the " Lu-
siad," by Camoens. His letters during
Lis embassies in Spain and Portugal
were printed in 1702.
FANTIN-DESODOAEDS, Antoine
Etienne Nicholas, a French historian
and political writer, was b. in 1738, at
Pont de Beauvoisin, in Dauphine. He
was originally an ecclesiastic; but be-
coming acquainted with Danton and
Eobespierre, he employed his pen in de-
fending the revolutionary career of his
eotemporaries. He was the author of
several extensive works, among them his
" Histoire Philosophique de la Eevolu-
tion Fran^aise."
FAKE, Charles Augustus, marquis
de la, a French poet, and captain of the
guai-ds to the duke of Orleans, was b. in
1644, and d. in 1712. According to
Voltaire, Fare did not begin to write
poetry till he was nearly 60. His com-
positions are remarkable for sweetness
and elegance. He was also the author
of " Memoires sur le Eegne de Louis
XIV.," a work containing satirical re-
flections on cotemporary characters.
FAEIA Y SOUSA, Manuel de, a
Portuguese historian and poet, was b. at
Soulo, in Portugal, about 1590, and for
some time secretary to the marquis of
Castel Eodrigo, ambassador of Kome.
He wrote various historical works rel-
ative to Portugal and its distant posses-
sions, seven volumes of poems, &c. D.
1649.
FAEIN ATO, Paul, an eminent paint-
er of Verona, whose numerous works
were distinguished by freedom of design,
boldness of coloring, and great facility
»f execution. B. 1522; d. 1606.
FAEINELLI, a Neapolitan singer of
great eminence, whose real name is said
to be Carlo Broschi, was b. at Naples,
1705. He studied under Porpora, and
went from Eome to Vienna, where the
emperor, Charles VI., loaded him with
rich presents. In 1734 he came to Lon-
don, and, by the magic of his singing,
so delighted the public that Handel was
obliged to "dismiss a rival company over
which he presided, in spite of all his
powers and popularity. Many extraor-
dinary stories are related of his vocal
skill, and his command over the feelings
and sympathies of his audience appears
to have been unrivalled.
FAEIN GTON, George, an historical
{)ainter, and a pupil of West. In 1730
lis painting of the incantation scene in
Macbeth was rewarded with a gold
medal by the Eoyal Academy. B. 1754 ;
d. 1788. — Joseph, brother of the pre-
ceding, and eminent as a landscape
painter. He made many drawings for
the " Britannia Depicta," and left be-
hind him several good pictures of lake
and landscape scenery. D. 1818.
FAEMEE, Eichard, a divine and an-
tiquary, was b. at Leicester in 1735. In
1767 he became one of the preachers at
Whitehall. He subsequently became
vice-chancellor and librarian of the uni-
versity ; and also obtained prebends at
Lichfield and Canterbury, the latter of
which he exchanged for a canonrj^ at St.
PauFs. In his " Essay on the Learning
of Shakspeare," which is a work of great
critical merit, he proved that all the
knowledge of ancient history and myth-
ology possessed by the immortal bard,
was drawn from translations. I). 1797.
— John, well known throughout New
England, as a genealogist and antiquary,
was b. at Chelmsford, Mass., 1789, and
was a lineal descendant of Edward
Farmer, who emijarrated from Ancely, in
Warwickshire, England, and settled
about 1670 at Billerica. He was self-
taught, possessed great industry, and
his labors in the peculiar departments
of learning to winch he almost exclu-
sively devoted his power, will long be
appreciated. His puolications have been
numerous, among which the most im-
portant are his edition of " Belknap's
History of New Hampshire," to which
he added a body of notes and illustra-
tions scarcely less valuable than the text
itself; and his "Genealogical Eegister
of the First Settlers of New England,"
published in 1829, a work of vast labor
and research, and embracing nearly
every family of the first European set-
tlers" of this country. D. 1838.
FAENESE, the name of an illustrioua
family in Italy, many of the members o/
FAU}
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
391
which filled the highest situations in
church and state. — Alexander, the son
of Peter Louis the first grand-duke of
Parma and Plaeentia, was b. in 1520, and
created a cardinal by his grandfather,
Pope Paul III, He was dean of the
sacred college, and distinguished himself
highly by his learning and his virtues ;
while as a statesman his talents were
Buch as to obtain for him the office of
nuncio to the courts of Vienna and Paris.
D. 1589. — Alexander, nephew of the
preceding, was the third duKe of Parma,
and highly distinguished as a military
commander under Philip II., who sent
him to Planders, where the situation of
the Spaniards was becommg desperate.
He recovered several cities, and suc-
ceeded in reconciling the Catholic part
of the population to the Spanish govern-
ment. He afterwards invaded France,
and compelled Heniy IV. to raise the
siege of Eouen. On his return from,
that expedition he received a wound in
his arm before Caudebec, in conse-
quence of the neglect.of which he died,
at Arras, in 1592," aged 46.
FAENEWOETH, Ellis, an English
divine, was b. in Derbyshire, and edu-
cated at Jesus college, Cambridge. In
1762 he obtained the rectory of Carsing-
ton, in Derbyshire, where lie d. the year
following. He translated the " Life of
Pope Sixtus V." from the Italian, 1574;
Davila's "History of the Civil Wars of
France," in 1757; the works of Ma-
chiavel, 1761 ; and Fleury's "History
of the Israelites."
FAEQUHAE, George, a comic wri-
ter, was b. at Londonderry, in Ireland,
in 1678, and educated at Trinity college,
Dublin, from which he either eloped or
was expelled for irregular conduct, and
repaired to London with his friend
Wilks, the actor, where he commenced
his career of dramatic authorship. His
first production was " Love in a Bottle,"
performed at Drury-lane theatre with
success in 1698, about which time he at-
tracted the favor of Lord Orrery, who
procured him a lieutenancy in his own
regiment. In 1700 he added to his rep-
utation by "The Constant Couple," a
comedy in which, under the character of
Sir Harry Wildair, he exhibited a lively
picture of the foppish fine gentleman of
the end of the 17th century. He d. in
1707, at the premature age of 29, and
during the run of his last and bestt)Iay,
"The Beaux Stratagem." Farqufiar's
wit is genuine and spontaneous, his
characters are obviously drawn from na-
ture, and his incidents well arranged.
His libertinism of language and senti-
ment are, however, highly reprehensible.
FAEEANT, Eicharu, an English mu-
sician. He held situations in the Chapel
Eoyal and St. George's chapel, Windsor,
from 1564 to 1580, and is remarkable for
the devout and solemn style of his com-
positions.
FAEEEN, Eliza, countess of Derby,';
was the daughter of a surgeon at Cork,
who failing in his profession became a
provincial actor, and died young, leaving
his family in destitute circumstances.
Eliza was b. in 1759 ; made her first
appearance at Liverpool, when 14 years
of age ; and, in 1777, appeared at the
Haymarket theatre, London, as Miss
Hardcastle, in " She Stoops to Conquer."
She afterwards played at Drury Lane
and Covent Garden ; and eventually
succeeded Mrs. Abington in her princi-
pal characters, whicli she played with
great eclat, and established her theatri-
cal fame. She married Lord Derby.
1). 1829.
FASTOLF, Sir John, the supposed
prototype of Shakspeare's Falstaft, was
a native of Norfolk. Adopting the pro-
fession of a soldier, he served with
some distinction in Ireland, under Sir
Stephen Scrope, deputy to the lord lieu-
tenant, and married his widow, who was
an heiress ; through the acquisition of
whose property he obtained the honor
of knighthood, and the order of the
Garter. He was wounded at the battle
of Agincourt, and rewarded for his
bravery ; but at the battle of Patay he
shamefully tarnished his laurels by flee-
ing, panic-stricken, from Joan of Arc.
D. 1469.
FATIO DE DUILLIEE, an ingenious
mathematician, was b. at Basle, in 1664;
settled in London in 1687, and distin-
guished himself as a geometrician and
astronomer; but becoming a zealous
partisan of a fanatical sect, called the
French prophets, he was tried and put
in the pillory. Many inventions in the
mechanical arts owe tlieir existence to
him ; among others, was the jewelling
of watches.
FAUCHET, Claude, a French histo-
rian and archaeologist in the 16th century,
and historiographer to Henry IV. lie
wrote various antiquarian works, of
which his "Antiquites et Histoires
Gauloises et Fran9oises" is the chief.
D, 1601. — Claude, a native of Dome,
France, was grand- vicar to the arch-
bishop of Bourges, and preacher to
the kmg. Just previous to the French
revolution he joined the sect of the
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[faw
llluminati, and became one of their
chiefs ; and- during the popular commo-
tions in Paris, he took an active part,
appearing sword in liand at the head of
the mob 'yhich attacked the Bastille. In
1791 he was elected constitutional bishop
of the department of Calvados, and
chosen a member of the legislative as-
semblv. He continued to distinguish
himself by his revolutionary furor till
the trial of Louis XVI., for whose im-
prisonment he voted instead of his
death ; and having joined the Girondists,
he was persecuted by the opposite party.
At last lie was condemned to death on
the unfounded charge of being an ac-
complice of Charlotte Corday in the
assassination of Marat, and suffered by
the guilloti'^e in October, 1793.
FAUJA^ DE ST. FOND, Bartholo-
mew, an en. incnt French geologist, was
b. at Montehmart, in 1750 ; became pro-
fessor at the museum of natural his-
tory ; and wrote various works connected
with his favorite pursuit ; among which
are "The Mineralogy of Volcanoes,"
" A Natural History of Dauphine," " A
Journey in England, Scotland, and the
Hebrides," <fec.
FAULHABER, John, an ingenious
mathematician, and the friend of Des-
cartes, was b. at Ulm, in Suabia, where
he d. in 1635.
FAUQUE, a French authoress, known
by the name of Madame de Vaucluse,
was b. at Avignon, at the beginning of
the 18th century. "She had been forced
by her parents to become a nun against
her will ; and having obtained a dispen-
sation from her vows, she retired to
England, where she supported herself
by writing for the press. Among her
productions are " Dialogues Moraux et
Amusans," and " Histoire de Madame
de Pompadour." D. 1777.
FAUST, or FUST, John, one of the
three artists to whom the invention of
printing has been ascribed, was the son
of a goldsmith at Mentz. The other two
were Guttemburg and Scha^ffer ; to the
former of whom the invention of print-
ing with wooden blocks is attributed ;
and to the latter, who married the
daughter of Faust, is allowed the honor
of having invented punches and mat-
rices, by means of which this grand
art was carried to perfection. It has
been pretended that, when Faust Avent
to Paris to sell a second edition of his
Bible of 1462, he was arrested on the
supposition that he effected the printing
of them by magic ; but this story ap-
pears to bo a mere fiction. There is
reason to believe that he d. of the plague
in 1466. — Dr. John, who lived m tlie
beginning of the 16th contury, was b.
at Kuittlingen, in Suabia. After receiv-
ing an education at Wittemburg, he
went to Ingoldstadt, where he studied
medicine, astrology, and magic ; and
occupied himself in alchemical experi-
ments. That he was a man of great
scientific acquirements there is little
doubt; and, according to legendary tra-
dition, he made use of his power in a
manner calculated to inspire his coun-
trymen with a firm belief that he had
familiar dealings with the devil. The
supernatural fieats performed by him
and his servant, Mephistopheles, have
been immortalized by the genius of
Goethe.
FAVAET, Chaeles Simon, a dramatic
poet, to whom the comic opera in France
is greatly indebted, was b. in 1710. D.
1792.
FAVRAT, Francis Andrew, a Prus-
sian general, so remarkable for his
strength, that he js said to have once
lifted up a horse and its rider, and to
have otten carried a cannon on his
shoulder with as much apparent ease as
a soldier carries his firelock. He was
governor of Glatz, and wrote " Memoirs
of the Historv of the War of the Polish
Revolution from 1794 to 1796."
FAWCETT, John, an eminent the-
atrical performer, was tlic son of an actor
of humble pretensions at Drury-lane,
and was b. in London, in 1769. At the
age of 15 he was apprenticed to a linen-
draper, but clandestinely left the shop
for the Margate theatre, where, under
the name of Foote, he made his first
appearance. He afterwards joined Tate
Wilkinson on the York circuit ; and in
1791 made his bow to a London audience,
at Covent-garden, as Caleb, in "ile
would be a Soldier." His dramatic
reputation was at length fixed by his
representation of Dr. Pangloss, OUapod,
Caleb Quotem, and Job Thornberry.
In 1798 he joined the Haymarket com-
pany, and became acting manaeer, in
1800, of that theatre. In 1813 "he ap-
peared at the English Opera, and in
1816 rejoined the Haymarket. He after-
war^is became manager of Covent-gar-
den theatre, which situation he held till
his retreat from the stage in 1836. D.
1837.
FAWKES, Francis, an English poet
and divine, was b. in Yorkshire, about
1721. He published a volume of poems,
and translations of AnacreoUj Sappho,
Bion, Moschus, and Theocritus. His
fkl]^
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
393
poetry, though not of first-rate talent, is
ele2:ant and correct. D. 1777.
/AY, Charles Framcis de Cisternai
Du, the son of an officer of the French
.guards, was b. in 1698; and though he
first embraced the miUtary profession,
soon quitted it for the study of chemis-
try and natural philosophy. He was a
member of the Academy of Sciences,
and distinguished himself by his re-
searches concerning the phosplioric
light in the mercurial vacuum of the
barometer, the magnet, and the nature
of electricity, which he divided into two
kinds, the vitreous and the resinous,
answering to the positive and negative
electricities of Franklin. D. 1789.
FAYDIT, Anselm, a troubadour of
the 13th century, patronized by Kichard
Coeur de Lion, whose praises he cele-
brated in a funeral eleofv.
FAYETTE, Marie Madeleine de la
Verge, countess of, a female of great
literary attainments, wife to the Count
de la Fayette, in the reign of Louis
XIV. She was in habits of friendly
intimacy with many of the most dis-
tinguished men of letters ; and her
romances of "Zaide" and " The Prin-
cess of Cleves," afford ample testimony
that the fame she acquired for delicacy
of sentiment and gra.ceful description
was not exaggerated. She wrote also
"Memoirs of the Court of France." D.
169X.
FAZIO, Bartholomew, an historian
and biogrjipher of tlie 15th century, was
by birth a Genoese, and patronized by
Alphonso, king of Naples, at whose
instance he translated Arrian's " History
of Alexander" into Latin; but his most
important work is entitled " De Viris
lUustribus," containing brief accounts
of the most famous of his coteraporaries.
FEARNE, Charles, a writer on meta-
Ehysics and jurisprudence, was b. in
london, in 1749, and educated at West-
minster school. He became a student
at the Inner Temple, and attained a first-
rate reputation as a chamber counsel and
conveyancer. He was the author of
" An Essav on Contingent Remainders,"
&c. D. 1794.
FEATLEY, Daniel, an eminent En-
glish divine of the 17th century, was
b. at Charlton Kings, Oxfordshire, in
1582. He was the author of "Clavis
Mystica, a Key opening divers difficult
Texts of Scripture," Sic. ; and among
li.is controversial tracts is one bearing
the quaint title of " The Dipper dipt, or
the Anabaptist plunged over Head and
Ears, and shrunk in the Washing."
FEITH, Rhyjtvis, a modern Dutch
poet, was b. at Zwolle 1753. He stud-
ied law at Leyden, and, returning to his
native city, was made burgomaster, and
afterwards receiver at the admiralty col-
lege ; but he did not relinquish the art
of poetry. He wrote " Inez de Castro,"
and several other good tragedies ; uiany
poems, hymns, and odes, remarkable
for feeling and elevated sentiment ; and
his "Grave" stands foremost ainong
the best didactic poems in the language.
D. 1822. " ^
FELIX I. succeeded Pope Dionysius
in 269. He suffered death in 274, and
was canonized. An epistle by him
against Sabellius and Paulus Samosanc
tus is extant. — II., antipope. He was
placed in the papal chair in 355 by the
emperor Constans, during the exile of
Liberius, on the return of whom he was
expelled. Constans would have had
the two popes reign together, but the
people exclanned, " One God, one Christ,
and one bishop !" Felix was then ex-"
iled, and d. in 365. — IIL, succeeded Sim-
plicius in 483. He had a violent dis-
pute with the emperor Zeno in behalf of
the Western church, and d. in 492. — ■
IV., a native of Beneventum, ascended
the chair after John I. in 1526. He
governed the church with zeal and piety,
and d. in 1530.
FELL, John, a dissenting minister,
was b. at Cockermouth, in Cumberland,
in 1735, and bred a tailor. He wrote
" An Essay on the Love of One's Coun-
try," "Genuine Protestantism," "A
Letter to Mr. Burke on the Penal
Laws," " An Essay towards an English
Grammar," &c. D. 1797. — Dr. John,
bishop of Oxford, was b. at Longworth,
in Berkshire, in 1625. At the restora-
tion he was made canon and dean of
Christ church, and lu years after he had
obtained the deanery "he was raised to
the see of Oxford. He was a learned
prelate, and a liberal benefactor to his
college, the magnificent tower of which,
called the " Tom Gate," he built. Sev-
eral valuable works from his pen are ex-
tant ; among others, a Latin translation
of Wood's " History and Antiquities of
Oxford," -^' In Laudem Musices Carmen
Sapphieum," a "Paraphrase on St.
Paul's Epistles," &c. D. 1686.
FELLENBERG, Emanuel de, whose
labors in the cause of education have
earned for him immortal fame, was b.
at Berne, in Switzerland, in 1771. His
father was of patrician rank, and a
member of the government of Berne :
his mother, a great grand-daughter oi
394
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[fen
the celebrated Dutch admiral Vaj
Tromp. After a somewhat desultory'-
education at home and under different
masters, young De Fellenberg repaired
to the university of Tiibingeii in 1790,
to complete his studies in civil law ; but
these he soon abandoned for the more
congenial pursuits of polities and phi-
losophy. In order to acquaint himself
with the moral state of his countrymen,
he spent much of his time in travelling
through Switzerland, usually on foot,
with his knapsack on his back, residing
in the villages and farm-houses, min-
gling in the labors and occupations and
partaking of the rude lodging and fare
of the peasants and mechanics, and
often extending his journey to the adja-
cent countries. Immediately after the
fall of Kobespierre in 1795 "he visited
Paris. He purchased, in 1799, the es-
tate called Hofwyl, two leagues from
Berne; and his life forms, hencefor-
ward, an important page in the records
of benevolent enterprise. But it would
be impossible within our limits to give
even an outline of the various schemes
for the improvement and diffusion of
education that emanated from M. de
Fellenberg during the long period of
forty-five years that followed; of the
skill and tact with which he defeated
the combinations of interested and ietd-
lous opponents ; and the success which
ultimately crowned his labors. D. Nov.
21st, 1844.
FELLER, Francis Xavier, b. at Brus-
sels in 1735; author of an "Historical
Dictionary," " Remarks on the Newto-
nian Philosophy," &c. D. at Eatisbon,
1802. — Joachim, a German poet, was
b. at Zwickaw in 1638; chosen profes-
sor of poetry at Leipsic in 1661 ; and
became librarian to that university in
1676. His compositions were chiefly in
Latin. His death, which happened in
1691, was occasioned by his falling
from a window, in a fit of somnambu-
lism. — Joachim Frederic, son of the
foregoing, was secretary to the grand-
duke of Weimar, a situation he filled
during 20 years. He wrote a valuable
work, entitled '' Monumenta varia Ine-
dita," and some others. D. 1726.
FELLOWES, Robert, a writer chiefly
on religious and political subjects, was
b. in Norfolk, 1770. He was educated
at St. Mary hall, Oxford, where he at-
tained the degree of M. A. in 1801, and
was ordained in 1795 ; but he gradually
relinquished the doctrines of the church
of England, and at length adopted the
opinions maintained in the work which
he published in 1886, under the title ot
" The Religion of the Universe." Ho
was tiie intimate friend of Dr. I'arr and
the Baron Mascres; the former present-
ed him to Queen Caroline, whose cause
he espoused with great zeal ; and the
latter left him nearly £200,000, which
enabled him at once "to gratify his own
tastes for literature, and to benefit his
fellow-creatures. He entered with much
spirit into the project of establisliii g a
university in London, supporting it both
by his counsel and his purse. D. 1847.
FELTIIAM, Owen, was b. about tlie
middle of tlie 17th century in Suffolk.
Little more is known of him than that
he resided many years in the family of
the Earl of Thomond, during which pe-
riod he published a work of great merit,
entitled "Resolves, Divine, Political,
and Moral," which went through 12
editions before the year 1709. D. about
1678.
FENDALL, Josias, governor of Mary-
land, who exercised also the powers of
chief justice, received his appointment
from the commissioners of parliament
in 1658. He had previously been ap
pointed governor by the proprietors,
but rendered himself unworthy of their
confidence by his intrigues, which
caused great confusion in the province.
In June, 1660, he was succeeded by
Philip Calvert. Twenty years after he
was fined forty thousand pounds of to-
bacco, and banished from the province
for his seditious practices.
FENELON, Francis de Salignao db
LA MoTTE, archbishop of Cambray, was
b. 1651, at the chateau Fenelon, in Peri-
gord of a fixmily illustrious in church
and state. He studied at Cahors and
Paris, where he made such astonishing
progress in the most difficult studies,
that, in his 15th year, he preached with
great applause. At the age of 24, Fene-
lon took holy orders, and commenced
his regular ministerial functions in the
parish of St. Sulpice. He was after-
wards appointed chief of a mission for
the conversion of heretics in Saintonge
and Aunis; and on his return he be-
came known to the public as a writer,
by a work, "Surle Ministere des Pas-
teurs," and a treatise, " De I'Education
des Filles." _ In 1689, Louis XIV. in-
trusted to him the education of hia
grandsons, the dukes of Burgundy, An-
jou, and Berri. In 1694, Fenelon was
created archbishop of Cambray ; soon
after which, a theological dispute with
Bossuet, his former instructor, respect-
ing the devotional mysticism of the cele-
fbk]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
395
brated Madame Gnyoi., whose opinions
Fenelon favored, teiminated in liis con-
demnation by Pope limocent XII., and
his banisliment to his diocese by Louis
XIV. He wrote many excellent works ;
among the chief of which may be reck-
oned his " Dialogues of the Dead,"
"Dialogues on Eloquence," "Letters
on dirtcrent Religious and Metaphysical
Subjects," &c. But his most celebrated
production, and the one which for ages
will survive, is his " Adventures of
Telemachus," in which he endeavored
to exhibit a model for the education of a
prince ; and more pure and elevated
maxims were never woven into a tale
either of truth or fiction. His death
was accelerated by the overturning of
his carriage, which brought on a fever,
and the amiable and virtuous prelate
expired in Jan. 1715.
FENTON, Elijah, a poet of consid-
erable talent, was b. in 1683, at Shelton,
near Newcastle, in Staffordshire. Hav-
ing received a classical education, the
earl of Orrery, in 1710, made him his
private secretary, and placed his eldest
son mider his care. He afterwards lived
with Lady Trumbull, as tutor to her
son. He became acquainted with most
of the wits of the age, and assisted Pope
in his translation of the " Odyssey."
Besides this, he published " Marianne,"
a tragedy, and the lives of Milton and
Waller. D. 1730.— Sir Geoffrey, an
English writer, was b. in Nottingham-
shire, and d. at Dublin, 1608. He trans-
lated Guicciardini's "History of the
Wars of Italy."
FERAUD, John Francis, a French
grammarian, and a professor of rhetoric
and philosophy at Besanc^on, was b.
1725. He wrote a " Grammatical Dic-
tionary of the French Language," and
a "Critical Dictionary." D. 1807.
FERBER, John James, a Swedish
mineralogist of note, was b. at Carlscro-
na, in 1743, and d. in Switzerland, while
on a scientific tour, in 1790. He wrote
" Letters from Italy," which are much
esteemed.
FERDINAND V., king of Aragon,
surnamed the Catholic, on account of
the expulsion of the Moors from Spain,
was the son of John II. of Aragon, and
b. in 1453. By his marriage with Isa-
bella, queen )^ Castile, he founded the
union of the different Spanish king-
doms ; overcame Alphonso, king of
Portugal, at the battle of Toro, in 1476 ;
jotally subjugated the Moorish power in
Spain, which had for so many centuries
baffled all the efforts of his ancestors ;
and brought under his rule a large pro-
Sortion of the Neapolitan dominions,
lut the most extraordinary feature in
his reign is the discovery of America
by Columbus, which opened to him and
his successors the sovereignty of a new
hemisphere. D. 1516. — I., etnperor of
Germany, succeeded his brother, Charlea
v., in 1558, at which time Ferdinand was
king of the Romans, and of Hungary and
Bohemia. — II., was the son of the arch-
duke of Styria; elected king of Bohemia
in 1617, and of Hungary in 1611. Soon
afterwards he succeeded Mathias as em-
peror. D. 1637. — III., surnamed P>nest,
was the son of the preceding, and b. in
1608 ; made king of Hungary in 1625, of
Bohemia in 1627, and succeeded his
father in 1637. D. 1657. — Of Cordova,
a learned scholar and accomplished
cavalier of the 15th century, whose at-
tainments in every art and science tha*.
can adorn the mind, or add a dignity
to manhood, have been handed down
for the admiration of posterity. — I., king
of the Two Sicilies, was b. in 1751, and
succeeded his father, Charles HI., on
the throne of Naples, in 1759, on the
accession of the latter to that of Spain.
D. 1825.— VII., kin^ of Spain and the
Indies, son of Charles IV. and Maria
Louisa of Parma, was b. at St. Ildefon-
so, in 1784, In 1816 Ferdimmd married
Theresa, a princess of Portugal, for his
second wife; in 1819, Maria- Joseph*.
Amelia, a princess of Saxony, for his
third. She died in 1828, and in 1829 hji
married Maria Christina, the daughter
of Francis I., king of Naples, mother of
the present queen of Spain. D. 1833.
FERDUSI, or FERDOUSI, a celebra-
ted Persian poet, whose talents having
attracted the notice of Mahmoud, the
reigning sultan, he gave him a distin-
guished reception at his court, and em-
ployed him to write a metrical history
of the Persian sovereigns. This work,
which is called the " Schahnameh," con-
tains 60,000 stanzas, and occupied him
30 years, during which long period the
enemies of Ferdusi succeeded in preju-
dicing Mahmoud against him. Instead
of being rewarded, according to promise,
with 60,000 pieces of gold, the same
number of the smallest silver coin was
sent to him, which the poet indignantly
distributed among the menials, wrote a
severe satire on the sultan, and fled to
Bagdad. U 916; d. 1020.
FERGUSON, Adam, an eminent his-
torian and moral philosopher, was b.
1724, at Logierait, Perthshire. He was
educated at Perth, St. Andrew's, and
dm
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
Edinburgh; was chaplain to the 42d
regiment, in Flanders, till the peace of
Aix-la-Chapelle ; and, on hia return to
Edinburgh, was chosen professor of
natural philosophy, which chair he sub-
fieqiiently resigned for that of moral
philosophy. In 1767 appeared his " Es-
say on Civil Society," which procured
him the degree of LL. D. In 1773 he
accompanied the earl of Chesterfield on
his travels ; and in 1776, having replied
to Dr. Price on civil liberty, he was ap-
pointed to the secretaryship of a recon-
ciliatory mission sent out to America in
1778. On his return he resumed his
professorial duties, and composed his
"History of the Koman Kepublic."
Several years after this appeared his
*' Treatise on Moral and Political Sci-
ence," and " Institutes of Moral Phi-
losophy. D. 1816. — James, an experi-
mental philosopher, astronomer, and
mechanist, was the son of a laborer, and
b. in 1710, at Keith, in Banlfshire, Scot-
land. His extraordinary genius quickly
displayed itself, as he learned to read in
infancy by hearing his father teach one
of his brothers ; and when only eight
years of age, he constructed a wooden
clock. When old enough to work, he
was placed out as a servant to a farmer,
who employed him in keeping sheep,
in whicli situation he acquired a sur-
prising knowledge of the stars, and his
abilities being discovered by some
neighboring gentlemen, one of them
took him to lus house, where he learned
decimal arithmetic and the rudiments
of algebra and geometry. From a de-
scription of the globes in Gordon's
grammar, he made one in thi*ee weeks
sufficiently accurate to enable him to
work problems ; and, having a taste for
drawing, began to draw portraits with
India ink, by which he supported him-
self creditably some years. In 1743 he
went to London, where he published
some astronomical tables and calcula-
tions, and gave lectures in experimental
philosophy, which he repeated with
success throughout the kingdom. In
1754 he published a brief description
of the solar system, with an astronomi-
cal account of the year of our Saviour's
crucifixion ; also an idea of the material
universe, deduced from a survey of the
solar system. But his greatest work is
his " Astronomy explained upon Sir
Isaac Newton's"^ Principles, j^nd made
easy to those who have not studied
Mathematics." On the accession of
George III. he was elected a fellow of
the Royal Society. He published nu-
merous works on astronouiy, mechan-
ics, drawing, electricity, &c. D. 3776.
FERGUSSON, Kobert, a poet, was b.
at Edinburgh, 1750. He was educated
for the ministry, but a love of poetry
and dissipation disqualified him for
that profession, and he obtained a place
in the sheritf-clerk's office at Edinburgh.
His conversational powers rendered nis
company highly attractive, and the ex-
cesses into which he was led are said to
have impaired his naturally feeble con-
stitution, and rendered him an inmate
of the Edinburgh lunatic asylum, where
he d. in 1774. His poems, written in
the Scottish dialect, nave considerable
merit ; but those in English are often
below mediocrity.
FERISHTA, Mohammed Casem, an
Indian historian, who fiourished in the
16th and 17th centuries, was b. at
Ahmedagur, in the Deccan. He was
liberally patronized by the sovereign of
Visapour, under whose auspices he pub-
lished his " History of India imder the
Mussulmans," a work of acknowledged
merit for impartiality and truth.
FERMAT, Peter de, an eminent
mathematician, civilion, and poet, was b.
at Toulouse, in 1590. He was a good
scholar, and wrote poetry in the Latin,
French, and Spanish languages. His
prose works were collected and pub-
lished under the title of " Opera Varia
Mathematica." D. 1664.
FERNANDEZ, Juan, a Spanish pilot
and navigator, who, in 1572, discovered
the island which bears his name.
FERNANDEZ XIMENES DE NA-
VARJ:TTE, Johx, a celebrated Spanish
painter, and a pupil of Titian, was b. at
Logrono, in 1576, and surnamed El
Mudo, in consequence of being deaf and
dumb. He was appointed painter to
Philip II., and d. in 1579.
FEIiRACINO, Bartholomew, a self-
taught genius of Padua. He was b. in
1695, and bred a sawyer. His first in-
vention was a saw worked by the wind.
He made curious clocks and hydraulic
engines, but his greatest work is the
bridge over the Brenta, which is re-
markable for the boldness of the design
and its firmness. D. 1764.
FERRARI, the name of a Milanese
family, many of whose members, du-
ring the 16th and 17th centuries, were
distinguished by their scholastic attain-
ments^ — OcTAViAN, b. 1518, professor of
polities and ethics successively at Milan
and Padua, translated the works of
Athenaius into Latin, and Avrote two
treatises on the works of Aristotle, &c
vml
CYCLOPJEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
397
D. 1586. — ^Francisco BERNARomo, b. in
1577, was a doctor of the Ambrosian col-
lege of Milan, and celebrated throughout
Europe for his intimate acquaintance
with books and literature in general.
His collection of rare books formed the
foundation of the celebrated Ambrosian
library ; and his own writings, several
of which are yet extant, display great
erudition. D. 1669. — Octavio, b. 1607,
was professor of rhetoric and historiog-
rapher at Milan. He afterwards settled
at Padua, where the fame of his learning
brought him numerous scholars, and the
patronage of crowned heads. Among
these were Christina 'of Sweden -and
Louis XIV., from the latter of whom he
enjoyed a pension of 500 crowns. Dis-
tinguished as he was by his great tal-
ents, he was not less remarkable for
suavity of manners and disposition,
imiversally acquiring thereby the appel-
lation of Paciflcator. He followed Scaliger
in an able work entitled " Ori(;:ines Lin-
guae Italic*, " and wrote various treatises
on ancient manners, customs, &c. D.
1682. — Gaudenzio, an eminent painter,
was b. at Valdugia, in 1484, and assisted
Kaffaelle in ornamenting the Vatican.
D. 1550. — Giovanni Andrea, celebrated
as well for his paintings of fruit and
flowers as for his landscapes and his-
torical pieces, was b. at Genoa, 1599, and
d. in 1669. — Louis, an Italian mathema-
tician, was b. 1552, at Bologna, where
he became professor. He was a pupil
of Cardan, and the discoverer of the
method of resolving biquadratic equa-
tions.
FERRARIS, Joseph, count de, an
Austrian general, distinguished as a
geographer and skilful engineer. He
was b. at Luneville, in 1726 ; entered
the army in 1741, and in 1776 was ap-
pointed director-general of artillery for
the Netherlands, at which time he un-
dertook and completed the 25 sheet
map of that country, which bears his
name. He served against the French
in the campaign of 1793 ; afterwards
became vice-president of the aulic coun-
cil of war at Vienna ; was made a field-
marshal in 1808 ; d. 1814.
FERRARS, George, a lawyer and
poet, was b. in 1512, near St. Alban's.
He was in great esteem with Henry
VIII., who gave him a large grant of
lands in Hertfordshire. He wrote some
pieces inserted in the " Mirror for Ma-
gistrates," published in 1559 ; and the
" History of Queen Mary," in Grafton's
"Chronicle." D. 1579.
FERREIRA, Antonio, a poet ranked
by the Portuguese as one of their classio
authors, was b. at Lisbon, 1528. He
carried to perfection the elegiac and
epistolary style, and his "Ines de Cas-
tro" is the second regular tragedy that
appeared after the revival of letters in
Europe. D. 1560.
FERRER AS, John de, a learned
Spanish historian and ecclesiastic, was
b. at Labaneza, 1652, of a poor but noble
family, and completed his studies at
Salamanca. He wrote several works in
philosophy, theology, and history, the
most considerable of which is his " His-
tory of Spain," in 10 vols. 4to. He also
assisted in the compilation of the great
" Spanish Dictionary." D. 1735.
FERRETI, or FERRETO, an historian
and poet of Vicenza, was b. about 1296,
and contributed greatly to the restora-
tion of polite literature in Italy.
FERRIAR, John, a physician and
miscellaneous writer, was b. at Chester,
1764 ; took his medical degree at Edin-
burgh, and settled in Manchester, where
he was chosen physician to the infirmary
and lunatic asylum, and became an effi-
cient and active member of the Literary
and Philosophical Society. He wrote
many professional tracts, published un-
der the title of " Medical Histories and
Reflections ;" also " Illustrations of
Sterne," which display much research
in tracing that eccentric author's literary
obligations to Burtoji, Hall, and other
satirical moralists, besides other works,
in verse and prose. D. 1815.
FERRI, CiRO, an eminent Italian
painter and architect, was b. at Rome,
1634. He was a pupil of Pietro de
Cortona, to whose style his pictures
bear a strong resemblance. D. 1689.
FESCH, Joseph, senior priest-cardinal
of the sacred college, and ai'chbishop of
Lyons, and brother of Laetitia Ramolini,
mother of Napoleon Bonaparte, was
b. at Ajaccio, in Corsica, 1764, educated
in France, and was in that country
when the revolution broke out. In
1796 we find him commissary-general
to the jirmy of Italy, which was then
commanded by his Bonaparte. Having
in this capacity realized a princely for-
tune, he retired from the army, resumed
his clerical studies and profession, and
in 1802 was consecrated archbishop of
Lyons. Early in the following year he
received a cardinal's hat, and went to
Rome as ambassador from France. In
1804 the cardinal accompanied Pius VII.
to Paris, and assisted m the consecra-
tion of Napoleon ; by whom, in the fol-
lowing year, he was made grand almoner
398
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[mo
of France, a principal officer of the legion
of honor, and a member of the senate.
As president of the council of Paris, he
opposed his self-willed nephew in many
of his schemes, who deprived him of
his succession to the arch-chancellor-
ship. When Ilia disgrace with the em-
peror was thus published, he retired at
first to Lyons, and subsequently to
Komc, wliere, with Madame Bona-
parte, he lived a quiet but most luxuri-
ous life. His library and picture gallery
were the finest that even Eome, that
citv of the arts, could boast. D. 1889.
FESSENDEN, Thomas Green, an
American author, b. at Walpole, N. H.,
1771. When in college, one of his
poetical eifusions, " Jonathan's Court-
ship," was so popular as to lead him to
indulge freely in the writing of rhyme.
In 1801 Mr. Fessenden visited London
with a view to some patent-right specu-
lation that had been imposed upon him.
Not, however, succeeding in this, and
being destitute of cash, he betook him-
self to his pen as his most natural re-
source. The result was — " Terrible
Tractoration" — a poem in Hudibrastic
verse. It went through successive edi-
tions, and gained for him much reputa-
tion. On his return to America in 1804,
he published a political satire in verse,
entitled " Democracy Unveiled." He
also published other fugitive works of
a similar character, from all which he
derived but small pecuniary advantage.
After various expedients and vicissi-
tudes, in 1822 he became the editor of
the " New England Farmer," a weekly
journal devoted principally to the dif-
fusion of agricultural knowledge. Be-
sides his editorial labors, Mr. Fessenden
published, from time to time, various
compilations on agricultural subjects, or
adaptations of English treatises to the
use of the American husbandman. He
also edited the " Horticultural Kegister,"
and the " Silk Manual." D. at Boston,
1837.
EEUERBACH, Paul John Anselm
Von, one of the most eminent of late
European jurists and scholars, was b.
at Frankfort-on-the-Maiue, 1775, He
studied philosophy and law at Jena,
where he also tnuerht in 1799. In 1804
he was invited to Landshut, in Bavaria,
to superintend the university and draw
up a new penal code for the kingdom.
This code was adopted in sevei'al other
German states. In 1804 he was made
second president of the court of ap-
peal. His writings in law were nu-
Jneroua, profound, and able, placing
him "by the side of Beccaria and other
illustrious jurists. D, 1833,
FEUILLEE, Louis, an eminent natu-
ralist, geographer, and mathematician,
was b, at Provence, about the middle
of the 17th century. Louis XIV. sent
liim to South America to make re-
searches in natural history and pliiloso-
phy, of which he wrote a " Journal."
lie was afterwards employed in an ex-
pedition to the Canary Islands, to ascer-
tain the relative p*. nition of the meridian
of Ferro, which, having satisfactorily
performed, he was rewarded with a pen-
sion and the situation of botanist to the
king-. D. 1782.
FEVRE, Guy le, a French poet, was
b, 1544, at La Boderie, in Lower Nor-
mandy. He was the author of several
works relating to oriental literature, be-
sides several poems, which obtained for
him considerable reputation. D. 1598.
— Anthony le, a brother of the pre-
ceding, an eminent statesman, was am-
bassador at Brussels in 1697, when he
discovered the conspiracy of Marshal
Biron against his master, Henry IV. He
was twice ambassador to England, and
d, in 1615.
FEVEE, or FABEE, Tanaquil, a
classical scholar, of great eminence, was
b. at Caen, in Normandy, 1615, Cardi-
nal Eichelieu procured him a pension
of 2000 livres, with the ofiice of inspector
of works printed at the Louvre, He
was subsequently professor of classical
literature at Saumur, and died there in
1672, His works, which are very nu-
merous, chiefly consist of commentaries
on, and translations from, the Greek and
Latin authors. The celebrated Madame
Dacierwas his daughter. D, 1672.
FEYJOO Y MONTENEGEO, Bene-
dict Jerome, a Spanish Benedictine
monk of the last century, who pub-
lished his thoughts on a vast variety of
topics, in the form jof essays designed
for popular use, whence he has been
sometimes styled the Spanish Addison.
His " Teatro Critico Universal," and
his "Cartas eruditas y curiosas," both
works of merit, are devoted to a com-
mon object— the refutation of error, and
the removal of prejudice. A selection
from his essays and discourses was
translated into English, and published
in 4 vols, in 1780.
FICHTE, John Theophilus, a cele-
brated German philosopher, and meta-
Ehysician, was b, in 1762, in Upper
lusatia ; studied at W' ittenberg and
Leipsic ; and was successively professor
of philosophy at Jena, Erlaogen, and
fie]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
399
Berlia. In most of his writings he un-
folds the doctrines of trant*cendeutal
idealism, representing the life of the
mind as the only real life, and all the
reality in the universe being expressed
in wiiat he called the " absolute 1." His
works have been translated into English.
D. 1814.
FIDDES, RiCHAKD, a clergyman of
the church of England, and author of
several works, was b. at Hunmanby,
Yorkshire, 1671. Among his various
works are, " A Body of Divinity,"
" Fiftv-two Practical Discourses," and
a " Life of Cardinal Wolsey." D. 1725.
FIELDING, Henry, an English nov-
elist and a political writer, pre-eminently
distinguished for genuine humor and a
knowledge of the world, was the son of
Lieutenant-general Fielding, of Sharp-
ham park, Somerset, where Henry was
b. April 22, 1707. He was first sent to
Eton, whence he removed to Leyden ;
but the straitened circumstances of his
father shortened his academical studies,
which, added to a love of gayety and
dissipation, led him to turn his attention
to the stage. His first piece, which
came out in 1727, was entitled " Love
in several Masks," and its success in-
duced him to persevere. Some of his
dramatic efforts were, however, failures ;
though neither wit, humor, nor spright-
liness is generally wanting in them. In
bis 27th year he married Miss Oraddock,
a lady of some fortune ; and, at the same
time, by the death of his mother, be-
came possessed of a small estate in Dor-
setshire. Unfortunately, instead of hus-
banding these resources, he immediately
set up for a country gentleman, on a
scale which, in three years, reduced him
to greater indigence than ever, with a
young family to support. He then, for
the first time, dedicated himself to the
bar as a profession, and, for immediate
subsistence, employed his pen on vari-
ous miscellaneous subjects, " The His-
tory of Jonathan Wild" being among
the early fruits of his literary industry.
In 1742 appeared his first novel, " Jo-
seph Andrews," in which the Cervantic
style of humor is admirably imitated.
It immediately received the attention to
which it Wiis entitled ; but success as a
novel writer was not very likely to ad-
vance his practice at the bar ; "nor was
the emolument attached to it sufficient
for a manner of life never sufficiently
regulated by the rules of prudence. He
was further impeded in his profession
by repeated attacks of the gout ; added
to, wnich, his domestic affliction was
greatly increased by the death of his
wife. Neither disease nor grief, how-
ever, paralyzed the efforts of his pen.
In rapid succession he brought forth
four periodical papers, called "The
Champion," "The True Patriot," "The
Jacobite Journal," and "Tlie Covent-
Garden Journal," "Essays on Conver-
sation, and on the Knowledge and
Characters of Men," " A Journey from
this World to the Next." and the novels
of "Tom Jones" and A-melia." Du-
ring the rebellion of 1745, he lent the
assistance of his literary talents io the
government, and was rewarded with the
then not altogether reputable office of a
Middlesex justice. To the credit of
Fielding, however, he did much to ren-
der it more respectable by the preven-
tion of crimes, and the improvement of
the police. Ill health at length obliged
him to try the milder air of Lisbon, and
a Narrative of his Voyage to that place
was the last of his works. He, unhap-
pily, received no benefit from the change,,
but d. in the Portuguese capital, in 1754.
— Sir John, half-brother of Henry, and
his successor as a justice for Middlesex.
Though blind from his childhood, he
discharged his office with great credit,
and in 1761 received the honor of knight-
hood. He published some tracts on the
penal code, and a miscellaneous collec-
tion, entitled "The Universal Mentor."
D. 1780. — Sarah, the third sister of
Henry, was b. in 1714, lived unmarried,
and d. at Bath, 1768. She was a woman
of talent, and wrote several novels, &c.,
of which "David Simple" is the princi-
pal. She also translated from the Greek, •
"Xenophon's Memoirs of Socrates."
FIESCO, John Louis, count of La-
vagna, a Genoese of an illustrious fam-
ily, was at the head of the conspiracy
which was formed against the celebrated
Andrew Doria and his nephew. On
tlie evening of the 1st of January, 1547,
Fiesco, who had prepared a galley under
pretence of a cruise against the corsairs,
waited upon Doria to request permis-
sion to depart from the harbor early in
the morning. Having succeeded in lull-
ing his intended victims into a false
security, he sallied forth in the night at
the head of 500 men ; and dispatching
parties to take possession of different
posts, himself proceeded to the dock
where the galleys lay ; but in passing
on a plank from one galley to another,
he fell into the water, and, owing to the
weight of his armor, was unable to rise
again. His confederates failed in their
attempt on Andrew Doria, though Gi-
400
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
PIN
annetino, his nepl ew, fell beneath their
swords ; and the family of Fiesco were
made to pay the penalty of his ambition
by ruin and proscription.
FIESOLE (so called from the monas-
tery to which he belonged) was one of
the most celebrated restorers of painting
in Italy. His family name was Santi
Tosini. B. 1587; d. 1584.
FIGUEROA, Bartholomew Carasco-
SA DE, a Spanish poet, was a native of
Logrono, and studied at the university
of Salamanca. B. 1510; d. 1570.
FILANGIERI, Gaetano, a celebrated
writer on political economy and legisla-
tion, was b. at Naples, 1752. He was at
first intended for the army, but being
of studious habits, he was allowed to
gratify his inclination for a literary life.
His great work, entitled "The Science
of Legislation," notwithstanding it was
never'completed according to his origi-
nal design, attracted ^reat attention,
from its bold and original views, and
the liberality of its sentiments, and
places him in the rank of a first-rate
writer upon one of the most difficult and
important subjects that can engage the
mind of man. In 1787 he was made a
member of the supreme council of fi-
nance. D. 1788.
FILICAIJA, Vincenzo da, an eminent
Italian poet, was b. at Florence, in 1642,
and studied at Pisa. His "Canzoni,"
commemorating the deliverance of Vi-
enna by John Sobieski, fully established
his poetical fame, and obtained for him
from the duke of Tuscany the title of
senator, while more solid rewards await-
ed him in being appointed governor,
first of Volterra,"and afterwards of Pisa.
D. 1707.
FILMER, Sir Robert, an English
writer, was b. in Kent, and educated at
Trinity college, Cambridge. He wrote
" The Anarchy of a limited and mixed
Monarchy," " Patriarcha," in whicn ne
contends^that government was monarch-
ical in the patriarchal ages; and "The
Freeholder's Grand Inquest." He was
a man of talent, but a more bigoted
champion of absolute monarchy has sel-
dom appeared ; and it was to refute the
doctrines of Filmer that Locke wrote his
" Treatises on Government." D. 1747.
FINCH, Heneaoe, first earl of Not-
tingham, was the son of Sir Heneage
Finch, recorder of London. He was b.
1621. Charles II. made him solicitor-
general, and created him a baronet. He
was returned to parliament for the uni-
versity of Oxford, in 1661. In 1670 he
wa» appointed attorney-general, and
soon after lord-keeper, with the rank of
a peer. In 1675 he was made lord
chancellor, and in 1681 created earl of
Nottingham. His powers as an orator
were highly rated ; and Dryden has
handed down his portrait to posterity
in nis poem of " Absalom and Achito-
phel," under the character of Amri. D.
1682. — Daniel, eldest son of the pre-
ceding, was b. 1647. In 1680 he was
appointed first lord of the admiralty,
and in 1692 succeeded his father as the
earl of Nottingham. On the v'cath of
Queen Anne, lie was one of the lords
justices for the administration of atfairs,
and ^soon after was made president of
the council ; but in 1716 he was dismiss-
ed, on account of a speech which he
made in behalf of the Scottish lords con •
demned for high treason. He devoted
his remaining years to the enjoyment
of retirement and literary leisure, the
fruits of which appeared in an eloquent
reply to Whiston, on the subject of the
Trinity. D. 1730. — Robert, an ingeni-
ous antiquary, was b. in London, 1783.
He travelled "^through the south of Eu-
rope and Palestine, and died at Rome,
1830; bequeathing to the Ashmolean
museum, at Oxford, his valuable library,
medals, coins, pictures, and antique cu-
riosities.
FINGAL, celebrated in the poems of
Ossian his son; was prince of Morven,
a province of ancient Caledonia, and was
b. about the year 282. He constantly
struggled with the Romans, who at that
time ruled in Engknd ; and frequently
made expeditions to Sweden, the Orkney
Islands, and Ireland. Fingal's charac-
ter, as sketched by Ossian, is that of a
noble hero, the fiither of his people.
FINIGUERRA, Tommaso, a celebrated
sculptor and goldsmith, to whom is
ascribed the invention of copperplate
printing. He lived at Florence, about
the middle of the fifteenth century, and
practised the art called niello^ which
consisted in enchasing dark metallio
substances into cavities Avorked on gold
or silver, and fixing them by fusion. D.
1475.
FINLAY, John, a modern Scotch
poet, was b. at Glasgow, in 1782. Ho
was the author of " Wallace of EUerslie,"
a " Life of Cervantes," and the edition
of "A Collection of Scottish Ballads,
historical and romantic." D. 1810.
FINLEY, Samuel, president of the
college of New Jersey, was a native of
Ireland, and came to America 1734.
Having been licensed to preach, he was
ordained by the presbytery of New
pit]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
401
Brunswick, 1740. The first part of his
ministry was spent in fatiguing itine-
rant labors. In 1744 he was settled as
the minister of Nottingham, Maryland,
where lie remained seven years. While
here he established an academy which
acquired great reputation. On receiving
the appointment of president of New
Jersey college he removed to Princeton.
T>. 17b(), aged 50. — Kobert, president of
the university of Georgia, graduated at
Princeton college, 1787. From 1793 to
1795 he was a tutor, and a trustee from
1807 till 1817, when he resigned. He
was the minister of Basking Bridge,
N. J., from June, 1797 till 1817. Deeply
interested in the welfare of the free
blacks, he formed a plan of sending
them to Africa, and may be considered
as the father of the Colonization society.
D. 1817.
FIRENZUOLA, Angelo, an Italian
dramatic poet, b. at Florence in 1493.
He was originally bred to the bar, but
left it for the church, and devoted him-
self to literary pursuits. D. 1545.
FISCHER, JoHN^ Bbrnard, an emi-
nent German architect, b. at Vienna, in
1560. He erected the palace of Schoen-
brunn, the church of St. Boromeo, and
a number of other fine edifices at Vien-
na ; and was appointed chief architect
to Joseph I., who created him baron
d'Erhich. D. 1724.
FISH, Simon, a native of Kent, and a
member of the legal profession, who,
having acted a part in a play written for
the purpose of ridiculing Cardinal Wol-
sey, was obliged to flee to the Continent.
He there wrote a satire upon the Catholic
clergy, entitled "The Supplication of
the Beggars," which was answered by
Sir Thomas More in his " Supplication
for Souls," Fish was ultimately re-
called home by Henry VIII., but d. of
the plague soon after his return, in 1531.
FISHER, John, bishop of Rochester,
a learned divine, was b. at Beverly, in
Yorkshire, in 1459. He became vice-
chancellor of Cambridge ; and being ap-
pointed confessor to Margaret, countess
of Richmond, it was through his influ-
ence that she founded St." John's and
Christ's colleges. Deeply prepossessed
in favor of the ancient faith, he opposed
with zeal and perseverance the princi-
Eles of Luther and his followers ; and
aving denied the supremacy of Henry
VIII. as head of the church, he was con-
victed of high treason, and beheaded on
Tower- hill, in 1535. — Payne, a poet of
the 17th century, chiefly memorable for
having held the office of laureate under
34*
Oliver Cromwell. He was a native of
Dorsetshire, studied at Oxford and
Cambridge, and served on the royalist
side in the civil wars ; but on the de-
cline of the king's atiairs he joined the
republicans, and celebrated their suc-
cesses in several Latin poems. He also
wrote a " Synopsis of Heraldry," and
various poems. D. 1693.
FISK, Plinv, a missionary, graduated
at Middlebury college, 1814. Having
studied theology at Andover, he was em-
ployed as an agent for the board of for-
eign missions one year, and sailed for
Palestine with Mr. Parsons, 1819. On
arriving at Smyrna they engaged in the
study of the Eastern languages ; but in a
few months removed to Scio, in order to
study modern Greek under Professor
Bambas. The college at Scio then bad
about 800 students. But in 1821 the
island was desolated by the barbarous
Turks. In 1822 he accompanied to
Egypt his fellow-laborer, Mr. Parsons,
and witnessed his death, and buried
him in the Greek convent. From Egypt
he proceeded through the desert to J u-
dea. Having visited Jerusalem he went
to Beyroot, Balbec, Damascus, Aleppo,
and Antioch. When he withdrew rrom
Jerusalem in the spring of 1825, he re-
tired to Beyroot, where he d. He was a
preacher in Italian, French, modern
Greek, and Arabic. He had been em-
ployed in preparing a dictionary in En-
glish and Arabic. — Wilbur, president
of the Wesleyan university at Middle-
town, Ct., a distinguished Methodist
preacher, and author of " Travels in Eu-
rope." B. 1793 ; d. 1839.
Fitch, John, an ingenious but im-
fortunate inventor, who, after a life of
f)Overty and distress, saw the merits of
lis discoveries appropriated by others,
while his own genius remained unac-
knowledged. He was b, at Windsor,
Ct., 1743, received a common school
education, and served an apprenticeship
to clock-making. In 1767 he was un-
happily married, and soon separated
from his wife. Two years afterwards he
settled as a silversmith in Trenton, N. J.,
where his house and property were de-
stroyed by the British army. He then
joined the army as a lieutenant of vol-
unteers. He afterwards went to Ken-
tucky, where he purchased large grants
of lands, but fell into the hands of In-
dians, by whom he was kept in painful
captivity for years. In 1782 he returned
to the East, and lived by the construction
of maps of the western country, thai;
almost unknown. On the 29th August,
402
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[fla
1785, he presented to congress a plan for
" applying steam-power to water-craft."
His first experiment was made on the
1st May, 1787, when a packet was run
between Philadelphia and Burlington.
But Fitch was so embarrassed by want
of funds, by the ignorance of mechanics,
by controversies with rivals, and by the
inditference of the public bodies to
which he applied, that he almost gave
up in despair. Some of the state legis-
latures gave him patents, and he visited
France and England, but was not able
to carry out his designs. He re<"urned
to the West in disgust, and d. in June,
1798. The spot where he was buried is
now unknown.
FITZGERALD, Edward, Lord, b.
1763. At a time when the revolutionary
spirit was at its height in Ireland, he
.joined the malcontents, became the ob-
ject of proscription, and was shot in
1798.
FITZGIBBON, John, first earl of
Clare, and lord chancellor of Ireland,
was b. in 1749 ; and was educated at
Trinity college, Dublin, and at Oxford.
He rapidly rose in the legal profession,
till he became a chancellor, in 1789, with
the title of Baron Fitzgibbon ; and in
1795 was raised to the peerage as the
earl of Clare. He was an eminent law-
yer and a decided promoter of the
Union. D. 1802.
FITZHERBERT, Sir Anthony, an
able and learned judge in the reign of
Henry VIII., was b. at Norbury, in Der-
byshire, and educated at Oxford, from
whence he removed to one of the inns
of court. In 1523 he was made a judge
in the court of common pleas, and d. in
1538. He wrote " The Grand Abridg-
ment," a " Collection of Law Cases,"
" The Office and Authority of Justices
of the Peace," " The Office of Sheriffs,"
" Natura Brevium," &c. He is also
supposed to have wi'itten a book on the
Surveying of Lands, and another on
Husbandry, though some have ascribed
these to his brother, John. — Nicholas,
grandson of the preceding, was b. about
tlie middle of the 16th century.; was
educated at Oxford ; went to Italy, and
leld the situation of secretary to Cardi-
nal Alan, whose life he wrote; and is
said to be the author of a treatise on the
" Antiquity and Duration of the Roman
Catholic Religion in England." He was
accidentally drowned in 1612.
FITZJAMES, Edward, duke of, was
the great-ffrandson of the duke of Ber-
wick, who was natural son of James H,
of England, by a sister of tko duke of |
Marlborough. At the time of the French
revolution, the name of the duke of
Fitzjames was placed on the list of pro-
scription, in consequence of his having
emigrated ; but, at the restoration ot
the Bourbon family, he returned to
France, and became aid-de-camp and
first nobleman of the chamber to the
count d'Artois, afterwards Charles X
D. 1839.
FITZSTEPHEN, William, a learned
English monk of the 12th century, and
the friend of Thomas a Becket, arch-
bishop of Canterbury, whose life he
wrote. Prefixed to this life is a " De-
scription of the City of London, and of
the Manners and Customs of its Inhab-
itants," which is curious on account of
its being the earliest account of London
extant, and has been preserved by being
printed at the end of Stowe's Survey.
D. 1191.
FITZWILLTAM, William Went-
woRTH Fitzwilliam, Carl, was b. in 1748 ;
commenced his education at Eton, fin-
ished it at Oxford, and took his seat in
the house of peers in 1769. In 1798 he
was appointed lord lieutenant of the
West Riding of Yorkshire ; and on Mr.
Pitt's death, in 1806, he became pres-
ident of the council, which he retained
until the fall of the Grenville adminis-
tration in the following year. After this
he gradually retired from public life.
D. 1833.
FLACCUS, Caius Valerius, was a
Roman poet of the 1st century, who
lived at Padua, and d. young. He wrote
an epic poem, entitled " Argonautica,"
of which seven books, and part of the
eighth, were completed by himself, and
the others supplied by Apollonius.
FLAMSTEED, John, an eminent as-
tronomer, was b. at Denby, in Derby-
shire, in 1646, and received his education
at the free-school of Derby. He was led
to the study of astronomy by perusing
Sacrobosco^s work, " DeSphara :" and
he prosecuted his studies with so' much
assiduity, as to be inferior only to Sir
Isaac Newton, his cotemporary, who, in
fact, availed himself of some "of Flam-
steed's calculations in his " Principia."
He was appointed astronomer-royal, and
the observatory at Greenwich wjis erect-
ed for him, wliere, during tlie remainder
of his life, he assiduously cultivated the
sublime science. His principal work is
entitled " Historia Coelestis Britannlca."
D. 1719.
FLAXMAN, John, an eminent sculp-
tor, was b. at York, in 1755 ; and was
admitted a student of the Royal Acad
fle]
CYCLOPJEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
403
emy in 1770. Having made considerable
{irogress in his own country, he visited
ttily, and, during a seven years' resi-
dence there, executed several important
works in sculpture, besides making
drawings for the illustration of Homer,
-iiEschyhis, Hesiod, and Dante. This
established his fame as an artist of clas-
sical taste, and he was elected a member
of the academies of Florence and Car-
rara. In 1794 he returned to England ;
and from that period till his death he
was almost uninterruptedly employed
in works of first-rate character. Among
them may be named, Lord Mansfield's
monument in Westminster iibbey ; and
those of Collins, the noet ; Lord Nelson,
Earl Howe, Sir Josliua Reynolds, and
the Baring family. He also finished a
Bet of drawings and a model for the
Bhield of Achilles, as described in Ho-
mer's Iliad. In 1810 he was appointed
professor of sculpture to the Koyal Acad-
emy, and d. in 1826.
i^LECHIER, Esprit, a famous French
bishop, wash, in 1622, at Pernes, in the
county of Avignon. He was greatly ad-
mired as a preacher at Paris, and his
funeral orations set him on a level with
Bossuet. In 1679 he published his
" History of Theodosius the Great."
In 1685 he was made bishop of Lavaur ;
on which the king said, " I should have
rewarded you much sooner, but that I
was afraid oV losing the pleasure of hear-
ing your discourses." Shortly after he
was promoted to the see of Nismes ; and
d. 1710.
FLECKNOE, Eichard, an English
poet and dramatic writer, whose name
IS now more remembered on account of
its having been held up to ridicule by
Dryden, in his invective against Shad-
well, than for the value of his own com-
positions, J). 1678.
FLEETWOOD, Charles, a parlia-
mentary general in the civil wars, was
the son of Sir William Fleetwood, who
belonged to the household of Charles I.
He entered the army, and, on the break-
ing out of the civil wars, declared against
the king ; cotnmanded a regiment of
cavalry "in 164-1:; and at the battle of
Worcester bore the rank of lieutenant-
general. Becoming allied to the fiimily
of the protector, by mariying his daugh-
ter on the decease of her first husband,
Ireton, he was sent as lord deputy to
Ireland ; but, on the death of Cromwell,
he joined in inducing his son Richard to
abdicate ; thus hastoning the restoration
of Charles II., an event which he did
not long survive. — William, an English
lawyer, and recorder of London in the
reign of Elizabeth, was b. in Lancashire.
He wrote the history of Edward V.,
Richard III., Henry VII, and VIII., the
" Office of a Justice of Peace," &c. D.
1393. — William, an eminent prelate,
was b. in London, 1656. Soon after the
revolution he became chaplain to Wil-
liam and Mary, and fellow of Eton. In
1702 he obtained a canonry of Windsor,
and in 1706 he succeeded Bishop Bcv-
eridge in the see of St. Asaph, from
whence, in 1714, he was translated to
Ely. He wrote " Inscriptionum Anti-
quarum Sylloge," " Chronicum Preci-
osum, or- an Account of the English
Money, the Price of Corn," &c., 8vo.,
" A plain Method of Christian Devo-
tion," 8vo., "An Essay on Miracles,";
&c. D. 1723.
FLEMING, a poetical writer and
translator of the Elizabethan age. He
was the author of numerous poems,
chiefly devotional, translated some of the
classic authors, and was the editor of
" Hollinshed's Chronicle." — Robkrt, a
Scotch Presbyterian minister, who re-
tired from his pastoral charge at Cam-
buslang on the establishment of prelacy,
and went to Rotterdam, and is known
as the author of a work, entitled, " The
Fulfilling of the Scriptures." B. 1630 ;
d. 1694. — Robert, son of the preceding,
accompanied his father to the Continent,
and was a member of the universities of
Leyden and Utrecht. He was for some
years minister to the Scotch church at
Amsterdam ; but on coming to England
he was chosen pastor to the Scotch
church at Lothbury, and lectured at
Salter's hall. He is' principally known
by his work entitled " Christi'ology," a
" History of Hereditary Ri^ht," and a
discourse on the rise and fall of Popery,
in which are many passages that corre-
spond remarkably with the early events
in the French revolution, D. 1716.
FLETCHER, Andrew, a Scottish po-
litical writer, was b. in 1653. D. 1766.—
James, author of a " History of Poland,"
a volume of Poems, &c., was b. in 1811,
and filled the situation of assistant in a
school at St. John's Wood, London. D.
1832. — John, an eminent English dra-
matic poet, was the son of the bishop of
London, and b. in 1576. He received
his education at Cambridge, and wrote
several plays in conjunction with Beau-
mont. In this dramatic partnership, it
is said that Fletcher found liincy, and
Beaumont judgment. He d, of the
plague at London in 1625, and was
buried in St. Saviour's church. South-
m
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[flo
wark. The principal piece of his own
writing is a dramatic pastoral, entitled
"The Faithful Siiepherdess," and there
is no doubt it suggested tlie idea of Mil-
ton's "Cotnus." "Edward Phillips, the
nephew of Milton, classes him with
Shakspeare and Ben Jonson, as one of
the " happy triumvirates" of the age. —
Giles, was a native of Kent, and finished
his education at Cambridge, where he
acquired the reputation of being a good
poet. In 1588 he was sent ambassador
to Russia, of which country he published
an account on his return, but it was
quickly suppressed, lest some strictures
on the brutal tyranny of Ivan Basilo-
vitch should offend the reigning prince.
He enjoyed some civic offices, and was
treasurer of St. Paul's. D. 1610. — Giles,
son of the preceding, was b. 1588, and
d. at Alderton, Suffolk, 1623. He was
the author of a fine poem, entitled
"Christ's Victory and Triumph in
Heaven and Earth, over and!^ after
Death." — Phineas, brother of the fore-
going, was b. about 1582. In 1621 he
obtained the living of Hilgav, in Nor-
folk, where he d. in 1650. fie is best
known by a poem, entitled " The Pur-
ple Island," which is an allegorical de-
scription of man, in 12 books, written
in Spenserian verse. He also wrote
" Piscatory Dialogues," "Poetical Mis-
cellanies," and a work in prose, entitled
"De Literatis Antiquae Britanniae."
FLEURIEU, Charles Pierre Claret,
count de, a French naval officer, and
one of the most learned hydrographers
of modern times, was b. at"^ Lyons, 1788.
Having turned his attention to nautical
studies, he invented the sea-chronome-
ter. In 1790 he was made minister of
the marine ; but the revolution obliged
him to discontinue his public occupa-
tions, and he was committed to prison
in 1793. Having, however, survived the
reign of terror, he was nominated by
Bonaparte, in 1799, a member of the
council of state ; and he was also made
intendant of cavalry and governor of
the Tuileries, which office lie resigned
in 1805. D. 1810.
FLEURY, AjiDRE Hercute de, a car-
dinal and prime minister of France,
under Louis XV., was b. at Lodeve, in
Languedoc, in 1653. Coming to court,
he won general favor by his pleasing
Eerson and fine understanding; became
ishop of Frejus; and, through the in-
terest of Madame Maintenon, was ap-
pointed instructor to Louis XV. In
1726 he was made cardinal, placed at
the head of the ministry, and from his
73d to his 90th year, he administered
the affairs of his country with great suc-
cess. D. 1743. — Claude, a French his-
torian and divine, Avas b. 1640. He was
educated as an advocate, and became
a counsellor of the parliament of Paris
in 1658 ; but subsequently took orders,
and acquiring a great reputation for
learning, was appointed preceptor to
the princess of Conti, and afterwards
associated with Fenelon in the task of
educating the young dukes of Bur-
gundy, Anjou, and Berri. He subse-
quently obtained the priory of Argen-
teuil, where he resided till 1716, when
he left it to become confessor to Louis
XV. His most important works are
"Ecclesiastical History," " Manners of
the Israelites," and " Manners of the
Christians." D. 1723.
FLINDERS, Matthew, an eminent
English navigator, was b. at Donning-
ton, Lincolnshire, and entered early
into the merchant service, from which
he removed into the royal navy as a
midshipman, in 1795. In 1801 he was
appointed to the command of an ex-
f)edition of discoverv to New Holland,
laving previously (distinguished him-
self by the discovery of Bass's Straits ;
and after exploring a considerable part
of the coast, nis vessel was wrecked on a
coral reef, and he was obliged to return
to Port Jackson. On his passage home-
ward, in 1803, having touched at the
Mauritius, he was detained by General
Decaen, the governor, who, notwith-
standing he had passports from the
French government, thought proper to
make him a prisoner. There he was
kept till 1806, when, through the inter-
cession of the Royal Society of London
and the National Institute of France, he
was set at liberty, and had his vessel
restored. He d. in 1814, having pre-
pared an account of his researches, un-
der the title of "A Vo,yage to the Terra
Australis," &c., which was published
after his decease.
FLINT, Timothy, a native of Reading,
Pa., was graduated at Harvard college
in 1800, and for several years a preacher
at Lnnenberg, Mass., a missionary to
the Mississippi valley, and an author of
some brilliancy and force. His principal
writings were "Recollections of the
Mississippi Valley," " History and Geo-
graphy of the Mississippi Valley,".
" Francis Berrian, the Mexican Patriot,"
and " George Mason, the Young Back-
woodsman,'' the two last novels. B.
1779; d. 1839.
FLOOD, William, one of the signerg
fol]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
405
of the declaration of American independ-
ence, was a member of tlie committee
of correspondence of New York in 1774,
and a delegate to congress from Suffolk
county. He continued in that station
until near tlie close of the revolution,
after which he removed to the then un-
settled valley of Oneida, and resided
there during the remainder of his life.
In 1789 he was again elected a member
of congress. In 1792 he was one of the
electors of president and vice-president,
and was repeatedly appointed to the
same office at subsequent elections. He,
d. at Western, 1821, aged 89.
FLORIAN, Jean Pierre Claris de, a
popular French writer, was b. in 1755,
Among his earliest works were " Gala-
tea," "Estelle," and "Nuraa Pompi-
lius." He also produced some admirable
" Fables," and various dramatic pieces.
D. 1794.
FLOKIO, John, the descendant of a
femily of Italian refugees in England,
was b. in London, in the reign of Henry
VIII., taught French and Italian at Mag-
dalen college, Oxford; and on the ac-
cession of James I. was appointed tutor
to Prince Henry, and clerk of the closet
to the queen. His works are, "First
Fruits," " Second Fruits," and the
" Garden of Recreation," besides a
" Dictionary, Italian and English." D.
1625.
FLOYER, Sir John, an eminent phy-
sician, was b. at Hinters in Staffordshire,
in 1649, settled at Lichfield, was knight-
ed, and d. in 1734. His works are, "The
Touchstone of Medicines," "The Vir-
tues of Cold Water," "The Physician's
Pulse Watch," "The Galenic Art of
Preserving Old Men's Health," &c.
FLUDIj, Robert, an English philos-
opher, was the son of Sir Thomas Fludd,
and b. at Milgate, in Kent, in 1574. His
writings are wholly on alchemy, and
N the mysticism of the Rosicrucians. D.
1637.
FOGLIETTA, Uberto, an historian
and orator of Genoa, from which city he
was banished and nis property confis-
cated, for censuring the nobles, in a
book entitled " Delia Republica di Ge-
nova." He wrote several works of
merit during his exile. B. 1518 ; d. 1581.
FOIX, Gaston de, the nephew of
Louis X.II. of France, was b. in 1489.
He had the command of the army, and
on accoimt of his daring exploits was
denominated the Thunderbolt of Italy.
After performing prodigies of valor, he
was killed at the oattle of Ravenna, in
15Jg.-:j;ifjOUis DK, a French architect in
the employ of Philip II. of Spain, who
was engaged in the erection of the Es-
curial, near Madrid. On his return to
France he constructed the canal of the
Adour, and built the tower of Cordouan.
— Paul de, archbishop of Toulouse, was
b. in 1528, and distinguished himself as
much for his diplomatic abilities as for
his virtuous and tolerant conduct as a
churchman. He was employed on em-
bassies in England, Scotland, Venice,
and Rome. D. 1584.
FOLCZ, John, a barber of Nurem-
berg, b. at Ulm, in the 15th century,
was a celebrated German poet, belong-
ing to the class called Mastersingers, a
class which sprung up in Germany in
the 14th century, after tho extinction of
the Minnesingers, or Sualian bards.
FOLENGO, Theophilus, an Italian
burlesque poet, who wrote under the
name of Merlin Coccaie, was b. near
Mantua, in 1491 ; became a monk of the
Benedictine order, which he quitted
for several years, and wrote Macaronic
verses. D. 1554.
FOLKES, Martin, an English philos-
opher and antiquary, was b. at West-
minster in 1690. At the age of 23 he
was chosen a fellow of the Royal So-
ciety, and in 1741 he succeeded Sir Hans
Sloane as president of that learned body,
and was elected a member of the Royal
Academy of Sciences at Paris. Mr.
Folkes wrote, besides a number of pa-
pers in the "Philosophical Transac-
tions," a " Table of English Silver
Coins, from the Norman Conquest to
the Present Time." D. 1754.
FOLLEN, Charles, late professor of
the German language and literature in
Harvard college, was b. at Romrod, in
Hesse -Darmstadt, in 1796. After the
assassination of Kotzebue, by Sand, he
was wrongly suspected of being con-
cerned in the deed, and driven from
Germany. He took refuge at Basle, in
Switzerland, where he was made pro-
fessor of civil law, but the despotism of
Prussia reached him there, and he fled
to the United States. In 1830 he was
made professor at Cambridge, and not
long after qualified himself for the cleri-
cal profession, and was employed in
several places in Massachusetts and
New York. He was lost in the burning
of the steamboat Lexington, in Long
Island Sound, in 1840. He was a man
of the noblest character and fine attain-
ments. His principal writings, consist-
ing of " Lectures on Schiller," have
been collected and published by hia
widow.
406
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
FOlf
FOLLETT, Sir William Webb, an
eminent lawyer, was b. at Topsham,
Devon, in 1798. In 1818 he became a
member of tlie Inner Temple, and com-
menced practice as a special pleader in-
1823. On Sir liobert Peel's accession to
place as prime minister, in 1834, he was
appointed solicitor-g'eneral ; but upon
Sir Robert's resignation in 1835, he also
quitted office, and was knighted. At
tlie general election of 1837, and again
in 1841, he was re-elected member for
Exeter. On Sir Robert Peel's resump-
tion of office, he was once more ap-
Pointed solicitor-general. On Sir F.
'oUock's elevation to the judicial bench
in 1844 he succeeded him as attorney-
general. D. 1845.
FONBLANQUE, John de Grenier,
an eminent barrister, wash, in 1759, and
in 1789 was called to the bar. In 1790 he
acted as leading counsel for the London
merchants, in opposition to the Quebec
bill, at the bar of the house of commons.
It 1793 appeared his celebrated "Trea-
tise on Equity," which went through
several editions, and is regarded by the
courts as an authority on the subject.
D. 1837.
FONESCA, Eleanora, marchioness
de, a lady of great beauty and talents,
was b. at Naples, in 1768. She cultiva-
ted the study of botany, &c., with
success, and assisted Spallanzani in his
philosophical investigations. She warm-
ly espoused the cause of the French
revolution, and when the French in-
vaded Italy, she engaged in intrigues
against that court, tliough less perhaps
from principle than from her having
formerly been dismissed from her situa-
tion of attendant on the aueen. During
the triumph of the republican party she
was in the zenith of her • fame, and
edited a paper called "The Neapolitan
Monitor;" but the royal cause again
succeeding, she was ultimately arrested
and hanged, in 1799.
FONTAINE, John de la, the inimi-
table fabulist, wash, in 1621, at Chateau
Thierry, where his father was overseer
of the forests. His taste for poetry was
first aroused by hearing one of Mal-
herbe's odes recited ; but to the patron-
age of the duchess of Bouillon, who
invited him to Paris, and encouraged
him to write his Tales, he owed much of
the distinction in literature he afterwards
ac<^uired. For 35 years he lived in Paris,
residing successively with the duchesses
of Bouillon and Orleans, madame de
Sabliere, a/id madame d'Hervart ; and
was in hab.ts of intimacy with Moliere,
Boileau, Eacine, and all the first wits of
the French capital, by whom he was
much beloved for the candor and sim-
plicity of his character. Yet, with this
simpficity, which amounted almost to
stupidity, he united the talent of ma-
king severe, shrewd, and sensible obser-
vations on human life, and decorating his
verse with touches of exquisite grace
and delicacy. Besides his "Tales" and
" Fables," La Fontaine was the author
of " Les Amours de Psyche." " Ana-
creontiqiies," two comedies, &c. D.1695.
FONTANA, Dominic, an eminent
Italian arcliitect, was b, in 1548, at Mill,
on the lake of Como. He was employed
by popes Sextus V. and Clement VIII.,
ancl afterwards appointed to the situa-
tion of first architect to the two king-
doms of Naples and Sicily. Among the
many edifices he built, no one is more
remarkable than the Egyptian obelisk
in front of St. Peter's at Rome. D.
1607. — John, his brother, was distin-
guished as an hydraulic architect, and
performed some extremely important
works in that department of the art. B.
1,540, d. 1640.— Felix, an eminent philos-
opher and naturalist, was b. at Pomarlo,
in the Tyrol, in 1730. He was appointed
professor of philosophy at Pisa by the
grand-duke of Tuscany ; and afterwards
invited to Florence by Leopold II., who
made him his pliysician, and employed
him to form a cabinet of natural history.
To this he added a variety of anatomical
figures in colored wax, most exquisitely
finished, which, with other objects of
interest and curiosity, together form at
present one of the attractions of the
Florentine capital. D. 1805, — Gregory,
a mathematician, and brother of the
preceding, was b. in 1735. He filled the
office of mathematical professor at Pisa,
for more than thirty years, was elected
a member of the Cisalpine republic in
1796, and d. in 1805. — Francis, a Nea-
politan astronomer of the 17th century,
to whom the invention of the telescope
has been erroneously attributed, first
studied jurisprudence, and received the
degree of doctor of laws, but afterwards
devoted himself to astronomical and
mathematical researches, and made im-
provements in several instruments. D.
1656.
FONTANELLE, John Gaspar Du-
bois, a popular French writer ; author of
" Aventures Philosophiques," " Nau-
frage et Aventures de Pierre Viaud,"
"Cours de Belles Lettres," several plays,
&c. B. 1737; d. 1812.
FONTANES, Lolts db, an eminent
for]
CYOLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
407
French writer, was b. in 1761. At the
commencement of the revohition he
edited a journal, called "The Modera-
tor," and after tlie fall of Kobespierre
ioined La Harpe and others in the pub-
lication of another, called "The Memo-
rial," which with many others was
suppressed by the national convention
in 17 'J7, and the proprietors, editors,
&c., included in one common sentence
of banishment and confiscation of prop-
erty. When the amnesty was granted
on the elevation of Bonaparte to the
consulship, he took a share in the man-
agement of the " Mercure de France,"
and soon after obtained a seat in the
legislative assembly, of which he became
the president. He afterwards attained
the rank of senator, and was one of the
first, in 1814, to propose the recall of
Louis XVIIL, who made him a peer
and a privv councillor. D. 1821.
FONTENAY, Peter Claude, a
French Jesuit; author of a " History of
the Galilean Church." B. 1683 ; d. 1742.
FONTENELLE, Bernard le Bovier
DE, a nephew of the great Corneille, and
an author of great and varied talents,
was b. at Eouen, in 1657. He studied
- the law at the request of his father, who
was an advocate ; but soon devoted
himself exclusively to literature. At
the outset of his career he met with
little encouragement in his poems and
dramas, but on the appearance of his
" Dialogues of the Dead," and his
"Conversations on the Plurality of
Worlds," his fame was at once fully
established. In 1699 he was made
secretary to the Academy of Sciences,
which post he held forty-two years, and
of the proceedings of which body he
published a volume annually. He con-
tinued to write on general subjects,
agreeably combining a taste for the
belles lettres with more abstruse studies,
with little intermission, till he had
almost reached the patriarchal age of
100 years. D. 1757.
FOOTE, Samuel, a comic writer and
actor, was b. in 1721, at Truro, Corn-
wall ; and intended for the bar. After
a course of dissipation, to which his
small fortune fell a sacrifice, he turned
his attention to the stage, and appeared
in " Othello," but having little success,
he struck out an untrodden path for
himself in the double character of dra-
matist and performer. In 1747, he
opened the Haymarket theatre with
some very humorous imitations of well-
knpwn individuals ; and thus, having
discovered where his strength lay, he
wrote several two-act farces, and con-
tinued to perform at one of the winter
theatres every season, usually bringing
out some pieces of his own, and regu-
larly returning to his summer quarters.
In 1777, having been charged with an
infamous crime by a discarded man-
servant, he was tried for the crime, and,
though fully acquitted, it had such an
effect upon his mind and health, that he
d. in a few months after. He wrote
twenty-six dramatic pieces, all replete
with wit, humor, and satire; but "The
Mayor of Garratt" is the only one which
at present keeps possessioix of the stage.
FOPPENS, John Francis, a learned
Flemish divine and critic, was b. about
1689, and d. in 1761. He was professor
of divinity, at Louvain, and canon of
Malines ; compiler of the "Bibliotheca
Belgica," containing an account of
Flemish writers ; and the author of
various works, historical and theologi-
cal.
FOKBES, Sir Charles, bart., an emi-
nent Indian merchant, was b. in Aber-
deenshire, 1773. He was for more than
40 years the head of the first mercantile
and financial house in India; and his
name stood in the highest repute in the
commercial world for ability, foresight,
and rectitude of character. He was re-
turned to parliament in 1812 Tor Beverley ;
and during five parliaments, from 1818
to 1832, he sat for Malmesbun,-. D. 1849.
— Duncan, an eminent Scottish judge,
was b. at Culloden, in 1685. It was
mainly owing to his exertions that the
rebellion of 1745 was prevented from
spreading more widely among the clans.
He was the author of "Thoughts on
Eeligion," &c. D. 1747. —Patrick,
bishop of Aberdeen, descended of a
noble family, was b. in 1564, took orders
in 1592, and was raised to the episcopal
bench by James VI. in 1618. He was
a munificent patron to the university of
Aberdeen, wliich owes to him the re-
vival of the dormant professorships of
theology, medicine, and civil law. He
was the author of an elaborate " Com-
mentary on the Apocalypse." ^ D. 1613.
— Alexander, Lord Forbes of Pitsligo,
commanded a troop of horse in the re-
bellion of 1745 ; and after the battle of
Culloden he fled to France, but returned
to Scotland in 1749, and d. 1762. He
was the author of " Moral and Philo-
sophical Essays," and is said to have
been the prototype of the baron of Brad-
wardine inthenovel of " Waverly." — Sir
W^iLLiAM, b. at Pitsligo, in 1739, was the
founder, in conjiinotion with Sir Jaines
408
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[for
Hunter Blair, of the first banking estab-
lishment in Edinburgh. He was an
early member of tlie celebrated literary
club, which numbered, amongst its il-
lustrious associates, the names of Jolni-
son, Reynolds, Garrick, and Burke.
Some time previous to his death, which
happened in 1806, he published an
account of the life and writings of Dr.
Beattie, whicli exhibits througiiout sound
judgment and discriminating taste.
FOECELLINI, Giles, an eminent
critic and lexicograoher, was b. at Tre-
viso, in the Venetiah States, in 1688, and
d. there in 1768. He was associated in
his literary labors with Facciolati ; jointly
producing, amongst others of less note,
that important work, "Lexicon totius
Latinitatis."
FORD, John, an English dramatic
author of great ability, was b. in 1586,
at llsington, in Devonshire, where his
father was a justice of the peace. He
became a member of the Middle Temple
in 1602, and d. about 1639. His first
tragedy, "The Lover's Melancholy,"
was printed in 1629 ; and he was the
author of many other plays, besides
some which he wrote in conjunction
with Drayton and Decker. — Sir John,
was b. at Harting, Sussex, in 1605. Du-
ring the civil wars he commanded a
regiment of horse, and suffered much
in the royal cause, being imprisoned on
suspicion of aiding the king's escape
from Hampton Court ; but owing to the
interest of Ireton, whose sister he had
married, he obtained his release. He
was a man of considerable mechanical
ingenuity ; and at the request of the
citizens of London, he contrived machi-
nery for raising the Thames water into
all the high streets, which machinery
was afterwards used to drain mines and
lands in other parts of the country. D.
1670.
FORDUN, John de, a Scotch historian
of the 14th century ; author of a history
of Scotland, entitled " Scotichronicon,"
which would be a valuable document,
were it not disfigured by much that is
absurd and fabulous.
FORDYCE, David, an ingenious wri-
ter, was b. at Aberdeen, 1711. He was
educated at that university, and became
professor of mora! philosophy in Maris-
chal college. In 1750 he made a tour
to Italy, and on his return the follow-
ing year, was drowned on the coast
of Holland. He wrote " Dialogiies
concerning Education," "The Ele-
ments of Moral Philosophy," &c. —
James, brother of the preceding, was b.
in 1720, at Aberdeen, and educated at
that university. He published "Ser-
mons to Young Women," "Addresses
to Young Men," " Addresses to the
Deity," a volume of poems, and some
single sermons. D. 1796. — Geouoe, an
eminent physician, nephew of the pre-
ceding, was b. in 1786. In 1759 he
settled in London, and commenced lec-
tures on the materia medica and practice
of physic, in which he acquired an un-
rivalled reputation. In 1770 he was
chosen physician to St. Thomas's hos-
Sital, and in 1776 a fellow of the Royal
ociety. In 1787 he was elected, speciali
gratki, a fellow of the college ot phy-
sicians. Dr. Fordyce is known by his
"Dissertations on Fever," a "Treatise
on Digestion," "Elements of the Prac-
tice of Physic," <fec. He was also an
excellent experimental chemist, and
published "Elements of Agriculture
and Vearetation." D. 1802.
FOREST, John, painter to the kinff
of France, was b. at Paris in 1636, and
d. in 1712. His landscapes are much
admired.
FORESTI, or FORESTA, James
Philip, usually called Philip of Ber-
gamo, an Augustine monk, and author
of a "Chronicle from the earliest Period
to 1203," &c. D. 1520.
FORKED, John Nicholas, an eminent
writer on the history and theory of mu-
sic, and director of music in the univer-
sity of Gottingen, was b. in 1749, and d.
1819. His " General History of Music."
is reckoned the most valuable of his
numerous works. Pie was also a com-
poser and a gfood pianist.
FORSKAL, Peter, a young Swedish
naturalist, the scholar ancl friend of Lin-
nasus, who, after completing his studies
at Upsal, travelled into the East with
Niebuhr, but d. at Djerim, in Arabia,
during the second year of his travels,
and before he had attained his 28th year.
On Niebuhr's return he published For-
skal's remarks on the productions of the
countries tlirough which he had passed.
FORSTER, John Reiniiold, an emi-
nent naturalist and geographer, was b.
in 1729, at Dirschau,"in Polish Prussia;
and officiated as minister of Dantzic, and.
afterwards at Nassenhuben. He then
wentto England, as teacher of the French
and German languages, and natural his-
tory, at the dissenting academy at War-
rington. In 1772 he accompanied Cap-
tain Cook in his second voyage round
the world, as naturalist to the expedition,
and took his son with him as a compan-
ion. Besides his " History of Voyages
FOS]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
409
and Discoveries in the North," he wrote
bcveral other original works, and trans-
lated many into German. D. 1798. —
John George Adam, son of the prece-
ding, was b. in 17.")4 ; accompanied his
fiitlier in the voyage round the world;
was professor of natural history in Hesse
Cassel, and afterwards at Wilna. He
subsequently settled at Mentzas a book-
seller, and entered warmly into the revo-
lutionary principles of France ; on which
account he was nominated a deputy to
the Ehenish convention, and sent to
Paris, but Mentz being besieged and
taken by the Prussians, Forster was
obliged to remain at Paris, where he d.
in 1794, while preparing, as it is said,
for a voyage to Hindostan and Thibet.
He was the author of several works on
geography, natural history, philosophy,
and politics. — Nathaniel, a learned di-
vine and writer, was b. in 1717, at Plym-
stock, Devon ; obtained a prebcndal stall
in ti e cathedral of Bristol, and the vicar-
age of Rochdale, in 1754. He was the
author of " Reflections on the Antiquity,
Government, Arts, and Sciences in
P-^ypt," "A Dissertation on Joseplius's
Account of Jesus Christ," and a "He-
brew Bible without points." D. 1757.
FORSYTH, Alexander John, "the
discoverer of the percussion principle,"
was b. 1769. He succeeded his father
in the pastoral charge of the parish of
Belhelvie, 1791. Soon after his settle-
ment, he commenced for his amuse-
ment, a series of chemical experiments,
principally on fulminating powders, and
other explosive compounds. In the year
1805 he was called to London, to niake
experiments for the government on the
percussion principle, which he had
about two years previously discovered.
D. 1843. — William, an able horticul-
turist, was b. at Old Meldrum, Aber-
deenshire, in 1757. He was a pupil of
the celebrated Philip Miller, and suc-
ceeded him at the physic-gardens of the
apothecaries' company at Chelsea. In
1784 he was made superintendent of the
royal gardens at Kensington and St.
James's, and d. in 1804.— -John, a dis-
tinguished politician, b. in Virginia,
1780. His father was a native of En-
gland, but served in the American
army, during the revolution. He was
educated at Princeton college, and stud-
ied law at Augusta, Ga. In 1808 he
became attorney-general of the state,
and in 1811 was elected to congress.
Mr. Monroe made him minister to
Spain in 1819. In 1828 he was governor
of Georgia, and in 1885 a member of
the U. S. senate, where he took a fore-
most position. D. 1841.
FORTEUCUE, Sir John, an eminent
judge and writer on the law, was a son
of Sir Henry Fortescue, lord chief jus-
tice of Ireland. He studied at Lincoln's
Inn, was called to the bar, and in 1442
was made chief justice of the court of
King's Bench. He was a principal
counsellor in the court of Henry VI.,
and for his devotion to that monarch he
was attainted by the parliament under
Edward IV. ; and in 1468 he fled, with
Queen Margaret and her suite, to Flan-
ders, where he remained in exile several
years, during which time he wrote his
well-known work " De Ijaudibv « Legum
Angliae." Returning to Englar i, to join
in the struggle for the restoration or the
house of Lancaster, he was taken at the
battle of Tewkesbury, but obtained his
pardon from Edward, and was allowed
to retire to his seat in Gloucestershire,
where he d. in his 90th year.
FORTIGUERRA, Nicholas, an Ital-
ian prelate and poet, was b. at Pistoia, in
1674, and d. in 1785. He was the author
of a burlesque poem, entitled " Ricciar-
detto," a lively and elegant production,
in which the style of Ariosto and Pulci
is bv turns verv happily imitated.
FOSBROOKE, Thomas Dudley, a
learned and industrious antiquary and
archaeologist, was b. in 1770; com-
menced his literary career in 1796, with,
a poem entitled " The Economy of Mo-
nastic Life ;" and, in 1799, he produced
his " British Monachism." His next
work was the " History of Gloucester-
shire," and in 1819 appeared his "His-
tory of the City of Gloucester." These
were followed by the " Wye Tour,"
" Ariconensia," and the "Berkeley
Manuscripts." In 1824 he published
his most important work, the " Ency-
clopaedia of Antiquities, and Elements
of Archaeology ;" and, in 1828, a kind
of sequel to it, called " Foreign Topog-
raphv." D. 1842.
rdSCOLO, Ugo, a distinguished Ital-
ian writer, was b. at sea, in 1776, in a
Venetian frigate, lying near Zante, of
which island his father was governor.
He was educated at Padua, and pro-
duced his tragedy of " Thyestes" before
he was 20. He was soon after employed
as secretaiy to Battoglia, who was sent
ambassador to Bonaparte, to endeavor
to preserve the independence of the
Venetian republic. The embassy was
unsuccessful, and Foscolo retired into
Lombardy, where he produced his cele-
brated "Letters of Ortis," which estab-
41X)
CYCL0P-<ED1A OF BIOGRAPHY.
[fou
lished his fame. Having enlisted in the
first Italian legion that was formed, he
was shut up in Genoa during the famous
siege of 1799, with General Massena, and
while there he composed two of his
finest odes. He remained in the Italian
army till 1805, when he was sent to
Calais with the troops professedly des-
tined for the invasion of England ; but
he soon after quitted the service. He
was appointed professor of literature at
Pavia, in 1809 f when the bold language
of his introductory lecture is said to
have offended Bonaparte, and the pro-
fessorship was immediately suppressed.
In 1812 he produced his tragedy of
" Ajax," which was represented at the
theatre Delia "Scala, at Milan; but it
being supposed to convey a satire on
the cliaracter of Bonaparte, he found it
necessary to withdraw to Florence. He
is said to have si\bsequently engaged in
a conspiracy to expel the Austrians
from Italy ; but a discovery taking
place, he was obliged to decamp, first
to Switzerland, from whence he shortly
after removed to Enarland, where he
was well received by the most eminent
literati, and noticed by people of dis-
tinction. Besides publishing his "Es-
says on Petrarch," " Disputations and
Notes on Dante,'' &c., he contributed
to the Edinburgh, Quarterly, and other
reviews. D. 1827.
FOSSE, Charles de la, an eminent
painter, was b. at Paris, in 1640. He
became successively professor, director,
and chancellor of the academy of paint-
ing, and d. in 1716. — Anthony de la,
sieur d'Aubigny, nephew of the prece-
ding, was b. at Paris, in 1653. He was
secretary to the duke d'Aumont, but he
devoted considerable time to literary
pursuits, and wrote several successful
tragedies, of which the best is entitled
♦' Manlius Capitolinus." D. 1708.
FOSTER, James, an eminent dissent-
ing minister of the sect called Indepen-
dents, was b. at Exeter, in 1697, and
commenced preaching there in 1718.
He afterwards removed to Trowbridge,
in Wiltshire, where he turned Baptist ;
and in 1724 was chosen successor to Dr.
John Gale, of the chapel in Barbican,
London, where he acted im a pastor
nearly 20 years, and also as a lecturer at
a meeting-house in the Old Jewry. He
•was so eloquent a preacher that crowds
flocked to hear him, and Pope has made
honorable mention of him in his satires.
He wrote a " Defence of Revelation," in
reply to Tindal; "Tracts on Heresy,"
"Discourses on Natural Religion and
Social Virtue," &c. D. 1753,— John,
one of the most able writers and origin-
al thinkers of modern times, was b. in
Yorkshire, 1770. At an early acre he
entered the Baptist college at Bristol,
and on the completion of liis theological
studies, was successively settled as a
preacher at various places, the last of
which was Downend, near Bristol ; but
he afterwards relinquished his pastoral
duties, and the last 20 years of his life
were chiefly devoted to literary pursuits.
He was a frequent contributor to the
" Eclectic Review," (some of his articles
have been collected and published sep
arately,) but his chief reputation ih
founded on his "Essays," which have
gone through numerous editions, and
whose popularity seems to increase with
the lapse of time. D. 1843. — Sir Mi-
chael, an eminent lawyer, was b. at
Marlborough, in Wiltshire. In 1735 he
was chosen recorder of Bristol ; and, in
1745, appointed one of the justices of
the King's Bench, on which occasion he
received the honor of knighthood. He
published a tract against Bishop Gib-
son's " Codex on Church Power,'' and a
" Report of the Trials of the Rebels, in
the year 1746." He was an independent
and fearless assertor of the liberty of the
subject.
FOTHERGILL, George, an eminent
divine, was b. in Westmoreland, in 1705,
and educated at Kendal school, from
yhence he removed to Queen's college,
Oxford, where he became fellow and
tutor. In 1751 he was elected principal
of Edmund hall, and presented to the
vicarage of Bramley, in Hampshire. He
wrote two volumes of sermons, which
were highly esteemed. D. 1760.
FOUCHE, Joseph, duke of Otranto,
was the son of a captain of a merchant
ship, and b. at Nantes, in 1763. It was
intended he should follow the same pro-
fession as his father, but he adopted that
of the law, and the events of the revo-
lution soon brought him into notice.
He headed a popular society at Nantes,
by which he was sent, in 1792, as their
deputy to the national convention ; and
on the trial of Louis XVI., he voted for
his death. In 1793 he was sent to Lyons
with Collot d'llerbois, and the cruelties
he tliere committed are recorded in his
own letters and reports. Returning to
Paris, he joined in the destruction of
Robespierre. Circumstances at length
placed him at the head of the Parisian
police, in which office he was a useful
instrument in the hands of Bonaparte.
To the superintendence c f police Bona>
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
411
|>arte added the management of the
interior, and in 18C5 he made him duke
of Otranto. He then opened his draw-
ing-room to the ancient nobility, many
of whom he employed as spies ; but the
emperor grew suspicious of this minis-
ter, and after his second marriage he
resolved on dismissing him, for which
an opportunity soon offered. He was
then sent into a sort of honorable exile,
with the empty title of governor of
Eome. In 1814 he returned to France,
and was well received by the restored
government. When Napoleon reap-
peared in France, Fouch^ was s^^ddenly
called to the ministry, and filled his post
with skUl. After the battle of Waterloo
he was appointed president of the pro-
visional government, when he appeared
as negotiator between the emperor and
the allied powers ; and seeing the use-
lessness of Paris oflTering a defence, he
acted honorably in advising Napoleon
to abdicate. Louis XVUT. continued
Otranto as one of his ministers, until,
by the law of the 6th of January, 1816,
he was obliged to quit France. D. 1820.
FOULIS, KoBERT and Andrew, two
eminent printers in Glasgow, distin-
guished for the beauty and accuracy of
their books, particularly the Latin and
Greek classics. Andrew d. 1774, and
Robert, 1776.
FOUQUIER TINVILLE, Anthony
QuENTiN, was b. 1747. As director of
Eobespierre's revolutionary tribunal in
1793, he boasted of pronouncing only
one word — "Death." It was he that
accused Marie Antoinette of incest with
the dauphin ; to which infamous accusa-
tion she repHed, " I appeal to all mo-
thers whether the charge is possible."
He called the guillotine the coining ma-
chine of the revolution ; but was guillo-
tined himself in 1795.
FOUQUIERES, James, a Flemish
painter, was b. at Antwerp in 1580. He
was the disciple of Velvet Breughel,
and became so excellent in painting
landscapes, as to be ranked with Titian.
D. 1659.
FOUKCROY, ANTorNE Francois de,
an eminent French chemist and natural
philosopher, was b. at Paris, in 1755 ;
and having adopted the profession of
medicine, he applied himself closely to
the study of the sciences connected
with it, especially to chemistry. In
1784 he was appointed professor of
chemistry at the Jardin du Roi; and
about this period he became associated
with Lavoisier, Berthollet, &c., in re-
inarches which led to vast improve-
ments and discoveries in chemistry, and,
in conjunction Avith them, he drew up
the new "Mc'thode de Nomenclature
Chimique." When the revolution took
place, he engaged in politics, and was
chosen a deputy from Paris to the na-
tional convention. In 1794 he became
a member of the committee of public
safety, and, next year, passed into the
council of ancients. In 1799, Bonaparte
gave him a place in the council of state,
when he was intrusted with the manage-
ment of all affairs relating to public in-
struction, and acquitted himself in a
manner highly meritorious. He was the
author of many valuable works on
chemical science and natural philosophy.
D. 1809.
FOURIER, Francois Charles Marie,
was b. at Besangon on the 7th April,
1772. He was the son of a linen-draper,
was educated at the college of his native
city, and was an industrious and suc-
cessful student. It was his wish to de-
vote himself entirely to scientific pur-
suits, but his family had determined
that he should follow some mercantile
occupation. This disappointment im
bittered his naturally irritable temper
and laid the foundation of that detest
ation for commerce and its customs
which he ever afterwards entertained.
When Fourier was in his ninth year his
father died, leaving him about foiir thou-
sand pounds. At the age of eighteen
he went to Rouen, where he remained
two years in the shop of a linen-draper.
From Rouen he removed to Lyons to
occupy a situation in a merchant's office.
He set up in 1793 as a merchant in Ly-
ons on his own account with the money
which his fatlier had left him. In 1796
the political events in which Lyons was
involved ruined him. The same year
he was obliged by the mandate of the
governmentto join a cavalry regiment.
His health failing, he obtained permis-
sion in 1798 to leave the arn)y, when he
entered as clerk into a large commercial
house at Marseilles. In 1800 he spent
some months at Paris, through which
on his way to Rouen he had formerly
passed. From 1800 to 1814 he seems
chiefly to have resided at Lyons, though
as a commercial traveller he visited du-
ring that time Germany and other coun-
tries. About the year 1800 he com-
menced publishing' articles in newspa-
pers. In 1808 appeared Fourier's "Theo-
rie des Quatre Mouvemens," intended
as a confession of faith and also as au
introduction to the series of works
which he proposed afterwards to pub-
412
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[fox
lish. Ir the autumn of 1814 he went to
reside with a married sister who lived
at Belley, not far from Lyons. About
this time he was fortunate to make one
convert, M. Just Muiron. In 1822 he
went to Taris, and endeavored to at-
tract the notice of the press to his
"Tlieory of the Four Movements," and
also his "Traite de I'Unite Universelle,"
but tailed. D. 1842.
FOX, Geokge, founder of the society
of Friends, or Quakers, was b. at Dray-
ton, Leicestershire, in 1624, and appren-
ticed to a grazier. At the age of 19 he
persuaded himself that he had received
a divine command to devote himself
solely to religion. lie accordingly for-
sook his relations, and wandered from
place to place, leading a life of itineran-
cy, in which he fasted much, walked
abroad in retired places, studying the
Bible, and sometimes sat in a hollow
tree for a day together. In 1648 he
began to propagate his opinions, and
commencea public preacher. At Derby,
his followers were first denominated
Quakers, in consequence of their tremu-
lous manner of delivery. He was taken
up in 1635, and sent a prisoner to
Cromwell, who, being satisfied with his
pacific intentions, set'liim at liberty. In
fact, he was more than once indebted
to the Protector for his freedom, when
committed to prison by the country
magistracy for his frequent interruption
of ministers while performing divine
service. In 1666 he was liberated from
prison by order of Charles II., and im-
mediately commenced the task of form-
ing his followers into a formal and
united society. In 1669 he married the
widow of Judge Fell, and soon after
came over to America, for the express
purpose of making proselytes. On his
return he was a»ain thrown into prison,
but was soon released, and went to Hol-
land. Eeturning to England, and refu-
sing to pay tithes, he was cast in a suit
for the recovery of them, and again
visited the Continent. His health luxd
now become impaired by the incessant
toil and sutfering he had endured, and
he again revisited his native^ land, living
in a retired manner till his death, in
1690. He was sincere in his religious
opinions, and a rigid observer of the
great moral duties. His writings consist
of his "Journals," "Epistles," and
"Doctrinal Pieces."— Henry, the first
Lord Holland, an eminent statesman,
was b. in ITO"). After filling lower offi-
ces in the state, he was in 1746 appoint-
ed secretary at war ; retired in 1756, to
make way for Mr. Pitt, afterwards earl
of Chatham, but returiicd to office the
following year as paymaster of the
forces ; an(i in this situation his public
conduct has been much animadverted
upon. In 1763 he was created Baron
Holland of Foxley, and d. 1774. —
Chaklks James, the second son of the
preceding, was b. Jan. 13th, 1748; and
received his education at Westminster,
Eton, and Oxford, where his proficiency
in classical literature attracted consid-
erable notice. It was the intention of
his fiither, who had a high opinion of
his capacity, that he should occupy a
prominent station in the political world,
and he accordingly procured for him a
seat in parliament fx)r the borough of
Midhurst when he was only 19. He,
however, prudently remained silent till
he had attained the legal age of a mem-
ber, and then we find him, in 1770,
aiding the ministry, who rewarded him
with the office of one of the lords of the
admiralty ; but he resigned that situa-
tion in 1772 ; and, in 1773, was nomi-
nated a commissioner of the treasury,
from whence he was suddenly dis-
missed, in consequence of some disa-
greement with Lord North. Mr. Fox
now entered the lists of opposition, and
throughout the whole of the American
war proved a most powerful antagonist
to the ministers of that period. On the
downfall of Lord North he was appoint-
ed, in 1782, one of the secretaries of
state, which situation he resigned on
the death of the marquis of Rocking-
ham, when the earl of Shelburne, after-
wards marquis of Landsdowne, was
appointed to succeed him. On the dis-
solution of that short-lived administra-
tion he formed the coalition with Lord
North, (a coalition which was odious to
the great mass of the people,) and re-
sumed his former office. He now
brought in his India bill, which, after
having passed the house of commons,
was unexpectedly thrown out by the
house of lords, and occasioned the res-
ignation of the ministry, of which he
formed a part. Mr. Pitt then came into
power; while Mr. Fox placed himself
at the head of the opposition, and a long
contest took place oetween these illus-
trious rivals. Worn out, and perhaps
disgusted, with public business, he, m
1788, repaired to the Continent, in com-
pany with Mrs. Fox, and after spending
a few days with Gibbon, the historian,
at Lausanne, entered Italy. His literary
abilities were of the first order ; and had
he lived in less stirring times, there
wra]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOORAPHTT.
413
is every probability his country would
have benefited by his writings. As it
was, he left little behind him for our
admiration but his eloquent speeches*
and " The History of tlie Early Fart of
the Reign of James II." On the death
of Mr. Pitt he was again recalled to
power, and set on foot a negotiation for
peace with France, but did not live to
see the issue of it. He d. in the 59th
year of his age, on the 13th of Septem-
ber, 1806. — John, a celebrated church
historian and divine, was b. in 1517, at
Boston, Lincolnshire. Applying him-
self closely to the study of theology, he
became a convert to the principles of the
reformation, was expelled his college on
a charge of heresy, and suifered great
privation. He was the author of many
controversial and other works ; but the
only one which now obtains perusal is
his " History of the Acts and Monu-
ments of the Church," commonly called
" Fox's Book of Martyrs." D. 1587.
FOY, Maximilian Sebastian, general,
was a native of Ham, in Picardy, where
he was b. in 1775. He entered the army
at fifteen years of age, and made his first
campaign under Dumouriez in 1792.
He displayed his military talents to great
advantage in Italy, Germany, and Por-
tugal, and succeeded Marmont as com-
mander-in-chief after the battle of Sala-
manca, where he conducted a skilful
retreat to the Douro. He received his
fifteenth wound on the field of Waterloo,
but refused to quit his post until the
close of that engagement. He was af-
terwards employed as inspector-general
of infantry ; and in 1819 was elected a
member of the chamber of deputies at
Paris, when he distinguished himself
as an orator, and was a great public fa-
vorite. D. 1825.
FRA DIAVOLO, a Neapolitan rob-
ber, whose real name was Michael Pozzo,
was b. about 1769. He was at first a
stocking-maker, afterwards a friar, and
in the latter capacity united himself as
leader to a gang of outlawed banditti in
Calabria. In his double character of
robber and priest, he oifered his ser-
vices, in 1799, to Cardinal, Kuffo, who
headed the counter-revolutionary party
in fiivor of the Bourbons of Naples. For
his services, althougrh a price had been
previously set on his head, he obtained
pardon, distinction, and a pension of
8600 ducats, with which he retired to an
estate which he purchased. On Joseph
Napoleon becoming king, the expelled
fovernment again set him in motion.
Le maiie a descent in 1806. with a large
85*
body of banditti and recruits, at Sper-
longa, threw open the prisons, and v^^aa
joined by numerous lazzaroni ; but^ after
a severe ^ction, he was defeated and
taken prisoner, condemned bv a special
commission, and executed, fle d. with
disdainful indifference. He often, like
Robin Hood, restored their liberty and
{)roperty to captives who interested
lim, especially females, even making
them presents, and affecting to protect
tlie poor.
FLAMERY, Nicholas Stephen, an
eminent French musician and dramatist^
b. at Rouen in 1745. He was the com-
poser both of the poetry and music
of several operas ; wrote many critical
tracts, &c., and for a time conductea
the "Journal de Musique." D. 1810.
FRANCIA, Francesco, an eminent
{)ainter, was b. at Bologna, 1450. He
lad been a goldsmith and an engraver
of medals, but afterwards applied wholly
to painting. Being employed bv Ra-
phael to place a picture ot his in a cnurch
at Bologna, it is said that he was so
struck with its beauty, and convinced
of his own inferiority, that he fell into a
desponding state. J). 1518. — Jose Gas-
par Rodriguez, the celebrated dictator
of Paraguay, was the son of a small
French proprietor in the country, and
b. at Assumgion, in 1757. His mother
was a Creole. Arrived at the proper
age, he - was sent to the university of
Cordova, with a view to entering the
church ; but his plans underwent a
change while he was still a student, and
on his return to his native town with
the degree of doctor of laws, he began
his public career as a barrister. His
high reputation for learning, but still
more for honesty and independence,
procured him an extensive practice;
and he devoted himself to legal pursuits
for thirty years, varying his proiessional
avocations with a perusal of the French
Encyclopsedian writers, and the study
of mathematics and mechanical philoso-
phy, to which he remained addicted
throughout his life. In 1811, soon after
the revolution of the Spanish posses-
sions of South America became general,
Dr. Francia, then in his 54th year, was
appointed secretary to the independent
junta of Paraguay ; and such was the
ability he displayed in this capacity,
that on the formation of a new congress,
called in 1818, he was appointed consul
of the republic, with Yegros for liis col-
league. From this moment the alfairs
of his country underwent a favorable
change ; the finances were husbanded ;
4U
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
1^^
peace was obtained in Paraguay, while
the rest of the South American conti-
nent was a prey to anarchy ; and the
people's gratitude to their deliverer was
characteristically exhibited by confer-
ring upon him, in 1817, unlinlited des-
potic authority, which he exercised du-
ring the renxainder of his life. D. 1840.
i'RANClS, Gilbert Y., a native of
Virginia, noted fur his romantic and
eventful life. He was in early life at-
tached to the navy, then to the stage,
travelled over the world, was for two
years a prisoner in the great desert of
Arabia, afierwards a slave to tlie bashaw
of Tunis, then a lieutenant of guerillas
in Spain, and master of a Dutch lugger
trading to the Malaccas. He was next
overseer of a sugar estate in Jamaica, a
prisoner of the Mexican banditti, a cap-
tive among the Camanche Indians, ran-
somed by some fur -traders from Oregon,
a trader to Chili in the employ of the
Eussians, and tinally one of the early
settlers of Texas. He was a man of de-
fective education, but of the most ener-
getic character. . D. at New Orleans,
of yellow fever, 1839. — I., king of France,
ascended the throne in 1515, at the age
of 21. He was the son of Charles of Or-
leans, and of Louisa of Savoy, grand-
daughter of Valentine, duke of Milan,
in right of whom he laid claim to that
duchy. He founded the Eoyal College
of Paris, and furnislied a magniticent
library at Fontainbleau, besides build-
ing several palaces, which he orna-
mented with pictures and statues, to
the great encouragement of the fine arts.
He IS frequently termed " the Great,"
and "the Restorer of Learning." 1).
1547. — Of Lorraine, emperor of Ger-
many, was b. in 1708, and married in
1736 Maria Theresa, daughter of Charles
VL On the death of her father in 1740,
Maria Theresa appointed her husband
to the administration of tlie government,
and on the death of Charles VIL in 1745,
he was elected emperor. D. 1765. — St.,
or Francis of Assisi, the founder of the
order of Franciscan friars, was b. at
Assisi, in Umbria, in 1182. He was the
son of a merchant, and said to be of
dissolute liabits ; but on recovering from
a dangerous illness he became enthusi-
astically devout, and devoted himself
to solitude, joyfully undergoing every
species of penance and mortification.
Thinking liis extravagance proceeded
from insanity, his father had him closely
confined ; and at length, being taken
before the bisliop of'Assisi, in order
formally to resign all claim to his pater-
nal estate, he not only assented to it,
but literally stripped himself. Ho wa««
now looked upon as a saint ; and grer
numbers joining him in his vow of pov
erty, lie drew up rules for their use,
wliich being sanctioned by Pope Inno-
cent III., the order of Fninciscans was
established. So rapidly did they in-
crease, that in 1219 he held a chapter,
which was attended by 5000 friai-s. Af
ter having made a fruitless effort to con
vert the Sultan Meleddin, lie returned
to Assisi, where he d. in 1226 ; and was
canonized by Pope Gregory in 1230.—
Of Paulo, a saint, b. at Paulo, in Cala-
bria, in 1416. He was brought up in a
Franciscan convent; and in order to
exceed the preceding saint in austerity
of life, he retired to a cell on the desert
part of the coast, wliere he soon obtain-
ed followers, built a monastery, and
thus commenced a new order, called
Minims. He enjoined on his disciples
a total abstinence from wine, flesh, and
fish; besides which they were always
to go barefoot, and never to sleep on a
bed. He d. in France, aged 91, in 1508,
and was canonized by Leo X. — De Sales,
another saint, was b. of a noble family
at the castle of Stiles, near Geneva, 1567.
He obtained great praise for tlie success
which attended his missions for tlie con-
version of his Protestant countrymen.
He was ultimately made bishop of Ge-
neva ; and he performed the duties of
his station with exemplary diligence and
charity. He d. in 1622, and was canon-
ized in 1665. — Philip, son of the dean
of Lismore, was a poet and dramatic
writer, though much more celebrated
for his translation of Horace and other
classic authors, than for his originat
compositions. He was educated at Dub-
lin; and having' taken orders, first
settled at Esher, Surrey, where he kept
an academy, and had Gibbon the his-
torian among his pupils. He afterwards
held the living of Barrow, Suffolk, and
was chaplain to Chelsea Hospital. He
wrote " Eugenia" and " Constantia,"
two tragedies, some controversial tracts,
&c., D. 1773. — Sir Philip, a political
character of some distinction, and a son
of the preceding, was b. at Dublin in
1740. lie entered into public life as a
clerk in the secretary of state's office ;
after which he went out as secretary to
the embassy to Portugal ; and, in 1773,
he became a memberof the council or
Bengal. He remained in India till 1780,
during which time he was the constant
and strenuous opponent of the measures
of Governor Hastings ; and his opposi-
fra]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
415
tion savoring too much of personal hos-
tility, a duel was the result. On his
return to England he was chosen mem-
ber for the borough of Yarmouth, in the
Lsle of Wight; and, joining the opposi-
tion, he took a prominent part in most
of tlieir measures, particularly in the
impesichment of Mr. Hastings. He pub-
lished many political pamphlets and
speeches, all of which are imbued with
considerable spirit and party feeling.
The celebrated "Letters of Junius"
have been attributed to him. T>. 1818.
— I., Joseph Charles, emperor of Aus-
tria, kin^ of Lombard y, <toc., was b. in
1768, and succeeded his father, Leopold
II., in 1792. At that time he was styled
erqperor of Germany, by the name of
Francis 11. ; but, in 1804, when France
had been declarefl an empire, he as-
sumed the title of hereditary emperor
of Austria; and, on the establishment
of the confederation of the Rhine in
1806, he renounced the title of Roman
emperor and German king, and resigned
the government of the German empire.
D. 1835.
FRANCKLIN, Thomas, was the son
of the printer of the celebrated anti-
ministerial paper called " The Crafts-
man," and b. in 1721. He was educated
at Westminister school and Trinity col-
lege, Cambridge ; became Greek pro-
fessor at Cambridge; obtained succes-
sively the livings of Ware, Tunbridge,
and iSrasted, and was made king's chap-
lain. He translated Lucian, Sophocles,
and other classic authors ; wrote a
"Dissertation on Ancient Tragedy,"
four volumes of " Sermons," " Tlie Earl
of Warwick," and various other dramas.
D. 1784.
FRANCES, or FRANKEN, Fkancis.
There were two eminent Dutch painters
of this name, father and son ; distin-
guished for the beauty of their scrip-
tural pieces. The elder Franks d. 1616 ;
the other 1642.
FRANKLIN, Benjamin, an eminent
philosopher and politician, was b. at
Boston, 1706. His father, who had emi-
grated from England, was a tallow-
chandler ; and Benjamin, the fifteenth
of seventeen children, was apprenticed
to his elder brother, a printer and pub-
lisher of a newspaper at Boston. His
early passion for reading, which he had
always manifested, was now gratified ;
and he was able also, thro\igh the medi-
um of the newspaper, to try his powers
at l.terary composition. Some political
articles in this journal having offended
the general court of the colony, the pub-
lisher was imprisoned, and forbidden
to continue it. To elude this prohibi-
tion, young Franklin was made the
nominal editor, and his indentures were
ostensibly cancelled. After the release
of his brother, he took advantage of
this act to assert his freedom, and thus
escaped from a severity of treatment
which he thought savored more of the
rigorous master than the kind relation
He therefore secretly embarked aboarc
a small vessel bound to New York,
without means or ^commendations ;
and not finding employment there, he
set out for Philadelphia, where he ar-
rived on foot with a penny roll in his
hand, and one dollar in his purse. Here
he obtained employment as a composi-
tor, and having attracted the notice of
Sir William Keith, governor of Penn-
sylvania, was induced by his promises
to visit England, for the purpose of
purchasing types, &c., to establish him-
self in business. Upon reaching Lon-
don, in 1725, he found himself entirely
deceived in his promised letters of
credit and recommendation from Gov-
ernor Keith ; and being, as before, in a
strange place, without credit or ac-
quaintance, he went to work once more
as a compositor. While he was in Lon-
don (a period of about eighteen months)
he became a convert to deistical opin-
ions, and wrote a " Dissertation on Lib-
erty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain,"
wherein he endeavored to show that
there was no diflference between virtue
and vice. In 1726 he returned to Phila-
delphia ; soon after which he entered
into business as a printer and stationer ;
and in 1728 he established a newspaper.
Inl732he published his "Poor Richard's
Almanac,'' which became noted for the
concise and useful maxims on industry
and economy with which it was sprin-
kled. In 1736 he was appointed clerk to
the general assembly at Pennsylvania,
and the year following, postmaster of
Philadelphia. In the French war, in
1744, he proposed and carried into effect
. a plan of association for the defence of
that province, which merits notice, as
it served to unfold to America the secret
of her own strength. About the same
time he commenced his electrical exper-
iments, making several discoveries in
that branch of philosophy, the principal
of which was the identity of the electric
fire and lightning ; and as practical util-
ity^ was, in his opinion, the ultimate
object of all philosophical investigation,
he immediately applied his discoveries
to the invention of^ iron conductors for
416
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[fre
the protectior of buildings from light-
ning. In 1747 he was chosen a repre-
sentative of the general assembly, in
which situation he distinguished him-
self by several acts of public utility.
By his means a militia bill was passed,
and he was appointed colonel of the
Philadelphia regiment. In 1557 he was
Bent to England as agent for Pennsyl-
vania. At this time he was chosen
fellow of the Koyal Society, and honored
with the degree of doctor of laws by the
universities of St. Andrew's, Edinburgh,
and Oxford. In 1762 he returned to
America ; bat two years afterwards he
again visited England, in his former
capacity, as agent; and it was at tliis
f)eriod that he was examined at the
louse of commons concerning the
stamp act. In 1775 he returned home,
and was el, £ted a delegate to the con-
gress. He was very active in the con-
test between England and the colonies ;
and was sent to France, where, in 1778,
lie signed a treaty of alliance, offensive
and defensive, which produced a war
between that country and England. In
1788 he signed the definite treaty of
peace, and in 1785 returned to America,
where he was chosen president of the
supreme council. D. 1790. Besides his
political, miscellaneous, and philosophi-
cal pieces, he wrote several papers in
the " American Transactions,'' and two
volumes of essays, with liis life prefixed,
written by himself. — Eleanor Anne, the
wife of Captain Franklin, the celebrated
navigator, but known as an authoress as
Miss Porden, was the youngest daughter
of Mr. Porden, an architect ; and b. 1795.
In early youth she exhibited great talent
and a strong memory, and acquired a
considerable knowledge of Greek and
other languages. Her first poem, " The
Veils," was written when she was 17.
Her next was " The Arctic Expedition,"
which led to her acquaintance with
Captain Franklin ; but her principal
work is the epic of "Coeur de Lion."
D. 1825.
FRAUENHOFER, Joseph von, pro-
fessor of philosophy in the Royal Bava-
rian Academy, was the son of a glazier
at Straubing, and apprenticed to a glass-
cutter. After struggling with many
difficulties, he acquired a knowledge ot'
the theory of optics and mathematics,
constructed a glass-cutting machine, and
ground optical glasses. His subsequent
discoveries and inventions in optics, the
excellence of the telescopes which he
manufactured, and his " Researches
concerning the Lawa of Light," printed
in Gilbert's " Annals of Physics," all
contributed to establish his fame ; and
he d. in 1826, after having been raised
to deserved celebrity as a man of science.
FREDERIC I., surnamc.d Barbarossa,
emperor of Germany, b. in 1121, wjis
the son of Frederic, duke of Suabia, and
succeeded his uncle Conrad on the im-
perial throne in 1152. His principal
efforts were directed to extend and con-
firm his power in Italy, but the events
of the war, which lasted almost twenty
vears, were not particularly favorable for
him. — II., the grandson of the prece-
ding, and son of Henry VII., was b. in
119-i; elected king of the Romans in
1196, and emperor in 1210, in opposition
to Otho. He afterwards went to tlie
Holy Land, and concluded a truce with
the sultan of Babylon, which so pro-
voked Pope Gregory IX. that he anath-
ematized him. Oil this Frederic returned
to Europe, and laid siege to Rome, which
occasioned the famous parties of the
Guelphs and the Ghibelines. D. 1250.
FREDERIC WILLIAM, generally
called the Great Elector, was b. in 1620,
and at the age of 20 years succeeded his
father as elector of Brandenburg. He
is considered as the founder of the Prus-
sian greatness ; and from him is derived
much of that military spirit which is now
the national characteristic. By afford-
ing protection to the French Protestant
refugees, he gained, as citizens of the
state, 20,000 industrious manufacturers,
an acquisition of no slight importance to
the north of Germany ; and he also gave
great encouragement to agricultural im-
provements. He founded the library at
Berlin, and a university at Duisburg ;
and at his death he left to his son a
country much enlarged, and a well-sup-
flied treasury. D.' 1688. — L, king of
'russia, son of Frederic I., and itither
of Frederic the Great, was b. in 1688,
and ascended the throne in 1713, having
previously married a daughter of the
elector of Hanover, afterwards George I.
of England. His habits were entirely
military ; and his constant care was to
establish the strictest discipline among
his troops. D. 1740. — II., king of Prus-
sia, commonly called tlie Great, and
sometimes erroneously styled Frederic
III., was b. in 1712. He obtained but a
scanty education, owing to his father's
f)redilectiou for military discipline, and
lis determination to check the strong
inclination wliich he perceived in the
heir-apparent to cherish literature. This
led him, in 1780, to attempt an escape
from Prussia ; but the scheme being dis-
fre]
coveied, the prince was confined in tlie
castle of Custriii, and his young com-
panion, Katte, executed before his face.
After an imprisonment of some months,
a reeoncination was effected ; and in 1733
he married the princess of Brunswick
Wolfenbuttel, in obedience to his fa-
ther's command ; but it is said the mar-
riage was never consummated. In 1740
he succeeded to the throne, and it was
not long before he added Lower Silesia
to his dominions. In 1744 he took
Prague, with its garrison of 16,000 men.
In 1745 he defeated the prince of Lor-
raine at Freidburgh, and then marched
into Bohemia, where he defeated an
Austrian arm}^. Sliortly after he took
Dx-esden, laid it under heavy exactions,
md there concluded a highly favorable
^oace. During the ten years of com-
parative tranquillity that followed, Fred-
eric employed himself in bringing his
troops into a state of discipline never
before equalled in any age or country.
He also encouraged agriculture, the arts,
manufactures, and commerce, reformed
the laws, and increased the revenues ;
thus improving the condition of the
state, and rendering it more than a
match for foreign enemies. Secret in-
formation of an alliance between Aus-
tria, Kussia, and Saxony gave him reason
to fear an attack, which he hastened to
anticipate by the invasion of Saxony, in
1756. This commenced the seven years'
war, in which he contended single-
handed against the united forces of
Russia, Saxony, Sweden, France, Aus-
tria, and the great majority of the other
German states : till at length, after vari-
ous changes of fortune, he was left, in
1763, in the peaceful possession of all
his paternal and acquired dominions.
He now entered into a league with his
former enemies, which in 1772 was ce-
mented by the partition of Poland, an
act which was then, as it is now, de-
nounced by every lover of freedom and
national security. The remainder of his
life, with the exception of a short de-
monstration of hostility towards Austria,
which was terminated by the mediation
of Kussia, was passed in the tranquillity
of literary leisure, and in an unreserved
intercourse with learned men ; among
whom Voltaire and Maupertuis were for
a long time his especial favorites. His
own literary attainments were far above
mediocrity, as mny be seen by his " His-
tory of his own Times," " The History
of the Seven Years' War," "Consider-
ations on the State of Europe," " Me-
nioirs of the House of Brandenburgh,"
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGKAFHY.
417
poems, &c. D. 1786. — TIL, king of
Prussia, was b. in 1770, and ascended
the throne, on the death of his father,
in 1797.
FREIND, John, a learned physician
and writer on medical science, was b. in
1675, at Croton, in Northamptonshire.
In 1708 he distinguished himself by an
able work on diseases peculiar to females,
which raised him to eminence as a phys-
iologist. The next year he was appoint-
ed chemical pi'ofessor at Oxford ; and in
1705 he accompanied the earl of Peter-
borough in his expedition to Spain, as
physician to the army. On his return
in 1707 he published a vindication of
the earl's conduct in Spain, which gain-
ed him considerable reputation. He
then obtained his diploma of M.D., and
in 1709 published his " Lectures on
Chemistry." In 1716 he was elected a
fellow of the college of physicians, and
in 1722 he was brought mto parliament
for Launceston. The year following he
was sent to the Tower on suspicion of
being concerned in Atterbury's plot, but
was soon released on bail. While in
confinement, he wrote an epistle to his
friend Dr. Mead, " De quibusdam Vari-
olarum Generibus." He also formed the
plan of his greatest literary undertaking,
which he afterwards published, under
the title of " The History of Physic,"
&c. At the accession of George II. he
was appointed physician to the queen.
D. 1728.
FEEINSHEM, or FREINSHEMIUS,
John, a learned German, was b. at Ulm,
in 1608, and became professor of rhetoric
in the university at LFpsal, and librariaii
to Queen Christina of Sweden ; but
returned to Germany in consequence of
ill health, and died at Heidelberg, 1660.
He showed himself a profound scholar,
particularly by his celebrated supple-
ments to the lost books and passages of
Curtius and of Livy.
FRENICLE DE BESSY, Bernard, a
French mathematician, celebrated for
his skill in solving mathematical ques-
tions without the aid of algebra. He
kept his method a secret during his life,
but a description of it was found among
his papers, and is called the method of
exclusion. D. 1675.
FRERE, John Hookham, a gentleman
distinguished for his diplomatic talents,
was b. in 1769, and was educated at
Eton, where, in conjunction with Can-
ning, &c., he appeared as one of the
youtiiful writers of the "Microcosm." He
entered parliament in 1706 as membe"
for West Looe ; in 1799 succeeded hia
418
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[fho
friend Mr. Canning as under-seeretary
of state for foreign atfairs, and subse-
c^aentl^ filled various diplomatic n.is-
sions in Spain, Portugal, and Prussia.
Mr. Frere was a good scholar, and a
man of great and varied talents ; but
most of his writings were of a fugitive
kind, and have not been publislied in a
collected form, lie had resided at Malta
many years, and there he d. 1846.
FREKET, Nicholas, a French writer,
was b. at Paris, in 1688, and abandoned
his profession of law to devote himself
to the study of history and chronology,
llis treatises and controversies on these
subjects, among others with Newton,
compose a great part of the memoirs of
the Academy at that time. His first
work, " On the Origin of the French,"
wounded the national vanity so deeply,
that it occasioned his imprisonment in
the Bastille. D. 1749.
FRERON, Elie Catharine, a French
critic, was b. at Quimper, in 1719, and
was originally a Jesuit, but quitted the
society at the age of 20. In 1749 he
commenced his " Letters on certain
"Writings of the Times," which extended
to 13 vols. ; and, as he freely criticised
the works and actions of otlicrs, it pro-
cured him some powerful enemies,
among whom was Voltaire. He tlien
began his " Annce Litteraire," which
he continued till his death, 1776. Be-
sides the above works, he wrote
Miscellanies, " Les Vrais Plaisirs,"
"Opuscules," &c. — Louis Stanislaus,
Bon of the preceding, was one of most
violent of the French revolutionists.
In 1789 he commenced an incendiary
journal, called "L'Orateur du Peuple,"
associated himself with Marat, and was
guilty of many enormities at Toulon and
elsewhere. B. 1757 ; d. 1802.
FRESNEL, Augustine John, an ex-
perimental French philosopher, distin-
guished by his admirable experiments
on the inflection and polarization of
light ; was b. at Broglie, in 1788, and d.
in 1827.
FRESCOBALDI, Girolamo, an emi-
nent musician and composer, b. at
Ferrara, in 1601, and appointed organist
at St. Peter's, Rome, in 1624, He is the
first Italian who composed in fugue for
the organ, wliich is a German invention ;
and is considered as the father of that
species of organ playing known at this
day by the name of " voluntaries."
FRISCII, John Leonard, a German
naturalist and divine, was b. in Sulzbach,
in 1666. He was the founder of the silk
manufactory in Brandenburg, and was
the first who cultivated mulberry-trees
in that country. He was the author of
a " German and Latin Dictionary," a
" Description of Geruian Insects," &c.
D. 1743.
FRISCHLIN, NicoDEMua, a German
writer, who distinguished himself by
his classical attainments, and still more
by his poetical satires. He was b. at
Balingen, in the duchy of Wirtemburg,
in 1447 ; studied at the university of
Tubingen, where he obtained a profes-
sorship at 20 years of age; and wrote a
critical work, entitled "Strigil Gram-
matica," which involved him in much
angry controversy. Having written an
abusive letter to the duke of Wirtem-
burg, for refusing to grant him some
pecuniary favor, he was arrested, and
sent to the prison of Aurach ; from which
he attempted to escape, but fell down a
frightful precipice, and was dashed to
pieces. This happened in 1590.
FRISI, Paul, a mathematician and
philosopher, was b. at Milan, in 1727 ;
obtained professorships in several col-
leges ; and ultimately was placed by the
government at the head of the archi-
tectural department in the university of
his native city. He was the author of
many useful treatises on electricity,
ast'ronomv, hvdraulics, &c. D. 1784.
FROBICNIUS, or FROBEN, John, a
learned printer, was b. at Hammelburg,
in Franconia, in 1460. He established
a press at Basle, at which Erasmus, who
was his intimate friend, and lodged iu
his house, had all his works printed.
D. 1527.
FROBISHER, Sir Martin, a cele-
brated English navigator, was b. near
Doncaster, Yorkshire, and brought up
to a maritime life. The discovery of a
northwest passage to the Indies excited
his ambition ; and, after many fruitless
attempts to induce merchants to favor
his project, he was enabled, by the
ministers and courtiers of Queen Eliza-
beth, to fit out a private adventure,
consisting only of two small barks and
a pinnace. In this enterprise, he ex-
plored various parts of the arctic coast,
and entering the strait wliich has ever
since been called by his name, returned
to England with some black ore, which
being supposed to contain gold, induced
Queen Elizabeth to patronize a second,
and even a third voyage, but all of them
proved fruitless. In 1585, Frobisher
accompanied Drake to the West Indies :
and, at the defeat of the Spanish
Armada, was honored with knighthood
for his bravery, lu 1590 and 1592,
FUO]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
419
he commanded squadrons succeasfuUy
against the Spanuirds ; and in 159'4, be-
ing sent witli four ships of war to the
assistance of Henry IV. of France, lie
was wounded in attacking fort Croyzan,
near Brest, and died on his return home.
FROISSART, John, an early French
chroniek;r and poet, was b. at VtUen-
cionnes, in 1337. He was originally
destined for the church ; but his incli-
nation for poetry was soon apparent,
and was accompanied by a great passion
for the fair sex, and a fondness for feasts
and gallantry. In order to divert his
mind from the chagrin attendant on an
unsuccessful love-suit, or, what is more
likely, a desire to learn from their own
mouths the achievements of his cotem-
porary warriors, induced him to travel ;
and he visited England, where he was
kindly patronized by Philippa of Hai-
nault, queen of Edward the III., whose
court was. always open to the gay poet
and nan-ator of chivalric deeds. In 1366
he accompanied Edward the Black
Prince to Aquitaine and Bordeaux.
On the death of his protectress Philippa,
Froissart gave up all connection with
England; and, after many adventures
as a diplomatist and soldier, he became
domestic chaplain to the duke of Bra-
bant, who was a poet as well as himself,
and of whose verses, united with some
of his own, he formed a kind of romance,
called " Meliador." On the duke's
death, in 1384, he entered the service of
Guy, count of Blois, who induced him
to continue his chronicles. He paid
another visit to England in 1395, and
was introduced to Richard II., but on
the dethronement of this prince he re-
turned to Flanders, where he died, in
1401. His historical writings strikingly
exhibit the character and manners of
his age, and are highly valuable for tlieir
simplicity and minuteness.
FKUGONI, Charles Innocent, a cele-
brated Italian poet, b. at Genoa, 1692.
He originally belonged to one of the
monastic orders, but obtained leave to
quit it, settled at Parma, and was ap-
pointed court poet. He was a fertile and
elegant writer, and his works include
almost every variety of poetical compo-
sition. D. 1768.
FRY, Mrs. Elizabeth, whose active
exertions and pious zeal in administer-
ing to the moral and spiritual wants of
the wretched, will hand down her name
to posterity as a benefactor of mankind,
was the wife of Joseph Fry, esq., of
Upton, Essex, and sister to Joseph Gur-
uey, esq., of Earlliara Hall, near Nor-
wich; also, sister to Lady Buxton,
widow of Sir Fowell Buxton. Mrs. Fry
has been emphatically called " the
female Howard ;" and although she did
not conline her sphere of observation to
the unhappy inmates of the prison alone,
but dispensed her blessings to the poor
and helpless wherever found, her main
object through life was the alleviation of
the sorrows of the captive. D. 1845.
FRYE, Thomas, an artist, born in
Ireland, in 1710. He is said to have
been the first manufacturer of porcelain
in England, but the heat of the furnaces
having injured his health, he adopted
the profession of a portrait painter and
mezzotinto engraver. D. 1762.
FUCA, Juan de, whose real name was
Apostolos Valerianos, was a native of
Cephalonia, and d. at Zante, in 1632.
For upwards of forty years he acted as
a pilot in the Spanish American posses-
sions ; and, in 1592, he was sent by the
viceroy of Mexico to explore the west
coast of North America, for an inlet
which might lead to a communication
with the Atlantic. But the account of
his discovery was mingled with such
romantic tales, that it remained disbe-
lieved in modern times, until the tra-
ding vessels which frequent this coast,
in the fur trade, having approached the
shore from which Captain Cook had
been driven by contrary winds, discov-
ered the inlet mentioned by De Fuca,
between the 48th and 49t'h parallels.
This strait was thoroughly explored by
Vancouver, in 1792.
FUCHS, Theophilus, a German poet,
b. at Leppersdorf, in Upper Saxony, was
the son of a poor peasant, whose labors
he shared till he was 18. He afterwards
studied theology at Lcipsic, became a
country clergyman, ancl wrote many
lyrical pieces. D. about 1810.
FUESSLI, John Gaspard, a Swiss
artist, b. at Zurich, in 1706 ; author of a
" History of the Artists of Switzerland,."
&e. D. 1781, leaving three sons. — Ro-
DoLPH, afterwards librarian to the em-
peror of Germany ; Henry, the eminent
painter, better known by the name of
Fuseli ; and Gaspar, a skilful entomolo-
gist, who resided at Leipsic, and pftb-
lished several works on his favorite
science.
FUGER, Frederic Henry, an emi-
nent painter, and director of the impe-
rial picture-gallery in Belvidere, at
Vienna, was b. at "Heilbron, 1751. Ho
began by painting miniatures while a
mere child ; but as he grew up, his pas-
sion for historical subjects led hita to
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[ful
emulate tlie great masters in that branch
of the art. In 1774 he went to Vienna,
and was sent as a pensioner to Eome by
the Empress Maria Tlicresa. After a
diligent study of seven years there, he
went to Naples, and resided two years
in tlie house of the imperial ambassador.
Count Von Lamberg, where he had a
fine opportunity of exerting his talents.
On his return to Vienna, in 1784, he
was appointed vice-director of the
school of painting and sculpture at Vi-
enna. He painted many large portraits,
miniatures, and historical pieces, some
of which are highly esteemed. His
"St. John in the Wilderness," painted
for the imperial chapel, in 1804, is a
masterpiece, and for it he received 1000
ducats. D. 1818.
FUGGER, the name of a rich and
noble family, whose founder was John
Fugger, a weaver, residing in a small
village near Augsburg. — John, his eld-
est son, likewise a weaver, obtained, by
marriage, the rights of a citizen of Augs-
burg, and carried on a linen trade in
that city, then an important commercial
place. D. 1409. — Andrew, son of the
last, acquired such great wealth, that
he was called the rich Fugger. He died
without issue, and his three nephews,
Ulkich, George, and James, married
ladies of noble families, and were raised
to the rank of nobles by the Emperor
Maximiliitn. Under the Emperor Charles
V. this family rose to its highest splen-
dor. When Charles held the memora-
ble diet at Augsburg, in 1530, he lived
for a year and a day in Anthony Fug-
ger's splendid house near the wine mar-
ket. The emperor derived considerable
pecuniary aid from him, and in return
raised him and his brother Raimond to
the dignity of counts and bannerets, in-
vested them with the estates of Kirch-
berg and Weissenhorn, and granted
them letters giving tliem princely privi-
leges, and the right of coining money.
Anthony left at his death 6,000,000 gold
crowns, besides jewels and other valu-
able property, and possessions in all
parts of Europe and the Indies. It was
of hiin that the Emperor Charles, when
viewing the royal treasure at Paris, ex-
claimed, " There is at Augsburg a linen
weaver who could pay as much as this
with his own gold." And it was he
also who did one of the most graceful
and princely courtesies on record, as the
following anecdote will show : — When
Charles V. returned from Tunis, and
paid Anthony a visit, the latter pro-
duced the emperor's bond for an im-
mense sum of money with which he
had supplied him ; and on a tire made of
cinnamon wood, which had been lighted
in the hall, he nobly, though somewhat
ostentatiously, made a burnt-offering of
it to his imperial visitor. " This noble
family," says the "Mirror of Honor,"
"contains in five branches, (1619,) 47
counts and countesses, and including
the other members, old and young,
about as many persons as the year has
days." Even while counts they con-
tinued to pursue commerce, and their
wealth became such, that, in 94 years,
they bought real estate to the amount
of 941,000 florins, and in 1762 wned
two counties, six lordships, and o'l other
estates, besides their houses and lands
in and around Augsburg. They had
collections of rich treasures of art and
rare books. Painters and musicians
were supported, and the arts and sci-
ences were liberally patronized by them.
Their gardens and buildings displayed
good taste, and they entertained their
guests with regal magnificence. But
while the industry, the prudence, the
honors, the influence ot the Fugger
family is mentioned, we ought also to
state that these were eciualled only by
their unbounded charity and their zeal
to do good. In acts of private benevo-
lence, and in the foundation of hospitals,
schools, and charitable institutions, they
were unrivalled.
FULDA, Charles Frederic, a Prot-
estant divine, b. at Wimpfen, in 1722 ;
author of several learned treatises, viz. :
"On the Goths," "On the Cimbri,"
"On the Ancient German Mythology,"
&c. D.1788.
FULLER, Thomas, an eminent histo-
rian and divine of the church of En-
gland, in the 17th century, was b. at
Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire, in 1608.
His first clerical appointment was that
of a minister of St. Bennet's parish,
Cambridge, where he acquired great
popularitv as a preacher. He was after-
wards collated to a prebend in Salisbury
cathedral, and obtained the rectory of
Broad Winsor, Dorsetshire. His first
literary production was entitled " Da-
vid's heinous Sin, hearty Repentance,
and heavy Punishment." In 1640 he
published his " History of the Holy
War," soon after which he removed to
LonJon. and was chosen lecturer at the
Savoy church, in the Strand. About
1642 he published his " Holy State." In
1643 he went to Oxford, and joined the
king, became chaplain to Sir Ralph
Hopton, and employed his leisure in
rL»]
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
421
making collections relative to English
mstory and j^ntiquities. In 1650 ap-
peared his "Pisgcih Sight of Palestine,"
and his "Abel iiedivivus;" but it was
not till after his death that his principal
literary work was published, entitled
" The Worthies of England," a produc-
tion valuable alike for the solid informa-
tion it affords relative to the provincial
history of the country, and for the pro-
fusion of biographical anecdote and
acute observation on men and manners,
[n 1648 he obtained the^living of Walt-
nam, in Essex, which, in 1658, he quit-
ted for that of Cranford in Middlesex ;
and at the i-estoration he was reinstated
in his prebend of Salisbury, of which
he had been deprived by the Parlia-
mentarians, He was also made D. D.
and chaplain to the king. — Andrew, an
eminent Baptist minister, and secretary
to the Baptist Missionary Society, was
b. at Wicken, in Cambridgeshire, 1754.
His father was a small farmer, who gave
his son the rudiments of education at
the free school of Soham ; and though
fmncipally engaged in the labors of
lusbandry till he was of age, yet he
studied so diligently, that in 1775 he
became, on invitation, the pastor of a
congregation, first at Soham and after-
wards at Kettering. In the establish-
ment of the Baptist Missionary Society,
by Dr. Carey and others, Mr. Fuller ex-
erted himself with great energy, and
the whole of his future life was identi-
fied with its labors. He was also an able
controversialist. His principal works
are a tieatise "On the Calvinistic and So-
cinian Systems compared as to their Mo-
ral Tendency," "Socinianism Indefen-
sible," " The Gospel its own Witness,"
" Discourses on the Book of Genesis,"
&c. D. 1661. — Sarah Margaret, (mar-
chioness d'Ossoli,) a distinguished fe-
male writer of the United States, whose
untimely and tragic death imparted a
melancholy interest to her writings.
She was a native of Massachusetts, and
by her literary acquirements, early gain-
ed a reputation. She was the writer of
many miscellaneous articles in "The
Dial," translator of " Eckermann's Con-
versations with Goethe," and authoress
of " A Summer on the Lakes," " Wom-
an in the Nineteenth Century," and
"Papei's on Literature and Art." In
1847 she went to Europe as the corre-
spondent of the " New York Tribune,"
and was there married to the marquis
d'Ossoli, with whom, and one beautiful
and promising child, she was returning
to her native land, when the vessel was
wrecked just as they came in sight of
the shore. At the time of her death
she had partly finished a work on the
"Recent Kevolutionary Changes in Eu-
rope." B. 1810; d. 1850.
JFULTON, Robert, an American en-
gineer and projector, of celebrity, was b.
in Little Britain, Pennsylvania, in 1765.
Having acquired some knowledge of por-
trait and landscape painting, he went to
England, and studied under his distin-
guished countryman, West, with whom
he continued an inmate several years ;
and, after quitting him, he made paint-
ing his chief employment for some time.
He afterwards formed an acquaintance
with another fellow-countryman, named
Rumsey, who was well-skilled in me-
chanics, and hence he ultimately adopt-
ed the profession of a civil engineer.
He also became acquainted with the
duke of Bridgewater, so famous for hi3
canals, and with Earl Stanhope, a noble-
man celebrated for his attachment to the
mechanic arts. In 1796 he published a
treatise on "Inland Navigation;" and
after making public some clever inven-
tions and useful contrivances, in spin-
ning, sawing, &c., Mr. Fulton went, in
1797, to Paris, where he lived seven
years, and studied the higher mathemat-
ics, physics, chemistry, and perspective.
It was there, in 1800, that he projected
the first panorama ever exhibited ; and
there also that he perfected the plan for
his submarine boat, or torpedo. Re-
turning to America in 1806, he imme-
diately engaged in building a steam-
boat, of what was then deemed very
considerable dimensions, and which be-
gan to navigate the Hudson river in
1807, its progress through the water
being at the rate of five miles an hour.
He had meditated on this experiment
since 1793, and was the first who ap-
plied water-wheels to the purpose' of
steam-navigation ; and though he claim-
ed the invention, he certainly was not
the real inventor — that credit being due
to John Fitch. It is said that vexation
at being denied the merit of this discov-
ery, and prevented from deriving the
whole benefit of it, preyed on his mind,
and hastened his death. D. 1815.
FUNES, Gregorio, a patriot of La
Plata, in South America. He was dean
of the cathedral church of Cordova, in
which station he employed all his influ-
ence in support of the revolution. lo.
1810 he was sent as a deputy from Cor-
dova to the congress of Buenos Ayre3,
and on various subsequent occasions he
took a prominent part in the political
422
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[fux
transactions of hia country. He was
also distinguished as an iiistorical wri-
ter, especially by liis " Essays de la
Historia Civil del Paraguay, Buenos
Avres, y Tucuman." D. 1829.
FURETIEKP:, Anthony, abbot of
Olialivoy, was a Frencli philologist, b.
1620. He distinguished hunself by va-
rious literary productions, and was a
member of the French Academy, but
was expelled from it on a charge of hav-
ing pillaged the unpublished lexico-
graphical labors of his colleagues to
enrich a dictionary of his own ; and his
expulsion gave rise to a virulent paper
war between him and his former as-
sociates. Besides this " Dictionary,"
which served as the basis of the " Dic-
tionnaire de Trevoux," he published
" Gospel Parables," " Five Satires,"
" Le Koman Bourgeois," &c. D. 1683.
FURIETTI, Joseph Alexander, a
cardinal, b. at Bergamo, in 1685 ; author
of a treatise on the mosaic art of paint-
ing. D. 1764.
FUKNEAUX, Philip, a nonconform-
ist divine, b. at Totness, Devon, in 1726.
He was the author of " An Essay on
Toleration." D. 1783.
FURST, Walter, was a native of
Altorf, Switzerland,' by whose means,
aided by the heroic William Tell and
Arnold of Melcthal, the liberty of his
country was established, in 1307.
FURSTEMBERG, Ferdinand de, an
eminent prelate, b. at Bilstern, in West-
Ehalia, in 1626. He was raised to the
ishopric of Paderborn in 1661, by Pope
Alexander VII., who afterwards made
him apostolical vicar of all the north of
Europe. He collected a number of MSS.
and other monuments of antiquity, and
published them under the title of
'' Monumenta Paderbornensia:" he also
published a valuable collection of Latin
poems. D. 1688.
FU TRADO, Abraham, a French Jew,
who was one of the leading members of
the Sanhedrim, convoked by Bonaparte
in 1808, at Paris. He wrote several
works, and is said to have possessed
great eloquence. B. 1759 ; d. 1817.
FUSELI, Henry, was the second son
of Gaspard Fuessli, and b. at Zurich,
about 1739. He was originally intended
for the church; but he had employed
himself, while under his father's roof,
in making copies from the works of
Michael Angelo and Raphael, and this
had inspired him with an insurmount-
able desire to devote himself to the pro-
fession. While at the Humanity college,
'n Zurich, he formed an intimate friend-
ship with the celebrated Lavater. and
became enamored with literature. He
studied English, read the best authors
in that language, and translated the
tragedy of Macbeth into Gorman. In
1763 he went to England, and on his
showing his specimens of painting to
Sir Joshua Reynolds, the latter express
ed himself in terms of high commenda
tion, and advised him to go to Rome
This ho did ; and after eight years spent
in studying the Italian masters, he re-
turned to England. Having suggested
to Alderman Boydell the idea of forming
his " Shakspeare Gallery," for which he
painted eight of his best pictures, that
splendid design was accordingly exe-
cuted. In 1790, Fuseli became'a royaj
academician ; and during the next nine
years he painted a series of 47 pictures,
afterwards exhibited as the "Milton
Gallery." In 1799 he was appointed
professor of painting, and, in 1804,
keeper of the Royal Academy. D. 1825.
FUSS, Nicholas von, a distinguished
mathematician and natural philosopher,
b. at Basle, 1755. He first studied under
Bernouilli, then professor of mathemat-
ics at the university of that place, whc
procured him a situation, wlien he was
17, with his friend, the celebrated Euler,
at St. Petersburg, who wished to ob-
tain a young man of talent in the pros-
ecution of his philosophical inquiries.
Here he soon obtained distinction and
preferment. In 1776 he was appointed
adjunct of the Academy of Sciences for
the higher mathematics. In 1784, Cath-
arine il. gave him a professorship in the
corps of noble land cadets ; and in 1792
he was appointed secretary to the free
economical society. In 1800 he was
raised to the dignity of a counsellor of
state ; in 1805 he was constituted one of
the council for the organization of mil-
itary schools ; and, continuing to ad-
vance the interests of science in the
various honorable stations to which he
was promoted, he was rewarded with
the order of Vladimir and a pension.
He was a regular contributor to the
"Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences
at Petersburg" for a period of 50 years,
and published various works, chiefly on
mathematics and astronomy. D. 1826.
FUX, John Joseph, a celebrated mu-
sical composer during the reigns of the
emperors Leopold I., Joseph I., and
Charles VI., was born in Styria, about
the year 1660, and held the office of
imperial chapel-master for about 40
years. He composed several operas,
and had great influence on the musical
<>^]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
423
taste of his time. His " Musical Gradus"
and some of his sacred pieces are still
highly esteemed. D. 1750.
FY*T, John, a Dutch painter, b. at
Antwerp, in 1625. Jlis pencil was so
prolific, that almost every important
collection of paintings has some of hia
productions. His subjects are chiefly
game, beasts, birds, fruit, and flowers ;
and they are remarkable for their fidelity
to nature in the drawing, and for theif
rich and glowing colors.
G.
(tABBIANT, Antony Dominic, an
Italian painter ; b. at Florence, 1652,
and accidentally killed by falling from a
scaftbld, while employed in painting the
large cupola of Castello, in 1726.
GADBUEY, John, an astrologer,
who, in the latter part of the 17th cen-
tury, attracted considerable notice. He
was originally a tailor; afterwards be-
came an assistant to Lilly the fortune-
teller, (the Sidrophel of Butler;) and,
like his master, he published astrological
almanacs and other works of a similar
description.
GADD, Peter Aprian, a Swedish
chemist and natural philosopher; pro-
fessor of chemistry in the university of
Abo, in Finland. He wrote sevend trea-
tises on geology, &c. ; and d. about the
end of the 18th century.
GADSDEN, Christopher, was b. in
Charleston, 1724. He was appointed
one of the delegates to the congress
which met at New York in October,
1765, to petition against the stamp act.
He was also chosen a member of the
congress which met in 1774. He was
among the first who openly advocated
republican principles, and wished to
make his country independent of the
monarchical government of Great Brit-
ain. DuHng the siege of Charleston, in
1780, he remained within the lines with
five of the council, while Governor Kut-
ledge with trie other three left the city
at the earnest request of General Lincoln.
In 1782, when it became necessary, by
the rotation established, to choose a new
governor, he was elected, but declined
on account of his age. D. 1805.
GAFFARELLI, James, a French wri-
ter, who applied himself to the study
of the Hebrew language and rabbinical
learning, was b. at Mannes, in Provence,
about 1601. He adopted the doctrines
of the Cabala, in detenee of which he
wrote a quarto volume in Latin. He
became librarian to Cardinal Eichelieu,
who gave him several preferments. He
d. at Sigonce, of which place he was
Uien abbot, in 1671. Besides the above,
he wrote a book, entitled " Unheard-of
Curiosities concerning the Talismanic
Sculpture of the Persians, the Horo-
scope of the Patriarchs, and the Beading
of the Stars."
GAFURIO, Franchino, an eminent
Italian composer and professor of music,
was b. at Lodi in 1451.
GAGE, Thomas, the last governor of
Massachusetts appointed by the king,
first came to America as a lieutenant
with Braddock, and was present at the
battle in which that officer I'eceived his
mortal wound. He was appointed gov-
ernor of Montreal in 1760, and in 1763
succeeded General Amherst as com-
mander-in-chief of the British forces in
North America. In 1774 he succeeded
Hutchinson as governor of Massachu-
setts, when he soon began the course
of illegal and oppressive acts that brought
on the war of the revolution. In 1775
the provincial congress of Massachusetts
declared him an enemy to the colony,
and not long after he returned to En-
gland, where he d. in 1787.
GAGNIEK, John, a celebrated orien-
talist, was a native of Paris. He was
bred a Roman Catholic, entered into
holy orders, and became a canon in the
church of St. Genevieve; but turned
Protestant and settled in England. He
was patronized by Archbishop Sharp
and many other eminent persons, and
received the degree of M.A. at Cam-
bridge and Oxford. In 1706 he pub-
lished an edition of Ben Gorion's "His-
tory of the Jews," in Plebrew, with a
Latin translation and notes. D, 1740.
GAIL, John Baptist, a celebrated
Hellenist, was b. at Paris, 1755, and d.
in the same city, in 1828, professor of
Greek literature at the college of France.
He was a member of the academy of
inscriptions and belles lettres, and a
knight of the legion of honor. He con-
tributed greatly to render the study of
Greek popular in France. Among his
productions are a "Greek Grammar,"
and translations of Xenophon, Thucyd-
ides, Theocritus, Bion, Mosehus, an.!
424
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[gal
Lucian's *' Dialogues of the Dead." — 1
Sophia, the wife of the foregoing, was
b. about 177tt, and d. at Paris in 1819.
For the arts, and particuhirly for music,
she manifested an early taste, and she
began to compose when she was not
more tlian twelve years of age. Among
Jier principal compositions are the operas
of ''Tlie Jealous Pair," "Mademoiselle
de Launay in the Bastille," and "The
Serenade. ''
GAILLAED de Lonjumeau, bishop
of Apt, in Provence, was the tirst who
projected a universal historical diction-
ary, and employed Moreri, who was his
almoner, to execute the work. D. 1695.
— Gabkiel Henry, a French liistorian,
b. at Ostel, near Soissons, in 1728, and
d. in 1806. He was the author of " His-
toire de Charlemagne," " Rhetorique
Fran§oise," " Histoire de Francis 1.,"
and many other works of a similar char-
acter. — JoH>f Eknest, a musical com-
poser of considerable merit, was b. at
Zell, in 1687, and became a pupil of
j?"arinelli. D. 1749.
GAINSBOROUGH, Thomas, a cele-
brated landscape painter, was b. at Sud-
bury, in Sutlblk, in 1737. He was self-
taught, and used to entertain himself by
drawing landscapes from nature, in the
woods of his native county. From Sud-
bury he went to London, and com-
menced portrait painter, in which line
he acquired great eminence. His chief
excellence, however, was in landscape,
in whicli he united the brilliancy of
Claude with the precision and simplicity
of Ruysdael. He was highly esteemed
by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who bestowed
on him a high but well-merited compli-
ment in one of his academical discourses.
D. 1788.
GALAS, Matthew, one of the greatest
generals of his time, was b. at Trent in
1589. He served in Italy and Germany,
and rendered eminent services to the
Emperor Frederic II. and Philip IV.
king of Spain. He was deprived of the
command, after being defeated by the
Swedes near Magdeburg, but was re-
stored, and d. at Vienna in 1647.
GALATIN, Peteb, a Franciscan
monk, who flourished about 1580. He
wrote "De Arcanis Catholicse Verita-
tis," a work of considerable reputation.
GALBA, Sekvius Sulpicius, emperor
of Rome, was descended from the an-
cient family of Sulpicii. He was succes-
sively prsetor, proconsul of Africa, and
general of the Roman armies in Ger-
many and Spain. He retired to avoid
the jealousy of Nero ; but the *:yrant
having issued an order for his death,
Galba revolted against he emperor;
and Gaul declaring for him, Nero put a
period to his own existence. Galba
gave himself up to the government of
three obscure men, whom the Romans
called his schoohmisters ; and he was
slain by the praetorian band, who pro-
claimed Otho in his stead, 69.
GALE, Theophilus, an eminent non-
conformist divine, was b. in 16'28, at
Kings's Teighton, in Devonshire, and d.
in 1678. He wrote many works, the
principal of which is his " Court of the
Gentiles," 3 vols. 4to., in which he
proves that the theology and philosophy
of the pagans were borrowed from the
Scriptures. — Thomas, a learned English
divine, was b. in 1636 at Scruton, in
Yorkshire. He published a collection
of the Greek mythologists, "Historiag
Poeticffi antiqiii Scriptores Graecae et
Latinas," " Herodoti Halicarnassensis
Historiarum," " Historiae Britannicae,
Saxonicae, Anglo-Danicas," &c. D. 1702.
— Roger, the eldest son of the preced-
ing. He published some valuable books,
the principal of which was an edition
of his father's " Commentary on Anto-
ninus." D. 1744. — Samuel, his brother,
was also eminent for his knowledge of
antiquities. D. 1754.
GALEN, Christopher Bernhard va»,
the warlike bishop of Munster, first en-
tered the military service, which he
afterwards left for the church. In 1660
he was chosen prince-bishop of Munster,
but was obliged to besiege the city on
account of the opposition of the citizens ;
he, however, conquered it, and built a
citadel to secure his power. In 1664 he
was appointed one of the leaders of the
imperial army against the Turks in
Hungary. He afterwards fought agamst
the Dutch, first in alliance with En-
gland, and then with France, taking
from them several cities and fortresses.
After this he joined the Danes against
the Swedes, and made new conquests ;
and in 1764 he formed an alliance with
Spain, and again gave battle to his old
enemies the Dutch. He was a man of
extraordinary enterprise, one of the
greatest generals of his time, and an
adroit diplomatist. D. 1678, aged 73.
— Claudius, one of the most celebra-
ted physicians of ancient times, was b.
at Pergamus, in Asia, in 131. Af-
ter studying philosophy and genenil
literature", he travelled through Egypt
and other countries in the East tor the
purpose of acquiring medical and ana-
tomical knowledge. On his return he^
gal]
CTCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
425
practised four years in his native city,
and then went to Eome, but was driven
from tiience by the intrigues of his jeal-
ous rivals, who attributed his succei^s to
magic. From Kome he returned to Per-
gamus ; but was recalled by an especial
mandate of the Emperor Marcus Aure-
lius, who, on quitting Rome to make
war on the Germans, confided to Galen
the care of the health of liis son Corn-
modus. The place and time of his death
are uncertain ; but he is supposed to
have d. at Eome, in about the 70th year
of his age. A part only of his very nu-
merous writings has been preserved ;
but even that part forms- five folio vol-
umes, and affords undoubted proofs of
his practical and theoretical skill.
GALERIUS, Caius Valerius Maximi-
ANUs, a Roman emperor. Entering the
army as a common soldier, he rose to
the highest ranks by his bravery, and
was adopted by Dioclesian, who gave
him his daughter in marriage. He as-
cended the imperial throne in 305, and
d. in 811. He was naturally of a cruel
disposition, and during his reign the
Christians suffered great persecution.
GALILEI, Galileo, an illustrious
astronomer, mathematician, and philoso-
pher, was the son of a Florentine noble-
man, and b. at Pisa, in 1564. He was
intended by his father for the medical
profession ; but his love for mathemati-
cal studies was so decidedly evinced,
and his aversion for the other so strong,
that he was allowed to pursue the for-
mer, which he did with such unwearied
diligence, that at the age of 24 he was
appointed mathematical professor at
Pisa. There he was constantly engaged
in asserting the laws of nature against
the Aristotelian philosophy, which raised
up such a host of enemies against him,
that, in 1592, he was obliged to resign
his professorship. He then went to
Padua, where ho lectured with un-
paralleled success, and students flocked
to hear him from all parts of Europe.
After remaining there eighteen years,
Cosmo III. invited him back to Pisa,
and soon after called him to Florence,
with the title of principal mathematician
and philosopher to the grand duke.
Galileo had heard of the invention of
the telescope by Jaiisen ; and making
one for himself, a scries of most import-
ant astronomical discoveries followed.
He found that the moon, like the earth,
has an uneven surface; and he tau^rht
his scholars to measure the height of its
mountains by their shadow. A particu-
lar nebula lie resolved into individual
36*
stars ; but his most remarkable dis-
coveries were Jupiter's satellites, Sat-
urn's ring, the sun's spots, and the
starry nature of the milky way. The
result of his discoveries was his decided
conviction of the truth of the Copernican
system ; though the blind and furious
bigotry of the monks charged him with
heresy for it, and he was twice perse-
cuted by the Inquisition, first in 1615,
and again in 1633. On both occasions
he was compelled to abjure the system
of Copernicus ; but it is said, that in the
last instance, when he had repeated the
abjuration, he stamped his foot on the
earth, indignantly muttering, "yet it
moves !" The latter years of his life
were spent at his own country-house
near Florence, where he devoted him-
self to the perfecting of his telescope ;
and he d. at the age of 78, in 1642, the
year in wliich Newton was born.
GALITZIN, Demetrius Augustine, a
son of Prince Galitzin, one of the high-
est of the Russian nobility, who became
a Catholic priest, and settled at Loretto,
near Baltimore, Md., where he collected
a congregation and preached. He wrote
a " Defence of Catholic Principles." D.
1819.
GALL, John Joseph, the celebrated
phrenologist, was b. in 1758, at Teifen-
brunn, Wirtemburg. He studied med-
icine under Professor Shermann, and
settled in Vienna, where he attracted
much attention by his " Anatomical and
Physiological Inquiries respecting the
Brain and Nerves," on account of the
principles it contained, that certain
talents and tendencies depend on the
formation of certain parts of the head,—
that, in fact, each faculty of the mind
has a separate organ la the brain, and
that those organs are marked externally
by elevations or protuberances on the
cranium. He afterwards travellel
through the north of Germany, Swe-
den, and Denmark, delivering lectures ;
and, in 1807, established himself in
Paris, thinking France the most likely
part in which to circulate his doc-
trines. Prince Metternich consulted
him as his physician, and, in 1810, guar-
anteed the expense of publishing the
work of Gall and Spurzheim on phre-
nology. Dr. Gall d. at Paris, 1828. He
directed that no clergyman should at-
tend his funeral, and that his head
should be dissected and placed in the
museum he had collected,
GALLAND, Anthony, an able ori-
entalist, was b. 1646, at Rollot, in Pi-
card^. He was employed to travel <* <
i2e
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[gal
account of the French government ; and
his zeal -and industry are evinced by
several treatises, which he published on
his return, illustrative of the manners
and customs of the Moliammedan em-
pire and religion. He is now princi-
pally known by his " Mille-et-un Nuits,"
a curious collection of eiustern romances,
translated into all the languages of Eu-
rope, and known to us as the "Arabian
"Niglits- Entertainments." Galland was
A.rabic professor to the college of France,
and antiquary to the king. D. 1715.
GALLATIN, Albert, a distinguished
statesman, scholar, and financier, was b.
at Geneva. January 29th, 1761. He was
left an orplian iu his infancy, but was
sent to the university of his native place,
where he graduated in 1779. In the
nineteenth year of his age he came to
this country, with a letter from La
Kochefoucauld to Dr. Franklin. In 1782
lie was chosen a French teaclier in Har-
vard university, and four years after-
wards settled in Pennsylvania, when he
was elected a member of the convention
to revise the constitution. In 1790 he
was chosen to the house of representa-
tives of that state, and, in 1792, to con-
gress. The next year he became senator
of the U. S. In 1801 Jefferson made
him secretary of the treasury, and in
this capacity his financial abilities ena-
bled hmi to do much towards extin-
guishing the national debt. In 1813 he
was one of the commissioners to Ghent,
to settle the peace with Great Britain.
His subsequent life was mostly passed
in diplomatic services, being successively
minister to France, to the Netherlands,
and to England. In 1840 he published
an " Essay on the North-Eastern Bound-
ary," and he wrote in his later years
many historical and ethnological papers,
and also a Tract on the Currency (Ques-
tion. D. 1849.
GALLIANI, Ferdinand, an Italian
abbe, celebrated for his writings, was b.
at Chieti, in the province of Abruzzo,
Naples, 1728. He made a rapid progress
in his studies, and was no less remarka-
ble for playful wit than for more solid
acquirements. Having made a collection
of specimens of the various volcanic pro-
ductions of Vesuvius, he sent them to
the pope in a box, thus labelled, " Bea-
tissime Pater fac ut lapides isti panes
fiant" — "Holy Father, command that
these stones be made bread," which the
pope virtually attended to by giving him
the canonry of Amalfi, worth 400 ducats
per annum. One of his earliest produc-
tions was a volume written on the death
of the public executioner, in order to
ridicule the academical custom of pour-
ing forth lamentations in prose and
verse, on the death of great personages.
In 1759 he was appointed secretary to
the French embassy, and soon took a
lead among the wits and literati in Paris.
He wrote a number of able works ;
among which are a "Treatise on Mo-
ney," "Annotations upon Horace,"
"i)ia1ogues on the Corn Trade," "On
the Reciprocal Duties of Neutral and
Belligerent Princes," &c. He held sev-
eral important offices under the Neapoli-
tan government, and d. greatly esteemed,
1787.
G ALLIEN US, Publics Licmins, a
Roman emperor, 'vho reigned in con-
junction with Valerian, his father, for
seven vears, and became sole rulfer in
260.
GALLOIS, John, a French critic of
the 17th century, celebrated for the uni-
versality of his knowledge. He was one
of the projectors of the " Journal des
Savans," and its conductor for many
years. D. 1707.
GALLUS, Caius Fibius Trebonianus,
emperor of Rome, was an African by
birth ; but holding a command in Moesia,
under Decius, at the time that monarch
was slain in a battle with the Goths, ho
was proclaimed emperor by the army,
in 251. He proved unworthy of his
station, and he fell by assassination in
253. — Cornelius, a Roman poet, was b.
70 B. c, at Forum Julii, and was inti-
mate with Virgil, whose tenth ecloguo
is inscribed to him.
GALT, John, a voluminous author on
a great variety of subjects, but chiefly
known as a novelist, was b. in Ayrshire,
1779. The scene of his novels is' in gen-
eral laid in Scotland, and his intimate
acquaintance with every light and shad
ow of Scottish life, makes them reall;
important to all who would know Scot
land — especially the Scotland of middle
and lower life — as it really is. The list
of his works is formidably long: per-
haps the best of them are, "The Entail,"
"The Annals of the Parisli," "The
Ayrshire Legatees," and "Ringan Gil-
haize." Independent of his numerous
novels, he published tragedies, minor
Eoems, voyages, and travels, and several
iographies. He was, for some time,
editor of the Courier newspaper, and
it is asserted that he gave up that ap-
pointment rather than allow the inser-
tion, though at the request of a minister,
of an article which he considered ot>-
jectionable. For several years previous
uar]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIimRAPHY.
427
to his death '.e suflFered very severely
from paralysis of the limbs. D. 1839.
GALUPPI, Baldessaro, a distinguish-
ed composer, was b. near Venice, 1703.
His operas, about 50 in number, are al-
most all of the comic kind, and had, at
one time, the chief run throughout Italy.
D. 1785.
GALVANI, Louis, an Italian physi-
ologist, celebrated as the discoverer of
galvanism, was b. at Bologna. 1737. He
studied medicine under Galeazzi, whose
daughter he married. In 1762 he be-
came lecturer on anatomy at Bologna,
and obtained a considerable reputation.
By experiments on frogs, he discovered,
that all animals are endued with a pecu-
liar kind of electricity ; and he followed
up this discovery with so much perse-
verance and success, as to give his name
to a system of physiology, which has
excited universal attention. His first
publication on this subject was in 1791,
and entitled " Aloysii Galvanii de Viri-
bus Electricitatis in Motu Muscular!
Commentarius." Upon this system the
famous Volta made vast improvements.
Galvani, on the death of his wife, in
1790, fell into a state of melancholy;
and d. 1798. Besides the above work,
he wrote several memoirs upon profes-
sional subjects.
GAMA, Vasco or Vasquez de, an
illustrious navigator, was b. at Sines, in
Portugal, of a noble fiimily ; and to him
belongs the merit of having discovered
the route to the East Indies by sea.
Having under his command four vessels,
manned with 160 marines and sailors,
Gama set sail, July 9th, 1497 ; in the
beginning of the next year reached the
eastern coast of Africa, and, holding his
course straight towards the coast of
Malabar, arrived in May, at Calicut, a
city inhabited by Hindoos, where the
ruler over the country, called the zamo-
Hn, or king, had his residence. He
returned to Lisbon in two years and
two months from the time of his setting
out ; and the result of this expedition
promised such great advantages, that,
m 1502, he went out with 20 ships, but
he was attacked by an opposing Aeet on
the part of the zamorin, which he de-
feated, and returned the following year
with 1 8 rich vessels which he had cap-
tured in the Indian seas. John III. of
Portugal appointed him viceroy of India;
on wliich lie went there a third time,
jiud established his government at Co-
chin, where he d. 'n 1525. The Lusiad
of Camoens is founded on the adven-
tures of his last voyage.
GAMBAEA, Veronica, an Italian
poetess, born of a noble family in 1485.
On the death of her husband, Giberto,
lord of Correggio, whom she survived
many years, she devoted much of her
time to the cultivation of literature ; and
her poems possess originality and spirit.
D. 1550.
GAMBART', JeXn Felix Adolpa, a
distinguished astronomer, b. at Cette in
1800. He was director of the observa-
tory at Marseilles, and was the discov-
erer of no less than thirteen comets,
between the years 1822 and 1834. D. at
Paris, 1836.
GAMBIER, James, Lord, a British
admiral, was b. in 1756, at the Bahama
Islands, his father being at that time
the lieutenant-governor. Ho entered
the naval service at an early age, was
actively engaged on various occasions,
and was rewarded by diflferem grada-
tions of rank. D. 1833.
GANDOLPHY, Peter, a Catholic
priest, greatly distinguished as a preach-
er, was b. about 1760. He was a con-
troversiahst, and published " A Defence
of the Ancient Faith," in 1811 ; and "A
full Exposition of the Christian Reli-
gion," in 1813; but a sermon " On the
Relations between Spiritual and Tem-
poral Authority" exposed him to the
censure of his diocesan, in 1816. D. 1821.
GANDON, James, an eminent En-
glish architect, and the first who re-
ceived the architectural gold medal of
the Royal Academy. His reputation was
much enhanced by his editorial labors
in producing the " Vitruvius Britanui-
cus ;" after which he went to Ireland,
and remained there till he died, in 1824r,
aged 84. He designed the custom-house,
the four courts, and many other elegixnt
structures in Dublin.
GANS, Edward, b. at Berlin, 1798,
was one of the leading jurists of his age.
For many years he was at the head of
the philosophical school of jurispru-
dence in Germany. His writings were
numerous and able ; among them, the
" System of Roman I^aw" and the
" Scholiae to Gaius," and he also edited
the lectures of Hegel on the "Philoso-
Ehy of History," which is almost wholly
is own. D. 1839.
GARAMOND, Claude, a celebrated
French engraver and letter-founder, was
b. at Paris towards the close of the 15th
century. He brought the art of letter-
founding to such perfection, that all
parts of Europe were supplied with his
types. Among his works are some
beautiful specimens of Greek, aad it
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[gar
was he who brought the Roman charac-
ter to perfection. D. 1561.
GAKAY, John de, a brave Spanish
officer, b. at Badajoz, in 1541. He came
to America, as secretary to the governor
of Paraguay ; where he displayed so
much enterprise and talent, that he was
raised to the rank of lieutenant-general
and governor of Assumption. He found-
ed Santa Fe, rebuilt and fortified Buenos
Ayres, and endeavored by kindness to
civilize the Indians. He was killed on
the banks of the Parana, about 1592. —
Don Martin dk, a Spanish statesman,
who acted a conspicuous part in the
management of public atfairs from 1808
till the restoration of Ferdinand VII.
He was made minister of finance in
1816, dismissed in 1818, and d. in 1822.
GAECIA, Manuel, a distinguished
musical performer and composer, was
b. at Seville, in Spain, in 1782. He
showed great proficiency at an early age,
and appeared as a public singer at the
opera-houses of Madrid, Paris, Eome,
>iaples, Turin, and London. He was
engaged as principal male singer at the
King's theatre, London, in 1824; and
his abilities attracted much attention,
both as a vocalist and as an actor. His
dramatic compositions are too numerous
for insertion here, and many of them
possess great merit. Madame Mali bran
de Beriot was his daughter. Garcia d.
in 1832.
GARCIA DE MASCARENHAS,
Blaise, a Portuguese, who figured both
as a soldier and poet, was b. in 1596, at
Avo. In 1614 he entered into the mili-
tary service, and went to Brazil, where
he remained 26 years, and on his return
to Lisbon was appointed governor of
Alfayates. Having been falsely charged
with treason and imprisoned, and being
denied the use of pens and ink, he com-
posed a letter in verse to the king, in
the following ingenious manner : — he
procured a printed book, cut out the
words he wanted, and pasted them on
a blank leaf; this he tnrew from his
window to a friendj who delivered it,
and it procured his liberation. D. 1656.
G ARGIL ASO DE LA VEGA, called
the prince of Spanish poets, was b. at
Toledo, in 1503. He was early distin-
guished for his wit and fancy, wrote
several patiietic pastorals and sonnets,
and did much towards reforming that
taste for bombast, which, at the period
in which he flourished, disfigured the
productions of his countrymen. Gar-
ciiaso followed the profession of arms,
gud attended Charles V. in many of his
expeditions, and fell in battle, in 1586.—
Another, surnamed the Inca, because,
by his mother's side, he was descended
from the royal family of Peru, was b. at
Cusco, in that country, in 1630. Pliilip
II. dreading the influence of Garcilaso
among the nat. ves, summoned him to
Spain, where he died. He wrote an
interesting and faithful history of Peru,
and also a history of Florida.
GARDEN, Alexander, an eminent
botanist and zoologist, was b. in Scot-
land, in 1730, and educated at the uni-
versity of Edinburgh. He came to
America, and settled as a physician at
Charleston, South Carolina, where he
engaged in botanical researches, and
was very successful in the discovery
and verification of new species among
the animal and vegetable tribes of North
America. He opened a correspondence
with Linnaeus, which was attended with
many reciprocal advantages. After a
residence of 20 years in America, he re-
turned to England, where he d. in 1791.
GARDINER, Stephen, a celebrated
g relate and statesman, was b. at Bury
t. Edmund'Sj in SuflFolk, in 1483.
He was the illegitimate son of Dr.
Woodville, bishop of Salisbury, and
brother of Elizabeth, queen of Edward
IV. Gardiner drew up articles accusing
Henry VIII.'s last queen, Catharine
Parr, of heresy ; but tlie queen avoided
the storm, and he fell into disgrace. At
the accession of Edward VI. he opposed
the reformation, and was committed first
to the Fleet, and afterwards to the Tower,
where he was a prisoner during the re-
mainder of the reign. He was also
deprived of his bishopric ; but on the
accession of Mary he was restored to
his see, and appointed chancellor of
England. His conduct towards the
Protestants was cruel and sanguinary.
He d. in 1555. He was a learned man,
but artful, dissembling, ambitious, and
proud. — William, an Irish engraver, of
talents rarely excelled, b. in 1760 ; who,
after a life of great vicissitude and dis-
tress, during which he had been alter-
nately jockey, bookseller, painter, priest,
and actor, wrote a paper on the miseries
of life, and destroyed himself in 1814. —
John, was b. in "Boston, Mass., about
1731 ; was sent to England to complete
his education ; studied law at the Inner
Temple ; and was admitted to practise
in the courts at Westminster hall. He
was an intimate associate at this time
with Churchill, the poet, and John
Wilkes, the reformer, in whose cause,
at the time politics ran high, he appeared
oarJ
CYCLOPitDlA OF BIOGRAPHY.
429
RS junior counsel, and attracted the no-
tice of Lord Mansfield, who expressed a
high 0|»iniou of his natural endowments
for eminence in his profession, although
his political coilnections were not such
as to secure his lordship's favor, or his
own rapid advancement. He practised
a short time in the Welch circuit with
Ruccess, and then married a Miss Harris,
of respectable family in South Wales;
out being impatient to get at once into
lucrative practice he procured the ap-
pointment of attorney-general at the
island of St. Christopher's in the West
Indies, whither he removed with his
lamily about the year 1765. He prac-
tised law with great success in the
tslands of St. Christopher and Jamaica,
until the termination of the American
revolution by the peace of 1788, when
Le removed with his family to his native
town. After practising law in Boston
for two or three years with much celeb-
rity, he removed in 1786, to an estate
left by his father at Pownelborough in
th? tken district of Maine, where he
also practised law, and whence he was
sent as representative to the Massachu-
setts legislature, from the year 1759 to
his death, which happened in 1793.
GARNERIN, James Andrew, a cel-
ebrated French aeronaut, to whom be-
longs the merit of first making the
daring experiment of descending in a
parachute. His first attempt was made
at St. Petersburg, in Igpo ; and he suc-
cessfully repeated it in England on the
21st of Sept., 1802. D. at Paris, 1823.
GARNET, Thomas, an English phy-
sician, was b. in 1766, at Casterton, in
Westmoreland. On the foundation of
the royal institution in 1800, he was
chosen professor of chemistiy. Dr.
Garnet was the author of " An Analysis
of the Mineral Waters at Harrowgate,"
a "Tour through Scotland," *' Outlines
of Chemistry," several papers and essays
on medical and physical subiects ; and
" Zoonomia," which was published after
his death. D. 1802.
GARNIER, Germain, Count, a French
statesman, was b. in 1721, at Auxerre.
He became prefect of the department of
Seine and Oise, and president of the
senate ; and was known as the trans-
lator of Adam Smith's " Wealth of Na-
tions," and other English works on polit-
ical economy. D. 1821. — Jean Jacques,
historiographer of France, was b. in
1729, at Goron-sur-Maine, and at the
breaking out of the revolution was pro-
fessor of Hebrew in the university of
Paris. He was the author of "The
Man of Letters," a treatise on " The
Origin of the Government of France,"
a "Continuation of Velley's History of
France," a treatise on '' Civil Educa-
tion," &c. During the reign of terroi
he fled from the French capital to Bou-
jival, where he d. in 1795.
GAROFALO, Benvenuto, an artist
of Ferrara, b. in 1481. During his stay
in Rome he formed an intimacy with
Raphael, and frequently assisted him.
His works unite the grace and clearness
of Raphael with the rich coloring of the
Lombard school, and his Madonnas and
angels are full of beauty and expression.
D. 1559.
GARRICK, Davtd, the most cele-
brated actor that ever appeared on the
English stage, was descended from a
French family, who. being Protestants,
fled to England on tne revocation of the
edict of Nantes. His father, Peter Gar-
rick, was a captain in the army, and
generally resided at Lichfield ; but beinc
on a recruiting party at Hereford, David
was b. there in 1716. He received his
education partly at the grammar schoo
at Lichfield, and partly under Dr. John-
son, with whom he first came to London,
in 1736, and prepared himself for the
study of the law. The death of his
father, however, disturbed this arrange-
ment; and having been left £1000 by
his uncle, he went into partnership with
his brother in the wine trade. A love
for the stage had long been deeply roote^ *
in his mind, and, abandoning the wir.e
trade, he resolved on being an actor.
His first attempt was at Ipswich, in 1741,
under the assumed name of Lyddal;
and the applause he met with induced
him to make his appearance at the thea-
tre, Goodman's Fields, in the character
of Richard III. The effect of this was
immediate and decisive. The other
theatres were quickly deserted, and
Goodman's Fields became the resort of
people of fashion, till that theatre was
shut up. Garrick then formed an en-
gagement with Fleetwood, the patentee
of Drury-lane, where his reception was
equally flattering. In the summer of
1743 he visited DubUn ; and in 1747 he
became joint-patentee of Drury-lane
theatre. In 1749 he married Mademoi-
selle Violette, a sketch of whose life
forms the subject of our next article.
The remainder of his career was a long
and uninterrupted series of success and
prosperity until its close, which took
place in 1776, when he determined upon
a retreat, and sold his moietv of the con-
cern for £37,000. D. 1779.-^Eva Maria,
430
CYl LOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY
[gas
wife of the precedkig, was b. at Vienna,
1725. Her maiden name was Viegel,
wliich slie changed to tiiat of Violette,
by command of the empress-queen,
Maria Theresa, whose notice a lie had
attracted as an opera dancer. In 1744
Bhe arrived iu England. A mutual at-
tachment having been formed between
her and Garrick, their nuptials were cel-
ebrated June 22, 1749, and the earl of
BurUngton gave the bride a marriage
portion of £6000. From tliis circum-
stance a notion prevailed that she was
the earl's natural daughter ; such, how-
ever, was not the fact. D. 1822.
GARTH, Sir Samuel, an eminent
physician, and a poet of no mean rank,
was a native of Yorkshire, and educated
at Peter-house, Cambridge, where, in
1691, he took his degree. He was ad-
mitted a fellow of the college of physi-
cians in the following year, and soon
attained the first rank in his profession.
His taste for general literature, his com-
panionable talents, and his attachment
to the principles of the house of Hanover,
acquired him patrons of rank and influ-
ence ; and on the accession of George I.
he received the honor of knighthood,
and was appointed physician-in-ordi-
nary to the King, and physician-general
to the army. His principal poem is
"The Dispensary," which contains much
lively and pohshed satire. D. 1718. —
Thomas, an English general, and colonel
of the 1st regiment of dragoons. From
the year 1762 to that of 1814, when he
attained the rank of general, this officer
was employed in active service. It had
long been whispered that he was the
husband of one of the royal princesses
of England, though the circumstance
was never made public during his life.
D. 1829, aged 85.
GAKZI, Louis, a painter, was b. at
jSome, 1640. He was a disciple of An-
drea Sacchij and considered by many as
equal, if not superior, to Carlo Maratti.
D. 1721.
GASCOIGNE, George, a poet of the
Elizabethan age, was the son of Sir John
Gascoigne, of Walthamstow, Essex, and
is said to have been disinherited by his
father. He studied at Cambridge, from
whence he removed to Gray's Inn, which
he soon left for a military life in Holland,
where the prince of Orange gave him a
captain's commission; but having a
quarrel with his colonel, he resigned it
soon afterwards. On his return to En-
gland he became an attendant at court,
and accompanied the queen in some of
her progresses, during which he wrote
masques for her entertainment. Besides
his original and translated dramas, he
wrote '' The Steel Glass," a satire, and
other poems. Till of late, when it be-
came the fashion to search after the relics
of old English literature, the Avorks of
Gascoigne were quite neglected, but his
poems will repay perusal. D. 1577. —
Sir William, an eminent judge in the
reigns of Henry IV. and V. He was b.
at Gavvthorp, in Yorkshire, 1350; be-
came sergeant-at-law in 1898 ; and on
the accession of Henry IV. was appoint-
ed one of the justices of the cojnmon
pleas, and afterwards made chief justice
of the King's Bench. In this high office
he distinguished himself on many occa-
sions, particularly for refusing to pass
sentence upon Archbishop Scroop as a
traitor, by the king's commandment, as
being contrary to law; and still more
remarkable by committing the prince of
Wales, afterwards Henry V., to prison,
for striking him when on the bench.
Like many other prominent events in
English history, this has furnished
Shakspeare with materials for a most
effective scene. D. 1413. — Willlam, an
ingenious natural philosopher of the
17th century, was b. 1621, and is con-
sidered as the inventor of the microm-
eter, though the merit of that invention
was claimed long after his time by M.
Azout. Gascoigne was killed while
fighting in the royalist army at Marston-
moor, July 2, 1644.
GASPARINI, Francesco, one of the
ablest musical composers of the 17th
century, was a native of Lucca, and b.
in 1650. His works are not numerous,
but possess much merit. D. 1724.
GASSENDI, Peter, a celebrated
French philosopher and mathematician,
was b. 1592, at Chantersier, in Provence.
Before he was 20 years of age he became
professor of philosophy at Aix ; but he
soon resigned the chair, and gave him-
self up wholly to his scientific pursuits.
In 1645 he was appointed professor of
mathematics in the college-royal of
Paris, and his lectures were exceedingly
popular. In fact, he was distinguished
as an astronomer, naturalist, theologian,
and mathematician. Gassendi combated
the metaphysics of Descartes, and di-
vided with that great man the philoso-
phers of his time, almost all of whom
were Cartesians or Gassendians. Gib-
bon calls him the most philosophic
among the learned, and the most learned
among the philosophic of his age. He
d. 1655, leaving nine volumes of hia
philosophical works.
gay]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
431
GASSICOTJET, Charles Louis Cadet
OK, a modern French pliilosopher and
advocate, was the son of an apothecary
at Paris, and first attracted notice by a
pamphlet, pubhshed in H7y7, on the
Theory of Elections ; which he followed
up by a variety of essays on political
subjects. In 1803 appeared his new
"Dictionary of Chemistry," afterwards
introduced in the Polytechnic school.
He followed the French army into Aus-
tria in 180y, and wrote a history of the
campaign. The modern plan for the
organization of the French board of
health owes its origin to him, and he
had not only the satisfaction of seeing
it eagerly adopted, but that of obtaining
the appointment of reporting secretary,
which situation he held till his deatn,
in 1823.
GASTON, William, b. at Newbem,
N. C, 1778, was descended from a Hu-
guenot family, and his father distin-
guished himself in the revolutionary
war. He was graduated at Princeton
college in 1796, and began the practice
of law in 1798. Before he was 22 he
was chosen a senator of his native state,
and in 1813 a representative in congress,
where he remained till 1817. He greatly
distinguished himself by his advocating
the war with Great Britain. His useful-
ness subsequently was confined to the
legislature and convention of North
Carolina. D. 1844.
GATAKEK, Thomas, an English di-
vine, was b. 1574, in London. In 1619
he published a curious treatise on the
" Nature and Use of Lots," which occa-
sioned considerable controversy. He
was also the author of " Opera Oritica,"
Wid other eminent works, chiefly of bib-
.ical criticism. D. 1654.
GATES, Horatio, an American oiRcer,
who greatly distinguished himself in the
war of independence, was b. in England,
1728. After serving in the army, and
obtaining considerable promotion, he
purchased an estate in Virginia, and re-
sided on it until the commencement of
the revolutionary war in 1775, when
congress appointed him adjutant-gen-
eral; and during the struggle which
followed, he rendered many brilliant
services to liis adopted country. On
the 8th of October, 1777, he totally de-
feated General Burgoyne, who, on the
I6th, was compelled to surrender his
whole army, which was considered the
most important achievement of the
whole war, and had the greatest efiect
in obtaining the result that followed.
He was, however, unfortunate aftt^r he
he had obtained the chief command of
the southern districts, being signally de-
feated at Camden, by Lord Cornwallis.
D. 1806, asred 77.
GATTERER, John Christopher, a
learned German historian ; author of a
" History of the World to the time of
Cyrus," " An Essay towards a General
Universal History," &c. His treatises
display a spirit of deep research and.
sound criticism. D. 1799.
GAUBIL, Anthony, a learned French
missionary in China, was b. at Caillac, in
1708, and d. at Pekin in 1759, where he
was interpreter to the court. He wrote
the history of Genghis Khan, and an
"Historical and Critical Treatise on
Chinese Astronomy."
GAUBIUS, Jesome Davtd, a cele-
brated physician, was b. at Heidelberg,
in 1705. His treatise on the " Method
of Prescribing, or of Writing Receipts,'*
contains the best rules on that important
subject. But his greatest work is his
" Principles of Nosology." D. 1780.
GAUDENTIO, an historical painter of
Milan, was b. about 1460. He painted
in fresco and oil a number of pictures for
the churches in his native city.
GAULTIER, Louis, a French abb^,
whose life was spent in rendering edu-
cation a scientific amusement rather than
a task, was b. about the year 1746. D.
1818.
GAUTHEY, Emilian Marie, an emi-
nent civil engineer, was b. at Chalons-
sur-Saone, in France, in 1732. He filled
several important posts \ and under his
direction many public works of magni-
tude were undertaken and completed.
He conceived the idea of forming a canal
from Chalons to Dijon, which is termed
the " canal du centre," and is 23 leagues
in extent. This was completed in 1791.
He also executed the junction canals of
the Saone, Yonne, and Doubs ; and
built several bridges and quays. He
wrote several professional treatises, the
principal one of which is entitled
"Traite complet sur la Construction des
Ponts et des Canaux navigables." D.
1806.
GAVAED, Hyacinthe, one of the
most able anatomists of the 18th centu-
ry, was b. at Montmelian, in 1753, and
was a pupil of Desault. He published
treatises on osteology, myology, and
splanchnology, the latter of which es-
.pecially has been highly praised. D.
1802.
GAY, John, an eminent English poet,
was b. at Barnstaple, Devon, in 1688,
was apprenticed to a sUk-mercer in Lon-
432
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[ged
don; but, showing a marked aversion
to trade, his indentures were cancelled
h^ mutual agreement, and he devoted
himself to literature. In 1711 he pub-
lished his " Rural Sports," which he
dedicated to Pope, then a young poet
like himself; a compliment that intro-
duced them to each other, and proved
the foundation of a friendship which
lasted for life. The year following he
"was appointed secretary to the duchess
of Monmouth. About this time came
out his burlesque poem, entitled " Trivia,
or the Art of Walking the Streets of
London ;" which was succeeded, in 1714,
by the " Shepherd's Week, a series of
Pastorals,'' in ridicule of Phillips. The
same year he went to Hanover with the
earl of Clarendon, as secretary to the
embassy ; but though he had great ex-
pectations from the court, they were
never realized. In 1720 he published
his poems, in 2 vols, ito., by subscrip-
tion ; which produced him a consider-
able sum, but he lost it all in the South
Sea scheme. After producing many in-
genious and agreeable works, some
instances of court favor encouraged him
to employ himself in his well-known
" Fables," written professedly for the
instruction of tlie duke of Cumberland,
and published with a dedication to that
prince in 1726; but though they were
popular, they failed to serve him at court.
He thereupon wrote " The Beggar's
Opera," which was first acted in 1727,
and ran for 63 successive nights ; but it
so offended the persons in power, that
the lord chamberlain refused to license
for performance a second part of it, en-
titled "Polly." This resentment in-
duced his friends to come forward on its
publication with so handsome a sub-
scription, that his profits amounted to
£1200. The cause of Gay was taken up
by the duke and duchess of Queensber-
ry, who gave him a residence in their
house, where he d. Dec. 11, 1732. He
was buried in Westminster abbey, and
a monument was erected to his memory.
GAY-LUSSAC, Nicolas Francois,
whose important discoveries in numer-
ous branches of physics and chemistry
have placed him in the foremost ranks
of science, was b. at St. Leonard, in
France, 1788. At an early age he dis-
tinguished himself by his aerial voyages
for the observation of atmospheric phe-
nomena at great heights; and the nu-
merous experiments he made in con-
iunction with Humboldt, Kenard, and
BerthoUet, on an infinite variety of sub-
jects connected with the general laws
that regulate the composition c f bodies,
have proved of eminent practical utility.
He closed a long life of almost uu paral-
leled scientific indnstrv. May 9, IS.iO.
GAYOT ©E PIT AVAL, Francis, a
French writer, was b. at Lyons, in 1673.
He was at first an ecclesiastic ; next he
entered into the army ; and, at the age
of 50, he became an advocate. He com-
piled the "Causes Celebres." D. 1743.
GAZA, Theodore, one of the chief
revivers of Greek literature in the Inth
century, was b. at Thessalonica, in 1398.
D. 1478.
GEBER, an Arabian philosopher of
the 8th century, whose skill in astrono-
my and alchemical researches obtained
for him in that dark age the character
of a magician. He is said to have been
a Greek by birth, and to have aposta-
tized from Christianity to Mahometan-
ism. His works, under the title of
"Lapis Philosophorum," prove that his
knowledge of chemistry was by no
means so limited as that of many who
wrote subsequently to his time.
GEBHARDI, Louis Albert, a volu-
minous historical writer ; author of the
histories of Denmark and Norway, the
Wendes and Sclavonians, Courland,
Hungary, the sovereign houses of Ger-
many, and various portions of the " Uni-
versal History," puolished at Halle. He
was librarian at Hanover, where he d. in
1802.
GED, William, the inventor of the
art of stereotyping, which he practised
in 1725, was a goldsmith of Edinburgh.
In 1729 he entered into partnership with
Fenner, a stationer of London, but no
advantage to him resulted from the con-
nection, and he returned to Scotland.
D. 1749.
GEDDES, Alexander, a Roman Cath-
olic priest, b. in Ruthven, Banffshire,
1737. In 1779 the university of Aber-
deen granted him the degree of LL.D.,
being the first Catholic since the refor-
mation to whom it had been given.
About this time he removed to London,
and began to devote himself to a trans-
lation of the Bible into English. In 1786
he published his prospectus of that
work. The first volume of it appeared
in 1792, comprising the Pentateuch and
the Book of Joshua; and in 1797 ap-
g eared the second volume ; after which
e published " Critical Remarks," in
vindication of his work, and an " Apol-
ogy for the Roman Catholics of Great
Britain." D. 1802. — James, an ingeni-
ous writer, was b. in Tweeddale, Scot-
laud, in 1710 ; educated at Edinburgh ;
gem]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
entered on the study of the law, and was
admitted an advocate. He was the au-
thor of " An Essay on the Composition
and Manner of Writinor ofthe Ancients,
particularly Plato." D. 1749.— Michael,
an eminent English divine of the 17th
century. He was chaplain to the factory
at Lisbon, where he was apprehended
by the Inquisition in 1686, and inter-
dicted from officiating in his ministerial
capacity ; on whicli he returned to En-
gland, and was made chancellor of Salis-
bury. He wrote the "History ofthe
Church of Malabar," the " Church His-
tory of Ethiopia." D. 1741.
GEDOYN, Nicholas, the translator
of Quintilian and Pausanias into French,
was b. at Orleans in 1667, and d. in 1744.
GEER, Charles de, a very celebrated
Swedish naturalist, was b. in 1720. He
possessed a share in the iron-works at
jDanneraora, which mines he impro.ved
by the application of new machinery.
lie also invented an apparatus for dry-
ing corn by the heat of the smelting
houses. By these means he gained
great wealth, which he applied to the
noblest purposes, in feedmg the poor,
repairing churches, and establishing
schools. He was appointed marshal of
the court, knight of the polar star, and
created a baron. He wrote " Memoires
pour servir a I'Histoire des Insectes."
I). 1778.
GEHLER, John Samuel, an eminent
natural philosopher and a senator of
Leipsic, author of a " Dictionary of
Natural Philosophy." D. 1795.
GELASIUS, bishop of Caesarea in the
4th century, was the author of a " His-
tory of the Church," of which some
portions are still extant. D. 394. — I.,
was elevated to the papal chair on the
death of Felix III. in 492. He had a
contest with the patriarch of Constanti-
nople, and by his arrogance prevented
a union between the two churches. D.
496. — II., a native of Campania, was
elected pope in 1118. Cencio, marquis
di Frangipan, who was in the interest
of the Emperor Henry V., drove him
from Rome, and he retired to the abbey
of Clugny, where lie d. 1119.
GELL, Sir William, a celebrated an-
tiquarian and classical scholar, was b. in
1777. He devoted his time to literary
pursuits, and published " The Topog-
raphy of Troy," " The Geography and
Antiquities of Ithaca," " The Itinerary
of Greece," " The Itinerary of the Mo-
rea," " The Topography of ilome," and,
lastly, his- interesting and beautiful
work, entitled "Porapeiana, or Obser-
87
vations upon the Topography, Edifices,
and Ornaments of Pompeii." For nmny
years Sir William had resided in Italy ;
first at Rome, and afterwards at Naples.
He was knighted on his return from b
mission to the Ionian Islands in 1803 ,
and in 1820 the late Queen Caroline
appointed him one of her chamberlains.
D. 1836.
GELLERT, Christian Furchtegott,
a German poet and writer on morals,
was b. at Haynichen, in Saxony, in 1715.
He received his education at Leipsic,
and acquired great celebrity by his tales,
fables, and essays. He was appointed
extraordinary professor of philosophy at
Leipsic, where he read lectures on poe-
try and eloquence, which were received
with great applause. His complete
works were published in 10 vols. D.
1769. — Christlieb Ehregott, brother of
the preceding, was a celebrated metal-
lurgist. He introduced very important
improvements into the method of sepa-
rating metallic substances by amalgama-
tion, and wrote on the arts. B. 1713 ;
d. 1795.
GELLI, Giambatista, an Italian poet
and dramatic writer, b. at Florence, in
1498. He was bred to some low trade,
but became a member of the academy
of Florence, and had a hi^h reputation
in his day. Besides his original works,
consisting of comedies, poems, and re-
marks on the Italian language, he trans-
lated the " History of Euripides," into
Italian. J). 1563.
GELLIBRAND, Henry, a mathema-
tician, b. in London, in 1597, and edu-
cated at Trinity college, Oxford. In
1627 he was elected professor of astron-
omy at Gresham college. He wrote
several useful works on the longitude,
the variation of the magnetic needle, on
trigonometry, and on navigation. D.
1636,
GELLIUS, AuLXJS, a Roman lawyer,
b. in 130. He studied at Athens, and
is the author of " Noctes Atticae," a
work full of interesting observations,
critical and philological.
GEMINIANI, Francesco, an eminent
musical composer, was b. at Lucca, in
1666, and completed his studies under
Corelli, His chief work is entitled,
" Guida Harmoidca, or a sure Guide to
Harmonv and Modulation," D. 1762.
GEMISTUS PLETHO, George, a
philosopher, b. at Constantinople, in
1390, but who resided chiefly in the
Peloponnesus, where he acquired great
fame for his wisdom and virtue. He
was a zealous defender of the Platonists
434
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[gen
gainst the ATistoteliars, and of the
Greek church {gainst ,hat of Kome.
On going to the council of Florence,
1433, his zeal and eloquence gained him
the admiration of all parties. He con-
tributed to the revival of Flatonism, in
Italy, and was the means of laying the
foundation of the academy in tiiat city.
He d. in his native country, at the age
of 101.
GENDEBIEN, a distinguished Bel-
gian, b. 1753, took part, in 1789, in
shaking off the yoke of Austria; in
1790, sat as a deputy for the Belgian re-
public, when united with France in the
council of five hundred. In 1815 he
was nominated one of the commission
for drawing up the constitutional act,
uniting Bek
gium
and Holland as the
kingdom of the Netherlands. As a
member of the second chamber, he
steadily opposed the arbitrary acts of
the royal authority, especially those
which emanated from Van Maanen, the
minister of justice, and took a decided
part in the Belgic revolution of 1831, by
which Belgium again separated itself
from Holland, and declared its independ-
ence.
GENGHIS-KHAN, or JINGHIS-
KHAN, the son of a petty Mongolian
prince, was b. in Tartary, in 1163. After
a species of intestine warfare with vari-
ous Tartar tribes, this renowned con-
queror invaded China, the capital of
which was taken by storm, in 1205, and
plundered. The Hiurder of the ambas-
sadors which Genghis-Khan had sent
to Turkestan, occasioned the invasion
of that empire, in 1218, with an army
of 700,000 men ; and the two great cities
of Bokhara and Samarcand were storm-
ed, pillaged, burnt, and more than
200,000 individuals destroyed with
them. He continued his career of dev-
astation for several years, and in 1225,
though more than 60 years old, he
marched in person, at the head of his
whole army, against the king of Tangut,
who had given shelter to two of his
enemies, and refused to surrender them.
A great battle was fought on plains of
ice, formed by a frozen lake, m which
the king of Tangut was totally defeated,
with the loss of "300,000 men. This am-
bitious warrior, whose ravages had cost
the human race upwards of 5,000,000
human beings, by dint of successive
victories, became monarch of a territory
exceeding 1500 leagues, including North-
ern China, Eastern Persia, and the
whole of Tartary. He d. in 1227, in the
66th year of his age, and in the 52d of
his reign : having, before his death, di-
vided his immense territories between
the four princes whom he had by the
first of liis four wives.
GEN LIS, Stephanie FELUjrrE, connt-
ess de, celebrated for her literary talents,
and by many for the independent prin-
ciples which prevail through all her
writings, was d. near Autun, in 1746.
Her maiden name was Ducrest de St.
Aubin, and the connection of her family
with that of St. Aubin procured her ad-
mission, at four years of age, to enter as
a canoness into the noble chapter at
Aix, from which time she was called la
comtesse de Lancy. At 17, a letter of
her writing having fallen into the hands
of the count de Genlis, he was so fasci-
nated with its style as to make her the
offer of his hand and fortune, which she
accepted. By this marriage she became
niece to madame de Montesson, who
was privately married to the duke of
Orleans ; and his son, the duke of
Chartres, chose her, in 1782, to super-
intend the education of his children. It
was, soon after, rumored that an im-
proper attachment existed between her
and the duke ; and Pamela, afterwards
the wife of the unfortunate Lord Edward
Fitzgerald, was supposed to be the issue
of that connection. At this period,
madame de Genlis wrote several excel-
lent works, producing, in rapid succes-
sion, ^'Adela and Theodore," "The
Evenings of the Castle," "The Theatre
of Education," and "Annals of Virtue,"
all of which were highly popular. In
1791 she went to England" with her pupil,
mademoiselle d'Orieans, and on their
return to France, the following year,
both were ordered to quit the territories
without delay. After some time, thc7
went to Switzerland, but were not per-
mitted to reside there; and General
Montesquieu obtained them an asylura
in the convent of St. Clair. In 1800 she
returned to France ; and in 1805, Napo-
leon gave her apartments in the arsenal
at Paris, and allowed her a pension of
5000 francs. On the return of the Bour-
bons, she seemed to , forget her old pa-
tron, and her love of republicanism gave
way to admiration for tlie restored dy-
nasty. When her old pupil, Louis
Philippe, ascended the throne, bothhe
and his family paid the kindest attention
to the comforts of madame de Genlis ;
and her pen was actively employed to
the last day of her existence. So nu-
merous are her works, amounting alto-
gether to about 90 volumes, that the
mere enumeration of their titles would
4eo]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
435
occupy too mucli c? our space. They
embrace nearly all subjects, and are
characterized by fertility of imagination
and a pleasing style. D. 1830.
GENNARl, C^SAK and Benedict,
two painters, who were the nepliews
and disciples of Guercino. After work-
ing togetiicr some years, Csesar estab-
lished himself at Bologna, and Benedict
went to England, wliere he became
painter to Jamos II., on whose expul-
sion he returned to Italy. J), in 1715,
aged 82.
GENNAEO, Joseph Aurelius, a ci-
vilian, was b. at Naples, in 1701. He
became chief magistrate in his native
city, and his works, which are all on
legal subjects, are remarkable for purity
of style and depth of erudition. D.
1762.
GENOVESI, Anthony, an Italian
philosopher and metaphysician, was b.
at Castiglione in 1712. He read lectures
in philosophy at Naples with great rep-
utation for some time, but at length he
was attacked by numerous enemies for
publishing his metaphysics, in which
he recommended the works of Galileo,
Grotius, and Newton. The king of
Naples, however, protected him, and
made him professor of political economy
and moral philosophy in the Neapolitan
university. He was the author of
"Philosophical Meditations on Keligion
and Morality," a "System of Logic,"
" Humorous Letters," and " Italian
Morality," which last is accounted his
principal performance. D. 1769.
GENTILIS, or GENTILI, Alberico,
an Italian civilian, b. at Aucona, in
1550. His father, who was a physician,
embraced the reformed religion, and
went to England, where Alberico be-
came professor at law at Oxford ; d.
1608. He wrote "De Jure Belli," and
other works on jurisprudence. — Scipio,
his brother, who was professor of civil
law at Altdorf, and d. in 1616, was the
author of " De Jure Publico Populi
Eomani," &c.
GENTLEMAN, Francis, a dramatic
writer and actor; b. in Ireland, 1728.
Besides some theatrical pieces, he was
the author of "The Dramatic Censor,"
and a volume of " Eoyal Fables, in
imitation of Gay." D. 1*784.
GENTZ, Frederic von, a distin-
guished publicist, and an uncompro-
mising antagonist of France, was b. at
Breslau, 1764 ; studied at Konigsberg,
and after a short sojoirn in England,
where he gained the good will of Pitt,
he repaired to Vienna in 1803, wnere he
entered into the Austrian civU service,
under the most favorable auspices and
hopes. He was appointed one of the
secretaries at the congress of Vienna in
1814, and at Paris in 1815, and lie took
an active part in the various congresses
that sprung out of the restoration. A
selection from his various works, com-
prising political questions, a " Life of
Mary Queen of Scots," and numerous
articles written for the " Journal Histo-
rique," was published in 1838. D. 1832.
GEOFFREY of Monmouth, a British
historian who flourished in the 12th
century. He was a native of Monmouth
became its archdeacon, and was raised
to the see of St. Asaph ; but, in conse-
quence of the disturbed state of the
north of Wales, he left his bishopric,
retiring at first to the monastery of
Abingdon, and then taking up his abode
at the court of Henry 11. His chief
work is entitled " Chronicon sive His-
toria Britonum" and is full of legendary
tales respecting the early British mon-
arch s.
GEOFFEIN, Marie Therese Eodet,
a woman alike distinguished for the
qualities of her mind and heart, who
during half a century, was the ornament
of the most polite and cultivated socie-
ties of Paris. She wrote a treatise " Sur
la Conversation ;" but passed most of
her life in active benevolence. D. 1777.
GEOFFEOI, Stephen Francis, a
French physician, and professor of
chemistry at Paris, where he was b.
1672. He was the author of a Pharma-
copoeia, called " Le Code Medicamentaire
de la Faculte de Paris," and was a
member of the Eoyal Society of Lon-
don. D. 1731.
GEOFFEOY, Julian Louis, a French
critic, remarkable for the severity of his
dramatic censures*- He conducted the
" Literary Annids" after the death of
Freron, and pubhshed a "Course of
Dramatic Literature," a "Commentary
on Eacine," &c. B. 1743- d. 1814.—
Stephen Louis, an eminent French phy-
sician and naturalist; author of "a
" Manual of Practical Medicine for Sur-
geons," a " Dissertation on the Organ
of Hearing," a "History of Insects,"
&c. B. 1725 ; d. 1810.
GEOFFEOY SAINT HILAIEE,
Etienne, a distinguished zoologist and
comparative anatomist, sprung from a
family well known in science, was b. at
Etampes, 1772. He was originally des-
tined for the church, but he preferred
dedicating himself to natural science,
a taste for which he had imbibed from
4e36
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[ger
the instructions of Brisson, at the col-
lege of Navarre, and in the company of
Haiiy his colleague at the college of
Cardinal Leuioine. In 1798 lie formed
one of the great scientific expedition to
Egypt, explored all the conquered coun-
tries, and was one of the founders and
most active members of the institute,
of whicli he afterwards became pro-
fessor. In 1808 he went on a great'
scientific mission to Portugal; in 1815
he was a member of the chamber during
the hundred days ; but, on the return
of the Bourbons, he retired from political
life. The great merit of Geoffi-oy Saint
Hilaire as a naturalist consists in his
discovery of the law of unity that per-
vades the organic composition of all
animal bodies — a theory glanced at by
Buffon and Goethe ; and in his having
founded the theory of " Analogues," or
the method by which the identity of
organic materials is determined in th^
midst of all their transformations. With
him too originated the doctrine of " de-
velopment," which has found so able a
supporter amon^ ourselves in the
author of the "Vestiges of Creation."
His chief works are "Histoire Naturelle
desMammifores," "Philosophie Anato-
mique," " Princrpes de la Philosophie
Zoologique," "Etudes Progressives,"
&c. D. 1844.
GEOKGE, Lewis, I., king of Great
Britain, was the son of Ernest Augustus,
elector of Hanover, by Sophia, daughter
of Frederic, elector-palatine, and grand-
daughter of James I. He was b. in
1660; was trained to arms under his
father ; married his cousin, Sophia
Dorothea, daughter of the duke of Zell,
1682 ; served in three campaigns with
the emperor's army, against the Turks
in Hungary ; and succeeded to the elec-
torate in 1700. In 1706 he was created
duke of Cambridge, and succeeded to
the throne of England on the death of
Queen Anne, in 1714. D. 1727.— Au-
gustus, II., son of George I., was b. in
1683 ; married in 1705, the Princess
Caroline, of Bradenburg-Anspach, who
died in 1737 ; went to England with his
father at the accession of the latter ; was
created prince of Wales ; and in 1727
succeeded to the throne. D. 1760. —
HI., eldest son of Frederic, prince of
Wales, and grandson of George II., was
b. June 4, 1738, being the first sovereign
of the Hanoverian line that could boast
of England as the place of his nativity.
On the death of his father, in 1751, his
education was intrusted to the earl of
HiLTcourt and the bishop of Norwich ;
though he was greatly indebted to the
princess-dowager, his mother, for the
formation of his mind and character.
He ascended the throne on the death of
his grandfather, in 1760, being then in
his 23d year. D. 1820.— IV., son of
the preceding, succeeded his father, and
d. 1880.
GEOKGES, Chevalier db St., a viclin-
ist and musical composer. He was a
native of Guadaloupe, and usually re-
sided in Paris, where, as well as in En-
gland, he was equally celebrated for his
skill as a sword-player as for his per-
formances on the violin. D. 1801.
GEOKGIADES, Anastasius, a mod-
ern Greek author, b. in 1770, at Philip-
polis. He published at Leipsic a work
in modern Greek, called " Anthropolo-
gy," and another on the pronunciation
of ancient Greek. He was a physician
at Bucharest.
GERANDO, Baron de, a distinguish-
ed writer on philosophical subjects, was
b. at Lyons, 1772 ; took part in 1793 in
the defence of his native city against the
troops of the convention, was forced to
flee in consequence, returned in 1796,
and was present at the battle of Zurich,
1799. But in the heart of the camp he
had found time to cultivate literature ;
for his "Comparative History of the
Systems of Philosophy" attracted the
notice of Lucien Bonaparte, who made
him secretary-general to the minister of
the interior in 1804 ; and in 1805 he ac-
companied Napoleon to Italy, where he
remained for some years endeavoring to
introduce the French system of admin-
istration. In 1837 he was raised to the
peerage. D. 1842.
GERARD, Alexander, a Scotch di-
vine and writer, was b. at Garioch,
Aberdeenshire, in 1728. He was edu-
cated at Aberdeen and Edinburgh, and
in 1752 he became professor of moral
philosophy in Marischal college. In
1759 he was appointed professor of di-
vinity, took his doctor's degree, and in
1771 he obtained the theological profes-
sorship in King's college, Aberdeen.
He was the author of " An Essay on
Taste," " Dissertiitions on the Genius
and Evidences of Christianity," " An
Essay on Genius," two volumes of ser-
mons, and a " Discourse on the Pastoral
Care." — Francois, a French historical
painter, of the highest merit. He be-
came, at the early age of 14, a pnpil of
the celebrated David, and is thought by
many good judges to have equalled, if
not in some cases to have surpassed his
master. His battle-pieces are extremely
0!BRJ
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
437
grand; but probably his portraits of
the Bonaparte family, and of the allied
sovereigns are his finest achievements.
B. 177u; d. 1837. — Louis, an eminent
French physician and botanist, b. in
1733. He was distinguished for his re-
searches in various brandies of natural
science ; and he first noticed the natural
affinities of plants, in his '* Gerardi
Flora Gallo-Provincialis." D. 1819.
GERARD DE RAYNEVAL, Joseph
Matthias, a French diplomatist, who
for a long series of years was employed
as secretary in political missions, and
subsequently became chief of the divi-
sion in the office of foreign affairs. He
greatly distinguished himself both by
is diplomatic talents and his published
opinions. B. 1736 ; d. 1812.
GERARD THOM, or TENQUE,
founder of the order of St. John of Je-
rusalem, was b. at Amalfi, about the
year 1040. He first visited Jerusalem
for commercial objects; but in 1100 he
took the religious habit, and associated
with others, who made the vows of
chastity, poverty, and obedience : the
object of their institution being to de-
fend Christian pilgrims in their journey
to and from the Holy Land. Thus arose
the powerful order of knights hospital-
lers of St. John, who afterwards became
the knights of Malta, and acquired such
distinguished fame. D. 1120.
GERARDE, John, an English bota-
nist and surgeon, b. at Nantwich in
Cheshire, in 1545, and d. in 1607. He
was the author of " Catalogus Arborum,
Fruticum, etPlantarum," and the " Her-
bal, or General History of Plants," a
work which contributed to diffuse a
iaste for botany.
GERARDEN, Sebastian, an eminent
French naturalist ; author of " Tableau
Elementaire de Botanique," &c. B.
1751 ; d. 1816.
GERARDS, Mabk, a painter of Bru-
ges, was b. in 1561. About 1580 he
went to England, and was appointed
painter to Queen Elizabeth. He was
eminent in history, portraits, and land-
scapes. D. 1635.
GERBAIS, Jean, a French civilian,
doctor of the Sorbonne, professor of
rhetoric at the royal college of Paris,
and principal of the college of Rheims,
d. in that city in 1669. He wrote " De
Causis Majoribus," " A Letter on the
Ornaments and Luxury of Female
Dress," &c.
GERBELIUS, Nicholas, professor of
jurisprudence at the university of Stras-
ourg ; author of the " Life of Cuspin-
87*
ian," a treatise on the " Eise and Pro-
gress of the Anabaptists," &c. D. 1560.
GERBERT, Martin, a dignified eccle-
siastic, born in the Austrian states in
1790. He was prince-abbot of the Bene-
dictine monastery at St. Blair, in the
Black Forest ; and was eminent for his
knowledge of, and taste for, the fine
arts, particularly music. He travelled
throughout the Continent for the mate-
rials of a work on the history of church
music, and in 1774 it appeared under
the title of " De Cantu et Musica Sacra
a prima Ecclesiae JState usque ad pre-
sens Tempus." A still more valuable
one, now very scarce, appeared in 1784,
entitled "Scriptores Ecclesiastic! de
Musica Sacra potissimum." D. 1793.
GERBIER, Sir BalthasaRj a painter,
was b. at Antwerp, 1592. He went to
England with Rubens, and was knight-
ed by Charles I., who made him his
agent at Brussels, and employed him in
different negotiations. At the restora-
tion he prepared the triumphal arches
for the reception of the king. D. 1667.
GERBILLON, John Francis, a Jesuit
missionary in China, b. in 1654. He
wrote " Observations on Great Tartary,"
and an account of his travels is inserted
in Du Halde's History of China. He
was in great favor with the emperor, for
whom lie composed the " Elements of
Geometry," and was his instructor in
mathematics and philosophy. He was
allowed to preach the Christian religion
in China, and finally became superior-
general of all the Jesuit missionaries
sent from France. D. at Pekin in 1707.
GERMANICUS, Cjesar, the son of
Claudius Drusus Nero, and the younger
Antonia, a niece of Augustus, was
adopted by Tiberius, his paternal uncle.
He was at the head of the Roman armies
in Germany when Augustus died ; stud
after gaining many great victories there,
Tiberius, jealous of his nephew's glory,
called him home under pretence of
granting him a triumph. In order,
however, to get rid of^ a man whose
popularity appeared dangerous, he sent
him, invested with almost absolute pow-
er, into the East, where he died, under
strong suspicions of being poisoned,
A. D. 19, aged 84. His death was regard-
ed at Rome as a public loss, and all the
houses were closed on the day of his
funeral.
GERM ANUS, patriarch of Constanti-
nople in the 8th century, was a zealous
defender of image-worship, for which
he was degraded, in a council held at
Constantinople, in 730. D. 740.
438
CYCLOPEDIA or BIOGRAPHY.
[ges
GERNSTNER, Francis Anthont,
chevalier de, a distinguished Austrian
engineer. He constructed the railroad
from Budweis to Liutz, and part of that
from Moscow to St. Petersburg. He
published an important and elaborate
work on " Practical Mechanics." D. at
riiiladelphia, 183y.
(i ERR if, Elbridge, one of the sign-
ers of the declaration of independence,
and vice-president of the United States,
vfi b. at Marblehead, Mass., in 1744,
and received his education at Harvard
college. He was graduated at this insti-
tution in 1762, and afterwards engaging
in mercantile pursuits, amassed a con-
siderable fortune. He took an early
part in the controversies between the
colonies and Great Britain, and in 1772
was elected a representative, from his
native town, in the legislature of Massa-
chusetts. In 1776 he was elected a dele-
gate to the continental congress, where
for several years he exhibited the ut-
most zeal and lidelity in the discharge
of numerous and severe official labors.
In 1784 Mr. Gerry was re-elected a mem-
ber of congress, and in 1787 was chosen
a delegate to the convention which as-
sembled at Philadelphia, to revise the
articles of confederation. In 1789 he
was again elected to congress, and re-
mained in that body for four years,
when he retired into private life till the
year 1797, when he was appointed to
accompany General Pinckney and Mr.
Marshall on a special mission to France.
In October, 1798, Mr. Gerry returned
home, having been elected governor
of his native state, and in 1812 vice-
president of the United States, he d. at
Washington, 1814.
GERSON, John Charlier de, an
eminent French divine, b. at Gerson, in
Champagne, in 1368. He was chancellor
of the university of Paris, and canon of
Notre Dame ; and he distinguished him-
self by his piety, his writings, and his
defence of the council of Constance
against the authority of the pope. D.
1421. — John, abbot of V^ercei, in the 12th
century, by whom the book entitled
" De Imitatione Christi," which bears
the name of Thomas a-Kempis, was, as
it now appeal's, really written.
GERSTEIN, Christian Louis, a math-
matician, was b. at Giessen, in 1701 ;
appointed to the professorship of mathe-
matics there in 1733 ; but afterwards
deprived of it for not submitting to the
decision of a court of justice in a law-
suit. D. in 1762. He wrote some Latin
works on barometrical observations, a
" New Method of calculating Eclipses,"
&c.
GERVAISE, Armand Francis, a
French ecclesiastic of the order of the
Carmelites. He abridged the works of
St. Cyprian, and wrote his life. He waa
also the author of the lives of Abelard
and Heloise, and other biographical and
theological works. D. 1744. — Nicholas,
brother of the preceding. He went to
Siam, where he remained four years as
a missionary; and on his return pub-
lished the natural and eivU history of
that kingdom ; also, a description of
Macassar. After a time he was conse-
crated bishop of Horren, in Guiana, and
went thither ; but was murdered, with
all his clersry, by the natives, in 1729.
GESENiUS, Frederic Henry Wil-
liam, one of the most distinguished
orientalists of modern times, was b. at
Nordhausen, 1786. He Avas professor
of theology at Halle ; and during the 80
years that 'he lectured in that universi-
ty, he published numerous works, which
have made a new era in oriental litera-
ture. His " Hebrew Grammar," and
many analogous productions enjoy a
universal reputation, ;,nd some of them
are translated into most European lan-
guages. D. 1842.
GESNER, Conrad, an eminent phy-
sician and naturalist, was b. at Zurich,
in Switzerland, in 1516, and was profes-
sor of philosophy there for 24 years.
His fame as a botanist was spread over
Europe, and he maintained a correspond-
ence with learned men of all countries.
He wrote numerous able works on dif-
ferent branches of natural history, of
which his "Historia Animalium" is
reckoned his greatest performance, and
procured him the appellation of the
Pliny of Germany. His "BibHotheca
Universalis," a full catalogue of all wri-
ters extant, in three languages, Greek,
Latin, and Hebrew, is a monument of
immense learning and industry. He
otherwise rendered much service to
science, and for his various and great
merits he was ennobled. D. 1561. —
Solomon, a poet and painter, was b. at
Zurich, in 1730. He was placed under
a bookseller at Berlin, but soon eloped
from his master, and employed his time
in painting and poetry. On his return
to Zurich he published " Daphnis,"
which was followed by " Inkle and Ya-
rieo;" but his fame was estabUshed by
his "Idvlls and Pastorals." He next
added to his celebrity by the very popu-
lar piece of " The Death of Abel,]' which
appeared in 1758, and made his nomo
gib]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
439
known throughout Europe. He then
published his " First Navigator," " Mor-
al Tales," " Dramas," &c. ; and after-
wards turned his attention more par-
ticularly to painting and engraving, and
produced several landscapes ; at the
same time instructing with his pen,
while he pleased the eye, and contribu-
ted to the progress of art. D. 1788.
GESSNER, John Matthias, a pro-
found scholar and critic, was b. at Eoth,
in Anspach, in 1691. His most esteemed
works are editions of some of the clas-
sics, and an excellent Latin Thesaurus.
GETA, Septimius Antonius, second
6<.r- of the Emperor Severus, and bro-
ther of the infamous Caracalla, whom he
joined in the government on the death
of his father. He was b, 189, and had
not reached his 23d year when the Ro-
mans had to lament his untimely death.
GEZELIUS, John, bishop of Abo,
the capital of Finland, was the author
of a " Pentaglot Dictionary," an abridg-
ed " Encyclopaedia of the Sciences," &c.
B. 1651; d. 16yO.— John, his son, who
succeeded him in the bishopric, was
also a learned schohir, and translated
the Bible into the Finlandish tongue.
D. 1718.
GHERARDESCA, Ugolina della,
immortalized in the " Inferno" of Dante,
under the appellation of Count Ugolino,
was a Neapolitan, who, in the 13th cen-
tury endeavored to usurp the govern-
ment of Pisa, and found a new princi-
pality, after the example of Delia Scala
at Verona. After a time he succeeded,
but governed his countrymen with great
despotisfh; and Roger d'Ubaldini, the
archbishop of Pisa, who was as crxiel
and ambitious as himself, formed a con-
spiracy against him, the result of which
was, that Count Ugolino was attacked in
his palace, and, after a brave resistance,
taken prisoner, with three of his sons
and one of his grandsons, all of whom
wore imprisoned, and left to die of star-
vation.
GHEZZI, Sebastian, Joseph, and Pe-
TEU Leo, father, son, and grandson ;
thi'ee Italian artists ofthe 17th and 18th.
centuries, each of whom was more or
less eminent in ornamenting churches
and palaces.
GHIBERTI, Lorenzo, a celebrated
sculptor, b. in 1378, at Florence, who
early learned the arts of drawing, model-
ing", and eastinsr metals. At Florence he
executed two bronze doors, which still
adorn the baptistery of St. John, and,
according to the hyperbolical praise of
Michael Angelo, were worthy o^ decora-
ting the entrance to paradise. It con-
tains 24 panels, representing various
subjects from the New Testament. D.
1455.
GHIRLANDAIO, Domenico, one of
the elder Florentine painters, was dis-
tinguished for fertility of invention, and
lias therefore been imitated by later ar-
tists. He was b. 1449, and had the
honor of being teacher to Michael Ange •
lo. — RiDOLPHo, his son, was also an ex
cellent artist, and highly esteemed hy
Raphael. D. 1560.
GIAMBERTI, Francesco, a Floren
tine architect of the 15th eentuiy, who
made the designs for many buildings in
Florence and Rome, composed a work
containing the drawings of ancient
monuments remaining in the Roman
territory and Greece. — Giuliano, his
son, was architect, sculptor, and engi-
neer to the house of Medici ; built a
magnificent palace for the Grand-duke
Lorenzo, besides many other palaces,
churches, and fortresses' in short, ho
was one of the first architects of the
age. B. lUS : d. 1517.
GIANNONE, Peter, a fearless histo-
rian, was b. at Ischitella, in Apulia, in
1676, and became an advocate at Naples.
He wrote a valuable " History of Naples,"
in which he gave great offence to tho
court of Rome, and exposed him to its
fury. His book was prohibited, himself
excommunicated, and, after having been
driven into exile, he d. at Turin, in 1738.
GIBBON, Edward, the celebrated
historian, was b. at Putney, in 1737 ;
sent to Westminster school, but soon
transferred to a private tutor ; then to
Magdalen college, Oxford, for a short
time, and finally to Lausanne, where he
renounced the Roman Catholic faith,
without embracing any other, and be-
came a confirmed skeptic. On return-
ing to England he entered upon the
duties of active life, but read much, and
prepared himself for authorship. In
1763 he went on his travels ; and while
sitting amidst the ruins of the capitol at
Rome, he formed the idea of writing the
history of the decline and fall of that
city. In the mean time he joined M.
Dey vurdun in a journal called " Me-
moires Litt6raires de la Grand Bre-
tagne," which met with no success. In
1770 he began his celebrated history of
the "Decline and Fall of the Roman
Empire ;" the 1st vol. of which, in 4to.,
appeared in 1776; the 2d and 3d in
1781 ; and the concluding three vols, iu
1788. Previous to this undertaking, Mr.
Gibbon was chosen into parliament for
440
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[gif
Liskeard; and when hostilities com-
menced between England and France,
in 1778, he was employed to draw up the
manifesto on that occasion ; for which
he was made commissioner of the board
of trade, but lost the place on the change
of administration in 1783. lie then
went to reside at Lausanne, where he
continued till the French revolution
obliged him to return to England. D.
1794.
GIBBONS, Grinlino, an eminent
sculptor and statuary, was b. in London
about the middle ot' the 17th century.
His flowers and foliage carved in wood
have ahnost the lightness of nature ;
and he executed several fine pieces also
in marble and bronze. Amongst his
works are St. Paul's and Windsor choirs,
the wooden throne at Canterbury, the
monument of Viscount Camden, at Ex-
ton, in Rutlandshire, the font n St.
James's church, the statue of Chailes 11.
at Charing-cross, and that of James 11.
in Privy gardens. D. 1721.
GIBBS, James, an architect, was b. at
Aberdeen, in 16S3. He designed the
churches of St. Martin's and St. Mary-
le-Strand, London; the senate-house,
and the new buildings of King's college,
Cambridge ; the Eadcliffe library, Ox-
ford, &c. D. 1754. — Sir Vicary, chief
justice of the common pleas, was b. in
1752, at Exeter. On the death of Mr.
Richard Burke, he was appointed re-
corder of Bristol, and was soon distin-
guished as an eloquent pleader and an
able advocate. The trials of Home
Tooke, Hardy, and others, for high
treason, brought the talents of Mr. Gibbs
still more conspicuously before the pub-
lic ; and soon after he became king's
counsel. He was also elected into par-
liament for the university of Cambridge ;
made chief justice of Chester; next so-
licitor, and afterwards attorney-general,
with the honor of knighthood. In 1813
he was appointed a puisne judge of the
common pleas ; and, the year following,
lord chief justice. After discharging the
duties of this office about four years, he
resigned it, at the end of 1818, on ac-
count of infirmities, and d, 1820,
GIBSON, Edmund, a learned prelate
and antiquary, who was b. at Knipe,
Westmoreland, in 1669. In 1691 he
pubhshed a new e'dition of Drum-
mond's " Polemo Middiana," and James
V. of Scotland's "Cantilena Rustica;"
translated the " Saxon Chronicle" and
Camden's "Britannia;" and produced
several origimil works, the principal of
which was his "Codex Juris Ecclesi-
astici Anglican!." In 1715 he wti
made bishop of Lincoln ; was transferred
to London m 1720, and d, 1748,— Rich-
ard, known by the name of th» Dwarf,
an English painter in the time of Sir
Peter Lely, whose manner he studied.
In his youth he was servant to a lady at
Mortlake, who, perceiving his taste' for
painting, put him under De Cleyn, for
instruction. He was page to Charles I.,
and when he married Mrs. Anne Shep-
herd, who was also a dwarf, the king
gave away the bride. They were of
equal stature, each measuring 3 ft, 10 in.
They had nine children, five of whom
anived at years of maturity, and were
of the usual stature. Gibson d. in his
75th year, and his wife in 1709, at the
age of 89. — John, General, a soldier of
the French war, and also of the Ameri-
can revolutionary war, was b. in Lan-
caster, Pennsylvania, 1740. He early
served under General Forbes in the
expedition to Fort du Quesne, which
was occupied Nov. 25, 1758, and oalled
Pittsburg, Here he remained as an
Indian trader. In 1763 he was captured
by the Indians, and adopted by a squaw,
Avhose son he had slain in battle. He
had thus an opportunity to acquire a
knowledge of several Indian languages.
On being released he again settled at
Pittsburg, In 1774 he was an import-
ant agent in making the Indian treaty
entered into by Governor Dunmore.
On this occasion Logan's celebrated
speech was delivered, of which Colonel
Gibson was the interpreter. On the
commencement of the revolutionary war
he was appointed the colonel of a Vir-
ginia regiment, of wiiich he was in com-
mand at the close of the war. Residing
at Pittsburg, he was in 1788 a meinber
of the Pennsylvania convention ; he was
also associate judge, and major-general
of militia. In 1800 he was appointed
secretary of the territory of Indiana, and
held the office till 1816, when the terri-
tory became a state. D. 1822.
GIFFORD, John, a political and his-
torical writer, whose real name was John
Richard Green, was b. 1758, He con-
tributed to the establishment of tlie
"British Critic," and afterwards of the
" Anti-Jacobin Review," which last
arose out of a newspaper of the same
name. He also wrote " The History of
France," the "History of the French
Revolution," and "Tlie Life of the
Right Hon. William Pitt." D. 1818.—
William, a celebrated critic and satirist,
was b. at Ashburton, Devon. His father,
who was a plumber and glazier, at South
oil]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
441
Molt on, died when he was 12 years old.
The widow soon followed her husband
to the grave; and the orphan was at
first sent to sea in a coastmg vessel, but
shortly after apprenticed to a shoemaker
in his native town. There he remained
till he was in his 20th year; but being
disgusted with his employment, and
evincing talents of a superior order. Mr.
Cookesiey, a surgeon of the town, pro-
posed to some of the inhabitants to raise
a subscription, with a view of purcha-
sing his freedom, and giving nim an
education. This being etfected, he was
86 ..t to Oxford, to pursue studies more
co.igenial to his mind. In 1791 he
pi. Diished "The Baviad," a poetical
satire, in which he severely lashed the
poets and poetasters of the day ; and,
in 1794, appeared " The Mseviad," a
satire on the degraded state of the
drama. In 1797, "Mr. Gifford became
editor of the " Anti- Jacobin," a weekly
paper, established by Mr. Canning. This
puolication, which continued only one
year, involved him in a quarrel with Dr.
Wolcot, against whom he published a
poetical squib, entitled "An Epistle to
Peter Pindar." In 1802 appeared his
translation of Juvenal ; in 1805 an edi-
tion of Massinger's plays ; and, subse-
quently, the works of Ben Jonson, Ford,
and Shirley ; but it was in his capacity
of editor of the "Quarterly Keview,"
(which he conducted from its com-
mencement in 1809 till 1824^ that he
was most generally known. D. 1826.
GIGLT, Jerome, an Italian poet, b. at
Sienna, 1660, whose attacks upon the
Academy Delia Crusca, and caustic wit,
as well as his lyrical and dramatic pro-
ductions, gave him great popularity.
He was compelled however, at Pome, to
retract all his offensive opinions, and he
d. 1722, in such poverty that his funeral
expenses were paid by some charitable
monks.
GILBERT, Davies, an eminent man
of science, vice-president of the Poyal
Society, and member of numerous other
learned and scientific societies, was b.
at St. Erth, in Cornwall, 1767. His
family name was Giddy, %ut having, in
1808, married the daughter of a wealthy
Sussex gentleman named Gilbert, he
assumed his name and arms in 1817.
He contributed several papers to the
transactions of scientific societies, and
published "A Plain Statement of the
Bullion Question." He represented the
borough of Bodmin in parliament from
1806 to 1832. D. 1840.— Sir Humphrey,
an enterprising English navigator in the
reign of Elizabeth, was b. at Dartmouth,
in 1539. He published, in 1576, a dis-
course to prove the practicability of a
northwest passage to China; and in
1578 he himself sailed on a voyage of
discovery to the coast of America. In
a second voyage, in 158^3, he took pos-
session of Newfoundland ; but his ship
foundered on her return to England, and
all on board perished. — William, a phy-
sician, and experimental philosopher,
who discovered several of the properties
of the loadstone, was b. at Colchester,
in 1540 ', elected a fellow of the college
of physicians, and became physician to
Queen Elizabeth. He was a strenuous
advocate for the inductive mode of phil-
osophical matters, and was the first who
asserted the theory of a great central
magnet in the earth, afterwards applied
by Dr. Halley to the explanation ot the
variation and dipping of the needle in
the mariner's compass. D. 3603.
, GILDAS, surnained the Wise, a Brit-
ish ecclesiastic and historian of the 6th
century, was the son of Caw, a British
prince, who emigrated to North W^ales,
in order to avoid submissioL ■^o the An-
glo-Saxons, He appears to have been a
monk ; and, after residing in one of the
small isles called the Holmes, • in thi^
Bristol Channel, retired to the abbey or
Glastonbury, where he died. A book,
ascribed to Gildas, has been repeatedly
gublished, entitled " Epistola de Excidio
ritannicse, et Castigatio Ordinis Eccle-
siastiei;" but it exhibits so frightful a
picture of the depravity of manners,
which pervaded all classes of Britons,
that its authenticity has been questioned
by some critics, who presume it must
have been the work of a foe rather than
of a friend to their race. D. 570.
GILES, William Branch, b. in Ame-
lia county, Va., 1762, was governor of
Virginia, "and for many years a member
of congress from that state, both in the
senate,' and house of representatives.
He was governor of Virginia from 1826
to 1829. He published a speech on the
embargo laws, 1808 ; political letters to
tlie people of Virginia, 1813; a series of
letters, signed a Constituent, in the
" Richmond Enquirer" of Jan., 1818,
against the plan for a general education ;
in April, 1824, and a singular letter of
invective against President Monroe and
Mr. Clay for their " hobbies," the South
America cause, the Greek cause, internal
improvements, and the tarifl". In Nov.,
1825, he addressed a letter to Judge
Marshall, disclaiming the expressions,
not the general sentiments, in regard to
442
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY,
[gig
Washington, ascribed to him in the life
of Washington. He has also appeared
before the public as the correspondent
of John Quincy Adams. D. 18-30.
GILL, Alexanukk, a famous school-
master, was b. in Lincolnshire, in 1564.
In 1608 he became master of St. Paul's
school, where he brought up many emi-
nent persons, and among the rest Jolin
Milton. Dr. Gill wrote a "Treatise
concerning the Trinity in Unity,"
" Logonomia Anglica," "Sacred Phi-
losophy of the Holy Scripture," &c. —
Alexander, his son, who succeeded
him in the head-mastership of St. Paul's
school, had also the honor of having
Milton for his scholar while he was at
Trinity college, Oxford, and it appears
that the pupil had a great esteem for
his preceptor in after life. D. 1642. —
John, a divine of the Baptist persuasion,
was b. at Kettering, in Northampton-
shire, 1697. His education was limited,
owing to the contracted circumstances
of his parents, but, by application, he
became a good classical and oriental
scholar. He commenced as a preacher
at Higham Ferrers, from whence he
removed to a congregation at Horsley-
down, Southwark. He wrote an " Ex-
jposition of the Song of Solomon," and
* The Cause of God and Truth." But
his great work was an "Exposition of
the Bible."
GILLIES, John, was b. at Brechin,
Forfarshire, 1747. He was appointed
historiograpiier for Scotland on the
death of i)r. Kobinson, and he con-
tinued his literary labors to a late period
of his life. His chief works are, " A
History of Ancient Greece," " The
Eeign of Frederic II.," " History of the
World, from Alexander to Augustus,"
translations from Aristotle, Isocrates,
&c. D. 1836, aged 90.
GILPIN, Bernard, one of the En-
glish Protestant reformers, was b. at
Kentmire, in Westmoreland, in 1517.
By reading the works of Erasmus, he
secretly embraced the principles of the
reformation. In 1556 he was presented
by his uncle to the archdeanery of Dur-
ham, and the rectory of Easington,
where he labored with zeal ; and, in his
capacity of archdeacon, made strict vis-
itations, being a great enemy to non-
residence and pluralities. He was next
K resented to the rectory of Houghton-
!-Spring, wliere his labors in promoting
the Protestant faith were so remarkable,
that Bishop Bonner threatened to bring
him to the stake in a fortnight, and sent
a messenger into the north 'for that pur-
pose. In the reign of Elizabeth he was
otfered the bishopric of Carlisle, and tho
provostship of Queen's college ; but re-
fused botli, contenting himself with
Houghton, where he d., deeply lamented
by lus parishioners, in 158S. — William,
a divine of the church of England, and
an elegant writer, was b. in 1724, at
Carlisle. He published the "Life of
Bernard Gilpin," his ancestor, above-
mentioned; the "Lives of Latimer,
Wicklitf, Huss, and Archbishop Cran-
mer," an "Exposition of the New Tes-
tament," " Observations relative to Pic-
turesque Beauty," a " Tour to the
Lakes," " Eemarks on Forest Scenery,"
" Sermons to a Country Congregation,"
"Moral Contrasts," &c. D. 1804.—
Sawrey, brother of the preceding, was
b. at Carlisle in 1733. He was placed
with a ship-painter, and his first works
which attracted notice were some mar-
ket groups, which he sketched from his
window. But it was principally as an
animal painter that he acquired his rep-
utation, tliough his historical subjects
were above mediocrity. D. 1807.
GIL POLO, Caspar, a Spanish poet
and advocate, was b. at Valencia in 1516,
and d. there in 1572. He is the author
of "Diana Enamorada," so highly ex-
tolled by Cervantes, as combining ele-
gance, sweetness, and purity.
GILRAY, James, a celebrated carica-
turist, unrivalled in his art for the rich
broad humor and keen satire of his
ready pencil. D. 1815.
GIL VICENTE, a Portuguese dram-
atist of the 16th century," who wrote
nearly fifty plays, and excelled all the
dramatic writers of that period in ele-
gance of style and fertility of invention.
He was b. at Barcellos, in 1485, and d.
at Evora, in 1557.
GINGUENE, Peter Louis, a French
writer, b. in 1748, at Rennes, in Britany,
was descended from an ancient but im-
poverished family, and obtained a small
government oifice. At the revolution,
in which he took an active part, he as-
sociated himself with the more moderate
writers upon the affairs of the times, and
narrowly escaped the scaffold during the
reign of the Jacobins. The directory
appointed him ambassador at Turin, and
Bonaparte gave him a seat in the senate.
Upon being removed from this he ap-
plied himself wholly to literature. The
work to which he is chiefly indebted
for his fame is his " Histoire Litteraire
d'ltalie." D. 1816.
GIOCONDO, or JOCUNDUS, John,
an ItaUan architect and antiquarian, b.
aiR]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
443
at Verona about the middle of the 15th
century. He built the bridge of Notre
Dame, at Paris, and various other edi-
fices both there and in Italy ; fortified
the city of Treviso, and was summoned
to Rome by Leo X. after the death of
Bramante, to assist in the building of
St. Peter's. He belonged to the Domin-
ican order, and as an antiquary and a
literary character he also greatly dis-
tinguished himself
GIORDANO, LucA, a Neapolitan
painter, the pupil of Spagnoletto and
Pet^r of Coriona, who imitated the style
cf Titian so closely that his pictures are
not easily distinguished from the works
of that great master. In fact, he imi-
tated the best artists so successfully,
that even connoisseurs were often de-
ceived, while his celerity of execution
was wonderful. B. 1632 ; d. 1704.
GIORGIONE, or Gkorge Barbarellt,
was an eminent painter of the Venetian
school, b. in 1477, at Castelfranco. He
received his first instructions from John
Bellino ; but studying afterwards the
works of Leonardo da Vinci, he soon
surpassed them both, and became the
first colorist of his time. He d. of the
plague, in 1511. Giorgione excelled in
fresco painting, and was the first of the
Lombard school who found out the
eftects of properly contrasting strong
lights with strong shadows.
GIOTTO, or ANGIOLOTTO, an in-
genious painter, sculptor, and architect
of Florence, was b. in 1276. He was
the son of a peasant, and his real name
was Ambrogiotto Burdone; but being
observed by Cimabue drawing figures
on the ground while feeding his sheep,
he took him, and instructed him in the
art of painting. He soon surpassed his
master, and acquired such a reputation
that Benedict IX. sent a person to Tus-
cany to make a report of his talents, and
to bring a design from each of the Flo-
rentine artists. When the messenger
came to Giotto, and informed him of his
business, the painter took a sheet of
paper, and, with one stroke of his pen-
cil, drew a circle as perfect as if it had
been performed by a pair of compasses.
On presenting this, the man said, "I
want a design;" to which Giotto re-
plied, " Go about your business ; his
holiness asks nothing else of me." The
pope on being made acquainted with
this, sent for him to Rome, where, be-
sides painting many pictures, he made
a ship of mosaic, which is over the por-
tico at the entrance of St. Peter's church,
«iid is still known by the name of Gi-
otto's vessel. In 1SS4 he undertook the
famous tower of Santa Maria del Fiore.
at Florence, for which he was made a
citizen, and rewarded with a pension.
D. 1336.
GIRALDI, LiLio Greoorio, "retter
known by his Latin name of Gyraldus,
a learned Italian writer and Latin poet,
wa's b. at Ferrara, in 1479 ; and has oeen
considered by Casaubon and other au-
thorities as one of the most learned men
whom modern Italy has produced. At
the sacking of Rome by the troops of
Charles V. he lost all his property, and
was reduced to indigence ; but he wrote
numerous works, the principal of which
is a " History of the Heathen Deities,"
and eventually triumphed over his ad-
verse fortune, having accumulated 10,000
crowns before his death, which took
place in 1552. — Cintio, John Baptist, a
relative of the preceding, was an Italian
poet and physician, b. at Ferrara, in
1504. He was secretary to the duke of
Ferrara, and professor of philosophy
and medicine in the university of his
native city, and afterwards professor of
rhetoric at Pavia. He wrote nine tra-
gedies in Italian, but his principal work
is entitled " Hecatommiti," which con-
sists of 100 tales, in the manner of Boc-
caccio. D. 1573.
GIRARD, Stephen, a celebrated
banker, was b. about i746, in France.
He sailed to the West Indies, as a cabin-
boy, when he was only 12 years of age,
and after residing there some time re-
moved to the United States. In 1775 he
opened a small shop in New Jersey, and
in 1780 went to Philadelphia, where by
gradual accumulations he gathered an
immense fortune. During the yellow
fever of 1793 he was noted for his be-
nevolent exertions. In 1811 he became
a banker, and at the time of his death,
in 1832, was estimated to be worth
$12,000,000.
GIRARDON, Francis, a sculptor and
architect, was b. at Troyes, m 1628.
His chief works are the mausoleum of
Richelieu, in the church of the Sorbonne,
the equestrian statue of Louis XIV., and
the Rape of Proserpine, in the gardens
of Versailles. D. 1715.
GIRODET, Trioson Nicholas, the
most original, versatile, and scientific of
the modern school of French painters,
was b. at Montargis, in 1767 ; was first
a pupil of Regnault, and afterwards
studied under David. His subjects are
distinguished for fulness and' beauty,
and his coloring is rich, transparent,
and harmonious. Among his principal
444
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[qli
works are Endymion sleeping, Hippo-
cratcB refusing the Presents of Artaxcr-
xes, the Deluge, the Burial of Attala,
&c. He also painted Napoleon receiv-
ing the keys of Vienna ; full-length
portraits of the Vendean leaders, Bon-
champ and Cathelineau ; and St. Louis
in Egypt, wliicli was his last great work.
D. 1824.
GIKTIN, Thomas, an artist, was b. in
London, in 1773. He was a pupil of
Daves ; after which he studied the
works of Canaletti, and the coloring of
Kubens. He first introduced the cus-
tom of drawing upon cartridge paper,
and he also painted excellently in oil
colors. He took many beautiful views
in Scotland, Wales, and various parts
of England and France. He also paint-
ed a panorama of London, which WJis
exhibited in Spring gardens. D. 1802.
GISBOENE, Thomas, prebendary of
Durham, an eminent philosophical,
theological, and miscellaneous writer,
was b. at Derby, 1758. He was edu-
cated at Harrow and Cambridge, where
he greatly distinguished himself, and on
soon after entering holy orders, in 1792,
he obtained the living of Barton in Staf-
ford, and the same year removed to
Yoxall Lodge, near Barton, where he
ever after resided. It would occupy too
much of our space to enumerate the
long series of works which Mr. Gisborne
gave in succession to the world. Many
of them have attained great and lasting
popularity; among which may be men-
tioned the " Principles of Moral Philoso-
phy investigated," &c., " An Ii^quiry
mto the Duties of the Female Sex,*'
" A Familiar Survey of the Christian
Religion and History," <fec., besides
sermons, and two volumes of poetry,
which, under the title of " Walks in a
Forest," and "Poems, Sacred and
Moral," gave him no inconsiderable
poetic fame. D. 1846.
6IULI0 EOMANO, the most distin-
guished of Raphael's scholars and as-
:?istants, was b. at Eome, in 1499. He
resided principally at Mantua, and there
found a wide held for the exercise of his
powerful genius, both in architecture
and in painting. He was unequalled
for the boldness of his style, the gran-
deur of his designs, and the loftiness of
his poetical conceptions. D. 1546.
GIUSTINIANI, PoMPEY, by birth a
Corsican, was an eminent general in the
Spanish service, and obtained the name
ot Iron-arm, by having one of iron
made to replace the arm he lost at the
siege of Ostend. He was governor of
Candia, where he was killed, in 1616;
and the Venetian senate erect<',d an
equestrian statue to his memory.
GLANV^IL, Sir John, an eminent
lawyer and statesman in the reign of
Charles I. He graduated at Oxford;
entered at Lincoln's Inn; obtained a
sergeant's coif in 1639; and, being a
member of parliament, was chosen
speaker of the house of commons in the
year following. His attachment to the
royal cause rendered him obnoxious to
the republicans, who imprisoned him,
and he was not restored to liberty till
,1648. He recovered his rank on the re-
turn of Charles II., but died soon after,
in 1661.
GLASS, John, founder of the religious
sect of Glassites in Scotland ; b. in Fife-
shire, 1695 ; d. 1773.
GLAUBER, John Rodolph, a chem-
ist, alcher«ist, and physician of Amster-
dam, who died in 1688. Chemistry is
indebted to him fOr facilitating many
useful processes, as well as for the dis-
covery of the purgative salt which bears
his name. Like others of his day, he
was incessantly occupied in attempts to
find out the philosopher's stone; and
his experiments, however futile for his
professed object, threw light on the
composition and analysis of various
metals, inflammable substances, &c.
GLEIM, Frederic William Louis, a
celebrated poet, sometimes called the
German Anacreon, was b. in 1719, at
Ermsleben ; filled the office of secretary
to the chapter of Halberstadt ; and d. in
1803, aged 84. He owes his chief fame
to his war songs, composed for the
Prussian army ; and they will long be
remembered by his countrymen for
their spirit-stirring power.
GLENDOWEE, Owen, a celebrated
Welshman, lineally descended from
Llewellyn, the last prince of Wales, and
who opposed Henry IV. fourteen years,
declaring him a usurper of the English
throne. B. 1350 ; d. 1416.
GLENIE, James, an eminent mathe-
matician, was b. in Ireland, and educated
at St. Andrew's. During the American
war he distinguished himself as an offi-
cer of artillery; but having written a
pamphlet, ridiculing the duke of Eich-
mond's plan of fortification, he was
compelled to leave the service, and he
afterwards experienced much of the vi-
cissitudes of life. He was a member of
the Eoyal Society ; and the author of
a " History of Germany," and several
mathematical works. D. 1817.
GLICAS, or GLYCAS, Michael, a
gob]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
445
Greek iifstorian of the 18th century.
His "Annals from the Creation," and
the " History of the Byzantine Emper-
ors," are extant, and were published
by Labbe at Paris, r66*0.
GLOUCESTER, :ftoBERT of, the oldest
of English poets, lived in the time of
Henry II. Camden quotes many of his
old English rhymes, and speaks highly
of him. He d. at an advanced age,
about the beginning of the reign of King
John. — William Frederic, duke of, the
son of Prince William Henry, duke of
Gloucester (brother to George III.) by
his wife the countess-dowager of Walde-
grave, was b. at Rome, in January, 1776.
D. 1834.
GLOVER, Richard, a poet and dram-
atist, was the son of a London mer-
chant, and b. in 1712. He was educated
at Cheam school, where, at 16, he wrote
some verses to the memory of Sir Isaac
Newton, which obtained considerable
attention. On leaving school, he en-
tered on the mercantile line under his
father, who was engaged in the Ham-
burgh trade. In 1737 he married a lady
of fortune ; soon after which he pub-
lished his " Leouidas," an epic poem.
His poem of " London, or the Progress
of Commerce," appeared in 1789. The
same year he published his popular
ballad, entitled "Hosier's Ghost," in-
tended to rouse the national spirit
against the Spaniyds. In 1753 his tra-
gedy of '* Boadicea " was brought out at
Drury-lane, but, though supported by
Garrick, Mossop, Mrs. Cibber, &c., it
was performed only 9 nights; his "Me-
dea," some years after, met with greater
attention. At the accession of George
III. he was chosen M.P. for Weymouth,
and was esteemed by the mercantile in-
terest as an active and able supporter.
D. 1785. — Jane, a distinguished actress,
was b. at Newry, in Ireland, in 1781.
Under the auspices of her father, Mr.
Betterton, she commenced her theatri-
cal career at the age of six ; and after a
highly successful appearance in the
provinces, she was engaged by Mr. Har-
ris, of Covent-garden, where she made
her debut, as Elvina, in Hannah More's
"Percy," in 1797. D. 1850.
GLUCK, Christopher, one of the most
eminent musical composers of modern
times, was b. in Bavaria, in 1714, de-
voted himself to the study of music, and
became a skilful performer on several
instruments. He went to London 'jx
1745, and composed for the Italian opera.
He then went to the Continent; and
Vienna, Naples, Rome, Milan, and Ven-
38
ice were in turn the theatres of his
glory. His " Alceste," and " Orpheus,"
produced at Vienna, between the years
1762 and 1769, had an overwhelming ef-
fect by their boldness and' originality,
and served, together with some later
ones, to establish the fame of their
author. In 1774, Gluck went to Paris;
and the celebrated Piccini arriving there
shortly after, the French capital was di-
vided upon the merits of the two com-
posers. Such a scene, indeed, of musi-
cal rivalry had never before been known.
He now brought out his long-promised
opera of "Iphigenia in Aulis." It was
received with enthusiastic applause, and
represented 170 times in the course of
two seasons. In 1787 he returned to
Germany, with a large fortune, and d.
at Vienna in the same year.
GMELIN, John George, a botanist
and physician, was b. at Tubingen, in
1709. He went to Petersburg, where
he became member of the academy, and
professor of chemistry and natural his-
tory. In 1773 he was sent with a com-
pany employed to explore the bounda-
ries of Siberia. He published " Flora
Siberiea" and "Travels through Sibe-
ria." D, 1755. — Samuel Theophilus,
nephew of the preceding, was b. at Tu-
bingen, in 1748; went to Petersburg,
and obtained a professorship. He spent
some years in travelling through Tartary,
where he d. in prison, into which he
had been thrown by one of the chiefs,
in 1774. He wrote his " Travels through
Russia," and a "Journey from Astracan
to Czaricyn." — John Frederic, a phy-
sician and chemist, was b. at Tubingen,
in 1748. He became professor of chem-
istry and natural history at Gottingen ;
and published several works on chem-
istry, mineralogy, and natural history.
One of the most celebrated is his edition
of the "Systema Naturae" of Linnaeus.
He was also the author of "A History
of Chemistry ;" and the world is in-
debted to him for the discovery of sev-
eral excellent dyes, extracted from min-
eral and vegetable substances. D. 1805,
GOAD, John, an eminent schoolmas-
ter, was b. in London, 1615. His works
are, " Genealogicon Latinum," " Astro-
Meteorological Aphorisms and Dis-
courses of the Bodies Celestial, their
Natures, Influences," &c. The subject
of this is a kind of astrology founded
on reason and exper;nent, and gained
him great reputation.
GOBBO, Peter Paul Cortonese, a
celebrated painter of fruit and land-
scapes, b. at Cortona, in 1580. He
446
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[god
copied nature with the greatest accuracy,
aud by his skill in the chiaro-oscuro he
gave an exact and expressive roundues-s
to his fruits, &c., but hecliiefly excelled
in coloring, D. 1640.
GOBELIN, Giles, a French dyer of
the 17th century, who resided at'Paris,
and is said to have invented or greatly
improved the process of dyeing scarlet.
In lGt)6, a royal establishment for the
manufactory of fine tapestry was founded
on the spot where his premises stood,
whence the work produced there was
termed tlie Gobelin tapestry.
GODDARD, Jonathan, an able chem-
ist and physician, b. at Greenwich,
about the year 1617. He was educated
at Oxford, graduated at Cambridge, and
on the brealiing out of the civil war was
attached to the parUament. He attended
Cromwell in his expeditions to Scotland
and Ireland, as physician to the forces ;
was appointed warden of Merton college,
and in the parliament of 1653, sat as sole
representative for Oxford, l). 1674.
GODFREY of Bouillon, chief of the
first crusade, and king of Jerusalem,
was the son of Eustace II., count ot
Boulogne and Lens. He served with
great gallantry in the armies of the Em-
Eeror Henry IV., who conferred upon
im the title of duke of Lorraine ; and
when the first crusade was set on foot,
the fame of his exploits caused his elec-
tion as one of the principal commanders.
In 1096, accompanied bv his brothers,
Eustace and Baldwin, he commenced
his march, and on arriving at Philop-
polis, in Thrace, he compelled the Em-
peror Alexis Comnenus to allow him
a free passage to the East. Several dif-
ficulties occurred; but at length the
Turks were vanquished, and the object
of his ambition was effected. Jerusalem
was carried by storm, after a siege of
five weeks, (July 15, 1099:) and, in
eight days after, Godfrey was proclaimed
king, by the unanimous voice of the
crusading arpiy; but the piety and hu-
mility of the conqueror would not suffer
him to wear a crown in the holy city,
and he declined the regal title, content-
ing himself with that of Defender and
Guardian of the Holy Sepulchre. The
sultan of Egypt, at the head of 400,000
men, now attempted to dispossess him
of his newly-acquired territory, but
Godfrey gave him battle in the plain of
Ascalon, and 100,000 men were left dead
on the field. D. in 1100. — Of Vitkrbo,
an historian who lived in the 12th cen-
tury, was chaplain and secretary to
Conrad III., and the emperors Frederic
and Henry VI. He labored 40 years in
compiling a chronicle from the creation
of the world to the year 1186. It is
written in a mixture of prose and verjie ;
and was first printed at Basle in 1559.
GODMAN, John D., an eminent
anatomist and naturalist. After obtain-
ing his medical degi'ee, he entered with
energy upon the active duties of his
profession. He went to Baltimore, and
afterwards removed to Philadelphia.
Being invited to the professorship of
anatomy in the college of Ohio, he spent
a year at the West, and then returned to
Philadelphia, where he wiUingly retired
from the field of practice, and devoted
himself to scientific pursuits. Deter-
mined to be a thorough teacher of
anatomy, he opened a room for private
demonstrations, and in the first winter
had a class of seventy students. After
prosecuting his anatomical labors four
or five years, he was chosen professor of
anatomv in Eutger's medical college in
New Y^ork. With a broken constitu-
tion he was compelled, before the com-
pletion of his second course of lectures
to retire from the school, and to seek
a milder cUmate. After passing the
winter in Santa Cruz, he settled in
Germantown, near Philadelfjhia. He
wrote the articles on natural history for
the " American Encyclopaedia" to the
end of the letter C, besides numerous
Sapers in the periodi<»l journals of the
ay. He published the " Western Quar-
terly Reporter of Medical Science," Cin-
cinnati, 1822 ; " Account of Irregularities
of Structure and Morbid Anatomy ;"
"Contributions to Physiological and
Pathological Anatomy ;" " BelPs Anato-
my" with notes ; " Anatomical Investi-
gations, comprising descriptions of
various Fasciae of the Body," 1824 ;
"American Natural History," with en-
gravings ; addresses on various public
occasions, 1829; and "Rambles of a
Naturalist." D. 1830.
GODOLPHIN, Sidney, a poet, was
b. in Cornwall, in 1610; educated at
Exeter college, Oxford; and having
joined the king's army, he fell in an
engagement at Chagford, Devon, in
1643. Besides several poems, he trans-
lated that part of Virgil which recites
the loves of Dido and ^neas.
GODWIN, earl of Kent, a powerful
Anglo-Saxon lord. In 1017 he accom-
panied Canute in an expedition against
Sweden, where he behaved with such
valor as to receive the daughter of that
monarch in marriage, and large grants
of land. On the death of Canute, the
god]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
447
earl sided with Hardicannte against
Harold, but afterwards he espoused the
cause of the latter. He was cliarged
with murdering Alfred, one of the sons
of Ethelred II., from which lie vindi-
cated himself by oath. On the death of
Hardicanute he joined Edward, who
man-ied his daughter, but afterwards he
rebelled against Edward, and being
unsuccessful, fled to Flanders. Having
gathered fresh forces, he sailed up the
Thames, and appeared before London,
which threw the country into such con-
fusion, that the king was obliged to
negotiate peace with Godwin, who was
restored to his estates, J). 1053. —
Francis, was b. at Havington, in Nor-
thamptonshi!-e, in 1561. In 1601 he was
promoted to the see of Llandaff, and
was translated to that of Hereford in
1617. Hed. inl6?>3. He was the author
of " Kerum Anglicarum Hen. VITT."
&c. ; and a curious book entitled "The
Man in the Moon, or a Discourse of a
Voyage thither, by Domingo Gonzales."
— Thomas, a distinguished scholar, who
in the 17th century was the master of
the foundation school at Abingdon,
Berks. He was the author of a useful
work, entitled " Romause Historiae An-
thologia," a " Synopsis of Hebrew
Antiquities," and a treatise on Jewish
rites and ceremonies. D. 1643. — Wil-
liam, the well-known author of " Polit-
ical Justice," " Caleb Williams," &c.,
was the son of a dissenting minister,
and b. at Wisbeach, in 1756. He was
designed for the same calling as his
father; but, while studying at the
Dissenters' college, Hoxton, his reli-
gious opinions had undergone repeated
changes, and though he commenced as
a preacher, he ultimately abandoned the
pulpit in 1783, and went to London as a
literary adventurer. His first publica-
tion was a series of six sermons, called
" Sketches of History ;" and he soon
after had the good fortune to obtain
employment as a principal conductor of
the " Annual Eesrister," from which he
derived a small but certain income.
Associating with the democrats of the
day, and expressing opinions in unison
with theirs, he soon enlisted under their
banners. But it was the stormy ele-
ments of the French revolution which
called forth his extraordinary powers of
^mind, and gave birth to that bold and
astounding masterpiece of republican-
ism, his " Political Justice." In 1794
he published his celebrated novel of
" Caleb Williams," a work which pro-
duced nearly as great a sensation as the
former, its object being tc decry the
existing constitution of society, while it
portrayed, with appalling force, the
effects of crime. After the trial of his
friends, Hardy, Thelwall, and Home
Tooke, he published a pamphlet, con-
taining strictures on Jucige Eyre's
charge to the jury, the circulation of
which government tried in vain to pre-
vent. Mr. Godwin did not appenr again
as an author till 1797, when he published
a series of essays, under the title of
" The Enquirer." In the following
year he produced the " Memoirs of Mary
Wolstoncroft," authoress of a "Vindi-
cation of the Rights of Woman," whose
congenial mind in politics and morals,
a«id whose noble spirit he ardently
admired. He had lived with her some
time before tlieir marriage ; and in her
"Memoirs" he says, "the principal
motive for complying with the ceremony,
was the circumstance of Mary's being
in a state of pregnancy." She, however,
died a few months after, in giving birth
to a daughter. In 1799 lie produced
another work, entitled " St. Leon," a
romance. In 1801 he again married,
and shortly after opened a bookseller's
shop in Skinner-street, where ushered
fortn a variety of juvenile publications,
many of which were his own composi-
tion. Though engaged in trade, he
continued to wield the pen of an expe-
rienced author. He wrote the novels of
" Fleetwood," and " Mandevillo ;" a
'* History of the Life and Age of Geof-
frey Chaucer," a "History- of the
Commonwealth of England," two un-
successful tragedies, an " Exposition of
Mr. Malthus's Theory of Population,"
"Cloudesley," a novel; "Thoughts on
Man; his Nature, Productions, and
Discoveries;" "The Lives of the Nec-
romancers," &c. As a novelist, God-
win is decidedly original, combining
great depth of thought Avith singular
independence and energy of style.
During the administration of Earl Grey,
he was appointed to the sinecure office
of yeoman-usher of the exchequer, by
which his latter days were rendered
comfortable. D. April, 1836.— The wife
of the preceding, though better known
as Mary Wolstoncroft, was b. 1759.
The poverty of lier parents could only
afford her the commonest mode of edu-
cation. Reading and reflection, with
extraordinary tsilents, her biographer
tells us, sujpplied all deficiencies ; so
that, at the death of her mother, she
opened a school with her sisters at
Islington, from whence they removed to
448
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[gop
Newington Green. Shortly after, Mary-
quitted her sisters to attend upon a sick
lady who liad been her benefactress, and
who died at Lisbon. Upon lier return
she engaged herself as governess to
Lord Kingsborough's cJiildren. In
1789 she lixed her residence in London,
and began her literary pursuits with
" Thoughts on the Education of Daugh-
ters." In 1797 she was married to
William Godwin, and died a few months
afterwards. — William, son of the author
of "Caleb Williams," and the brother
of Mrs. Shelley, was a contributor to
some of the best periodicals of the day,
and a parliamentary reporter. His
essays showed that he was an attentive
observer of men and manners, and were
written with considerable tact and
vivacity. D. 1832.
>tOETHE, John Wolfgang von, the
greatest -modern poet of Germany, and
the patriarch of German literature, was
b. at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, August
28, 1749. His father was doctor of law
and imperial counsellor; and being in
good circumstances, possessing a taste
for the line arts, and having made a
tolerable collection of pictures and other
objects of virtu, young Goethe had an
early opportunity of indulging his fancy
and improving his mind. Drawing,
music, natural science, the elements of
jurisprudence, and the languages occu-
pied his early years ; and when he was
15, he was sent to the university at
Leipsic, but did not follow any regular
course of studies. In 1768 he quitted
Leipsic, and subsequently went to the
university of Strasburg, to qualify him-
self for the law ; but he paid more at-
tention to chemistry and anatomy than
to his nominal pursuit. In 1771 he took
the degree of doctor of jurisprudence,
and then went to Wetzlar, where he
found, in his own love for a betrothed
lady, and in the suicide of a young man
named Jerusalem, the subjects for his
" Werther," which appeared in 1774,
and at once excited the attention of his
countrymen, wliile it produced an in-
stantaneous effect on his country's hter-
ature. Having, in 1782, entered the
service of the duke of Saxe- Weimar,
whom he had met in travelling, he was
made president of the council chamber,
ennobled, and loaded with honors. A
splendid galaxy of talent assembled at
Weimar, and united itself to Goethe.
The direction of the theatre was con-
fided to him, and he there brought out
some of the noble dramatic chefs-a'o&uvre
of Schiller, with an effect worthy of
them. There, too, his own dramatic
works first appeared, viz., " Goetz von
Berlichingen," " Faust," " Iphigenia in
Tauria," "Tasso," "Clavigo," "Stella,"
and " Count Egmont." In 1786 he made
a journey to Italy, where he remained
two years, visited Sicily, and remained
a long time in Eome. In 1792 he fol-
lowed his prince during the campaign
in Champagne. He was afterwards
created minister; received, in 1807, the
order of Alexander-Newsky from Alex-
ander of Eussia, and the grand cross of
the legion of honor from Napoleon. D.
at Weimar, March 22, 1832, aged 80.
Goethe was an intellectual giant ; and
his profound knowledge of life and of
individual character placed his works
among the first ever produced. His
greatest production, " Faust," has been
repeatedly translated into English. His
beautiful songs and shorter poems, ele
gies, distiehs, &c., possess a perennial
beauty. Goethe's writings are by far
too voluminous to be here enumerated ;
but we must mention " Williair! Meis-
ter's Apprenticeship," an ethic fiction ;
" Herman and Dorothea," and the
" Elective Affinities," &c.
GOETZE, John Augustus Ephraim,
a German naturalist, was b. at Ascher-
leben in 1731 ; and d. in 1793. He made
many microscopic discoveries, and wrote
several books on natural history ; among
which are " Entomological Memoirs,"
" A History of Intestine Vermes," and
a " European Fauna." He was pastor
of the church at Quedlinburgh.
GOFFE, William, one of the judges
of King Charles I., and a major-general
under Cromwell, left London before
Charles II. was proclaimed, and arrived
at Boston in July, 1660. Governor En-
dicott gave him a friendly reception.
But when the act of indemnity arrived
in November, and his name was not
found among those to whom • pardon
was offered, the government of Massa-
chusetts was alarmed. Perceiving his
danger, he with Whalley left Cam-
bridge, where they had resided, and
went to New Haven. They were here
concealed by Deputy-governor Leet and
Mr. Davenport. From New Haven
they went to West Rock, a mountain
300 feet in height, at the distance of
two or three miles from the town, where
they were hid in a cave. They after- ^
wards lived in concealment at Milford,
Derby, and Branford, and in October,
1664, removed to Hadley, in Massachu-
setts, and were concealed for 15 or 16
years in the house of Mr. Eussell, the
gol]
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
449
minister. On the first of September,
1C75, the town of Hadley was alarmed
by the Indians in the time of public
worship, and the people were thrown
into the utmost confusion. But sud-
denly an aged venerable man in an un-
common dress appeared in the midst of
them, revived their counige, and putting
himself at their head, led them to the
attack, and repulsed the enemy. The
deliverer of Hadley immediately disap-
peared, and the inhabitants, overwhelm-
ed with astonishment, supposed that an
angel had been sent for their protection.
D.'^about 1679.
GOGUET, Anthony Yves, a Parisian
advocate, and a writer on jurisprudence.
His principal work, exliibiting much
industry and learning, appeared in 1758,
(the vear in which he died,) and is en-
title({ " Origine des Loix, des Sciences,
et des Arts, et de leurs Progres chez
les Anciens Peuples."
GOICOECHEA, Joseph Anthony de
LiEUDOY, professor of philosophy and
theology at Guatimala, in South Amer-
ica, and founder of the Economical So-
ciety there, was a Franciscan friar, but
at the same time a public spirited mem-
ber of the state. He published a number
of memoirs on botany, agriculture, «&:c,,
and imported into his own country
many invaluable inventions and discov-
eries. D. 1814.
GOLDING, Arthur, an English wri-
ter, of the Elizabethan era, patronized
by Cecil, Sir Philip Sidney, and other
cotemporary literati, was the translator
of Ovid's '' Metamorphoses" into En-
glish verse, and of Caesar's "Commen-
taries" into prose. He was likewise the
aiithor of an account of the earthquake
of 1580, and of several devotional and
other treatises.
GOLDONI, Charles, a celebrated
Italian dramatist, was b. at Venice, in
1707 : and so early did his taste for the
drama appear, that before he was 8
years old he liad sketched the plan of a
comedy. His father, who was a physi-
cian, having settled at Perugia, intended
that his son should follow the medical
profession ; but Goldoni, dissatisfied
with this pursuit, obtained permission
to study law in Venice. After commit-
ting many youthful follies, he brought
a few pieces upon the stage, which pro-
cured but little profit, and not much
praise ; and he continued to live in a
continual scene of dissipation and in-
trigue until he married the daughter
of a notary in Genoa, and removed to
Venice. Here he first began to cultivate
88*
that department of dramatic poetry in
which he was to excel, namely, descrip-
tion of character and manners, in which
he took Moliere, whom he began to
study about this time, for his model.
Having taken the direction of the thea-
tre at Kimini, he set about the reforma-
tion of the Italian stage, and in 1761 to
undertake a similar office at Paris. On
the conclusion of his engagement, he
was appointed Italian nuister to the
princesses, with apartments in Ver-
sailles, and a pension. For 30 years he
resided in the French capittd ; but the
revolution having deprived him of his
chief resources, he sank into a profound
melancholy, and d. 1792, aged 85.
GOLDSMITH, Oliver, a celebrated
poet, historian, and essayist, was b. in
1731, at Pallas, in the county of Long-
ford, Ireland. He was the sou of a
clergyman, and was educated at the
universities of Dublin, Edinburgh, and
Leyden, with a view to the medical pro-
fession. But his eccentricities and care-
less conduct were the prolific source of
difficulty to himself and. friends ; and
when he abruptly quitted Leyden he
had but one shirt and no money, though
he intended to make the tour of Europe
on foot, and actually travelled through
Flanders, part of France, Germany,
Switzerland, and Italy, often subsisting
on the bounty of the peasants, and re-
turning the obligation of a night's lodg-
ing, or a meal, by his skill on the Ger-
man flute, which he fortunately carried
with him as his stock in trade. In 1758
he arrived in England ; and, by the as-
sistance and recommendation of Dr.
Sleigh, his countryman and fellow-col-
legian, obtained a situation as usher in
a school at Peckham ; where, however,
he did not remain long, but settled in
London, and subsisted by writing for
periodical publications. One of his first
performances was an " Inquiry into the
State of Polite Learning in Europe ;"
but he emerged from obscurity, in 1765,
by the publication of his poem, entitled
" The Traveller, or a Prospect of So-
ciety," of which Dr. Johnson said,
" that there had not been so fine a poem
since Pope's time." The year following
appeared his well-known novel of the
" Vicar of Wakefield." His circum-
stances were now respectable, and he
took chambers in the Temple ; but the
liberality of his temper involved him
in frequent difficulties. In 1768 he
brought out his comedy of the "Good-
Natured Man" at Covent-garden, but
its reception was not equal to its merits.
450
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[gor
In 1770 he published "The Deserted
Village," a poem, which, in point of
description and pathos, is above all
praise ; yet such was his modest opin-
ion of its merits, that he could hardly
be induced to take the proffered recom-
pense of £100 from his bookseller. In
1772 he produced his comedy of "She
Stoops to Conquer," which was highly
successful and profitable. Besides these
performances, he produced a number
of others ; as a " History of England, in
a Series of Letters from a Nobleman to
his Son," "A History of England," "A
Koman and a Grecian History," " A
History of the Earth and Animated Na-
ture," " Chinese Letters," &c. Gold-
smith was the friend of Johnson, Eey-
nolds, and Burke, and a member of the
Literary Club established by the former.
D. April 4, 1774.
GOLIUS, James, an eminent oriental
scholar, was b. at the Hague, in 1596 ;
educated at Leyden, and m 1622 went
as interpreter to the Dutch embassy in
Morocco. On his return he was appoint-
ed professor of Arabic at Leyden, and
afterwards also nominated professor of
mathematics, and interpreter of the ori-
ental languages to the United States.
His principal works are, an "Arabic
Lexicon," a "Persian Dictionary,"
" The History of the Saracens, transla-
ted from Elmacin," and "The Life of
Tamerlane." D. 1667. — Peter, his
bi'other, who was also an excL41ent ori-
entalist, became a Catholic, and founded
a Carmelite convent on Mount Libaiius.
He d. in 1673, at Surat, in the East
Indies, whither he had proceeded as a
missionary.
GONGORA, Louis, a celebrated Span-
ish poet, was b. at Cordova, in 1562, and
is called by his countrymen the prince
of lyric poets. His style, however, is
often difficult to comprehend, even to
the Spaniards themselves, among whom
he has had almost as many censurers as
admirers. D. 1627.
GONSALVO OF Cordova, Hernan-
dez Y Aguilar, a celebrated Spanish
warrior, was b. at Montilla, near Cordo-
va, in 1443. He entered the army when
only 15; distingnislied himself against
the* Moors, Turks, and Portuguese ; was
appointed viceroy of Naples, after hav-
ing conquered that kingdom, and uni-
versally obtained the appellation of the
Great Captain. D. 1515.
GOOD, John Mason, a physician,
poet, and philologist, was the son of a
dissenting minister, and b. 1764, at Ep-
ping, in Essex. Having been appren-
ticed to a surgeon, he first practised at
Coggeshall; but in 1793 he settled in
London, as a surgeon and apothecary ;
and having obtained a diploma from the
university of Aberdeen, he commenced
practice as a physician in 1802. It is
stated of him, that so incessant and
multifarious were his labors in 1803,
that he was finishing a translation of
"Solomon's Song," carrying on his
"Life of Dr. Geddas," walking from 12
to 14 miles a d.ty to see his patients,
editing the " Critical Keview," and sup-
plying a column of matter, weekly, for
the " Sunday Keview ;" added to which
he had, for a short period, the manage-
ment of the " British Press" newspa-
per. In the winter of 1810, Mr. Good
commenced his lectures at the Surrey
Institution, which were published in
1826, entitled " The Book of Nature."
He produced many other valuable
works, among which are " The Study
of Medicine.'' D. 1827.
GOODRICH, Chauncey, lieutenant-
governor of Connecticut, was b. at Dur-
ham, October 20th, 1759, and graduated
at Yale college in 1779, with a high
reputation for genius and acquirements.
After having spent several years as a
tutor in that seminary, he established
himself as a lawyer at Hartford, and
soon attained the first eminence in the
profession. He was chosen a represent-
ative in the legislature of the state in
1793, and the following year was elected
to a seat in congress, and continued
there till 1800. In 1802 he became a
counsellor of the state, and retained the
office till 1807, when he was appointed
a senator of the United States. He re-
ceived the office of mayor of Hartford
in 1812, and lieutenant-governor of the
state in 1813, when he resigned his seat
in the United States senate. I). 1815.
GOOKIN, Daniei,, a major-general
of Massachusetts, was b. in England,
and in 1621 emigrated to Virginia. In
1644 he removed' to New England, and
was appointed superintendent of all
the Indians who had submitted to the
government of Massachusetts. In 1681
he received the appointment of major-
general of the province. He d. in 1687,
at the age of 75. He left in manuscript
historical collections of New England
Indians, which were published in the
first volume of the "Massachusetts His-
torical Society." He also left in manu-
script a history of New England.
GORDIAN,' Marcus Antonitjs, the
elder, a Roman emperor, surnamed Af-
ricanus, was descended from the Grao-
qor]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
451
chi, and the family of Trajan. He was
b. 157, and the early part of his life was
spent in literary pursuits. After being
edilo, twice consul, and proconsul of
Africa, i:3 was, at the age of 80, raised
to the throne, in coninnction with his
son ; Who being slain in battle six weeks
after their accession, the father, in an
agony of grief, put a period to his own
existence. — Marcus Antonius, grandson
of the preceding, was called to the throne
when he was only 13 years of age. He
became a renowned warrior, and was
styled the Guardian of the Common-
wealth. He d. near Circesium, in 244.
GOKDON, Patrick, governor of
Pennsylvania, under the proprietors,
commenced his administration as the
successor of Sir William Keith, in 1726.
It was distinguished by prudence, mod-
eration, and a regard to the interests of
the province, and was highly popular.
He was bred to arms, and served from
his youth to near the close of Qneen
Anne's reign, with a high reputation.
D. at Philadelphia, 1736. — William,
minister of Eoxbury, Mass., was a na-
tive of England. l4e had been settled
in the ministry in England, and came to
America in 1770, and was ordained min-
ister of the third church in Eoxbury,
1772. He took an active part in public
measures during the war with Great
Britain, and was chosen chaplain to the
provincial congress of Massachusetts.
In 1776 he formed the design of writing
a history of the great events in Ameri-
ca. Besides other sources of informa-
tion, he had recourse to the records of
congress, and to those of New England,
and was indulged with the perusal of
the papers of Washington, Gates,
Greene, Lincoln, and Otho Williams.
After the conclusion of the war, he re-
turned to his native country in 1786,
and in 1788 published the work which
had for a number of years occupied his
attention. D. 1807. — Alexander, a
Scotch antiquary, who lived many years
in Italy ancl other parts of the Conti-
nent ; and, in 1736, was appointed sec-
retary to the society for the encourage-
jnent of learning, 'in 1741 he went' to
Carolina, where he held several offices,
and had some grants of land. D. 1750.
Among his works are the " Lives of Pope
Alexander VI. and nis son Cassar Bor-
gia," " A Complete History of Ancient
Amphitheatres," &c. — Lord George,
son of Cosmo George, duke of Gordon,
was b. in 1750. He entered when young
into the navy, but left it during the
American war, in consequence of a dis-
pute with Lord Sandwich, relative to
promotion. He sat in parliament for
Luggershall, and became conspicuous
by his opposition to ministers; but,
though eccentric, he displayed no de-
ficiency of wit or argument. He ioon,
however, became ah object of great
notoriety ; for a bill having been intro-
duced into the house, in 1780, for the
relief of Roman Catholics from certain
penalties and disabilities, he collected a
mob, at the head of whom he marched
to present a petition against the pro-
posed measure. The dreadful riots
which ensued, led to his lordship's ar-
rest and trial for high treason ; but no
evidence being adduced of such a de-
sign, he was acquitted. In the begin-
ning of 1778, having been twice convict-
ed of libelling the French ambassador,
the queen of France, and the criminal
justice of his country, he retired to
Holland ; but he was arrested, sent
home, and committed to Newgate,
where he d. in 1793. — Thomas, a politi-
cal writer, was b. at Kirkcudbright, in
Scotland, and settled in London as a
classical teacher, but soon turned his
attention to politics, and was employed
by Harley, cad of Oxford. Mr. Trerich-
ard next tooK him to live with him,
and they wrote in conjunction "Cato's
Letters," and the "Independent Whig."
He translated Tacitus and Sallust ; and
after his death, which happened in
1750, appeared " A Cordial for Low
Spirits," and the "Pillars of Priestcraft
and Orthodoxy Shaken."
GORE, Christopher, a governor of
the state of Massachusetts, was b. at
Boston, in 1758, his father -being an
opulent mechanic there. In 1789 Wash-
ington appointed him first United States
attorney for the district of Massachu-
setts ; and in 1796 he was selected by
the president as the colleague of the
celebrated William Pinkney, to settle
the American claims upon England for
spoliations. In this situation he evinced
his wonted energy and talent, and re-
covered property to a very great amount
for his fellow-citizens. In 1803 he was
left in London as cJiarge (Faffai/res^ when
Eufus King, the American minister, re-
turned to America. In 1809 he Avas
chosen governor of Massachusetts, but
retained his dignity only for one year.
In 1814 he was called to the senate of
the Union, and served in this capacity
for three years, when he retired from
pubhc affairs, and d. in 1827, aged 68.
He was a good scholar, and had an ex-
cellent knowledge of the world, which
452
CTCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[gou
qualities were set off to the best advan-
tage by his fine person and graceful
manners.
GORGIAS, Leontinits, a celebrated
orator of the school of Erapedocles, was
a native of Leontium in Sicily, and
flourished in the 5th century b.c. A
statue of gold was erected to his honor
at Delphi ; and Plato has given his name
to one of his dialogues. He lived to the
age of 105.
GORHAM, Nathaniel, president of
congress, was b. in Charlestown, Mas-
sachusetts, in 1738, and d. June 11th,
1796, aged 58. He was often a member
of the legislature, and in 1784 was elect-
ed to congress. As a merabcfr of the
convention he assisted in forming the
constitution of the United States. — John,
a physician of Boston, graduated at Har-
vard college, 1801, and finished his pro-
fessional education at Edinburgh. In
1809 he was appointed adjunct professor
of chemistry and materia medica at
Cambridge; and in 1816 professor of
chemistry and mineralogy. He d. 1829,
aged 46. He published an " Inaugural
Address," 1817; "Elements of Chem-
ical Science," 1819.
GOSNOLD, Baethol(^ew, an in-
trepid mariner of the west of England,
sailed from Falmouth for the coast of
America, March 26, 1602. Instead of ap-
proaching this country by the way of the
w est Indies, he was the first English-
man who directly crossed the ocean.
He discovered land Majr 4th, and a cape
on the 15th, near which he caught a
great number of cod, from which cir-
cumstance he named the land Cape Cod.
The Indians which he met at different
places wore ornaments of copper, and
used the pipe and tobacco. He passed
Sandy Point, and in a few days came to
an island, which he named Martha's
Vineyard, as there were many vines
upon it. This is supposed to have been,
not the island which now bears that
name, but the small island which is
called No Man's Land. He resided three
weeks on the most western of the Eliz-
abeth islands, on which he built a fort
and storehouse. But finding that he
had not a supply of provisions, he gave
up the design of making a settlement.
The cellar of his storehouse was discov-
ered by Dr. Belknap in 1797. After his
return to England he embarked in an
expedition to Virginia, where he was a
member of>the council. But he d. soon
after his arrival, 1607.
GOSSELIN, Pascal Francis Joseph,
an eminent French geographer, b. at
Lille, in the Netherlands, in 1751. Ho
was engaj^ed in a tour through Europe
for several years, and made many valu-
able researches concerning ancient geog-
raphy. In 1789 he was admitted a mem-
ber of the national assembly, and, in
1791, nominated a member of the cen-
tral administration of commerce. He
was subsequently employed in the war
department, became a member of the
legion of honor; and was ultim,'J"ely
made keeper of the king's library and
cabinet of medals, &c., at Paris. His
works relate to ancient geography, and
possess much merit. D. 1830.
GOTHOFRED, Denis, an eminent
French lawyer, b. of an illustrious family
at Paris, in 1549. France being involved
in confusion by the leaguers, lie accept-
ed of a professor's chair at Geneva, until
he was employed by Henry IV. ; but
being afterwards deprived of his office,
as a Huguenot, he retired to Heidelberg,
and d. in 1622. He wrote many books,
the chief of which is the " Corpus Juris
Civilis." — Theodore, son of the prece-
ding, was b. at Geneva, in 1580. As
soon as he had finished his studies he
went to Paris, where he conformed to
the Catholic religion, and applied with
indefatigable industry to the study of
history. In 1632 Louis XIII. made him
one of his historiographers, with a sti-
pend of 3000 livres ; and, in 1636, he was
sent to Cologne, and subsequently to
Munster, to assist at the treaty of peace
negotiating there. He d. in i649. His
principal work is an "Account of the
Ceremonial of the Kings of France." —
Denis, son of Theodore, was b. at Paris,
in 1615. He studied history, after his
father's example ; became as eminont in
that department of knowledge, and ob-
tained the reversion of his father's place
of historiographer royal, from Louis
XIII., when he was but 25 years of age.
He finished the " Memoirs of Philip de
Commines," began by his father ; and
was preparing a history of Charles VIII.,
when he d., in 1681.
GOTTSCHED, John Christopher, a
German writer, was b. at Konigsberg, in
1700; and is considered to have con-
tributed much towards the reformation
of German literature. He was succes-
sively professor of^ the belles lettres,
philosophy, metaphysics, and poetry, in
the university of Leipsic ; and a. in 1766.
He was assisted in his dramatic writings
by his Avife, who was a woman of splen-
did talents.
GOUJON, Jean, a French sculptor
and architect in the 16th century, who,
gra]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
453
being a Protestant, fell in the massacre
of St. Bartholomew, 1572. He designed
the fine fugade of the old Louvre, and
other works, Avhich procured him the
title of the French Phidias.
GOULD, James, an eminent American
jurist. He was a native of Branford,
Conn. ; and graduated at Yale college in
1791. In early life he became distin-
guished as a lawyer ; and was raised to
the office of judge of the supreme court
of his native state. From this office,
however, he was displaced in. 1818, by
the adoption of a new constitution. For
many years he was associated with
Judge 'lappan Eeeve, as professor of the
law school at Litchfield, and after the
death of Judge Reeve he continued to
conduct the school till within a few years
of his death, when the state of his health
required him to relinquish it. In his
manners he was an accomplished gen-
tleman ; in his family one of the most
amiable and affectionate of men ; and in
the social circle one of the most refined
and agreeable companions. His mind
was richly stored with the treasures, not
of his profession only, but of ancient
and modern classics, and also of the ele-
gant literature of the day. D. 1838.
GOUVION ST. CYE, General Latj-
KENT, marquis de, an eminent French
commander, commenced his military
career during the revolution. In the
campaign on the Ehinc, in 1795, he re-
peatedly distinguished himself; and in
the following year he attracted the par-
ticular attention of Moreau, who hesi-
tated not to attribute to his skill and
bravery much of the success which at-
tended the French arms. He was after-
wards intrusted with some diplomatic
missions; and when these were per-
formed, he returned to the camp, and in
1800 commanded the centre of the army
of the Rhine. In 1804 he was made
colonel-general of the cuirassiers, and
grand officer-of the legion of honor. He
continued to pursue a successful career
during the following campaigns in Italy
and Germany ; and when the French
flrst.invaded Spain he was employed in
Catalonia, where he also displayed con-
siderable ability. In the disastrous
campaign of Bonaparte in Russia, he
Buceeeded Marshal Oudinot in the com-
mand of the central army ; and for his
services on that occasion he was promo-
ted to the rank of marshal. He behaved
with great judgment and bravery at the
battle of Dresden, and was left there
with a garrison of 16,000 men ; but suc-
ceeding events rendered it impossible
for him to maintain the place. On the
restoration of the Bourbons he was cre-
ated a peer, and made a commander of
the order of St. Louis. In 1817 he was
appointed minister for naval affairs, and
he subsequently filled the highest office
in the war department. D. 1830.
GO WEE, John, an English poet of
the 14:th century, supposed to have been
b. in Yorkshire, abuut 1320. He was a
member of the society of the Inner
Temple ; and some writers assert that he
became chief justice of the common
pleas ; though the more general opinion
IS, that the judge was another person of
the same name. He d. in 1402, and was
•uried in the conventual church of St.
Mary Overy, Southwark, to which he
was a benefactor, and where his tomb is
still to be seen. He was author of a
tripartite work, entitled, "Speculum
Meditantis," "Vox Clamantis," and
" Confessio Amantis."
GO YEN, John van, a painter of land-
scapes, cattle, and sea-pieces, was b. at
Leyden, in 1596 ; and was the pupil of
Vandervelde. He possessed great facil-
ity and freedom; his* works are conse-
quently more general throughout Europe
than those of any other master, but such
as are finished and remain undamaged
are highly valued.
GOZON, Deodati, grand-master of
the order of St. John of Jerusalem, was
celebrated for his courage and other vir-
tues. A fabulous story is told of his
killing a dragon of a monstrous kind, that
infested the island of Rhodes. D. 1353.
GOZZI, Gaspar, Count, an Italian;
author of" Dramatic Pieces," " Poems,"
" Familiar Letters," and a work on the
plan of the Spectator, called the " Vene-
tian Observer." B. at Venice, 1813 ; d.
1786. — Charles, Count, brother of the
preceding, a dramatic writer, known as
the persevering enemy and rival of
Goldoni.
GRACCHUS, Tiberius Sebtpronius,
was a celebrated Roman, of eminen-
talents and patriotism, who distinguish-
ed himself at the taking of Carthage, and
was elected tribune of the people. Hav-
ing, in their name, demanded of the
senate the execution of the agrarian law,
by which all persons possessing above
500 acres of land were to be deprived of
the surplus, for the benefit of the poor
citizens, among whom an ecjual distri-
bution of it was to be made, it met with
violent opposition, and Tiberius fell a
victim to nis zeal and the fury of the of-
fended patricians, 133 b. c. — Caius, a
younger brother of the preceding, who
454
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[ORA
possessed similar talents and principles,
and pursued similar measures. He was
twice tribune, and obtained the passing
of various laws obnoxious to the patri-
cians ; but, at length, he was slain in
battle, when contending with the consul
Opimius, 121 B.C.
GRACIAN, Baxthasab, a Spanish
Jesuit, and one of the most popular
preachers and writers of his -time, was
b. in 1584, and became rector of the col-
lege of Tarra,^ona. He wrote several
works ; the chief of which are, *' The
Courtier," " The Hero," and "The Art
of Prudence." D. 1658.
GRiEFE, or GR^VIUS. John G., a
learned classical scholar, b. at Naun#
burg, Saxony, in 1632. His avidity for
study in his early years was astonishing.
He succeeded Gronovius in the profess-
orship of history at Deventer, and re-
moved from thence to Utrecht, where
he d. in 1703. He published editions of
several of the classics ; but his greatest
works are his " Thesaurus Antiquitatum
Eomanorum," and " Thesaurus Anti-
quitatum et Historiarum Italiae."
GR^ME, JoHNf^a Scotch poet, wash,
at Carnwarth, in Lanarkshire, in 1749.
He was the son of a poor farmer, but
discovered a superior genius, obtained
a liberal education, first at Edinburgh,
and next at St. Andrews. He was pre-
paring for the ministry, when he d. in
1772, leaving behind him a volume of
elegiac and miscellaneous poetry, which
was afterwards published.
GRAFFIGNY, Frances o'lssEMBoimo
d'Happoncourt de, was b. at Nancy in
1694. She was the wife of Grafligny,
chamberlain to the duke of Lorraine,
from whom she was legally separated
on account of his brutal conduct. Her
best literary productions are a sentimen-
tal work, entitled " Lettres d'une Peru-
vienne," and the drama of "Genie."
D. at Paris, 1758.
GRAFTON, Augustus Henry Frrz-
EOY, duke of, was b. in 1786 ; succeeded
his grandfather in the family honors in
1757 ; and in 1765 was appointed secretary
of state ; but the year following he relin-
quished that station, and soon after be-
came first lord of the treasury, which he
held till 1770. During his administra-
tion, he was virulently attacked by Ju-
nius, who seems to have been actuated
quite as much by personal enmity as by
political hostility. In 1771 the duke was
nominated lord privy seal, which office he
resigned in 1775, and acted in opposition
to the court till 1782, when he was again
in place for a short time. After this, he
was uniformly an opponent of ministers,
till his death. He was the author of a
volume of theological essays, &c. D.
1811.— Richard, an English historian,
who carried on an extensive business in
London, as a printer, in the 16th cen-
tury. He greatly assisted in the compi-
lation of "Hall's Chronicle," and also
produced another, entitled "A Chroni-
cle at large of the Affayres of England
from the Creation of the Worlde unto
Queene Elizabeth." Grafton's Chroni-
cle was republished in 1809.
GRAGGINI, Anthony Francis, an
Italian poet of the 16th century. He
was the originator of the Delia Crusca
academy ; and the author of poems and
tales, the latter rivalling, in purity of
style, those of Boccaccio. B. at Flor-
ence, 1503 ; d. 1583.
GRAHAM, George, an ingenious
watchmaker, and a most accurate mech-
anician, was b. at Kirklington, Cumber-
land, 1675. He invented various as-
tronomical instruments, by which the
progress of science was considerably
furthered. The great mural arch in the
observatory of Greenwich was made for
Dr. Halley, under his inspection, and
divided by his own hand. He invented
the sector with which Dr. Bradley dis-
covered two new motions in the fixed
stars. He furnished the . members of
the French Academy, who were sent to
the north to measure a degree of the
meridian, with the instruments for that
purpose; and he composed the whole
planetary system, within the compass
of a small cabinet, from which model all
succeeding orreries have been formed.
D. 1751. — Sir John, the faithful com-
panion and fellow-patriot of Sir William
Wallace. He fell at the battle of Fal-
kirk, July 22, 1298.— John, of Claver-
house. Viscount Dundee, "a soldier of
distinguished courage and professional
skill, but rapacious and profane, of vio-
lent temper, and of obddrate heart,"
whose name, "wherever the Scottish
race is settled on the face of the globe,
is mentioned with a peculiar energy of
hatred," was b. in 1650. His career in
arms commenced as a soldier of fortune
in France ; he subsequently entered the
Dutch service; and on his return to
Scotland in 1677, he was nominated to
the command of a regiment of horse
that had been raised against the Cove-
nanters. His subsequent career we M'ill
not dwell upon. Among many cruel
instruments of a tyrannous sovereign,
he made himself conspicuous by his
barbarity, and has obtained an unenvia-
ora]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
455
ble notoriety in history, romance, and
local tradition. The services which he
rendered to his sovereign were rewarded
from time to time by various high offices ;
and he was finally raised to the peerage
by the title of Viscount Dundee. Killed
at Killicrankie, in the hour of victory,
in 1689.— Sir Eichard, Lord Viscount
Preston, was b. 1648. He was sent am-
bassador by Charles II. to Louis XIV.,
and was master of the wardrobe and
secretary of state under James II.
When the revolution took place, he was
tried and condemned, on an accusation
of attempting the restoration of that
prince, but, through the queen's inter-
wcession, he was pardoned. He spent
the remainder of his days in retirement,
and published an elegant translation of
Boethius on the " Consolations of Phi-
losophy." D. 1695.
GliAHAME, James, a Scottish poet,
was b. 1765, at Glasgow, and educated
at the university of that city. He was
bred to the law, but relinquished foren-
sic pursuits for clerical ; and d. in 1811,
curate of Sedgefield, near Durham. His
poetry is mostly of a religious character,
solemn, yet animated, flowing, and de-
scriptive. His principal pieces are,
*'The Sabbath," "The Bards of Scot-
land," and "British Georgios."
GRAINGER, James, a poet and phy-
sician, was b. at Dunse, in Scotland, in
1728. After serving his time to a sur-
geon at Edinburgh, he became a regi-
mental surgeon in the English army in
Germany; but on the restoration of
peace in 1748, he took his doctor's de-
gree, and settled as a physician in Lon-
don ; where, however, he principally
supported himself by writing for the
{)ress. An " Ode to Solitude," pub-
ished in Dodsley's collection, first pro-
cured him reputation ; and, among oth-
ers, the acquaintance of Shenstone and
Dr. Percy. In 1759 he published his
" Elegies of TibuUus," which, owing to
some severity of criticism, involved him
in a paper war with Smollett. He then
went to the West Indies as tutor to a
young gentleman, and, during the voy-
age, formed an attachment to a lady,
whom he married on his arrival at the
island of St. Christopher's, of which her
father was governor. Here he success-
fully established himself as a medical
practitioner, but did not lay aside his
pen. He wrote a West Indian Georgic,
or didactic poem, entitled "The Sugar
Cane," and. the ballad of "Brian and
Pereene." He d. at Basseterre, St. Chris-
tapher's, 1767,
GRAMMONT, Philibekt, count of, a
celebrated wit of Charles the Second's
court, was the son of Anthony, duke of
Grammont. After serving in the army
under Conde and Turenne, he came to
England in the early part of the reign
of Charles II., with whom, as well as his
mistresses, he became a great favorite.
He married the daughter of Sir George
Hamilton, fourth son of the earl of Aber-
corn, and d. 1707. He is described as
possessing, with a great turn for gallant-
ry, much wit, politeness, and good-na-
ture ; but he was^ a great gamester, and
seems to have been indebted for his sup-
port chiefly to his superior skill and suc-
cess at play. His memoirs were written
by his brother-in-law, Anthony, usually
called Count Hamilton, who" .followed
the fortunes of James II., and ended
his days in the service of France. — The
duke of, father of the duke of Guiche,
and the countesses of Tankerville and
Sebastiani, d. at Paris, aged 81, August,
1836. Some years ago ne instituted a
suit in the French courts to establish
his claim to the citadel of Blaye and its
dependencies; and the cour royale of
Bordeaux deci'eed that, at the expira-
tion of three years, the state should pay
the duke an annuity of 100,000 francs,
or reinstate him in the possession of the
citadel. The present duchess de Gram-
mont is sister to Count Alfred d'Orsay.
GRANDIUS, or GRANDI, Guido, an
Italian mathematician, was b. 1671, at
Cremona. He became professor of phi-
losophy at Florence, and zealously advo-
cated the Cartesian doctrines ; subse-
quently removed to Pisa ; was appointed
professor of mathematics in that univer-
sity, and d. 1742. He corresponded with
Newton, Leibnitz, and Bernouilli, and
published several works, the chief of
which is a Latin treatise, " De Infinitia
Infinitorum."
GRANET, Francis, deacon of the
church of Aix, and an able critic, was b.
1692, at BrignoUes, in Provence. Ho
continued Desfontaines's " Nouvelliste
du Parnasse," till the work was sup-
pressed ; after which he published
" Reflexions sur les Ouvrages de Litte-
rature." He also translated Newton's
"Chronology," and edited Launoy's
works. D. 1741.
GRANGE, Joseph de Chancel de la,
a poet, was b. in 1676, in Perigord. He
wrote a comedy at 9 years old, and a
tragedy at 16 ; but the work which made
him known was a satire, entitled "Phi-
lippics," containing many infamous ac-
cusations against Philip, duke of Orleans.
;4§6
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[gra
For this he was seized, and ordered to
be imprisoned in the Isle of St. Marga-
ret; but he contrived to effect his es-
cape, and on the regent's death returned
lu rniiice, where he was allowed to live
unmolested. His works, consisting of
operas, tragedies, and miscelLuieous
poems, form five volumes. D. 1758.
GRANGER, James, an English di-
vine, who published a valuable and
highly interesting work, entitled "The
Biographical History of England." D.
1776.
GRANT, Annk, usually designated
Mrs. Grant of Laggan, a popular and
instructive miscellaneous writer, whose
maiden name was M' Vicar, was b. in
Glasgow, 1735. Her early years were
passed in America, whither her father,
who held a commission in the British
army, had removed with the intention
of permanently settling there ; but cir-
cumstances interfered with his design,
and on his return to Scotland he was
appointed barrack-master of Fort Au-
gustus. Here his daughter became ac-
quainted with the Rev. James Grant,
cliaplain to the fort; and a mutual at-
tachment having sprung up between
them, on his appointment to the living
of Laggan, Invernesshire, they were
married in 1770. In 1801, left a widow
with a large family, and but scanty
means, she was induced, by the persua-
sion of her friends, to publish a volume
of her poems, which proved successful
beyond her most arctent wishes ; and
the literary ice once broken, she now
adopted literature as a profession, and
at various periods produced her "Let-
ters from tne Mountains," (which have
been often reprinted,) " Memoirs of an
American Lady," "Essays on the Su-
Serstitions of the Highlanders of Scot-
kud," "Popular Models of Impressive
Warnings from the Sons and Daughters
of Industry," &c. Nearly the last 30
vears of her lite were spent in Edin-
burgh, where she formed the centre of
a highly accomplished circle, numbering
amonor her friends Sir Walter Scott,
Lord Jeffrey, Henry Mackenzie, and all
t};.3 Scotch "notables" of the day; and
wnere the Christian resignation which
she displayed amid many calamitous
events, and her amiable character, no
less than her literary celebrity, procured
her general esteem and regard. D. 1833.
Her " Memoirs and Correspondence"
have since been published. — Fuancis,
Lord CuUen, an eminent Scotch judge,
was b. about 1660. He studied at Ley-
den under Voet, and on his return home
was admitted an advocate. He distin
guishod himself by his publications in
favor of the revolution, for which he
was rewarded, first by a baronetcy, and
soon after by being appointed one of
the judges, or senators in the college of
justice, when he took the title of Lord
Cullen. He continued to discharge the
duties of his office for 20 years, with the
highest reputation; and d. in 1726. —
James, a Scotch barrister, and at the
time of his death the father of the Scot-
tish bar. He was early distinoruished
for his liberal political principles, and
could number among his friends Henry
Erskine, Sir James Mackintosh, and
many others, eminent for their attain*
ments and . the lead they took in the
politics of the day. lie was the author
of " Essays on the Origin of Society,"
"Thouirh'ts on the Origin and Descent
of the Gael," &c. D. 1835.— Sir Wil-
liam, master of the rolls ; an excellent
equity judge, the promptitude and wis-
dom of whose decisions were appreciated
no less by the public than by the pro-
fession, of which he was a distinguished
member. B. at Elchies, in Scotland,
1754; d. 1832.
GRANVILLE, Sir Richard, was a
native of Cornwall, b. in 1540, and en-
tered early into the military service, as a
volunteer against the Turks. He after-
wards joined Sir Walter Raleigh in his
expedition to America; and, in 1591,
became vice-admiral under Sir Thomas
Howard, who was sent out to the Azores
to intercept the Plate fleet. The Span-
iards, however, being apprised of the
design, dispatched a powerful squadron,
which succeeded in cutting off Gran-
ville's ship from the rest ; and in a des-
perate contest with them he was mor-
tally wounded. — Sir Bevil, grandson of
the preceding, was b. in 1596. At the
commencement of the civil war, he raised
a troop of horse at his own expense, and
was killed at the battle of Lansdowne,
in 1643. — George, Lord Lansdowne, a
nobleman of very considerable talents,
grandson to Sir Bevil. B. in 1667. He
had a strong inclination for a military
life ; but this was checked by his friends,
and he employed himself, during the
various political changes that occurred,
in cultivating his taste for literature. In
1696, his comedy, called "The Gallants,"
was performed at the theatre royal in
Lincoln's Inn Fields, as was his tragedy
of " Heroic Love," in 1698. On the ac-
cession of Queen Anne, he made his
first appearance at court ; took his seat
in the house of commons as member for
ora]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
457
Fowey ; became successively secretary
of war, comptroller of the household,
treasurer, and one of the privy council.
On the queen's death he not only lost
his post, but being suspected of disaf-
f.^ction to the Hanoverian succession,
was arrested and sent to the Tower,
where he remained upwards of a twelve-
month. • He then retired to the Conti-
nent for ten years ; and on his return
passed his life as a country gentleman,
amusing himself with the republication
of his poems, and in writing a vindica-
tion of his uncle, Sir Richard, against
the charges of Clarendon and Burnet.
D. 1735.
GRATIAN, a Roman emperor, was
the son of Valentinian I. by his wife
Severa, and b. in 359. His father took
him as his associate in the empire when
he was only 8 years old. In his 17th
year he succeeded to the throne, on the
death of his father. Gratian defeated
the Goths, and exerted himself with
energy and success in defending the
empire, but was put to death in a revolt,
in Gaul, a. d. 383. — A Benedictine in the
12th century, was a native of Chiusi, in
Tuscany. He employed twenty-four
years in compiling an abridgtnent of the
canon law, commonly called " Gratian's
Decretal."
GRATIUS, Faliscus, a Latin poet,
supposed to be cotemporary with Ovid.
He wrote a poem, entitled "Cynogeti-
con," or the " Art of Hunting with
Dogs."
GRATTAN, Henry, an eminent Irish
orator and statesman, was b. about the
.year 1750, at Dublin, of which city his
father was recorder. He finished his
education at Trinity college, whence he
removed to England, and became a stu-
dent in the Middle Temple. He was
called to the Irish bar in 1772, and
brought into the parliament of Ireland
in 1775, where he immediately became
distinguished for his patriotic speeches,
and that vigorous opposition to the stat-
ute 6th Geo. I., which roused the whole
island, and produced its repeal, in 1782.
For his share in this transaction, Mr.
Grattan received addresses from all parts
of the country, and was rewarded with
the sum of £50,000, voted to him by the
parliament of Ireland. In 1790 he was
returned for the city of Dublin, princi-
pally for the purpose of opposing the
unio^ ; but when that measure was
carried; he did not refuse a seat in the
united house of commons. The latter
vears of his parliamentary attendance
were chiefly devoted to a warm and
89
energetic support of Catholic emancipa-
tion ; and it may be truly said, that he
d. in the service of this cause. D. 1820.
GRAUNT, Edward, a scholar of the
16th century. He was appointed master
of Westminster school in 1572 ; resigned
the mastership in 1591 ; and d. rector
of Toppersfield, in Essex, 1601. He was
the author of " Gr£eca3 Linguae Spicile-
gium," &c.
GRAVES, Richard, a clergyman of
the church of England, but better known
as a novelist and poet than as a divine,
was b. at Mickleton, in Gloucestershire,
in 1715. In 1750 he was presented to
the rectory of Claverton, near Bath ; and
in that pleasant sequestered village he
resided till the time of his death, in
1804. Among his various works are,
" The Festoon, or a Collection of Epi-
grams," " Lucubrations in Prose and
Rhyme," "The Spiritual Quixote," a
novel ridiculing the extravagances of
Methodism, as they appeared among the
immediate followers of Whitefield and
Wesley, and combining much shrewd-
ness, wit, and humor.
GRAVESANDE, William James, an
eminent Dutch geometrician and philos-
opher, was b. at Bois-le-Duc, in 1688.
He was bred a civilian, and practised
some time at the bar with reputation ;
but, about 1715, he became professor of
mathematics and natural philosophy at
Levden, where he taught the Newtonian
system. D. 1742.
GRAVINA, John Vincent, a cele-
brated jurist and literary character, was
b. in Calabria, in 1664, became professor
of civil and canon law at Rome, was one
of the founders of the Arcadian academy,
and the early protector of Metastasio,
and d. in 1718. His works are numer-
ous, and the principal one, " Origines
Juris Civilis," is said to be replete with
learning.
GRx\Y, Stephen, a gentleman belong-
ing to the Charter House, who, early in
the 18th century, distinguished himself
as an experimental philosopher. He
discovered the method of communica-
ting electricity to bodies not naturally
possessing it, by contact or contiguity
with electrics ; and he projected a Kind
of luminous orrery, or electrical planet-
arium, thus leadinsr the way to future
discoveries and improvements. — Thom-
as, a celebrated English poet, was b.
in London, in 1716, and entered himself
at the Inner Temple, with a view of
studying for the bari Becoming inti-
mate, however, with Horace Wal]3ole,
he was easily induced to accompany hira
«58
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[grk
in his tour of Europe ; but they parted
at Keggio, and Gray returned to England
in 1741. Here he occupied himself sev-
eral years in laying literary schemes and
plans of magnitude, which he admira-
bly commenced, but wanted energy to
mature. So slow was he to publish,
that it was not until 1747 that his " Ode
on a distant Prospect of Eton CoUege"
made its appearance ; and it was only
in consequence of the printing of a sur-
reptitious copy, that, m 1751, he pub-
lished his " Elegy written in a Country
Churchyard." He declined the office
of laureate on Cibber's death, in 1757,
and the same year published his two
principal odes, " On the Progress of
Poesy" and "The Bard." In 1768 the
duke of Grafton presented him with the
professorship of modern history at Cam-
bridge. But though Gray published
little besides his poems, he was a man
of extensive acquirements in natural
history, the study of ancient architec-
ture, &c. ; his correspondence places
him among the best epistolary writers,
and some of his posthumous pieces af-
ford proof of his profound and varied
erudition. As a poet, he is energetic
and harmonious, and his lyrics, though
few, have been rarely, if ever, surpassed.
D. 1771.
GEEATOEEX, Thomas, an eminent
musician, was b. at North Winfleld,
Derbyshire, in 1758. He was a pupil
of Dr. Cook, and afterwards went to
Italy, where he studied vocal music
under Santarelli, at Eome ; and having
made himself acquainted with all the
knowledge he could gather by a profes-
sional tour to tlie principal cities of
Italy, Germany, Switzerland, and the
Netherlands, he returned to England in
1788, and established himself m Lon-
don as a teacher of music, in which he
was eminently successful. He harmo-
nized various airs, adapted many of
Handel's productions, and arranged
parts for the grand orchestra with great
ability. But he did not devote his at-
tention wholly to music; mathematics,
astronomy, botany, and chemistry, each
occupied his mind by turns. D. 1831.
GKEAVES, EiGHAED, an orientalist
and mathematician, was b. at Colmore,
Hants, in 1602, and chosen professor of
geometry at Gresham college, in 1630.
He next went to Ley den, where he
studied the Arabic language under Go-
lius. He also visited Egypt, and made
a survey of the pyramids. While in
^ypt, he made an accurate measure-
ment, &c., of the principal pyramids.
which he gave to the woiid under tne
title of " Pyramidographia;" he also
published an ingenious work, entitled
" EpochsE Celebriores," and a "Disser-
tation on the Eoman Foot and Denarius."
D. 1652. — Thomas and Edward, his bro-
thers, were also men of learning : the
former, a good orientalist; the latt-er,
eminent as a physician, and created a
baronet by Charles II.
GEECOUET, Jean Baptistb Joseph
ViLLART DE, a French ecclesiastic, famous
as a wit and poet, was b. at Tours, in
1684. He excelled in epigrams, tales,
sonnets, and fables, a collection of which
was pubUshed. D. 1743.
GEEENE, EoBERT, a humorous poet
in the reign of Elizabeth, was b. at Nor-
wich, about 1560. He was educated at
St. John's college, Cambridge, and after
making " the grand tour," took orders.
He wrote five plays, and various tracts
in prose, among which is one, lately
reprinted, with the quaint title of "A
Groat's Worth of Wit bought with a
Million of Eepentance." D. 1592. —
Matthew, author of "The Spleen," a
clever poem, was a native of London.
He held a situation in the custom-house,
and is described as a man of great prob-
ity and suavity of manners. _D. 1787.
— Samuel, was the first printer in North
America. The first thing printed was
the " Freeman's Oath," in 1639, the
next an almanac, and the third the New
England version of the Psalms in 1640.
The time of his death is unknown. — •
Nathaniel, major-general in the army
of the United States, was b. in War-
wick, E. I., 1742. Though enjoying
very few advantages of education, he
displayed an early fondness for knowl-
edge, and devoted his leisure time as-
siduously to study. In 1770 he was
elected a member of the state legislature,
and in 1774 enrolled himself as a private
in a company called the Kentish Guards.
From this situation he was elevated to
the head of three regiments, with the
title of major-general. In 1776 he ac-
cepted from congress a commission of
brigadier- general, and soon after, at the
battles of "Trenton and Princeton, dis-
tinguished himself by his skill and
bravery. In 1778 he was appointed
quartermaster-general, and in that of-
fice rendered efficient service to the
country by his unwearied zeal and great
talents for business. He presided at the
court-maitial which tried Major Andre
in 1780, and was appointed to succeed
Arnold in the command at West Point,
but he held this post only a few days.
orb]
In December of tlie same year he as-
sumed the commaud of the southern
army, and in this situation displayed a
prudence, intrepidity, and firmness
which raise him to an elevated raiak
among our revolutionary generals. In
September, 1781, he obtamed the fa-
mous victory at Eutaw Springs, for
which he received froin congress a
British standard and a gold medal, as a
testimony of their value of his conduct
and services. On the termination of
hostilities, he returned to Ehode Island,
and in 1785 removed with his family to
Georgia, where he d, suddenly in June
of the following year.
GREENFIELD, Whxiam, celebrated
as an oriental scholar and linguist, was
editor of the " Comprehensive Bible,"
and made many valuable translations of
the Bible into Eastern dialects. His
literary acquirements were made under
great diflB.culties, and while pursuing
his daily occupation of a bookbinder.
D. 1832.
GEEGOEY I., surnamed the Great,
was b. of a noble family at Eome, about
the year 544. He discovered such abili-
ties as a senator, that the Emperor Jus-
tin appointed him prefect of Eome;
after which he embraced the monastic
life, in a society founded by himself.
Pope Pelagius 11. sent him as nuncio to
Constantinople, and on his return made
him apostolical secretary. He was
elected successor to that pontiff in 590.
D. 604. — VIL, pope, who is said to have
been the son ot a carpenter, and his real
name Hildebrand, is chiefly memorable
for his extension of the authority of the
popes. This he carried so far as to de-
pose Henry IV., emperor of Germany,
and to send legates into all the king-
doms of Europe, to support his pre-
tended rights. D. 1085.— XIII., was a
native of Bologna, and succeeded Pope
Pius V. in 1572. He was the most
deeply versed in the canon and civil law
of any in his time. He ornamented
Eome with many fine buildings and
fountains ; but his pontificate is chiefly
memorable for the reformation of the
calendar, which took place under his
auspices, and bore his name. D. 1585.
<— XV., was a native of Bologna, and
descended of an ancient family, but his
real name was Alexander Ludovisio.
He was elected to the papal dignity in
1621, and was the author of several
worKs, one of which, entitled "Epistola
ad Eegem Persarum, Schah Abbas,"
particularly deserves mention. — XVI.,
Maubo Capellabi, was b. at Belluno in
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
459
1765, and succeeded Pius VIII. in the
papal chair, 1831. His reign embraced
a period of no ordinary interest and dif-
ficulty in the history of the church, and
in the relations of the Vatican with the
temporal powers of Christendom. D.
1846. — Nazianzen, St., eminent for his
piety and extensive learning, was b. in
324, at Nazianzum, in Cappadocia, of
which place his father was bishop. He
received an exceUent education, which
he improved at Athens, where he form-
ed an acquaintance with St. BasU, On
his return home he was ordained, and
having displayed great theological and
classical talents, he was chosen bishop
of Constantinople, which appohitment
was confirmed by Theodosius in 380.
After filling the archiepiscopal throne
for several years, he resigned it, and re-
turned to his native place, where he d.
in 389. — King of Scotland, cotemporary
with Alfred, succeeded to the throne in
883. He delivered his country from the
Danes, acquired the counties of Cum-
berland and Westmoreland, performed
many brilliant exploits in Ireland, and
built the city of Aberdeen. D. 894. —
Bishop of Neocsesarea, in the 3d century,
was surnamed Thaumaturgus, or the
" Wonder-worker," on account of the
miracles which he is said to have per-
formed. The church fiourished under
his care until the Dacian persecution, in
250, when he thought it prudent to re-
tire for a time. He was a pupil of the
celebrated Origen, and appears to have
been a man of learning. D. 265. — Ob-
Ntssa, St., was ordained bishop of
Nyssa, in 372. The zeal he displayed
against the Arians excited the resent-
ment of the Emperor Valens, who be-
longed to that sect, and he was banished,
but, on the accession of Gratian, he was
restored to his see. He drew up the
Nicene creed at the council of Constan-
tinople, and d. 396. — George, a divine
and miscellaneous writer, was a native
of Ireland, and b. in 1754. With an in-
tention of following mercantile pursuits,
he was placed in a counting-house at
Liverpool, and it was not till 1778 that
he took orders. In 1782 he settled in
London, where he obtained the curacy
of Cripplegate, and was chosen evening
preacher at the Foundling. Among his
works are, "Essays, Historical and
Moral," a "Church History," "The
Life of Chatterton," "The Economy of
Nature," "Sermons," "Letters on Phi-
losophy," and a translation of " Lowth's
Lectures on Hebrew Poetry." D. 1808.
— Gboegb Flokenoe, saint, commonly
4M
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[<
called Gregory of Tours, was b. 544, in
Auvergne. He d. in 695. He was the
author of a "History of the Franks."
and other works. — Jamks, an eminent
mathematician and philosopher, was b.
at Aberdeen, in 1638. He published in
1663 his " Treatise on Optics," in which
he imparted his invention of the re-
flecting telescope. About 1665 he went
to Padua, where he printed a work on
the " Quadrature of the Circle and Hy-
perbola." On his return from his trav-
els, he was chosen a fellow of the Royal
Society of London, and merit procured
him the mathematical chair at St. An-
drew's. In 1674 he removed to Edin-
burgh, on being appointed to the math-
ematical professorship ; but he held the
situation only for a short time, for while
showing the satellites of Jupiter to some
pupils, in October, 1675, he was sud-
denly struck blind, and d. a few days
after. — David, nephew of the preceding,
and the inheritor of his abilities and his
fame, was b. at Aberdeen, in 1661, and
became professor of mathematics in
Edinburgh. He was afterwards elected
Savilian professor of astronomy at Ox-
ford, carrying his election against Hal-
ley, who was also a candidate for that
situation. In 1695 he published his
" Catoptrieae et Dioptricae Sphericse Ele-
menta." His demonstration of the curve,
called the catenarian, appeared in 1697,
in the "Philosophical Transactions;"
but his greatest work was published in
1702, and entitled " Astronomiae Phy-
sicse et Geometricse Elementa." D. 1710.
— James, was b. at Aberdeen in 1753,
and was long one of the brightest orna-
ments of the university of Edinburgh.
He was the author or "Philosophical
and Literary Essays," "Cullen's First
Lines of the Practice of Physic, with
Notes," and " Conspectus Medieinae
Theoreticee." D. 1821. — John, a phy-
sician and miscellaneous writer, was b.
in 1724, at Aberdeen, became professor
of philosophy at Aberdeen, and after-
wards professor of physic at Edinburgh,
and was appointed first physician to the
king of Scotland. His works are, "A
Comparative View of the State and Fac-
ulties of Man with those of the Animal
World," " Observations on the Duties
and Offices of a Physician," " Elements
of the Practice of Physic," and " A Fa-
ther's Legacy to his Daughters." D.
1773. — Olinthus, was b. at Yaxley, in
Huntingdonshire, in 1774. He com-
menced his literary career at the age of
19, but the works which chiefly brought
niin into notice were his " Treatise on
Astronomy" and the " Pantalogia," a
comprehensive dictionary of the arts
and sciences, of which he undertook the
general editorship. Through thq in-
terest of his friend, Dr. Hutton, he was
appointed, in 1802, mathematical master
at the royal military academy, Wool-
wich, where he obtained the professor's
chair. He was^the author of " Elements
of Plane and Spherical Trigonometry,"
" Mathematics for Practical Men," " Let-
ters to a Friend, on the Evidences,
Doctrines, and Duties of the Christian
Eeligion," and "Memoirs of the Life,
Writings, &c., of the late John Mason
Good, M.P." D. 1841.
GREGORIE, Henry, Count, bishop
of Blois, a French prelate, distinguished
by his love of democracy, no less than
by his inflexible integrity and active
philanthropy, was b. in 1750, at Vatro,
near Luneville. In 1789 he was nomi-
nated by the clergy of his province a
member of the states-general ; and in
the constituent assembly he distinguish-
ed himself by the boldness of his opin-
ions relative to civil and religious lib-
erty. He was among the first of the
clergy who swore fidelity to the consti-
tution ; but during the rei^n of terror,
when the bishop of Paris abdicated his
office, and several of the clergy abjured
Christianity, the bishop of Blois stood
forward as the supporter of the religion
of his country. ^ He also opposed the
accession of the first consul to the throne
of France. On the restoration of the
Bourbons he was excluded from the In-
stitute, and deprived of his bishopric.
He spent the remainder of his lite in
retirement, and d. at Paris, in 1831.
Among his writings are, "Essai sur
I'Araelioration Politique, Physique, et
Morale des Juifs;" "Memoires en fa-
veur des Gens de Couleur, ou Sang-
meles de St. Domingue;" "Essai His-
toriq^ue sur les Libertes de I'Eglise
Gallicane ;" " Les Euines de Port Roy-
al," &c.
GKENVILLE, George, an English
statesman in the reigns of George II. and
III., was younger brother of Richard
GrenvUle, Earl Temple, and the father
of Lord Grenville. He entered parlia-
ment as member for Buckinghamshire,
and was distinguished for his eloquence.
He successively filled the situations of
treasurer of the navy, first lord of the
admiralty, and first lord of the treasury.
In 1763 lie became chancellor of the ex-
chequer ; but, in 1765, he resigned his
Sost to the marquis of RocBngham.
[is administration having been violent-
orb]
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
461
ly attacked by the press, he published
" Considerations on the Commerce and
Finance* of England, and on the Meas-
ures taken by the Ministers," &c., in its
defence. D. 1760. — "William Wynd ham.
Lord, third son of the preceding, was b.
1759. He began his parliamentary career
as the representative for Buckingham-
shire, filled the speaker's chair six
months, and then succeeded Lord Sid-
ney as secretary for the home depart-
ment. In 1790 he was raised to the
peerage, and in the following year made
secretary of state for foreign affairs. On
the dissolution of the mimstry, his lord-
ship principally confined his senatorial
exertions to the cause of Catholic eman-
cipation, for which he was always a
steady and consistent advocate. He was
distinguished for his general literary at-
tainments, as well as for his political
knowledge ; and he held the omce of
chancellor of the university of Oxford ;
to which, on his death, in 1834, the
duke of Wellington was elected.
GEESHAM, Sir Thomas, a patriotic
merchant and citizen of London, the
son of Sir Eichard Gresham, a merchant
and lord mayor of London, was b. 1619.
His father had been the king's agent at
Antwerp, and the person who succeed-
ed him having mismanaged the royal
affairs there. Sir Thomas was sent over,
in 1552, to retrieve them. This he did
effectually. Elizabeth, on her accession,
removed him from his office, but soon
restored it, and knighted him. He
planned and erected a burse or ex-
change for the merchants of London, in
imitation of that at Antwerp ; and, in
1570 it was opened by the q^ueen in per-
son, who dined with the founder, and
named it the Eoyal Exchange. Having
built a mansion in Bishopsgate-street,
for his town residence, he directed by
his will that it should be converted into
habitations and lecture-rooms for seven
{)rofessor3 or lecturers on the seven
iberal sciences, who were to receive a
salary out c f the revenues of the Eoyal
Exchange ; but Gresham college has
since been converted into the general
excise office, and the lectures are now
given in a room over the exchange. D.
1579.
GEESSET, Jean Baptiste Louis, a
French poet and dramatist, b. in 1709 ;
entered the society of Jesuits, but with-
drew from them at the age of 26. For a
long time he excited the admiration of
Parisian circles, wrote some elegant po-
ems, became a member of the Academy,
and was the companion of the wits and
39*
literati of the French capital; but at
length he renounced his favorite pur-
suits, and retired from the gay world to
enjoy the tranquillity of retirement. D.
1777. His literary fame rests principally
on his "Ver Vert," his "Chartreuse,"
and " Le Me chant."
GEETEEY, Andre Erneste Mod-
ESTE, an eminent musical composer, was
b. in 1744, at Liege. He first studied
under Moreau, then went to Eome, and
finally settled at Paris, in 1768. He
produced upwards of 40 operas, of
which about 20 retain possession of the
stage, and two of them, "Zemire et
Azor" and " Eichard Coeur de Lion,"
have been translated, and played in
London with success. T>. 1813.
GEEVILLE, FuLKE, Lord Brooke, a
patron of letters, and an ingenious wri-
ter, was b. 1554, and descended from
the noble families of Neville, Beau-
champ, and Willoughby de Brooke. He
was in great favor with Elizabeth, and
was created Lord Brooke by James L,
who gave him Warwick castle. In 1614
he was made under-treasurer, chancellor
of the exchequer, and one of the privy
council. He founded a history lecture
at Cambridge. He was stabbed by a
servant named Haywood, whom he had
reprimanded for an insolent expression,
after which the assassin committed sui-
cide with the same weapon. This was
in 1628. After his death appeared sev-
eral of his poetical works, and the life
of his friend Sir Philip Sidney, written
by him.
GEEY, Charles, Earl, a British states-
man, distinguished for his senatorial
abilities generally, but more especially
for his long and inflexible advocacy of
parliamentary reform, was b. at Fallo-
den, near Alnwick, 1764. He was al-
most constantly occupied in the discus-
sion of the most important questions
that engaged the attention of parlia-
ment. At the onset of his career, his
oratorical powers were displayed as one
of the managers of the impeachment of
Warren Hastings; and from that time
he always held a conspicuous station
among the Whigs. When, in January,
1806, Mr. Pitt was removed from the
helm of state by death, Mr. Grey took
office, under Mr. Fox, as first lord of the
admiralty ; and in the following October
was secretary of foreign affairs. The
Whig ministry was soon after dismiss-
ed, parliament was dissolved, and, on
the death of Lord Grey's father, in 1807,
he removed to the upper house. D.
1845. — Lady Jane, an illustrious female,
463
CrOLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[ORI
whose accomplisliineuts and misfortunes
have rendered her an especial object of
interest, was the daughter of Henry-
Grey, marquis of Dorset, by the Lady
Frances, daugliter of Charles Brandon,
liike of Suffolk, and Mary, younger
sister of Henry VIII. She was b. in
1537, at Bradgate, her father's seat in
Leicestershire ; and early in life gave
proofs of talents of a superior order.
She wrote an incomparable hand, played
well on different instruments, and ac-
quired a knowledge of the Greek, He-
brew, and Latin, as well as of the French /
and Italian languages. Roge- Aschara
has given a beautiful and affecting
narrative of his interview with her at
Bradgate, where he found her reading
Plato's " Phsedo," in Greek, while the
family were amusing themselves in the
park. In 1551 her father was created
duke of Suffolk ; and at this time Lady
Jane Grey was much at court, where the
ambitious duke of Northumberland pro-
jected a marriage between her and his
son, Lord Guildford Dudley, which took
place at the end of May, 1553. Soon
after this Edward VI. died, having been
prevailed upon, in his last illness, to
settle the crown upon the Lady Jane,
who reluctantly accepted the crown, ana
was proclaimed with great pomp. This
gleam of royalty, however, was of short
duration, for the pageant reign lasted
but nine days. The kingdom was dis-
satisfied, and the nobility indignant at
the presumption of Northumberland;
so that Mary soon overcame her ene-
mies, and was not backward in taking
ample revenge. The duke of Northum-
berland was beheaded ; and Lady Jane
and her husband were arraigned, con-
victed of treason, and sent to' the Tow-
er. After being confined some time, the
council resolved to put these innocent
victims of a parent's unprincipled am-
bition to death. Lord Guildford suffered
first ; and as he passed her window, his
lady gave him her last adieu. Immedi-
ately afterwards she was executed on
the same scaffold; suffering with calm
resignation, and a firm attachment to
the Protestant religion, Feb. 12, 1554.
GRIDLEY, Jerkmiah, an eminent
lawyer of Massachusetts, was b. about
the year 1705, and was graduated at
Harvard college in 1725. He was a
warm advocate for the colonial rights,
but, notwithstanding, was appointed at-
torney-general of the province, and in
that capacity defended the obnoxious
writs ot assistance. He was a man of
an ardent and generous character, and
Eossessed extensive legal information.-
>. 1767.
GRIESBACH, John James, an emi-
nent German theologian, b. 1745, at
Butzbach, in the duchy of Hesse Darm-
stadt. He studied successively at Frank-
fort, Tubingen, Halle, and Leipsic • be-
came rector of the university of Jena,
and ecclesiastical privy councillor to
the duke of Saxe- Weimar ; and d. in
1812. His works, which are too numer-
ous to particularize here, possess great
erudition ; but the most valuable is an
edition of the Greek Testament, with
various readings.
GRIFFIER, John, known by the ap-
pellation of Old Griffier, an eminent
painter, was b. at Amsterdam in 1658,
and d. at London, in 1718. He suc-
ceeded chiefly in landscapes, and paint-
ed several views on the Thames. He
also etched prints of birds and beasts. —
His son Robert, called the Younger
Griffier, was b. in England, and was a
good landscape painter, though not
equal to his father.
GRIFFIN, Edward Dorr, an eminent
divine, b. at East Haddam, Ct., 1770.
He was a pastor first at New Hartford,
Ct., and then at Newark, N. J., and in
1809 was appointed professor of sacred
rhetoric at Andover theological school.
He was next a preacher at Boston, and
in 1821 was chosen president of Wil-
liams college. He was one of the most
eloquent preachers of his day. D. 1837.
GRIFFITH, Elizabeth, a native of
Wales, who jointly with her hui^band
wrote two novels, entitled " Delicate
Distress," "The Gordian Knot," and
" The Letters of Henry and Frances."
She also produced several works of her
sole composition, among which are
" Lady Juliana Harley," " The Morality
of Shakspeare's Drama illustrated," and
some plays. D. 1793.
GRIMALDI. The Grimaldi family
have ever been of great importance in
Genoa, and many of its membei*s are
conspicuous in the history of that re-
public. — Ranieri, was the first Genoese
who conducted the naval forces of the
republic beyond the Straits of Gibraltar.
In the service of Philip the Fair of
France, Grimaldi sailed to Zealand, in
1304, with 16 Genoese galleys and 20
French ships under his command ; and
defeated and made prisoner the Count
Guy of Flanders, who commanded the
enemy's, fleet of 80 sail. — Antonio, was
also a distinguished naval commander.
His victories over the Catalonians and
Aragonese, who had committed ag-
GRi]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
46ti
gressions on the Genoese, for a long
tiuie gave the latter a decided maritime
ascendency ; but at length, in 1353, the
Catalonians, assisted by the Venetians,
under the command of Nicholas Pisani,
^ave him battle, and nearly destroyed
nis whole fleet. — Giovanni, is celebrated
foi: the victory he gained over the Vene-
tian admiral Trevesani, on the Po, in
1431 ; when, in sight of Carmagnola's
army, he succeeded in taking 28 galleys,
and a great number of transports, with
immense spoils. — Domenico, cardinal,
archbishop, and vice-legate of Avignon,
was eminent both as a naval command-
er and as a zealous extirpator of heresy
from the Catholic churcli. At the bat-
tle of Lepanto, in 1571, though a bishop
at the time, he is said to have distin-
guished himself by his skill and cour-
age. — Geronimo, b. 1597, was sent by
Urban VIII. as nuncio to Germany and
France; and the services he rendered
the Eoman court were rewarded, in
1643, by a cardinal's hat. He was bish-
op of Aix, and endeavored to reform
the manners of the clergy in his diocese,
by establishing an ecclesiastical semina-
ry ; he also founded an hospital for the
poor, and annually distributed 100,000
livres of his vast property in alms. D.
1685. — Francesco Maria, a learned Jes-
uit and an eminent mathematician, was
b. at Bologna, in 1613. He assisted
Riccioli in his scientific labors ; and was
the author of " Physico-mathesis de Lu-
mine Coloribus et Iride, aliisque annex-
is," &c. D. 1663. — Giovanni, an emi-
nent painter, also called Bolognese, was
b. at Bologna, in 1606. He studied un-
der Annibale Caracci, to whom he was
related ; and became distinguished chief-
ly as a landscape painter, though he was
also employed on historical subjects,
particularly in the Vatican. Nor was
ne merely a painter ; as an architect he
was greatly distinguished, and as an en-
graver also his merit was conspicuous.
Cardinal Mazarin invited him to Paris,
where he enjoyed a pension, and was
much noticed by Louis XIII. D. 1680.
— Joseph, an unrivalled pantomimic
clown, b. 1779, was the son of Signior
Grimaldi, an artiste, noted for his hu-
mor and eccentricities, who by day fol-
lowed the profession of a dentist, and
by night that of ballet-master at Drury-
lane. For a period of forty years
" Grimaldi the clown" delighted the
laughter-loving audiences of Drury-lane,
Covent-garden, and Sadler's-wells, with
a rich and (paradoxical as the term oay
seem) intellectual species of buffoonery,
peculiarly his own — portraying to the
life all that is grotesque in manners, or
droll in human action. D. 1837. — Wil-
liam:, (marquis of Genoa.) was b. in
1785, in Westminster, and in early life
entered into the service of the East In-
dia Company, but afterwards held a
situation in the war-office at the Horse
Guards. In 1828 he travelled in search
of his hereditary rights, and discovered
that he was sole heir of the late marquis
of Grimaldi ; but he never enjoyed any
advantage from it, being attacked by a
fit of apoplexy while at his prayers.
GEIMBALD, St., a learned ecclesias
tic of the 9th century, who was invited
over from Flanders by Alfred the Great.
He brought with him several learned
associates, and settled at Oxford ; but
disputes arising between the strangers
and the students before placed there, he
retired to a monastery, tounded by Al-
fred, at Winchester. It is supposed
that he was skilful as an architect, and
that the crypt of St. Peter's church, Ox-
ford, is his work.
GEIMKE, Thomas Smith, a distin-
guished lawyer of South Carolina, b. at
Charleston, 1778. He was a fine clas-
sical scholar, of devoted piety, and
throughout his life took a warm interest
in all the benevolent movements of the
day, especially on the subject of peace.
D. 1834.— John F., judge of the su-
preme court of South Carolina, was a
colonel in the war of the American rev-
olution. Hepublished " A Revised Edi-
tion of the Laws of South Carolina, to
1789 ;" " On the Duty of Justices of
Peace," " A Probate Directory." D.1819.
GEIMM, Frederic Melchior, baron
de, counsellor of state of the Eussian
empire, and a man of letters, was b. in
1723; at Eatisbon. Going to Paris, he
became principal secretary to the duko
of Orleans, and acquainted with Eous-
seait and other Parisian philosophers ;
an account of whose writings, friend-
ships, disputes, &c., has been preserved
in his " CoiTespondence." In 1776,
being appointed envoy from the duke
of Saxe-Gotha to the French court, he
was honored with the title of baron, and
invested with several orders. On the
revolution breaking out, he retired to
the court of Gotha, where he found a
safe asylum. In 1795 the empress of
Eussia made him her minister plenipo-
tentiary to the states of Lower Saxony ;
and he was confirmed in that post by
Paul L, and retained it till ill health
obliged him to relinquish it. D. 1807.
GEIMOAED, Count Philip de, a
4M
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[gro
French diplomatist, general, and author,
clescended from an ancient family, one
of whose members was Pope Urban V.
Louis XVI. intrusted him with a nego-
tiation in Holland ; and on his return he
formed the plans, offensive and defen-
sive, for the campaign of 1792. The
fall of the king interrupted his career,
and he retired to private life, devoting
himself to literature. He wrote " Essai
Theorique et Pratique sur les Batailles,"
"Eecherches sur la Force de I'Armee
Fran^aise," &c. ; and " Tableau Histori-
que de la Guerre de la Revolution de
France," 1808, in conjunction with Gen-
eral Servan ; of which work only 3 vols,
were published, when it was suppressed
by order of Bonaparte. D. 1816.
GRIMSTON, Sir Harbottle, an emi-
nent English lawyer in the time of
Cromwell, was b. in Essex, about 1594.
In 1660 he was chosen speaker of what
was called "the healing parliament,"
and he was one of the commissioners
who waited on Charles II. at Breda ; on
whose restoration he was made master
of the rolls. He published the " Re-
ports of Sir George Croke." D. 1683.
GRIND AL, Edmund, archbishop of
Canterbury, was b. at Hensingham, in
Cumberland, in 1519. In 1559 he was
chosen master of Pembroke hall, and
the same year preferred to the see of
London ; in 1570 he was translated to
York ; and in 1575 to Canterbury. Two
years afterwards he was suspended from
nis archiepiscopal functions, for refusing
to obey Queen Elizabeth's order to sup-
press prophesyings, or associations of
the clergy to expound the Scriptures.
At length his sequestration was taken
off, though he never completely recov-
ered the royal favor. He contributed
to " Fox's Acts and Monuments," -and
founded the celebrated school of St.
Bee's, in Cumberland. D. 1583.
GRISWOLD, Roger, governor, of
Connecticut, graduated at Yale college,
1780, and afterwards studied law. In
1794 he was elected a member of con-
gress. In ISOl he declined the appoint-
ment of secretary of war, offered him by
Mr. Adams. In 1807 he was appointed
a judge of the supreme court of Con-
necticut. He was lieutenant-governor
from 1809 to 1811, when he was elected
governor. D. 1812, aged 50.
GROLLIER, John, a patron of learned
men, was b. at Lyons, in 1479. He was
grand treasurer to Francis I., who sent
nim on an embassy to Rome, where he
employed the Alduses to print some
classics for him. He also made a large
collection of valuable books, and settled
pensions on many eminent scholars.
D. 1565.
GRONOVIUS, John Frederic, an
erudite writer, b. at Hamburgh, in 1611.
He studied at Leipsic and Jena; trav-
elled through France, Holland, and
England ; and became professor of
belles lettres at Leyden, where he *d.
in 1671. With extensive knowledge
he combined indefatigable industry, a
modest opinion of his own merit, and
amiable manners. He published a num-
ber of classics with valuable notes and
improved readings; of which "Com-
mentarius de Sesterciis," and his edition
of Hugo Grotius's work, " De Jure Belli
et Pacis," will serve as instances. —
James, son of the preceding,. was b. at
Deventer, in 1645. He was educated
entirely under his father, whom he
surpassed in learning, though he fell
short of him in modesty and liberality.
In 1672 he went to France, and from
thence to Italy, where the grand-duke
of Tuscany gave him a pension, and
obtained for him a professorship at
Pisa. This he held two years, and
then returned to Leyden ; and was
appointed to the professorship of belles
lettres and geography in that university.
His acquirements in criticism and phi-
lology were very extensive ; he compiled
the valuable " Thesaurus Antiquitatum
Graecarum, and edited a variety of clas-
sics. D. 1716.
GROS, Antoine Jean, Baron, a dis-
tinguished French painter, professor of
painting at the Ecole Royale des Beaux
Arts, was b. at Paris, 1771. Ilis pencil
was chiefly devoted to the illustration
of subjects from the history of France
during the career of Napoleon ; and his
pictures, though coarse, are conspicuous
for vigor and felicity of execution. D.
1835.
GROSE, Francis, an eminent English
antiquary, was b. in 1731, at Richmond,
in Surrey. His father was a jeweller,
and left him a good fortune, which he
soon spent, and became adjutant and
paymaster in the Surrey militia. He
was remarkable for his wit and humor,
and of a generous disposition, but his
imprudences involved him in great dif-
ficulties ; to clear himself from which,
he published his " Views of Antiquities
in England and Wales." Besides his
" Antiquities," he published a " Trea-
tise on Ancient Armor and Weapons,'*
" MilitaryAntiquities," and other works
D. 1791.
GROSSMANN, Gustavus Frederic
GRU]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
m
William, a celebrated actor and drama-
tist, b. at Berlin, in 1746. He was ori-
ginally employed in some subordinate
diplomatic situations at Warsaw_ and
Berlin ; but having become acquainted
witli Lessing at the latter place, an acci-
dental hint from that celebrated writer
induced him to try his fortune as a
dramatist; and he wrote several suc-
cessful plays. He afterwards became
an actor and manager, manifesting con-
siderable talents, and etfecting many
reformations in the German stage ; but
his bad success as a manager led to
habits of intemperance, and involved
him in great distress. I). 1796.
GROTIUS, or DE GEOOT, Hugo, an
eminent scholar and statesman, b. at
Delft, in Holland, 1583. He was de-
scended from a noble family, received
an excellent education, and gave early
manifestations of surprising talents. In
1599 he commenced his career as a legal
advocate, and also as an author ; and
he was successively appointed histori-
ographer, advocate-general of Holland
and Zealand, a member of the states-
general, and envoy to England. In 1613
he became syndic, or pensioner, of Kot-
terdam; and, declaring himself on the
side of Barneveldt, he supported him,
and the cause of the Arminians, by his
pen and influence. But he narrowly
escaped the fate of Barneveldt, who
suffered on the scaffold, and received
sentence of imprisonment for life in the
fortress of Louvestein. From this, how-
ever, at the expiration of 18 months,
which he had employed in writing his
celebrated " Treatise on the Truth of
the Christian Keligion," he succeeded
in escaping. This was effected by the
management of his wife, who contrived
to have him carried out of the castle in
a chest that had been used for the con-
veyance of books and linen. Grotius at
first sought an asylum in France ; and
it was during his residence there that
he composed his great work, " Be Jure
Belli et Pacis." After an absence of 12
years, he returned to his native country,
relying on the fa ^or of Frederic Henry,
prince of Orange^ who had written him
a sympathizing letter. But, by the in-
fluence of his enemies, he was con-
demned to perpetual banishment. He
passed the remnant of his life in the
diplomatic service of Sweden, and d. at
Rostock, in 1645.
GROTO, Lewis, an Italian poet, si r-
aamed II Ciero, was b. at Adria, in
1541. He was blind from his infancy ;
Qotwithstanding which he displayed an
uncommon facility for learning, and at
the age of 14 delivered public orations
at Venice. He d. 1585, having a short
time before performed the part of (Edi-
pus in a play at Vicenza, with great rep-
utation.
GROUCHY, Emanuel, marquis of, a
distinguished marshal of France, and a
scion of a noble Norman family, was b.
at Paris, 1766. In 1789 he was a sub-
lieutenant of the royal gardes du corps ;
but embracing the new ideas, he took
part in the wars of the revolution, and
gained great distinction, especially in
the Alps and La Vendee, where he" was
named general of division in 1793. The
decree which deprived all the nobles of
France of military rank fell heavily upon
him ; but nothing daunted he joined
the army as a private, and his distin-
guished gallantry soon led to his resto-
ration. Dispatched in 1798 to the army
of Italy, under the command of Joubert,
he planned the abdication of the king
of Sardinia, and thus united Piedmont
to France. He took part in the battle
of Novi, where he received 14 wounds,
and fell into the enemy's hands. His
bravery was no less conspicuous on the
fields of Hohenlinden, Eylau, Friedland,
Wagram, Moscow, &c. ; and he obtained
the marshal's baton from the hands of
the emperor shortly before his abdica-
tion. During the hundred days he was
opposed to the duke d'Angouleme in
the south, and made him prisoner. He
was then summoned into Belgium, where
he played an important part. He had
already carried the villages of Fleurus,
(June 16,) and Ligny, (June 17,) and
was marching according to his instruc-
tions in pursuit of Blucher with a body
of 30,000 men, when the battle of Wa-
terloo was fought. Not getting instruc-
tions in time, lie could not take part in
the battle, and his absence may in some
measure be said to have decided the
fortune of the day. At the restoration,
his title of marshal was not acknowl-
edged, and remained so till 1830, a year
which righted a good many wrongs. In
1832 he was created a peer*. D. 1847.
GRUBENMANN, John TIlric and
John, two Swiss mechanics, who having
been brought up as carpenters, devoted
their entire attention to the construction
of wooden bridges without the support
of piers. The most extraordinary of
these were at Reichenau, Wettingen,
and Scbaff hausen ; the latter, over'the
Rhine, being nearly 400 feet long. Du-
ring the campaign of 1799 they were all
destroyed by the French. The "ingenioua
4m
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[que
builders died about the end of the 18th
century.
GRUNDY, Felix, a senator of the
United States, b. in Virginia, 1777, who
early removed to Kentucky, where he
distinguished himself as a lawyer. He
was a member of the Kentucky legisla-
ture from 1799 to 1806, when he was
appointed one of the judges of the su-
preme court, and then chief justice.
Shortly afterwards he removed to Ten-
nessee, where he was elected to con-
gress, in 1811, and served with activity
for several sessions. In 1829 he was
appointed senator, and took a leading
part in the polities of the period. Presi-
dent Van I5uren made him attorney-
general. D. 1840.
GEYPHIUS, Andrew, a celebrated
German dramatist, was b. at Glogau, in
1616. He was called the CorneiUe of
Germany, and his tragedies acquired
great popularity. He also wj-ote a keen
satire on the old comedies of his coun-
trymen, and produced some smart epi-
grams. D. 1664. — Sebastian, a printer
m the 16th century, who settled at
Lyons, and was distinguished for the
beauty of his Greek and Hebrew types.
D. 1556.
GUA, John Paul de, a French eeele-
Biastic, was b. in Languedoc, in 1712.
He laid the plan of tlie " Encyclopedie,"
and wrote a number of mathematical
papers in the " Memoirs of the Acad-
emy ;" besides which he translated some
English works into French. D. 1785.
GUALDO PEIOEATO, Galeasso, an
Italian historian, b. at Vicenza, in 1606;
author of a "History of the Troubles in
France," an " Account of the Adminis-
tration of Cardinal Mazarin," and his
" Life," a " History of the Wars of the
Emperors Ferdinand II. and III.," &e.
D. 1678.
GUAEINI, Battista, a celebrated Ital-
ian poet, b. at Ferrara, in 1537. He was
secretary to Alphonso, duke of Ferrara ;
next, to Ferdinand de Medici, grand-
dukc of Tuscany ; and, subsequently,
to the duke of Urbino. He wus well
acquainted with polite literature ; wrote
several admired poems ; but his chief
composition is his pastoral drama, en-
titled " II Pastor Fido." D. 1612.
GUAY-TEOUIN, Eene du, a French
naval officer, was b. at St. Maloes, in
1673. He commanded a ship at the age
of 18, and had great success on the coast
of Ireland, but at last fell in the hands
of some English cruisers, and was carried
into Plymouth ; from whence he made
his escape, and in a short time renewed
his depredations in the Rritish Channel,
and also on the coast of Spain. In 1709
he was ennobled, and two years after-
wards he made himself master of Eio
Janeiro. D. 1736.
GUELF, or GUELPH, (from the Ital-
ian Guelfl and the German VVelfen,) the
name of a celebrated family, which, in
the 11th century, was transplanted from
Italy to Germany, where it became tlie
ruling race of several countries. The
family still continues in the two lines of
Brunswick — the royal in England, antl
the ducal in Germany. Thd memory of
this ancient name was revived by' the
foundation of the Hanoverian Guelphio
order.
GUEECINO, (properly Gianfran-
cesco Barbieki, but surnamed Guercino
da Cento from his squinting,) was a
celebrated painter, b. at Cento, near
Bologna, in 1590.* He studied under
Cremonini and Gennari; but adopted
two or three styles in succession, and
afterwards perfected himself in the
school of Ludovico Caracci. He executed
106 altar-pieces for churches, and 144
historical pieces, besides numerous per-
formances in fr^jsco ; in short, siich was
the uncommon rapidity of his pencil,
that, having been requested by some
monks, on the eve of a festival, to paint
Jehovah for the grand altar, he finished
the picture in one night by torch light.
The duke of Mantua conferred on him
the honor of knighthood ; and several
sovereigns endeavored, in vain, to draw
him into their service. He d. in 1666,
very rich, notwithstanding he had ex-
pended large sums in buUdiug chapels,
founding hospitals, and other acts of
charity and devotion.
GUEEICKE, OiTO von, a distin-
guished experimental philosopher, was
b. 1602 ; studied at Leipsic, Jena, and
Leyden ; travelled in France and En-
gland ; and settled at Magdeburgh, where
he eventually became burgomaster. He
invented the air-pump, and in 1654 made
the first public experiments with his
machine at the diet at Eatisbon, before
the Emperor Ferdinand III., several
electors, and other estates of the empire.
His electrical and astronomical knowl-
edge also was considerable. D. 1686.
GUEEEEEO, Vicente, elected presi-
dent of the United Mexican States, in
1829, was by birth a Creole. At the
very commencement of the revolution
in Mexico he took arms against the
royalists, and never ceased to occupy a
prominent position in the affairs of that
country. On repeated occasions, from
GUl]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
467
1819 to 1828, General Guerrero became
the rallying point of the liberal or popu-
lar party, the Yorkinos, and was repeat-
edly called into active service in his
military capacity. Having been success-
ful in various contests with the aristo-
cratical party, he at length, in 1829, was
elected to the presidency. The expedi-
tion of Barradas soon gave employment
to the new government ; and the better
to enable the president to meet the
exigency, he was invested with extra-
ordinary powers ; but after the victory
over the Spanish troops, and when the
invading expedition was destroyed,
Guerrero evinced an unwillingness to
relinquish the dictatorship, which be-
came the pretext of another revolution ;
and Bustamente, the vice-president, as-
sumed the reins of government. Guer-
rero, however, was not long idle: in
September, 1830, he collected a large
force at Valladolid, and established a
form of government in opposition to that
of Bustamente, and the whole country
was agitated by troops in arms. But
his career was almost run. In February,
1831, he was taken, and shot.
GUEVAEA, Louis Velez de las
DuENAs Y, a Spanish dramatist and
romance writer, was b. in 1574, at Ecija,
in Andalusia. He was an advocate, and
by his flashes of wit often drew forth
peals of laughter from the court. Sev-
eral of his comedies are excellent ; but
the work which especially established
the fame of Guevara was his "Diablo
Cojuelo," an admirable romance, which
afforded the idea of Le Sage's famous
"Diable Boiteux." Many of his witty
sayings have become familiar to the
people, and to this day are often heard
as proverbs in Spain. D. 1646.
GUIBERT, Jacques Antoine Hypo-
lite, count de, a celebrated French tac-
tician, was b. at Montauban, in 1743.
He studied the military art under his
father, with whom he served in the
German war ; and, in the expedition to
Corsica, he was made a colonel, with the
cross of St. Louis. On his return to
France, he published his " Essai Gene-
ral de Tactique," which work being
diametrically opposed to Folard's, ex-
cited a vehement controversy. He was
also the author of some tragedies ; his-
torical eulogies on Marshal Catinat, the
chancellor de I'Hopital, and Frederic
the Great; "Travels in Germany," and
"Travels in Switzerland." D. 1790.
GUICCIAEDINI, Franck, an Italian
historian, was b. at Florence, in 1482.
He was bred to the law, and appointed
professor of jurisprudence in his native
city. Politics, however, occupied the
rest of his life. In 1512 he was sent am-
bassador, on the part of the repubhc, to
the Spanish court at Bruges ; for his
services in which mission he was re-
ceived with great honor by his country-
men, and Leo X. constituted him advo-
cate of the consistory. In 1518 he was
made governor of Modena and Eeggio,
and next of Parma, where he drove out
the French, and confirmed the inhabit-
ants in their obedience. He was after-
wards reappointed to the government
of Modena, and the presidency of the
Eomagna; and, in 1531, he was made
governor of Bologna, where he assisted
at the coronation of Charles V. After a
life of great activity, he returned to his
native city, and there began his great
work on the " History of Italy during
his own Time," which he had nearly
completed at the time of his death, in
1540.
GUIDO EENI, one of the most emi-
nent among the Italian painters, was b.
at Bologna, in 1575. Combining the
beauties of Albert Durer and Caravaggio
with the school of Caracci, he soon gave
his teachers occasion to admire his
talents, and is even said to have ex-
cited the jealousy of Annibale Caracci.
He was honored, caressed, and employed
by the great, and might have accumu-
lated great wealth; but, to satisfy an
unfortunate passion for gambling, he
often sold his paintings at any price,
and became involved in pecuniary em-
barrassments, so that, in 1642, he d. in
a state of poverty and dejection. Guide
imitated the beautiful in nature, and
was pre-eminently the painter of youth
and female loveliness. — Cagnaoci, an
historical painter, b. at Bologna in 1600,
and a disciple of Guido Eeni. D. 1680.
GUILLOTIN, Joseph Ignatius, a
French physician, who, during the rev-
olution, proposed the use of the guil-
lotine, an instrument made after the
fashion of "the maiden," which was
used on the Scottish borders in the 16th
century. He practised medicine in
Paris many years, and was much re-
spected for his general conduct. He was
a member of the national assembly,
where his political principles were
marked by moderation, and his intro-
duction of this instrument of death was
from a humane motive — that of render-
ing capital punishment less painful, by
decapitation. He was not, as has been
reported, the victim of his own con-
trivance, though greatly annoyed by its
468
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[gun
being called by his name. D. in peace-
ful retirement, 1814.
GUIRAN, Galliard, counsellor of
state to the prince of Orange in the 17th
century ; author of an " Historical and
Chronological Register of the Seneschals
of Nismes and Beaucaire." D. 1680.
GUISCHx\KD, Charles Gotlieb, an
able writer on military tactics, was a na-
tive of Magdeburg. His works are
" Memoires Militaires sur les Grecs et
ies Romains" and "Memoires Critiques
et Historiques sur plusieurs Points
d'Antiquites Militaires." D. 1775.
GUISE, Francis of Lorraine, duke
of, an illustrious warrior of France, but
as ambitious and bigoted as he was
brave. He was b. 1519 ; distinguished
himself by his bravery at the siege of
Boulogne, the defence of Metz, the con-
quest of Calais, &c. ; and lost his life
by assassination, in 1653. — Charles of,
usually called the Cardinal of Lorraine,
was the minister of Francis IL and
Charles IX. He is notorious for his
violent and intolerant spirit, and his
memory will ever be held in execration
for the furious persecution he promoted
against the Protestants of France. B.
1525; d. 1574. — Henry of Lorraine,
eldest son of Francis, duke of Guise,
was b. in 1550. He is memorable in the
history of France for his bravery ; but
he was of a turbulent, ambitious, and
cruel disposition. After having distin-
guished himself in Hungary by his valor
against the Turks, he placed himself at
the head of an armed band, which he
called the League, under the pretext of
defending the Roman Cathot. religion,
Henry III. the king, and the state,
against the designs of the Huguenots, or
French Protestants. This plan was
formed by his brother the cardinal, and
the Huguenots were massacred by thou-
sands. But their violence did not stop
here. Guise now became an open rebel ;
he entered Paris against the king's ex-
press order, and put to the sword all
who opposed him ; and the streets be-
ing barricaded to prevent his progress,
this fatal day is called in French history,
"the day of the barricades." The king
escaped to Blois, and convened an as -
sembly of the states ; and the duke of
Guise had the boldness to appear there
to a summons sent him for that purpose.
A forced reconciliation then took place
between tliera, by the advice of this as-
sembly ; but it being afterwards discov-
ered that Guise had formed a plan to
dethrone the king, the latter, wanting
the resolution to bring him to a trial.
procured his assassination as he was en-
tering the council chamber, Dec. 23,
1558. — Henry II., duke of Lorraine,
a grandson of the preceding, was b. 1614. '
He is described as prodigal and brave,
addicted equally to love and war. After
having joined in the rebellion of the
count de Soissons, and received a par-
don, he was induced to join the revolted
Neapolitans ; and, at their head, dis-
played great gallantry : but he at length
fell into the hands of the Spaniards. D.
1664.
GUITON, John, a citizen of Rochelle,
who was chosen mayor of the town when
it was besieged by Cardinal Richelieu,
in 1637. He refused the post, unless
permitted to have a poniard to stab the
hrst who should offer to surrender.
Being told that famine had carried off
many of the inhabitants, he answered,
" It matters not, provided there is one
left to shut the gates."
GUIZOT, Elizabeth Charlotte Pau-
line, a French lady, whose works writ-
ten for the instruction of youth have
given her celebrity, was b. at Paris, in
1773. Her father died when she was
a child, and her family having been
brought to distress by the revolutionary
changes, she was induced to attempt
authorship, in order to provide for their
exigencies. She accordingly produced
the novels, entitled " Les Contradic-
tions" and "LaChapelled'Ayton ;" she
also wrote in the public journals ; and
her articles on manners, the drama,
&c., attracted considerable attention.
At length she became acquainted with
M. Guizot, since distinguished also as a
statesman ; in 1812 they were married :
and she subsequently acquired no small
share of literary distinction for her
"L'EcoUer ou Raoul et Victor," " Nou-
veaux Contes," and " Lettres de Famille
sur PEducation Domestique." D. 1827.
GUNDULF, bishop of Rochester, Avas
one of the Norman ecclesiastics brought
over by William the Conqueror. He
was a celebrated architect; and built
that part of the Tower of London called
the White Tower. He also erected
Rochester castle, and rebuilt the cathe-
dral. D. 1108.
GUNNER, John Ernest, bishop of
Drontheim, was b. at Christiana, in
Norway, 1718. He founded the Royal
Norwegian Society, in the Transactions
of which he published several valuable
papers on natural history. On account
of his zeal for botany, Linnaeus gave his
name to a plant in his system. He pub-
lished " Flora Norvegica," and d. 1778.
eur]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
469
GTJNTEE, Edmiind, a mathematician,
was b. in Herefordshire, in 1581. He
was professor of astronomy in Gresham
college, where he d. 1626. He invent-
ed a portable quadrant for astroncraical
purposes, and the famous " rule of pro-
portion," which, in its mechanical form,
IS styled " Gunter's scale." He also dis-
covered the variation of the magnetic
needle. His works were collected into
one volume, and have been repeatedly
published. D. 1626.
GUSTAVUS I., king of Sweden,
known by the name of Gustavus Vasa,
was b. in 1490. Having dehvered Sweden
from the Danish yoke, he was, in 1523,
elected king of that country ; reigned
gloriously for 37 years, and d. 1560. —
Adolphus, the grandson of Gustavus
Vasa, was b. at Stockholm, in 1595, and
ascended the throne in 1 6 1 1 . He brought
the war in which his country was then
involved with Denmark, Eussia, and
Poland, to a successful issue ; and after-
wards led an army of 60,000 men into
Germany for the noble purpose of res-
cuing the Protestants from the tyranny
of the house of Austria. He penetrated
from the Vistula to the Danube, and
twice defeated the celebrated Tilly.
This great prince fell in the battle fought
on the plains of Lutzen, in 1632. — III.,
was the son of Adolphus Frederic and
Louisa Ulrica, sister of Frederic II.,
king of Prussia. He was b. 1746, and
succeeded his father in 1771. He abol-
ished the practice of torture, and intro-
duced other good regulations in the
administration of justice. He also form-
ed a college of commerce, and reformed
his army and navy. In 1788 he was in-
volved in a war with Russia, which
power was assisted by Denmark. Gus-
tavus headed his army himself, and
stormed the defences of^Frederickshall,
■where he took and destroyed a great
number of vessels. On the breiScing
out of the French revolution, a coalition
was formed between the northern pow-
ers and Spain, bv which it was agreed
that Gustavus sliould march against
France at the head of a considerable
army; but while preparations were
making, he was shot at a masquerade
by Ankarstroem, a disbanded officer of
the army, 1792.— IV., was b. 1778, and
ascended the throne when his father fell.
D. 1837.
GUTCH, John, an antiquarian writer,
who was registrar of the university of
Oxford, rector of St. Clement's, and
chaplain of All Soul's college. He pub-
lished " Collectanea Curiosa," from the
40
MSS. of Archbishop Sancroft; "The
History and Antiquities of the Colleges,
&c., from MSS. in the Bodleian library,
written by Anthony Wood;" "The
Antiquities and Annals of the Univer-
sity," &c. D. 1831.
GUTHEIE, William, an indefatigable
writer, was b. at Brechin, Scotland, in
1708 ; and after receiving his education
at King's college, Aberdeen, settled in
London as an author. Among the va-
rious works which bear this author's
name are, a "History of England," a
"History of Scotland," an "Universal
History," the " Geographical Gram-
mar;" " The Friends,'' a novel; " Ee-
Kiarks on English Tragedy," also a
translation of Quintilian, and Cicero's
" Offices." D. 1770.
GUTTEMBEEG, John, usually called
the inventor of printing, was b. at
Mentz, in 1400. In 1427 he resided at
Strasburg, as a merchant ; but returned
to Mentz in 1430. About 1438, Guttem-
berg made use of movable types of
wood ; and in 1450 formed a co-partner-
ship with John Faust, or Fust, a rich
goldsmith, who furnished money to
establish a press, on which the Latin
Bible was first printed. Guttemberg.^
whose printing-office remained in Mentz
till 1465, d. 1468.
GUY, Thomas, the founder of Guy's
hospital, was the son of a lighterman of
Horsleydown, and b. in 1644. He was
brought up to the business of a book-
seller, ana had a lucrative trade by
deahng largely in the importation of
bibles from Holland, and afterwards
contracting with Oxford for those
printed at that university; but his
principal gains arose from the disrepu-
table purchase of seamen's prize tickets,
and jobbing in South Sea stock. By
these means, joined to most penurious
habits, he amassed a fortune of nearly
half a million sterling, of which he
spent about £200,000 in building and
endowing the hospital in Southwark,
which bears his name. He also erected
alms houses at Tam worth, and made
bequests to Christ's hospital and va-
rious other charities ; besides leaving
£80,000 to be divided among those who
could prove any degree of relationship
to him. D. 1724.
GUYON, Jean Marie Bouvteee de
LA MoTHE, a French lady, celebrated as
a religious enthusiast, was b. at Mon-
targis, in 1648, and became a widow
with three children, at the age of
twenty-eight. Having a strong predi-
lection for a kind of mystical devotion,
^0
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[gwi
•he relinquished the care of her children
to others, and ^ave up a part of her
fortune for their maintenance, while
she professed to be wholly guided by
" divine impulses," thereby implying a
complete renunciation of self, the silence
of the soul, and the annihilation of all
earthly cares and emotions, which has
since obtained the name of quietism.
For several years she wandered from
place to place, preaching her doctrines,
and making converts; till her fame
reaching Paris, and calumny having
been busy with her character, she was
was by the king's order shut up in a
convent. Through the intercession of
madame de Maintenon, however, she
soon obtained her liberty ; and such
were the attractions of her eloquence,
and the tenderness and apparent fervor
of her piety, that she not only made
proselytes of many ladies of the court,
out enlisted the illustrious Fenelon in
her cause. Her doctrines and conduct
at length excited the resentment of Bos-
suet and other rigid ecclesiastics, and
she was compelled to sign a recantation.
But again pursuing the same career in
Paris, she was confined in the Bastille.
On being liberated, in 1702, she retired
to Blois, and there passed the remainder
of her life in the private exercise of
" quietism." Her works, which are
very voluminous, are noAv scarcely
remembered, except the one entitled
"The Song of Songs interpreted ac-
cording to its Mystical Sense." — Marie
Claude, a priest of the Oratory at Paris,
author of a " History of the Amazons,"
a "History of Empires and Eepublics,"
a " History of the Indies." B. 1701 ;
d. 1771.
GUYS, Peter Augustine, a French
merchant, b. at Marseilles, in 1720 ;
whose love of letters induced him,
when trading to the Levant, to make
frequent excursions into Greece, with
Homer in his hand, for the purpose of
making his comments on the spot, and
tracing the vestiges of its ancient glories.
The fruit of his researches appeared in
a work, entitled " Voyage Litteraire de
la Grece." He also wrote "Kelation
Abregee de les Voyages en Italic et
dans le Nord."
GUY TON DE MOKVEAU, Louis
Bebnabd, an eminent French chemist,
was the son of a lawyer at Dijon, where
he was b. in 1737. He figured among
the earliest and most violent of the
revolutionists ; bore a decided enmity
to the kingly authority and the priest-
hood ; became successively a member
of the legislative assembly, the conven-
tion, the committee of public safety,
and the council of five hundred ; was
made a member of the legion of honor,
and a baron of the empire by Bona-
parte : and was director of the Poly-
technic school, and administrator of the
mint. Besides his share in the " Ency-
clopedie Methodique," he was one of
the principal editors of the "Annals
of Chemistry," and wrote some other
chemical works. D. 1816.
GWILYM, David ap, a British bard,
known by the name of David of Gla-
morgan, and styled the Welsh Ovid,
was b. in 1340, in the county of Cardi-
gan. He was one of the itinerant bards,
and became steward and tutor in the
family of Ivor Hael, where he d. 1400.
His poems were published in 1792, and
are said, by those who profess to be
judges, to be unsurpassed by any of his
bardic successors.
GWINNE, Matthew, was a physician
of Welsh descent, but b. in London.
After taking his degrees at Oxford, he
commenced practice there ; but, on the
settlement of Gresham college, he was
chosen professor of physic, and in 1605
appointed physician to the Tower. He
wrote a comedy called " Vertumnus,"
" Orations," " Letters on Chemical and
Magical Secrets," &c. D. 1627.
GWINNET, Button, was b. in En-
gland in 1732, and after engaging in
commercial pursuits, emigrated to
America in 1770, and resided for about
two years at Charleston, S. C. He then
removed to Georgia, and having pur-
chased a plantation turned his attention
to agriculture. On the commencement
of the revolution, he took an active part
in the affairs of this state ; was elected
a representative in the general congress
of 1775, 1776, and 1777, and signed the
declaration of independence. In May,
1777, he was a candidate for the chair
of governor of the state, but failed ; and
on the 27th of the same month was shot
in a duel with a political rival, General
M'Intosh.
hag]
CrCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
471
H.
HAAK, Theodore, a German writer,
b. at Newhausen, 1605. He studied at
Oxford, translated the Dutch " Annota-
tions of the Bible," and was one of the
founders of the Eoyal Society. D. 1690.
HAAS, William, a letter-founder at
Basle, who improved the art of printing
by the invention of a balance-press, &c.
D. 1800.
HABEELIN, Francis Dominic, a Ger-
man historian and antiquary, author of
the " History of the German Empire,"
but which, owing to his death, in 1787,
was left incomplete. He was a native
of Suabia, and professor of history at
Helmstadt. — Charles Frederic, son of
the preceding, was professor of juris-
prudence in the university of Helm-
stadt, and the author of various legal
works. D. 1808.
HABERT, Germain, a French poet,
was abbot of Notre Dame de Cerisi, and
one of the first members of the academy.
He d. in 1655. His principal poem is
entitled "Metamorphose des Yeux
d'Iris changes en Astres." He also
wrote the "The Life of Cardinal de
Berulle." — Isaac, bishop of Vabres, in
France ; distinguished himself as a con-
troversialist against Jansenius, and left
a translation of the pontifical of the
Greek church, some Latin poems, and
other works. D. 1668.
HABINGTON, Thomas, a gentle-
man of landed property, at Henlip, in
Worcestershire, who was implicated in
various treasonable practices, but who
had the good fortune, though detected,
to escape from the full penalty of them.
He was found guilty of engaging in a
conspiracy to release Mary queen of
Scots, for which he was imprisoned six
years ; and he was afterwards convicted
of concealing some of the agents in the
gunpowder-plot, and received sentence
of death ; but obtained a pardon, owing
as some assert, to his having been the
godson of Queen Elizabeth ; though,
more probably, to the circumstance of
his daughter being the wife of Lord
Monteagle, and the supposed writer of
the mysterious letter that led to its dis-
covery. He was, however, restrained
from ever leaving Worcestershire ; in
consequence of this, he employed the rest
of his life in collecting a muss of topo-
graphical materials, which subsequently
rormed the foundation of Dr. Nash's his-
tory of that county. B. 1560 ; d. 1647.—
William, son of the preceding, was b.
at Henlip, Worcestershire, in 1605 ; and
was both a poet and an historian. He
was educated at St. Omer's and Paris ;
married the daughter of the first Lord
Powis ; and puolished a volume of
poems, under the title of "Castara;"
which, according to the judgment of
modern critics, possess much fancy,
elegance, and moral feeling. His other
works are, " The Queen of Aragon," a
tragi-comedy ; " Observations upon His-
tory," and "A History of Edward IV."
D. 1645.
HACKET, John, bishop of Lichfield,
wash, in 1592; received his education
at Westminster, and Trinity college,
Cambridge ; and became chaplain to
James I. This appointment soon led
to other church preferment. He was
the author of " A Century of Sermons,"
" Loyola," a Latin play, twice performed
at the university before James I. ; and
the " Life of Bishop Williams." D. 1670.
HACQUET, Balthasar, an eminent
naturalist, b. at Conquet, in Britany, in
1740. D. 1815.
HADLEY, John, an English philoso-
pher, who lived in the early part of the
ISth century. He invented the quad-
rant which bears his name, and also a
reflecting telesco|)e; was vice-president
of the Eoyal Society ; and contributed
several papers to the "Philosophical
Transactions."
HAFIZ, or HAFEZ, Mohammed,
Schemseddin, the most popular of the
Persian poets, was b. at Shiraz, and
flourished in the 14th century. Like
Anacreon, his muse is dedicated to love
and wine, and, it is said, he practised
what he preached. If we may judge of
their general merit from the odes which
have been translated by Sir W. Jones
and others, we must admit that the fame
of Haflz has never been overrated. He
d. in 1389, and his countrymen erected
a monument to his memory, which was
destroyed by an earthquake in 1825.
HAGEDOEN, Frederic, a celebrated
German poet, was b. at Hamburgh, 1708.
He was educated in the college of his
native city; went to London in the suite
of the Danish ambassador ; and, in 1733,
was appointed secretary to the Eng;lish
factory at Hamburgh. "He was tiie au-
thor of Fables, Songs, Tales, and Mora!
47S
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[hal
Poema ; in all of which there is consid-
erable originality, and many of them are
extremely graceful. D. 1754.— Chbis-
TiAN Lewis, brother of the j)receding,
held the rank of counsellor of legation,
and was eminent as a connoisseur of the
fine arts . He wrote "Remarks on Paint-
ing." B 1717 ; d. 1780.
H AGER, Joseph von, professor of the
oriental languages in the university of
Pavia, was b. at Milan, 1750 ; studied at
Vienna, and devoted himself to the ac-
quisition of a critical knowledge of the
Chinese tongue. He resided some time
in London, where he published several
works explanatory of the Chinese lan-
guage ; but meeting with little success,
e went to Paris, and there published
many more. Among his works are,
"The Chinese Pantheon," "An Expla-
nation of the Elementary Characters of
the Chinese Language," " A Dissertation
on the newly discovered Babylonian
Inscriptions," &c. D. at Milan, 1820.
HAHN, Philip Matthew, a celebrated
mechanical genius, b. 1739, at Scharn-
hausen. While at the university of Tu-
bingen, he spent his leisure hours in
making sun-dials and speaking-trum-
Eets, grinding glasses, &c. He continued
is labors with unremitting assiduity,
and eventually produced works of great
ingenuity : as, a clock showing the course
of the earth and other planets, as well
as that of the moon and other satellites,
and their eccentricities; a calculating
machine ; and many other ingenious
inventions. D. 1790.
HAHNEMANN, Samuel, founder of
the system of medicine called Homoe-
opathy, was b. at Meissen, in Saxony,
1755. Educated at the high school of
his native town, he successively studied
at Leipsic, Vienna, and Erlangen, where
his zeal in the pursuit of knowledge pro-
cured him the regard of all his teachers ;
and having taken his degree of M.D.,
he was appointed, in 1781, district phy-
sician at Gomern, near Magdeburg,
where he relieved his professional la-
bors by an ardent study of chemistry and
mineralogy. In 1784 he removed to
Dresden, where he gained a high repu-
tation as a practitioner ; but struck with
the absence of a guiding principle in
therapeutics, and the great uncertainty
of the healing art, he retired from prac-
tice, and devoted himself exclusively to
chemistry and literary occupations.
"While thus emploi^ed, the great law of
"similia similibus curantur" dawned
upon him, and, in HOf), he announced
his new Lscovery to the medical world,
and his whole time was now spent in
testing his principles by practice, and in
making known the results in various
Eublications. In 1813 he removed to
icipsic as Magister Legens ; but the
Eersecutions of the apothecaries drove
im thence to Cothen, where the duke
of Anhalt-Cothen offered him an asylum
in 1820. Here he remained for 15 years,
extending his fame and practice ; but in
1835, having married a French lady
when in his 80th year, he removed with
her to Paris, where he remained in the
active exercise of his profession, and
surrounded by numerous disciples from
all parts of tiie world, till his decease,
which took place in 1843. His chief
works are the " Organon of the Healing
Art," published in 1810 ; and " Chronic
Diseases, their peculiar Nature and Ho-
moeopathic Cure," published in 1828.
HAKLUYT, Richard, a naval histo-
rian, was b. at Eyton, in Herefordshire,
1553. He received his education at
Westminster school, and at Christ-
church, Oxford, where he made cosmog-
raphy his favorite study, and read lec-
tures on it. About 1584 he went to
Paris as chaplam to the English ambas-
sador, and, during his absence, was made
prebendary of Bristol. On his return
to England he published several works,
particularly a translation from the
Spanish of "Leo's Geographical History
of Africa," and Peter Martyr's " History
of the West Indies." In 1605 he was
promoted to a prebend of Westminster,
and the rectory of Whetheringset, in
Suffolk. His principal work is a valua-
ble collection of the "Voyages and Dis-
coveries of the English nation."
HALE, Sir Matthew, an eminent En-
glish judge, was b. at Aldersley, in
Gloucestershire, 1600; educated at Mag-
dalen hall, Oxford, and removed to Lin-
coln's Inn, where he studied the law
with great application. He acted as
counsel for Stratford, Laud, Ham'lton,
and even for Charles himself; yet, by
dint of importunity, Cromwell prevailed
upon him to become one of the justices
of the bench ; but, refusing to warp the
laws, he offended the protector, and re-
fused to try any more criminal causes.
In the parliament which recalled the
king, he sat for his native county ; and,
soon after the restoration, was made
chief baron of the exchequer;, from
which he was advanced to the chief-
justiceship of the King's Bciich. He
resigned his office in 1675, and died the
following year. He was a learned man,
an upright judge, and an exemplary
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
473
Cliristian. His writings are numerous
on theological, philosophical, and legal
subjects. The principal are, "The
Primitive Origination of Mankind con-
sidered and explained according to the
Light of Nature," "The History of the
Pleas of the Crown," and " Contempla-
tions, Moral and Divine." He also
wrote various mathematical and philo-
sophical works, and left a very valuable
collection of manuscripts relating to his-
tory and jurisprudence, which are pre-
served in the library of Lincoln's Inn. —
Nathan, Captain, an officer in the Amer-
ican revolutionary war, graduated at
Yale college, 1773. In the war he com-
manded a company in Col. Knowlton's
regiment, and was with the army in the
retreat from Long Island, 1776. Wash-
ington having applied to Knowlton for a
discreet and enterprising officer to pen-
etrate the enemy's camp and procure
intelligence. Hale passed in disguise to
the British camp, but on his return was
apprehended and carried before Lord
Wm. Howe, by whom he was ordered
for execution the next morning. He
was denied a bible and the aid of a
clergyman. The letters, full of fortitude
and resignation which he had written to
his motlner and sister, were destroyed.
He was hung, regretting that he had
but one life to lose for his country;
though executed in a brutal manner as
a spy, he was firm and composed.
HALES, John, commonly called " the
ever-memorable," was b. at Bath, 1584.
He suffisred great hardships in the re-
bellion, and d. 1656. He was a man of
learning and skill in argument, as ap-
pears from his works, which were col-
lected after his death, and published
under the title of " Golden Kemains of
the ever-memorable Mr. John Hales, of
Eton college."
HALFORD, Sir Henbt, bart., one of
tlie most eminent and successful of mod-
ern English physicians, was the soil of
Dr. John Vaughan, of Leicester, and
was educated at Rugby and Oxford. D.
1844.
HALHED, Nathaniel Bkassey, an
eminent orientalist, was educated at
Harrow school, and afterwards became
a civil officer in the East India Compa-
ny's service. He published " A Code
of Gentoo Laws on Ordinations of the
Pundits, from a Persian Translation ;"
" A Grammar of the Bengal Language ;"
and "A Narrative of the Events which
have happened in Bombay and Bengal,
relative to the Mahratta Empire since
July, 1777." B. 1751 ; d. 1830.
40*
HALIFAX, Geokge Saville, marquis
of, an eminent statesman, was b. in
1630 ; contributed to the restoration of
Charles II., who made him a
privy
councillor, and rewarded him with a
coronet. On the accession of James, he
was appointed president of the council,
from which he was dismissed for refu-
sing his consent to a repeal of the tests.
In the convention parliament he was
chosen speaker of the house of lords,
and at the accession of William and
Mary was made lord privy seal. D.
1695. He wrote an excellent piece, enti-
tled " Advice to a Daughter,'^ and vari-
ous political tracts.
HALKET, Lady Anne, the wife of
Sii James Halket. She was the daugh-
ter of Mr. Robert Murray, of the Tidli-
bardin family, and b. in 1622. Her
father was preceptor to Charles I., and
afterwards provost of Eton college ; and
her mother was sub-governess to the
duke of Gloucester and the Princess
Elizabeth. Anne received a liberal edu-
cation; but theology and physic were
her favorite studies. Her skill in the
latter was so great, that persons came
from Holland, and other countries, to
benefit by her advice and treatment. D.
1699.
HALL, Edward, an old English
chronicler, whose works rank with tliose
of Holingshed and Stowe. He was a
native of London, and being a lawyer
by profession, attained the rank of a
judge in the sheriff's court. His death
took place in 1547. As afibrding delin-
eations of the manners, dress, and cus-
toms of the age, his " Chronicle,"
which Grafton completed, is very cu-
rious, — Sir James, b. 1760, was the au-
thor of "An Essay on the Origin, Prin-
ciples, and History of Gothic Architec-
ture," and of many papers in the
" Transactions of the Roval Society of
Edinburgh." D. 1832.— Basil, Captain,
a distinguished writer of voyages and
travels, &c. ; was b. at Edinburgh in
1788. Entering the navy in 1802, he
gradually rose through the minor ranka
till he became post-captain in 1817. Be-
sides contributing numerous papers on
scientific subjects to various iournala
and encyclopaedias, Capt. Hall wrote
"A Voyage of Discovery to the West-
ern Coast of Corea and the great Loo-
Choo Island in the Japan Sea," a most
interesting wojk, which went through
many editions ; " Extracts from a Jour-
nal written on the Coasts of Chili, Peru,
and Mexico, in the Years 1820, 1821,
1822," "Travels iu North America,'^
474
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[hal
"Fragments of Voyages and Travels,"
"Schloss Heinfield, or a Winter in
Lower Styria," &c. D. 1844. — Robekt,
a celebrated Baptist preacher, and a
distinguished theological writer, was
h. at Arnsby, ir. Lncestershire, in 1764.
His father, who « \s also a Baptist min-
ister, early rem'^Tjced his precocity of
talent, and in 177-3 placed him under the
instruction of the learned and pious
John Kyland, of Northampton. At 15
he became a student in the Baptist col-
lege at Bristol ; and at 18 he entered
King's college, Aberdeen, where he took
the degree of M. A. He then was chosen
as colleague with Dr. Caleb Evans, in
the ministry at Bristol, and adjunct pro-
fessor in the institution. Here he at-
tained great popularity; but he was*
obliged to retire from this situation, in
consequence of approaching symptoms
of mental derangement. Bv judicious
treatment, during a long seclusion from
the world, his powerful mind regained
its former vigor; and, in 1791, he re-
moved to Cambridge, being chosen suc-
cessor to the celebrated Robert Robin-
son. He now appeared as the author
of a pamphlet, entitled "Christianity
not inconsistent with the Love of Free-
dom." This was shortly after followed
by his "Vindication of the Freedom of
the Press," which passed through sev-
eral editions, and is still regarded as a
standard work. But it was his " Ser-
mon on Modern Infidelity" that estab-
lished his fame as a divine. In 1802,
Mr. Hall's mind again received a shock,
which obliged him to suspend his pulpit
labors ; and on his recovery he removed
to Leicester, where he remained as pas-
tor of the Baptist congregation upwards
of 20 years. On the death of Dr. Ry-
land, in 1826, he succeeded to the presi-
dency of the Bristol academy, and the
pastorship of Broadmead chapel ; and
there he continued till his death, which
took place in 1831. — Lyman, governor
of Georgia, was a native of Connecticut,
and graduated at Yale college in 1747.
Having studied medicine, he established
himself at Sunbury, Georgia. He early
and zealously espoused the cause of his
country. His etfbrts were particularly
useful in inducing the Georgians to join
the American confederacy. In May,
1775, he was a member of congress, and
signed the declaration of independence,
and continued in that bodv to the close
of 1780. While the British had pos-
session of Georgia they confiscated his
property. In 1783 he was elected gov-
ernor. D. 1791. — GoBDON, first Ameri-
can missionary at Bombay, graduated
at Williams college in 1808. Having
studied theology, he refused an invita-
tion to settle in Connecticut, saying,
"Woe is me if 1 preach not the gospel
to the heathen." Offering himself as a
missionary to the American Board of
Commissioners for foreign missions, he
was ordained 1812, and sailed for Cal-
cutta. He arrived at Bombay in Feb.
1813, and there spent thirteen years.
D. 1836.
HALLER, Albert von, an eminent
Swiss physician, was b. at Berne, in
1708. The early display of his abilities
was most extraordinary; and when in
his 13th year, he was not only distin-
guished for his knowledge in Greek and
Latin, but also for his poetical genius.
Ill his 16th year he began to study medi-
cine. at Tubingen, but the fame of Boer-
liaave induced him to remove to Ley-
den, where, animated by the example
of the great geniuses around him, he
spent his days and nights with the least
possible intermission, in the most in-
tense study. In 1727 he visited En-
gland, and formed an acquaintance with
Sir Hans Sloane, Cheselden, and other
eminent men. He received' the title of
physician and counsellor to King George
II., at whose request Francis I. gave him
a patent of nobility, as a baron. After
17 years absence at Gottingen, the fame
of whose medical school he had greatly
extended, he returned, in 1753, to Berne,
where his countrymen received him
with the respect due to his great tame
and talents. Having been elected a
member of the sovereign council of the
state, he soon obtained one of its ma-
gistracies ; and his various duties as a
statesman, a physician, and a medical
teacher, occupied his attention till his
death. His " Elementa Physiologise"
and "Bibliotheca Medicinal" afford am-
ple proofs of his penetrating genius
and solid judgment ; and his philosophi-
cal and descriptive poems display great
depth of thought and richness of ima-
gination. He was, in short, a profound
philosopher, an admirable poet, and a
first-rate physician and botanist; yet
not more eminent for his various scien-
tific knowledge, than for his piety and
active benevolence. D. 1777.
HALLEY, Edmund, an eminent En-
glish astronomer and mathematician,
was b. in 1656, at Haggerston, near Lon-
don. He received his education at St.
Paul's school, and Queen's college, Ox-
ford, where he made so great a pro-
ficiency in his mathematical studies.
ham]
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOORAPHY.
4T5
that in 167G he published observations
on a*s^ot in the sun, by which the mo-
tion ot that body on its axis was deter-
mined. The same year he went to St.
Helena, where he determined the posi-
tion of 350 stars, wliich procured him
the name of the Southern Tycho. On
his return to England he was created
master of arts, and chosen a fellow of
the Koyal Society ; which learned body
deputed him to go to Dantzic, to adjust
a dispute between Hooke and Heve-
lius, respecting their proper glasses for
astronomical purposes. In 1680 he made
the tour of Europe with Mr. Nelson;
and on the passage to Calais was the
first to observe the great comet. After
his return, he turned his attention to
the theory of the planetary motions,
which brought him acquainted with
Isaac Newton, who intrusted to him the
publication of his Principia. In 1703
he was appointed Savilian professor of
geometry at Oxford; in 1705 he made
pubUc his valuable researches on the
orbits of comets: in 1713 he became
secretary to the Royal Society ; and in
1719 he succeeded Flamsteed as astron-
omer royal. The remainder of his life
was chiefly spent in the sedulous per-
formance of his duties in that situation,
especially in completing the theory of
the motion of the moon. D. 1741-2.
HALS, Francis, an eminent portrait
painter, b. at Mechlin, in 1584, who was
considered as ranking next to Vandyke.
D. 1666. — DmK, his brother, was fa-
mous for painting merry-makings and
subjects of drollery. D. 1656.
HAMILTON, Alexander, was b. in
1757. While a student of Columbia
college, N. Y., at the age of 17, he pub-
lished several essays concerning the
rights of the colonies, which were
marked by vigor and maturity of style,
as well as by soundness of argument.
Before he was 19 he entered the Amer-
ican army, with the rank of captain of
artillery; and by the time he was 20,
the commander-in-chief had made him
his aid-de-camp, with the rank of lieu-
tenant-colonel. From this time he con-
tinued the inseparable companion of
Washington during the war, and was
always consulted by him on the most
important occasions. After the war,
Colonel Hamilton, then about 24, com-
menced the study ?f the law, and was
soon admitted at the bar. In 1782 he
was chosen a member of congress from
the state of New York, where he quickly
acquired the greatest influence and dis-
tinction. He contributed greatly to the
favorable reception of the constitution,
by the essays ne wrote, in conjunction
with Madison and Jay, in the " Feder-
alist." On the organization of the fed-
eral government in 1789, he was ap-
pointed secretary of the treasury ; and
during his continuance in that office,
about five years, he raised the public
credit from the lowest state of depres-
sion to a height altogether unprece-
dented in the history of the country.
In 1798, when an invasion was appre-
hended from the French, and a provis-
ional army had been called into the field,
his public services were again required ;
and on the death of Washington, in
1799, he succeeded to the chief com-
mand. Wheil the army was disbanded,
Hamilton again returned to the bar, and
continued to practise, with increased
reputation and success, until 1804. A
quarrel having taken place between him
and Colonel Burr, the latter challenged
him, and they met at Hoboken on the
11th of July. At the first fire Hamilton
fell, mortally wounded, on the same
spot where, a short time previously, hi«
eldest son had been killed in a duel. —
Anthony, Count, a poet, courtier, and
man of letters in the 17th century. He
was descended from an ancient Scotch
family, but b. in 1646, in Ireland; from
whence he was taken to France, when
a child, by his parents, who were at-
tached to Charles II. When James 11.
was obliged to contend for his crown in
Ireland, he gave Count Hamilton a regi-
ment of intantry, and made him gov-
ernor of LimericK ; but on the ruin of
the royal cause, he accompanied James
to France, where he passed the rest of
his life. His wit and talents secured
him admission into the first circles, and
he d. at St. Germain, in 1720. Count
Hamilton is chiefly known as an author
by his "Memoirs of Count Grammont,"
a lively and spirited production, exhibit-
ing a free and faithful delineation of the
voluptuous court of Charles II. His
other works are, "Poems and Fairy
Tales," which, as well as the memoirs,
are in French, and display elegance of
style with fertility of invention.' — Eliz-
abeth, a lady of great literary attain-
ments, was b. at Belfast, in Ireland, in
1758. She wrote the "Letters of a
Hindoo Eajah," "The Life of Agrip-
pina," "Memoirs of Modem Philoso-
phers," "Popular Essays," "On the
Elementary Principles of Education,"
" Letters on the Formation of the Re-
ligious and Moral Principle," and other
works, replete with sound sense and in-
476
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT.
[ham
formation. D. 1816. — Gtavin, an histor-
ical painter, and connoisseur of ancient
art, was b. at Lanark, in Scotland.
Having discovered an early genius for
painting, he was sent to Italy, and
placed under Augustine Massuchi, by
whose instructions he profited consider-
ably ; after which he applied with great
diligence to tlie study of the antique,
which has given his paintings of ancient
subjects that propriety with regard to
costume, which distmguished them at
the time from the generality of modern
compositions. One of his greatest works
was his Homer, consisting of a series of
pictures, representing scenes taken from
the Iliad. The latter part of his life was
employed in making excavations, at Tiv-
oli, among the ruins of Adrian's villa,
and in various other places in Italy, by
which he was enabled to bring to light
many of the long-buried treasures of
antiquity; so that the success which
crowned his researches made ample
amends for the loss which painting may
have suffered by the intermission of his
practice. D. at Rome, 1796. — James, in-
ventor of the Hamiltonian system of
teaching languages, d. at Dnbhn, where
he had gone for the purpose of giving
lectures, Sept. 16, 1829.— Patrick, the
first Scotch reformer, was nephew to
James, earl of Arran, and b. m 1503.
He was educated at St. Andrew's, after
which he went abroad, where he im-
bibed the opinions of Luther. On his
return home he was made abbot of
Feme, in the shire of Eoss, where he
promulgated the new doctrines with so
much zeal as to excite the wrath of the
clergy, who caused him to be appre-
hended and sent to Beaton, archbishop
of St. Andrew's. After a long exami-
nation he was declared contumacious,
and burnt at a stake, opposite St. Sal-
vador's college, March 1, 1527. — Thom-
as, is chiefly known as the author of
" Cyril Thornton," a stirring novel of
military adventure, combining the ele-
gant style of an excellent classical scho-
lar with the graphic description and
vivid feeling of one who had partici-
pated in the scenes and circumstances
that he described. After serving through
the Peninsular and American campaigns,
Capt. Hamilton devoted his time chiefly
to literature, and he was a voluminous
contributor to "Blackwood's Magazine,"
in which "Cyril Thornton" originally
appeared. His chief separate works
after Cyril Thornton are, "Annals of
the Peninsular Campaign," and "Men
and Manners in America." D, 1842. —
William, an historical painter, was b.
in 1750. He went to Italy when very
young, and was there placed under the
instruction of Zucchi, the painter of
arabesque ornaments, at Rome. On his
return to England he acquired consid-
erable employment ; and, in 1789, was
admitted a royal academician. D. 1801.
— William, a Scotch poet, was b. at
Bangour, in Ayrshire, in 1704. He
joined the Pretender in 1745, and nar-
rowly escaped being taken after the
battle of Culloden. D. 1754. Among
his songs and ballads is the well-known
" Braes of Yarrow." — William Gerard,
a statesman who obtained the appella-
tion of " Single Speech Hamilton," from
the extraordinary impression produced
by the first and almost only speech he
ever made in the British parliament,
was the son of a barrister of Lincoln's
Inn, where he was b. in 1729. He was
educated at Winchester school and Oriel
college, Oxford. In 1754 he was elected
into parliament for Petersfield, and the
vear following delivered the speech al-
luded to. In 176.1 he went to Ireland
as secretary to Lord Halifax, and in the
parliament of that kingdom he confirmed
the reputation which he had gained in
England by his oratory. He was about
twenty years chancellor of the exchequer
in Ireland, but retired from public life
in 1784. His works, consisting of " Par-
liamentary Logic," "Speeches," &c.,
&c., were printed in 1.808, with the life
of the author prefixed. Among the
many to whom the Letters of Junius
were once ascribed, Mr. Hamilton was
one ; but there was scarcely the shadow
of an argument to support the conjecture.
D. 1796. — Sir William, was a native of
Scotland ; b. in 1730. His mother hav-
ing been the nurse of George III., young
Hamilton very naturally obtained that
prince's patronage. Sir William was
generally distinguished for his taste in
the polite arts, employed a large portion
of his life in the study of natural history,
and supplied the Philosophical Trans-
actions and the Archaeologia with many
learned articles. During his residence
as ambassador from England to the
court of Naples, he published his
"Campi Phlegraii," from his observa-
tions of Mount Vesuvius, Mount Etna,
and other volcanoes. He presented
many books, manuscripts, and geologi-
cal curiosities to the British Museum;
and, after his death, his superb collec-
tion of antique vases was purchased by
parliament lor that institution. D. 1808.
—Emma, Lady, wife of the above, was
ham]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
m
the daughter of a female servant. At
the age of 13 she obtained a situation
under the name of Emma Harte, in
the house of Mr. Thomas, of Ho war-
den, Fhntshire, to wait on his children.
Emma, it seems, thought the situation
dull, and left it. At 16, she went to
London, got a place in the house of a
shopkeeper in St. James's market, and
soon after was hired to wait upon a lady
of rank, where, having only the duty of
dressing her mistress, she passed her
leisure time in reading novels and plays.
She soon acquired a taste for the drama ;
and employed herself in imitating the
attitudes and manners of persons on the
stage, from a desire to become an actress.
She thus laid the foundation of her ex-
traordinary skill in pantomimic repre-
sentations. But slie neglected her
business, was dismissed, and went to
serve in a low tavern, frequented by
actors, painters, musicians, &c. In this
service she formed an acquaintance with
a Welsh youth, who was pressed upon
the river, when she went to the captain
and obtained the boy his liberty. The
captain loaded her with presents, and
with him she remained for some time.
At length she quitted him for a gentle-
man of large fortune, who kept ner in
great affluence for a short period; but
disgusted by her extravagance, and in-
duced by domestic considerations, he
dismissed her. Keduced to the greatest
poverty, she became one of the most
common of degraded females. From
this state she was relieved by the infa-
mous Dr. Graham,, who, perceiving the
beautiful symmetry of her person, took
her to his house, and there exhibited
her, covered only with a transparent
veil, under the name of the goddess
Hygeia. Painters, sculptors, and others,
paid their tribute of admiration at the
shrine of this new goddess. The artful
quack had her bust modelled ; numbers
purchased it, and a greater number came
to admire the original. She was an
adept in deceit; with a violent and
impassioned temper, she assumed the
appearance of candor, innocence, and
Bimplicity. Charles Greville (of the
Warwick family) became enamored
with, and would have married her, but
for the interference of his uncle. Sir W.
Hamilton, who, according to some ac-
counts, made an agreement with Grev-
ille to pay his debts, on condition that
he should give up his mistress ; or, as
others state the circumstance, in his
endeavors to save his nephew, fell into
the snare himself, and became the victim
of her arts. He made her his wife in
1791 ; introduced her at the court of
Naples, where the queen became so in-
fatuated with the new ambassadress, as
frequently to keep her a visitor at the
palace. It was there that she imbibed
a violent passion for England's naval
hero, then commanding the " Agamem-
non ;" and, from that period, she became
the companion of Nelson, to whom she
was sometimes useful as a political agent.
After the victory of Aboukir, when the
conqueror was received in Naples with
extravagant rejoicings. Lady Hamiltor
was the heroine of the crowd, and ac-
companied the slave of her charms
wherever he went. To her advice is
attributed the ignominious death of
Prince Caracciolo, the oldest and the
best oflBcer in the Neapolitan navy. She
d. in 1816, in the neighborhood of Calais.
HAMMOND, Anthont, an ingenious
writer, was b. at the family seat of
Somersham place, Huntingdonshire, in
1668. He was educated at St. John's
college, Cambridge, and became a mem-
ber of parliament, where his eloquence
?rocured him the name of " Silver
'ongue." He was also a commissioner
of the navy ; but d. a prisoner in the
fleet, in 1738. He was the author of a
" Miscellany of Original Poems.." —
James, an elegiac poet, was b. in 1710 ;
received his education at Westminster
school ; was appointed equerry to Fred-
eric, prince of Wales ; and sat in par-
liament for Truro. D. 1741.
HAMPDEN, John, a political char-
acter of great celebrity in the reign of
Charles I., was descended of an ancient
family in Buckinghamshire, and b. in
London, in 1594. In 1636 he distin-
guished himself by his spirited oppo-
sition to the payment of ship-money, by
which he acquired great popularity. lie
became a leading man m the house of
commons; and at the commencement
of the civil war he took up arms against
the king, and accepted the command of
a regiment in the parliamentary army,
under the earl of Essex. Prince Eupert
having beaten up the quarters of the
parliamentary troops near Thame, in
Oxfordshire, Hampden eagerly joined a
few cavalry that were rallied in haste,
and, in the skirmish which ensued, re-
ceived a wound, which in a few days
proved fatal. His character and conduct
throughout his contest with the crown
showed great firmness and moderation ;
and his name has become a sort of
watchword to many who, loving his
stem republican virtues, exult in dis-
478
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[han
playing their patriotisn i by resisting not
merely taxation by prerogative, but all
injustice. D. 1643.
HANCOCK, John, an American pa-
triot and statesman, was b. in Quincy,
Massachusetts, in 1737, and under the
patronage of a wealthy uncle received a
liberal education, and was graduated at
Harvard college, in 1754. On leaving
college he entered the counting-house of
his uncle, by whose sudden death in
1764 he succeeded to great riches, and
the management of an extensive busi-
ness. In 1766 he was chosen a member
of the assembly, and soon distinguished
himself by his zeal in the cause of the
colonies. In 1774 he was elected pres-
ident of the provincial congress of Mas-
sachusetts, and in the following year
president of the continental congress, in
which capacity he was the first to affix
his signature to the declaration of inde-
pendence. In this station he continued
till October, 1777, when ill health in-
duced him to resign. In 1780 he was
elected governor of Massachusetts, and
held that office for four successive years,
and again from 1787 till his death in
1793. Governor Hancock was hospita-
ble and munificent, a man of excellent
talents for business, and a true lover of
his country.
HANDEL, George Fbederio, an illus-
trious musician, was b. at Halle, in Sax-
ony, in 1684. His father, who intended
him for the law, perceiving his propen-
sity to music, discouraged it as much as
possible, and especially forbade him to
touch an instrument. The boy, how-
ever, contrived to have a small clavi-
chord concealed in the garret, where he
used to amuse himself when the family
were asleep. At the age of 9, Handel
composed the church service, for voices
and instruments ; and when he was 14
he far excelled his master, and was sent
to Berlin, where the sovereign made him
liberal presents. In 1704 he brought out
his first opera, " Almira." Soon after
this he visited Italy, and at Florence
produced the opera of " Kodrigo." He
subsequently went to Venice, Naples,
and Eome ; and having altogether re-
mained in Italy about six years, he ac-
cepted the pressing invitations he had
received from many of the British no-
bility to visit London, and set out for
England, where he arrived in the latter
end of 1710. The fl^attering reception
he experienced induced him to prolong
his stay, and he rose, during the 50
years which followed, to the height of
professional honor. In 1741 he brought
out his chef-d'^muvre, the oratorio of the
"Messiah." D.1759.
HANMEE, Sir Thomas, an English
statesman and writer, was b. in 1676,
and succeeded his uncle in his title and
the family estate of Hanmer. He was,
in 1713, chosen speaker of the house of
commons. Towards the close of his
life he withdrew altogether from public
business, and occupied himself in ele-
gant literature ; the fruits of which ap-
peared in a corrected edition of Shak-
speare's dramatic works. D. 1746.
HANNIBAL, general of the Cartha-
ginians, was the son of Amilcar, who
caused him, at the age of eight years, to
swear before the altar eternal enmity to
the Eomans. In the year of Eome 534,
and 220 b. c, he took the command of
the army, on the death of his brother
Asdrubal. After achieving several con-
quests in Spain, he turned his arms
against the Eomans, and crossed the
Alps by a new road. Having defeated
Scipio and other commanders, in sepa-
rate actions, he marched towards Eome,
and gained the victory of Cannes, 216
B. 0. Instead of following up this ad-
vantage, Hannibal rested at Capua,
which enabled the Eomans to recover
from their fright, so that when the Car-
thaginians encamped before the city,
their appearance created no alarm. Han-
nibal, finding it hopeless to make any
attempt upon the capital, retreated.
Two years afterwards he» defeated Mar-
cellus; but notwithstanding this, find-
ing his affairs growing desperate in Italy,
where he had now been 16 years, he
made overtures of peace, which termin-
ated without effect. The battle of Zama,
in which he lost 20,000 men, completely
ruined Hannibal, and he retired to Asia,
where he took refuge with Prusias, king
of Bithynia; but being apprehensive
that he should be delivered up to the
Eomans, he took poison, at the age of
64, 188 B. c.
HANNO. There were several Car-
thaginian generals of this name. — One
of them made a voyage on the western
coast of Africa, of which he has left a
description, called the "Periplus of
Hanno." The purpose of this voyage
was to make discoveries for the beuent
of commerce, and to settle colonies, of
which he established several. Two Car-
thaginian generals, of the naine of Han-
no, commanded in Sicily, successively,
during the first Funic "war. — Another
Hanno was one of the commanders un-
der Hannibal in Italy, and was success-
ful on several occasions.
CYCLOP-^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
479
HANS SACHS, a German poet of the
16tli century. Prolific as German wri-
ters in general are, honest Hans must
ever be regarded as an extraordinary
instance of poetical fertility, if what his
countrymen assert be true, namely,
that he wrote no less than 10,840 com-
positions in verse, among which are
218 comedies and tragedies. To this we
are boimd to add, as an additional proof
of his industry, that he was a shoema-
ker, and worked aU his life at the trade.
HANSAED, Luke, an industrious
and successful printer, was b. at Nor-
wich, in 1752. He served his appren-
ticeship in his native city; and, at its
expiration, he started for London, with
a good character, and one solitary guinea
in his pocket. His first situation in
London was that of a compositor in the
printing-ofiice of Mr. Hughs, printer to
the house of commons ; in which he
acquired the full confidence of his em-
ployer, and, by his indefatigable atten-
tion, extended the business. In 1774
he became a partner in the concern," and
when the whole of the business devolved
upon him, by the death of Mr, Hughs,
he spared no cost nor personal labor in
performing the important duties in-
trusted to him. He amassed a very
considerable property, and finished his
useful and laborious life in 1828, aged
76.
HAEDENBERG, Chablks Atjgtjsttis,
baron, afterwards prince of, a famous
Prussian statesman, b. in 1750 ; became
cabinet minister in 1798 ; and his signa-
ture will be found to most of the treaties
of coalition against Napoleon, with Rus-
sia and Austria, till the battle of Aus-
terlitz, in 1805. In 1810 he was made
chancellor of state. He was one of the
Russian plenipotentiaries signing the
treaty of Pans in 1814; was created
prince ; accompanied the allied sover-
eigns to London ; was one of the most
prominent actors at the congress of
Vienna ; and afterwards made president
of the council of state. He was present,
in 1818, at the congress of Aix-la-Cha-
pelle; in 1819, at Carlsbad- in 1820, at
Vienna, at Troppau, and Verona. D.
1822. — Frederic von, (better known by
his literary cognomen, Novalis,) was b.
at Mansfield, near Eisleben, 1772 ; stud-
ied at Jena, Leipsic, and Wittenberg,
and finally became superintendent of
the mines in Saxony, having acquired a
competent knowledge of the science of
mineralogy under the celebrated Wer-
ner. His lyric poems have gained him
great celebrity ; and his romance, " Hein-
rich von Ofterdingen," though nnfin-
ished, has called for the admiration even
of such fastidious critics as Tieck and
Frederic Schlegel. D. 1801.
HARDICANUTE, king of England
and Denmark, was the son of Canute,
and succeeded his father on the Danish
throne in 1038 ; and at the same time
laid claim to that of England, which had
devolved to his half-brother, Harold.
A compromise was effected, by which
he governed the southern part of the
kingdom during Harold's life, and suc-
ceeded to the whole on his death. His
conduct was violent and tyrannical — ^he
revived the odious tax called danegeU,
and his subjects rejoiced at his early
death, which happened in 1041.
HAEDOUIN, John, a learned French
Jesuit, the author of several works, but
remarkable as the author of one in par-
ticular, (which excited ec^ual interest and
animadversion at the time,) the object
of which was to show that almost all the
writings under the names of the Greek
and Roman poets and historians are the
spurious productions of the 13th centu-
ry. B. 1647 ; d. 1729, — John Stephen,
a French writer; the translator of
Young's "Night Thoughts," and Fene-
lon's " Telemachus," into rhyme. B.
1735; d. 1817.
hArDWICKE, Philip Yobke, earl
of, an eminent English lawyer, was b. at
Dover, in Kent, in 1690. After serving
the offices of solicitor and attorney
general, he was, in 1733, appointed
chief justice of the King's Bench, and
created a peer. In 1736 he was made
lord chancellor, which situation he held
20 years. In 1754 he was created earl
of Hardwicke. D. 1764. — ^Philip Yorke,
earl of, eldest son of the preceding, was
b. in 1720. In 1738 he was appointed
one of the tellers of the exchequer, and
in 1764 succeeded his father in the earl-
dom. He d. in 1790. Lord Hardwicke
wrote a poem on the death of Queen
Caroline ; and with his brother, the
Honorable Charles Yorke, projected the
"Athenian Letters, or the Epistolary
Correspondence of an Agent of the
King of Persia, residing at Athens du-
ring the Peloponnesian War." A few
copies only of this work were at flrbt
printed for private circulation ; but in
1798 an elegant edition was published.
Lord Hardwicke also printed " The Cor-
respondence of Sir Dudley Carleton. in
the reign of James L," and " Miscella-
neous State Papers from 1501 to 1726,"
HARDY, Sir Charles, an Enghsh
admira, and the grandson of an emi-
4B0
CrCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[har
nent naval commander of the same
name, in the reign of Queen Anne. He
had the command of the Channel fleet
in 1779, but died the same year at Spit-
head. — Sir Thomas, a gallant officer, the.
friend and brother in arms of the gal-
lant Nelson, "who.se last breath he re-
ceived on board the Victory. At the
early age of 12 he entered the royal
navy as a midshipman, on board the
Helena, of 14 guns, and in November,
1793, was made lieutenant in the Melea-
ger, of the squadron of Nelson, under
whose notice he was thus brought. He
was thenceforth constantly employed
under the hero, who, in 1797, promoted
him to the command of the brig La
Mutine, of the capture of which he was
the main cause. His constant gallantry,
and especially his conduct at the battle
of the Nile, in which his vessel, La
Mutine, was the only single-decker that
was present, caused Nelson to promote
him to the command of the Vanguard.
In July, 1803, he became flag-captain to
Nelson, on board the Victory. For his
services at Trafalgar he was created a
baronet. B. 1769 ; d. 1839.
HAKLEY, Egbert, earl of Oxford
and Mortimer, a distinguished English
statesman, was b. 1661. At the revolu-
tion he was returned to the house of
commons, and in 1702 he was chosen
speaker. In 1710 he again came into
office, as a commissioner of the treasury,
and chancellor of the exchequer. Shortly
after he was stabbed by the marquis of
Guiscard, a Frenchman, when under
examination at the council-board ; but
he recovered from his wound, and the
assassin died in prison. He was then
advanced to the peerage, and niade lord
high treasurer ; which office he resigned
a few days before the death of Queen
Anne, in 1714. On the accession of
George I. he was impeached by the
house of commons, and committed to
the Tower, where he was kept two
years, and then, after a pubhc trial, he
was acquitted. After this, he retired
wholly frompublic business, and d. 1724.
HARLOW, George Henry, an En-
glish painter, was b. in 1787 ; studied
under Drnmmond and Sir Thomas Law-
rence ; and d. 1819. He produced sev-
eral good pictures ; among which is the
well-known scene from Shakspeare's
Henry the Eighth, containing portraits
of the Kembie family and other distin-
guished actors.
HAROLD I., surnamed Hare foot,
king of England, succeeded his father,
Canute, in 1035. He reigned four years,
and d. in 1039.-11., king of England,
was the second son of Godwin, earl of
Kent. Upon the death of Edward the
Confessor, in 1066, he took possession
of the throne, without attendhag to the
more legal claiii of Edgar Athcling, or
the asserted bequest of Edward in favor
of William, dnke of Normandy. The
latter accordingly invaded England with
a large army, and Harold fell at the
memorable battle of Hastings, October
14, 1066 ; by which the conquest of the
kingdom was effected, and the Norman
rule began.
HAROUN, or AARON AL RASCHID,
a celebrated caliph of the Saracens, as-
cended the throne in 786, and was the
most potent prince of his race, ruling
over territories extending from Egypt
to Khorassan. He gained many splendid
victories over the Greek emperors, and
obtained immense renown for his bra-
very, magnificence, and love of letters ;
but he was cruel and tyrannical. D. 808.
HARPER, Robert Goodloe, was a
native of Virginia, but when very young
removed with his parents to North
Carolina. His parents were poor, and
in early life he passed through a number
of vicissitudes. At the age of twenty
he found himself in Charleston, S. C,
with but a dollar or two in his pocket,
and with the intention of studymg the
profession of the law. * Having obtained
mtroduction to a lawyer, he prepared
himself under his instruction for the
bar, and, in about a twelvemonth, un-
dertook the management of causes on
his own account. He then removed
from Charleston to an interior district,
where he first distinguished himself,
politically, by the publication of a series
of newspaper essays on a proposed
change in the constitution of the state.
He was immediately elected to the state
legislature, and soon afterwards to con-
gress, where he was an efficient member
of the federal party, a powerful advocate
of the policy of Wasnington, and the
personal friend of the most distinguished
tederal statesmen of the day. Many
years afterwards he collected in an oc-
tavo volume, a number of his circulars
and addresses to his constituents, and
several of his speeches in congress. In
1797 he published a pamphlet, entitled
" Observations on the Dispute between
the United States and France," which
passed through numerous editions, and
acquired great celebrity both at home
and in Europe. Tiie speeches which he
delivered in managing the impeachment
of Blount, and the defence of Judge
har]
CYCLOP.42DIA OF BIOGRAPHr
481
Chase, are admirable specimens of argu-
ment and eloquence. On the downfall
of the federal party Mr. Harper resumed
the practice of the law in Baltimore,
wliere he married the daughter of the
distinguished Charles Carroll. He at-
tended almost every session of the
supreme court, from the time of its re-
moval to Washington to that of his
death, and was always heard with re-
spect and attention by the court and
juries. The federal party having re-
gained the ascendant in Maryland, Mr.
Harper was immediately elected a sen-
ator in congress, but the demands of
his profession soon obliged him to resign
HARRINGTON, James, a celebrated
political writer, was b. in 1611, in North-
amptonshire. His chief work is entitled
" Oceana," a political romance, in which
he defended republicanism. In 1661 he
was, on a charge of treason, sent to the
Tower, from whence he was removed to
St. Nicholas's Island, near Plymouth,
but was afterwards released on bail.
D. 1677.
HARRIS, James, a philological writer,
was b. at Salisbury, in 1709. In 1774
he was made secretary and comptroller
to the queen. He wrote " Three Trea-
tises : the first concerning Art ; the
second concerning Music, Painting, and
Poetry ; and the third concerning' Hap-
finess ;" " Hermes, or a Phil osopl deal
nquiry concerning Universal Gram-
mar ;" *♦ Philological Inquiries," &c.
D. 1780.
HARRISON, JoHjf, celebrated as the
inventor of tiie time-keeper for ascer-
taining the longitude at sea, was b. at
Foulby, Yorkshire, in 1693. His father,
a carpenter or builder, brought him up
to the same occupation ; but by dint of
ingenuity and perseverance he learned
to make clocks and watches ; and having
turned his attention to the improvement
of pocket-watches, he was induced to
make a time-keeper, in that form, which
he finished in 1759. This chronometer,
in two voyages, having been found to
correct the longitude within the limits
required by the act of parliament, Har-
rison applied for the proposed reward
of £20,000, which he received. D. 1776.
— JoHx, one of fhe regicide judges who
sat upon the trial of Charles I., was the
son of a butcher, and became a general
in the parliamentary army. He was one
of the ten who were executed for that
act, after the res^toration. — Robert Han-
80X, sustained the offices of chief justice
of the general court of Maryland, and
41
governor of the state. In 1789 he was
appointed one of the judges of ihe su-
preme court of the United States, but
declined accepting the office, which was
afterwards conferred on Mr. Iredel. He
exerted himself in the prosecution of
the revolutionary war with great ardor,
and in his station as judge and governor
displayed very superior talents. He d.
1790. — Benjamin, governor of Virginia,
was educated at the college of William
and Mary. He went early into public
life, commencing as a ^nember of the
legislature of his native province, Vir-
ginia. He was ofiered by the British
government a seat in the executive
council, which he declined, and re-
mained true to his country. In 1774 he
was a delegate in congress from Virginia,
and continued to be a member till 1777.
From 1782 to 1784 he was governor of
Virginia. He was a meniDer of the
Virginia convention for adopting the
constitution of the United States. D.
1791. — William Henry, president of
the United States of America, was b. in
Virgidia, in 1778, his father being one
of the most conspicuous among the pa-
triots of the revolution. After receivmg
the customary education at Hampden
Sydney college, he studied for the med-
ical profession ; but participating in the
general excitement whicn prevailed
throughout the country against the
barbarous mode of warfare at that time
practised by the Indians on the north-
western frontiers, he suddenly aban-
doned the precepts of Galen, and joined
his brethren in arms, as an ensign in
the U. S. artillery, in 1791. During the
years 1811, 1812, and 1813, General
Harrison assembled a bodv of militia
and volunteers, and marcned against
the Indians, who, under Tecutnseh, had
created serious disturbances on the fron-
tier. The most signal success crowned
his efforts, and he was appointed by Mr.
Madison to negotiate witli those enemies
against whom his military skill had
been so ably directed. In 1828 he was
sent as United States minister to Co-
lumbia; and, in 1840, he was elected
chief magistrate. But one month after
his accession he was seized with an ill-
ness, and d. April 4, 1841.
HART, John, a patriot of the Amer-
ican revolution, and one of the signers
of the declaration of independence. He
was a member of congress in 1774, from
New Jersey. In the latter part of the
year 1776 his farm was pillaged by tlie
enemy, and his family dispersed. The
alarm and distress of these occurrences
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
caused *he death of his wife. After the
evacuation of New Jersey he again col-
lected his family; but his health was
now failing him, and he d. 1780.
HAKTE, Walteb, an Englisn poet
and historian, was b. and educated at
Marlborough, in Wiltshire. He pub-
lished a poetical collection, called the
"Amaranth," a "History of Gustavus
Adolphus," and "Essays on Husband-
ry." D. 1773.
HAETLEY, David, an English phy-
sician, was b. at Armley, in Yorkshire,
in 1705, and d. at Bath in 1757. He
wrote an excellent' work, entitled " Ob-
servations on Man." — David, son of the
preceding, was b. in 1730 ; educated at
Merton college, Oxford ; became M. P.
for Hull ; was distinguished by his
strenuous opposition to the American
war ; and was appointed one of the ne-
gotiators to treat with Dr. Franklin. He
ad the merit of several ingenious in-
ventions, one of which is a mode of
securing buildings from fire. D. 1813.
HAEVAED, John, a nonconformist
divine, who d. in 1688, at Charlestown,
Mass. He is deserving of commemora-
tion by being the founder of the college
bearing his name, at Cambridge.
HAKVEY, William, a celebrated
physician, was b. at Folkstone, 1578.
He discovered the circulation of the
blood, of which he published an ac-
count in 1628, entitled "Exercitatio
Anatom ca de Motu Cordis et San-
guinis." In 1632 he was made physi-
cian to Charles I., and adhered faithfully
to the king ; for which, in 1645, he was
chosen warden of Mertori college,
Oxford; but when the parliamentary
visitors came there, he left it for
London. In 1651 appeared his " Exer-
citationesde Generatione Animalium."
D. 1658.
HASSELQUIST, Fkedekio, a Swe-
dish naturalist, and one of the most
celebrated of all the pupils of Linnaeus,
was b. in 1722. lie embarked for
Smyrna in August, 1749, went to Egypt,
remained some time at Jerusalem, and
afterwards visited other parts of the
country. Eeturning to Smyrna, he
brought with him an admirable coUec
tion of plants, minerals, fishes, reptiles,
insects, and other natural curiosities.
His " Iter Palsestinum, or a Journey
to the Holy Land," was derived from
his journal, and was drawn up by Lin-
naeus,
HASTINGS, Warren, was b. in 1733,
at Churchill, Oxfordshire, where his
fiithor was the clergyman. He was
[hat
educated at Westminister, and at the
age of 17, went out to India, as a writer
in the company's service. On his ar-
rival he applied with diligence to the
duties of his station, and at his leisure
studied the oriental languages. After 14
years' residence in Bengal, he returned
to England; but in 1769 he went out
as second in council at Madras, where
he remained about two years, and then
removed to the presidency of Calcutta.
In 1786 he returned to England, when
he was accused of having governed
arbitrarily and tyrannically ; of having
extorted immense sums of money ; and
of having exercised every species of
oppression. An impeachment followed,
which lasted 9 years. He was at length
acquitted, and sentenced to pay only
the costs of prosecution, (£71,08'o ster-
ling,) for which the East India Company
indemnified him by a pension of £4,000
for life. He lived, however, to see his
plans for the security of India publicly
applauded, and d. 1818. Mr. Hastings
was a man of mild and unassuming
manners, and an elegant scholar. He
wrote " A Narrative of the Insurrection
at Benares." " Memoirs relative to the
State of India," some fugitive poetry,
&c. — Francis Eawdon, marquis of, son
of the earl of Moira, was b. in 1754, and
entered the army in 1771. He greatly
distinguished himself in the American
war; was appointed in 1778, adjutant-
general of the British forces there, and
rose to the rank of a major-general. In
1812 he obtained the appointment
of governor-general of British India,
which he held till 1822 ; and during the
10 years of his sway he overcame the
Nepaulese, the Pindarees, and other
native powers, and rendered the British
authority supreme in India. While
absent he was created marquis of Hast-
ings. D. 1725.
HATTO, or HATTO VEECELLEN-
SIS, was bishop of Vercelli, in Italy, in
the 10th century. His work on the
" Grievances of the Church," (which id
curiously illustrative of the spirit and
complexion of the times,) together with
his canons and epistles, were published
in 1768.
HATTON, Sir Christopher, an emi-
nent statesman, and loi'd chancellor of
England, was b. at Holdenby, in North-
amptonshire. In 1587 was made both
chancellor and knight of the garter.
His inexperience created much prej-
udice against him at first, but his
natural capacity and sound jadgment
were seldom found defective He wrote
haw]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
ASH
the fourth act in the tragedy of " Tan-
cred and Sigismunda ;" and to him is
ascribed " A Treatise concerning Stat-
utes or Acts of Parliament." D. 1691.
HAUBOLD, Chkistian Gottlieb, a
celebrated German jurist, was b. at
Dresden, in 1766. He was made doctor
Df law in 1788 ; and eventually became
ordinary professor of law in the univer-
sity of Leipsic.
HAUFF, WiLHELM, one of the most
graceful prose writers of Germany, was
b. at Stuttgart, 1802. He went to the
university of Tubingen from 1820 to
1824, where he studied philosophy and
theology, with a view to the church.
While discharging the duties of tutor
in a noble family at Stuttgart, he com-
menced his literary career with the
" Marchen Almanach auf das Jahr,"
1826. The chief of his works are,
" Memoiren des Satans," " Mann im
Monde," " Lichtenstein," "Die Bett-
lerin von Pont des Arts," " Phantasien
im Bremen Kathskeller," &c. He had
just undertaken the editorship of the
celebrated journal, called the " Mor_gen-
blatt," when he d. November, 1827.
HAUGWITZ, Christian HENiir
Chas., count of, an eminent Prussian
statesman, was b. in Silesia, in 1758.
D. 1832.
HAUKSBEE, Francis, an English
philosopher of the 18th century, who
made many experimental discoveries in
electricity, and published them.
HAUTEFEUILLE, John, a mechanic,
was b. at Orleans, in 1647. He made
several discoveries and improvements
in clock-making, and invented the
spiral spring which moderates the vi-
bration of balance-wheels in watches,
which Huygens afterwards perfected.
He also wrote several short treatises on
mechanical subjects ; also, " The Art of
Breathing under Water," " The Per-
petual Pendulum," " A new System of
the Flux and Eeflux of the Sea," &c.
D. 1724.
HAUY, Bene Just, Abb^, a celebrated
mineralogist, b. at St. Just, in Picardy,
in 1742, He first studied theology, and
was twenty-one years professor of lan-
guages. But mineralogy was his favorite
pursuit ; and to him science is indebted
tor an admirable theory of crystalliza-
tion, founded on geometrical laws. He
was appointed by Bonaparte professor
of mineralogy at the botanic garden,
and to the faculty c^f sciences at Paris.
In 1803, at tl\e command of Napoleon,
he wrote his "Traite de Physique."
HiB treatises on mineralogy, crystallog-
and natural history, are all
highly esteemed ; and his beautiful
collection of minerals, for wliicli he had
refused an offer of 600,000 francs, was
bought by the duke of Buckingham.
D. 1822.
HAWES, Stephen, a poet of the 15th
century, was a native of Suffolk, and
educated at Oxford.
HAWKESWORTH, John, the son
of a watchmaker at Bromley, Kent, was
b. in 1716, and apprenticed to his
father's trade ; but he soon left it for
literary pursuits, and eventually became
an author of eminence. He is chiefly
remembered by his "Adventurer," a
series of periodical essays ; a sentence,
taken from the last number of which
work, is inscribed on a marble monu-
ment erected to his memory in Bromley
church. D. 1773.
HAWKINS, Sir John, a brave En-
glish admiral under Queen Elizabeth,
was a native of Devonshire. He was
rear-admiral of the fleet, which she sent
against the Spanish Armada, and had a
great share in that victory. He was
afterwards made treasurer of the navy.
But his memory is disgraced by his
being the first European who carried
off slaves from the coast of Africa, and
introduced that inhuman traflRc into the
West Indies. Queen Elizabeth herself,
while she honored his bravery by
knighthood, threatened him with the
divine vengeance for this practice. D.
1595. — Sir John, a lawyer and miscel-
laneous writer, was b. in London, in
1719. He practised as a solicitor, with
reputation for some years; and having
made general literature the study of his
leisure hours, he also wrote for the
periodical press. A taste for music led
nim to become a member of the acad-
emy of ancient music ; and in 1742 he
was chosen a member of the literary
club, established by Dr. Johnson, with
whom he formed an acquaintance which
lasted during tlieir joint lives. Having
in 1753 married a lady of great fortune,
and becoming possessed of a much
greater one in 1759, on the death of her
brother, he gave up his profession, and
became a magistrate for Middlesex.
His principal work is, " A General His-
tory of the Science and Practice of
Music," and his edition, with notes, of
"Isaac Walton's Complete Angler,"
acquired deserved popularity. D. 1789.
HAWLEY, Joseph, a distinguished
American patriot, was b. in 1724, at
Northampton, Mass., and being bred a
lawyer, soon acquired great ft*^inence in
4M
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[hat
his profession. But he was mostly dis-
tinguished for his knowledge of pohtical
history and the principles of free gov-
ernment — a circumstance which render-
ed liim one of the ablest advocates of
American liberty in the legislature, pre-
vious to and during the contest be-
tween the colonies and the parent state.
D. 1788.
HAY, Geobge, judge of the United
States coui't for the eastern district of
Virginia, and for many years attorney of
ehe United States, in which capacity he
was the prosecutor of Aaron Burr. He
d. 1880. His political writings, signed
Hortensius, gave him some celebrity.
He wrote also a "Treatise against the
Usury Laws," "The Life of John
Thompson," and a " Treatise on Emi-
gration."
* HAYDN, Joseph, an eminent Ger-
man musician, was b. 1732, in the village
of Eohrou, on the borders of Hungary
and Austria. He was the son of a poor
wheelwright, who, having a taste for
music, played the harp on Sundays, his
mother accompanying with her voice ; a
circumstance which accounts for the
strong predilection which their son
showed for the science even in his in-
fancy. When but eight years old he
became a chorister in St. Stephen's, and
at ten years of age composed pieces for
several voices. With his fine soprano
he lost his place, and his situation was
very discouraging ; but he had the good
fortune to become acquainted with
Prince Esterhazy, who placed him at
the head of his private chapel. For
this prince he composed some beautiful
symphonies — a department in which he
excelled all other composers — and the-
greatest part of his fi^ne quartettes.
When, after a period of about 20 years,
the prince reduced his court, and Haydn
was discharged, he went to London, to
which capital he had often been invited.
In 1794, having made a second journey
thither, he found a most splendid re-
ception, and the university of Oxford
conferred upon him the degree of doc-
tor of music. On his retiirn from En-
gland, he purchased a small house and
garden in one of the suburbs of Vienna,
where he died. To the English public
he is universally known by his noble
oratorio of the "Creation," which is
considered a cJief-dPceuvre. D. 1809.
HAYDON, Benjamin Robert, an his-
torical painter of distinguished merit,
was b. at Plymouth, 1786. He com-
menced his studies at the royal academy
in 1804. His first picture was exhibited
in 1807 ; the subject of it, " Joseph and
Mary resting with our Saviour after a
day's journey on the road to Egypt."
His second great work, "Dentatus,"
was exhibited in 1809, and in the follow-
ing year it obtained the great prize at
the Koyal Institution. His "Judgment
of Solomon" appeared next. He went,
accompanied by Wilkie, to Paris, in
1814, to study at the Louvre, and on his
return commenced his largest work,
"Christ entering into Jerusalem."
This picture was exhibited in 1820, both
in London and Edinburgh, and was con-
sidered a triumph of modern art. But
with his acknowledged powers, he dis-
dained to follow the more certain path
to fame and fortune. He became poor
and discouraged, and died by his own
hand in 1846. .
HAYES, Chaeles, a mathematician,
b. 1578. He published a "Treatise on
Fluxions,'' and some other mathematical
{)ieces, besides several works of a theo-
ogical nature. D. 1760.
IIAYLEY, William, an English poet,
was b. at Chichester, 1745. After quit-
ting Trinity college, Cambridge, he set-
tled at Eartham, in Sussex, and devoted
his time principally to literature. He
was the author of an " Essay on History,
in Three poetical Epistles to Edward
Gibbon," "Triumphs of Temper," "Es-
says on Painting and Sculpture," a prose
"Ef'say on Old Maids," and lastly,
" The Life and Correspondence of the
Poet Cowper." D. 1820.
HAYNE, Isaac, a colonel in the
American army, and a martvr to the
cause of independence, was (descended
from a highly respectable famUy in South
Carolina. After the capitulation of
Charleston, he consented to subscribe
a declaration of his allegiance to the king
of Great Britain, provided he might not
be compelled to bear arms against his
countrymen. He was summoned, how-
ever, after the successes of Greene had
changed the face of aifairs, to repair im-
mediately to the British standard. This
he refused, as a violation of the compact
he had entered into, and hastened to the
American camp. Being shortly after
taken prisoner by the English, he was
tried, and condemned to be hanged.
This cruel sentence, notwithstanding
the mitigating circumstances of the case,
was accordingly put into execution, Aug.
4, 1781 .
HAYS, Jacob, a noted constable and
thief-taker, of the city of New York,
who was appointed by Edward liiv-
ingston in 1801, and discharged the
hebJ
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
485
duties of his office till the day of his
death, in 1850. His natural qualifica-
tions for the place were remarkable ; he
never forgot a man that he had seen,
and his courage as well as ingenuity in
catching offenders made him a terror to
evil-doers. B. 1772; d. 1850.
HAYWOOD, Elizabeth, an ingenious
writer, was b. in London, 1693, and d.
1756. She published the " Female Spec-
tator," " Epistles for the Ladies," "For-
tunate Foundling," "Adventures of
Nature," &c.
HAZARD, Ebenezer, postmaster-gen-
eral of the United States, was a native
of Philadelphia, and graduated at Prince-
ton college in 1762. In 1782 he suc-
ceeded Mr. Bache as postmaster, and
continued in office until the adoption of
the constitution in 1789. He published
a valuable work in reference to Amer-
ican history, which is often quoted,
namely, "Historical Collections,'' also
" Keniarks on a Report concerning the
Western Indians." D. 1817.
HAZLITT, William, a distinguished
critic and essayist, was the son of a dis-
senting minister, and educated at the
Unitarian college at Hackney. He be-
gan life as an artist; but though he
always preserved an intense love for the
arts,"^he soon relinquished the pencil for
the pen; and when he was not borne
away by violent prejudices, he appeared
as one of the most able, powerful, and
judicious critics of the day. Besides
being a constant contributor for many
years to the " Morning Chronicle" and
"Examiner" newspapers, he occasion-
ally wrote in others. Among the most
popular of his writings are several vol-
umes collected from periodical works,
under the titles of " Table Talk," " The
Spirit of the Age," and "The Plain
Speaker," The largest and most elab-
orate, though not the most successful of
his works, is the "Life of Napoleon."
His "Characters of Shakspeare's Plays,"
attracted much notice; as did also his
"View of the English Stage," "Political
Essays and Sketches of Public Charac-
ters," "The Literature of the Eliza-
bethan Age," "The Modern Pygmalion,"
&c. His last work was a very interest-
ing volume, entitled " Conversations of
James Northcote. esq., R. A." D. 1880.
HEATH, Charles, an , eminent line
engraver, was b. 1784. His taste for art
was fostered and matured by his father,
James Heath, a name well known to the
print collector; and his serial artistic
pubUeations, the "Book of Beauty" and
the " Keepsake," &c., for many years
41*
kept his name before the world as one
of the first English engravers, besides
exercising a marked influence over that
department of the arts. D. 1848. — Wil-
liam, major-general in the American
revolutionary army, was a native of Rox-
bury, Mass. In 1775 he was apjjointed
provincial brigadier, and also brigadier
of the United StateSj June 22, and'^Aug.
9, 1776, major-general. When the army
removed to New York, he commandecl
near King's-bridge. In 1777 he was in-
trusted with the command of the eastern
department near Boston, and the pris-
oners of Saratoga fell under his care.
In June, 1779, he returned to the main
army, and commanded the troops on the
Hudson, and in that station, for the
most part, he remained until the close
of the war. He was the last surviving
American major-general of the war. He
Eublished a volume, which for a time,
ad great notoriety, entitled, "Heath's
Memoirs." D. 18l'4. — James, an histor-
ical writer during the reigns of Charles
I. and II. He wrote "A Chronicle of
the late War," "The Glories and Tri-
umphs of the Restoration of Charles
II,,'' " Flasrellum, or the Life and Death
of Oliver Cromwell." &c. D. 1664.
HEATHCOTE, Ralph, a clergyman
of the church of England, to whom the
merit is due of being the projector of
the " General Biographical Dictionary."
He was also the author of " The Ire-
narch, or Justice of the Peace's Man-
ual," "Sylva, or the Wood," "A
Sketch of Lord Bolingbroke's Philoso-
phy," and other polemical works;
which caused his introduction to Dr.
Warburton, who nominated him his
assistant preacher at Lincoln's Inn. He
subsequently obtained higher church
preferments. D. 1795.
HEBER, Reginald, bishop of Cal-
cutta, was b. at Mai pas, Chesnire, 1783.
He entered a student at Brazenose col-
lege, Oxford, in 1800, and, 3 years after,
carried the English prize for his beauti-
ful poem, "Palestine." From 1803 to
1822, he spent his time in discharging
the duties of a parish priest; during
which he published some elegant poems,
and the life of Jeremy Taylor. He was
then elected preacher at Lincoln's Inri. '
On the death of Dr. Middleton, th6>
bishopric of Calcutta was offered to Mr.
Heber, and on the 16th of June, with
his wife and infant daughter, he em-
barked for India.. On the llth of Octo-
ber he reached his destination, and found
constant occupation in the important
exercise of his official duties. In 1826
4m
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[hei
he took a journey in the discharge of
his episcopal duty, to Trichinopoly,
wliere he arrived on the 1st of April,
1826. The next day he was seized with
an apoplectic fit, whilst bathinjs:, yvhich
terminated his valuable life. Since his
death, a " Narrative of a Journey through
the Upper Provinces of India," has ap-
peared, and his widow has also publish-
ed his biography.
HEBEKT, James Kene, commonly
called Pere J>uchene, (from the title of a
Jacobin paper of which he was the edi-
tor,) was b. at Alengon, 1755. He was
one of the most violent advocates for
the French revolution. Having dared
to oppose his colleagues and masters,
they accomplished his destruction. At
the place of his execution, contempt and
insult were added to the severity of his
suiferings, and he d. amid the hisses of
the populace, on the 24th March, 1794.
HECKWELDER, John, many years
employed by the Moravian brethren as a
missionary to the Delaware Indians, was
a native of England. In 1819 he pub-
lished, at Philadelphia, "A History of
the Manners and Customs of the Indian
Nations who once inhabited Pennsylva-
nia;" and, in 1820, a " Narrative of the
Moravian Mission among the Delaware
Indians, &e., from 1740 to 1808." He
d. at Bethlehem, 1823, aged 78.
HEDLINGER, John Chakles, the
most celebrated die-cutter of his age,
was b. at Schweitz, 1691. Many crown-
ed heads, among whom were Charles
XII. of Sweden, Peter the Groat, and
Pope Benedict XIII., honored him with
their patronage. He frequently visited
Sweden, and on his last voyage from
that country, in 1745, he lost the greater
part of his property by shipwreck. His
works are distinguished by great sim-
plicity, softness, and correctness of de-
sign. D. 1771.
HEEEEN, Arnold Hekmann Ludwig,
a distinguished German historian, was
b. near Bremen, 1760 ; studied at Got-
tingen; and after spending some years
in foreign travel, returned to Gotti'ngen
in 1787, when he was appointed pro-
fessor, and tiienceforward devoted him-
self to the composition of those numer-
ous works wdiich have placed him among
the first historians of his age. His chief
works are, "Ideen iiber die Politik den
Verkehr, &c., der vornehmsten Vrlker
der alten Welt," "Handbuch der
Gesohichte der Staaten des Alterthums,"
"Handbuchder Enropaischen Staaten-
system," &c. D. 1842.
HEGEL, Geoboe A\'illu.m Fredbbio,
the founder of a new school of philoso-
phyj was b. at Stuttgart, 1770. He was
professor successively^ at Jena, Heidel-
berg, and Berlin. He was at first the
disciple of Schelling, with whom he was
associated in the conduct of a philosoph-
ical journal in 1802-3. But his opinions
gradually took a different turn. He re-
jected Schelling's intellectual intuition
as an unwarrantable assumption, al-
though he continued to maintain its
leading idea. His system is at present
the centre of nearly all philosopmcal in-
terest in Germany, cniefly trom the
widely discrepant deductions, political
and religious, which his friends and en-
emies draw from it; some maintaining
it to be favorable to the present order
of things in church and state, others
founding upon it conclusions at vari-
ance with all ordinary notions of religion
or morality. D. of cholera, 1831.
HEIDEGGER, John James, a very
extraordinary character, by birth a Swiss,
who took up his residence in London,
in 1660, and, obtaining a comnrission in
the guards, was known in fashionable
society by the appellation of the Swiss
count. He undertook the management
of the opera house, and in his conduct
of that establishment was very fortunate ;
added to which, by giving concerts, mas-
querades, &c., under the patronage of
tlie court, he gained a handsome income,
which he expended in keeping a hos-
pitable table, and relieving the unfortu-
nate. D. 1749, aged 90.
HEINE, Heinrich, a German poet
and miscellaneous writer, was b. at
Dusseldorf, 1797, and studied at Bonn,
Gottingen, and Berlin, with the view of
embracing a legal career ; but his temper
and turn of mind rendered a residence
in Germany distasteful, and he repaired
to Paris about 1820, where he continued
thenceforward principally to reside. His
works comprise two plays, political pam-
phlets and satires, views of French so-
ciety, &c. ; but his fame chtefly depends
on his poems and the " Reisebilder,"
which, though often deformed by a
spirit of raillery and satire that knows
no bounds, are full of grace, tenderness,
and artless ease. D. 1856.
HEINECCIUS, John Gotlieb, a cele-
brated civilian, b. at Ersenburg, in Al-
tenburg, in 1681. After having studied
at Goslar and Leipsic, he became pro-
fessor of philosophy at Halle, 1710 ; and
in 1711 he was made professor of civil
law, with the title of counsellor of the
court. His great reputation induced the
states of Friesland to invite him to
nsL
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
487
Franeker, in 1724; but in 1727, the
king of Prussia prevailed on liim to
accept of a professorship of law at
Frankfort-on-the-Oder, where he dis-
tinguished himself till 1733. Becoming
again professor at Halle, he remained
there till his death in 1741, though
invited to Marburg, Denmark, and
Holland.
HEINECKEN, Christian Henrt, an
extraordinary child, b. at Lubeck, in
1721. So astounding is the account
which is related of this mental phenom-
enon, that notwithstanding it is sup-
ported by the most powerful evidence,
it still exceeds credibility. He spoke
fluently at ten months old ; at twelve
he could recite the principal facts in the
Pentateuch ; in two months more he
was master of the entire history of the
Old and New Testaments ; at two years
and a half, he answered the_ principal
questions in geography, and in ancient
and modern history ; and he spoke
Latin and French with great facility be-
fore he had reached his fourth year.
He died in his fifth year.
HEINSTUS, Daniel, professor of poli-
tics and history at Leyden, and libra-
rian to the university, was b. at Ghent,
1580. He became a pupil of Joseph
Scaliger at Leyden, and was greatly in-
debted to him for the eminence to
which he attained in literature. He
distinguished himself as a critic by his
labors on many classical authors, and
was highly honored at home and abroad.
Gustavus Adolphus gave him a place
among his counsellors of state ; the re-
public of Venice made him a knight of
the order of St. Mark ; and Pope Urban
VIII. invited him to come, as he ex-
pressed it, to rescue Kome from barbar-
ism. D. 1666. — Nicholas, the son of
Daniel, was b. at Leyden, and became
as great a Latin poet as his father, and
a still greater critic. D. 1681.
HELMONT, John Baptist van, a
celebrated chemist, was b. at Brussels,
in 1577. His first literary production
was a treatise on the Spa waters, which
is remarkable on account of the author
having used the German word gJieist^
answering to the Ensrlish ghost, or
spirit, to denote the air on which the
properties of the Spa water depend, and
from which is derived the modern word
gas, now so extensively used. In 1609
he settled at Vilvorden, where he prac-
tised medicine gratuitously, and is said
to have performed some very wonderful
cures. He professed to disregard all
book-iearning on the healing art; and
had he lived at the present day, would
have been styled an impudent quack;
but though his works abound with
crude and visionary dogmas, they con-
tain also many observations on the
Galenical system, which are shrewd and
pertinent. D. 1644. — ^Francis Mercury
VAN, Baron, son of the preceding, was
b. at Vilvorden, in 1618, and there prac-
tised as a physician and experimental
chemist. If the father be charged with
eccentricity or quackery, the son has a
tenfold right to both qualities ; yet that
he was a man of talent none have de-
nied. He travelled over a part of Eu-
rope with a caravan of Bohemians, (a
gang of gipsies,) to learn their language
and opinions ; pretended to have dis-
covered the original language of man ;
and had the impudence to affirm that a
child born deaf and dumb would be
able to articulate the characters at first
sight. He professed to believe in the
doctrine of transmigration, in the exist-
ence of the philosopher's stone, and
other theories no less wild and vision-
arv. D. 1699.
HELOTSE, or ELOTSE, celebrated
for her beauty and wit, but still more
on account of her love for Abelard, was
b. at Paris in 1101, and d. in 1164.
HELST, Bartholomew van der, an
admirable Dutch painter, excelling in
portraits, but also great in landscapes
and historical subjects. B. at Haerlem,
1618; d. 1670.
HELVETIUS, Adrian, a Dutch phy-
sician, who being at Paris while the
dysentery was raging in that city, suc-
cessfully arrested its progress by admin-
istering a remedy. Being ordered by
Louis XIV. to make it public, he de-
clared it to be ipecacuavlia, and was re-
warded with 1000 louis d'ors, and made
inspector of the military "hospitals. B,
1656; d. 1721. — John Claude, son of
the preceding, was also a physician, and
a man of great skill in his profession.
He cured Ijouis XV. of a dangerous dis-
order in his infancy, and became first
physician to the queen, and counsellor
of state. He was the author of severnl
able works, and a member of the Acad-
emy of Sciences, Ac. D. 1755. — Claude
Ad'rien, son of the last mentioned, was
b. at Paris in 1715, and, at the age of
23, obtained the post of a farmer-gen-
eral ; but resigned it, and afterwards
purchased the place of maitre-d'hAfel to
the queen. In 1758 he published " De
I'Esprit," the materialism of which drew
upon him many attacks, and it*was con-
demned by the parliament of Paris.
488
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY,
[lIKN
Tlie book, however, obtained a rapid
celebrity, though its author found it
necessary to insure his personal safety
by witlidrawing for a time, first to En-
gland, and afterwards to Prussia. He
at length returned to France, and led a
retired and domestic life on his estate at
Vore, till his death, which happened in
1771. A posthumous work, entitled
" De I'Homme," is a continuation of
the former treatise, and contains a fuller
development of the doctrines laid down
in it ; but, at the same time, many new
ones, particularly such as relate to the
science of education.
H EL WIG, Amelia von, a distin-
guished female poet of Germany, b. at
Weimar, in 1776. Her father travelled
in France, England, and Plolland ; and,
at a very early age, she discovered a re-
markable aptitude in learning, not only
the modern languages, but Greek, while
her poetical talents were at the same
time successfully cultivated. Among a
host of literary characters, whose friend-
ship she obtained, and from whom she
derived much valuable instruction, were
Schiller and Goethe. D. 1S32.
HEMANS, Felicia Dokothea, an
amiable and highly accomplished po-
etess, was b. at Liverpool, of respect-
able parents of the name of Browne,
who subsequently took up their resi-
dence near St. Asaph, Wales. She
married young; but her marriage was
infelicitous, and, after the birth of Ave
children, her husband estranged him-
self from her society, and a permanent
separation ensued. From childhood
she had an ardent thirst for knowledge,
and her reading was extensive and va-
ried. Her imagination was rich, chaste,
and glowing; and though some of her
earlier poems may be deemed rather
monotonous, hgr " Eecords of Woman"
and " Forest Sanctuary" are poems of
a high order. After her establishment
at St. Asaph was broken up, she retired
to Vavertree, near Liverpool, but re-
mained about three years only, when she
settled in Dublin, where she d. on the
16th of May, 1835, in the 41st year of
her age. Besides the two works before
mentioned, Mrs. Hemans wrote " Wal-
lace." "Dartmoor," "Dramatic Scenes,"
"Welsh Melodies," " The Siege of Va-
lencia," "Songs of the Affections," "Na-
tional Lyrics and Songs for Music,"
" Scenes and Hymns of Life," " The
Vespers of Palermo," a tragedy, and a
variety of scattered lyrics, in the " New
Monthly" and "Blackwood's" maga-
zines.
HEMSTEKHUYS, Tiberius, a cele-
brated Dutch philologist, was the son
of a physician, and b. at Groningen, in
1685. in 1705 he became professor of
mathematics and philosophy at Amster-
dam, where he applied himself so zeal-
ously to the Greek authors, that he may
justly be said to have been the most
profound Hellenist of the age. Hem-
sterhuys had no taint of pride or dog-
matism, but was remarkable for his
modesty and mildness of character. D.
1756. — Francis, his son, inherited his
classical acquirements, and Avas, more-
over, an acute philosopher, and a critical
judge of the line arts. B. 1720 ; d. 1790.
HENAULT, Charles John Francis,
an eminent French writer, was presi-
dent of the parliament of Paris, where
he was b. in 1685. He became president
of the first chamber of inquests in 1710,
which led him to make the Koman law
his study, though he still amused him-
self with poetry, and, in 1718, produced
his tragedy of '" Cornelia." In 1723 he
obtained a place in the French Academy,
after which he set himself to digest into
a chronological order the history of
France. This work appeared in 1744,
and has been translatect into most Eu-
ropean languages. He also wrote three
comedies, and after his death appeared
a work of his, entitled "Histoire Criti-
3ue de I'Etablissement des Frangois
ans les Gaules." He was intimately-,
connected with madame du DeffandjV
and from his rank, as well as his talents,'
he held a distinguished station among
the literati of Paris. D. 1770. — John d',
a French poet, was b. at Paris. After
travelling into several countries, he re-
turned to France, and was patronized
by Fouquet. His works were printed
at Paris, in a small volume, in 1670 ;
besides which he translated part of
Lucretius, but was persuaded by his
confessor, when at the point of death,
to throw it into the fire.
HENDERSON, Jchn, a first-rat«
actor, was b. in London, in 1747. He
ae?^nired great celebrity at Drury-lane
theatre in Shakspeare's characters,
where he performed Fal staff, Eichard
III., &c., with unbounded applause.
D. 17^85.
HENGIST, the first Saxon king of
Kent, who, with his brother Horsa.
landed an army at the mouth of th».
Thames, and eventually subjugated tht
Britons. The kingdom of Kent, found-
ed by Hengist, embraced that tract
which is now known as the counties
of Kent, Middlesex, Essex, and part of
hen]
CYCLOP^D.A OF BIOGRAPHY.
489
Surrey. He established his residence
at Canterbury, and d. about the year
488, leaving his kingdom to his pos-
terity.
HENLEY, ANTHO>fY, an ingenious
writer, cotemporary with Steele and Ad-
dison, and who contributed to the
"Tattler," and other works. He was
b. at the Grange, in Hampshire, the
seat of his father, Sir Kobert Henley,
became M.P. for Andover, and d. in
1711. — EoBERT, lord chancellor North-
ington, third son of the preceding, was
h. in 1708, educated at Westminster
Bohool, and Christ-church and St. John's
college, Oxford ; became lord keeper in
1757^ and raised to the peerage in 1760,
when he presided at the trials of Earl
Ferrers and Lord Byron; resigned the
great seal in 1766, and d. in 1772. —
John, familiarly known by the appella-
tion of " Orator Henley," was b. at Mel-
ton Mowbray, 1692. He was educated
at Cambridge, and entered into holy
orders ; but being dissatisfied with his
prospects of church preferment, he com-
menced public orator. Having opened
a chapel in London, he gave lectures on
tlieological subjects on Sundays, and on
other subjects every Wednesday. Nov-
elty procured him a multitude of hear-
ers ; but he was too imprudent to gain
any permanent advantage by it ; he be-
came the butt of wits and caricaturists,
and he arradually sunk into obscurity.
D. 1756.^
HENRIETTA, Anna, of England,
duchess of Orleans, the daughter of
King" Charles I,, was b. at Exeter, in
1644, amid the turbulent scenes of the
civil war. Her unhappy mother fled
with her to France when the infant was
scarcely three weeks old ; and after the
death of the king she repaired to the
convent of Chaillot, and there devoted
herself to the education of her daughter.
She united with great sweetness of
character the charms of beauty, ani
was married to Philip, duke of Orleans.
1). 1630.
HENRY I., of Germany, sumamed
" the Fowler," -w s the son of Otho the
Illustrious, duke of Saxony and Thu-
ringia, and b. in 876. When he was
elected sovereign of Germany, in 919,
he had to contend with anarchy at
home and enemies abroad, but his ac-
tivity and prudence overcame them all.
After a fortunate and glorious reign of
sixteen years, he d. at Qnedlinburgh, in
936.— III., of Germany, son of the Em-
peror Conrad II., succeeded his father
vn the iorperial dignity, 1089. Nature
had given him the talents, and educa-
tion the character, suitable for an able
ruler. In every thing he undertook, he
displayed a steady and persevering
spirit: the clergy were compelled to
acknowledge their dependence on him,
and the temporal lords he held in actual
subjection. B. 1017 ; d. 1056.— IV., son
of the preceding, was b. in 1050, and at
the death of his father was only five
years old. His disputes with Pope
Gregory VII., who had been elevated to
the papal chair without the consent of
the imperial court, embroiled him in a
series of wars, and caused him to be ex-
communicated. His eldest son, Conrad,
rebelled against him, but was overcome,
and died at Florence in 1101, deserted
by his partisans. He then caused his
second son, Henry, to be elected his
successor, and crowned ; but the latter
also rebelled, and making himself mas-
ter of his father's person in 1105, by
stratagem, compelled him to abdicate
the throne. Henry IV. ended his life
and sorrows in neglect, at Liege, in 1106.
— v., emperor of Germany, the son and
successor of the preceding, and who had
made himself- notorious by his con-
spiracy against his father, was b. 1081.
In 1111 he married Matilda, the daugh-
ter of Henry I., king of England, and
the rich dowry he received with this
princess, gave him the means of under-
taking an expedition over the Alps, in
order to demand the iinperial crown
from the pope in Rome. He caused the
pope to be conveyed away from the
altar, while at mass, and cut down, in
the streets of Rome, all who opposed
him. D. 1125. — VII., was the first
German emperor avIio was chosen solely
by the electors, without the interference
of the other states of the empire. He
undertook an expedition to Italy, and
compelled the Milanese to crown him
king of Lombardy. He then suppressed
by force a revolt which had broken out
in Upper Italy ; took several cities by
storm ; and, having captured Rome, he
was crowned Roman emperor by two
cardinals, while in the streets the work
of murder and pillagre was still going
on. D. 1313. — The Lion, the most re-
markable prince of Germany in the 12th
century, was b. in 1129, and assumed
the government of Saxony in 1146. — De
Blots, bishop of Winchester, nephew
of William Rufus, and brother of King
Stephen, was an active prelate and a
bold, ambitious, and enterprising states-
man. When Ensrland was invaded by
the partisans of the Empress Matilda, he
490
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[HEN
at first joined her standard, but subse-
quently deserted it, and became her
most determined enemy. Tlie empress
queen and her followers having taken
refuge in the castle of Winchester, he
laid siege to it, set the city on fire, and
consumed twenty churches, a number
of religious houses, and many other
buildings. He is now remembered
chiefly as the founder of the hospital
of St. Cross, near Winchester, the
church of which is regarded by many
antiquaries as furnishing the model of
the distinguishing features of the Gothic
or pointed style of architecture. D. 1171.
— The Navigator, the fourth son of
John I., king of Portugal, was b. 1394.
He gave early proof of brilliant courage,
but his love of arms was surpassed by
his love of the sciences, particularly
mathematics, astronomy, and naviga-
tion. He was the first who applied the
compass to navigation ; and to him also
a principal part is ascribed in the inven-
tion of the astrolabe. Various expedi-
tions were undertaken, and discoveries
made, under his patronage and at his
expense ; but, at length, companies were
formed of enterprising men, who were
tempted with the prospect of obtaining
gold dust, and the wliole people became
animated with the love of discovery.
In 1446 Nunno Tristan doubled Cape
Verde; and, two years later, Gonzalo
Vallo discovered three of the Azores
islands, about 1000 miles from the con-
tinent. Henry continued these elforts
till his death, in 1463, and thus secured
for himself an undying name as the
patron and friend of navigation. — IV.,
called THE Great, king of France and
Navarre, was b. in 1553, at Pau, in
Beam. His father, Anthony of Bour-
bon, was descended from a son of Louis
IX. ; his mother was Jeanne d'Albret,
daughter of Henry, king of Navarre.
He was brought up in the simple and
hardy manner of the peasantry ot Beam,
and this laid the foundation of a vigor-
ous constitution and temperate habits.
He was placed under the tuition of Flo-
rent Chretein, a learned man and zealous
Protestant. In 1599 he accompanied
his mother to Rochelle, and learned the
art of war under Admiral Coligui. Hav-
ing assumed the title of "King of Na-
varre," his marriage took place, Aug.
18, 1572. Then followed the horrible
Hcenes of St. Bartliolomew, Aug. 24th.
The Catholics, in 1585, formed the cel-
ebrated league, which the king wtu*
obliged to confirm ; and when called, by
right of birth, <o the French throne, he
found innumerable difficulties in estab-
lishing his claims. His Protestant reli-
gion was brought forward to prejudice
the Catholics against him. After a pro-
tracted and obstinate straggle, convinced
that he should never enjoy quiet pos-
session of the French throne without
professini^ the Catholic faith, Henry at
length yielded to the wishes of his
friends, was instructed in the doctrines
of the Catholic church, and professed
the Catholic faith, July 25, 1593, in the
church of St. Denys. He happily es-
caped an attempt to assassinate him ;
was solemnly anointed king at Chartres,
in 1594; and entered the capital amid
the acclamations of the people. He
made use of the tranquillity which fol-
lowed, to restore the internal prosperity
of his kingdom, and particularly the
wasted finances ; and in this design ho
was highly successful, with the aid of
his prime minister Sully. To his former
brothers in faith and in arms, the Prot-
estants, he granted entire religious free-
dom and political security, by the edict
of Nantes, in 1598. In 1610, while riding
through the streets of Paris, his coach
was obstructed in the street delaFe--
ronnerie, by two wagons. A fanatic,
named Ravaillac, took advantage of tliis
moment to perpetrate a long-meditated
deed ; and he received a fatal stab from
the hand of this assassin, in the 52d
year of his age, and 22d of his reign.—
1., king of England, called, on account
of his learning, "Beauclerc," was the
youngest son of William the Conqueror,
b. in 1068, and succeeded his brother
Rufus in 1100. He restored the uni-
versity of Cambridge, forgave all debts
owing to the crown prior to his acces-
sion, reformed the court, and conquered
Wales. He abolished the curfew-bell,
established a standard for weights ana
measures, and signed the charter, which
proved the origin of the English liber-
ties. D. 1135.— II., king of England,
the son of Geoffrey Plantagenet and
Maud, empress of Germany, was b. in
Normandy, in 1132, and succeeded Ste-
phen in 1154. He added the provinces
of Anjou, Touraine, Maine, Poitou,
Saintonge, Guienne, and Gascony, to
the English crown. His reign was
troubled by disputes between him and
Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, who
ijeing murdered in 1170, the pope obliged
the king to undergo penance for it at
Becket's tomb at Canterbury. In 1170
he caused his eldest son, Henry, to be
crowned king of England. In 1172 he
conquered Ireland, and, the year fol-
hen]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
491
.owinj?, his sons rebelled against him.
Henry checked the prevailing licenti-
ousness by severe laws, partitioned En-
gland into four judiciary districts, and
appointed itinerant justices to make
regular excursions through them. He
revived trial by jury, discouraged that
by combat, and demolished all the newly
erected castles, as shelters of violence
and anarchy. D. 1189.— IH., king of
Engknd, surnamed of Winchester, on
account of his having been b. in that
city, succeeded his father, John, in 1215.
He was obliged to relinquish Normandy,
Anjou, Poitou, Touraine, and Maine to
the king of France ; after which a civil
war broke out in England, and the king
was taken prisoner by the barons, at the
head of whom was Simon de Montfort,
earl of Leicester. The tide of affairs
turning in his favor, he deprived sev-
eral of these lords of their estates, and
gave them to his friends. B. 1207 ; d.
1272. — IV., king of England, surnamed
Bolingbroke, was b. in 1367. He was
the son of John of Gaunt, duke of Lan-
caster, the third son of Edward IH. In
the reign of Eichard II. he was made
earl of Derby and duke of Hereford.
Having accused the duke of Norfolk of
treason, the latter challenged him to
single combat; but on the appearance
of the two champions, at the appointed
time and place, Eichard would not suffer
them to proceed. Both were banished
the kingdom, Norfolk for life, and Here-
ford for a term of years. On the death
of his father he succeeded to the duke-
dom of Lancaster ; and, returning before
the stated time, for the avowed object
of claiming his duchy, and having been
joined by the earls of Northumberland
and Westmoreland, soon found himself
at the head of 60,000 men. Eichard IL
was defeated, taken prisoner, and de-
posed ; and the duke was unanimously
declared king, under the title of Henrj
IV. This usurpation gave rise to the
civil war between the houses of York
and Lancaster. D. 1413. — V., king of
England, called, after his birthplace, of
Monmouth, was b. in 1388. His dissi-
pated habits while a prince gave his
father great uneasinesi ; but he fre-
quently displayed noble traits of char-
acter, and on ascending the throne he
cast off his foi-mer companions, and
justified the best expectations. France
being at the time torn asunder by the
opposing factions of the dukes of Or-
leans and Burgundy, Henry took the
lavorable opportunity of reviving the
daims of his predecessors upon that
country, and he landed an army at Har-
fleur, Aug. 14, 1416. With 15,000 men
he gained the battle of Agincourt, though
the French amounted to 52,000. He
then returned to England ; but three
years afterwards he went again to
France, espoused the Princess Catha-
rine, on condition that the French
crown should go to Henry and his heirs
on the death of the king of France, and
be inseparably united to the crown of
England. D. 1422. — VI., king of En-
gla,nd, son of the preceding, was b. at
Windsor, in 1421, and was but ten
months old at the death of his father.
His grandfather, Charles, king of France,
died soon after, and the duke of Orleans,
encouraged by the minority of Henry,
assumed the title of king by the name
of Charles VII. When only* nine years
old, Henry was crowned at Paris, and
the great duke of Bedford, his uncle
and guardian, obtained several import-
ant victories. But the raising of the
siege of Orleans by Joan of Arc gave a
new turn to affairs, and the English in-
terest declined. The death of the duke
of Bedford was a fatal blow to the cause
of Henry, and at length the English were
deprived of their possessions in France,
except the town of Calais. The insurrec-
tion of Cade followed. To add to his mis-
fortunes, the York party in England pre-
vailed, and Henry was s^ent to the Tower,
where, according to the prevailing opin-
ion, he was slain by Eichard, duke of.
Gloucester, in 1471.— VII., king of En-
gland, first sovereign of the race of
Tudor, was b. 1457. He was the son
of Edmund, earl of Eichmond, and of
Margaret of the house of Lancaster.
By tlie assistance of the duke of Brit-
any he landed in Wales, and laid claim
to the crown in 1485. The people, dis-
gusted at the cruelties of Eichard III.,
joined him in such numbers that he was
enabled to give the usurper battle at
3osworth field, where Eichard was slain,
and Henry crowned on the spot. He
reigned 24 years, and d. 1509. — VIII.,
king of England, was b. in 1491, and
succeeded his father at the age of 18.
The Emperor Maximilian and the Pope
Julius II., having leagued against
France, persuaded Henry to join tham,
and he in consequence invaded that
kingdom, where he made some con-
quests. About the same time .James
IV., king of Scotland, invaded England,
but was defeated and slain at Flodden
Field. When Luther commenced the
reformation in Germany, Henry wrote
a book against him, for which he was
492
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
['
complimented by the pope with the title
of Defender of the Faith. Having con-
ceived an affection for Aiuie Boleyn, he
detennined to divorce his wife tlatba-
rine of Aragon, to whom he had been
married 18 years. But on the divorce
being refused by the pope. Henry as-
sumed the title of supreme nead of the
English church, put down the monas-
teries, and alienated their possessions to
secular purposes. His marriage with
Anne Boleyn followed ; but afterwards
he brought her to the scaffold, and mar-
ried Lady Jane Seymour, who died in
childbed. He next married Anne of
Cleves ; but she not proving agreeable
to his expectations, he put her away,
and caused Cromwell, earl of Essex, the
piojector of the match, to be beheaded.
His next wife was Catharine Howard,
who was beheaded for adultery; after
which he espoused Catharine Parr, who
survived hnn. D. 1546. — Charles, a
gentleman distinguished for his chemi-
cal knowledge and scientific pursuits,
was the son of an eminent manufactu-
ring chemist at Manchester, and b. in
1775. Though intended for the medi-
cal profession, he relinquished it for the
sake of co-operating in his father's lu-
crative pursuits, which he afterwards
carried on. D. 1836. — Matthew, a non-
conformist divine, was b. in 1662. He
was educated by his father, Philip Hen-
ry, an eminent Presbyterian divine;
studied the law in Gray's Inn, but re-
nounced it for the ministry, and settled
at Ilackn >y. His chief work is an '• Ex-
Eosition of the Bible ;" besides which
e wrote a "Method of Prayer," a
" Discourse on ths Lord's Supper," and
other books of ^-Lctical divinity. D.
1714. — RoBEET, minister of one of the
churches in Edinburgh, and author of
"The History of Great Britain," was
b, at St. Ninian's, near Stirling, in 1718,
and d. in 1790. — Patrick, an American
orator and statesman, was b. in Vir-
ginia in 1736, and after receiving a com-
mon school education, and spending
some time in trade and agriculture,
commenced the practice of the law, after
only six weeks of j^reparatory study.
After several years ot poverty, with the
incumbrance of a fiimily, he first rose
to distinction in managmg the popular
cause in the controversy between the
legislature and the clergy, touching the
stipend which was claimed by the latter.
In 1765 he was elected a member of the
house of burgesses, with express refer-
ence to an opposition to the British
Btamp act. In this assembly he obtain-
ed the honor of being the first to com-
mence the opposition to the measures of
the British government, which termi-
nated in the revolution. He was one of
the delegates sent by Virginia to the
first general congress of the colonies, in
1774, and in that body distinguished
himself by his boldness and eloquence.
In 1776 he was appointed the first gov-
ernor of the commonwealth, and to this
office was repeatedly re-elected. In 1786
he was aj)pointed by tiie legislature one
of the deputies to the convention held
at Philadelphia, for the purpose of re-
vising the federal constitution. In 1788
he was a member of the convention,
which met in Virginia to consider the
constitution of the United States, and
exerted himself strenuously against its
adoption. In 1794 he retired from the
bar, and d. in 1799. Without extensive
information upon legal or politicai topics,
he was a natural orator of the highest
order, possessing great powers of ima-
gination, sarcasm, and humor, united
with great force and energy of manner,
and a deep knowledge of human nature.
HENKYSON, Eobert, a Scotch poet
in the 16th century, was schoolmaster
at Dumfermline, and a monk of the
Benedictine order. His " Fabils" were
printed at Edinburgh in 1621 ; and his
"Testament of Faire Creseide" in 1593.
He wrote a number of other pieces,
which are to be found in the collections
of Hailes, Pinkerton, &c.
HEPBURN, Robert, a miscellaneous
writer, was b. in Scotland, in 1690. At
the age of 21 he published, in 30 num-
bers, a series of essays, entitled " The
Tattler, by Hector Macstaff, of the
North." He studied the civil law in
Holland, and became a member of the
ffujulty of advocates at Edinburgh,
where he d. 1712.
HERACLITUS, the founder of a phil-
osophical sect, was b. at Ephesus, and
flourished in the 69th Olympiad, about
500 B. 0. He incorporated the mysteries
of the Pythagorean system into liis
own, which was exceedingly severe and
obscure. Being of a misanthropic turn,
whence he is said to have wept at the
follies of mankind, he retired to a
mountainous region, where he lived
upon roots and herbs; but being at-
tacked by a fatal disease, was obliged to
return to the city, and soon afterwards
d., in the 60th vear of his age.
HERAULT t>E SECHELLES, Marie
Jean, 'Advocate-general in the parlia-
ment of Paris under the old regime,
and afterwards a member of the nation-
her]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
49^
al convention, was b. at Paris, in 1760.
He chiefly distinguished himself in the
contest between tho Mountain and Gi-
ronde parties, and he powerfully co-op-
erated in the destruction of the latter ;
but all his services to the terrorists did
not save him from the scaffold ; he was
executed with Danton, in 1795.
HERBELOT, Bahtholomew d', a
learned orientalist, was b. at Paris, in
1625. After travelling twice into Italy,
in search of Eastern manuscripts, and
to converse with oriental travellers, with
a view to the elucidation of the Hebrew
Scriptures, he was appointed regius
professor of Syriac in the French capi-
tal, and granted a pension. He was the
author of "The Oriental Library," and
other able works. D. 1695.
HERBERT, Edwakd, lord of Cheb-
BURY, was b. in 1581, at Montgomery
castle; was sent, when only 12 years
old, to University colle»;e, Oxford ; was
made a knight of the Bath, soon after
the accession of James I. ; and shortly
after travelled on the Continent, where
his elegant manners and chivalric ac-
complishments attracted the greatest
notice. He served in the Netherlands in
1610 and 1614, distinguishing himself
by his romantic bravery; was twice
ambassador to France, and on his re-
turn, in 1625, was created an Irish peer,
and afterwards an English baron. He
espoused the parliamentary cause du-
ring the civil wars, but quitted it, and
d. 1648. His principal work is entitled
"De Veritate," the object of which was
to assert the sufficiency and perfection
of natural religion, with a view to prove
the uselessness of revelation. He also
wrote " De Religione Laici," his own
"Memoirs," a " Life of Henry VIII.,"
&c. — George, a brother of the prece-
ding, was distinguished as a poet and a
divine. He was b. in 1593; educated
at Westminster school, and at Trinity
college, Cambridge ; and became rector
of Bemerton, Wilts ; where he d. in
16o2. He was a man of exemplary
piety and benevolence, and a poet of no
mean rank. — William, earl of Pem-
broke, a poet and the patron of learned
men, was b. in 1580, at Wilton house,
the family seat. He was educated at
New college, Oxford ; and in 1626 was
elected chancellor of that university, to
which he was a liberal benefactor
through life, and bequeathed to it at his
death a valuable collection of manu-
scripts. D. 1630. — Sir Thomas, a de-
scendant of one of the branches of the
Pembroke family, waa»the son of an aJ-
42
derman at York. Alter receiving his
education at Oxford, he travelled for 4
years in Asia and Africa, of which he
published an account. On the breaking
out of the civil wars he sided with the
parliament ; but having been appointed
to attend upon Charles in his captivity,
he became warmly attached to him, ana
E roved himself a zealous and incorrupti-
le servant to him up to the hour of
his execution. He assisted Dugdale in
his " Monasticon Anglicanum," and
published an account of the last two
years of the life of King Charles, under
the title of "Threnodia Carolina." D.
1682.
HERDER, John Godfrey von, a clas-
sical German writer, and philosopher,
was b. in 1744, of poor parents, at Moh-
rungen, in Prussia; was educated for
the church, and became court preacher,
ecclesiastical counsellor, and vice-presi-
dent of the consistory, to the duke of
Saxe Weimar; and d. 1803. At the
moment when he expired he was wri-
ting a hymn to the Deity, and the pen
was found on the unfinished line. He
was greatly esteemed by all who knew
him, and looked upon as the Fenelon
of Germany. His unrelaxing zeal and
diligence penetrated the most various
branches of science, theory, philosophy,
philology, natural and civil history, and
politics.
HERMAS, an ancient father of the
Christian church, surnamed Pastor, or
the Shepherd, who is said to be the
same mentioned by St. Paul, in his
Epistle to the Romans. He is supposed
to have d. at Rome about the year 81.
A piece of his, entitled "The Shepherd,"
is still extant, and was translated into
English by Archbishop Wake.
HERMELIN, Saml. Gustavus, Baron,
a Swedish mineralogist, was b. in 1744,
at Stockholm. After having travelled
extensively, and paid particular attention
to the statistics and geology of the coun-
tries which he visited, he settled in his
native land, and for more than 50 years
held the most eminent situations in the
management of the Swedish mines.
Hermelin wrote various works relative
to the mineral.'»gy, metallurgy, and re-
sources of Sweden ; and spent 15 years
in perfecting the Swedish Atlas, a geo-
graphical undertaking of vast magni-
tude. D. 1820.
HERMES, Tkismegistus, an Egyptian
priest and philosopher, who, according
to Diodorus, was the friend and coun-
sellor of the great Osiris, and is said to
have been the first lawgiver, and the
494
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
b
founder of religious ceremonies among
the Egyptians. He instructed his coun-
trymen in tlie cultivation of the olive,
the measurement of lands, and the
knowledge of hieroglyphics, and to him
are attributed all the mystic sciences of
the Alexandrian school. But every
thing relating to him is so uncertain
and obscure, that even the time when,
and the plaoa where, he lived cannot be
assigned with any certainty.
HERMILLY, Vaquette, d', a French
historian, was b. at Amiens, in 1707, and
d. at Paris, in 1778. He wrote the
" History of Majorca and Minorca," and
translated Ferrara's ''History of Spain"
and the "Critical Theatre" of Father
Feijoo.
HERMOGENES, a rhetorician, b. at
Tarsus, in Cilicia, lived about the mid-
dle of the 2d century, and is celebrated
for the precocity and rapid extinction of
his talents. At the age of 15, he was
famous for his powers of oratory ; at 17,
he published his rhetoric; and, soon
after, various treatises on oratory, which
ranked him high among writers upon
that subject; but, in his 25th year, he
wholly lost his memory, and sank into
a state of mental imbecility.
HERODOTUS, called by Cicero the
"Father of History," was b. at Halicar-
nassus, in Caria, 484 b. c. and is the
most ancient of the Greek historians
whose works are extant.
HERRERA TORDESILLAS, Axto-
Nro DE, a Spanish historian, who wrote
a " General History of India," which is
a curious work. He also wrote a " Gen-
eral History of Spain." B. 1565; d.
1625.
HERRICK, KoBERT, an English poet
of the 17th century. He received his
education, first at St. John's college, and
next at Trinity hall, Cambridge; after
which he entered into orders, and ob-
tained, in 1629, the vicarage of Dean
Prior, in Devonshire. He was deprived
of this living during Cromwell's usurp-
ation, but recovered it at the restora-
tion, and d. not long afterwards.
HERSCHEL, Sir William, one of the
most distinguished astronomers of mod-
ern times, was b. at Hanover, in 1738.
His father, who was a musician, brought
him up to his own profession, and, at
the age of 14, he was placed in the band
of the Hanoverian foot-guards. Towards
the close of the seven years' war, when
the French armies entered Hanover,
young Herschel resolved to visit En-
gland, but not being able to obtain em-
ployment in London, lie accepted a
situation in the band of the Durham
militia. When the regiment came to
Doncaster, he formed an acquaintance
with Dr. Miller, an eminent composer
and organist of that town. It happened
about this time that an organist was also
wanted at Halifax, and, b}' the advice of
the doctor, his young friend ottered
himself as a candidate tor ohe place, and
was successful. In 1766 he removed
from Yorkshire to Bath, where he was
chosen organist at the Octagon chapel,
and leader of the orchestra at the public
rooms. Although enthusiastically fond
of music, he had for some time devoted
his leisure hours to the study of math-
ematics and astronomy; and, in 1779,
having constructed a telescope, and
begun a regular survey of the heavens,
star by star, he discovered, March 13th,
1781, a new primary planet, which he
named the Georgium Sidus, in honor of
George the Third. The same year he
was elected a fellow of the Royal Society,
and had the gold medal awarded him for
his discovery. After a long series of
arduous and valuable labors, in 1802 he
laid before the Royal Society a catalogue
of 5000 new nebulae, nebulous stars,
planetary nebulae, and clusters of stars,
which he had discovered'. He continued
his astronomical observations till within
a few years of his death, which took
place in 1822,— Carolixe Lucretia, sis-
ter of the above, and, like him, distin-
guished for her zeal in astronomical pur-
suits, was b. at Hanover, 1750. Having
joined her brother at Bath, in 1771, she
voluntarily undertook the arduous duties
of his astronomical assistant, not only
acting as his amanuensis, but executing
the laborious numerical calculations ne-
cessary to render his discoveries avail-
able to science, and laboring in the cause
of astronomy with an ardor and activity
which neither the fiitigue of the body,
nor the inclemencies of the season, could
exhaust. Her own observations were so
numerous and important, that the Royal
Society published them in one volume ;
and her " Zone Catalogue" was honored,
in 1828, with the gold medal of the Lon-
don Astronomical Society, of which she
was also elected an honorary member.
D. 1848.
HERVEY, James, an English divine,
was b. in 1714, at Hardingstone, near
Northampton ; and eventually succeeded
his father, as rector of Weston Favell
and Collingtree. His chief writings are,
" Meditations and Contemplations,"
"Remarks on Lord Bolingbroke's Let-
ters on the Study and Use of History,"
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
495
and "Theron and Aapasia; or, a Se-
ries of Dialogues and Letters on the
most important Subjects." D. 1758. —
John, Lord, second son of John, first
earl of Bristol, was b. 1694. In 1720
he married Miss Lepell, so well known
in Pope's letters and verses ; in 1723
he succeeded to the title of Lord Her-
vey by the death of his elder brother ;
and in 1725 became member for Bury,
when he attached himself to Sir Kobert
Walpole's party in opposition to Pulte-
ney's, and was made vice-chamberlain
in 1730, wliich he retained by court in-
ftuence till 1740, when he became lord
privy seal. From an early age, Lord
Ilervey took an active part in the liter-
ary and political contests of the day.
His pamphlets in answer to the' " Crafts-
man" involved him in a duel with Pul-
teney ; his quarrel with Pope, which
extended over many years, gave rise to
some of the bitterest satirical sketches
ever penned ; and he carried on an ac-
tive correspondence with Dr. Middleton
regarding the mode of electing the Eo-
man senate. His " Memoirs of the
Reign of George II. from his Accession
to the Death of Queen Caroline," after
slumbering for a century in the chests
of Ickworth, were publislied in 1848,
with an interesting account of th(3 author
by John Wilson Croker. D. 1743.
HESIOD, a very ancient Greek poet,
but whether a cotemporary with, or
older or younger than, Homer is not
agreed among the learned. The "The-
ogony" and " Works and Days" are the
only undoubted pieces of this poet now
extant.
HEWSON, William, a celebrated
anatomist and physiologist, was the son
of a surgeon at Hexham, in Northum-
berland, where he was b. in 1739. In
1771 he obtained the Copleyan medal
from the Eoyal Society, for nis discov-
eries of the lymphatic syste:?\ in birds
and fishes, and was elected a fellow of
that learned body. He also published
" Experimental Inquiries into the Prop-
erties of the Blood." D. 1774.
HEYLIN, Peter, an English divine,
was b. at Burford, in Oxfordshire, in
1600. In 1631 he published his " His-
tory of St. George," for which the king
gave him the rectory of Hemmiugford,
in Huntingdonshire, and a prebend of
Westminster, to which was added the
living of Houghton, in the bishopric of
Durham. Other church preferment fol-
lowed. He published a weekly paper,
called " Mercurius AuUcus." . His other
productions are, " Cosmography," " A
Help to English History," the " Life of
Charles I.," a " History of the Reforma-
tion," &c. D. 1662.
HEYNE, Christian Gottlob, a di.»-
tinguished scholar, was a native of
Chemnitz, in Saxony, whither his father,
a poor linen weaver, had fled from
Gravenschutz, in Silesia, on account of
religious persecution. Though destitute
and obscure, he acquired a remarkable
acquaintance with the ancient languages,
and succeeded Gesner as professor of
eloquence at Gottingen, where he was
soon after appointed first librarian and
counsellor. By his editions and com-
mentaries on classic authors, Heyne has
deserved the reputation of being one of
the most distinguished luminaries of the
hterary world. D.'l812, aired 82.
HEY WOOD, John, one of the earliest
of the English dramatic poets, was b. at
North Mims, in Hertfordshire, and edu-
cated at Oxford ; after which he became,
through Sir Thomas More, a great favor-
ite with Henry VIII. He also continued
in the court of Edward VI., and was
much in the confidence of Queen Mary;
on whose death, being a Eoman Catho-
lic, he went abroad, and d. at Mechlin,
in Brabant, 1565. He wrote " The Par-
able of the Spider and Fly," a volumi-
nous poem. His other works are, a
" Dialogue of Proverbs," and sevei'al
plays. — Thomas, a dramatic writer and
actor in the reigns of Elizabeth, James
I., and Charles I. He is said to have
been a most voluminous author, having
written no less than 220 plays, of which
only 24 are extant. He also wrote " The
Actor's Vindication," " The Hierarchy
of the Angels," a "Life of MerUn,"
" Life of Queen Elizabeth," •' Lives of
the Nine Worthies," &c.' Neither the
date of his birth nor that of his death
are on record.
HICKES, Geokge, an eminent divine
and learned antiquary of the 17th centu-
ry, was b. at Newsham, in Yorkshire,
in 1642. Dr. Hickes was a profound
scholar, particularly in Saxon lore ; but
in theological matters the violence of
his prejudices sometimes obscured his
judgment. His greatest work is en-
titled "Thesaurus Grammatico-Criticus
et Archseologicus Linguarum veterum
Septentrionalium." D. 1715.
HIDALGO Y COSTILLA, Don Mig-
uel, a Spanish priest, who distinguished
himself in promoting the war of inde-
pendence in Mexico, which commenced
m 1809. He was at that time curate of
Dolores, and possessed great influence
over the Indians aid Creoles. After
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CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT.
[hil
raising the standard of independence, he
was joined by AUende and a consider-
able body of insurgents ; upon which he
threw oif his clerical robes, and assumed
the uniform and rank of generalissimo.
At first he obtained great success ; but
he ultimately fell intD the hands of the
royalists, and was executed in July,
1811.
HIGGONS, Bevil, a dramatic poet
and historian. His principal works are,
a tragedy called "The Generous Con-
Sieror," and a " Short View of the En-
ish History." He accompanied James
[. to France, where he d. m 1735.
HIGHMOKE, Joseph, a portrait and
historical painter, b. in London, 1692.
Among his best paintings.is, "Hagar and
Ishmael," in the Foundling Hospital.
He distinguished himself also as an au-
thor. D. 1780. — Nathaniel, an Englisli
anatomist, was b. at Fordingbridge, in
Hampshire. He wrote "Corporis hu-
mani Disquisitio Anatomica;," and other
medical works. The cavity called the
Antrum Highmoriauum, in the superior
maxilla, takes its name from him. B.
1613 : d. 1684.
HILL, Sir John, a voluminous wri-
ter, was b. in 1716, at Peterborough.
He was brought up as an apothecarj^,
and practised as a physician ; wrote nu-
merous books with great rapidity, and
was the inventor of several lucrative
quack medicines. Under the auspices
of the earl of Bute he published a " Sys-
tem of Botany," and on presenting a
copy of it to the king of Sweden, was
invested with an order of knighthood.
He also published a supplement to
Chamber's " Cyclopaedia," " Essays on
Natural I'istory and Philosophy," con-
ducted a periodical called " The Inspec-
tor," and wrote several novels, farces,
&c. He was a constant attendant on
every place of public amusement ; and,
being a satirical " busybody," was often
involved in quarrels with the wits of the
day. On one of these occasions he was
characteristically hit off by Garrick in
the following epigrammatic couplet : —
" For ^jhysic and farces liis rival there Si-arce is ;
His hu-'crs are physic, his physis a farce is."
— ^Rowland, the venerable minister of
Surrey chapel, wa« b. at Hawkstone,
near Shrewsbury, in 1744. At the time
he quitted the university the celebrated
George Whitefield was in the zenith of
his popularity ; ^.nd so congenial to his
nature was that extraordinary preach-
er's manner and doctrine, that he quick-
ly adopted both, and became his zealous
disoiple, prosecuting liis favorite plan of
itinerancy, preaching in the streets of
Bristol, on the quays, or among the col-
liers at Kingswood; wherever, in fact,
he could gain an audience ; but resu-
ming, at stated periods, the services of
the London and Bristol tabernacles. In
1783 the building of Surrey chapel was
completed; and from that time to the
period of liis death, an interval of 50
years, he continued to pass his winters
in town for the purpose of officiating
there, liis place being supplied during
the summer months by a succession of
popular ministers from tlie country.
His writings are very numerous, the
?rincipal of which is entitled " Village
)ialogues." But he was not sparing of
wit, humor, or sarcasm, whenever he
could make either subservient to his
purpose, as was strikingly seen in a
satirical pamphlet against the ministers
of the established church, which he
published anonymously, under the title
of " Spiritual Characteristics, by an Old
Observer." D. 1833, aged 88.— Robert,
a self-taught genius of extraordinary
merit, was b. in Hertfordshire, in 1699,
and bred a tailor and staymaker. By
indefatigable application he acquired a
sufficient knowledge of the Latin, Greek,
ana Hebrew languages, to be able to
teach them. He d. at Buckingham, in
1777. He wrote "Remarks on the Es-
say on Spirit," "The Character of a
Jew," and " Criticisms on Job."
HILLHOUSE, James A., a distin-
guished poet, b. at New Haven, Conn.,
where he passed most of his life. His
chief productions were " Hadad," a
scriptural drama; "Percy's Mask;"
" Sachem's Wood," and several spirited
miscellaneous pieces. He also wrote
considerably in prose, but no sustained
or continuous work. D. 1846.
HILLIARD, Nicholas, a portrait
painter, was b. in 1547, at Exeter. He
imitated the style of Hans Holbein, and
became goldsmith, carver, and painter
to Queen Elizabeth. Among his best
works are the portraits of Elizabeth and
Mary, queen of Scots. D. 1619.
HILLTON, Walter, a Carthusian
monk of the monastery of Sheen, in
the 15th century ; author of " The Scale
or Ladder of Perfection," and to whom
also has been erroneously attributed
the celebrated book "De Imitations
Christi," written by Thomas a-Kempis,
or by Gerson.
HILTON, William, an eminent En-
glish artist. On the death of the great,
though eccentric, Fuseli, Mr. Filton
succeeded him as keeper of the Royal
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CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
497
Academy, and in that important ofiBce
he ably and indefatijrably directed and
aided the stxidents. ""B. 1787 ; d. 1840.
HIPPAECHUS, the most eminent
among tlie ancient astronomers, was a
native of Nica^a, in Bithynia, and flour-
ished about a century and a half before
the Christian era. He resided some
time in the island of Rhodes, whence
he has derived the appellation of Rho-
dius ; but he afterwards went to Alex-
andria, at that time tlie great school of
science. He has been styled the patri-
arch of astronomy, and was certainly
the first who treated the sublime science
in a philosophic manner. He discovered
the precession of the equinoxes, calcula-
ted the eclipses, determined the revolu-
tions and mean motions of the planets,
invented. the stereographical method of
projection, numbered and catalogued
the fixed stars, and, in short, by his
labors, were laid the solid foundations
of geographical and trigonometrical sci-
ence.
HIPPIAS, prince of Athens, was the
son of Pisistratus, at whose death he
assumed the government, in conjunc-
tion with his brother Hipparchus ; but
the latter being assassinated by a band
of conspirators, while conducting a sol-
emn procession to the temple of Miner-
va, Hippias immediately seized the reins
of government, and revenged the death
of his brother by putting to death all
of whom he entertained the least sus-
picion.
HIPPOCEATES, the most eminent
of the Greek physicians, and deservedly
styled the father of medical science, was
b. in the isle of Cos, 460 b. c, and d. 361
B. c. His memory is stDl venerated in
his native island, and the inhabitants
show with pride a house in which they
say he resided. — Of Chios, a celebrated
geometrician, who lived about 500 b. c,
and discovered the quadrature of the
lunula, which bears his name.
HIPPOLYTUS, St., a Christian bish-
op, who suffered in the persecution of
Alexander Severus, a. d. 230. His works
in Greek and Latin were printed by Fa-
brieius, 1716.
HIPPONAX, a satiric poet, of Ephe-
8U8, who lived about 450 b. c, and was
cotemporary with Anacreon.
HOADLY, Benjamin, a celebrated
prelate, was b. at Westerham, in Kent,
ui 1676. He soon distinguished him-
self as a champion of freedom, in
his controversy with Calamy and Atter-
bury ; and was recommended by the
House of commons to Queen Anne, who
42*
promised him preferment, but which he
did not obtain from her. On the acces-
sion of George I., he was made bishop
of Bangor ; and soon afterwards trans-
lated to' Hereford. In 1723 he obtained
the bishopric of Salisbury, and in 1734
he became bishop of "Winchester. D.
1761. — Benjamin, eldest son of the pre-
ceding, was physician to George II. and
Frederic, prince of Wales. He pub-
lished some medical and philosophical
pieces ; but he is best known as the
author of " The Suspicious Husband,"
a comedy. B. 1706 ; d. 1757.
HO ARE, Sir Eichaed Colt, an emi- «
nent local historian and topographer,
was the eldest son of Sir Eichard Iloare,
the first baronet, and b. in 1758. In
1818 he printed for private circulation
among his friends, his " Eecollections
of a Classical Tour." Various treatises
on antiquarian and other kindred sub-
jects occasionally came from his pen;
but his great work, on which he be-
stowed the utmost care and attention,
and which entitles him to a distin-
guished place in the first rank of topo-
graphical historians, is the "Ancient
and Modem History of Wiltshire,"
which at the time of his death was not
quite complete. D. 1838.
HOBAkT, .John Henry, was b. in
Philadelphia on the 14th of September,
1775. He was educated at the college
in Princeton, New Jersey, and was
noted in early life for his industry and
proficiency in his studies. On leaving
this institution he was engaged a short
time in mercantile pursuits, was subse-
quently a tutor at Nassau hall, and after
two years' service in this capacity he
determined upon the study of theology.
In 1798 he was admitted into orders,
and was first settled in the two churches
at Perkiomen, near Philadelphia, but
soon after accepted a call to Christ
church. New Brunswick. In about a
year he removed from this place to
become an assistant minister of the
largest spiritual cure in the country,
comprising three associated congrega-
tions in the city of New York. In 1811
he was elected assistant bishop, and in
1816 became diocesan of New York,
and in performing the severe duties of
the office, his labors were indefatigable.
From 1818 to 1823 he was employed in
editing the American edition of Maht
and l5'0yley's bible, with notes. In
September, 1823, the state of his health
required a visit to Europe, where he
remained about two years. He d. in
1830. He was incessantly active in
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[hop
performing his reliffious offices, and
made several va uable compilations for
the use of the church.
HOBBES, Thomas, a celebrated phi-
losopher and political writer, was b. in
1588, at Malmesbury, Wilts ; was edu-
cated at Magdalen hall, Oxford ; and in
1608 became tutor to a son of the earl
of Devonshire. On the death of his
patron and pupil, he became travelling
tutor to a young gentleman ; but the
countess dowager of Devonshire re-
called him into her family, to take upon
him the education of the young earl.
•In 1628 he attended the earl on his
travels, and at Pisa contracted an inti-
macy with Galileo. In 1642 he printed
his book, " De Give," which procured
him many enemies by its dangerous
principles. Soon after this he was ap-
pointed mathematical tutor to the prince
of Wales. In 1650 appeared, in English,
his work on " Human Nature ;" and
one, "De Corpore Politico, or the
Elements of Law." The next year he
published his still more famous and
obnoxious book, entitled "Leviathan."
At the restoration he received a pen-
sion ; but in 1665 the parliament passed
a censure on his writings, which greatly
alarmed him. Besides the works which
we have enumerated above, he pub-
lished " De Mirabilibus Pecci, or the
Wonders of the Peak," a poem ; a
translation of Homer; "Elements of
Philosophy," a " Letter on Liberty and
Necessity,*'' " Six Lessons to the Pro-
fessors of the Mathematics," &c. The
latter years of his life were spent at
Chatsworth, the seat of the earl of Dev-
onshire, where he d. 1679.
HOBBIMA, MiNDERHOUT, an eminent
Dutch landscape painter, b. at Antwerp,
in 1611. His pieo-=» are remarkable for
the grace and beauty of their execution,
and being rare, are now very valuable.
HOCHE, Lazarus, an eminent French
general, was b. in 1768, at Montreuil,
near Versailles, where his father was an
hostler. In 1785 he entered the army ;
was made a corporal of grenadiers, and
having passed with applause through
the intermediate gradations of rank,
frequently distinguishing himself l\v
acts of bravery, he was raised in 1793,
to the command of the army of the
Moselle, where he had to contend with
the duke of Brunswick, and was several
times beaten. Ho, however, succeeded
better when engaged with the Aus-
trians, whom he drove out of Alsaoe,
In 1795 he was placed at the head of the
republican amiy in La Vendee. In this
important and difficult station he ac-
quitted himself well, and succeeded in
defeating the emigrants at Quiberon.
and in inducing the royalists to yield
obedience to the government. After
having been sent, in the winter of 1796,
as commander of the troops in the ex-
pedition to Ireland, and from which he
returned in disgrace, he was appointed
to the command of the army of the Sam-
bre and Meuse, and had already gained
considerable advantages when his career
was stopped by the armistice between
Prince Charles and Bonaparte. D. 1797.
HOFER, Andrew, a patriotic leader
of the Tyrolese, was b. m 1765, at Pas-
sayer ; and when he grew up, he kept
an inn there, and dealt in corn, wine,
and cattle. By the treaty of Presburg.
the Tyrol was transferred to the king or
Bavaria; but the war being rekindled
in 1809, the inhabitants rose in a mass
to drive out the Bavarians, and again
place themselves under the dominion
of Austria. The riches and influence
of Hofer, his athletic form and decided
character, all combined to induce the
insurgents to elect him their chief.
Every thing prospered under his direc-
tion. Almost the whole country was
conquered, and 8000 of the best troops
of Bavaria were made prisoners by the
peasants. Hofer now appeared upon
the Brenner, and became the idol of the
Tyrolese. He was preparing to restore
to the closely blockaded and suffering
Tyrol a communication with the inte-
rior of the imperial states, when the
battle of Wagram was succeeded by the
armistice of Znaim, the terms of which
required that the Austrians should
abandon the Tyrol and Voralberg to the
vengeance of the enemy. The gallant
Hofer concealed himself in a cave, but
soon issued from his retreat, and drove
the French invaders out of the country.
At length, however, the tide of victory
turned; and although they maintained
a glorious struggle, and gained many
splendid victories, the Tyrolese were
subjugated, and Hofer being discovered,
ho was tried by a court-martial at Man-
tua, and shot, Feb. 20, 1810. After his
death he was revered by his country-
men as a martyr, his family were in-
demnified for the loss of their property
by the emperor of Austria, ana his son
was ennobled bv him,
HOFFMAN 6r HOFFMANN. There
were several Germans of this name dis-
tinguished for their medical knowledge.
•—Maurioe, an anatomist, botanist, and
physician ; b, in 1621, at FurstenwaLle,
hoq}
CYCtOP^DlA OP BlOGRAPHr.
499
in Bradenburg ; settled in Altorf, where
he held the professorships of anatomy,
botany, and physic ; was tHfe discoverer
of the pancreatic duct; and d. in 1698.
He, as well as his son, John Maukice.
wrote several works on various medical
subjects. — Frederic, the most celebrated
of the name, was b. in 1663, at Halle, in
Saxony, where his father was also an
eminent physician. He studied and
lectured at Jena, and afterwards prac-
tised at Minden. In 1684 he visited
England, and formed an acquaintance
with Boyle and other men of science.
On the estabhshment of the university
of HaUe, he was appointed primary pro-
fessor of medicine and natural philoso-
phy; and thrice held the situation of
rector. His reputation being now fully
estabhshed, ana his fame widelv spread,
he was elected a member ol various
scientific associations in London, Berlin,
and Petersburg; and appointed phy-
sician to the king of Prussia, who gave
him the title of archiater and aulic
counsellor, with a liberal salary. His
works are very numerous ; tlie most
important being his "Systema Medi-
cinse Rationalis" and " Medicina Con-
sultatoria." It has been remarked of
him, that as a theorist his su^fgestions
were of great value, and contributed to
introduce that revolution in the science
of pathology, which subsequent obser-
vation has extended and confirmed. D.
1742. — Caspar, another German physi-
cian, was a native of Gotha ; wrote
several medical works, became professor
of the theory of medicine at Altorf, and
d. there in 1648. — Christopher Lewis,
also a physician, was b. in 1721, at
Kheda, in Westphalia. He distinguished
himself as a professional writer, and
formed a new system of medicine, by
combining the humoral and nervous
pathology ; assuming as the basis of his
system, the sensibility and irritability
of the solids, and the corruption of the
humors as the principle of irritation.
He was successively physician to the
bishop of Munster and the electors of
Cologne and Mentz. D. 1807. — Ernest
Theodore William, a German of varied
talents, was b. at Konigsberg, in 1776.
He studied the law, and held various
iudicial appointments in Prussia ; till his
legal career was interrupted by the in-
vai*ion of Warsaw by the French in
1806, in the government of which city
he had l^een appointed counsellor.
Having devoted his leisure hours to the
study of music, and being at the same
time a romance writer and an artist, ho
applied himself to these pnrsnits in
order "lo obtain a livelihood. He pos-
sessed much imagination and talent;
but he was an intemperate liver, and
suffered much from hypochondriacism.
Among his works are, " The Devil's
Elixir,^' "The Entail," "The Adver-
sary," &c. ; all displaying a singularly
wild and romantic imagination. In 1816
he was reinstated as counsellor in the
court of judicature in Berlin, and d. in
1822
HOFLAND, Barbara, (widow of Mr.
T. C, HoFLAND, landscape painter, who
d. in 1843,) well known by her numerous
works, written principally for the amuse-
ment and instruction of youth, was the
daughter of a manufacturer at Sheffield,
named Wreaks, where she was b. in the
year 1770. She commenced her literary
career in 1805, by the publication of a
volume of poems, by subscription ; from
the proceeds of which she established
herself in a school at Harrowgate, at the
same time appearing occasionally as a
writer of moral and amusing tales.
Among the more important of her
works are " Emily," a novel ; " Bea-
trice," "The Unloved One," "The Son
of a Genius," " Tales of the Priory,"
" Self-denial," " The Merchant's Wid-
ow," " Decision," &c. D. 1814.
HOGAETH, William, a truly great
and original painter of life and manners,
was b. in London, in 1698, and bound
apprentice to an engraver of arms on
silver plate. About 1720 he set up for
himself, and his first employment was
to engrave coats of arms and shop bills.
He next undertook to execute plates for
booksellers, the chief of whicli are the
prints to Hudibras. His first perform-
ance as a painter was a representation
of ^ Wanstead Assembly, the portraits
being taken from life. In 17-30 he mar-
ried a daughter of Sir James Thornhill ;
shortly after which he embellished the
gardens of Vauxhall with some excellent
paintings, for which the propietor com-
plimented him with a perpetual ticket
of admission. In 1733 appeared his
" Harlot's Progress," prints which
stamped his reputation, and were fol-
lowea by other moral histories and sa-
tirical representations of vice and folly,
such as "The Rake's Progress," "Mar-
riage-a-la-Mode," " Industry and Idle-
ness," &c., all admirably executed. Soon
after the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle he
went to France, and while at Calais
began to sketch a drawing of the gate
of the town, for which he was taken up,
but was soon released. On his return
500
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[hol
he commemorated the affair in his ex-
cellent print, " the Eoast Beef of Old
England." In 1753 he published his
" Analysis of Beauty," in which he was
assisted by Dr. Hoadly. In 1757 he be-
came sergeant-painter to the king ; but
though he had arrived at wealth and
eminence, yet, from being destitute of
the advantages of a liberal education, he
was inordinately vain of his talents, and
affected to despise every kind of knowl-
edge which he did not possess. He
was also remarkably absent, of which
the following is an instance : On setting
up his carriage he paid a visit to the
lord mayor, and having protracted his
stay till a heavy shower came on, he
was let out by a different door from
that by which he entered, and unmind-
ful of his carriage, he set off on foot,
got home wet to the skin, and when
asked where he had left the carriage,
said that he had forgotten it. D. 1762.
HOGG, James, (the Ettrick Shepherd,)
a native of Scotland, was b. January 25,
1782, the anniversary of the natal day
of Burns. His humble occupation, like
that of his ancestors, " time out of
mind," was that of a shepherd ; nor had
he, as he avers, even been more than
half a year at school. At the age of 18,
however, he began to amuse himself in
stringing rustic rhymes together; and
he continued to tend his sheep, and to
write verses, until it was his good for-
tune to be noticed by Sir Walter Scott,
(who had seen some of his poetical ef-
forts,) which induced him to attempt
something of a more decided character.
He produced an " Essay on Sheep,"
which won for him the premium given
by the Highland Society ; and which,
added to the success of a volume of
ballads he had shortly before published,
under the title of " The Mountain Bard,"
led him to hope for future fame and
profit. He soon afterwards produced
his " Forest Minstrel," which gained
him but little in either sense ; and it
was owing to the kindness of Scott and
Grieve, that his pecuniary difficulties
were relieved. It was not until the
publication of the " Queen's Wake"
that his fame was established ; but from
that time he was considered as a some-
what popular author. His publications
are numerous ; and he contributed to
some of the Edinburgh periodicals of
the highest literary character. In fact,
it was from the repeated mention of
" the Shepherd" in the " Noctes" of
Blackwood, that his name attained its
chief celebrity. He continued the friend
and companion of Sir Walter Scott until
the decease of the latter. D. 1835.
HOHENLOHE, Alexander Leopold,
prince of, bishop of Sardica, celebrated
for the numerous miraculous cures
which credulity has attributed to him,
was b. at Kupferzell, 1794. Destined
from his infemcy for the church, he
passed through his educational course
at Vienna, Berne, and Ellwangen ; in
1816 he entered into holy orders at
Olmiitz ; and after a journey to Kome,
where he lived chiefly with the Jesuits,
he discharged ecclesiastical duties at
Bamberg and Munich, to the satisfaction
of all the members of his church. In
1820, having been struck with the cures
which the prayers of*a Badenese peasant,
Martin Michel by name, were said to
have effected on many distinguished
invalids, Prince Hohenlohe was induced
to have recourse to similar means ; and
having healed some nervous patients,
he was soon surrounded by a host of
invalids, eager to test the spiritual pow-
ers of one whose fame had been noised
abroad as having effected cures which
had baffled all ordinary medical skill.
As in most similar cases, rumor was far
in advance of the truth ; but the prince
was the dupe of his own credulity ; and
it was not until a thorough exposure of
the whole proceedings was given to the
world by the burgomaster of Bamberg,
that he abandoned his supernatural
pretensions. He wrote several tracts
and sermons, and d. at Gross waradin,
in Hungary, 1849.
HOLBACH, Paul Thierry, Baron
von, a distinguished natural philoso-
pher, was b. at Heidelsheim, in the
Palatinate, 1723. His house was long
the centre of attraction to all the savans
of Paris ; he contributed to the Ency-
clopedic numerous articles on natural
history, politics, and philosophy ; and
few men have left behind them more
enduring memorials of taste, skill, and
ability. D. 1789.
HOLBEIN, Hans, or John, an emi-
nent painter, was b. at Basle, in 1498,
and learned the elements of his art from
his father, whom he soon excelled. His
talents procured him the friendship of
Erasmus, for whose " Praise of Folly."
he drew several whimsical designs. At
the recommendation of Erasmus he
went to England, and was employed
first by Sir Thomas More, who intro-
duced him to Henry VIII. He now
rose to the zenith of fortune in that
monarch's court, and painted a vast
number of portraits, which are still con-
HOX.]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
501
sidered masterpieces of art. Some of
his earlier productions, especially his
" Dance of Death," are also very cele-
brated ; and he was no mean proficient
in the art of wood-engraving, many of
his historical paintings having been
executed by him in a highly graphic
style. D. of the plague in 1554.
HOLBEKG, LoTJis, baron of, a popu-
lar Danish writer, was b. at Bergen, in
Norway, in 1684. His father had raised
himself, by a bold achievement, from
the ranks to the office of colonel, but
took little care in forming the mind and
character of his son, who struggled with
great difficulties in acquiring learning.
y reading the accounts of travellers, he
became desirous of visiting other coun-
tries ; and though straitened in circum-
stances, he travelled in England, Hol-
land, France, and Italy ; and, on his
return to his native country, raised
himself to fame, fortune, and rank, by
his literary talents. He laid the foun-
dation of his fame by a comic-heroic
poem, or national satire, called "Peder
Paars." He also wrote numerous dramas,
romances, fables, and epigrams, all of
which abound with wit, humor, and
originality. His other works consist of
" The Subterraneous Travels of Nicho-
las Klimm," an " Universal History,"
" Parallel Lives of Illustrious Men and
Women," a " History of Denmark," &c.
D. 1754.
HOLCEOFT, Thomas, a dramatist,
novelist, and miscellaneous writer, was
the son of a London tradesman, and b.
in 1774. He at first followed his father's
trade, (that of a shoemaker,) then be-
came an actor, and finally directed his
talents to literary pursuits. It was as a
dramatist that he first essayed his pow-
ers; and, between 1778 and 1806, he
produced more than thirty pieces, several
of which were successful, and some still
retain possession of the stage, among
which is the " Koad to Kuin." On the
breaking out of the French revolution,
Holcroft rendered himself obnoxious as
a strenuous supporter of liberal princi-
ples, and was accused of high treason in
1794, on which he surrendered himself;
but, owing to his companions. Hardy,
Home Tooke, and Thelwall, being ac-
quitted, he was not brought to trial.
Among his productions are, "A Tour
in Germany and France," several novels,
and numerous translations from the Ger-
man and French. D. 1809.
HOLDSWORTH, Edward, an elegant
writer, was b. 1688, at North Stoneham,
in Hampshire, of which parish his father
was rector. He was the author of " Mus-
cipula," a Latin poem, written with clas-
sical purity ; also of a dissertation, enti-
tled " Pharsalia and Philippi, or the Two
Philippi in Virgil's Georgics explained."
D. 1748.
HOLINSHED, or HOLINGSHED,
Eaphael, an English chronicler, of the
Elizabethan age. He is said to have
been descended from a respectable fam-
ily in Cheshire ; and from his own will
it appears, that in the latter part of his
life he was a steward to Thomas Bur-
det, esq., of Bromcote, Warwickshire.
The "Chronicles of Holinshed" were
first published in 1577 ; and prefixed to
them is one of the most curious and
interesting memorials existing of the
manners and domestic history of the
English in the 16th century. D. 1582.
HOLLAND, Henet Eichaed Vassax,,
Lord, was the only son of Stephen,
second Lord Holland, elder brother of
the Eight Hon. Charles James Fox.
During his parliamentary career he was
the uncompromising advocate of the
Catholic claims ; a zealous promoter of
every endeavor to soften the asperities
of the law ; and an assertor of popular
rights in the most extensive sense of
the term. When the Whig party came
into power in 1830, he became a cabinet
minister, and chancellor of the duchy
of Lancaster. During his lifetime, Hol-
land house, presided over by Lady Hol-
land, who died, 1845, was the most
renowned temple of wit and hospitality
of which England could boast. Lord
Holland left behind him some interest-
ing "Foreign Eeminiscences," which
were published in 1850. D. 1840.
HOLLAE, Wenceslatts, an eminent
Bohemian engraver, was b. at Prague,
1617. He was brought tn England in
1636, by the earl of Arundel, on his re-
turn from the embassy to Vienna ; and,
in 1640, he was appointed drawing-mas-
ter to the prince of Wales and the duke
of York. His " Ornatus Muliebris An-
glieanus" is held in high estimation, as
portraying, with great correctness, the
fair sex, of all classes, in the 17th cen-
tury.
HOLLES, Denzil, Lord, one of the
five members of the long parliament
who were demanded by King Charles I.
when he went to the house of commons.
At the restoration he was advanced to
the peerage ; in 1663 he was sent am-
bassador to France, and in 1667 was one
of the English plenipotentiaries at Breda.
Notwithstanding these emplryments, he
remained a zealous friend to liberty;
502
CYCLOP-^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[hol
and when the politics of the reign tended
to make the king absolute, Lord Holies
was a conspicuous leader of the opposi-
tion. D. 1680.
HOLLEY, IIoKAOE, a celebrated pul-
pit orator, was b. in Connecticut, 1781,
and graduated at Yale college in 1799.
On leaving this institution he began the
studv of the law, which he soon relin-
quished for divinity, and in 1805 was
ordained to the pastoral charge of
Greenfield hill. Conn. In 1809 he was
installed over the society in HolUs-street,
Boston, where he remained for ten years,
when he accepted an invitation to be-
come president of Transylvania univer-
sity, in Kentucky. In this situation he
continued tUl 1827, when he died on his
Sissage from New Orleans to New York,
is sermons were generally extempora-
neous, and were distinguished for power
and eloquence.
HOLmAN, Joseph George, a drama-
tist and actor, was a native of London,
and intended for the church; but in
1784 he made his debut at Covent-gar-
den theatre. He afterwards came to
America, and became manager 'of
Charleston theatre. Among his dra-
matic productions, are the "Votary of
Wealth," a comedy; "Bed Cross
Knights," " Abroad and at Home,"
&c. His death was remarkable and
melancholy, taking place together with
that of his second wife, two days after
their marriage, by yellow fever, in 1817.
HOLMES, Abiel, a divine and author,
was b. in Woodstock, Conn., 1768;
graduated at Yale college, 1783; from
November, 1785, to June, 1791, was
pastor of a Congregational church at
Midway, Geo^ and in 1792 he became
pastor of the First church in Cambridge,
Mass., where he remained the rest of
his life. His most considerable literary
productiou, entitled "The Annals of
America," is one of the most valuable
historical publications that has been
written in this country. D. 1837.
HOLT, Fkanois Ludlow, queen's
counsel, and for 22 years vice-chancel-
lor of tne county palatine of Lancaster,
was called to the bar in 1809, and in
1831 rose to the rank of a king's counsel.
He was the author of several legal works
on the law of libel, shipping and navi-
gation laws, the bankrupt laws, reports
of cases at nisi prius, &c. He also wrote
one or two dramatic pieces ; and was for
many years the principal editor of
" Bell's Weekly Messenger." D.1844.—
Sir John, an eminent English judge,
oeiebrated for firmness, integrity, ana
great legal knowledge, was b. at Thame,
Oxfordshire, 1642. He filled the office
of recorder of London for about a year
and a half, when his uncompromising
opposition to the abolition ot the Test
Act caused him to lose his situation.
Becoming a member of the lower house,
he distinguished himself so much by his
exertions ^d talents in what is called
the " convention parliament," that on
King William's accession he was matlo
lord chief justice of the King's Bench.
On the removal of Lord Somers, in 1700,
he was offered the chancellorship; but
he refused it. D. 1709.
HOLTY, Louis Henry Christopher, a
German poet, excelling particularly in
lyrical and elegiac compositions, was b.
at Mariensee, 1748. He was of a mild
and pensive disposition, pursued his
studies beyond his natural strength,
and prematurely d. at Gottingen, 1775.
HOLYOAKE, Francis, a learned lex-
icographer, was b. in Warwickshire,
about 1567, and d. 1653. His " Etymo-
logical Dictionary of Latin Words" was
first printed in 1606. — •Thomas, his son,
was doctor in divinity, and d. in 1675.
During the civil wars he commanded a
troop of horse in the king's service, al-
though in holy orders, and on the failure
of the royal cause he practised medicine
for a subsistence ; but at the restoration
he resumed his ecclesiastical functions,
and obtained church preferment. Ho
enlarged his father's dictionary, which
was published in 1677.
HOLYOKE, Edward Augustus, an
American physician, b. in Essex county,
Mass., in 1728. He graduated at Har-
vard college, and in 1749 began to prac-
tise at Salem ; was upwards of 100 years
old when he died, yet it is said he was
never in his life so far as 50 miles from
the spot where he was born. Evdii atTter
ho had attained ois 100th year he took
interest in the investigation of medical
subjects, and wrote letters which show
that his understanding was still clear
and strong. Dr. Holyoke was a good
anatomist; was versed in natural phi^
losophy and astronomy ; and regularly
recorded his meteorological observations
daily for 80 years. D. 1829.
liOLYWOOD, John, or, according to
his Latinized appellation, De Saorobos-
co, was an English mathematician and
divine, b. at Halifax, in Yorkshire. Af-
ter receiving his education at Oxford, he
went to Paris, where he taught math-
ematics, and d. in 1256. He wrote " De
Sphaera Mundi," "De Anni Katione,"
and " De Algorismo."
Hon]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
503
HOME, David, a Scotch divine, who
was employed by James I. to bring the
Protestants of Europe into one confes-
sion. He wrote "Apologia Basilica,
seu Machiavelli Ingenium Examina-
tum," " L'Assassinat du Roi," &c. — Sir
EvEBAKD, an eminent surgeon, was the
son of Robert Home, esq., of Greenlaw
oastle, in the county of Berwick ; and
was brought up to the profession under
his brother-in-law, the celebrated John
Hunter. For a period of more than 40
years he practised with great success in
London ; and during that time he pro-
duced numerous medical works, which
are held in hdgh repute. He was ser-
geant-surgeon to the kingj surgeon to
Chelsea hospital, vice-president of the
. Koyal Society, president of the Eoyal
. College of Surgeons, and was created a
baronet in 1813. Among his works are,
"Lectures on Comparative Anatomy,"
and "Practical Observations" on a vari-
ety of diseases, consisting of several
volumes ; besides numerous valuable
contributions to the " Philosophical
.Transactions," &c. B. 1756; d. 1832.
., — Henry, Lord Kames, a Scottish judge
*,and eminent writer, b. in the year 1696.
. Mr. Home's success at the bar was not
great, till his abilities were known by
the publication of his "Remarkable De-
cisions of the Court of Session, from 1716
to 1718," which happened in 1728.
, From that period he practised, with
much respectability and success, till the
year 1752, when he was called to the
bench. Eleven years afterwards he was
appointed one of" the lords of justiciary.
Independent of various judicial works,
he wrote "Essays concerning British
Antiquities," "Essays on the PHnciples
of Morality and Natural Rehgion," "An
Introduction to the Art of Thinking "
and "Elements of Criticism." Notn-
ing further came from his pen till 1772,
when "The Gentleman Farmer" made
its appearance ; and, the following year,
" Sketches of the History of Man." The
last work he published was " Loose
Hints upon Education, chiefly concern-
vig the Culture of the Heart." D. 1782.
—John, the author of the popular tra-
gedy of "Douglas," was o. near An-
crum, Roxburghshire, in 1724, and
educated for the church : but in the re-
bellion of 1745 he entered into the royal
army, and was taken prisoner at the
battle of Falkirk. He contrived, how-
ever to make his escape, and in 1750
was ordained as minister of Athelstane-
ford, in East Lothian. His tragedy of
" Douglas" was performed at Edinburgh
in 1756, and gave such offence to the
presbytery that the author, to avoid ec-
clesiastical censure, resigned his living,
and ever after appeared and acted as a
layman. He obtained some trifling gov-
ernment appointments, and wrote four
other plays, which, however, failed to
attract. His " History of the Rebellion
of 1745-6," also disappointed the public
expectation. D. 1808.
HOMER, the father of poetry. Of the
birth of this immortal bard, and of the
circumstances of his death — of his pa-
rentage and descent, nay, even of his
actual existence — all is involved in doubt
and fable. Seven cities disputed for the
honor of being his birthplace : Smyr-
na, Colophon, Chios, Argos, Athens,
Rhodes, and Salamis : the probability is
that he was an Asiatic Greek, and flour-
ished in the 9th century b. c.
HONDEKOETER, Giles ; Gysbkecht,
his son ; and Melchiob, his grandson ;
three Flemish artists of the 16th and
17th centuries. The first excelled in
landscape painting; the second in de-
lineating birds ; and the last, who was
by far the most celebrated of the three,
combined the powers of the former two,
and painted with great elegance and ac-
curacy.
HONDIUS, Abraham, a Dutch artist,
of considerable ability, particularly in
his hunting pieces ; he also painted
" The Destruction of Troy," in a man-
ner which has obtained for him the
highest praise. He went to England,
and d. 1691,
HONE, Nathaniel, a celebrated
{)ainter in enamel, was a native of Dub-
in, but came to London early in life,
and was one of the first members of the
Royal Academy. D. 1784. — William,
the son of a dissenter at Bath, became
conspicuous as the publisher of a series
of parodies, in which such irreverent use
was made of the liturgy, that the gov-
ernment felt bound to prosecute him.
He was tried on three charges, and de-
fended himself for three days with con-
siderable ability, and with equal cour£^e
and temper ; and, as the government of
that day was in ill odor with that large
party in whom the reforming spirit "at
that time was rife, a verdict was return-
ed in his favor. He subsequently had a
large sum subscribed for nim, by per-
sons who, we presume, must have en-
tertained sentiments similar to those of
the " persecuted but triumphant cham-
pion of the press." His publications
were the "Every-Day Book" and the
" Year Book." This business, however,
504
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[hoo
did not succeed, and Mr. Hone became
much involved. Being led to attend the
ministry of Mr. Biuney at the Weigh-
house, his character became changed ;
and the new religiouii connection result-
ed in his becoming subeditor of the
"Patriot;" this he continued till his
death, which took place in November,
1842.
HOOD, Robin, a celebrated English
outlaw of the 12th century — whose per-
sonal courage, skill in archery, boldness
of enterprise, and generous disposition,
have rendered his name famous in the
legendary history of that country — ^lived
in Sherwood Forest, in Nottingham-
shire. The heads of his story, as col-
lected by Stowe, are briefly these : —
" In this time (about the year 1190, in
the reign of Ei'chard I.) were many rob-
bers and outlaws, among whom Kobin
Hood and Little John, renowned thieves,
continued in the woods, despoiling «nd
robbing the goods of the rich. They
killed none but such as would invade
them, or by resistance for their own de-
fence. The said Eobin entertained 100
tall men and good archers, with such
spoils and thefts as he got, upon whom
400 (were they ever so strong,) durst
not give the onset. He suttered no
woman to be oppressed, violated, or
otherwise molested ; poor men's goods
he spared, abundantly relieving them
with that which by theft he got from
abbeys and the houses of rich old
carles." D. 1247.— Samuel, Lord Vis-
count, the son of a clergyman at Thorn-
combe, in Devonshire, was b. there in
1724, and entered the royal navy at the
age of 16. By his bravery in tne cap-
ture of a fifty-gun ship, in 1759, he ac-
quired the rank of post-captain ; and
he was present, as rear-admiral, at the
famous defeat of De Grasse, by Rodney,
April 12th, 1782, when his services on
that occasion were rewarded with an
Irish peerage. In 1784 he was elected
into parliament for Westminster; but
in 1788 he vacated his seat on being
named one of the lords of the admiralty.
In 1793 he signalized himself by tie
taking of Toulon, and afterwards Cor-
sica ; in reward of which achievements
he was made a viscount, and governor
of Greenwich hospital. D. 1816. —
Thomas, a poet, humorist, and miscel-
laneous writer, the son of Mr. Hood,
bookseller, was at first a clerk, and then
an engraver, and at length we find him
contributing to, and in part editing, the
" London Magazine." But his connec-
tion with the press became more pub-
licly known by the occa.«?ional appearance
of his name to various clever and whim-
sical trifles, which enlivened the pages
of some of the most popular amcmg the
weekly and monthly periodicals. After
this came his " Whims and Oddities,"
"National Tales," "Comic Annuals,"
"Whimsicalities," "The Plea of tho
Midsummer Fairies," "Tylney Hall,"
" Up the Rhine," &c. Much, however,
as we have admired his abilities as a
Eunster and a satirist, and heartily as we
ave laughed at his original sketches,
droll allusions, and grotesque similes ;
much as we esteem the man of wit who
can "shoot folly as it flies," without
indulging in personalities, or inflicting
pain on any but the worthless, we can
still both admire and esteem him more,
when, with true pathos, he fixes the at-
tention of the reader, and commands
the best sympathies of man's nature, by
compositions so simple, eloquent, and
forceful as " The Song of the Shirt."
B. 1798 ; d. 1845.
HOOGSTRATEN, David van, a
Dutch poet and critic, b. at Rotterdam,
in 1668; became professor of the ^elle8
lettres at Amsterdam, wrote several
good poems, in the Latin language, and
otherwise displayed considerable clas-
sical attainments. D. 1724.
HOOGVLIET, Arnold, a Dutch poet,
b. in 1687. His chief fame rests on a
poem entitled "Abraham the Patri-
arch," which is admired for the beauty
of its style and imagery. D. 1763.
HOOK, James, a musical composer,
of great industry and talent, was b. at
Norwich, in 1746. His operatic and
melodramatic productions amount to
more than 140 complete works, many
of which were highly successful; he
also set to music upwards of 2000 songs.
D. 1827. — Dr. James, dean of Worcester,
son of the preceding, was an accom-
plished scholar, and an able dignitary
of the church. Besides some dramas,
which he wrote early in life, he pub-
lished, in 1820, " Anguis in Herba; a
Sketch of the true Character of the
Church of England and her Clergy,"
which he inscril:)ed " To the sober sense
of his country." Few writers, indeed,
surpassed Dr. Hook as a polemical or a
political pamphleteer. D. 1828. — ^Theo-
doke Edward, a celebrated novelist and
dramatic writer, but more celebrated for
his surpassing wit and extemporaneous
powers, was the youngest son of James
Hook. He Avas b. in London, in 1788.
At 17 he produced his first drama,
"The Soldier's Return," which was
ttOP]
speedily followed by "Catch him who
can," "Tekeli," "Killing no Murder,"
and nine other dramatic pieces, nearly
all of which were decidedly successful,
These, with a host of piquant articles in
the " Satirist Magazine," and other pe-
riodicals, were hit off before he reached
his 25th year. In Oct., 1813, he was ap-
pointed to the offices of accountant-gen-
eral and treasurer of the Mauritius, which
he held till Feb., 1818, when it was dis-
covered that there was a deficiency in the
military chest of £12,000, abstracted, as
it afterwards appeared, by his deputy,
who, on the accounts being about to be
investigated, destroyed himself; but
Mr. Hook, as a matter of course, was
made answerable for the acts of his
subordinate. He was accordingly sent
home, his effects were seized and sold,
and he became for a considerable time
an inmate of the King's Bench. The
first series of "Sayings and Doings"
appeared in 1824. Other novels, as
"Jack Brag," "Births, Deaths, and
Marriages," "Gilbert Gurney," &c.,
followed at short intervals. He also
wrote "Memoirs of Sir David Baird"
and of "Michael Kelly," the composer.
But not a little of his notoriety arose
from his connection with the "John
Bull," of which he was editor as well as
a joint proprietor: and from his pen
proceeded most oi those bold political
articles, racy sketches of men and man-
ners, smart poems, and epigranmiatic
ienx d'esprit, which for so long a time
distinguished that ultra-tory paper.
For the last few years he was the editor
of the " New Monthly Magazine." D.
1841.
HOOKER, John, a learned antiquary,
was b. at Exeter, 1524. He wrote a
"Description of Exeter," and some
part of "Hohngshed's Chronicle," be-
sides other pieces. D. 1601. — Eichard,
an eminent EngUsh divine, author of
an excellent work, entitled " The Laws
of Ecclesiastical Polity," was b. at Heavi-
tree, near Exeter, in 1553, and d, at
Bishop's Bourne, Kent, of which place
he was rector, in 1600.
HOOLE, John, a dramatic poet and
translator, was b. in 1727. He was a
clerk in the India House, but devoted
his leisure hours to literary pursuits,
particularly the study of the Italian lan-
fnage, of which he acquired a great
nowledge, as appears by his excellent
translations of Ariosto's " Orlando Fu-
rioso," and Tasso's "Jerusalem," into
English. He also published two vol-
ames of the dramas of Metastaaio, and
43
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
505
was the author of three tragedies, viz.,
"Cyrus," "Timanthes," and "Cleo-
nice." D. 1803.
HOOPER, William, a signer of the
declaration of independence, was b. in
Boston in 1742, and was graduated at
Harvard college, in 1760. He engaged
in the study of the law, and removmg
to North Carolina commenced the prac-
tice of his profession in that province.
In 1774 he was elected a delegate to the
general congress which met at Philadel-
phia. In 1776 he was a third time dele-
gate to congress, but in the following
year was obliged to resign his seat in
consequence of the embaiTassment of
his private aflfairs. D. 1790.
HOPE, John, a physician and natu-
ralist, b. at Edinburgh, 1725, was pro-
fessor of botany and the materia medica
in his native city, and in 1761 was ap-
pointed botanist to the king, and super-
intendent of the botanic garden. D.
1786. — Thomas, an English gentleman
of large fortune, distinguished by his
talents and patronage of the fine arts,
was the nephew of a rich merchant of
Amsterdam. In 1805 he first appeared
as an author, by publishing a work, en-
titled " Household Furniture and In-
ternal Decorations;" this was followed
by two elegant publications, "The Cos-
tumes of the Ancients," and "Designs
of Modern Costume ;" but his great per-
formance was " Anastasius, or Memoirs
of a Modern Greek," which appeared
anonymously in 1819, and was for some
time very generally ascribed to Lord
Byron. Another work of a metaphysi-
cal nature, has been published since his
death, entitled "The Origin and Pros-
pects of Man." D. 1831.
HOPITAL, Michael de l', was an
eminent chancellor of France, to which
high station he rose through the zeal,
ability, and integrity he displayed in
the various offices he before nlled. He
was b. in 1505 ; studied jurisprudence
in the most celebrated universities of
France and Italy ; rose rapidly in his
profession, and was sent by Henry II.
as ambassador to the council of Trent.
In 1554 he was made superintendent of
the royal finances, when, by his good
management, and his inflexible disre-
gard of those rapacious favorites of the
court who battened on the public purse,
he restored the exhausted treasury. He
was a sincere friend to religious tolera-
tion, and the principal author of the
edict of 1562, which allowed freedom of
worship to Protestants. When the
atrocious massacre of the Protestants,
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
UOH
on Bartholomew's Day, 1572, was at its
height, and his friends thought he
would be made one of its victims, he
not only refused to take measures for
his own safety, but, when a party of
horsemen advanced towards his house,
he refuse to close his gates. They were,
in fact, dispatched by the queen with
express orders to save him. He sur-
vived this event a few months only,
dying in 1573. — William Francis An-
thony DE l', marquis de St. Mesme, a
celebrated French mathematician, was
the son of a general in the army, and b.
1661. Such was his reputation for
mathematical science, that the profound
Huygens did not disdain to apply to
him for information. He wrote several
works on conic sections, equations, &c.
D. 1704.
HOPKINS, Lemuel, an American
ghysician and author, b, at Waterbury,
onn., 1750. He introduced the anti-
phlogistic regimen and practice in feb-
rile diseases, and was not less assiduous
than he was skilful as a practitioner;
while, as a literary man he successfully
distinguished himself by various politi-
cal tracts and satires, written with a
view to give a tone to the public feeling
in favor of the administration of Wash-
ington, D. 1801. — Samuel, founder of
the sect called Hopkinsians, was b. at
Waterbury. Conn., in 1721. He was a
pious and zealous man, with considera-
ble talents, and almost incredible powers
of application ; but his theologiciu opin-
ions have given rise to much contro-
versy. He published numerous ser-
mons, a "Treatise on the Millennium,"
&c. ; and earnestly advocated the aboli-
tion of slavery. From the year 1769 he
presided over a congregation at New-
port, E. I., where he d. in 1803.— Ste-
phen, one of the signers of the declara-
tion of independence, was b. in 1707, in
that part of Providence which now
forms the town of Scituate. In 1732 he
was elected a representative to the gen-
eral assembly from Scituate, and was
chosen speaker to that body in 1741. In
1751 he was appointed chief justice of
the superior court of Khode Island ;
and, in 1756, was elected its governor ;
was several times chosen a member of
congress, and d. in 1785. He was a clear
and convincing speaker, and a good
mathematician ; and though he had re-
ceived but a very limited education, his
knowledge of literature, science, and
political economy was varied and exten-
eive. — William, an English divine, b.
at Evesham, Worcestershire, in 1647,
was a celebrated antiquary. He assisted
Bishop Gibson in his edition of the
" Saxon Chronicle," and was the trans-
lator of the article "Worcestershire,"
in Camden's "Britannia." In 1675 he.
was promoted to a prebend in Worces-
ter cathedral ; held the mastership of
St. Oswald's hospital; and d. 1700i—
William, was the author of "An Ap-
peal to Common Sense;" and, though
openly professing Aiian principles, held
the rectory of Bolney, in Sussex, till
his death, in 1786.
HOPKINSON, Francis, an eminent
author, and one of the signers of the
declaration of independence, was b. at
Philadelphia, in 1738. His father was
the intimate friend and scientific coad-
jutor of Franklin. After graduating at
the college of Philadelphia, and making
the law his study, Francis visited En-
gland, the country of his parents' birth,
and, in a few years after his return, en-
tered congress as a delegate from New
Jersey. He produced many satires and
ironical pieces, such as the "Prophecy,"
the " Political Catechism," &c., tending
to ridicule the old country ; while, at the
same time, he directed his efforts against
the ribaldry of the newspapers, and the
exaggerations and prejudices with which
the federal constitution was at first as-
sailed. After his retirement from con-
gress, he was appointed judge of the
admiralty for Pennsylvania, and d. in
1791. Among his works, the greater
part of which" are of a political charac-
ter, there are many sound essays and
scientific papers, acute and learned judi-
cial decisions, and a variety of songs,
possessing much sweetness and deli-
cacy, which were rendered still mor*?
popular by the airs he composed for
them.
HOPPNER, John, an ingenious por-
trait and landscape painter, chiefly ex-
celling in females and children, was b.
1759, and d. 1810. As the author of a
metrical translation of " Oriental Tales,"
and in other literary performances, he
also distinjjuished himself.
HORATIUS FLACCUS, Quintus, or
HORACE, one of the most eminent,
and certainly the most popular and ele-
gant of the Roman poets, was b. at Ve-
nusium, a city lying on the borders of
Lucania and Apulia, 65 b. (',. His father,
although following the caJing of a tax-
gatherer, was a man of elevated and
liberal sentiments, and took the greatest
pains in T>roviding for his education. At
the age of 20 years he went to Athens to
complete his studies ; and while there,
hor]
Marcus Brutus passing throi^n the city
on his way to Macedonia, Horace, ac-
companied by other Eoman youths,
joined the army; became a legionary
tribune ; fought in the last battle for the
freedom of Kome at Philippi, and saved
himself by flight. Though he saved his
life, he forfeited his estate, and was re-
duced to great want, till Virgil introdu-
ced him to Maecenas, by whose interest
he recovered his patrimony. Augus-
tus now became his friend, and offered
to make him his secretary, which Horace
declined. When Maecenas was sent to
Brundusium, to conclude a treaty be-
tween Augustus and Antony, he took
with him Horace, Virgil, and other lit-
erary friends ; and, not long after, his
munificent patron prefented him with
the Sabine villa ; to which, having wit-
nessed such striking examples of the
instability of fortune, be withdrew from
the tumult at Kome, preferring retire-
ment to a more brilliant life. His odes
are models of that kinri of composition,
and his epistles and satires abound with
acute and vivacious observations on life
and manners ; while hij " Ars Poetica,"
so often quoted, evinces great taste, and
is remarkable for a species of graceful
negligence. D. 9 b. c.
KOKN, Chakles Edward, the best
English melodist of niAdern times, the
son of C. F. Horn, a German musician,
was b. in London, 1786. At the preco-
cious age of six, he showed evident
signs of a taste for composition, his
skill at improvisation arresting the at-
tention of his father's visitors, among
whom the great Haydn could be num-
bered. On the opening of the English
opera house, he was er gaged as second
tenor, and he subsequently shared the
public favors with the first singers of
the day. He composed the whole or
the greater portion of the music for in-
numerable operas ; and he was the au-
thor of the tnree mos*. popular ballads
of his time, "Cherry Ripe," "I've been
Roaming," " Tlie deep, deep Sea," &c.
D. at New York, 1849.
HORNE, George, a learned and pious
English prelate, was b. 1730, at Otham,
Kent. He took orders in 1753, and his
graceful elocution and excellent style
rendered him a populir preacher. He
was successively chaplain to the king,
vice-chancellor of the university, and
dean of Canterbury ; vind, in 1790, he
was raised to the see of Norwich. He
was distinguished for his biblical knowl-
edge, and in early lifo was a strenuous
Hutchinsonian. In 1751 he opposed
CYCLOP JEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT.
507
the Newtonian philosophy as inconsist-
ent with the Bible ; in 1754 he wrote
against Dr. Shuckford's account of the
creation and fall of man ; and in 1756 he
became involved in a controversy with
Dr. Kennicott, the supposed author of
"A Word to t)ie Ilutchinsonians." But
among his numerous works, which are
too numerous for specifying here, the
principal is "A Commentary on the
Book of Psalms," an elaborate perform-
ance, on the composition of which he
bestowed nearly 20 years. D. 1792.
HORNECK, Ottocar of, one of the
oldest historians in the German language,
was a native of Styria, and lived in the
13th and 14th centuries. About the
year 1280 he composed a work on the
great empires of the earth, which con-
cluded with the death of the Emperor
Fre«!eric 11. , and is still extant in man-
uscript at Vienna. He also wrote a
chronicle of the events of his own time,
consisting of more than 83,000 verses,
and which is said to be rich in portray-
ing the characters of eminent men, and
in the description of festivals, tourna-
ments, and battles, at part of which he
was himself present.
HORNEMANN, Frederic Conrad, a
celebrated German traveller, b. at Hil-
desheim, in 1772. At the instance of
Blumenbach, the famous naturalist, he
was, in 1797, employed by the African
Association, in London, to explore the
interior of Africa. After having visit-
ed Cyprus, Alexandria, and Cairo, he
crossed the Libyan desert, reached
Mourzouk, the capital of Fezzan, and
soon afterwards proceeded on an excur-
sion to Tripoli. From this place he set
out with the intention of penetrating
into Central Africa, and is believed to
have d. on his return to Fezzan, of a
fever caused by drinking cold water,
after being exposed to great fatigue.
His Journal, which was sent by him
from Tripoli, was published in 1802 by
the African Society.
HORNER, Francls, barrister-at-law,
was b. at Edinburgh, 1778. He entered
garliament in 1806, and distinguished
imself as chairman of the bullion com-
mittee ; but his severe application to
that intricate subject injurecl his health,
which was naturally delicate ; and he d.
in 1817, at Pisa, whither he had gone for
its restoration.
HORNTHORST, Gerard, a celebrated
painter, called also Gerardo dalle Not-
Ti, from his subjects, was b. at Utrecht
in 1592, and was a pupil of Abraham
Bloemart, but finished his studies at
508
CrCLOP^DIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[hotv
Borne. He painted night-scenes, and
fneces illuminated by torch or candle
ight. On his return from Italy he vis-
ited England, and obtained the favor of
Charles 1. ; and on his return to Holland,
he was much employed by the prince
of Orange. Among his numerous pic-
tures, that of Jesus Christ before the
tribunal of Pilate is the most celebrated.
D. 1660.
HOREOX, Jeremiah, an English as-
tronomer, was b. at Toxteth, in Lanca-
shire, about 1619. He was the first who
observed the transit of Venus over the
sun's disk, his account of which was
published by Hevelius, at Dantzic, in
1661, under the title of " Venus in Sole
visu, anno 1639, Nov. 24;" and he
formed a theory of lunar motion, which
Newton did not disdain to adopt. D.
1640.
HOESLEY, John, a learned antiquary,
who d. 1731. His work, entitled " Bri-
tannia Komana," folio, gives a copious
and exact account of the remains of the
Romans in Britain. — Samuel, a celebra-
ted English prelate and mathematician,
was b. in London in 1733; and held
several livings in succession, till he ar-
rived at the episcopal dignity. But
while he was rapidly rising in the
church, and opposing Dr. Priestley, the
great champion of Unitarianism, by his
theological arguments, he was not ne-
glectful of science. In 1775 he pub-
lished an edition of Newton's works ;
and from 1773 till the election of Sir
Joseph Banks, he was secretary of the
Eoyal Society. His writings were nu-
merous and important, in theology, in
science, and in classical literature. D.
1806.
HOSACK, David, an eminent phy-
sician of New York. He received his
education at Edinburgh; was long at
the head of the profession in New York ;
and was an eloquent and able teacher as
a professor of the theory and practice of
physic in the New York Medical College.
He was held in high estimation as a man
of talents, learning, and worth ; was a
liberal promoter of the arts and sciences ;
and was the author of the ' ' History of the
Erie Canal," and of the Life of his
friend, De Witt Clinton, formerly gov-
ernor of New York. D. suddenly of
apoplexy, 1835, aged 66.
HOTTINGEE, John Henry, a learned
oriental scholar, b. at Zurich, in 1620.
He displayed such a propensity for, and
made such progress in, the ancient lan-
guages, that he was sent to foreign
universities at the public expense. He
went t(J* Geneva, Qottiugen, and Ley-
den ; visited England ; and returned to
his native country, enriched with vast
stores of knowledge. In 1642 he was
appointed professor of ecclesiastical his-
tory in his native city ; and by his teach-
ing and writings contributed greatly to
fromote the study of oriental literature,
n 1667, while preparing for a visit to
the university ot Leyden, in compliance
with repeated invitations, he was acci-
dentally drowned, with three of his
children, by the upsetting of a boat, in
the neighborhood of Zurich. — John
James, son of the preceding, was b. at
Zurich, in 1652 ; at which place he be-
came professor of theology ; and d. 1735.
His principal work is an "Ecclesiastical
History of Switzerland." — Another pro-
fessor at Zurich, of the same name,
known by his editions of the classics,
was b. 1750, and d. 1819. He was an
acute critic and elegant scholar ; among
his best works is an "Essay towards a
Comparison of the German with the
Greek and Roman Poets."
HO VEDEN, EoGER de^ an English his-
torian, who flourished in the reign of
Henry II. He wrote " Annals" in Latin,
commencing at 731, the period at which
Bede finished, and bringing down af-
fairs to the third year of John, 1201.
His style is defective, but he is highly
esteemed for dilisrence and fidelity.
HOWAED, Charles, earl of Notting-
ham, an intrepid English admiral, com-
mander-in-chief at the defeat of the
Spanish armada. B. 1536; d. 1624.—
Edward, the descendant of an ancient
and opulent family, was one of the
earliest and best of the naval school of
novelists. " Ratlin the Reefer," " Out-
ward Bound," " The Old Commodore,"
and "Jack Ashore," attest his powers,
while his "Life of Sir Henry Morgan,
the Buccaneer," gave promise of even
higher excellence. D. 1842. — John, the
celebrated philanthropist, was b. at
Hackney, in 1726. He was apprenticed
to a grocer, but his constitution being
delicate, and having an aversion to trade,
he purchased his indentures and went
abroad. On his return he lodged with
a widow lady, whom he afterwards mar-
ried. After the decease of Mrs. Howard,
who lived only about three years, he, in
1756, embarked for Lisbon, in order to
view the effects of the recent earth-
quake, but on the passage the ship was
taken and carried to France. The nard-
ships he suffered and witnessed during
his imprisonment, first roused his at-
tention to the subject of his future la-
HOA^]
CTCLOPiEDIA OF BlOGRAl^HT.
509
bora. Ou being released, Mr. Howard
retired to a villa in the New Forest ; and
in 1758 he married a second wife, who
d. in childbed in 1765, leaving him
one son. He at this time resided at
Cardington, near Bedford, where he in-
dulged the benevolence of his disposi-
tion by continually assisting and ame-
liorating the condition of the poor. In
1773 he served the office of sheriff,
which, as he declared, "brought the
distress of the prisoners more imme-
diately under his notice," and led him
to form the design of visiting the jails
through England, in order to devise
means for alleviating the miseries of the
prisoners. Having done so, he laid the
result of his inquiries before the house
of commons, for which he received a
vote of thanks. He next made a tour
through the principal parts of Europe,
and published his "State of the Pris-
ons,'' with a view to render them both
more humane and more efficacious. A
new subject now engaged his attention,
namely, the management of lazarettos,
and the means of preventing the com-
munication of the plague and other con-
tagious diseases. In this he encountered
every danger that can be conceived, and
having become personally acquainted
with the subject, in 1789 he published
" An account of the principal Lazarettos
in Europe, with Papers relative to the
Plague,'^ &e. Actively pursuing this
salutary and benevolent object, Mr.
Howard took up his residence at the
town of Cherson, a Eussian settlement
on the Black Sea. A malignant fever
prevailed there, and he having been-
prompted by humanity to visit one of
the sufferers, he caught the infection,
and d. Jan. 20, 1790. — Sir Eobekt, an
English poet and historian, was the son
of Thomas, earl of Berkshire. He was
was a zealous friend of the revolution
of 1688. He wrote several plays, the
" History of the Eeigns of Edward and
Eichard II," the " History of Eeligion,"
&c. D. 1698.— Thomas, earl of Surrey
and duke of Norfolk, an eminent states-
man and warrior in the reign of Henry
VIII. He served with his brother, Sir
Edward, against Sir Andrew Barton, a
Scotch pirate, who infested the English
coast in 1511, but who was killed and
his ships taken. He next accompanied
the marquis of iJorset in his expedition
to Guienne, which ended in the con-
quest of Navarre by Ferdinand. The
victory of Flodden Field, in which the
king of Scotland was slain, was chiefly
owing to his bravery. On the breaking
43*
out of the disturbances in Ireland, he
was appointed lieutenant of that king-
dom, wnere he suppressed the rebellion.
Notwithstanding nis great services,
Henry, at the close of life, caused the
duke to be sent to the Tower, on a
charge of treason, and his flon to be be-
headed in his presence. The death of
the tyrant only saved the duke's life.
D. 1554. — Edwaed, younger brother of
the above, entered early on the maritime
service, and about 1494 was knighted.
In 1512 he was sent as lord high ad-
miral of England with a large fleet
against France, the coasts of which he
ravaged. He also defeated the enemy's
fleet off Brest; but the year following
he was slain in boarding the French
admiral's ship, and his body thrown
into the sea. — Henry, earl of Surrey^ an
accomplished nobleman, a brave soldier,
and the best English poet of his age,
was b. in 1520. He served under his
father, the duke of Norfolk, as lieuten-
ant-general of the army sent against
Scotland, and performed various other
military exploits of eminence and value.
He had quartered on his escutcheon the
royal arms of Edward the Confessor, to
which he had an hereditary right, and he
is said to have aspired to the hand of
the Princess Mary. On these and other
less substantial charges he suffered de-
capitation on Tower-hill, 1546, by the
jealous and arbitrary mandate of Henry
VIII. His works consist of "Songs
and Sonnets," &c., which deserve a
high degree of commendation, for the
period at which they were composed. — •
Thomas, earl of Arundel, a nobleman
distinguished by his patronage of the
flne arts, was earl marshal in the early
part of the reign of Charles I., and was
employed in several foreign embassies
by that prince and his father. He sent
agents into Greece and Italy, to collect
for him, at a vast expense, whatever was
curious and valuable of the works of
ancient artists, which had escaped de-
struction. His unrivalled museum of
antiquities was divided at his death, and
Henry, the sixth duke of Norfolk, about
the year 1668, presented to the univer-
sity of Oxford a considerable part of his
moiety, including the celebrated Parian
Chronicle, which with the other ancient
inscribed stones accompanying it are
now termed the " Arundelian marbles."
D. 1646. — John Eageb, an officer of the
army of the American revolution, was
b. in Baltimore in 1752. After serving
in the rank of captain, in 1779, he was
appointed lieutenant-colonel, and dis-
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[hua
tineuished himself by his valor and
activity during the war. At the battle
of Cowpeus, Col. Howard, at one time,
had in his hands the swords of seven
officers who had surrendered to him
personallj^. He was also present at the
battles of German town. White Plains,
Monmouth, Camden, and Hobbicks
hill. On the disbanding of the army
he retired to his patrimonial estates,
near Baltimore, and was subsequently
governor of Maryland, and member of
the senate of the United States. D.
1827.
HOWE, John, an eminent noncon-
formist clergyman of the 17th century,
b. in 1630, at Loughborough, was ejected
from his living at Torrington, Devon,
and for many years officiated as the
minister of a Presbyterian congregation
in London ; afterwards retired to the
Netherlands, but returned to England
upon James's proclamation of liberty of
conscience. D. 1705. — John, a states-
man in the reigns of William III. and
Anne. He was a member of the con-
vention parliament, and exerted himself
greatly in favor of the revolution, but
afterwards joined the opposition, and
fave great otfence to the king by the
oldness of his conduct. In the suc-
ceeding reign he was made a privy
councillor and paymaster of the forces ;
but retired on the accession of George
I., and was succeeded in his office by
Walpole. D. 1720. — Richard, earl, a
celebrated English admiral, was the
third son of Emanuel, Viscount Howe,
and was b. in 1725. He was placed, at
the age of 14, as a midshipman on board
the Severn, in which ship he sailed with
Anson for the Pacific, and continued
going through the usual gradations of
the service under that admiral till 1745,
when, though only 20 years of age, he
obtained the command of the Baltimore
sloop of war, and was made post-captain
for gallantly defeating two French ships
bearing succors to the Pretender. Hav-
ing greatly distinguished himself on
many occasions, he sailed, as com-
mander-in-chief, to the Mediterranean
in 1770, with the rank of rear-admiral,
and in a few years rose to be vice-ad-
miral of the blue. On the breaking out
of the war with France, Lord Howe
sailed for the coast of America, with a
squadron destined to act against D'Es-
taing, and, on his return in 1782, he
was created an English viscount. In
the course of the same year he sailed to
the relief of Gibraltar, which he eflfected
in spite of the combined fleets of the
enemy. In 1783 he accepted the post
of first lord of the admiralty, and in
1788 he was created an earl of Great
Britain. In 1798, on the breaking out
of the war with France, he took the
command of the British fleet, and bring-
ing the enemy to an action on the 1st
of June, 1794, obtained over them a
decisive and most important victory.
In 1797 Lord Howe exerted himself
with great success to quell the mutiny
among the seamen at Portsmouth, and
d. in 1799. — Sir William, brother of the
preceding, succeeded General Gage in
the chiet command of the British forces
in America, having landed at Boston
with generals Clinton and Burgoyne, in
May, 1775. General Howe commanded
at the attack on Bunker Hill, was be-
sieged in Boston during the next winter,
evacuated that town in the ensuing
spring, and retired to Halifax. In June,
1776, he arrived at Staten Island, where
he was joined by his brother Lord
Howe. Here the brothers informed
congress that they had received full
power to grant pardon to all the rebels
who should return to their obedience ;
but the commissioners appointed by
that body considered both the form and ■
substance of the propositions too objec
tionable to deserve attention. In Au-
gust he defeated the Americans on Long
Island, and took possession of New
York in September. After the cam-
Saign of the Jerseys, he set sail from
Tew York and entered Chesapeake
Bay. Having previously secured the
command of the Schuylkill, he crossed
it with his army, and repelled the attack
of the Americans at Germantown. In
May, 1778, he was succeeded in the
command by General Clinton. D. 1814.
HOWELL, James, a miscellaneous
writer, was b. in 1595, at Abernant in
Caermarthenshire, and after receiving
his education at Oxford, travelled on the
Continent as agent to procure workmen,
&c., for a glass manufactory then for
the first time established in England.
He was subsequently a member of par-
liament, secretary to the British ambas-
sador in Denmark, and clerk of the
council. For some offence to the par-
liamentarians he was imprisoned in the
Fleet, but obtained his liberty by apply-
ing to Cromwell, beean .e historiographer
to Charles II., and d. in 1666. He wrote
many books, but the one by which he
will be longest remembered is, " Epis-
tolae Howellianae, or Familiar Letters,
domestic and foreign."
HUARTE, John, a Spanish philos-
HUO]
CT^LOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
511^
opher and author in the 17th century,
who gained celebrity by a work, enti-
tled "Examen de Ingenios para las
Scienzias," &c., or, an Examination of
such Geniuses as are fit for acquiring the
Sciences. This book, which is fall of
practical wisdom, has been translated
into English, under the title of " The
Trial of Wits," and into German by
Lessing, as " Prufung der Kopfe."
Though he wrote in Spanish, and is sup-
posed to have • been born of Spanish
parents, Huarte was a native of Navarre.
HUBER, John James, a celebrated
anatomist, was b. at Basle, in 1707. He
studied under Haller at Berne, and next
at Strasburg; after which he took his
doctor's degree at his native place. He
assisted Haller on his great work on the
Plants of Switzerland. He obtained the
rank of court physician and counsellor
of state ; published a work on the spinal
marrow and other parts of the nervous
system, entitled " Commentatio de Me-
dulla Spinali." D. 1778. — Ulrio, a na-
tive of Eriesliind, author of " De Jure
Civitatis." D. 16K4. — Mary, a deistical
writer ; author of " Lettres sur la Ke-
ligion de I'Homine," and many other
works. B. at Geneva, 1694; d. 1759. —
John James, a painter, called by Fuseli
the Swiss Tintoretto. B. 1668 ; Vl. 1748.
— John, a Genevese artist, b. in 1722.
He was a good painter, but devoted
much of his attention to the art of cut-
ting profiles, in which he acquired an
extraordinary degree of dexterity. He
is described as being an eccentric char-
acter ; and, among other fanciful schemes,
formed a project for guiding the course
of air balloons by the flight of large
birds ; on which he published a tract,
illustrated with plates. D. 1790. — Mi-
chael, a native ot Bavaria, professor of
French in Leipsic, and the translator of
several German works into French. B.
1727 ; d. 1804. — Louis Ferdinand, son
of the preceding ; editor of several jour-
nals. B. at Paris, 1764; d. 1804.—
Theresa, daughter of the celebrated
philologist Heyne, and wife of the pre-
ceding ; a popular German novelist,
many of whose works appeared under
her husband's name. — Francis, a natu-
ralist, b. in 1750, at Geneva ; author of
" Nouvelles Observations sur les Abeil-
les," in which he explains the manner
of the queen-bee's mipregnation, &c.
Having lost his way in a winter night,
the etfect of the cold produced total
*>lindnes3 ; but the lady to whom lie had
been betrothed afterwards married him,
and became his constant amanuensis.
HUDSON, Henry, a distinguished
navigator, whose early history is un-
known. After making three voyages
to find a northeast or north\\3st pas-
sage to China, in the second of which he
discovered the river Hudson, he set sail
a fourth time, April 17th, 1610, in a bark
named the Discovery, and proceeding
westward, reached, in latitude 60<>, the
strait bearing his name. Through this
he advanced along the coast of Labrador,
until it issued into the vast bay which is
also called after him. Here, with his
son, and seven infirm sailors, he was
turned adrift by a mutinous crew, and is
supposed to have perished.
HUERTA, Vincent Garcia de la, a
Spanish poet and critic, b. 1729, at
Zafra, in Estremadura. He acquired
considerable fame among his country-
men, and zealously defended Spanish
literature from the censures of V oltaire
and other French writers. He publish-
ed various poems and dramas, and edit-
ed "Teatro Espahol.''
HUET, Peter Daniel, a celebrated
French critic and classical scholar, b. at
Caen, in Normandy, 1630. He was edu
cated in the Jesuits' college, accompa
nied Boehart to Sweden, and was in
vain persuaded to settle there by Queen
Christina. In 1670 he was appointed
preceptor to the dauphin ; and wnile he
filled that situation he wrote an erudite
work in defence of Christianity, entitled,
" Demonstratio Evangelica ;'' he also
published the Latin classics, in 62 vols.,
witli those ample illustrations which
have made what are called the Delphin
editions so generally known and esteem-
ed. In 1689 he was made bishop of
Avrantes, but resigned that see in 1699,
and spent the remainder of his days in
literary retirement, producing many
works of great merit. He d. at Paris,
1721.
HUFELAND, Chrlstian William,
a Prussian counsellor of state, who was
also an eminent physician, was b. at
Langensalza, 1762, and first practised
physic at Weimar. In 1793 he was
made professor at Jena, and in .1801
physician to the king of Prussia. He
greatly improved his art, and wrote a
"System of Medicine," which is among
the best practical books extant. D.<1836.
HUFNAGEL, George, a Flemish
painter, was b. at Antwerp in 1545, and
d. 1600. He was also a tolerable poet in
Latin and German.
HUGH CAPET, the first of the third
race of French monarchs, was count of ■
Paris and Orleans.* He was proclaimed 4
sm
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[hum
king of France at Noyon, in 987, and d.
in 996, affed 57.
^ HUGHES, John, an English poet,
dramatic author, and essayist ; b. 1677 ;
d. 1727. His last work was, the " Sie^e
of Damascus," a tragedy, which still
continues on the stage. Several papers
in the "Tattler," " Spectator,'*^ and
" Guardian" were written by him.
HUGO, Hekman, a learned Jesuit and
Latin poet, was b. at Brussels in 1588,
and d. of the plague at Khinberg, in
1629.
HUGTENBURGH, John van, a Dutch
painter, who painted the victories of the
duke ot Marlborough and Prince Eugene.
D. 1738.
HULL, Thomas, a dramatic writer
and actor, b. in 1728. He was cotempo-
rary with Garrick, and lived to be father
of the British stage, but never rose to
any great eminence in his profession.
He was the author of a deservedly popu-
lar poem, entitled " Eichard Plautage-
net," besides some novels, tales, and
dramas.
HUMBOLDT, Wh^liam von, a dis-
tinguished statesman and philologist,
the elder brother of the great philos-
opher and traveller, was b. at Potsdam,
l76r. He received his early education
at Berlin, and studied at Gottingen and
Jena, where he formed a friendship with
Schiller, which lasted through life. In
1800 he was appointed Prussian minister
at the papal court, where his love of an-
tiquarian and classical pursuits neces-
sarily received a fresh impulse ; and on
his return in 1808 he was created a
counsellor of state, and nominated min-
ister of education. In 1810 he went as
plenipotentiary to Vienna ; and he shared
in all the great diplomatic transactions
of the next few years ; — at Prague, at the
conferences of Chatillon, where he sign-
ed the capitulation of Paris along with
Hardenberg, — and at the congress of
Vienna, &c. He next went as ambas-
sador extraordinary to London ; assisted
at the congress of Aix-la-Ohapelle, in
1818 ; and the following year he became
a member of the Prussian cabinet, but
he soon retired in consequence of the
retrograde policy pursuecl by his col-
leagues, and thenceforward lived chiefly
at nis seat, Tegel, near Berlin, in the
cultivation of literature and science.
His works are of a most miscellaneous
character, and show the extraordinary
versatility of his powers ; but his chief
fame rests on his erudite researches into
philology, and mor§ especially the
Basoue, Sanscrit, North A.merican, and
Malay languages : nor should we forget
to mention, as most illustrative of his
amiability and excellence of heart, his
" Letters to a Female Friend." D. 1835.
HUME, Davh), a celebrated historian,
philosopher, and miscellaneous writer,
was b. at Edinburgh in 1711. He was
designed for the law, but having no in-
clination to that profession, he applied
to mercantile pursuits, and became, in
1784, clerk in an eminent house at Bris-
tol. He did not, however, continue
long in that line ; for, having a strong
propensity to literature, he went to
France, where he wrote his "Treatise
of Human Nature," which he published
at London in 1738. This metaphysical
work, however, met with an indifferent
reception; nor were his " Moi-al Es-
says," which appeared in 1742, more
successful. In 1746 he became secreUtry
to General St. Clair, whom he accompa-
nied in his military embassy to the
courts of Vienna and Turin. 'While at
the latter city, he republished his first
work, under a new title of " An Inquiry
concerning Human Understanding ;"
and, in 1752, appeared at Edinburgh,
his " Political Discourses," which were
followed the same year by his " Inquiry
concerning the Principles of Morals,"
which of all his writings he considered
incomparably the best. In 1754 he
published the first volume of his " His-
tory of England," which he did not
complete tiU 1761. While this work
was in progress he printed a piece, with
the title of "The Natural History of
Eeligion," which was attacked by War-
burton in an anonymous tract, ascribed
at the time to Dr. Hurd. His great
work, the " History of England," had
now acquired considerable celebrity, and
the writer gained largely by its popular-
ity, for besides the profits it bronght
him, he obtained a pension, through
Lord Bute. In 1763 he accompanied
the earl of Hertford on his embassy to
Paris, from whose fashionable and lit-
erary circles he received an enthusiastic
welcome ; and where, in 1765, he re-
mained as charge d'affaires. The year
following he returned home, accompa-
nied by Jean Jacques Eousseau, to whom
he behaved with great delicacy and gen-
erosity. He then became under-secre-
tary of state to General Conway. In
1769 he retired to his native country on
an independent income of £1000 per
annum. D. 1776.
HUMMEL, John Nepomuk, an emi-
nent musician, was b. at Presburg, in
1778. His friends discovering in hin an
hun]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
513
extraordinary capacity for music, he was
placed with Mozart when only seven
years of age ; and after retnaining un-
der his roof about two years, he and his
father travelled through various parts of
Europe, visiting England in 17i<l, where
his performances on the pianoforte were
highly applauded. He soOn acquired
great celebi-ity as a composer as well as
a performer. In 1820 he became chapel-
master to the grand-duke of Weimar,
where he continued afterwards to re-
side, making, from time to time, bril-
liant and profitable tours in Germany,
Eussia, and England. Hummel com-
posed some operas, the most celebrated
of which is " Mathilde von Guise ;" his
church m^usic was also admirable ; but
his fame will chiefly rest upon his bril-
liant compositions for the pianoforte.
D. 1837.
HUMPHREYS, David, minister of
the United States to the court of Spain,
was b. in Connecticut in 1753, and re-
ceived his education at Yale college.
Soon after the commencement of the
revolutionary war, he entered the army,
and was successively an aid to Parsons,
Putnam, Greene, and Washington. He
left the army with the rank of colonel.
In 1784 he was appointed secretary of
legation to Paris, and was subsequently
ambassador to the court of Lisbon, and
in 1797 minister plenipotentiaiy to the
court of Madrid. While in the militai-y
service, he published a poem addressed
to the American armies, and after the
war another "On the Happiness and
Glory of America." In 1789 he pub-
lished a "Life of General Putnam,"
and while in Europe a number of mis-
cellaneous poems. D. 1818.— James, an
eminent lawyer and juridical writer;
author of " Observations on the En-
glish Law of Real Property," &c. He
was a native of Montgomeryshire,
W^ales ; and d. in 1830.
HUMPHRY, OziAs, an eminent min-
iature painter, b. at Honiton. Devon, in
1748. He first settled at Bath; then
went to London, by the advice of his
friend, Sir Joshua Reynolds, and was
made a royal academician. In 1780 he
went to India, where he was held in high
esteem by Sir W. Jones and Warren
Hastings, and was chosen one of the
first members of the Asiatic Society.
D. 1810.
HUNT, Henry, was b. at Uphaven,
Wilts ; about the year 1773, wnere he
was well known as an opulent farmer,
and one who was a regular attendant at
the Devizes market. When Mr. Hunt
was a young man, he was a decided
loyalist; but later in life he became a
"radical reformer," associated with the
most disaffected, and was looked up to
by many of them as the fearless cham-
pion of their party. He long tried for
a seat in parliament, but was unsuccess-
ful at Bristol, Westminster, and for the
county of Somerset. He was, however,
twice elected for Preston, in 1830-1 ;
but the year after his second return, his
constituents dechned his future ser-
vices. As "lord of the manor of Glas-
tonbury" he acted fairly at his court-
leet ; and, as a popular orator, he ob-
tained notoriety ; but a radical meeting
at Manchester," where he presided and
declaimed, having ended with loss of
life and limb to many of the assembled
multitude, he was indicted as the ring-
leader of an unlawful assembly of tlao
people ; tried, found guilty, and sen-
tenced to three years' imprisonment in
Ilchester jail. But, though in confine-
ment, he was not idle ; he disco ."ered
and made known to the public some
flagrant malpractices going on at the
jail, which, through his means, were
afterwards corrected. He was seized
with paralysis while alighting from his
phaeton at Alresford, Hants, where he
d. 1835.
HUNTER, Robert, an English gen-
tleman, who wrote the famous letter on
Enthusiasm, which has been ascribed
both to Swift and Shaftesbury. He was
governor of New York and New Jersey
several years, and afterwards of Jamaica,
where he d. in 1734. — William, a cele-
brated anatomist and physician, was b.
at Kilbridge, Lanarkshire, 1718. His
father was a farmer, and designed him
for the church ; but an acc^uaintance
with Dr. Cullen inclining hmi to the
study of physic, he resided with the
doctor 3 years. In 1740 he removed to
Edinburgh, where he followed his stud-
ies with intense application, and the
year following visited London, soon af-
ter which he was taken by Dr. James
Douglas into his house as a dissector,
and also tutor to his son. In 1746 he
succeeded Mr. Samuel Sharpe as lectu-
rer to a society of surgeons in "Covenl-
garden, and commenced a series of lec-
tures on anatomy and surgery. He
soon rose into extensive practice in sur-
gery and midwifery, but confined him-
self to the latter, and in 1764 was at
pointed physician extraordinary to th
queen. He was elected F. R. S. ; be-
came physician to the British Lying-in
hospital ; and on the foundation of the
ap-
tho
514
CrCLOPyEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[lIUN
Royal Academy, the king appointed liim
professor of anatomy. In 1770, Dr.
Hunter completed his house in Great
Windmill-street, to which were attached
a theatre, apartments for lectures and
dissections, and a magnificent room as a
museum. His valuable museum is now
in the university of Glasgow. He wrote
several able works on medical subjects,
the most elaborate of which is '' The
Anatomy of the Gravid Uterus." D.
1783. — John, younger brother of the
preceding, was b, 1728, and apprenticed
to a cabinet-maker; but, hearing of
William's success in London, he ottered
his services to him as an anatomical as-
sistant. In a few months he had attain-
ed such a knowledge of anatomy as to
be capable of demonstrating to the pu-
pils in the dissecting room. In 1753 he
entered as a gentleman-commoner of St.
Mary's hall, 'Oxford. In 1767 he was
chosen a fellow of the Royal Society,
and, the next year, he was elected one
of the surgeons of St. George's hospital.
In 1776 he was appointed surgeon extra-
ordinary to the king ; and, subsequently,
inspector-general of hospitals and sur-
geon-general. He d. suddenly, having
been seized with a spasmodic affection
of the heart, in St. George's hospital,
Oct. 16, 1793. He wrote several profes-
sional treatises, besides recording the
results of many of his valuable discov-
eries in the ••' Philosophical Transac-
tions." — Anne, wife of the preceding,
and sister of Sir Everard Home, was the
author of many lyrical poems possess-
ing much sweetness and beauty. Some
of these were set to music by Haydn.
B. 1742; d. 1821. — William L. an emi-
nent citizen of Ehode Island ; from
1811 to 1821, senator in congress, and in
1844 minister to Brazil. B. 1774; d.
1849.
HUNTINGDON, Henry of, an an-
cient English historian, who flourished
in the llth and 12th centuries. He
composed a general history of England
from the earliest accounts to the death
of King Stephen, in 1154, in 8 books;
and, towards the conclusion, the author
honestly acknowledges that it is only an
abridgment, observing that to compose
a complete history of England, many
books were necessary which he could
not procure. — Selina, countess of, the
second daughter of Washington, Earl
Ferrers, was b. in 1707, and married in
1728 to Theophilus, earl of Huntingdon.
A.fter she became a widow, she espoused
the principles of the Calvinistic Method-
ists, and patronized the famous George
Whitefield, whom she constituted he2
chaplain ; by the influence of her rank
and fortune, appeared at the head of a
sect; and, after the death of Whitefield,
his followers were designated as the
people of Lady Huntingdon. She found-
ed schools and colleges for preachers,
and expended annuaUy large sums nofc
only in their support, but in private
charity. D. 1791. — William, a religious
enthusiast, was b. 1744. He was the
son of a farmer's laborer in Kent, and
the early part of his life was passed in
menial service and other humble occu-
pations. After indulging in vice and
dissipation for several years, according
to his own account, he was converted,
and became a preacher among the Cal-
vinistic Methodists. He soon engaged
in religious controversies, published a
vast number of tracts, and was regarded
as the head of a peculiar set. His pub-
lications are very numerous, and some
of them contain curious details relative
to his personal history and religious
experience. After the death of his first
wife, he married the wealthy relict of
Sir James Sanderson, a London alder-
man, and passed the latter part of his
life in affluence. After his conversion,
he generally appended to his name the
mystical letters S. S., or Sinner Saved.
HUNTINGFORD, George Isaac, a
distinguished classical scholar, and an
amiable dignitary of the church, was b.
at Winchester, 'in 1748. Through the
patronage of Lord Sidmouth, who had
been his pupil at Winchester, he ob-
tained the see of Gloucester in 1802, and
that of Hereford in 1815. He was the
author of " Greek Monostrophics," " A
Call for Union with the Established
Church," " Thoughts on the Trinity,"
&c. D. 1832.
HUNTINGTON, Ebenezer, a distin-
guished citizen of Connecticut, d. 1834,
graduated at Yale college in 1775 ; joined
the army near Boston the same year as
a volunteer ; in September was commis-
sioned as a lieutenant; in 1776 was ap-
pointed a captain and also deputy adju-
tant-general ; in 1777 a major ; and in
1799 a lieutenant-colonel, lie was pres-
ent at the surrender of Cornwallis at
Yorktown. In 1799 he was, at the rec-
ommendation of Washington, appointed
a brigadier-general in the army raised
by congress, when expectations were
entertained of a war with France. D.
1834. — Samuel, a signer of the declara-
tion of independence, was b. in 1732, iu
Connecticut, settled in early life at Nor-
wich as a lawyer, and soon rose to pop-
hutJ
CYCLOP-iEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
515
ularity (ind eminence. In 1775 he was
elected a delegate to congress, and in
1779 was chosen president of that ven-
erable body. In 1784 he was appointed
lieutenant-governor of his native state,
and advanced to the seat of chief judge.
He was chosen chief magistrate in 1786.
D. 1796.
HUPAZOLI, Francis, one of the few
individuals who have lived in three
centuries. He was b. in 1587, at Casal,
in Sardinia, and d. in 1702. At first he
was a clergyman, and afterwards became
a merchant at Scio ; and, in his 23d
year, he was appointed Venetian consul
at Smyrna. By his fifth wife, whom he
married at the age of 98 years, he had
four children. His drink was water ;
he never smoked, and ate little, (prin-
cipally game and fruit.) He drank a
good deal of the juice of the scorzonera
root, ate but very little at night, went to
bed and rose early, then heard mass,
and walked and labored the whole day
to the last. He wrote down every thing
remarkable which he had witnessed, in
22 volumes. He never had a fever, was
never bled, and never took any medi-
cine. At the age of 100 his gray hair
again became black. When 109 years
old, he lost his teeth and lived on soup ;
and, four years later, he had two large
new teeth, and began again to eat meat.
HURD, Richard, an eminent English
prelate and philologist, was b. in 1720,
at Congreve, in Staflfbrdshire. In 1749
he published " Horatii Ars Poetica,"
with an English commentary. In 1750
he published a commentary on the
" Epistle" of Horace to Augustus ; and
Uso a satirical attack on Doctor Jortin,
in defence of Warburton, in an essay on
the "Delicacy of Friendship," which he
afterwards endeavored to suppress. His
"Dialogues, Moral and Political," with
"Letters on Chivalry and Romance,"
appeared, at different times, from 1758
to 1764, and were republished collect-
ively, in 1765. None of his works at-
tracted so much notice as the " Dia-
logues," which were translated into
German. In 1767 he Was made arch-
deacon of Gloucester ; 1775 was raised
to the bishopric of Lichfield and Cov-
entry; and, not long after, was trans-
lated to the see of Worcester in 1781.
D. 1808.
HURE, Charles, a French divine of
tlie Jansenist persuasion, was b. 1639,
and d. 1717. His works are a " Dic-
tionary of the Bible," a " Translation
of the New Testament into French,"
With notes, a " Sacred Grammar," &c.
HUSKISSON, William, an English
statesman, was b. in 1770. He was
brought into parliament for Morpeth,
by government interest, in 1797, from
w"hich time he connected himself on
terms of friendship with Mr. Canning,
and supported all the measures of the
Pitt administration. During the Whig
administration of 1806, he was an active
member of the opposition ; but on its
dissolution he returned to oflfice, and
remained till the premiership of the
duke of Wellington, with the short ex-
ception of an interval in 1809, when the
quarrel took place between Mr. Canning
and Lord Castlereagh, and he sided
with the former in withdrawing from
the government. When Mr. Canning
was appointed to the government of
India, Mr. Huskisson succeeded him as
member of parliament for Liverpool ;
was successively treasurer of the navy,
joint secretary of the treasury, vice-
president and president of the board of
trade, and was colonial secretary during
the Liverpool and Canning administra-
tions. It was during this latter period
that he brought forward his celebrated
free-trade measures. Mr. Huskisson d.
at Manchester, September 15, 1830, in
consequence of one of his legs being
crushed, and other severe injuries sus-
tained, by the wheels of a locomotive
steam-engine coming in contact with
him, while present at the celebration of
the opening of the Liverpool and Man
Chester railway.
HUSS, John, a celebrated Bohemian
reformer and martyr, b. at Hussienitz,
about 1376. He was the first opposer
of the doctrine of transubstantiation,
and the defender of Wickliff ; for which
he wsis burnt alive by order of the coun-
cil of Constance, in 1415.
HUSSEY, Giles, an English painter,
b. at MarnhuU, in Dorsetshire, in 1710.
He studied in France and Italy, pos-
sessed considerable talents, and painted
some good pictures ; but he was some-
what eccentric, and met with little en-
courasrement in proportion to his merits.
D. 1788.
HUTCHESON, Franck, a metaphys-
ical writer, was b. in 1694; studied at
Glasgow ; and, on his return to Ireland,
officiated to a dissenting congregation,
for some time, in the northern part of
that kingdom ; but, in 1729, he was
elected professor of moral philosophy at
Glasgow. He was the author of " An
Inquiry into the Ideas of Beauty and
Virtue," and a " Treatise on the Pas-
sions." In 1755, his son, Dr. Francis
516
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
LHCT
HcTOHEsoN, a physician of Glasgow,
printed from his father's papers, "A
System of Moral Philosophy," to which
is prefixed an account of the author.
D. 1747.
HUTCHINS, John, an English divine
and topographer, was b. in JJorsetshire,
in 1696, and d. 1773. He was the author
of the " History and Antiquities of the
County of Dorset." — Thomas, geogra-
pher-general to the United States of
America, was b. in New Jersey, about
1730. He had served in the army
against the Indians in Florida; was
imprisoned in England, in 1779, on the
charge of having corresponded with Dr.
Eranklin, then American agent in
France ; afterwards j oined the army of
General Greene, and d. at Pittsburg,
in 1789. He published sevend topo-
graphical and historical works of con-
siderable interest.
HUTCHINSON, Ann, a religious en-
thusiast in New England, who instituted
meetings for women, in which she pre-
tended to enjoy immediate revelations.
By these means, great dissensions were
caused in the churches, and in 1637 an
ecclesiastical synod assembled and con-
demned her errors. Not long after, she
was banished from the colony, where
in 1643, she and her family, consisting
of 15 persons, were captured by the
Indians, and aU except a daughter
killed. — John, an English philosophical
and critical author, celebrated as the
opponent of Dr. Woodward in natural
history, and of Sir Isaac Newton in
philosophy. B. 1674; d. 1737.— John
Hely, an Irish statesman and lawyer,
was b. in 1715. He becatae secretary
of state, and accumulated a number of
lucrative employments. So great indeed
was his avidity for office and emolu-
ment, that Lord North said, " If En-
gland and Ireland were given to this
man, he would solicit the Isle of Man
for a potato garden." He possessed
great talents and eloquence, and d. 1794.
■ — Thomas, lord chief justice, and after-
wards lieutenant-governor of the colony
of Massachusetts, was b. at Boston,
1711. He had been greatly respected
in his province for his able and irre-
proachable conduct on the judicial
bench ; but having covertly taken part
with Great Britain against the American
colonies, and given the English minis-
ters advice relative to the enforcement
of the duty on tea, it was found neces-
sary to remove him and place General
Gage in his situation. He accordingly
went to England, lived in a retired
manner at Brompton, and d. there in
1780. Governor Hutchinson was the
author of a "History of the Colony of
Massachusetts Bay," &c.
HUTTEN, Jacob, a native of Silesia,
who in the 16th century, founded a sect
called the Bohemian or Moravian breth-
ren. These were tlie descendants of
the Hussites, and appear to have given
rise to the Anabaptists. Hutten is sup-
posed to have been burnt as a heretic
at Inspruck. — Ulric von, a German
soldier, poet, and miscellaneous writer,
was b. at Steckelberg, in Franconia, in
1488. He was the most active of all
the early reformers ; and his writings
against the church of Kome were so
severe, that the pope sent orders to the
inquisitor to seize him ; but he fled into
Switzerland, and d. near Zurich in 1528.
His letters and poems are very classical.
Hutten was one of the boldest and most
free-spirited man of his time ; injus-
tice, falsehood, hypocrisy, and tyranny
filled him with indignation, and he
unmasked them with a spirit that
knew no fear. Herder has collected
his poems.
HUTTER, Elias and Leonabd, two
cotemporary Protestant divines, b. at
Ulm, about the middle of the 16th cen-
tury. The former is remarkable for
having published a Hebrew Bible, con-
taining no less than 30 versions of the
117th psalm in various languages. He
also published a Polyglot Bible in four
languages, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and
German ; and he afterwards added to it
the Italian, French, Sclavonic, and
Saxon. D. 1608. — Leonard, who distin
guished himself as a stanch supporter
of the reformed church, published a
variety of polemical treatises, obtained
the divinity professor's chair at the
university of Wittemberg, and d. in
1616.
HUTTON, Charles, an eminent
mathematician, was b. at Newcastle-
upon-Tyne, in 1737. Having made
great progress in his mathematical
studies, and 'distinguished himself by
the production of a small work on the
principles of bridges, he was appointed
professor at the royal military college,
Woolwich. He produced in 1796 his
" Mathematical and Philosophical Dic-
tionary," and in 1798 he gave to the
world the first edition of his " Course
of Mathematics." He was afterwards
engaged with Dr. Pearson and Dr.
Shaw in an abridgment of the Philo-
sophical Transactions, for his labor in
whi^ch work, it is said, he received
HYPj
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
517
£6000. He retbsd from his appoint-
ment at Woolvich in 1807, with a
pension of £500. D. 1823.— James, a
celebrated geologist and natural phi-
losopher, was b.ln Edinburgh, in 1726.
After finishing his education at tlie
university, he was apprenticed to a wri-
ter to the signet, but quitted the legal
profession for that of medicine, as being
the nearest allied to chemistry, which
was his favorite studjf. He in conse-
quence went to the universities of Paris
and Leyden, at the latter of which he
took his degree in 1749 ; but on his
return, being desirous of making him-
self conversant with agriculture, he
settled upon a farm of his own in Ber-
wickshire. In 1768 he went to Edin-
burgh, and from that time he devoted
himself entirely to scientific pursuits,
publishing numerous works, and inves-
tigating various subjects of natural
Shilosophy. Dr. Hutton is chiefly
istinguished as tne author of a system
or theory of geology, termed the Pluto-
nian, by which the structure of the
solid parts of the earth are accounted
for by the action of subterraneous fire.
This theory excited a warm controversy
among men of science, and met with
many fierce opponents ; but the late
Professor Play fair advocated it in his
"Ihustraiions'of the Huttonian Theory
of the Earth." and it has since been
gradually rising into repute. Among
the chief works of Hutton are, " The
Progress of Reason from Sense to Sci-
ence and Philosophy," and a " Theory
of the Earth, with JProofs and Illustra-
tions." D. 1797.
HUYGENS, Christian, an eminent
mathematician and astronomer, was b. at
the Hague, in 1629. He was the sou of
Constantine Huygens, lord of Zuylichen,
a nobleman of great scientific abilities,
who initiated his son in the principles
of general science and classical learning,
and sent him to the university of Ley-
den. He soon distinguished himself by
the publication of several learned works,
both astronomical and mathematical;
he also invented the pendulum, im-
proved the air-pump, ascertained the
laws of collision of elastic bodies, and
discovered the ring and one of the
satellites of Saturn, of which he gave
an account in his " Systema Saturni-
num." He visited both France and
England for scientific purposes; was
made a fellow of the Royal Society in
1661, and shortly after, at the invitation
of Colbert, he settled in France, where
he recei red a handsome pension, and
44
remained till 1681, when he returned to
his native country, and d. 1695,
HUYSUM, John van, a celebrated
painter, was b. in 1682, at Amsterdam,
where his father, Justus van Huysum,
was a respectable artist. John wasthe
most distinguished flower and fruit
painter of modern times, and his pic-
tures fetched enormous prices; his
landscapes were also highly esteemed.
He d. in 1749.— He had two brothers,
Justus and Jacob, the former painted
battles, and d. in his 22d year; the
latter copied the works of John with
great exactness, and d. in London, in
1740.
HYDE, Thomas, a learned divine and
orientalist, was b. in 1636, at Billingsley,
in Shropshire, and studied at King's
college, Cambridge. While there, tie-
fore lie was 18, he assisted Walton in
his great Polyglot bible. In 1658 he
went to Oxford, and became successively
Hebrew reader and keeper of the Bod-
leian Library. He was next promoted
to a prebend in Salisbury cathedral, and
afterwards appointed regius professor
of Hebrew, and canon of Christ-church,
Oxford. D. 1703. His " Veterum Per-
sarum et Medorum Historia" is regarded
as a highly valuable work.
HYDER ALI, or HYDER ALLY
KHAN, a celebrated Indian prince,
who, during the latter part of the 18th
century, was a formidable enemy to the
English in Hindostan, was the son of a
petty chief in the Mysore. He intro-
duced the European discipline among
his troops, became general-in-chief of
the forces of Cinoas, who then reigned
at Seringapatam as a vassal of the great
Mogul ; and having quarrelled with the
grand vizier, got him into his power,
and eventually assumed the sovereignty
himself. He made important conquests
from the Mahrattas, twice invaded the
East India Company's territories, and at
one time caused the greatest apprehen-
sion for the safety of the British power
in the East. A treaty was concluded in
1769, which was broken in 1780, and
the war renewed with vigor; but the
skill of Sir Eyre Coote proved superior
to Hyder, who left the militaty opera-
tions to his son Tippoo Saib. D. 1782.
HYPATIA, a female philosopher, of
the eclectic sect, was the daughter of
Theon, a celebrated mathematician, who
governed the Platonic school in Alex-
andria, in the 4th century. She early
exhibited proofs of extraordinary genius
and judgment ; and being educated by
her father in all he knew, she became a
518
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[iGN
preceptress in the school in which
Hierocles and other celebrated philoso-
phers had presided. Her ready elocu-
tion, her beauty, and graceful address,
united with deep erudition and sound
judgment, procured her the admiration
of all her hearers ; and her house be-
came the resort of all the learned and
eminent persons in Alexandria, among
whom was Orestes, the governor. This
roused the jealousy of Cyril, a haughty
and intolerant prelate, at tnav time the
patriarch of Alexandria ; and such was
the blind bigotry and resentment of his
monkish partisans, that they conspired
against Hypatia's life, and a furious
band of assassins seizing her as she was
returning home from the schools, they
dragged her through the streets, mur-
dered her in the most barbarous man-
ner, and threw her mangled limbs into
the flames, a. d. 415.
1.
IBEAHIM MANSOUR EFFENDI,
an adventurer, whose real name was
Cerfbere, was b. at Strasburg, of a
Jewish family. After having served in
the republican hussars, he became so
violent a royalist that he was impris-
oned. In 1802 he went to Constantino-
ple, turned Mahometan, and was em-
ployed to discipline the Turkish troops.
He subsequently wandered through
Russia, Sweden, and Denmark; held,
under the name of Medelsheira, a gov-
ernment office in Westphalia; fought
against the Servians ; was, for three
years, engineer to Ali Pacha; recom-
menced his wanderings, and extended
them to various parts of Asia, Africa,
and America; and at last, being in a
starving state, shot himself at Paris, in
1826. He wrote a " Memoir of Greece
and Albania, during the Government
of Ali Pacha."
IBYCUS, a Greek lyric poet, a native
of Ehegium, was b. in the 6th century
B. 0. He wrote seven books of odes, of
which only a few fragments are extant.
He was killed in a solitary spot by rob-
bers, whose crime is said to have been
discovered in a singular manner. While
dying, he saw a flight of cranes passing,
and called upon Uiem to avenj^e him.
As the murderers were walkhig "in Ehe-
gium, one of them saw some cranes
> overhead, and said to his companions.
"Here are the avengers of Ibycus.''
This speech excited suspicion, and the
truth was wrung from the criminals by
torture.
IFFLAND, Augustus William, a
popular actor and dramatist, was b. at
Hanover, in 1759, and from his child-
hood had a propensity to the stage,
which his father vainly endeavored to
repress. In 1770 he absconded from his
home, and made his appearance at the
Gotha theatre. He soon rose to the first
rank among German actors. As a wri-
ter he was almost equally successful.
In 1798 he published an edition of his
works, which contained 47 comedies
and tragedies; and he subsequently
wrote many others. D. 1814.
IGNAEIIA, Nicholas, a learned Nea-
politan antiquary, b. in 1728. He was
educated at the college of Urbano, at
Naples, and at the age of 20 he taught
Greek in that seminary. When Charles
III. founded the Herculanean academy,
in 1755, Ignarra was appointed one of
the first members. In 1763 he succeed-
ed Mazzochias, professor of sacred lit-
erature in the royal university, and in
1771 he became principal professor. In
1782 he was nominated director of the
royal printing-office ; and two years
after, tutor to the hereditary Prince
Francis of Bourbon. He was made a
canon of the cathedral of Naples, 1794,
and d. in 1808. His principal work is
entitled, "De Palaestra Neapolitana
Commentarium," 1770, a very learned
Production. He also published " The
life of Mazzochi," and other pieces.
IGNATIUS, St., a father of the
church, made bishop of Antioch by St.
John the evangelist. After exhibiting
many virtues in his province, he was
seized by Adrian, and exposed to the
fury of wild beasts in the Eoman am-
phitheatre. Seven of his epistles are
preserved. — A patriarch of Constantino-
gle, was son of the Emperor Michael
uropalata, by Procopia, and presided
at the eighth general council of that see.
D. 878.
IGNATIUS DE LOYOLA, the foun-
der of the order of the Jesuits, was b.
in 1491, of a noble family, in the Span-
ish province of Guipuscoa. In 1521 he
was severely wounded at the siege of
Pampeluna. The result of his medi-
tations on a bed of pain was, sorrow foi
inn]
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHT.
519
Lis past debau Aed life, and a determi-
nation to devote himself to works of
5iety. He began by a pilgrimage to
erusalem; after which ie "studied at
Alcala, Salamanca, and Paris; and be-
gan to preach and to make disciples.
At first he was opposed, and even im-
prisoned ; but at length the pope, in
1540, gave his sanction to the new
order which Loyola had established,
and appointed him its first general. He
d. in 1556, and was canonized in 1622.
IHKE, John, an erudite Swede, was
b. at Upsal, in 1707; was educated at
the university there ; became professor
of poetry, rhetoric, and politics; was
ennobled and made a knight of the Po-
lar Star ; and d. 1780. He is the author
of" Lexicon Dialectorum," "Glossarium
Sueco-Gothicum,-' "A Dissertation on
Eunic Antiquities," and other works.
INCHBALD, Elizabeth, a dramatist
and novelist, whose maiden name was
Simpson, was b. in 1756, at Stanning-
field, near Bury, in Suffolk. At the age
of 16 she secretly quitted her family, be-
ing prompted by an irrepressible desire
of" visiting the metropolis. After es-
caping many dangers in her rash adven-
ture, she married Mr. Inchbald, of Dru-
ry-lane theatre, and was for several years
upon the stage. In 1789, however, she
quitted it, and thenceforth depended
upon her literary labors. She d. in
1821. She wrote 19 dramas, some of
which were deservedly successful ; and
two novels, "The Simple Story," and
" Nature and Art," which rank" among
the standard works in that class of lit-
erature; and she edited ''The British
Theatre," " The Modern Theatre," and
a " Collection of Farces."
INCHOFEE, Melchior, a German
Jesuit, was b. in Vienna, in 1584. He
wrote a book, entitled, "The Virgin
Mary's Letter to the people of Messina
proved to be genuine," which gave
great offence to nis brethren, whom he
found great difficulty in appeasing. He
also wrote a satire against them, which
was printed after his death under the
title of "Monarchia Solipsorum." He
ftlso wrote the "Ecclesiastical History
of Hungary," &c. D. at Milan, 1648.
INCLEDON, Benjamin Charles, a
celebrated English singer, was b. at St.
Keveran, in Cornwall, in 1764, where
his father practised as a surgeon. When
only eight years old, the astonishing fine
tones of his voice induced his parents
to article him to Jackson, of Exeter, un-
der whoie tuition he remained, as a
choristei in Exater cathedral, until he
was 15. Not liking the restraints to
whioh he was necessarily subject, he
abruptly quitted his place in 1779. In
1790 he made his debut at Covent-gax-
den theatre, with great success, as Der-
mot, in " Tlxe Poor Soldier," and rose
at once into a degree of popularity,
which attended him till the infirmities
consequent upon advancing years, and
an irregular mode of life, compelled him
to quit the stage. His voice combined
uncommon power, sweetness, and flexi-
bility, both in the natural tones and the
falsetto, and his intonation was singu-
larly correct. Indeed, those who have
heard him in "The Storm," "Black-
eyed Susan," or any of the better Rort
of the old English ballads and hunting-
songs, will not easily forget a style of
singing which, we believe, has seldom,
if ever, had its equal. D. 1826.
INGENHOUSZ, John, a physician
and experimental philosopher, was b. in
1780, at Breda, in Holland; settled in
London, where he was chosen a mem-
ber of the Eoyal Society ; was recom-
mended by Sir John Pringle to inocu-
late the family of the Empress Maria
Theresa ; resided for many years at
Vienna, in the enjoyment of honors
and fortune ; and at length returned to
England, where he d. in 1799. He is
the author of " Experiments on Vegeta-
bles," "Experiments in and Observa-
tions on Natural Philosopliy," and other
works of great merit.
INGEESOLL, Jared, a judge of the
admiralty court of Connecticut, grad-
uated at Yale college, in 1742. He
settled at New Haven as a lawyer, and
was agent of the colony in England, in
1757 ; but being appointed distributor
of the stamps in Connecticut, under the
stamp act, he lost his popularity. The
people of New Haven compelled hira
to resign. Not deeming this resigna-
tion explicit, a large company from the
eastern part of Coimecticut set out on a
journey to New Haven. They met Mr.
ingersoll at Wethersfield, when they
compelled him to resign, and cry out
three times, " Liberty and Property."
The next day 500 men escorted him to
Hartford. He was afterwards judge of
the admiralty. D. 1781.
INMAN, Henry, an eminent portrait
painter of New York, was b. at Utica,
1801. In 1812 he removed to New
York, and became a pupil of the famous
Jarvis. He subsequently achieved a
brilliant reputation as an artist.
INNOCENT I., a native of Albano,
electe'd pope after Anastasius the first,
520
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[inn
402. He defended Chrysostom, and
condemned the Novatians and Pela-
gians. D. 417. — II., was elected pope
after Honorius II., though part of the
cardinals protested against his elevation
to the papal chair, by appointing the
son of a Jew, of the name of Peter de
Leo, who assumed the appellation of
Anacletus II. Innocent, though sup-
ported by the princes of Europe, except
the kings of Scotland and Sicily, who
acknowledged the authority of his rival,
was at last driven from Rome by the
tumults of Arnauld de Bresse, and re-
tired to France, where he held several
councils at Clermont, Eheims, Puy, and
other places. After the death of Ana-
cletus, and the abdication of his succes-
sor, Victor IV., he returned to Rome,
where he held the second Lateran coun-
cil in 1139, attended by 1000 bishops,
and crowned Lothaire as emperor. He
afterwards made war against Roger,
king of Sicily, and d. at Rome, 1143. —
III., Lothaire Conti, a native of Anagni,
raised to the popedom, 1198, after Celes-
tinus III. though only 37 years old.
To unite the Christian princes in the re-
covery of the Holy Land, he preached a
crusade against the Albigenses of Lan-
guedoc, and afterwards put Philip Au-
gustus of France under an interdict, and
excommunicated John, king of England,
and Raymond, count of Toulouse. He
raised the papal authority to such a
height that the Roman republic in its
brightest days, was never more power-
ful, so that the pope was no longer the
vassal of the neighboring princes, but
the temporal master of all sovereigns,
whom he could depose or restore agree-
ably to his absolute will. Under In-
nocent, the Dominicans, Franciscans,
Trinitarians, and other orders arose,
which were still to spread farther, and
to confirm the power of Rome. This
pope, thus distinguished by political
sagacity and courtly intrigue,' d. at Pe-
rouse, 1216. — IV., Sinibaldi de Fiesque,
chancellor of the Roman church, and
cardinal, was elected pope, 1243, after
the death of Celestinus IV. He was
early engaged in a quarrel with Fred-
eric, emperor of Germany, who wished
to invade tlie rights of the church, and
he held a council at Lyons, in which he
excommunicated and deposed the im-
perial delinquent, This severe measure
was displeasing to several princes, but
Louis, king of France, interfered in vain
with the inexorable pontiff, and the dis-
pute was terminatea only by the death
of the emperor. He wrote " Apparatus
super Decretales." and was the first who
invested the cardinals with a red hat, as
a mark of their dignity. D. 1254. — V.,
Peter de Tarantaise, a Dominican, arch-
bishop of Lyons, and a cardinal, made
pope, 1276. He wrote "Notes on the
Epistles of St. Paul," commentaries,
and other works. D. 1276.— VI., Ste-
phen Albert, a native of Pompadour, in
Limoges, was bishop of Ostia, and a
cardinal, and in 1352, elected pope after
Clement VI. He was of a peaceful dis-
position, and labored earnestly to recon-
cile the kings of England and France.
He is hlamed for bestowing too many
honors on his family, though their good
conduct deserved the highest dignities.
D. 1362.— VII., Come de Meliorati, a na-
tive of Sulmone in Abruzzo, was elected
pope, 1404, but opposed by the arms of
Ladislaus, king of Naples, who drove
him from Rome. D. 1406.— VIII., John
Baptist Cibo, a noble Genoese, of Greek
extraction, bishop of Melfi, elected pope,
1484. He labored much to re-establish
union among Christian princes, and
showed himself particularly attentive to
the interests of his family, and of his
children, whom he had had before he
was admitted into the church. He was
a benevolent pontiff, and d. of an apo-
plectic fit, 1492. — IX., John Anthony
Facchiuetti, a native of Bologna, made
a cardinal by Gregory XIII. for his ser-
vices at the council of Trent. He was
elected pope, 29th October, 1591, and d.
two months after. — X., John Baptist
Pamphili, a native of Rome, who suc-
ceeded Urban VIIL, 1644, at the age of
72. He persecuted the Barberinis, to
whom he was indebted for his elevation,
and he published his bull against the
five propositions of the Jansenists. D.
1655. — XL, Benedict Odescalchi, a na-
tive of Como, in the Milanese, was made
a bishop and a cardinal by Pope Inno-
cent X., and elected pope 1676. He
reformed several abuses in the ecclesi-
astical states, and opposed with great
firmness Louis XIV . by refusing to
admit to bishoprics those persons who
were recommended to him by the mon-
arch, so that at his death not less than
thirty dioceses were vacant. He con-
demned the errors of the Molinists and
the Quietists, and effected a strong coa-
lition between Germany, Poland, and
Venice, against the Turks. D. 1689. —
XII., Anthony Pignatelli, a noble Nea-
politan, raised to the papal chair, 1691,
after Alexander VIIL He issued a bull
against the system adopted by his pre-
decessor, of paying particular honors to
IRV]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
521
the relations of j^opes, and condemned
the " Maxims ot the Samts," written
by Fenelon, archbishop of Cambray.
D. 1700.
IRELAND, Saatuel, was originally a
silk manufacturer in Spitalfields ; but
having a taste for the arts, he became a
speculator in scarce books, prints, &c.,
and published many embellished tours.
In 1796 his character sustained a deep
injury in consequence of the part he
took in the publication of an impudent
^orgery, fabricated by his son, which
made a great noise at the time, and was
entitled *' Miscellaneous Papers and Le-
gal Instruments, under the hand and
seal of William Shakspeare," &c. His
son, however, acquitted him of wilful
participation in this gross literary fraud,
m what he termed an " Authentic Ac-
count of the Shakspeare Manuscripts."
Besides a variety of "Picturesque Tours"
above alluded to, Samuel Ireland pub-
lished a work in one volume, entitled
" Graphic Illustrations of Hogarth." D.
1800.
IREN^US, St., a Christian martyr
in the 2d century, was bishop of Lyons.
.He was a man of considerable learning,
and animated with an ardent zeal for
Christianity ; in which cause he suffered
during the fifth persecution under Sep-
timus Severus, in 202, and is honored as
a saint.
IRENE, an empress of Constantinople,
alike famous for her talents, her beauty,
and her crimes, was by birth an Athe-
nian, and married Leo IV., after whose
death, in 769, she raised herself and her
son Constantine VI., who was then but
9 years old, to the imperial throne.
Charlemagne at that time menaced the
Eastern empire. Irene at first delayed
him by promises ; and at length went
so far as to oppose him, arms in hand ;
but he totally defeated her army in the
year 788. Wiien Constantine 'had ar-
rived at manhood, he refused to permit
her to participate longer in the govern-
ment, and actually reigned alone seven
years ; but the inhuman and unnatural
empress caused him to be deprived of
his sight, and assumed the sovereignty.
Her entrauce into Constantinople on a
triumphal car of gold and precious
stones, her liberality to the people, the
freedom which she bestowed on all pris-
oners, and other artifices employea by
her, were not sufficient to secure her
from the consequences of her criminal
accession. Nic^phorus, who was placed
on the imperial throne, exiled her to the
isle oi Lesbos, where she d. in 803.
44*
IRETON, Henrt, a soldier, states-
man, and regicide, was b. at Attenton,
in Nottinghamshire, in 1610 ; studied at
Trinitv college, Oxford, and the Middle
Temple ; and on the breaking out of the
rebellion, joined the parliamentarians,
the left wing of whose army he com-
manded at the battle of Naseby. Hav-
ing married a daughter of Oliver Crom-
well, he soon rose to preferments ; sat
in judgment upon the king, whom he
had previously betrayed ; and was ap-
pointed commander-in-chief in Ireland,
where he d. in 1651. His body was
brought to England, and buried in
Westminster abbey till the restoration,
when it was taken up, suspended at the
gallows, and then thrown into a pit with
those of Cromwell and Bradshaw.
IRVING, William, a merchant of the
citj^ of New York. He was also distin-
guished as a gentleman of literary taste,
and in 1812 became a member of con-
gress. Mr. I. was a brother of Washing-
ton Irving; and it is said furnished
several papers for the noted work under
the name of " Salmagundi." D. 1821. —
Edward, a native of Annan, Scotland,
was b. in 1792. He received the first
rudiments of classical education of the
village schoolmaster, which he com-
pleted at the university of Edinburgh.
When a mere child he is said to have
been singular in his way of thinking,
habits, and amusements ; and, before he
had reached the 17th year of his age, he
was recommended as a teacher of the
mathematics, by Professor Leslie, to an
academy at Haddington. That situation
he left, in order to fill a similar one at
Kirkkaldy, where he remained seven
years, and during which time he became
enamored of Miss Isabella Martin,
whom he afterwards married. In 1819
he went to Edinburgh, with a determi-
nation of becoming a preacher of the
gospel; and on Dr. Chalmers hearing
him in the pulpit, he appointed him his
assistant at St. John's church, Glasgow.
In 1823 he was appointed to preacn at
the Caledonian asylum, in Cross-street,
Hatton-garden. The force, eloquence,
and, it may be added, the novelty ot
style and manner of Mr. Irving, drew
such large congregations to the Cale-
donian asylum, that those only were
admitted who could procure tickets —
even for " standing room ;" while these
were chiefly distributed among the
noble, wealthy, and liberal of both
sexes. He published many of his ser-
mons and opinions; and on becoming
acquainted with Mr. Drummond, joinea
522
CrCLOPJEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[iSI
•' the prophets," as they wore called, of
Albury park, the seat of the latter.
These "prophets" were twenty or thirty
persons assembled together at the above-
named seat, for the express object of
Rtudyiag, or elucidathig, " the sublime
science of sacred propliecy," accounts
of which were publislied in 1827. In
the course of this and the following year
the change in Mr. Irving*8 doctrines
became evident to his former admirers ;
and in 1830 he was charged with heresy
by the Scotch church in London. Pro-
ceedings of the presbytery were carried
on against him; and the judgment of
that body being approved by the trus-
tees of the National Scotch cnurch,
which had been erected for him in Ee-
gent square, he was dismissed there-
from, and afterwards deposed by the
presbytery of Annan. He then removed
to Newman-street to preach, and grew
wilder than ever, till he d. 1834.
IRWIN, Eyles, was b. at Calcutta,
of Irish parents, in 1748, and received
his education in England. In 1767 he re-
turned to the East in a civil capacity, but
was suspended in 1777, for his attach-
ment to Lord Pigot ; on which he came
to Europe over land to seek redress,
obtained it, and was restored to his
former station at Madras, whither he
again repaired. In 1785 he returned
again to England; but in 1792 he went
to China to superintend the Company's
affairs ; after which he revisited England,
where he d. in 1817. His works are
" Adventures during a Voyage up the
Eed Sea, and a Journey across the Des-
ert," "Eastern Eclogues," an "Epistle
to Mr. Ilayley," " Ode on the Death of
Hyder Ali," " An Inquiry into the Fea-
sibility of Bonaparte's Expedition into
the East," " Napoleon, or the Vanity of
Human Wishes," &c.
ISAAC, Karo, a rabbi, who was forced
to quit Spain in consequence of the edict
of Ferdinand and Isabella in 1499, which
compelled the Jews to leave that coun-
try within 4 mouths, or become Chris-
tians. He first went to Portugal, and
from thence to Jerusalem, but was so
unfortunate as to lose all his children
on their journey, as well as his library.
He then passed the remainder of his life
in solitucle, occupying iiimself in writing
a "Commentary on tne Pentateuch."
ISAACSON, Henry, the author of a
valuable system of chronology, was the
eon of Richard Isaacson, sheriff of Lon-
don. B. 1581 ; d. 1684.
ISABELLA OF Castile, the celebrated
queen of Spain, daughter of John II.,
was b. 1451, and married, in 1469, Fer-
dinand v., king of Aragon. After the
death of her brother, Henry IV., in
1474, she ascended the throne of Castile,
to the exclusion of her eldest sister, Jo-
anna, who had the rightful claim to the
crown. After the kingdoms of Aragon
and Castile were united, Ferdinand and
Isabella together assumed the royal title
of Spain. She was haughty and ambi-
tious ; but with the graces and charms
of her sex, Isabella united the courage
of a hero, and the sagacity of a states-
man and legislator; she was always
present at the transaction of state affairs,
and her name was placed beside that oi
her husband in public ordinances. Pri-
vate warfare, which had formerly pre-
vailed to the destruction of public tran-
quillity, she checked, and introduced a
vigorous administration of justice. D.
1504.
IS-^US, an Athenian orator, the pupil
of Lysias and Isocrates. He lived in
the first half of the 4th century b. c, was
wholly unconnected with public affairs,
and devoted himself to the task of in-
structing others. Eleven of his orations
are still extant.
ISCANUS, JosEPHus, or Joseph of
ExETEK, was a distinguished writer of
Latin poetry, who accompanied Richard
Coeur de Lion to Palestine. He was the
author of an epic poem, entitled " Anti-
ocheis," or the deeds of Richard, which
the poet had himself witnessed. This
is unfortunately lost; but another, on
the Trojan war is still extant. Warton
styles Iscanus "the miracle of his age
in classical composition." D. 1224.
ISELIN, Isaac, a German philosopher,
and an ingenious writer, b. at Basle, in
1728, of the grand council of which city
he became secretary in 1756. His prin-
cipal work is entitled " The History of
Mankind," but many others came irom
his pen. D. 1782.
ISEMBERT OF Xaintes, a French
architect of the 12th century, whose
skill in building the bridges of Xaintes
and Rochelle, niduced John, king of
England, to recommend him to the citi-
zens of London, in 1201, as an engineer,
or architect, who might be useful to
them in completing the bridge over the
Thames then building.
ISIDORE OF Miletus, a Greek archi-
tect of the 6th century, who, together
with Anthemius, was employed by the
Emperor .Justinian, to erect the church
of St. Sophia, at Constantinople. It is
now used as a mosque. — Of Pelusiitm,
a saint in the Roman caler.dar, and so
vnt\
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
523
called from his retiiing to a solitude
near the town wliich bears that name,
was' a celebrated disc pie of St. Chrysos-
tom, and flourished n the 5th century.
He wrote 3000 epistles on theological
questions and ecclesiastical discipline. —
Of Seville, another Roman saint, was
b. at Carthage na, of which his father was
governor. Isidore succeeded his brother
in the bishopric of Seville in 601, and d.
in 636. His works are numerous, and
among them is a chronicle, ending at
tJie year 626.
ISOCRATES, one of the greatest ora-
tors of Greece, was b. at Athens, 436
B. c, and was the son of a musical in-
strument-maker. His principal teachers
Were Gorgias, Prodicus, and Therame-
nes. On account of his weak voice and
natural timidity, he took but little share
himself in public speaking, but he ap-
plied himself with tne greatest ardor to
mstruction in the art of eloquence, and
preparing orations for others. He was
particularly distinguished for a polished
style and an harmonious construction of
his sentences ; his subjects were the
most important points of morals and
politics ; and it is recorded to his honor
that he never, by writing or accusation,
injured a single individual. He was
warmly attached to the liberties of his
country ; and such his grief on hearing
of the fatal battle of Cherona^a, that he
took no food for four days, and literally
died of starvation, in the 98th year of
his age.
ITURBIDE, AuousTtN, emperor of
Mexico, was b. at Valladolid, in New
Spain, 1784, and entered the military
service at the age of 17. In 1819 he was
invited to take the command of an army
destined to the south, and he marched
to Acapulco. There he matured a plan,
the professed object of which was the
emancipation of "Mexico from the yoke
of Spain, the independence of the coun-
try, the protection of religion, and the
union of the Spaniards and Mexicans.
On the strength of this plan Iturbide
continued his march to Queretaro, and
was soon joined by Victoria, the most
devoted of the friends of liberty. He
took possession of the capital in the
name of the nation, and established a
regency, consisting of members nom-
inated by himself, and wholly under his
control. Finding that the republicans
saw through his intentions, and were op-
posed to his domination, he resolved to
preserve his authority by boldly usurp-
mg the crown ; and, accordingly,
through the subserviency of his troops,
and the concurrence of a portion of tho
deputies, he was proclaimed emperor,
May 18, 1822. But defection now be-
came general among the officers of the
army, and in all the provinces, so that
Iturbide saw plainly that his cause was
hopeless, and hastily assembled at Mex-
ico the dispersed members of congress,
and tendered to them his abdication of
the crown, March 20, 1823. Congress
agreed to grant Iturbide a large yearly
pension, on condition of his leaving the
Mexican territory for ever, and residing
somewhere in Italy. He proceeded to
the coast, and embark^jj, 1823, for Leg-
horn. He might have continued to live
happily in one of the charming villas of
Tuscany, had he not been impelled by
an ambition to attempt the recovery of
his lost empire. With this object he
left Italy for England, and embarked for
Mexico, precisely a year after his de-
parture from it, and arrived in sight of"
the port of Soto la Marina, July 14.
During the year that had elapsed, the
Mexicans had adopted a republican con-
stitution. The government had been
apprised of his leaving Italy, and sus-
pected his design. A decree was passed,
1824, declaring him to be proscribed as
a traitor, and requiring that, in case he
landed in the conntry, the mere fact
should render him a public enemy.
Wholly deceived in the fate which
awaited him, Iturbide landed at Soto la
Marina, accompanied only by Beneski,
his secretary, and was almost immedi-
ately arrested by order of La Garza,
commander of the province of New
Santander. La Garza lost no time in
conducting his prisoner to Padilla, the
capital of the province. His fate was
for a short time delayed; sentence of
immediate death was pronounced ; and
lie was shot, July 19, 1824.
IVANOF, Feodor FEonoRovrrecH, a
Russian dramatist, was b. in 1777. He
first served in the army, from which he
was removed to the commissariat de-
partment, was the author of several
comedies, and a tragedy called " Martha,
or the Conquest of Novogorod." D.
1816.
IVES, John, an English dutiquarj',
was b. at Yarmouth, in 1751. Ho be-
came Suffolk herald extraordinary, and
published three numbers of select papers
on subjects of English antiquities; also
" Remarks on the Garianonum of the
Romans," "Remarks on English Coins,"
&o. D. 1776.
IVETAUX, Nicholas Vauqelin, Sei-
gneur d', ft French poet and man of let-
CrCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[jAC
ters, b. 1559. He wrote a clever poem,
entitled "Institution d'un Prince, ' and
ft variety of other pieces. D. 1649.
IZAACKE, KioHARD. author of " The
Antiquities, or Memorials of the Citv of
Exeter." was b. there, filled the omcea
of town-clerk and chamberlain, and d.
in 1700.
J.
JABLONOWSKY, Joseph Alexan-
der VON, a Polish prince, b. in 1712.
Preferring a life of literary ease, he re-
signed his dignity when the troubles
broke out in 1^ country, and went to
live at Leipsic, where he distinguished
himself as the patron of science, founded
a society, called by his name,- which still
exists. He wrote " The Lives of Twelve
Generals," a "Treatise on Sclavonic
Poetry," and other works. D. 1777.
JACKSON, Andrew, president of the
United States from 1829 to 1837, was b.
in South Carolina, 1767. His father was
an Irish emigrant. At the age of 16 he
took part in the war of independence ;
at the close of which he became a law
student, and was thus enabled to dis-
charge efficiently some high legal offices
in Tennessee, to which he was subse-
quently appointed. On the breaking
out of the war with England in 1812, he
took vigorous measures for the defence
of the menaced territory ; in 1814 he was
appointed major-general; and, among
other exploits, which raised him to the
highest point of popularity, he gained
the decisive victory over the English,
Jan. 8, 1815, at New Orleans, which put
an end to the war. The same success
attended his arms against the Creek
tribes, whom he repeatedly subdued.
In 1821 he was appointed governor of
Florida; and his gallant deeds being
still fresh in his countrymen's recollec-
tion, he was brought forward by the
democratic party as a candidate for the
presidency, elected in 1829, and re-
elected in 1833. His period of office is
chiefly remarkable for the extension of
democratic tendencies which took place
during it. He obtained from France
the payment of an indemnity of twenty-
five millions of francs for injuries done
to the commerce of the United States
during the empire. His refusal to re-
new the bank charter, in 1833, led to
one of the most violent financial strug-
gles on record. General Jackson was
endowed with inflexible will, an ardent
patriotism, and was always the idol of
the people. D. 1845. — John, a learned
Hebraist and controversial writer, was
b. at Lensy, in Yorkshire, in 1686.
The corporation of Doncaster gave him
the living of Kossington, but the perti-
nacity with which he supportea hia
Arian principles prevented nis further
rise in the church. He was the author
of" Chronological Antiquities ;" and left
behind him the character of a learned
and sincere writer, though strongly tinc-
tured with the faults of a violent polemic.
D. 1763. — John, an eminent English
portrait painter, was b. at Lastingham,
m Yorkshire, in 1778, and apprenticed
to his father, who was a tailor ; but dis-
covering a decided talent for the art in
which he afterwards excelled, his abili-
ties procured him the protection of Sir
George Beaumont, through whose means
he removed to London, and studied at
the Eoyal Academy. At the time he
entered the great theatre of art, Law-
rence, Opie, Beechey, and other eminent
masters pre-occupied the particular
branch he had chosen, and for a time
he contented himself with painting por-
traits in water-colors, in which he was
very successful. He was, however, de-
termined to take a high stand, if possi-
ble, as a portrait painter in oil ; and the
tact with which he copied the works of
the old masters surprised his cotempo-
raries. He was elected royal academi-
cian in 1817; and when, in 1819, he
travelled through Italy, and visited
Rome with Mr. Chantrey, he was chosen
a member of the academy of St. Luke.
D. 1831. — William, a musical composer
and author, was b, in 1730, at Exeter,
and received the rudiments of a classical
education, with aview to his following
one of the liberal professions. His taste
for music displayed itself, however, so
decidedly white he was yet a youth, that
his friends were induced to place him
under Travers, the organist of the ca-
thedral belonging to his native city.
Having passed two years in the metrop-
olis^, he returned to Exeter in 1750, and,
succeeding eventually to the situation
of organist, there passed the remainder
of his life. He puolished several books
of songs, canzonets, hymns, and sonatas
of his composition, which are still held
jam]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
525
m esteem for their chasteness of concep-
tion and truth of expression; he was
also the author of a treatise " On the
Present State of Music," "The Four
Ages," Sic. D. 1804.
JACOBI, John George, a German
poet, was b. in 1740, at Dusseldorf ;
studied at Gottingen ; was professor of
philosophy and eloquence at Halle ; and,
Bnbsequently, of tne belles lettres at
Friburg, which he retained during his
life. The style of Jacobi was formed on
that of the lighter French poets, and
possesses much ease and gayety. D. 1814.
JACOBS, Frederic, a celebrated phil-
ological writer, was b. at Gothar, in
Saxony, in 1764. In 1785 he became a
teacher in the gymnasium of his native
city, wher*^ he published a number of
excellent works, of which, independent
of those of a critical or philological char-
acter, may be noticed his "School for
Women," and " Tales." D. 1847.—
Jurien, was a native of Switzerland, b.
in 1610. He studied under Snyders,
and is celebrated for the fidelity and
spirit with which he painted the animals
in his hunting pieces. — Lttcas, commonly
called Lucas van Leyden, was b. at
Leyden, in 1494. He studied under his
father, Hugh Jacobs, and next under
Cornelius Engelbrecht. Many of his
pictures in oil and distemper are to be
found on the Continent ; but he is now
best known by his engravings. D. 1533.
JACOPONE, Da Todi, so called on
account of his birthplace, was an Italian
Soet, whose real name was Jacopo de
enedetti. On being left a widower
he distributed his property- among the
poor, and entered into the order of
Minorites as a servitor. He composed
Sacred Canticles, Latin poems, and the
famous "Stabat Mater," since so cele-
brated by the compositions of Haydn,
Pergolesi, &c. D. 1306.
JACOTOT, Jean Joseph, originally a
captain of artillery in Napoleotfs army,
and subsequently sub-director of the
Polytechnic school, was deprived of his
oflB.ce at the restoration for having been
a member of the chamber during the
" hundred days." Retiring to Belgium.
he there conceived and put into partial
practice a new system of education, on
the principle that all intelligences are
equal, the only diflference between man
and man being the result of circum-
stances more than of nature. He has
left several works upon the subject, in-
teresting for ingenuity, if not for cor-
rectness. B. 1770 ; d. 1840.
JACQUABD, Joseph Marie, the in-
ventor of the beau til .il apparatus for
figured weaving, which bears his name,
was b. at Lyons, 1752. At an early age
he displayed a taste for mechanics,
which distinguished him through life ;
and whether in book-binding, type-
founding, or cutlery — all of which he
tried in his youth — he showed a strong
aptitude for improvement. On his fa-
ther's death, he attempted to carry on
the weaving business, which he inherited
from him, but with little success ; and
soon afterwards, during the troubles of
the French revolution, he lost his little
a)^, having been compelled to flee from
Lyons after its reduction by the army
of the convention. He then joined the
army of the Ehine ; but having seen his
son fall in battle by his side, he once
more returned to Lyons, where he was
obliged to earn a precarious sustenance
in the humble occupation of plaiting
straw. But a new era was now m store
for him. In 1801 he submitted to the
"National Exposition" his celebrated
machine, which forms a memorable
epoch in the textile art ; and its merits
being at once acknowledged and re-
warded, he was soon afterwards em-
ployed by Napoleon in the " Conserva-
toire des Arts et des Metiers," at Paris,
where he introduced some ingenious
improvements in the models and ma-
clunery there in use. On his return to
Lyons, he had to struggle against much
opposition and prejudice on the part of
the weavers ; but he outlived it all, and
long before his death he had the satis-
faction of seeing his machinery intro-
duced into every European and Amer-
ican manufactory ; and so far from
diminishing employment, as some feared
on its first introduction, it has increased
the number of workmen in the opera-
tions to which it is applied tenfold.
D. 1834.
JAHN, John, a learned orientalist,
who after having been professor of
biblical archaeology and theology in the
university of Vienna, obtained the chair
of oriental literature, which, in 1806, he
was obliged to relinquish on account of
his heterodoxy. He published a " He-
brew Bible," " Biblical Archaeology,"
" Enchiridion Hermeneuticae generalis
Tabularum veteris et novi Foederis,"
&c. ; and his works on the philology of
the sacred writings are said to be the
most valuable extant. D. 1817.
JAMBLICHUS, a philosopher who
flourished at the beginning of the fourth
century, and was a native of Chalcis in
Cai^osyria. He was the disciple of Aqa-
526
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[jam
tolius anl Porphyry, frqm whom he
learnt the mysteries of the Plotinian
system of philosophy, which he tauglit
with ijreat reputatiou. Among the phil-
osopliical works of JambUchus now ex-
tant are, " The Life of Pythagoras,"
" An Exhortation to the Study of Phi-
losophy," and a " Treatise on the Mys-
teries of the Egyptians, Chaldeans, and
Assyrians."
JAMES I., king of Scotland, of the
house of Stuart, b. in 1394, was the son
of Robert III. In 1405 he was taken by
the English on his passage to France,
and kept in confinement 18 years. In
1424 he obtained his liberty, and se-
verely punished those who had gov-
erned his country in his absence; for
which, and some strong measures which
he took to curb a lawless nobility, he
fell a victim to assassins, who gained
admission to his apartment, and mur-
dei-ed him in his bed, in 1437. — V., of
Scotland, succeeded, in 1513, at the
death of his father, James IV., though
onlyj.8 months old. At the age of 17
he assumed the government, and as-
sisted Francis I. of France against
Charles V., for which that prince gave
him his daughter Margaret in marriage.
On her decease he married Mary of Lor-
raine, daughter of Claude, duke of Guise.
D. 1545.— I. of England, and VI. of Scot-
land, was the son of Mary, queen of
Scotland, by Henry Stuart, Lord Darn-
ley, and was b. in 1566. In the follow-
ing year, Queen Mary being forced to
resign the crown, he was solemnly
crowned at Stirling, and all public acts
ran in his name. In 1603, on the death
of Elizabeth, James succeeded to the
crown of England, and proceeded to
London. lie received during his life-
time a deal of adulation for his literary
abilities ; but though he was the author
of some few books, they display more
pedantry than learning. D. 1625. — II.,
king of England, second son of Charles
I. and of Henrietta of France, was b. in
1633, and immediately declared duke of
York. After the capture of Oxford by
the parliamentary army, he escaped,
and was conducted to his sister, the
princess of Orange. At that time he
was 15 years of age. He soon after
joined his mother at Paris, and, when
he had reached his 20th year, served in
the French army under Turenne, and
subsequently entered tlie Spanish army
in Flanders, under Don John of Austria
and the Prince of Conde. At the res-
toration he returned to England, and
married aecretly Anne Hyde, daughfer
of the Earl of Clarendon, by whom he
had two daughters, who afterwards be-
came queens of England, viz., Mary and
Anne. In the Dutch war, he signalized
himself as commander of the English
fleet, and showed great skill and bra-
very. On the death of Charles II., in
1685, the duke succeeded, under the
title of James II., and, from the time of
his ascending the throne, seems to have
acted with a steady determination to
render himself absolute. After disgust-
ing the great majority of his subjects,
he proceeded to levy the customs and ex-
cise without the authority of parliament.
He proceeded by every direct and indi-
rect attack to overthrow the established
church ; but these innovations, in regard
both to the religion and government,
gradually united opposing interests, and
a large body of the nobility and gentry
concurred in an application to the prince
of Orange, who had been secretly pre-
paring a fleet and an army for the
invasion of the country. James, who
was long kept in ignorance of these
transactions, when informed of them
by his"minister at the Hague, was struck
with terror equal to his former infatua-
tion ; and immediately repealing all his
obnoxious acts, he practised every
method to gain popularity. All confi-
dence was, however, destroyed between
the king and the people. "^William ar-
rived with his fleet in Torbay, Nov. 4th,
1688 ; and being speedily joined by
several men of rank, his ranks swelled,
while the army of James began to
desert by entire regiments. He fled to
France. The throne of Great Britian
was declared to be abdicated, and Wil-
liam and his consort Mary (the daughter
of James) were unanimously called to
fill it conjointly. Assisted by Louis
XIV., James was enabled, in March,
1689, to make an attempt for the re-
covery of Ireland. The battle of Boyne,
fought June, 1690, compelled him to
return to France. D. 1701. — ^Thomas,
an English navigator, in the 17th cen-
tury, who, in 1631 and 1632, attempted
to discover a northwest passage. He
wintered on Charleton Island, m Hud-
son's Bay ; and next summer proceeded
on his voyage, but was unable to pene-
trate farther tJian 65 degrees and a half
north. He made some discoveries on
the coast of Hudson's Bay ; to the coun-
try on the western side of which ho
gave the name of New South Wales.
On his return to England he published
an account of his expedition, entitled
'• The strange and dangerous Voyage
jay]
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHT.
527
of Captain Thomas James, for the Dis-
covery of a Northwest Passage to the
South Sea." — William, the author of a
valuable national work, entitled " The
Naval History of Great Britain, from
the declaration of War by France, in
1793, to the Accession of Geot:ge IV."
&c. Every accessible source of authen-
tic information was made use of by Mr.
James in writing this history ; and his
industry and research deserve the high-
est praise. D. 1827. — William, a land
agent and surveyor, was a native of
Henley-in-Arden, Warwickshire. He
was the original projector of the Man-
chester and Liverpool railway; and may
in some respects be regarded as the
father of the railway system, having
surveyed numerous lines at his own
expense, and been an active promoter
of these undertakings, at a time when
they were considered to be mere specu-
lative innovations. D. aged 66, at Bod-
min, Cornwall, March 11, 1837.
JAMESON, Geokge, an eminent
painter, justly termed the Vandyke of
Scotland, was b. at Aberdeen in 1586,
and d. in 1644.
JANSEN, Cornelius, bishop of
Ypres, and professor of divinity m the
universities of Louvain and Douay,
was one the most learned divines of the
17th century, and founder of the sect
of Jansenists. He was b. in 1585, at
Akay, near Leerdam, in Holland ; and
studied at Louvain. Being sent into
Spain to transact some business of con-
sequence relating to the university, the
Catholic king, viewing with a jealous
eye the intriguing policy of France,
engaged with him to write a book
against the French, for having formed
an alliance with Protestant states ; and
rewarded him for it with the see of
Ypres in 1635. He had among other
writings before this, maintained a con-
troversy against the Protestants upon
the subject of grace and predestination ;
but his " Augu'stinus," respecting which
a furious and almost interminable con-
test arose, was the principal labor of his
life. D. 1638.
JANSENIUS, Cornelius, bishop of
Ghent, was b, at Hulst, in Flanders, in
1510. He distinguished himself at the
council of Trent by his learning and
modesty. He -wrote a "Harmony of
the Gospels," and other works, and d.
at Ghent in 1576.
JANSSENS, Abraham, an historical
painter, was b. at Antwerp, in 1569.
He was cotemporary with Rubens, and
in many of the finest parts of the art
was accounted not inferior to him. —
Cornelius, called also Johnson, an emi-
nent portrait painter, was b. at Amster-
dam. He resided in England several
years, and was engaged in the service
of King James L His paintings are
easily distinguished by tneir smooth,
clear, and delicate tints, and by a strong
character of truth and nature. D. 1685.
— Victor Honorius, a celebrated histor-
ical painter, was b. at Brussels, in 1664.
ile associated with Tempesta, the cele-
brated landscape painter for several
years, and painted the figures in the
works of that great master as long as
they resided together. For small his-
torical pictures, he was preferable to all
the painters of his time.
JAENOWICK, Giovanna Mane, a
celebrated violinist, was b. at Palermo
in 1745, and was the most accomplished
pupil of LuUi. For several years he
resided at Paris, and was considered at
the head of his profession; he after-
wards went to England, where he was
very popular ; but on being invited to
settle at Petersburg, he went thither,
where he d. in 1804. He was as eccen-
tric and irritable as he was clever, and
numerous singular anecdotes are re-
corded of him.
JAEVIS, John, an artist, distin-
guished by his paintings on glass, was
b. in Dubhn, in 1749 ; and after practi-
sing his art in that city, removed to Lon-
don, where he obtained great reputa-
tion. His most celebrated performance
is the west window of New college,
Oxford, from the design of Sir Joshua
Eeynolds. D. 1804. — John Wesley
a distinguished and eccentric portrait
painter, one of the foremost of his day,
was b. at South Shields, 1780, but came
to America early in life. He was appren-
ticed to Edwin, the engraver, but his
tastes were for painting, and he took to
the brush. Settling in New York, he
soon won a high reputation as well for
his wit and convivial talents as for his
skill as an artist. His portraits are
among the most spirited that have been
produced. D. 1834.
JAY, John, an eminent jurist and
statesman, was b. at New York in 1745.
After studying at Columbia (then King's)
college, he was admitted to the bar, and
in 1774 was chosen a delegate to the first
American congress, at Philadelphia. In
1776 he was chosen president of the
congress, in 1777 he was a member of
the convention which framed the con-
stitution of New York, and in the fol-
lowing year he was appointed chief
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[jKF
justice of tlxat state. He was next sent
as minister plenipotentiary to Spain,
and in 1782 he was appointed one of
the commissioners to negotiate a peace
with Great Britain. Tlie defluitive
treaty having been signed in September,
1783, he returned to the United States,
and in 1784 he was sent as envoy ex-
traordinary to Great Britain, and con-
cluded the treaty which has been called
after his name. In 1795 he was elected
governor of his native state : this post
he continued to occupy till 1801, when
he declined a re-election, as well as a
reappointment to the office of cliief jus-
tice of the United States, and passed the
remainder of his days in retirement.
D. 1829.
JEBB, John, a divine and physician,
was the son of Dr. John J ebb, dean of
Cashel, and b. in London in 1736. He
studied at Trinity college, Dublin, and
Peter house, Cambridge, and obtained
church preferment, which, however, he
resigned, and then commenced practice
as a physician, in which he was very
successful. He was a violent partisan
in whatever he engaged, and, though
conscientious in his religious opinions,
their peculiar complexion, and tlie free-
dom with which he indulged in the
golitical squabbles of the day, obstructed
is professional progress. D. 1786. —
Samuel, an eminent physician and clas-
sical scholar, was a native of Notting-
ham. While at the university he pub-
lished the " Dialogue of Justin Martyr
with Trypho the Jew," in Greek and
Latin. He afterwards married the
daughter of an apothecary, procured
the degree of M.D., practised as a j)hy-
sician at Stratford, in Essex, and retired
to Derbyshire, where he d. 1772. Dr.
S. Jebb was the conductor of a classical
journal, entitled " Bibliotheca Litera-
ria," and the editor of Eoger Bacon's
"Opus Majus."
JEFFERSON, Thomas, third presi-
dent of the United States, was b. in
1743, at Shadwell, in Virginia, and was
brought up to the bar. In 1769 he was
elected a member of the provincial legis-
lature, and in 1775 he entered congress,
and took a conspicuous and very decideci
part in opposition to the measures which
England had adopted towards her Amer-
ican colonies, and it was he who drew
up the famous declaration of independ-
ence. In 1776 he retired from his seat
in congress, and was next chosen gov-
ernor of Virginia, which post he held
two years. On the return of Dr. Frank-
lin to America, in 1785, Mr. Jefferson
was named his successor at Paris, from
which he proceeded, as envoy, to Lon-
don, in 1786. At the usual presentation,
however, to the king and queen, both
Mr. Adams and himself were received
in the most ungracious manner, and,
after a few vague and ineffectual con-
ferences, he returned to Paris. Here
he remained, with the exception of a
visit to Holland, to Piedmont, and the
south of France, until the autumn of
1789, zealously pursuing whatever was
beneficial to his country. He subse-
quently filled the office of secretary of
state under Washington, until 1793,
when he resigned, and lived in retire-
ment for four years. He was then
elected vice-president, and in 1801
chosen president. At the expiration
of eight years he again retired to private
life, and on the 4th of July, 1826, (the
fiftieth anniversary of American inde-
pendence,) he d. He was the acknowl-
edged head of the republican party, and
an acute politician, eloquent and per-
suasive in conversation, and possessing
the faculty of acquiring an ascendency
in his political connections.
JEFFREY, Francis, Lord, equally
eminent on the bench, at the bar, and
in the world of letters, was b. at Edin-
burgh, in 1773. In 1794 he was called
to the bar in Scotland, and when he had
obtained a fair share of practice, he
joined a few of his more intimate friends
m establishing the "Edinburgh Re-
view," of which he was sole editor for
the long period of 27 years. The first
number appeared Oct. 25, 1802. On the
formation of the Whig ministry late in
1830, he was made lord advocate, and
after sitting a short time for the Perth
district of burghs and for Malton, he
was chosen to represent Edinburgh in
parliament, immediately after the pass-
mg of the Reform bill. His success in
the house of commons disappointed his
admirers, chiefly because he entered so
late in life on a new field, and partly
because he spoke generally above his
audience. In 1834 ne was promoted to
the bench, and in this capacity he dis-
played such eminent qualities, that he
IS by common consent allowed to rank
among the very ablest judges that ever
sat on the Scottish bench. D. 1850.
JEFFREYS, George, .Baron Wem,
Lord, commonly known by the name of
Judge Jeffreys, was b. at Acton, in Den-
bighshire, towards the beginning of the
17th century, and educated at Shrews-
bury school". He studied at Westmin-
ster and the Inner Temple, and rose
jen]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHF.
529
through the gradations of recorder of
London, a Welsh judge, and chief jus-
tice of Chester, till at length, in I'JSS,
he attained the dignity of chief justice
of the Kind's Bench. On the accession
of James IL, he was one of the advisers
and promoters of all the oppressive and
arbitrary measures of his reign ; and,
for his sanguinary and inhuman pro-
ceedings against the adherents of Mon-
mouth, was rewarded with the post of
lord high chancellor in 1685. His con-
duct on the bench was, in the highest
degree, discreditable at all times, and
he indulged in scurrility and abuse of
the most degrading description. On
the arrival of the prince of Orange, he
disguised himself as a seaman, in order
to get on board a ship unknown, but
was detected in a low public house at
Wapping, by an attorney whom he had
insulted in open court. The latter ma-
king him known, he was seized by the
populace, carried before the council, and
committed to the Tower, where he d.
1689. — Georoe, an English poet, was b.
at Weldon, Northamptonshn-e, in 1678.
He was a nephew of the eighth Lord
Chandos, and bred to the bar. He wrote
" Miscellanies, in Prose and Verse," and
two tragedies, '< Edwin" and " Merope."
D. 1755.
JEFFEIES, John, was b. at Boston
in 1774. Having studied medicine at
the university of Cambridge, he went
to London, and on his return to Boston
practised with great success, until the
evacuation of that city by the British
garrison. He then accompanied Gen-
eral Howe to Halifax, and was made
surgeon-general to the forces in l'^76.
He subsequently resigned his army ap-
pointments, declining even the oifer of
the lucrative post of surgeon-general to
the forces in India, and in 1780 settled
in London. He there occupied himself
much in scientific research, and in order
to ascertain the correctness of certain
preconceived hypotheses relative to at-
mospheric temperature, he undertook
two aerial voyages, the second of which
Was made Jan. 7, 1785, from the cliffs
of Dover, across the British Channel,
into the forest of Guinnes in France, and
was the only successful attempt that
had then been made to cross the sea in
a balloon. In 1789 he again returned
to Boston, and coutinued to practise
there with success, till his death m 1819.
JEKYLL, Sir Joseph, a lawyer and
statesman in the reigns of Anne and
George I., was the son of a clergyrrian
in Nottinghamshire. He was a member
45
of parliament, and one of the managers
of the trial of Sacheverel ; was knighted
by George I., who raised him to the of-
fice of master of the rolls. D. 1738.
JENNER, Edwakd, an English phy-
sician, celebrated for having nearly erad-
icated a pestilent disorder from the
human race by introducing vaccine inoc-
ulation, was b. at Berkeley, Gloucester-
shire, in 1749, and subsequently settled
there as a medical practitioner. About
the year 1776, his attention was turned
to the cow-pox, by the circumstance of
his ascertaining that those persons who
had been afl'ected with this disease, were
thereby rendered free from variolous
infection. From that time till 1796 he
steadily pursued his investigation of
this discovery; and having at length
established its general efficacy, amidst
all the opposition naturally to be expect-
ed in sucn a case, the practice of vacci-
nation was introduced into the London
hospitals, the army and navy, <fec., and,
finally, extended to every part of the
globe. Honors and rewards were now
conferred on Dr. Jenner as a public
benefactor; a parliamentary grant of
£20,000 was voted him ; learned socie-
ties at home and abroad enrolled him
as a member ; and when the allied po-
tentates visited England in 1814, the
emperor of Russia sought an interview
witn him, and offered to bestow on him
a Russian order of nobility. Dr. Jen-
ner's writings consist merely of "Ob-
servations on the Variolas Vaccinae,"
and a paper in the Philosophical Trans-
actions "On the Natural History of the
Cuckoo." D. 1823.
JENNINGS, Henry Constantine, an
antiquary and virtuoso of most eccen-
tric habits and checkered fortune, was
b. in 1731, and was the only son of a
gentleman of considerable property at
Shiplake, in Oxfordshire. He was edu-
cated at Westminster school, and at
seventeen became an ensign in the foot-
guards ; but resigned his commission,
and travelled on the Continent, where
he collected, while in Italy, a number of
statues and other antiques, with which
he decorated his seat at Shiplake. He
now led the life of a man of fashion and
fortune, indulging in the most expen-
sive follies; the consequence of which
was that he soon became an inmate of
the King's Bench. He was at length
freed from his pecuniary embarrass-
ments, and settled on an estate he had
in Essex, where he gave himself up
with enthusiasm to the collection of
scarce books, pictures, and curiosities.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[jew
"But the current of good fortune did not
long run smooth. Havhig borrowed a
Bum of money from a person who was
indebted to the crown, his museum was
hastily sold for a small sum, to satisfy
the claim of government under an ex-
tent in aid. For many years he was a
prisoner in Chelmsford jail ; but on re-
gaining his freedom, he resumed his
former habits, and settled at Chelsea.
D. 1819.
JENYNS, SoAME, a sprightly and
entertaining writer, was the only son of
Sir Kobert Jenyns, b. in London, in
1704. Having entered into public life
as representative of the county of Cam-
bridge, he began his career by support-
ing Sir Eobert Walpole, and ever after
remained a faithful adherent to the
minister for the time being. This at-
tachment to ministers was rewarded by
his being made a commissioner of the
board of trade, an office he held for five-
and-twenty years. As a country gen-
tleman and magistrate, Mr. Jenyns ap-
peared to much greater advantage than
as a politician ; but it is as an author,
a wdt, and a shrewd observer of man-
ners, that he is principally to be regard-
ed. His chief works are "Poems,"
" Free Inquiry into the Origin of Evil,"
•'.A View of the Internal Evidence of the
Christian Eeligion," "Political Tracts,"
and some others. D. 1787.
JEPHSON, EicHARD, a dramatic wri-
ter, was a native of Ireland, and b. in
1736. He was a captain in the army,
and master of the horse to the lord-lieu-
tenant, during twelve administrations.
As a dramatist his claims are chiefly
founded on his tragedies of " Braganza"
and the "Count of Narbonne.'^' He
also wrote the '<Law of Lombardy,"
"Julia," and "The Conspiracy," trage-
dies; and the farce of "Two Strings to
your Bow," "Love and War," &e. He
was also author of "The Confessions of
James Baptiste Couteau, Citizen of
France," a severe satire on the French
revolution, " Eoman Portraits," a poem
in heroic verse, with historical remarks
and illustrations. D. 1803.
JEEN INGHAM, Edward, a poet and
miscellaneous writer, was descended
from an ancient Eoman Catholic family,
and b. in Norfolk, in 1727. He was
educated at Douay and Paris ; but on
his return to England, he joined in
communion with the established church.
He was the author of the tragedies of
"Margaret of Anjou" and "The Siege
of Berwick;" he also wrote "An Es-
Fay on the mild Tenor of Christianity,"
"The Dignity of Human Nature, an
Essay," " The Alexandrian School," &c.
D. 1812.
JEEOME, or HIEEONYMUS, St.,
one of the fathers of the church, was
b. in 332, at Stridon, on the frontiers of
Dacia, and studied at Eoine, under Do-
natus the grammarian. He was ordained
a presbyter at Antioch, in 378 ; and soon
after went to Constantinople, where he
lived with Gregory Nazianzen. In 382
he visited Eorae, and was made secre-
tary to Pope Damasus ; but three years
afterwards he returned into the "East,
accompanied by several monks and fe-
male devotees, who wished to lead an
ascetic life in the Holy Land ; and d. in
422, superintendent of a monasteiy at
Bethlehem. — of Prague, so called trom
being a native of the capital of Bohemia,
studied in tlie universities of Oxford,
Paris, Prague, &e. ; was a disciple of
Wickliff, and boldly followed the great
reformer, Huss, in propagating his doc-
trines. He attacked the worship of
images and relics with ardor, trampled
them under foot, and caused the monks
who opposed him, to be arrested. He
publicly burned, in 1411, the bull of the
crusade against Ladislaus of Naples,
and the papal indulgences. When Huss
was imprisoned at Constance, he has-
tened to his defence ; but on his attempt-
ing to return to Prague, the duke of
Sulzbach caused him to be seized, and
carried in chains to Constance. He here
received, in prison, information of the
terrible fate of his friend, and was terri-
fied into a momentary recantation of his
principles ; but he resumed his courage,
and, retracting his recantation, avowed
that none of his sins tormented him
more than his apostasy, while he vindi-
cated the principles of Huss and Wick-
liff with a boldness, energy, and elo-
quence that extorted the admiration of
his adversaries. He was, however, con-
demned to be burnt ; which sentence ho
endured with heroic fortitude, May 30,
1416.
JEWELL, John, a learned prelate of
the church of England, who was bishop
of Salisbury in the reign of Queen Eliz-
abeth, and a great polemical writer
against popery. He was b. 1522, at the
village of Buclen, near Ilfracombe, Dev-
onshire ; studied at Oxford, and in 1546
openly professed the tenets of the re-
formers. Having obtained the living of
Sunningwell, Berks, he distinguished
himself by his zeal and assiduity as a
parish priest; but at the accession of
Queen Mary, finding they were about
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
J oh]
to prosecute him as a heretic, he made
his escape to the Continent, and became
vice-master of a college at Strasburg.
On the death of Mary he returned to
England, was received with great favor
by her successor, and in 1560 he was
raised to the bishopric of Salisbury. His
principal work is entitled " An Apology
for the Church of England," originally
written in elegant Latin, but translated
into every European language ; and
which, it is said, had more effect in
promoting the reformation, than any
other booK ever published. D. 1571.
JOAN OF ARC, called also the Maid
of Orleans, was one of the most cele-
brated heroines in history. She was
born of poor parents, at Domremi, a vil-
lage on the borders of Lorraine, 1402;
and became a servant at an inn, where
she attended the horses, drove the cattle
to pasture, and was employed in other
services similar to what a man-servant
would perform in America. At this
time the affairs of France were in a de-
plorable state, and the city of Orleans
was so closely besieged by the duke of
Bedford, that its fall appeared inevitable.
In the exigency Joan pretended to have
received a divine commission to expel
the invaders. On being introduced to
the king, Charles VIL, she offered to
raise the siege of Orleans, and conduct
his majesty to Kheims to be crowned and
anointed ; at the same time demanding
for herself a particular sword, which
was in the church of St. Catharine. Af-
ter a little hesitation her request was
complied with ; and while the French
soldiers were elated by having an in-
spired leader, the English were as much
dismayed. From this period, she ap-
pears the finest character in the history
of the middle ages of France. In a male
dress, armed cap a pie, she bore the
Bword and the sacred banner, as the
signal of victory, at the head of the
army. Still no unfeminine cruelty ever
stained her conduct. She was wounded
several times herself, but never killed
any one, or shed any blood with her
own hand. The general belief of her
elevated mission, of which she herself
was piously persuaded, produced the
most extraordinary effects. Resolute,
chivalrous, gentle, and brave, looking to
one single aim, she was skilfully em-
ployed by the generals to animate the
army, while they did not implicitly fol-
low her counsels. The first enterprise
was successful. With 10,000 men, un-
der the command of St. Severre, Dunois,
and La Hire, she marched from Blois,
and, on April 29th, 1429, entered Orleans
with supplies. By bold sallies to which
she animated the besi<!ged, the English
were forced from their intrenchments,
and Suffolk abandoned the siege. Joan
entered Orleans in triumph, and the
coronation at Eheims followed ; after
which Charles caused a medal to be
struck in honor of the heroine, and en-
nobled her family. The town of Dom-
remi also, where she was born, was
exempted from all imposts for ever.
After the coronation, Joan declared that
her mission was at an end, and that she
should now retire to private life; but
the French commandant, Dunois, who
thought she might still prove service-
able, induced her to throw herself into
Compeigne, then besieged by -the duke
of Burgundy, and the earls of Arundel
and Suffolk. Here, after performing
prodigies of valor, she was taken pris-
oner in a sally ; and after four months'
imprisonment, was cruelly condemned
by the English to be burnt alive, on the
charge of sorcery. She resolutely de-
fended herself from the absurd accusa-
tion, and was carried to the stake, where
with dauntless courage she met her dis-
astrous fate, in the 29th year of her age,
May 20, 1431.
JODELLE, Etienne, an early French
Soet and dramatist, b. at Paris, 1532.
[e was the author of the first regular
tragedy acted on the French stage ; and
he is described as having possessed an
extraordinary facility and fluency of
composition. Though enjoying the
favor of Charles IX. and of Henry 11.,
yet he died in great poverty and dis-
tress, in 1573.
JOFFRID, abbot of Croyland, in the
12th century. In the continuation of
"Ingulph's Account of Croyland," by
Peter de Blois, he says, "that Abbot
Joffrid sent a deputation of three learned
French or Norman monks, namhed Odo,
Terrick, and William, to his manor of
Cottenham, near Cambridge, to teach
the people in that neighborhood, gram-
mar, logic, and rhetoric ; and that these
three monks went every day from Cot-
tenham to Cambridge, where they hired
a barn, in which they taught those sci-
ences to a great number of scholars, who
resorted to them from all the country
round." If De Blois can be relied on,
Joffrid may tli ere fore be considered as
the original founder of the university
of Cambridge.
JOHN, king of England, was the
youngest son of Henry II. by Eleanor
of Guienne, b. 1166, and succeeded his
532
CYCLOPAEDIA GF BIOGRAPHY.
JOH
brother Richard. He rendered himself
the object -of such universal contempt
and hatred, that his nobles determined,
if possible, to control his power, and es-
tablish their privileges ; and though tlie
pope declared his disapprobation of their
conduct, the barons assembled in arms
at Oxford, where the court then was,
and immediately proceeded to warlike
operations. They were received with-
out opposition in London, which so
intimidated the king, that he consented
to whatever terms they chose to dictate.
Thus was obtained that basis of Endish
constitutional freedom, known as Mag-
na OJuirta, which not only protected the
nobles against the crown, but secured
important privileges to every class of
freemen. — Of Gaunt, duke of Lancas-
ter, a renowned general, was b. 1340.
He served with great distinction in
France with his brother the Black
Prince, and on his death had the man-
agement of affairs during the life of his
father. John of Gaunt was a man of
great valor, prudence, and generosity.
[is son afterwards became king, by the
title of Henry IV. D. 1399.— Of Salis-
bury, bishop of Chartres, in France, was
b. at Salisbury, in Wiltshire, in the be-
ginning of the 12th century. He studied
under the most eminent professors on
the Continent, and acquired considerable
fame for his proflcieney in rhetoric and
general literature. After his return to
England, he became the intimate friend
and companion of Thomas a Becket,
whom he had attended in his exile, and
he is said to have been present when he
was murdered in Canterbury cathedral.
He was one of the first restorers of the
Greek and Latin languages in Europe,
and an elegant Latin poet.
JOHNSON, Samuel, a divine, emi-
nent for his zeal, and for his numerous
writings, in the cause of civil liberty,
was b. in 1649, in the county of Stafford ;
received his education at St. Paul's
school and at Trinity college, Cam-
bridge; and became minister of Cor-
ringhara, in Essex. In the reign of
Charles II., while Lord Russell and his
coadjutors were promoting the bill for
excluding the duke of York, he pub-
lished a tract, entitled "Julian the
Apostate," for which he was fined and
imprisoned. In 1618, when the army
was encamped on Hounslow Heath, he
drew up a paper, entitled " An humble
B,nd hearty Address to all the English
Protestants in the present Army," for
which he was tried, and condemned to
stand in the pillory in three places, to
pay a fine of five hundred marks, to be
degraded from the priesthood, and to
be publicly whipped from Newgate to
Tyburn. He bore all these disgraceful
punishments with unshrinking forti-
tude, and continued to employ his pen
in the same cause until the revokition,
wlien the king offered him the rich
deanery of Durham ; but this he refused,
as inadequate to his sufferings and ser-
vices, which he thought merited a bish-
opric. He finally received a present of
dtlOOO, and a pension of £300 per annum
for the life of himself and his son. D.
1703. — Samuel, the celebrated lexicog-
rapher, and one of the most distin-
guished writers of the 18th century,
was b. in 1709, at Lichfield, where his
father was a bookseller. He completed
his education at Pembroke college, Ox-
ford; and in 1732 he became under-
master of a free-school at Market Bos-
worth, in Leicestershire, which situation
he was soon induced to quit, on account
of the haughty treatment he received
from the principal ; and he next endeav-
ored to earn a scanty maintenance by
literary employment. In 1735 he mar-
ried Mrs. Porter, the widow of a mercer
at Birmingham, with a fortune of about
£800, by which he was enabled to open
a boarding-school ; but the plan did not
succeed, and, after a year's trial, he re-
solved to seek his fortune in London,
in company with one of his few pupils,
the celebrated Difvid Garrick, In March,
1737, the two adventurers accordingly
arrived in the metropolis, Johnson with
his unfinished tragedy of " Irene" in his
pocket, and with little to depend upon
but his slender engagement with Cave,
the proprietor of the Gentleman's Maga-
zine. At this time he became acquainted
with the reckless and unfortunate Sav-
age, and in some respects his personal
conduct was un favoraoly affected by the
intimacy ; but from irregularity of this
nature he was soon recovered by his
deeply grounded religious and moral
principles. His first literary production,
which attracted notice in the metropolis,
was his " London," a poem in imitation
of the third satire of Juvenal. In 1747
he printed proposals for an edition of
" Shakspeare," and the plan of his " En-
glish Dictionary," addressed to Lord
Chesterfield. The price agreed upon
between him and the booksellers for the
last work was £1575. In 1749, Garrick
brought his friend's tragedy on the
stage of Drury-lane, but it was unsuc-
cessful. In 1750 he commenced his
"Rambler," which was continued till
joh]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
53d
1752. In this work only five papers
were the productions of other writers.
Soon after the close of this paper he lost
his wife, a circumstance which greatly
affected him, as appears from his " Med-
itations," and the sermon which he wrote
on her death. In 1755 appeared his Dic-
tionary, and the same year the university
of Oxford conferred on him the degree
of M.A. Lord Chesterfield endeavored
also to assist it by writing two papers
in its favor in "The World;" but as he
had hitherto neglected the author, John-
son treated him with contempt. The
publication of this great work did not
relieve him from his embarrassments,
for the price of his labor had been con-
sumed in the progress of its compilation.
In 1758 he began the "Idler,]' a period-
ical paper, wliich was published in a
weekly newspaper. On the death of
his mother in 1759, he wrote the ro-
mance of " Rasselas" to defray the ex-
penses of her funeral. In 1762 the king
granted him a pension of £300 per an-
num. In 1773 ne went on a tour with
Mr. Boswell to the western islands of
Scotland, of which journey he shortly
after published a highly interesting ac-
count ; but which gave offence to many,
by the violent attack therein made on
the authenticity of the poems attributed
to Ossian. In 1779 he began his " Lives
of the English Poets," a work which,
on the whole, may be regarded as a
treasure of sound criticism, and a model
of literary biography. D. 1784. — Sam-
uel, a dramatic writer and performer of
eccentric celebrity ; author of " Hurlo-
thrumbo, or the Supernatural," and va-
rious other laughable extravaganzas. D.
1773. — Samuel, first president of King's
college, New York, was b. at Guildford,
Connecticut ; educated at the college of
Saybrook; first preached at West Ha-
ven, then became an Episcopalian, and
went to England to obtain ordination.
On his return he settled at Stratford,
where he preached to an Episcopalian
congregation ; received tlie degree of
D.D. from Oxford, in 1743 ; and was
chosen president of the college at New
York on its establishment in 1754. He
held this situation with much credit,
until 1763, when he resigned and re-
turned to his pastoral charge at Strat-
ford, where he continued till his death,
in 1772. — Thomas, an English botanist,
was b. at Selby, in Yorkshire. He was
bred an apothecary in London, and be-
came, says Wood, the best herbalist of
his age. He wrote "Iter in Agrum
Oanturarium" and " Ericetum Hamsted-
45*
ianum," which were the first local cata-
logues of plants published In England.
But his great work was an improved
edition of " Gerard's Herbal." In the
civil wars he entered into the royal
army ; at the siege of Basing-house he
received a wound, of which he d. in
1644. — EicHARD M., an eminent poli-
tician, and for some years vice-president
of the United States. He was b. at
Floyd's Station, Ky., and at an early
age was chosen a member of the legis-
lature, then a member of congress, and
finally vice-president of the United
States. He took an active part in the
Indian wars of the northwest, and is
supposed to have been the man who
killed the great chief, Tecumseh. While
in congress he read a report on the sub-
ject of stopping the mails on Sunday,
which was a masterly argument and
gave him great eclat. D. 1850.
JOHNSTON, or JOHNSON, Chables,
a native of Ireland, who was bred to the
bar, and came over to England to prac-
tise ; but being afflicted with deafness,
he was compelled to quit that profes-
sion. His first literary attempt was the
celebrated "Chrysal, or the Adventures
of a Guinea," a political romance, which
produced a great sensation. This work
having so well succeeded, he produced
others of a similar class, viz. : " The
Eeverie, or a Flight to the Paradise of
Fools," "The History of Arbaces,
Prince of Betlis," " The Pilgrim, or a
Picture of Life," and the " History of
John Juniper, esq., alias Juniper Jack."
In 1782 he went to India, where he en-
gaged in literary and other speculations,
and obtained considerable wealth. D.
1800.
JOHNSTONE, John Henry, a cele-
brated comic actor and vocalist, was b.^
in 1750 at Tipperary, where his fiither
was a small farmer. At the age of 18 he
enlisted in a regiment of Irish dragoons,
and soon attracted the notice of his eom-
rad^s, by his fine voice and good-hu-
mored liveliness. The colonel of the
regiment having had proofs of John-
stone's vocal powers, and hearing that
he had an inclination for the stage, he
generously granted his discharge, and
gave him a recommendatory letter to
Mr. Eyder, then manager of the Dublin
theatre, who engaged him for three
years, at two guineas per week, which
was soon raised to four. His fame as a
vocalist increased rapidly; and having
married a Miss Poitier, who had acquir-
ed a profound knowledge of the science
of music, he profited by her instruo-
634
OYCLOP-JEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[jON
tions, and soon became a flnished sing-
er. His first appearance at Covent-
garden theatre was made in October,
1783. D. 1828.
JOINVILLE, John, Sieur de, senes-
chal of Champagne, an eminent French
statesman and liistorian of the 13th
century. He accompanied Louis IX. in
his first crusade or expedition to Egypt,
in 1249, sharing his master's captivity,
and rendering him many important ser-
vices. In the king's second crusade,
however, he declined taking a part, and
subsequently employed himself in wri-
ting the "Life of St. Louis," one of the
most interesting documents existing
relative to the history of the middle
ages. D. 1318.
JOLY, Claude, a French ecclesiastic,
who wrote " A Collection of Maxims for
the Education of a Prince," which gave
grent offence, and was burnt by the
hangman. The author, however, re-
published it with an addition, called
'' Codicil d'Or," or the Golden Codicil.
B. at Paris, 1607, and d. there in 1700.
— Guy, the confidential secretary of
Cardinal de Ketz, who wrote " Memoirs
of his Times," containing an interesting
account of transactions from 1648 to
1665, in which is included the private
history of his patron. — Mary Eliza-
beth, a celebrated French actress, was
b. at Versailles in 1761. She commen-
ced her theatrical career in 1781, and
soon rose to eminence in her profession,
excelling principally as a representative
of the soubrettes of the French drama.
In 1793 she was imprisoned among oth-
er political victims, but recovered her
liberty on condition of performing at
the theatre of the republic. D. 1798.
JOMELLl, NicoLo, a musical com-
poser, was b. in 1714, at Aversa, in
the kingdom of Naples. He composed
a number of operas in his own country,
and became a popular favorite. He
afterwards visited Bologna, Kome, Ven-
ice, and other principal cities of Italy,
everywhere carrying away the palm
froni rival musicians. He was the au-
thor of many devotional pieces, among
which are his celebrated "Kequiem"
and " Miserere." T>. 1774.
JONES, Inigo, a celebrated architect,
and the reviver of classical architecture
in England, was b. in London, about
1572. He was at first an apprentice to a
joiner; but his talents for drawing
having attracted the notice of the earls
of Arundel and Pembroke, the latter
supplied him with the means of visiting
Italy, for the purpose of studying land-
scape painting. He went to Venice,
where the works of Palladio inspired
him with a taste for architecture ; and
he afterwards devoted all his energies
in pursuit of that noble branch of art.
He soon acquired fame, and obtained
the situation of first architect to Chris-
tian IV., king of Denmark, who visiting
his brother-in-law, James I., in 1606,
brought Jones with him to England.
Being induced to remain, the ciueen
chose him as her architect : ana the
place of surveyor-general of the board
of works was granted to him in rever-
sion. In 1620 he was appointed one of
the commissioners for repairing St.
Paul's cathedral ; but this was not com-
menced till 1623. In the following reign
he was much employed in preparing
masques for the entertainment of the
court, and in building the Banqueting
House at Whitehall ; but while thus
engaged he fell under the displeasure of
Ben Jonson, who ridiculed nim on the
stage, and made him the subject of his
epigrammatic muse. Jones realized a
handsome fortune ; but being a Roman
Catholic, and a partisan of royalty, he suf-
fered severely m the civil war. D. 1652.
— Owen, a Welsh antiquary, and a mem-
ber of the Gwyneddigion, or Cambrian
society, for encouraging the bards, lan-
guage, and music of Wales, was b. in
1740, and d. in 1814. He collected and
published " The Archaeology of Wales,"
the "Poems of Dafydd ap Gwillym,"
and other productions. — John Paul, a
naval adventurer, wtus a native of Sel-
kirk, Scotland, and b. in 1736. His first
voyage was to this country, where he
settled early in life; and at the com-
mencement of the struggle between the
colonies and the mother country, he
offered his services to the former, and
was appointed first of the first lieuten-
ants. In 1775 he obtained the command
of a ship under Commodore Hopkins,
and distinguished himself in several
engagements, for which he received his
commission as captain of the marine.
He then sailed to France, and being
well acquainted with the Irish coast,
and the northern part of England, ho
conceived the design of effecting a
descent. For a long time he kept the
northern coast in a constant state of
alarm ; at length he effected a landing
at Whitehaven, and having dismantled
a fort, set fire to some shipping in the
harbor. From thence he sailed for
Scotland, where he landed on the estate
of the earl of Selkirk, and plundered
his lordship's house of all the plate.
jon]
CYCLOPAEDIA DF BIL GRAPH Y.
535
He next took the Dr& te sloop of war,
with which ho, returned to Brest. He
afterwards sailed round Ireland to the
North Sea, with three sliips, the Rich-
ard, Pallas, and Vengeance. Having
committed great mischief on that coast,
he fell in with the Baltic fleet, convoyed
by the Serapis frigate, and the Countess
of Scarborough armed ship, both which,
after a severe action, he captured off
Flamborough Head. For these services
the king of France conferred on him
the order of merit, and gave him a gold-
hilted sword. He afterwards was in-
vited into the Russian service, with the
rank of rear-admiral, where he was
disappointed in not receiving the com-
mand of the fleet acting against the
Turks in the Black Sea. ^e found
fault with the conduct of the prince of
Nassjiu, the admiral ; became restless
and impatient, was intrigued against at
court, and calumniated by his enemies ;
and had permission, from the empress
Catharine, to retire from the service
with a pension, which was never paid.
He returned to Paris, sunk into po\f-
erty, and d. 1792. — Sir William, an
eminent lawyer, poet, and general
scholar, was the son of an able mathe-
matician ; and was only three years of age
when his father died, in 1746. In 1776
he was made a commissioner of bank-
rupts ; about which time his correspond-
ence with his pupil evinced the manly
spirit of constitutional freedom by
which he was actuated ; and to his
feelings on the American contest he
fave vent in a spirited Latin ode to
iiberty. In 1778 appeared his trans-
lation of the " Orations of Isaeus," with
a prefatory discourse, notes, and com-
mentary, which, for elegance of style,
and profound critical and historical
research, excited much admiration. At
length, on the accession of the Shelburne
administration, he obtained what had
long been the object of his ambition,
the appointment of judge in the su-
preme court of \dicature in Bengal.
He went to India in April, 1783. One
of his earliest acts in India was the
establishment at Calcutta of an institu-
tion on the plan of the Royal Society,
of which he was chosen the fl'st presi-
dent. Another was, to take vigorous
measures for procuring a digc t of the
Hindoo and Mahometan laws. He then
applied himself with ardor to trie study
of the Sanscrit, and his health soon
suffering from the climate, he took a
journey through the district of Benares,
during which cessation of public duties
he composed a " Treatise on the Gods
of Greece, Italy, and India." His
translation of the celebrated " Ordi-
nances of Menu," the famous Indian
legislator, published early in 1794, had.
scarcely appeared, when he was seized
with an inflammation of the liver,
which terminated his truly valuable life
on the 27th of April, in the 48th year
of his age.
JONSON, Benjamin, a celebrated
dramatist, and the cotemporary and
friend of Shakspeare, was the posthu-
mous son of a clergyman. He was b.
in Westminster, in 1574 ; at the gram-
mar-school of which city he was placed,
under Camden, at an early age ; till his
mother marrying again to a person who
held the humble occupation of a brick-
layer, young Ben, as ne was familiarly
called, was taken home abruptly by his
father-in-law, and employed by him as
an assistant in his trade. The ardent
spirit of the future poet revolted against
his condition ; he fled from home and
entered .the army as a private soldier,
in which capacity he served in the En-
glish army in Flanders. On his return
he resumed his studies, and went to
Cambridge ; but from the poverty of
his circumstances, he was obliged to
leave the university and take to the
stage. At first he was not very success-
ful, either as an actor or an author ; and
having the misfortune to kill another
actor in a duel, he was taken up and
imprisoned, and narrowly escaped with
life. On being released from confine-
ment he married, and recommenced
writing for the stage, to which he was
encouraged by Shakspeare, who per-
formed in one of his pieces. In 1598
he produced his comedy of " Every
Man in his Humor;" which was fol-
lowed by a new play every year, till the
reign of' James the First, when he was
employed in the masques and entertain-
ments at court. But regardless of pru-
dence, Ben joined Chapman and Marston
in writing the comedy of *' Eastward
Hoe," which so grossly libelled the
Scotch nation, that the authors were
committed to prison, and had they^not
made a timely and humble submission
for the offence, they would have lost
their noses and ears in the pillory, ac-
cording to their sentence. By his ad-
dress, however, he soon contrived to
reinstate hhnself in the favor of a
monarch to whose pleasures the effu-
sions of his muse had become neces-
sary; and for the remainder of that
reign he continued in high favor as a
)536
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[jOS
kind of superintendent of the court
revels. In 1617 he was appointed poet
laureate, with a salaiy of £100, and a
butt of wine yearly fiom the king's cel-
lars. Want of economy, however, kept
him constantly poor ; although, in addi-
tion to the royal bounty, he had a pen-
sion from the city. D. 1637.
JORDAENS, Jacob, an eminent his-
torical and portrait painter, was a native
of Antwerp. He was the son-in-law of
Van Oort, under whom he studied ; he
also received some instruction from
Eubens ; and his pictures are executed
with correctness and briUiancy. B.
1594 ; d. 1678.
JORDAN, Chakles Stephen, a Prus-
sian writer, originally of a French fam-
ily, was b. at Berlin in 1700, and d. in
1746. He wrote "Travels in France,
England, and Holland, with Satirical
Anecdotes," " A Miscellany of Litera-
ture, Philosophy, and History," and
the " Life of de la Croze." — Doroth"ea,
or DoBOTHY Bland, (Jordan being only
an assumed name,) was b. at Waterford,
about the year 1762. She made her
theatrical debut on the Dublin stage, in
1777, in the part of Plioebe, in "As You
Like It." In the following season she
appeared at Cork, where she was much
admired for her archness and sportive
simplicity. In 1782 she came to En-
gland, was engaged by Tate Wilkinson,
and first appeared at the Leeds theatre
as Calista, in " The Fair Penitent."
From Leeds she proceeded to York,
where she first played under the name
of Mrs. Jordan, by which, though never
married, she was subsequently known.
In 1785 she made her first appearance
before a London audience at Drury-
lane, as Peggy, in " The Country Girl ;"
and immediately became such a decided
favorite, that her salary was doubled,
and she was allowed two benefits. At
the close of the season, she made a pro-
vincial tour, and visited nearly all the
large towns in England, everywhere re-
ceiving the most enthusiastic welcome
from admiring audiences. When the
duke of Clarence first made overtures to
he/, she was the mistress of a Mr. Ford,
who refused to make her his wile,
through fear of offending his fatiier.
Mrs. Jordan then entered into that con-
nection with the duke, which continued
in an almost uninterrupted state of do-
mestic harmony, until it was suddenly
broken off in 1811. D. 1816.— Sir
Joseph, a gallant English admiral, who
by his presence of mind and valor,
gained the battle of Solebay, in 1672. —
Thomas, a dramatic writer in the reign
of Charles I. He wrote two comedies
and a masque ; and is mentioned by
Langbaiue with respect.
JORDANO, LucA, a famous painter,
was b. at Naples, in 1632 ; and a. there
in 1705.
JORTIN, John, an eminent scholar
and divine, was b. in London, in 1698.
Here he acquired so high a character
for learning and acuteness, that he was
employed by Pope to extract the notes
from Eustathius, to print with his
translation of the Iliad. His chief works
are, "Discourses concerning the Truth
of the Christian Eeligion," "Miscella-
neous Observations upon Authoi-s, an-
cient and modern," "Remarks upon
Ecclesiastical History," "Life of Eras-
mus," and seven volumes of "Sermons
and Charges," which were printed after
his death. D. 1770.
JOSE, Antonio, a Portuguese drama-
tist, by birth a Jew, who was burnt
alive at the last auto-da-fe in 1745, for
leaving introduced in one of his farces a
scene, in which a criminal is conversing
at the gallows with his confessor, in a
style, as may be supposed, not the most
edifying.
JOSEPH I., emperor of Germany,
the son of Leopold 1., was b. at Vienna,
in 1678 ; received the crown of Hungary
in 1689 ; and was soon after elected
king of the Romans. D. 1711. — II.,
emperor of Germany, was the son of the
Emperor Leopold and Maria Theresa,
queen of Hungary. He was crowned
king of the Romans in 1764 ; the year
following he succeeded his father ; and
in 1780, by the death of the empress-
aueen, he succeeded to the crown of
Hungary and Bohemia. D. 1789.
JOSEPHINE, empress of France and
queen of Italy, was b. at Martinique in
1763, and bore the name from her pa-
rents of Rose Tascher de la Pageiue.
While very young, she was taken by hei
father to 1 ranee, to be the bride oV tho
Viscount de Beauharnois — a marriage
having been arranged by the two fam-
ilies when the Marquis Beauharnois was
governor-general of the Antilles. They
were accordingly married ; and, in tho
enjoyment of each other's society, they
lived beloved and respected, while Jo-
sephine became the mother of two chil-
dren, Eugene and Hortense. Prompted
by filial lUtachment, she went, in 1786,
to Martinique, to attend upon her mo-
ther in sickness ; and having taken her
daughter with her, she remained in the
island three years. The sudden rising
jou]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
537
of the colony, however, obhged her to
quit it for France, with such haste, as
not to allow of her taking leave of her
parent. After effecting her escape, and
surmounting numerous obstacles, Ma-
dame Beauharnois began to experience
the horrors of the French revolution ;
and soon saw her husband, who had
used every exertion at the head of the
French army on the Khine, dragged to
a prison, and thence to the scaffold.
She was also included in the list of
proscription ; but the death of her hus-
band reduced her to such a state that
she could not be removed, and to this
circumstance she owed her deliverance.
Eobespierre at length perished, and the
viscountess was delivered from prison
by Tallieu, who was never forgotten by
her, nor by Eugene, from whom he re-
ceived a considerable pension till his
death, Josephine was indebted to
Barras for the restoration of a part of
the property of her husband ; and at
his house, after the 13th Vendemiaire,
she met General Bonaparte, who was
desirous of seeing her, in consequence
of her son Eugene, then 15 yeai's old,
presenting himself before the general,
to solicit that the sword which had be-
longed to his fether mi^ht be given to
him. Bonaparte from the first was fa-
vorably impressed towards the widow;
and his attachment strengthening at
every succeeding interview, he married
her in 1796. From that day it became
her practice to encourage him through
dangers, and moderate his feelings in
the hour of victory. After Napoleon
became emperor, a divorce was a sub-
ject to which his friends advised, him,
but which he at first declined. Jose-
phine had been crowned emprops at
Paris, and queen of Italy at Milan.
When Napoleon became desirous of
marrying a princess, and she was made
acquainted with the wishes of the na-
tion regarding a successor, she resolved
to sacrifice her private feelings, and
giving the archduchess, Maria Louisa,
credit for all the estimable qualities
which she knew were requisite to the
happiness of Napoleon, she consented
to the marriage. She, however, would
not follow the wishes of her children,
who were anxious that she should quit
France ; but retired to her beautiful
seat of Malmaison, with the title of
envpress-oueen-do wager. D. 1814.
JOSEPllUS, Flavius, the celebrated
historian of the Jews, was b. at Jeru-
salem, A. D. 37. His father, Mattathias,
was descended from the ancient high-
priests of the Jews, and hia mother was
of the Maccabean race. He was early
instructed in Hebrew learning, and be-
came an ornament of the sect of the
Pharisees, to which he belonged. When
26 years old he visited Kome, for the
purpose of obtaining the release of some
prisoners whom Felix had sent to the
capital, on which occasion he was in-
troduced to Poppuea, afterwards the
wife of Nero, and, on his return, was
made governorvof Galilee. He after-
wards obtained the command of the
Jewish army, and supported with cour-
age, wisdom, and resolution a siege of
seven weeks, in the fortified town of
Jotapata, where he was attacked by
Vespasian and Titus. The town was
betrayed to the enemy. He accom-
panied Titus back to Kome, where he
was rewarded with the freedom of the
city, and received a pension and other
favors from Vespasian and his sou, and,
as a mark of gratitude, he then assumed
their family name of Flavius. His
" History of the Jewish War, and the
Destruction of Jerusalem," was com-
posed at the command of Vespasian,
and is singularly interesting and affect-
ing, as the historian was an eye-witness
of all he relates. St. Jerome calls him
the Livy of the Greeks. His "Jewish
Antiquities," written in Greek, is a very
noble work, and his discourse " Upon
the Martyrdom of the Maccabees" is a
masterpiece of eloquence. He is sup-
posed to have d. about the year 95.
JOUFFROY, marquis de, who dis-
putes with Fulton and Fitch the honor
of having been the first to apply steam
to the purposes of navigation, was b. in
Franche Comte, 1751. He made his
first attempt on the Doubs in 1776, and
renewed it with more success on the
Saone in 1783, but he failed to carry it
out through want of means and support.
He was no less unsuccessful at Paris in
1816, but the Academy of Sciences ac-
knowledged his claim to the discovery
in 1840, a distinction with which,
whether merited or otherwise, he could
not fail to be gratified. D. 1832.— Theo-
dore, a distinguished writer on philo-
sophical subjects, and professor of
philosophy at Paris, was b, al: Pontets,
1796. Besides numerous original works,
which are in great repute for clearness
and depth, he translated into French
the writings of Reid and Dugald Stew-
art, and his "Cours du Droit Naturel"
will be found worthy the most attentive
perusal. D. 1842.
JOUEDAIN, Amable Louis Miohsi,
538
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[jUA
Breohillet, b. in 1788, was the son of a
celebrated surgeon-dentist at Paris. He
Was designed for the law, but being
struck at hearing the splendid eulogies
bestowed on Anquetil du Perron, the
Orientalist, he determined on cultivating
the same branches of learning for which
that great scholar had been distin-
guished. This he pursued with such
success, that the office of adjunct-sec-
retary of the school of oriental languages
was created in his favor, and he held it
till his death. He was a contributor to
the " Biographie Universelle," and other
extensive publications, and author of
" La Perse, ou Tableau de I'Histoire, du
Gouvernement, de la Keligion, de la
Litterature, &c., de cet Empire," be-
sides some others. D. 1818.
JOUVENET, John, an historical
painter, b. at Rouen, in Normandy, in
1644, and who studied under Poussin.
He was employed to adorn the apart-
ments of Versailles and the Trianon ;
he also painted colossal figures of the
twelve apostles in the hospital of the
Invalids at Paris, D. 1717.
JOUY, Joseph Etienne de, a facile
and graceful writer, was b. in 1764,
served in America and India, and took
part in the first campaign of the revolu-
tion. But he soon abandoned the sword
for the pen, and rose to great popularity
with his vaudevilles and the librettos
which he wrote for Spontini, Chenibini,
and Rossini. He was also distinguished
as a political writer, but he is best
known in England for his amusing and
satirical work called the " Hermit of the
Chaussee d'Antin," which was trans-
lated into English many years ago. In
1830, Louis Philippe appointed him li-
brarian at the Louvre. D. 1846.
JOVELLANOS, Don Gaspae Mel-
OHioR DE, one of the most distinguished
Spaniards of modern times, was b. at
Gijon, in Asturias, in 1744, of an an-
cient and noble family. He became
a member of the criminal branch of
the audiencia in Seville, and advan-
cing rapidly in his professional career,
he was finally appointed to the dignified
station of member of the council of the
military orders at Madrid. About the
same time he was intrusted with some
important affairs, and nominated coun-
sellor of state, by Charles III. When,
in 1794, Spain found herself loaded with
debt, Jovellanos proposed, for the relief
of the national difficulties, a tax on the
property of the higher order of the
clergy, for which he was exiled to the
mountains of Asturias, though his pro-
ject was afterwards carried into execu-
tion. In 17i)9 he was recalled, and
made minister of justice for the interior,
but before twelve months were past, he
was dismissed, and banished to the
island of Majorca, where he was con-
fined in the convent of the Carthusians.
After the fall of Godoy, the prince of
peace, in 1808, he recovered his liberty,
and subsequently became a member of
the supreme junta. He was, however,
suspected of favoring the French ; and,
at length, being denounced as a traitor
for endeavoring to promote their plans
for the subjugation of Spain, he was put
to death, in 1812, during a popular in-
surrection. He wrote " Lyric Poems,"
"Pelayo," a tragedy, "The Honorable
Delinquent," a comedy, several works
on subjects connected with political
economy, and translated Milton's " Par-
adise Lost."
JOYCE, Jeremiah, an ingenious and
industrious writer, whose profession
was that of a dissenting minister, was
b. in 1764, and first attracted public
notice as one of the persons included
in the state prosecution with Hardy,
Home Tooke, Thelwall, and others for
treason. He was the coadjutor of Dr.
Gregory in the compilation of his " Cy-
clopedia," and subsequently produced
another on a similar plan, which goes
by the name of Nicholson. He was
also the author of "Scientific Dialogues,"
"Dialogues on Chemistry," "Letters
on Natural Philosophy," ifec. D. 1816.
JUAN, or Don John of Austria, a
natural son of the Emperor Charles v.,
and the great military hero of his age,
was b. at Ratisbon, in 1546. His mo-
ther is said to have been a lady named
Barbara Blomberg, but this is doubtful,
and a singular veil of mystery hangs
over his maternal parentage. He was
first employed, in 1570, against the
Moors or Granada, and acquired great
fame by their subjugation. He also
signalized himself by a memorable vic-
tory over the Turks, in 1571, in the
gulf of Lepanto, as well as by the con-
quest of Tunis and other places on the
African coast. In 1576 he went to
Flanders, took Naraur by stratagem,
and succeeded in reducing the insur-
gents to obedience. D. 1577. — Y San-
TiciLiA, Don George, a learned Spanish
mathematician and naval officer, was b.
at Orihuela, in 1712. His progress in
mathematics was so great that, while a
student in Carthagena, he obtained tlie
appellation of Euclid ; and, entering the
naval service early, his reputation as a
jjn]
CYCLOPAEDIA GF BIOGRAPHY.
539
scientific man occasioned his appoint-
ment, with Antonio de Ulloa, to accom-
pany Bouguer and La Condamine to
Peru, in 1735, to measurfi a degree of
the meridian at the equator. He after-
wards directed mucli of his attention to
marine architecture, and his exertions
to improve the Spanisli navy were
highly successful, He published his
" Observations on Astronomy and Pliys-
ics, made in Peru," and treatises on
navigation and ship-building. D. 1774.
JUBA, a king or Numidia and Mau-
ritania, who was an ally of Pompey
against Julius Caesar. After the battle
of Pharsalia he joined his forces to
those of Scipio, but being totally de-
feated at Thapsus, he put an end to his
own life, and his kingdom became a
Roman province. — II., king of Numidia,
son of the preceding, was, when a boy,
led a captive to Rome to adorn the tri-
umph of Csesar, but the Roman con-
queror bestowed on him an excellent
education, and he became one of the
most learned men of his time. He
gained the hearts of the Romans by the
courteousness of his manners, and was
in great favor with Augustus, who gave
him the daughter of Antony in mar-
riage, and made him king of Gsetulia,
of which dignity he proved himself
worthy, by governing his dominions
with justice and leTiity. He was also an
able and prolific author, as appears by
Pliny, Strabo, Plutarch, and other wri-
ters, who allude to his histories of the
Arabians, Assyrians, and Romans, his
treatises on the fine arts, and his natural
history, of all which a few fragments
only have been preserved. D. 24.
JUGURTHA, king of Numidia, was
the son of Manastabal. He was en-
dowed by nature with superior talents,
and was remarkable for manly strength
and personal beauty. Formed for a
soldier, his valor and conduct won the
esteem of the Roman army, and the
friendship of Scipio ; but involving him-
self in intrigues and crimes to obtain
the Numidian crown, the Roman senate
sent Metellus against him, who con-
quered him in a great battle, and re-
jected all his bribes. When on the
point of signing a shameful peace, and
surrendering to the Romans, Jugurtha,
through fear that they might inflict
vengeance on liim for his former crimes,
suddenly changed his resolution, and
determined once more to abide the
worst. The king of Mauritania, his
ally, having concluded a peace wit.i the
Honians, Sylla persuadea him to draw
Jugurtha into his power, and deliver
him up to the Romans. He was ac-
cordingly seized, and sent in chains to
Marius, at Cirta. Thus the war wa£
ended, and Numidia became a Roman
province. Jugurtha, having suifered
many insults from the people, waa
thrown into a dark prison, and starved
to' death after six days, 106 b. c.
JULIAN, Flavius Claudius, sur-
named the Apostate, a Roman emperor,
was the youngest son of Constantius,
brother of Constantine the Great. He
was b. in 331, educated in the tenets of
Christianity, and apostatized to pagan-
ism. In 335 he was declared Caesar,
and sent to Gaul, where he obtained
several victories over the Germans, and,
in 361, the troops in Gaul revolted from
Constantius, and declared for Julian.
During the lifetime of his cousin, Con-
stantius, he made a profession of the
orthodox faith, but, on succeeding to
the throne, he threw ofi" all disguise,
reopened the heathen temples, ana
sought to restore the heathen worship
in all its splendor, while he labored,
both by his pen and authority, to de-
stroy Christianity. D. 363.
JULIEN, Pierre, an eminent French
sculptor, many of whose productions
adorn the metropolis of France, and
whose chef-d'oeuvre is " The Dying
Gladiator." B. 1781 ; d. 1804. — Simon,
a Swiss painter, who by his brother
artists was called the Apostate, in allu-
sion to the Roman emperor of the same
name, as well as to his abandonment of
the French school of painting for the
Italian. B. 1736 ; d. 1799.
JULIUS I., Pope, succeeded to the
gapal see on the death of Mark, in 337.
elebrated for the part he took in the
Athanasian controversy. D. 352. — II.,
Pope, nephew of Sixtus IV., was b. in
1443. He is said to have, at one period
of his life, followed the occupation of a
waterman. He was remarkable for his
wars, and his patronage of the arts.
During his pontificate, the rebuilding
of St. Peter's was commenced. D. 1513.
— III., Pope, previously known as Car-
dinal Monte, was chamberlain to Julius
II., whose name he subsequently as-
sumed. He took little part in public
business, but led a life of indolence at
the villa still known bv his name. D.
1555.
JUNGE, or JUNGIUS, Joachim, an
eminent philosopher of the l7th cen-
tury, was b. at Lubeck, in 1587, and
distinguished himself as an able antag-
onist of the Aristotelian philosophy.
mQ
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[jus
Like hig great cotemporary, Lord Bacon,
hie substituted experiment in tlie place
of idle and antiquated theories, and is
ranked by Leibnitz as equal to Coper-
nicus and Galileo, and but little inferior
to Descartes. Among his works are
"Geometria Empirica," " Doxoscopiae
Physicae Minores," and "IsagogePny-
toscope," from which, latter work Eay
and Linnaeus appear to have taken some
valuable hints. D. 1657.
JUNOT, Andoche, duke of Abrantes,
a distinguished French general, was b.
in 1771, and entered the army, as a
volunteer, in 1791. He first attracted
the notice of Bonaparte by iiis coolness
and courage when serving as a lieuten-
ant at the siege of Toulon ; and in 1806
he made him colonel-general of hussars,
and appointed him to the command of
Paris. In the following year he was
placed at the head of the army in Portu-
gal, where he remained two years, and
was honored with his ducal title; but
beinj^ defeated at the battle of Vimiera
by Sir Arthur Wellesley, (the duke of
Wellington,) he was compelled to capit-
ulate. He subsequently served in Spain,
and was made governor of the Illyrian
provinces. D. 1813. — Madame, duchess
of Abrantes, wife of the preceding, was
from her infancy intimate with Napo-
leon. Her estates being confiscated in
1814, the Emperor Alexander offered
tlieir restoration, on condition of her
becoming a naturalized Eussian. She
refused, and remained in .Paris, living
quite literally by the labors of her pen.
The best known of her writings are the
celebrated "Memoirs," which bad a
prodigious run. But she experienced
the only too common fate of authors ;
harassed by creditors, she retired to a
maison de sante; where she died, in
1838.
JUEIEU, Peter, a French Protestant
divine and theologian, was b. in 1637.
He studied in England, under his ma-
ternal uncle, Peter du Moulin ; and,
while there, was episcopally ordained ;
but the French Protestants disapprov-
ing of episcopal ordination, he was re-
ordained according to the form of Ge-
neva. He filled the chair of divinity at
Sedan with reputation ; but, when tliat
university was taken from the Protest-
ants, he retired to Holland, and settled
at Eotterdam, where he became a vio-
lent polemic, and engaged in some fierce
contentions with Baylo and others. His
principal works are a "Preservative
against Popery," "La Politique du
CTerg^," " L'Accomplisseraent des Pro-
phetes," "Histoire de Calvinismo et
du Papisme," and " Histoire des Dog-
mes et des Cultes." D. 1713.
JUSSIEU,-De; Anthony, Beksakd,
and Joseph ; three eminent French bot-
anists and physicians. The first was b.
at Lyons in 1686, and d. in 1758. He
enriched the memoirs of the Academy
of Sciences at Paris with several valua-
ble papers, the result of observations
made in liis travels, on botany and min-
eralogy. He also wrote the appendix to
Tournefort, and abridged Barellier's
work upon the plants of France, Spain,
and Italy ; he was likewise the author
of a "Discourse on the Progress of
Botany." — Bernard, brother of the pre-
ceding, was b. at Lyons in 1699, and d.
in 1776. He published an edition of
" Tournefort's History of Plants about
Paris," and was the author of a book,
entitled "The Friend of Humanity, or
the advice of a good Citizen to the Na-
tion." He was botanical demonstrator
at the king's garden, and was much es-
teemed by Louis XV. Cuvier calls him
" the most modest, and, perhaps, the
most profound, botanist of the 18th
century, who, although he scarcely pub-
lished any thing, is nevertheless the in-
spiring genius of modern botanists." —
Joseph, was also a member of the Acad-
emy of Sciences at Paris, and accompa-
nieci Condamine to Peru, in 1735. He
was not only a good naturalist and phy-
sician, but an excellent engineer. He
published a journal of his voyages, and
d. in 1779.
JUSTEL, Christopher, a French
statesman and juridical writer of the
17th century, was b, in 1580, and d. in
1649. He was well acquainted with
ecclesiastical antiquities and the canon
law, respecting which he published sev-
eral learned works, and left valuable
MS. collections. — His son Henry sent
his fathers MSS. to the university of
Oxford, for which he was compliment-
ed with the degree of LL.D. On the
revocation of the edict of Nantes, he
came to London, and was appointed
keeper to the king's library. lie pub-
lished, chiefly from his father's collec-
tion, " Bibliotheca Canonici veteris,"
and also some able works of his own.
B. 1620; d. 1693.
JUSTI, John Henry Gottlob de, an
eminent Gorman mineralogist, who, af-
ter gaining some literary reputation at
the university of Jena in 1720, enlisted
as a common soldier in tlie Prussian
service. He rose to the rank of lieuten-
ant ; was cashiered and imprisoned for
juv]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
541
insubordination, but made his escape to
Leipsic, and maintained himself by wri-
ting for the press. In 1755 ho became
professor of poUtical economy and
natural history at Gottingen ; but hav-
ing written too freely on the Prussian
government, was arrested, and ended
is days a prisoner in the fortress of
Custrin, in 1771. He was the author of
a "Treatise on Money," a "Treatise on
Mineralogy," " Miscellanies on Chem-
istry and Mineralogy," and " A Com-
plete Treatise on Manufactures."
JUSTIN, a Latin historian, who pro-
bably lived at Kome in the 2d or 3d
century. He made an epitome of the
history of Trogus Pompeius, a native
of Gaul, who lived in the time of Au-
gustus, and whose works, in 44 books,
contain a history of the world, from the
earliest ages to his own time. Justin
has been illustrated by the most able
commentators, and particularly by Grae-
vius. — St., a Christian philosopher and
martyr in the 2d century, was a native
of Sichem, in Samaria. A persecution
breaking out against the Christians, un-
der Antoninus, Justin presented to that
emperor an admirable apology in their
behalf, which had the desired effect.
He afterwards addressed another apology
to Marcus Aurelius, in which he de-
fended those of his religion against the
calumnies of Crescens, a Cynic philoso-
pher. For this, and his neglect of pa-
gan worship, he was condemned to be
scourged and then beheaded, which
sentence was put in execution, a. d. 164.,
in the 75th year of his age.
JUSTINIAN I., surnamed the Great,
nephew of Justin I., emperor of the
East, and celebrated as a lawgiver, was
b. in 483, of an obscure family. He
shared the fortunes of his uncle, who,
from a common Thracian peasant, was
raised to the imperial throne; and at
whose death, in 527, he obtained the ex-
clusive sovereignty. He was then in
his 45th year, and distinguished for his
devotional austerity ; but immediately
upon his elevation he solemnly espoused
Theodora, an actress and courtesan,
whose influence over him was unbound-
ed. During the reign of Justinian
many conquests were made by his brave
general Belisarius. In 523 and 529 he
obtained three glorious victories over
the Persians ; in 534 he destroyed the
enipire of the Vandals in Africa; Spain
and Sicily were reconquered ; and the
Ostrogoths, wlio possessed Italy, were
vanquished. The principal event, how-
ever, which has rendered the reign of
46
Justinian interesting to posterity, was
the celebrated reformation of the Ro-
man jurisprudence. He commissioned
Tribonian, aided by other learned civil-
ians, to form a new code from his own
laws and those of his predecessors. To
this code Justinian added the "Pan-
dects," the " Institute," and the "' No-
velise," since called, collectively, the
body of civil law, ^corpus juris c'ivilis.)
He likewise embellished the capital with
numerous magnificent churches, among
which is the celebrated Sancta Sophia,
now subsisting as the principal mosque
in Constantinople. Bridges, aqueducts,
hospitals, fortresses, and other public
works, were also undertaken through-
out the various provinces of the empire.
But towards the end of his life he be-
came avaricious, oppressed the people
with taxes, and lent a willing ear to
every accusation ; and at length, full of
cares and disquietudes, he d. in 565,
after a reign of 38 years, and in the 83a
of his age. — II. was the elder son of
Constantine Pogonatus, whom he sue
ceeded in 685. He recovered several
provinces from the Saracens, and made
an advantageous peace with them ; but
his exactions, cruelties, and debauch-
eries tarnished the glory of his arms.
He was slain, with his son Tiberius, in
711, by Philippicus Bardanes, his sue-
CGSsor
JUSTINIANI, AuGijsTiN, bishop of
Nebo, in Corsica, was a prelate of dis-
tinguished literary abilities. He was
the author of " Annales de Eepublica
Genoensi ;" a " Psalter in Hebrew,
Greek, Arabic, and Chaldee, with Latin
notes," &c., being the first of the kind
that ever appeared in print. He per-
ished in a voyage from Corsica to Ge-
noa, in 1536. — St. Lawrence, the first
patriarch of Venice, was b. there in
1381 ; d. in 1485 ; and was canonized by
Pope Alexander VIII. in 1690. He was
the author of several devotional works.
— Beknabd, nephew of the preceding,
was b. at Venice, in 1408 ; was em-
gloyed in several important missions by
alixtus III. ; wrote a history of Venice,
which has been considered the first
regular attempt of the kind, and the life
of his uncle, Lawrence the patriarch ;
and d. in 1489.
JUVENAL, Decius Junius, a Latin
poet, remarkable for the caustic severity
of his satires, was b. at Aqulnum, in
Campania, about the beginning of the
reign of Claudius. He studied rhetoric
under the most celebrated masters, and
became an eminent pleader at the bar ;
iki
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[kai
but satire was his forte. His first essay
as a poetical satirist was directed against
the player, Paris, who was the miuion
of Domitian ; for which he was sent into
an honorable kind of exile, by being
made commander of a cohort at Pen-
tapolis, on the borders of Egypt. On
Domitian's death he returned to Kome,
where he d. in his 80th year, a. d. 128.
He may be said to have been the last of
the Koman poets, and as the bold and
unflinching castigator of vice he stands
without a rival. Good as are his inten-
tions, however, and forcible as are his
denunciations, the moral indelicacy of
the age in which he lived renders the
satires of Juvenal too gross in their de-
tails for readers of the present day.
Able translations have been made by
Dryden, Gifford, &c.
K.
KAAB, a celebrated Arabian poet,
cotemporary with Mahomet, whom he
at first strenuously opposed, but after-
wards eulogized. As a reward for wri-
ting a poem in his favor, the prophet
gave him his green mantle, which one
of the descendants of Kaab sold for
10,000 pieces of silver. D. 662.
kAAS, Nicholas, an eminent Danish
statesman, was b. 1535, and studied in
the universities of Germany. In 1573
he was made chancellor of Denmark;
and, on the death of King Frederic II.,
in 1588, he was nominated to fill the
situation of first regent during the mi-
nority of Christian I. D. 1594.
KABRIS, Joseph, a French sailor,
who, being taken prisoner by the En-
flish, obtained permission to enter on
oard a South sea whaler, and being
wrecked on the coast of the island of
Noukahiwa, in the Pacific ocean, fell
into the hands of the cannibal inhabit-
ants. While preparations were making
for his intended fate, and his doom ap-
peared inevitable, he was saved by the
intercession of the king's daughter, who
shortly after became his wife. Being
now allied to royalty, he was made chief
judge of the island, which office he ex-
ercised with reputation and comparative
ease, owing to the simplicity of their
legal institutions. Nine years thus
passed nway, and Kabris lived in the
enjoyment of domestic happiness, when
he was carried oif, as he stated, while
asleep, by the Russian navigator, Cap-
tain Krusenstern. On returning to
France, in 1817, he exhibited himself to
the public at Paris and elsewhere, his
face being tattooed in the New Zealand
style. His object was to raise money,
to enable him to return to his wife and
family at Noukahiwa; but, while trav-
slling for this purpose^ he d. suddenly
at Versailles, 1822.
KiEMPFEK, Engelbeeoht, a cele-
brated physiciaii, naturalist, and travel-
ler, was b. at Lemgo, in Westphalia,
1651 ; studied at Dantzic, Thorn, and
Cracow; performed a journey, in 1683,
as secretary to a Swedish embassy, by-
land through Russia and Persia; after
which he visited Arabia, Hindostan,
Java, Sumatra, Siam, and Japan, in
which last country he resided two years.
In 1692 he returned to his native coun-
try, took his degree of M.D. at Leyden,
and entered upon medical practice. He
was the author of a " History of Japan,"
" Amoenitates Exoticse." &c. D. 1716.
KAESTNER, Abraham Gotthelf, a
mathematician, astronomer, and poet,
was b. 1719, at Leipsic; and filled the
situation of professor of mathematics at
Gottingen, with the highest reputation
for more than 40 years. His scientific
works are extremely numerous, of which
the principal is a "History of Mathe-
matics." D. 1799.
KALB, baron de, a major-general in
the American army, was b. in Germany,
about the year 1717. He entered into
the French service when young, and
continued in it 42 years. In 1757, du-
ring the war between Great Britain and
France, he was sent by the French gov-
ernment to the American colonies, in
order to see with what effect the seeds
of discontent against the mother country
might be sown among them. While in
the performance of this commission he
was seized as a suspected person, but
escaped detection. He then went to
Canada, where he remained until its
conquest by the British, after which he
returned to France. During the war of
the revolution he offered his services to
the congress, which were accepted. On
the 15th of August, 1778, when Lord
Rawdon defeated General Gates, near
Camden, the baron commanded the
right wing of the American army, and
fell covered with wounds.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
^^
KALE, or KALF, William, an emi-
nent painter, was .b. at Amsterdam, in
1630. He had the power of Eembrandt
in distributing his hght aud shade, while
in correctness and del'cacy he equalled
Teniers. D. 1693.
KALKBEENNEK, Christian, an em-
inent musical composer, was ^ 1755, at
Munden, in Prussia : was a^upil of
Emanuel Bach ; and having made con-
siderable progress both in the theoret-
ical and practical branches of the profes-
sion, entered the service of Prince Henry
of Prussia, and finally settled in Paris,
where his reputation obtained him the
appointment of singing-master to the
academy of music, which he held till his
death, in 1800. — Christian Frederic, a
distinguished pianist, son of the above,
was b. at Cassel, 1784. Having acquired,
at an early age, a high reputation as a
brilliant performer on the pianoforte,
he removed in 1806 to Pans, whence
he made frequent professional tours
througliout Europe, his fame daily in-
creasing, both from his own perform-
ances and the brilliant compositions
which he gave to the world. In 1814 he
removed to London, where he remained
9 years. He once returned to the French
capital in 1823, when he joined M. Pley-
del as a manufacturer of keyed instru-
ments, and continued to occupy a prom-
inent position in the musical world till
his decease. D. 1849.
KALM, Peter, a Swedish traveller
and natural philosopher, was b. 1715, in
Ostro Bothnia; travelled in North
America and Russia, for the purpose of
exploring those countries ; became pro-
fessor of botany in the university of
Abo, and d. 1779. His works consist
of "Travels in America," which have
been translated into English ; besides
numerous dissertations, illustrative of
the state of commerce, agriculture, and
manufactures in Sweden.
KANT, Emmanuel, a celebrated Grcr-
man metaphysician, and the founder of
a new philosophical sect, was b. at Ko-
nigsberg, in Prussia Proper, 1724, and
was the son of a saddler. Through the
kindness of a rich uncle he was educated
at the Frederician college, on leaving
which he accepted the situation of tutor
in a clergyman s family. He commenced
his literary career in his 23d year ; but
it was not till he was appointed a pro-
fessor in the university of Konigsberg,
in 1770, that any traces of his new met-
aphysical system, which afterwards at-
tracted so mu ih notice, appeared in his
works. In 17 SI he published his " Crit-
ical Inquiry into the Nature of Pure
Keason,'' which contains the system
commonly known under the title of the
"Critical Philosophy." A second part
of it, published in 1783, bore the title of
" Prolegomena for future Metaphysics."
The principles contained in them he
had, however, long been promulgating
from his professional chair. In 1786 he
was chosen rector of the university;
and, though far advanced in life, he
continued to produce works in further
development of his philosophical prin-
ciples, until 1798, when he retired from
his official situations, and d. in 1804.
Kant was a man of high intellectual en-
dowments ; and his critical philosophy
for a time superseded every other in the
Protestant universities of Germany.
KAEAMSIN, Nicholas MichaeLo-
viTscH, imperial Eussian historiographer,
was b. 1765; educated at Moscow; served
for a while in the imperial guards, and
travelled for two years, through Middle
Europe ; after which he devoted himself
to literature. His "History of the Eus-
sian Empire," the "Letters of a Eussian
Traveller," and "Aglia," a collection
of tales, are all works of merit, and in
much esteem, D. 1826.
KAUFMANN, Maria Anna Angel-
ica, a distinguished artist, b. at Coire,
in the Orisons, 1741. She acouired the
first principles of drawing ana painting
from her father, whom she soon excelled.
At Milan, Florence, Eome, and Naples
she greatly increased her skill ; and
when, in 1766, she went to England,
and was patronized by royalty, her rep-
utation and success quickly improved
her circumstances. She remained there
seventeen years ; married Zucehi, a Ve-
netian painter ; and d. at Eome, in
1807. She excelled most in the repre-
sentation of female characters ; and
many of her most admired paintings
were engraved by Bartolozzi, whose
labors much contributed to the growth
and perpetuity of her fame.
KAUNITZ, Wenceslaus Anthony,
Prince, a German statesman, was b. at
Vienna, in 1711 ; and though at first
destined for the church, he finally en-
gaged in political life. His talents,
aided by a favorable exterior, opened a
brilliant career to him. In 1744 he was
made minister of state for the kina-doms
of Hungary and Bohemia; in 1748 he
assisted at the congress of Aix-la-Cha-
pelle, was honored with the order of the
golden fieece by Maria Theresa, and
employed as ambassador to Paris ; re-
turned to Vienna in 1753, land took the
544
CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[keb
office of chancellor of state ; concluded
the treaty of alliance between Austria
and France, in 1756 ; was made a prince
of the German empire in 1764, and d.
1794.
KAYE, or CAIUS, Dr. John, the
founder of Caius college, Cambridge,
was b. at Norwich, in 1510 ; was edu-
cated for the medical profession, first at
Glonville hall, Cambridge, and subse-
quently at Bologna, where he graduated
as M.D. On his return to England he
became physician to the court, and held
that office during three successive reigns.
He was for several yeai's president of
the college of physicians ; and, in 1557,
he obtained a royal license to advance
Glonville hall into a college, which he
endowed with several considerable es-
tates, and added to it the quadrangle.
D. 1578.
KEAN, Edmund, an eminent English
tragedian, was the son of a scene-car-
E enter of the name of Kean, (whose
rother, Moses Kean, obtained some
notoriety as a mimic and a ventrilo-
quist,) and the daughter of the well-
known George Saville Carey, a dramatic
writer and performer. He was b. in
Castle-street, Leicester-square, London,
in 1787. He trod the stage almost as
soon as he could walk alone, being em-
ployed in processions, &c., thus imper-
ceptibly acquiring the rudiments of" his
theatrical education under the eye of
that great actor, Jphn Kemble, whose
rival he was afterwards destined to be-
come. Miss Tidswell, an actress long
known on the metropolitan stage, and
said to have been a relation, assisted
Kean in his juvenile efforts, and, at the
age of 13, recommended him to a com-
pany of players in Yorkshire. He per-
lormed there under the name of Carey,
and is said to have obtained much ap-
plause in the parts of Hamlet, Lord
Hastings, and Cato. He also distin-
guished himself by his talents for reci-
tation ; and his delivery of Satan's Ad-
dress to the Sun, from Milton's Paradise
Lost, and the first soliloquy in Shak-
speare's Richard IIL having been highly
applauded, he repeated his recitations
at Windsor, before some of the royal
family. He had also the good fortune
to attract the notice of Dr. Drury, who
senl^ him to Eton, "where he remained
three years, and is said to have made
great progress in classical studies, de-
voting much of 'his attention to the
precepts and examples of Cicero. On
quitting Eton he procured an engage-
ment at Birmingham, where he was
seen by the manager of the Edinburgh
theatre, who engaged hira for twenty
nights, on twelve of which he performed
Hamlet to crowded houses. He was at
this time only sixteen ; and we find that
his provincial engagements led him, in
the course of a few years, to nearly all
the principal towns 'in the south and
west otiaEngland, playing in tragedy,
comedy, opera, and pantomime. In the
mean time. Dr. Drury, his old patron,
had recommended him to the directing
committee of Drury-lane, as fitted to
revive that declining theatre. He was,
in consequence, engaged there for three
years, at a rising salary of eight, ten,
and twelve guineas a week for each suc-
cessive year. His first appearance was
on the 26th of January, 1814, in the
character of Shylock. In 1820 he visited
the United States, and performed in
New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and
Boston, on the whole with great success.
After his return to England, the extrav-
agance and dissoluteness which had al-
ways disgraced his character, involved
hhn in great embarrassments ; and a
second visit to America, in 1825, was
attended with little credit or advantage.
He returned again to England, and be-
came manager of the theatre at Rich-
mond, Surrey, where he d. May 15, 1838i
KEATS, John, a young English poet,
of humble origin, was b. in 1796, at a
livery-stable, kept by his grandfather in
Moorfields. He was apprenticed to a
surgeon, but gave way to the ambition
of becoming a poet. He published
"Endymion," a poetical romance, in
1818 ; and, in 1820, his last and best
work, " Lamia," and other poems.
Being in feeble health, from a severe
pulmonary disease, he was advised to
try the fine climate of Italy, where he
arrived in November, 1820, accompanied
by his friend Mr. Severn the artist, and
d. in Rome on the 27th of December
following. He was interred in the En-
glish burying-ground, near the monu-
ment of Caius Cestius, and not far froth
the place where, soon after, were de-
posited the remains of the poet Shelley.
Mr. Leigh Hunt, who was his earliest
and warmest patron, describes him as
having " a very manly as well as a deli-
cate spirit," and being gifted with "the
two highest qualities of a poet in the
highest degree — sensibility and imagi-
nation."
KEBLE, Joseph, an English lawyer,
whose industry was so remarkable du-
ring his whole life, that some account
of it is absolute} y due t^ his memory.
kel]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
545
He was born about 1632, studied nt Ox-
ford, and was called to the bar in 165*.
Three years afterwards he began to sig-
nalize himself by the constant regularity
of his appearance in the court of King's
Bench, where from that time to the day
of his decease, a period of nearly half a
century, he occupied himself iu^cessantly
as a reporter ot the cases which came
before the court. Nor was he less per-
severing while attending the chapel,
copies of upwards of 4000 sermons, de-
livered by various preachers in that
f)laee of worship, bemg found among
lis papers when he d., in 1710. His
publications are numerous, the principal
being, "A Table to the Statutes," "As-
sistance to Justices of the Peace," "Ee-
ports," and " Essays on Human Nature
and Human Actions."
KEILL, John, a learned mathemati-
cian, was b. at Edinburgh, in 1671. In
1698 he published an examination of
Burnet's "Theory of the Earth," to
which he subjoined "Eemarks on Whis-
ton's Theory*." The year following he
was appointed deputy-professor of nat-
ural philosophy ; and in 1701 he pub-
lished his " Introductio ad Veram Phy-
sicam," as a preparation for the study
of Newton's " Principia." In 1708 he
defended Newton's claim to the inven-
tion of Fluxions, which brought him
into a dispute with Leibnitz. In 1709
he was appointed treasurer to the Ger-
man exiles from the Palatinate, and
attended them in that capacity to New
England. He next defended Newton's
doctrine against the Cartesians, and re-
ceived his degree of M.D. *In 1714 he
was chosen Saviliun professor of astron-
omy at Oxford, and the year following
appointed decipherer to the queen.
Among his works are, " An Introduc-
tion to True Philosophy" and " An
Introduction to True Astronomy." D.
1721.
KEISER, Eeinhakd, an eminent Ger-
man musician and composer, was b. at
Leipsic, in 1673. He was the author of
118 operas, of which his "Circe,"
brought out at Hamburgh in 1734, was
the last and most beautiful. He pos-
sessed a most fertile imagination, and is
considered as the father of German
melody. D. 1735.
KELLEEMANN, Francis Christo-
pher, duke of Valmy, peer an<!l marshal
of France, &c,, was b. at Strasburg, in
1735 ; entered the Conflans legion as a
hussar when 17 years of age, and rose
to the rank of quartermaster-general in
1788. At the breaking out of the revo-
46*
lution he distinguished himself by his
patriotism and judgment. At the com-
mencement of the war he received the
command of the army of the Moselle ;
formed a junction with the main army
under Dumouriez ; and sustained, Sept.
20th, 1792, the celebrated attack of the
duke of Brunswick at Valmy, which
contributed much to the success of the
campaign. He was repeatedly denoun-
ced to the national convention by Custine
and others ; but his trial not taking place
till after the reign of terror, he was ac-
quitted. In 1795 he took the command
of the army of the Alps and Italy, but
he was soon superseded by Bonaparte.
In 1798 he was nominated a member of
the military board ; in 1801 he was pres-
ident of the conservative senate, and the
following year a marshal of the empire.
He served under Napoleon in Germany
and Prussia ; and having, in 1814, voted
for the restoration of royalty, was em-
ployed under the Bourbons till his death
in 1820.
KELLEY, or TALBOT, Edward, a
celebrated necromancer and alchemist,
was b. at Worcester in 1555, and edu-
cated at Gloucester hall, Oxford; but
was obliged to leave the university for
some crime, and after rambling about
the kingdom, was sentenced to lose his
ears at Lancaster. He next became an
associate with the credulous Dr. Dee, and
accompanied him to Prague, where Kel-
ley contrived to live handsomely by his
impostures, and was knighted by the
Emperor Eodolphus ; but his tricks
being discovered, he was thrown into
prison, and in attempting to escape, he
fell, and bruised himself to such a de-
gree, that he d. soon after, in 1595. He
wrote a poem on chemistry, and another
on the pnilosopher's stone ; besides sev-
eral Latin and English discourses printed
in Dr. Meric Casaubon's "True and
faithful Eelation of what passed for
many years between Dr. John Dee and
some Spirits."
KELLY, Hugh, a dramatic and mis-
cellaneous writer, was b. in 1739, near
the lake of Killarney. He was appren-
ticed to a staymaker, which trade he
quitted when in London, and became
clerk to an attorney. Afterwards he
turned his attention to authorship with
considerable success, writing political
pamphlets, plays, &c. His works are,
"False Delicacy," "A Word to the
Wise," "The School for Wives," the
" Eomance of an Hour," comedies ; " Cle-
mentina," a tragedy ; " Thespis," a poem
in the manner of Churchill's " Eosciad ;'*
546
CrCLOPJSDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[kem
*' Louisa Mildn-ay," a novel ; and " The
Babbler," a collection of essays. D.
1777. — John, a learned English* clergy-
man, was a native of Douglas, in the Isle
of Man, and b. in 1750. Having paid a
particular attention to the vernacular
dialect of the Celtic tongue, which was
spol<en in that island, he was introduced
to Bishop Hildesley, who employed him
in translating the JBible into the Manks
language, and ordained him a minister
of the Episcopal congregation of Ayr,
in Scotland. Through the patronage'of
the duke of Gordon, to whose son, the
marquis of Huntly, he was tutor, he
obtained the rectory of Copford, in
Essex ; and having entered at St. John's
college, Cambridge, he was there hon-
oredVith the degree of LL.D. In 1808
he published " A Practical Grammar of
the Ancient Gaelic, or Language of the
Isle of Man ;" and in 1805 issued pro-
posals for publishing "A Triglot Diction-
ary of the Celtic Tongue," which was
nearly completed when the sheets were
destroyed by a fire on the premises of
Mr. Nichols, the printer. D. 1809.—
Michael, a composer and singer, was
the son of a wine merchant in Dublin,
who, for many years, acted as master of
the ceremonies at the viceregal castle.
He was b. in 1762, and at an early age
gave proofs of genius for music, which
induced his father to place him under
Eauzzini, at that time in Dublin, who
prevailed on his friends to send him to
Naples, where he arrived when in his
16th year. He there found a patron in
Sir William Hamilton, the British min-
ister; studied under Fineroli and Ap-
rili ; and subsequently performed at
most of the Italian theatres, and in
Germany. He contracted a close inti-
macy with Mozart during his stay at
Vienna ; was for some time in the ser-
vice of tfee Emperor Joseph; and at
length returned to London, where he
made his first appearance, in 1787, at
Drury-lane theatre, in " Lionel and Cla-
rissa," and retained his situation as first
singer at that tlientre, the musical per-
formances of which he directed till his
retirement from the stage. He set to
music upwards of 60 pieces, most of
which were successful, and amongst
these are the once highly popular com-
positions in Colman's musical romance
of " Bluebeard." A few months previ-
ous to his death appeared his " Eeminis-
cences," a very amusing work, replete
with anecdotes of his cotemporaries
and familiar associates. D. 1826.
KEMBLEj John Philip, the most dig-
nified and accomplished actor on the
British stage since the days of Garrick,
^as the eldest son of Koger Kerable,
manager of a company of comedians at
Prescot, in Lancashire, where he was b.
in 1757. Being of Catholic parents, he
was sent to the English college at Douay,
where he early distinguishecl himself by
his proficiency in elocution, and had
Talma for a fellow-student. Finding
that his father designed him for the
Sriesthood, he quitted the college clan-
estinely, returned to England, and,
engaging in an itinerant company, per-
formed with great eclat at Liverpool,
Edinburgh, York, &c. In 1798 he made
his first appearance on the boards of
Drury-lane, in the character of Hamlet.
His success was complete ; and from
that time he maintained the character
of being the first tragedian of the age.
On the secession of Mr. King, he became
manager of Drury-lane theatre. In 1802
he took advantage of the peace to visit
the Continent, in order to study the
French and Spanish histrionic estab-
lishments, with a view to the improve-
ment of the English. On his return, he
became manager of the Covent-garden
theatre, where he continued till 1809,
when that building was destroyed by
fire. On the restoration of the edifice,
Mr. Kemble was, during the O. P. riots,
as they were called, the object of popu-
lar resentment, in consequence of hav-
ing raised the prices, and made certain
obnoxious arrangements in regard to
the private boxes. In 1817 he retired
from the stage, after a long and honor-
able career ; and, in consequence of ill
health, went first to Montpelier, and
thence to Lausanne, where he d. Feb.
26, 1823. — George Stephen, brother of
the foregoing, and also an able actor,
was b. at Kingstown, in Herefordshire ;
his mother having performed the part
of Anne BuUen, in the play of Henry
VIII., on the evening of his birth. This
gentleman was intended for the medical
profession, and was apprenticed to a
surgeon in Coventry ; but soon quitted
it for the stage. He first appeared at
Covent-garden theatre in 178-3. He was
afterwards manager of the theatres of
Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, and
Newcastle ; and he was remarkable for
playing the part of Falstaff without
stuffing. D. 1822. — Prisctlla, widow
of John Philip Kemble, the eminent
tragedian, d. at Leamington, ased 90, on
the 13th of May, 1845. This lady, like
the widow of Mr. Garrick, long survived
her celebrated husband, and. It is said,
ken]
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
547
was (like her) the oldest member of the
theatrical profession at the time of her
decease. She entered on that public
career in very early youth, and was first
married to Mr. Brereton, an actor of
considerable celebrity. Not many years
after his death she was united to Mr.
Kemble, and on his death in 1823, she
took up her residence at Leamington,
where she lived highly respected; her
lively conversation and knowledge of
the world rendering her society no less
desirable, than her liberal and charitable
disposition had made it useful.
KEMP, Joseph, an eminent musical
composer, was b. at Exeter, in 1778, and
was a chorister in the cathedral of his
jiative city, where he studied iinder the
celebrated William Jackson. In 1802,
having been appointed organist of Bris-
tol cathedral, ne removed thither, and
in the same year composed one of his
best anthems, " I am Alpha and Omega,"
In 1807 he left Bristol for London, and
the year following took the degree of
M.B. at Cambridge. In 1809 he pro-
ceeded to that of doctor, when his exer-
cise entitled " The Crucifixion" was
performed. He now became a lecturer
on music at several institutions, and in-
vented a new mode of teaching the
science. His principal works are, 5' A
new System or Musical Education, be-
in^ a Self-Instructor," " Twenty Psalm-
odical Melodies," "The Siege of Ischa,"
an opera, with a variety of songs, glees,
duets, &c.
KEMPELEN, Wolfgang, Baron, a
celebrated mathematician, was b, in
1734, at Presburg, in Hungary. Among
his inventions was the famous automa-
ton chess-player, which he first exhibit-
ed at Pans in 1788, and afterwards in
London ; but the secret of it was never
discovered. He also invented a speak-
ing figure, which he himself described
in a work called "The Mechanism of
Speech." He was also an author, and
wrote " Perseus and Andromeda," a
drama, " The Unknown Benefactor," a
comedy, and some poems. D. 1804.
KEMPIS, Thomas a, a famous writer
of the 14th centiTry, was b. at a village
of that name, in the diocese of Cologne,
in 1380, and d. in 1471. His treatise,
" De Imitatione Christi," or, " Of the
Imitation of Christ," some have at-
tributed to Gerson.
KEN, Thomas, a learned and pious
dignitary of the church of England, was
b. at Berkhamstead, in Hertfordshire,
in 1637. D. 1711.
KENNEY, James, a distinguished
dramatist, many of whose pieces still
keep possession of the stag 3, was b, in
Ireland, about 1670. His lively farce
of " Raising the Wind," with its in-
imitable character of Jeremy Diddler,
was his first dramatic production. This
was soon followed by "Love, Law, and
Physic," " Matrimony," " The World,"
"The Illustrious Stranger," &c. HL<i
health had been for a long time infirm,
and he d. on the morning fixed for his
benefit at Drury-lane theatre, Aug. 1,
1849.
_ KENNICOTT, Benjamin, an able di-
vine and biblical critic, was a native of
Totness, Devonshire, of which place his
father was parish clerk. He was edu-
cated at Wadham college, Oxford, be-
came vicar of Culham, preacher of
Whitehall, librarian of the Eadclilfe, a
prebend of Westminster, and canoi^
of Christ-church. Dr. Kennicott's lit-
erary fame mainly rests on his Hebrew
Bible, in collating the numerous manu-
scripts for the text of which he was
incessantly occupied during more than
ten years. Though some object to this
great work, that the author was insuf-
ficiently acquainted with the Eastern
languages, yet every scholar admits that
he rendered great service to the cause
of science and religion by opening the
way in this department of biblical criti-
cism. D. 1783.
KENRICK, William, a miscellaneous
writer, was b. at Watford, in Hertford-
shire. He was brought up as a rule-
maker, but quitted his trade, obtained
a doctor's degree at Leyden, and became
an industrious author and critic. He
established the "Jjondon Review," in
which many critiques of merit appeared,
too often, however, contaminated by
vituperative language and unwarrant-
able personalities. lie compiled a "Dic-
tionary of the English Language," and
wrote various works, among which are
the comedies of " Falstafif's Wedding,"
" The Widowed Wife," and " The Duel-
list," "Epistles, Philosophical and
Moral," and various poems. D. 1779.
KENT, James, b. July 31, 1763, in
Fredericksburg, then part of Duchess
county, N. Y., received his preparatory
education at Norwalk, Ct., and entered
Yale college in 1777. In July, 1779, du-
ring the invasion of New Haven, the
college exercises were suspended, and
it was during this period that the future
chancellor acquired a fondness for the
profession of the law. He then first read
Blackstone, and read it with care and
enthusiasm. He was graduated with
54i6
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHr.
[ker
distinguislied honor in 1781. Upon
leaving coiiege he studied the law with
Egbert Benson, attorney-general of the
state of New York, and in 1787 was ad-
mitted, at Albany, a counsellor of the
supreme court of the state. In 1790,
and again in 1792, while residing at
PoughKeepsie, he was elected to the
legislature from his native county, but
in 1793, having lost his election by a
few votes, he removed to the city of
New York, and became professor of law
in Columbia college. In 1796 he was
appointed a master in cliancery, and in
the next year was made recorder of the
city. In 1798 he was appointed associate
justice of the supreme court. In July,
1804, he was appointed chief justice, and
in February, 1814, he abandoned the
latter office for that of chancellor, and
on July 31, 1823, after hearing and de-
ciding every case that had been brought
before him, he retired from office, agree-
ably to the provisions of the constitution
of 1821, which disqualified for judicial
office all above sixty years of age. This
event was universally regarded with re-
gret. The bar of New York, the bar of
Albany, and such gentlemen as were
then attending the supreme court at
Utiea, vied with each other in expres-
sions of respect. The letters which are
preserved in the seventh volume of
"Johnson's Chancery Eeports," are
signed by the most distinguished law-
yers in the state, and prove that, great
as had been his merits as a judge, the
warmth and generosity of his feelings
had left an impression not less decided.
The next year he was reappointed law
{)rofessor in Columbia college, and the
ectures which he there delivered formed
the basis of his celebrated "Comment-
aries." D. 1847.
KENYON, Lloyd, Lord, a celebrated
judge, was b. at Gredington, Flintshire,
1733. He became a member of the so-
ciety of Lincoln's Inn, and was called to
the bar in 1761, but he does not appear
to have made a conspicuous figure till
1780, when he led the defence, with Mr.
Erskine, for Lord George Gordon. In
1782 he was made attorney -general and
chief justice of Chester. He was also
returned to parliament for Hindou, in
Wiltshire. In 1784 he was appointed
master of the rolls, and, on the resigna-
tion of the earl of Mansfield, in 1788, he
was raised to the office of chief justice
of the King's Bench, and created Baron
Kenyon. D. 1802.
KEPLEK, John, a distinguished as-
tronomer and mathematician, was b. in
1571, at Wiel, in the duchy of Wirtem
burg. He was educated at Tubingen,
under Msestlins, and, in 1591, was ap-
pointed professor of astronomy at Gratz*
soon after which he pubhshed his
"Mysterium Cosmographicum." In
1598 he was banished the university for
professing the reformed religion, but
was afterwards recalled, and restored to
his office. In 1600 he was invited by
Tycho Brahe to join him in Bohemia ;
and when Tycho died, he became math-
ematician to the Emperor Kodolph, who
employed him in completing the Kodol-
phine tables. To Kepler we are indebt-
ed for the discovery of the laws which
regulate the movements of the planetary
bodies, their ellipticity, &c. ; and he
accordingly ranks among the first class
of astronomers. Among his scientific
Eroductions are "The Kodolphine Ta-
les," "Optical Astronomy," "Har-
mony of the "World," " Copernican
Astronomy," &c. D. 1630.
KEPPEL, Augustus, Viscount, ac-
companied Commodore Anson in his
voyage round the world, and afterwards
passed through all the gradations of the
service, till he attained the rank of ad-
miral. In 1778 he commanded the
Channel fleet, which, on the 12th of
July, in that year, fell in with the
French, under count d'Orvilliers, ofl:*
Ushant. A partial action ensued, which
the English admiral thought to have
renewed in the morning, but the enemy
had retired. This affair gave great dis-
satisfiiction to the nation, which was
aggravated by Sir Hugh Palliser, second
in command,' preferring a charge against
Admiral Keppel ; but he was honorably
acquitted by a court-martial at Ports-
mouth. Sir Hugh was then tried and
censured. In 1782 he was raised to the
peerage ; he was also at two separate pe-
riods first lord of the admiralty. D. 1786.
KERGUELEN TKEMAEEC, Yves
Joseph de, a French navigator, was b,
at Brest, in 1745. After having been
employed on the coast of Iceland, to
protect the whale fishery, he was sent,
in 1771, on an exploratory voyage to the
South Sea ; and ha\ ng returned with a
flattering account of a supposed conti-
nent towards the south pole, was again
sent on a similar expedition in 1773.
On his return he was charged with hav-
ing abandoned a boat's crew on a desert
shore, for which he was cashiered and
imprisoned, but he was at length lib-
erated. He published accounts of his
voyages to the North and South Seas,
and d. in 1797.
kin]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
549
KERE, RjBEBT, a surgeon at Edin-
burgh, who devoted himself principally
to the physical sciences, and distin-
guished himself as an industrious au-
thor and translator. Among his works
are, "A History of Scotland during the
reign of Robert Bruce," *' Cuvier's The-
ory of the Earth," a " General Collec-
tion of Voyages and Travels," &c., &c.
D. 1814.
KERRICK, Thomas, principal libra-
rian of the university of Cambridge,
author of " Observations on the Gothic
Buildings abroad, particularly those in
Italy, and on Gotuic Architecture in
general." D. 1828.
KESSEL, John vak, an artist, was b.
at Antwerp, in 1626, and d. about 1690.
He paintea portraits in the manner of
Vandyke, but excelled in the represent-
ation of flowers, fruits, and insects.
KETEL, Cornelius, a Dutch artist.
He went to England in the reign of Eliz-
abeth, whose portrait he painted, as
well as the portraits of many of the no-
bility. On nis return to Holland he laid
aside the use of pencils, and painted
with the tops of his fingers, and even
with his toes. D. 1602.
KETT, Henry, a divine and an ac-
complished scholar, was b. in 1761, at
Norwich, was educated at Trinity col-
lege, Oxford, was appointed Bampton
lecturer in 1790, and rector of Charlton,
&c. He was the author of "History,
the Interpreter of Prophecy," "Ele-
ments of General Knowledge," " A
Tour to the Lakes," " Emily," a moral
tale, &c. Drowned while bathing, in
1825. — William, a tanner of Norfolk,
who in the reign of Edward VI. excited
a revolt against the government. After
defeating the marquis of Northampton,
he was routed by the earl of Warwick,
and Kett with several others was hanged,
in 1549.
KEULEN, LuDOLPH van, a Dutch
geometrician, who acquired great celeb-
rity by his calculation of the approx-
imate correspondence between the di-
ameter of a circle and its circumference.
He taught mathematics at Breda and
Amsterdam. D. 1610. — Janssen van, a
portrait painter, was b. in London, of
Dutch parents, and before Vandyke
came to England, was in great favor
with Charles I. D. 1665.
KIDDER, Richard, a learned En-
glish prelate, was a native of Sussex, or,
as some say, of Suffolk, and was edu-
cated at Emanuel college, Cambridge,
where he was elected to a fellowship.
tn 1681 he was made prebend of Nor-
wich, and, in 1689, dean of Peter-
borough, on which occasion he took
his doctor's degree. On the depriva-
tion of Dr. Ken, he was consecrated
bishop of Bath and Wells, and preached
the Boyle's lecture in 1693. He and his
wife were killed in their bed at Wells,
during the night of the great storm,
Nov. 26, 1703. Besides several sermons
and religious tracts, he published a
work, entitled "The Demonstration of
the Messiah," a "Commentary on the
Pentateuch," &c.
KILBYE, Richard, an English di-
vine, who studied at Lincoln college,
Oxford, of which he became rector in
1590. He was one of the translators
of the present version of the Bible, and
d. in 1620.
KILLIGREW, William, Thomas, and
Henry^ three brothers, distinguished
for their talents, wit, and loyalty, in the
reigns of Charles I. and II., were the
sons of Sir Robert Killigrew, of Han-
worth, in Middlesex. Thomas, by his
liveliness and wit, became a great fa-
vorite with Charles II., and obtained
the name of king's jester. — Anne, b. in
1660, had a decided genius for painting
and poetry, and was distinguished for
her exemplary piety and unblemished
virtue, amidst the seductions of a licen-
tious court. She was one of the maids
of honor to the duchess of York, of
whom, as well as her husband, she ex-
ecuted portraits. D. 1685.
KIMBER, Isaac, a dissenting minis-
ter, b. at Wantage, Berks, in 1692, au-
thor of a "History of England," a
" Life of Oliver Cromwell," some essays,
discourses, &c. D. 1758. — Edward, his
son, followed the same pursuits. His
Sublications were the "Peerages of
cotland and Ireland," the "Baronetage
of England," a "History of England,"
and "The Adventures of Joe Thomp-
son," a novel.
KING, Peter, lord chancellor, an able
and upright judge, nephew of John
Locke, was b. 1669. While serving his
apprenticeship to his father, a grocer at
Exeter, he secretly acquired the learned
languages by self-tuition, and so great
was the proficiency he attained, that it
induced his uncle to send him to Ley-
den university. After leaving Leyden
he entered the Middle Temple, and at-
tained high forensic eminence. In 1705
he became a member of parliament, was
made lord chief justice of the common
pleas in 1715, and raised to the chancel-
lorship in 1725. Lord King ofiers a
remarkable instance of the attainment
1550
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[kib
of the highest judicial rank, simply by
his own lescal knowledge and high moral
cnaracter, without any adventitious aid.
But he was no less remarkable for his
legal attainrtients than for his ecclesias-
tical learning; for, besides a variety of
controversial works of great ability, he
wrote a " Hicstory of the Apostles' Creed,"
and " An Inquiry into tlie Constitution,
&c., of the rriinitive Church," which
excited great interest at the time of
their publication. J). 1734. — Eufus, a
statesman and diplomatist, b. 1755, at
Scarborough, Maine, entered Harvard
college in 1773, studied the law, and was
admitted to the bar in 1778, and was
elected a member of congress in 1784.
In 1796 he was appointed by President
Washington, minister plenipotentiary
to the court of St. James's, the func-
tions of which office he continued to
discharge till 1803, when he returned
home. In 1813 he was a third time sent
to the senate by the legislature of New
York, and his speech on the burning
of Washington by the English was a
most eloquent display of oratory. In
1816 he lost his election, but in 1820 he
was once more re-elected, and continued
until the expiration of the term in 1825.
He then accepted the appointment of
minister plenipotentiary at the court of
London, but was taken ill, returned
home, and soon after d. 1827. — Thomas,
a celebrated actor and dramatic writer,
was b. in London, in 1730. Having ob-
tained great celebrity^as a comic actor
in provincial companies, he was engaged
at Drury-lane theatre in 1759, where he
Boon became a favorite with the public,
and in 1766 arrived at the height of his
professional reputation by the perform-
ance of Lord Ogleby. His dramatic
pieces are, " Lo>'^ at First Sight,"
" Neck or Nothing, a farce, "A Peep
behind the Curtam, or the New Ee-
hearsal," a comedy, " Wit's Last Stake/'
a comedy, and "Lovers' Quarrels." D.
1805. — William, a poet and miscella-
neous writer, was b. in London, in 1663,
was educated at Christ- church, Oxford,
admitted an advocate in doctors' com-
mons, and obtained various preferments
in Ireland. His poetical and political
works are numerous, and some of them
are replete with pleasantry and wit:
but his most useful book is, " An His-
torical Accoimt of the Heathen Gods
and Heroes." D. 1712. — William, prin-
cipal of St. Mary's hall, Oxford, and an
ingenious theological and political wri-
ter. He was the author of various Latin
tracts, but the work by which he will
be remembered is "Political and Lit-
erary Anecdotes of his own Times." B.
at Stepney, 1685; d. 1763. — W^LLL^.M,
archbishop of Dublin, was b. in 1650,
and educated at Trinity college. He
was the author of a celebrated treatise,
" De Origine Mali," or the Origin of
Evil, wherein he undertook to sliow
how all the several kinds of evil with
which the world abound are consistent
with the goodness of God, and may be
accounted for without the supposition
of an evil principle. D. 1729.
KINGSBOKOUGH, Edward, Vis-
count, eldest son of the third earl of
Kingston, was greatly distinguished for
his literary acquirements and his at-
tachment to literary pursuits. He was
a fellow of the Antiquarian Society, and
author of a splendid work on " The An-
tiquities of Mexico." B. 1795; d. 1837.
KINNAIKD, Douglas, was b. in
1786, and received his early education
at Eton. He afterwards passed some
time at Gottingen, where he made him-
self master of the French and German
languages. In 1813 he accompanied
Mr. Hobhouse through Sweden, and to
Vienna, and was present at the battle
of Culm. He became an active partner
in the banking-house of Ransom and
Morland ; and after the old partnership
was dissolved, took the principal man-
agement of the business. He possessed
great energy of mind, was a lover of
literature, a*^ liberal patron of tlie arts,
and an intimate friend of Lord Byron.
D. 1830.
KIPPIS, Andbew, a dissenting di-
vine, biographer, and miscellaneous
writer, was b. at Nottingham, in 1725.
He was pastor of congregations succes-
sively at Boston, Dorking, and West-
minster, and latterly one of the tutors
at the dissenters' college. Hackney. Dr.
Kippis laid the foundation of " The
New Annual Eegister," and devoted
his principal attention, during the lat-
ter years of his life, to an improved
edition of the "Biographia Britannica,"
of which five volumes were printed;
but it was conducted on a plan so elab-
orate as to afford no prospect of its ter-
mination. He also published the lives
of Captain Cook, Pringle, Doddridge,
and Lardner, " A Vindication of the
Dissenters," a volume of sermons, and
" Observations on the late Contests in
the Eoyal Society." D. 1795.
KIEBY, John Joshua, an artist, was
b. at Parhara, in Suffolk, in 1716.
Though originally a house-painter, he
had a good knowledge of the art ; and
a
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
561
on settling in London, he was intro-
diiced by Lord Bute to George III., by
which he became clerk of the works at
Kew. He published the "Perspective
of Architecture," and d. in 1774.— Wil-
liam, honorary member of the Entomo-
logical society of London, and fellow of
the Eoyal, Linnsean, Zoological^ and Ge-
ological societies, (KC, has lett behind
him an imperishable name as one of
the first entomologists of any age. His
" Monoo;raphia Apum Anghse," pub-
lished ni 1801, excited the warmest
admiration of British and foreign ento-
mologists. His numerous and valuable
papers in the "Transactions of the Lin-
nsean Society ;" the " Introduction to
Entomology," written in conjunction
with Mr. Spence ; the entomological
portion of nis Bridgewater treatise,
*' On the History, Habits, and Instincts
of Animals;" and his description of the
insects of the "Fauna Boreaii- America-
na" of Sir John Kichardson, are among
his other works. D. 1850.
KIECHEK, Athanasius, a Jesuit, was
b. in 1601, at Geysen, near Fulda, in
Germany, and studied at Wurtzburg
and Avignon ; after which he was a
teacher of mathematics in the college
belonging to his order at Rome. His
works evince great depth of learning ;
the principal are, " (Edipus Egyptia-
cus," "Ars Magnesia," " Lingua ^gyp-
tiaca Eestituta, " "Mundus Subter-
raneus," " Organon Mathematicum,"
" Musurgia Universalis," &c. D. 1680.
KIRK, Colonel, an English officer,
who, in 1685, committed the most inhu-
man barbarities in the west of England,
in the time of James II.
KIRKLAND, John Thornton, a dis-
tinguished president of Harvard college,
was b. 1770, at Little Falls, on the Mo-
hawk, and was educated at Harvard.
He was a preacher at Boston for sixteen
years ; in 1800 was made president of
Harvard, and in 1828 resigned. D. 1841.
KIRKPATRICK, James, a skilful ori-
entalist, was a major-general in the
British service, and passed a great part
of his life in India.. He published a
"Description of the Kingdom of Ne-
paul," a "Biography of Persian Poets,"
and the " Letters of Tippoo Saib." D.
1812.
KIRWAN, Walter Blake, an Irish
divine, eminent for his popularity as a
preacher. He was b. at Galwav, in"^1754 ;
was educated at St. Omer's and Louvain;
took orders as a Catholic priest ; and, in
1778, was appointed chaplain to the
Neapolitan emi-assy in London. In
1787 he conformed to the established
church, and obtained successively the
prebendary of Howth, the living of St.
Nicholas, in Dublin, and the deanery of
Killala. As a pulpit orator he excelled
all his cotemporaries ; so great, indeed,
were his attractions, that we are told
that it was often necessary to keep otf
the crowds, by guards and pallisades,
from the churches in which he was
preaching. D. 1805.— Richard, a dis
tinguished writer on chemistry, geology,
&c,, was a native of Gal way county, m
Ireland. He was educated at the uni-
versity of Dublin ; devoted himself with
great ardor to chemical and mineralogi-
cal researches ; and became a member
of the Royal Irish Academy, and also a
fellow of the Royal Society. In 1784
appeared his " Elements of Mineral-
ogy." He also published " Geological
Essays," a treatise on the "Analysis of
Mineral Waters," an "Essay on Phlo-
giston and the Constitution of Acids,"
&c. D. 1812.
KITCHENER, William, a physician
and miscellaneous writer, was b. about
1775, and was the son of a respectable
coal merchant in London, who left him
a large fortune. He was educated at
Eton, and settled in London as a physi-
cian ; but he distinguished himself far
more by his precepts on the art of gas-
tronomy than by the practice of medi-
cine. He was a kind-hearted, social
being, with more foibles than faults.
He wrote a book under the title of
"The Cook's Oracle," in which the
laws of the culinary art, professedly
founded on his own practice, were pro-
mulgated ; and, by appointing a "com-
mittee of taste" among his friends, who
had regular invitations to his dinner-
table, the fame of this epicure spread
far and wide, while his evening conver-
saziones were the resort of privileged
wits, and literary hon vivants. Optics
and music were also particular objects
of his study. Besides "The Cook's
Oracle," which was his most popular
work, he published " The Art of Invig-
orating and Prolonging Life," "The
Economy of the Eyes," "The Travel-
ler's Oracle," " Observations on Vocal
Music," and " The Loyal and National
Sonars of Ensrland." D. 1827.
KLAPROTH, Martin Henrt, an
eminent chemist and mineralogist, was
b. at Berlin, in 1743 ; became chemical
professor there; and d. 1817. He was
the discoverer of uranium, the zirconia,
and mellitic acid ; he also made interest-
ing experiments on copal, and completed
552
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[klo
the discovery of tellurium and titanium.
Among his works are, " A Mineralogical
System," " Chemical Essays '' and, in
conjunction with Wolf, a "Dictionary
of Chemistry."— Henri Jules, son of
the preceding, was intended by his
father to pursue the study of the physi-
cal sciences, but abandoned them in
favor of the oriental languages, in which
he became one of the ablest modern
scholars. In 1805 he was selected to
accompany the Eussian ambassador into
China, and in 1807 the academy of St.
Petersburg commissioned him to visit
the Caucasian provinces. Subsequently
he settled at raris, where he founded
and organized the Asiatic society. He
has left several valuable works : " Asia
Polyglotta," "Tableau du Caucase,"
&c. B. 1783 ; d. 1835.
KLEBEE, Jean Baptiste, a celebra-
ted French general, was b. at Strasburg,
in 1754. He was originally an architect,
but preferred the military profession,
and entered into the Austrian service,
where he remained from 1776 to 1783.
When the French revolutionary war
broke out, he entered as a grenadier
into a volunteer regiment of his native
department, and rose rapidly into com-
mand. He displayed great skill and
bravery at the battle of Mayence, after
which he was employed in La Vendee,
but the sanguinary scenes there so dis-
gusted him that he obtained his recall,
and was engaged in the north, where he
defeated the Austrians, took Mons, and
drove the enemy from Louvain. He
also captured Maestricht, and contribu-
ted to the splendid successes which dis-
tinguished the campaigns of 1795 and
1796 on the Ehine. The directory gave
him the command of the army of the
Sambre and Meuse, which he resigned
to Hoche, and for a time retired from
the service. Bonaparte, however, who
well knew the value of his talents, pre-
vailed upon him to join the expedition
to Egypt. He was wounded at the bat-
tle of Alexandria, but he marched into
Syria, where he commanded the corps
of observation during the siege of Acre,
and defeated the Turks in several ac-
tions. When Bonaparte left Egypt, he
appointed Kleber commander-in-chief
:>f the army ; and he was assassinated
by an Arab, June 14, 1800.
KLEIST, Christian Ewald von, a
German poet, was b. at Zeblin, in Pom-
erania, in 1715. After studying the
mathematics, philosophy, and law, at
Konigsberg, he entered into the Danish
service, and next into that of Prussia,
where he rose to the rank of major;
and was killed, after displaying almost
romantic bravery, at the oattle of Kun-
nersdorff, in 1759. His principal poem,
entitled " Spring," is beautifully de-
scriptive, and has been compared to the
" Seasons" of Thomson. Kleist also
wrote idylls, moral treatises, and a mill
tary romance, csilled " Cissides."
ICLINGEMANN, Augustus, a dra-
matic writer, and director of the national
theatre at Brunswick, was b. in that
city, 1777. In 1813 he received the
direction of the theatre of his native
place, and under his superintendence it
became one of the first in Germany.
His dramatic works form 12 volumes,
and among them are, "Heinrich der
Lowe," " Luther," " Moses," " Faust,"
&c. D. 1812.
KLINGEE, Frederic Maximilian
VON, an officer in the Eussian service,
and a literary character, was b. at Frank-
fort-on-the-Maine, in 1753. He com-
menced as a dramatic writer; but, in
the war of the Bavarian succession, he
entered the military service, and was
made a lieutenant in the Austrian army.
In 1780 he went to St. Petersburg, and
was appointed an officer and reader to
the Grand-prince Paul, with whom he
afterwards travelled through Poland,
Austria, Italy, France, &c., and, in the
reign of Catharine, he rose to the rank
of colonel. By the Emperor Paul he
was made major-general, and director
of the corps of cadets ; and, when
Alexander ascended the throne, he re-
ceived other offices and further promo-
tion. D. 1831.
KLOPSTOCK, Frederic Theophilus,
one of the most celebrated of the Ger-
man poets, was b. at Quedlinburg, in
1724. After receiving a liberal educa-
tion at his native place, he was sent to
study theology at Jena, where he wrote
a great part of his " Messiah," which he
published in 1757, at Leipsic. Tliough
this poem underwent the ordeal of
severe criticism by some, it was ad-
mired by more ; and Bodmer, with the
Swiss in general, were loud in its praises.
Klopstock was invited into that country,
and while there the people regarded him
with a kind of veneration. From thence
he was called to Copenhagen, by the
most flattering promises, which were
amply fulfilled. In 1771 he went to re-
side at Hamburgh, as Danish legate, and
counsellor from the court of Badon. He
was twice married. Margaret, his first
wife, whom he married in 1754, and who
d. in 1758, was a woman of kindred
KSl]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
553
grnius and literary accomplishments.
Among her productions are, "The
Death of Abel," a tragedy; and "Let-
ters from the Dead to the Living." D.
1803.
KLUIT, Adbian, a Dutch historian,
was b. at Dort in 1735; studied at
Utrecht, and became professor of archae-
ology and diplomatics at Leyden. His
political opinions occasioned his removal
trom the chair in 1795 ; but in 1806,
under the regal government, he was
professor of siaustics. His chief work
IS a history of the political affairs of
Holland to 178.;. D. 1807.
KNAPP, Samttel Lorenzo, an Amer-
ican author, wh<-» wrote extensively on
various subjects, graduated at Dart-
mouth college, N. H., in the year 1804 ;
and was by profession a lawyer. As
such he acquired in the early part of his
life a desirable eminence. At different
Eeriods, he was an inhabitant of New-
uryport, Boston, and New York. His
labors with his pen were frequently for
means -on which to subsist, and hence
many of his productions carry with
them marks ot haste. As a man of
kind and benevolent feelings he will
long be remembered by his personal
friends. D. at Hopkinton, Miissachu-
setts, 1838.
KNELLEE, Sir Godfrey, an eminent
portrait painter, b. at Lubeck about
1648, was designed for a military life,
and sent to Leyden to study mathe-
matics and fortification, but sliowing a
decided bent for painting, was placed
under Bol and Eembranclt at Amster-
dam. Having visited Italy, where he
studied with Carlo Maratti and Bernini,
he went to England in 1674, and was
much patronized by Charles II., James
II., and William III., for the latter of
whom he painted the beauties at Hamp-
ton Court, and several of the portraits
in the gallery of admirals. His coloring
is lively, true, and harmonious ; his
drawing correct, and his disposition
judicious; he displays, however, a sin-
gular want of imagination in his pic-
tures, the attitudes, the action, and
drapery being tasteless, unvarying, and
ungraceful. He was in habits of inti-
macy with Pope and most of his
eminent cotemporaries ; and, as he
possessed a fund of humor, and was of
a gay and convivial turn, his acquaint-
ance was eagerly sought after. lie con-
tinued to practise his art till after he
was seventy years of age, amassed a
large fortune, and d. in 1723.
KNIBB, William, a celebrated Bap-
47
tist missionary, was b. fit Kettering, in
Northamptonshire, at the beginning of
the present century. Originally ap-
prenticed to a printer at Br.'«tol. he
offered, on the death of his brother, to
supply his place as a teacher of a Baptist
school in Jamaica, and having repaired
thither in 1824, he was in 1829 appointed
pastor of the mission church at Fal-
mouth, where his efforts to ameliorate
the condition of the negroes were amply
rewarded by their gratitude towards
him. But these very efforts excited
such hostility among the planters, over-
seers, and others in the slave-holding
interest, that when in 1832 a formidable
slave insurrection was threatened, Mr.
Knibb was not only compelled, despite
his sacred calling, to serve in the militia,
but was treated with marked indignity,
and shortly afterwards arrested for be-
ing implicated in the threatened rebel-
lion. In the absence of all evidence to
support a criminal prosecution he was
released, but his chapel and mission
premises having been burnt down du-
ring the disturbances, he resolved to
proceed to England to explain all the
circumstances connected with his mis-
sion. Feeling that the time for neu-
trality was passed, he now boldly
advocated the entire and immediate
abolition of slavery ; and it is not going
too far to say, that his stirring harangues
throughout the country had no unim-
portant share in bringing about the
emancipation act of 1833. D. in Jamaica,
1845.
KNIGHT, Edward, a celebrated'
comedian, b. at Birmingham, 1774. He
performed at Drury-lane and at the
Lyceum, till illness compelled him to
quit the stage. D. 1826. — Gowin, an
English philosopher, was educated at
Magdalen college, Oxford, where he
took his degree of bachelor of physio
in 1742. He practised in London, and
was chosen a fellow of the Eoyal Society.
He published " An Attemj^t to demon-
strate that all the Phenomena in Nature
may be explaiued by Attraction and
Eepulsion." — Henry 'Gally, a distin-
guished tr.aveller and antiquary, was b.
1786. In 1814 he published a poem,
entitled "Europa Eediviva," and this
was followed at different intervals by
"Phrosyne, a Grecian Tale," " Alash-
tor, an "^Arabian Tale," and " Hannibal
in Bithynia." But Mr. Knight's chief
title to fame consists in the zeal with
which he devoted himself to the inves-
tigation of architectural history both at
home and abroad ; and the "f'ruitB of
654
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[koc
which he gave to the world in an
" Architectural Tour in Normandy,"
" The Normans in Sicily," and his last
and greatest work, the "Ecclesiastical
Architecture of Italy, &c. In 1824 he
was for a short period M. P. for Aid-
borough ; in 1830 he sat for Malton ; and
from 1835 down to his demise he was
one of the members for North Notts.
D. 1846. — KiCHARD Payne, a man of
fortune, and a patron of learning and
the fine arts, was b. in 1748. He devoted
a great portion of his time to the culti-
vation of classical literature, and the
elucidation of the domestic manners of
the ancients ; while his splendid collec-
tion of ancient bronzes, medals, pic-
tures, and drawings, in his museum at
his house in Soho-square, gave suffici-
ent proofs of his taste for every thing
connected with virtu. The whole of
this valuable collection, worth £50,000,
he bequeathed to the British Museum,
Among his works are, "An Account
of the Eemains of the Worship of Pria-
pus," an " Analytical Inquiry into the
Principles of Taste," " Prolegomena in
Homerum," "The Landscape," a di-
dactic poem, and " The Progress of
Civil Society." D. 1824.— Thomas, an
actor and dramatic writer, was a native
of Dorsetshire. He wrote " The Honest
Thieves," " The Turnpike Gate," and
several other dramatic pieces. D. 1820.
KNIGHTON, Henry, an English his-
torian, was a canon regular of Leicester
abbey, in the reign of Eichard II., of
whose deposition he wrote an account ;
also a chronicle from the Conquest to
1&95.
KNOX, Heney, an American general,
was b. in Boston, 1750, and, after re-
ceiving a common school education,
commenced business as a bookseller in
his native town. He early took a part
in the affairs of the revolution, and was
present as a volunteer at the battle of
Bunker hill. For his services in pro-
curing some pieces of ordnance from the
Canadian frontiers, he was intrusted by
congress with the command of the artil-
lery department, with the rank of brig-
adier-general. He was present, and
displayed great skill and courage at the
battles of Trenton, Princeton, German-
town, and Monmouth, and contributed
greatly to the capture of Cornwallis.
Immediately after this event he received
from congress the commission of major-
general. In 1785 he succeeded General
Lincoln in the office of secretary of war,
and having filled this department for
eleven years, he obtained a reluctant
permission to retire into private life In
1798, when our relations wiih France
were assuming a cloudy aspect, he was
called upon to take a command in the
army, but the peaceful arrangement of
affairs soon permitted him to return into
his retirement. D. at Thomaston, Me.,
1806. — John, the great champion of the
Scottish reformation, was b. 1505, at
Gifford, in East Lothian, and was edu-
cated at Haddington and St. Andrew's.
He was converted i>om the Catholic
faith by Wishart, and became a zealous
Ereacher of the new doctrines. Having
een compelled to take shelter in the
castle of St. Andrew's, he fell into the
hands of the French, in July, 1547, and
was carried with the garrison to France,
where he remained a captive on boara
of the galleys till 1549. Subsequent to
his liberation he was, for a short time,
chaplain to Edward VI., after which he
visited Geneva and Frankfort, and, in
1555, returned to his native country.
After- having for twelve months labored
actively and successfully to strengthen
the Protestant cause in Scotland he re-
visited Geneva, where he remained till
1559. During his residence in Geneva,
he published his " First Blast of the
Trumpet against the monstrous Eegi-
ment of Women ;" a treatise which was
levelled against Mary of England, but
which gave serious offence to Elizabeth.
From April, 1559, when he once more
and finally set foot on Scottish earth, till
his decease, which took place November
24, 1572, the reformed church was tri-
umphant, and he was one of its most
prominent, admired, and honored lead-
ers. Of his works the principal is " A
History of the Eeformation in Scot-
land : the fourth edition of it includes
all his other writings. — Vioesimus, a di-
vine and miscellaneous writer, was b.
1752 ; was educated at Merchant Tailors'
school, and at St. John's college, Ox-
ford ; succeeded his father as head
master of Tunbridge school ; held that
situation for thirty-three years ; obtain-
ed the livings of Eunwell and Eams-
den Crays, in Essex, and the chapelry
of Shipbourne, in Kent. Among his
original works are, "Essays, Moral
and Literary;" "Liberal Education;"
" Winter Evenings ;" " Personal No-
bility ;" "Christian Philosophy;" and
" The Spirit of Despotism." He was the
compiler of the "Elegant Extracts and
Epistles. D. 1821.
KOCH, Christopher William, a pub-
licist and historian, was b. at Bouxweil-
ler, in Alsace, 1737; was educated at
KOS]
CYOLOP--EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
Strasburg, under Schoepflin; succeed-
ed him as professor of public law ; and
d. 1813, rector of the university of
Strasburg. Among his numerous and
learned works are, "A ^iew of the
Kevolutions of Europe ;" " An Abridged
History of Treaties o"^ Peace ;" and
" Genealogical Tables of the Sovereign
Families of Europe."
KOENIG, George Matthias, b. at
Altorf, 1616, was the author of a Latin
" Biographical Dictionary," of consider-
able mei-it. D. 1699. — Johann Gerabd,
a physician of Courland, in Lithuania,
b. 17*28, was a celebrated botanist, and
travelled to the East Indies and other
countries, in pursuit of his favorite sci-
ence, keeping up a correspondence at
the time with Linnaeus, his old pre-
ceptor. D. 1785. — Daniel, a native of
Switzerland, was killed, in his 22d year,
at Fi'aneker, by the mob, who in a pop-
ular commotion, fell upon him under the
supposition that he was a French spy,
as he had been heard to converse in that
language. He translated into Latin
"Arbuthnot on Ancient Coins." — Sam-
uel, his brother, was a good mathemat-
ical scholar, and flUed the professor's
chair at Franeker, in philosophy and
ethics; but afterwards settled at the
Hague, having been invited thither by
the prince of Orange, who made him his
librarian. D. 1757.
KOLLOCH, Shepherd, a lieutenant
in the revolutionary war, who was at the
battles of Trenton, Short Hills, Fort
Lee, &c., established the " New Jersey
Journal" in 1779, and the " New York
Gazetteer" in 1783, and was judge of the
common pleas in Philadelphia, for 85
years. D. 1839.
KORNER, Theodore, an eminent
poet, often called the German Tyrtseus,
was b. at Dresden, 1791; and, after
studying at Leipsic, became a dramatist
and secretary to the management of the
court theatre of Vienna. Being an en-
thusiast for the liberty of Germany, he
entered as a volunteer in the Prussian
army, in 1812 ; signalized himself equal-
ly by his bravery and his martial songs ;
was promoted for his conduct at the
battle of Lutzen ; was afterwards twice
wounded; made a lieutenant; and fell
in a skirmish with the French, in Meck-
lenburg, August 26, 1813. His lyrical
poems were published after his death,
under the title of the " Lyre and Sword ;"
but innumerable editions of his works,
consisting of his dramas, poems, and
other literary remains, have since been
Dubl»hed in Germany; and many of
his writings have been repeatedly tranan
lated into English.
KONINGSMARK, Maria Aurora,
countess of, was b. about 1678. She was
equally celebrated on ' account of her
personal charms and extraordinary tal-
ents, and of the part which she per-
formed in polhics. While a girl, she
wrote and spoke Swedish, German,
French, Italian, and English ; read the
classics in the original ; had an exten-
sive knowledge of history and geoer-
raphy; and even composed poems in
French and Italian. She played on sev-
eral instruments, composed music, sang
and painted with great skill ; all which
accomplishments were aided by a refined
wit and superior conversational powers.
Thus gifted and accomplished, she ar-
rived, in 1694, in Dresden, with her two
sisters. The elector fell in love with her
at first sight ; she yielded, appeared at
court as his mistress, and bore him a
son, the famous Marshal Saxe, to whose
improvement she consecrated the re-
mainder of her life. Though the passion
of the fickle king cooled, and another
favorite supplanted the countess, he al-
ways remained in terms of friendship
with her; and by his influence she was
appointed, by the court of Vienna, su-
perintendent of Quedlinburg, where she
chiefly resided until her death, in 1768.
KdSCIUSZKO, Thaddeus, a Polish
general and patriot, was b. 1746, in Li-
thuania, and was partly educated at the
Warsaw military school, where he ex-
celled in mathematics and drawing. He
completed his studies in France. When
the American colonies threw off the
yoke of the mother country, Kosciuszko
entered into their service, and was made
a colonel of engineers and aid-de-camp
to Washington. Returning to his own
country, he Uved in retirement till 1789,
when the diet appointed him a major-
general. In the brief struggle of 1792
he behaved with distinguished valor;
but as soon as the fate of Poland was
sealed, he retired into voluntary exile.
He kept up, however, a correspondence
with the friends of liberty in his native
land ; and when, in 1794, the Poles re-
solved to make one more effort to break
their chains, they placed Kosciuszko at
their head. He began his career by de-
feating the Russian general, Denisoff, at
Raslavice. But the enemy poured in
on all sides, and at length, after having
for six months delayed the fall of Poland,
he was wounded and taken prisoner, on
the 4th of October, at the battle of Ma-
ceiowice. He was sent to St. Peters-
556
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[kRU
burg, and incarcerated till the acces-
sion of the Emperor Paul, who liberated
him. The remaining part of hia exist-
ence was spent in America, France, and
Switzerland, but chiefly in France. D.
at Soleure, October 17, 1817.
KOTZEBUE, Augustus Frederic Fer-
dinand Von, a German writer, was b.
1761, at Weimar, and was educated at
Jena and Duisbourg. In his twentieth
year he was invited to St. Petersburg,
by the Prussian ambassador, and was
patronized by Catharine, who raised him
from post to post, till he became presi-
dent of the civil government at Eevel ;
a station which he held for ten years.
From 1794 till 1800 he resided, variously
occupied, in Germany. In the latter
year he returned to Russia, but had no
sooner set foot on its territory, than he
was seized and banished to Siberia. The
capricious tyrant Paul, soon, however,
recalled him, and took him into favor.
In 1801 he again quitted the land of the
knout and of autocracy. Some subse-
quent years were spent in travelling,
and the remainder ot his life in pouring
forth his innumerable literary produc-
tions, and taking a part in politics. He
is said to have written many of the
Russian state papers and proclamations.
The Emperor, Alexander, subsequently
employed him in various posts, and in
1817 appointed him his literary corre-
spondent in Germany. This invidious
office Kotzebue is said to have filled in a
manner hostile to the freedom of his
native country ; and for this supposed
crime he was assassinated, on the 23d
of March, 1819, by a youthful fanatic,
named Sand. Kotzebue undoubtedly
displayed genius in his writings ; but
they arc vitiated by much frivolity, much
bad taste, and, in many instances, a more
than doubtful morality. His dramas
number nearly three hundred. Among
his other works, are " A History of the
German Empire," " A History of An-
cient Prussia," and various Narratives
and Recollections of his travels.
KRANACH, Lucas, (whose proper
name was Sunder,) a distinguished
painter, was b. at Kranach, in Bamberg,
1472. He was greatly patronized by
Frederic, elector of Cobiirg, whom he
accompanied on a journey through Pal-
estine in 1493, and soon afterwards
commenced his career as an historical
painter, which, whether we consider the
number or the excellence of his works,
has not been surpassed by any of his
countrymen. He was intimately asso-
ciated with the great reformers, Luther
and Melanohthon, whcse portraits, as
taken by him, are amongst the most in-
teresting memorials of their age. D.
1553. — Lucas, his son, with whom he is
sometimes 'confounded, gained great
distinction in the same career, and d. in
1586.
KRANTZ, Albert, a German histo-
rian and .philosopher of the 15th cen-
tury; author of a Latin "Chronicle of
the Kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden,
and Norway," a "History of the An-
cient Vandals," &c. His reputation as
an able and upright diplomatist also
was so well established, that in a dis-
pute of a territorial nature, which oc-
curred between the courts of Holstein
and Denmark, the contending poten-
tates agreed to abide by his arbitration.
KRASICKI, Ignatius, count of Siet-
zen, prince-bishop of Warmia, &c., one
of the most illustrious of the Polish
literati, was b. at Dubiecko, in 1735.
When the first partition of Poland, in
1772, deprived him of his senatorial
dignities, he turned his attention to lit-
erature, and produced numerous poems,
epic, mock-heroic, and satirical. He
was much esteemed by Frederic the
Great, who took great pleasure in his
lively and most agreeable conversation.
Among his writings are, "The War of
Choczim," " La Monomachie, or the
War of the Monks," " La Souriade,"
fables, odes, &c. D. 1801.
KRAUSS, John Baptist, a learned
German ecclesiastic, and a most inde-
fatigable writer. He was b. at Ratisbon,
in 1700 ; took the monastic habit at an
early age ; became prince-abbot of the
Benedictine monastery of St. Emmeran
in 1742 ; and presided there till his
death, in 1762. His works on theology,
history, and criticism are very numer-
ous.
KREUTZER, Rodolph, a celebrated
violinist and musical composer, was b.
at Versailles, in 1767. He travelled in
Germany, Holland, and Italy ; and hav-
ing established himself as one of the
first performers in Europe, he was
placed at the head of the orchestra at
the grand opera of Paris. He composed
the music for the operas of " Lodoiska,"
" Joan of Arc," " Paul and Virginia,"
"Charlotte and Werter," and some
others. D. 1831.
KRUDENER, Juliana, Baroness Va-
lerie DE, a religious enthusiast, was the
daughter of the Russian baron Vieting-
hotf, governor of Riga, wliere she was
b. in 1766. At the age of 14 she mar-
ried Baron Krudener, appointed a,^-
kuy]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
t^
bassador by Catlmrinc II. to Berlin, and
subsequently to Venice. Here the secre-
tary of leoration fell in love with her,
and committed suicide ; on which event
she wrote a romance, entitled " Vale-
rie." For years she resided in France,
and was the gayest of the gay in the
Parisian circles. At length she became
a fanatical devotee, afld wandered from
state to state, preaching and prophesy-
ing. In 1814 she became acquainted
with Alexander, emperor of Russia,
who had already for some time shown a
disposition to religious contemplations,
and on whom her conversations had a
great influence. In Paris, she had
prayer-meetings, attended by distin-
guished personages, where she was seen
m the background of a suite of rooms,
in the dress of a priestess, kneeling in
prayer. Her predictions excited much
attention ; and when the allied sover-
eigns quitted Paris, she retreated into
Switzerland, where she preached the
approach of the millennium, and drew
around her multitudes of the credulous
mountaineers, who listened to, and be-
lieved in, her mission. At length the
states interfered, and she removed to
Germany; but wherever she arrived,
she was under the surveillance of the
police, who ultimately transported her
to th^ Russian frontier. She w.as, how-
ever, ordered not to go to Petersburg
or Moscow ; she accordingly visited the
Crimea, where she d. 1824.
KRUMMACHER, Frederic Adol-
PHUS, a German religious writer, whose
" Parables" and many other works are
well known in England, was b. at Teck-
lenburg in 1768 ; and became successive-
ly minister of Orefeld, Kellwick, and
!Bernberg, and ended a long and useful
career as an efficient preacher and wri-
ter at Bremen, 1845, where he had la-
bored for 21 years.
KRUNITZ, John George, a German
physician and natural philosopher, was
b. at Berlin, in 1728; studied at Gottin-
gen, Halle, and Frankfort-on-the-Oder ;
devoted his whole life to literary pur-
suits on his return to his native city,
and d. in 1796. He produced an extra-
ordinary number of works, the most
considerable of which is an " Economico-
technological Encyclopsedia," which he
commenced in 1773. He had completed
73 volumes, and had just reached the
article "Leiehe," a corpse, when his
progress was arrested by death.
KUHLMAN, QumiNus, a fanatic, and
probably a madman, of the 17th centu-
7, b. at Breslau, in 1651. He pretended
47*
to have acquired the faculty of fore-
knowledge, and of holding communion
with invisible spirits ; but while travel-
ling through Russia, where some of his
prophecies were distasteful to the gov-
ernment, he was brought to the stake,
and suffered with all the fortitude of a
martyr, in 1689.
KUNCKELL, John, an eminent
chemist, b. at Huysum, in Sleswick, in
1630, distinguished himself by several
important discoveries, especially by the
extraction of phosphorus from urine.
He was ennobled by the king of Sweden,
and made counsellor of mines. D. 1703.
KUSTER, LuDOLPH, a learned Ger-
man writer, and one of the first Greek
and Latin scholars of the age, b. at
Blomberg, in 1670. He visited the prin-
cipal libraries in Europe, chiefly with
the view of collating the manuscripts of
Suidas, and was successful in restoring
many portions before unpublished. T).
1716.
KUTTNER, Charles Gotlob, a Ger-
man traveller, b. in Saxony, in 1775;
studied at Leipsic and Basle ; and trav-
elled, as tutor to young Englishmen,
through most of the countries of Eu-
rope. " His works comprise " Letters on
Ireland," " Letters of a Saxon in Swit-
zerland," "Travels in Germany, Den-
mark," &c., and " Observations on
England." D. 1805.
KUTUSOFF SMOLENSKOI, or KU-
TUSOW, Michael, prince of, a cele-
brated Russian field-marshal, was b. in
1745, and educated at Strasburg. He
entered the armv in 1759 ; served in
Poland from 1764 till 1769, and after-
wards against the Turks under Roman-
zoff. He behaved with great gallantry
at the siege of Oczacoff, where he was
dangerously wounded, and on his recov-
ery he joined Suwarrow at the storm-
ing and capture of Ismailoff, when he
was advanced to the rank of lieutenant-
general. In the subsequent Polish war,
he was particularly conspicuous during
the memorable day of rraga. In 1805
the emperor Alexander gave him the
chief command of the first Russian
corps against the French, and he headed
the allied army at Austerlitz, where he
was wounded. In 1810 and 1811 he
obtained several advantages over the
Turks; and, in 1812, when 70 years of
age, the chief command of the Russian
army, destined to oppose Napoleon, was
bestowed upon him. To commemorate
his victories, he received the surname
of Smolenskoi. He d. in 1813.
KUYP, or CUYP, Albert, a cele-
558
CrCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[lab
brated painter, whose father was an able
landscape painter, wao b. at Dort in
1606. He particularly excelled in the
purity and brilliancy of light ; and was
not surpassed, even by Claude, in an
accurate representation of the atmo-
sphere, and of the various etfects of sun-
shine or shade upon the objects de-
lineated. His paintings are all highly
finished, and many of them grace the
principal collections in Great Britain.
T>. 1667.
KYNASTON, Sir Francis, an English
poet, b. at Otley, in Shropshire, in 1587.
He was knighted by Charles I., became
regent of a literary institution, called
the " Musaeum Minervse ;" was the
translator of Chaucer's "Troilus and
Cressida" into Latin, and author of
" Leoline and Sydanis," &c. D. 1642.
KYRLE, John, celebrated by Pope
as the Man of Ross, was b. at White-
house, in Gloucestershire, and possessed
an estate of £500 a year at Ross, in
Herefordshire, where he d. in 1754, aged
90. The good deeds of this estimable
man so highly eulogized by Pope in his
"Moral Essays," do not appear to be
overrated. Warton says, Kyrle was the
Howard of his age, and that he deserved
to be celebrated beyond any of the he-
roes of Pindar.
LABADIE, John, a French enthu-
siast, was b. in 1610, at Bourg, in
Guienne. He was originally a Jesuit;
but from his licentiousness and scan-
dalous practices, he was compelled to
quit that society, and seek an asylum
among the Protestants. From these he
was also driven out, and forced to retire
to Middleburg, where he propounded a
new doctrine of belief, and by his im-
{)osing eloquence obtained many fol-
owers. The looseness of his private
life, however, lost him many of his
sect, and he was at length obliged to
retire to Altona, in Holstein, where he
d. 1674.
LABAT, Jean Baptists, a Dominican
missionary, was b. in Paris, in 1663. He
possessed great mathematical knowl-
edge \ and while in America, where he
remained twelve years, he acted as an
engineer in defence of Guadaloupc
when attacked by the English in 1703.
On his return to Europe in 1708, he
accurately surveyed the environs and
coast of Andalusia; soon after travelled
into Italy and other parts, and finally
returned to Paris, where he d. in 1738.
He wrote many works, the chief of
which are his "Voyage aux lies de
P Amerique," " Travels in Spain and
Italy," a " Description of the Countries
of Western Africa," &c.
LABE, Louisa, called " La belle Cor-
diere," was b. at Lyons about 1526.
Her early education having been directed
to riding and military exercises, as well
as to languages and music, she acquired
a taste for military glory, and entered
the army in 1543. She soon displayed
her strength and courage at the siege of
Perpignan, but the French being obliged
to abandon it, she renounced the mili-
tary service, and devoted herself to
literature and poetry. A rich rope-
maker, named Ennemond Perrin, be-
came enamored of her, and married
her, and from that time her house was
the resort of the literati, and men of
rank and fashion. She was much ad-
mired for her talents, accomplishments,
and beauty.
LA BEDOYERE, Charles Ange-
LiQUE Francois Htjchet, count de, a
noted general, b. at Paris 1786. He
served as an oflBcer in the imperial
guards at the battle of Eylau, and in
1808 and 1809, was aid-de-camp to
Eugene Beauharnois. He was in the
retreat from Moscow, and in 1818 dis-
tinguished himself at the battles of
Lutzen and Bautzen. On the abdication
of Napoleon, he was, in 1815, appointed
to a regiment stationed at Grenoble ; but
immediately on the return of the French
emperor from Elba, La Bedoyere, was
the first to bring him a regiment. He
was rapidly promoted, and eventually
raised to the peerage ; but being found
in Paris after its oc'cupation by the allied
army, he was tried by a court-martial,
and suffered death, August, 1815.
LABERIUS, Decimus Junius, a Ro-
man knight, who wrote " Mimes, or
Short Pieces for the Stage ;" one of
which Julius Caesar compelled him to
perform, much against his inclination,
and for which reason he delivered at
the same time a prologue, full of satire,
against that great man. This piece ia
extant in Aulus Gellius. D. 46 b. c.
LABEOUSE. SusANNK, b. in 1743,
laf]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
sss*
one of the extraordinary characters pro-
duced by the French revokition. She
proclaimed herself a prophetess at that
period, fancied herself inspired, and
persuaded many of the Jacobin party to
credit her ravings, after the entnusiast,
Don Serle, had declared her prophecies
true in the constituent assembly. She
published them in 1799.
LACAERY, Giles, a learned French
Jesuit, was b. in 1605. He was well
skilled in history, and taught philosophy
and theology. Among his numerous
works are, "" Historia GalUarum sub
Praefectis Praetorii Galliarum," " His-
toria Eomana," "De Regibus Francise
et Lege Salica," &c. D. 1684.
LACOMBE, James, a French miscel-
laneous writer, was b. at Paris in 1724.
He published several useful abridgments
of histories. His best work, however,
is " Histoire de Christine Keine de
Suede." — De Prezel Honore, brother
of the above, was b. at Paris, in 1725.
He published a " Dietionnaire de Cito-
yen,^' "Dietionnaire de Jurisprudence,"
and other works.
LACRETELLE, Pierre Loots, a
French writer, was.b. at Metz, in 1751.
He was a counsellor of parliament, one
of the editors of the " Grand Repertory
of Jurisprudence," and of the " Mer-
cure de France ;" and in 1787 he was
appointed member of a committee
charged with the reformation of the
penal code. When the revolution took
place, Lacretelle embraced its principles
with moderation, and sat in the legisla-
tive assembly ; but during the reign of
Robespierre he found it necessary to
retire from public duty. He afterwards
appeared for a short time, but held no
official situation, and during the impe-
rial and regal governments he devoted
himself wholly to literary pursuits.
Among his writings are, "Eloquence
Judiciaire et Philosophic Legislative,"
"Roman Theatral," "Portraits et Ta-
bleaux," &c. D. 1824.
LACRUX Y CANO, Dou.Ramonde,
a famous Spanish dramatic poet, b. in
1728, and d. in 1795. Among his best
Sieces are, " El Sueno," " El dia de
[oche Buena," "El Temo," &c.
LACTANTIUS, Lucius Ccelius, or
C(EciLiANus Firmianus, au eminent
father of the church, wa3 by some es-
teemed an African, and by others a
native of Fermo, in Aneona. He stud-
ied rhetoric under Arnobius, and by
his production, entitled " Symposium,"
or the " Bouquet," he obtained such re-
nown, that Diocletian appointed him
professor of rhetoric in Nicomedia.
Subsequently he was appointed tutor to
Crispus, the son of Constantine, who
dying not long after, Lactantius was
neglected. He wrote many works in
vindication of Christianity, from the
beautiful style of which he has been
honored with the name of the Christian
Cicero. His principal works are, "In-
stitutiones Divinae," and a treatise, " De
Persecutione."
LACY, John, a dramatic writer, was
b. at Doncaster, and bred a dancing-
master ; this employment he quitted for
the army, but subsequently he took to
the stage ; in which line he acquired such
celebrity as a comedian, that Charles
II. had his portrait painted in three
different characters. He wrote the com-
edies of "The Dumb Lady," "Sir
Hercules Buffoon," "Old Troop," and
" Sawney the Scot." D. 1681.
LAER, Peter de, a celebrated painter,
usually called Bamboccio. He was b,
in 1613, at Laaren, in Holland. After
studying the art at Rome, and increasing
his knowledge of it by an acquaintance
with Poussin and Claude, he returned
to Holland, in 1639, where he enjoyed
unrivalled celebrity, till he was com-
pelled to share it with Wouvermans.
In energy of touch, in the management
of the chiaro-oscuro, and in fertility of
invention, he excelled his rival, but not
in neatness and delicacy of pencil ; yet
the competition so much aflfected his
Eros peri ty, that in a fit of despondency
e drowned himself in a well, in 1768,
when 60 years of age.
LAFAYETTE, Gilbert MorriER, mar-
quis de, was b. 1757, at Chavagnac, in
Auvergne. At the age of 17 he married
the grand-daughter of the duke of Noa-
illes ; and, although he inherited a large
fortune, was of high rank, and had pow-
erful connections at court, he came, in
1777, to join the war of independence in
America. He raised and equipped a
body of men at his own expense ; fought
as a volunteer at the battle of Brandy-
wine, in 1778 ; at that of Monmouth m
1778 ; and received the thanks of con-
gress. He then proceeded to France, in
order to obtain reinforcements ; returned
with the armaments under General Ro-
chambeau ; and commanded Washing-
ton's vanguard at tlie time of the sur-
render of Lord Coruwallis, in 1782. The
capitulation of Yorktown followed, and,
on the peace with the motiier country,
the general returned to France. lie
was elected a member of the notables in
1787, and, on the breaking out of the
560
CYChOPJF,DlA OF BIOGRAPHY.
Tlaf
revolution, he took part with the friends
of liberty, though with wise moderation.
In October, 1789, he was made com-
mander-in-chief of the national guard,
and ordered and assisted in the demoli-
tion of the Bastille. On the 6th he
marched to Versailles, saved the royal
family from the outrages of the mob,
and placed them under the protection
of the national assembly. In 1790 he
proclaimed the " sacredness of the right
of insurrection," and established, in
conjunction with Bailly, the club of
FeuiUans. On the attempted escape of
Louis XVI., Lafayette lost some of his
popularity, through being accused of
conniving at it ; fcut, dissipating these
cjilumnies, he fought against the emi-
grants and allies in Flanders ; and mu-
tual accusations of counter-revolution
passed between him and Dumouriez
and Collot d'PIerbois. He returned to
Paris to denounce them, and to protest
against the violence offered to the king.
But the Mountain was too strong for
him ; he Was burnt in effigy on the 30th
of June, 1792 ; and, being obliged to
escape from France, fell into the hands
of the Austrians, who imprisoned him
at Olmutz. There he remained five
years, till after Bonaparte's first tri-
umphant campaign of Italy, when, on
the special demand of the latter, he was
set at liberty. Lafayette, however, was
consistent : when Napoleon became an
apostate from liberty, he voted against
the consulate for life, and withdrew
from public affairs. But, after the battle
of Waterloo, he reappeared to protest
against a dictatorship ; and, having sub-
sequently protested against the dissolu-
tion of the legislative body by Prussian
bayonets, agam withdrew to his estates,
till he was returned, in 1818, deputy for
the department De la Sarthe. In 1821
he made a visit to America, and was
received with distinction and enthu-
siasm, as joint founder of American
liberty with Washington and Franklin.
The unconstitutional violence and ordi-
nances of Charles X., in June, 183(4
brotight Lafayette on the stage again, in
the character with which he commenced
hi-s career — that of commander-in-chief
of the national guard and the advocate
and supporter of a citizen king. He
goon after resigned the command ; and
having seen Louis Philippe recognized
as king of the French, he once more
retired to domestic Ufe. D. 1834.
LA FERTE IMBAULT, Maria The-
iiKSA Geoffrtn, marchioness de, daugh-
ter of the celebrated Madame Geotfrin,
was b. at Paris, in 1715. She distin-
fuished herself by her opposition to the
'rench philosophers of the last century,
with whom her mother had been con-
nected, and by her literary talents gen-
erally. In 1771 she was appointed
grand-mistress of the burlesque order
of the Lauturelus, while its founder,
her friend, the marquis de Croismare,
was grand-master. This whimsical in-
stitution obtained so much eclat, that it
was esteemed an honor by several sov-
ereign princes to become Lauturelus.
She d. in 1791, and left many posthu-
mous writings.
LAFITAU, Joseph Francis, a French
Jesuit, was b. at Bordeaux, and sent
as a missionary among the North Amer-
ican Indians. On his return to Europe
he wrote a work, entitled " Moeui's des
Sauvages Americains comparees aux
Moeurs des premiers Temps," and
another on the possessions and discov-
eries of the Portuguese in the New
World. D. 1740.— Peter Francis, bro-
ther of the above, and a Jesuit, was
also b. at Bordeaux. He was sent on
a mission to Rome to arrange the dis-
putes of Finance, respecting the bull
Unigenitus, and while there he obtained
favor with the pope, Clement IX., who
made him bishop of Sisteron, in Pro-
vence. He left the society of Jesus to
preside over his diocese, and d. in 1764.
He wrote many religious works, among
which were the " History of the Con-
stitution Unigenitus," and the " Life of
Pope Clement IX. In the latter he
speaks much against Jansenism.
LAFITTE, Jacques, a celebrated
French banker and financier, was b. in
1798. Having obtained employment in
a banking house, he rose from a clerk
to be cashier, partner, and, at length,
head of the most eminent bank in
France. Possessed of this conspicuous
position, and of great wealth, he speed-
ily became a member of the chamber
of deputies. His advocacy of extremely
liberal principles rendered him so pop-
ular, that when Charles X. was driven
from the throne, and the great majority
of the public men of the day were for
establishing a republic, M. Lafitte, by
his word alone, made the citizen king.
Bu* the commercial calamities which
followed the revolution fell so heavily
upon great houses which wore indel)ted
to Lafitte, that his house, too, beeamo
insolvent. Nearly a million and a half
of francs were raised for him by a public
subscription ; but when his affairs were
finally settled, he was found to have
LAl]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
561
nearly seven millions after paying all
demands. D. 1844; aged 76.
LAFONTAINE, Augustus Heney
Julius, a celebrated German romance
writer, was b. at Brunswick, in 1756.
Among his numerous works of fiction
are, ••Blanche and Minna, or the Man-
ners of the Burghers," " Moral Sys-
tems," "The Country Clergyman, or
new Family Pictures," and " Clara du
Plessia and Clairaut, or the History of
two Lovers." D. 1831.
LAGERBRING, Suen, a Swedish his-
torian, was b. in 1707. He was professor
of history in the university of Lund, in
Scania. His chief works are a history
of Sweden, in 1457, and in abridgment
down to modern times. D. 1788.
LAGERLOEF, Peter, historiographer
«f Sweden, in the 17th century, and
professor of rhetoric at Upsal, was an
eminent classic scholar. He wrote an
historical description to accompany a
collection of national monuments, called
" Suecia Antiqua et Hodernia," at the
desire of Charles XL, and published nu-
merous historical dissertations, among
which was " Historia Linguae Grascse,"
" De Magno Sinarum Imperio," &c.
D. 1699.
LAGERSTROEM, Magnus von, a
philosopher of Sweden, and director of
the Swedish East India Company, was
b. at Stockholm, in 1696. His youth
was spent in Germany and Denmark,
and on his return home he applied him-
self to trade, which, however, he soon
relinquished. He wrote a dissertation
on political economy, and translated
many French, Germa^, and Danish
works. Appointed director to the East
India Company of Gottenburg, he con-
siderably promoted scientific researches,
especially in natural history, many novel
specimens of which, at his instance,
were procured from abroad. D. 1759.
LAGNY, Thomas Fautet de, an emi-
nent French mathematician, was b. at
Lyons, in 1660. He wrote many works
on mathematics, and made many im-
portant improvements and discoveries.
Among his works may be mentioned,
" New and Concise Methods for the Ex-
traction and Approximation of Roots,"
" The Cubature of the Sphere," " A
general Analysis, or Method of Resol-
ving Problems," &c. D. 1734.
LAGOMARSINI, Jerome, a learned
Jesuit and philologist, was b. at Genoa,
in 1698. He was professor of rhetoric
at Florence 20 vears, and in 1750 he was
appointed professor of Greek in the col-
^ge at Rome, where he d. in 1773. He
published many classical works, and
left in MS. a collection in 30 vols., hav-
ing for its object the justification of his
order from all the odious imputations
that had been cast upon it.
LAGRANGE, Joseph Louis, a cele-
brated mathematician, was b. at Turin,
in 1736. At the age of 16 he became a
professor in the royal school of artillery,
where he formed an association, which
afterwards rose to the rank of an acad-
emy of sciences. Here he made many
important discoveries, particularly in
calculating the motion of fluids and in
vibrations, introducing also the theory
of recurring consequences and the doc-
trine of chances to the differential cal-
culus, &c. He communicated to the
society a number of papers, and some
to the Academy of Paris, of which he
was chosen a foreign member. While
on a visit at Paris he wrote his celebra-
ted work, "Mechanique Analytique."
In 1766 he removed to Berlin, where he
was appointed director of the academy ;
and in 1787 he settled at Paris, and be-
came successively professor of the Nor-
mal school and Polytechnic school. He
there announced his " Fonctions Ana-
lytique," and pursued other literary
labors till his health giving way under
this fatigue, he d. 1813.
LAHARPE, Jean Francois de, a
French dramatic poet, was b. in 1798.
His father was an officer in the army,
and dying in indigence, the son was
taken into the college of Harcourt by
the president, M. Asselin ; but lost the
favor of his patron by a satire, of which
he was suspected to be the author.
After a confinement for some time he
was set at liberty ; but it disgusted him
with his situation, and he resolved to
trust to his talents as an author for sup-
port. In 1763 he wrote his tragedy of
" Warwick," which met with great suc-
cess. This was followed by " Timoleon,"
"Pharamond," and some others not
equally successful. But when his series
of Elogies appeared, they gained him
great credit, particularly one on Henri
Quatre. During the fury of the revolu-
tion, though he embraced the principles
of republicanism, the moderation of his
views rendered him an object of suspi-
cion, and he was thrown into prison in
1793. Though sentenced to deportation,
he regained his liberty, and lived in re-
tirement till the time of his death, in
1803. His principal work is "Lyceum,
or a Complete Course of Literature."
LAINEZ, Alexander, a native of
France, remarkable for his poetical jmat
6m
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[lal
ePesprit, was b. at Chimay, in 1650.
After receiving his education at Kheims,
lie visited Paris, and then journeyed
through Europe and Asia. On his re-
turn, lie took up his abode in the French
capital, till his death, in 1710. — James,
a Spanish ecclesiastic, and associate of
the famous Ignatius Loyola, wasb. 1512.
At the death of Loyola he became gen-
eral of the Jesuits, and induced the pope
to grant him many privileges. He ob-
tained the papal decree for rendering the
generalship perpetual in the person cho-
sen to fill it, and giving him the power
of making any and every compact with-
out consulting the brethren ; also, for
giving authenticity to all his comments
and explanations of their constitutions ;
and, likewise, for having prisons inde-
gendent of the secular authority, where
e might punish the refractory brethren.
D. 1565.
LAING, Alexander, an antiquarian
and miscellaneous writer, was b. in
Aberdeen, in 1778. He latterly followed
the calling of an itinerant vendor of old
books ; and being a man of much humor
and eccentricity, he gained admission,
in the course of his peregrinations, to
the archives of several houses, which
have since been found shut against more
pretending investigators. The inform-
ation thus acquired he turned to good
account, in the " Donean Tourist," in
verse, with copious notes, giving an
account of the battles, castles, families,
gentlemen's seats, &c., on the banks of
the river Don; and "The Caledonian
Itinerary, or a Tour on the Banks of
the Dee," a poem, with historical notes.
He was also the compiler of the " Ec-
centric Magazine," which contains many
curious and whimsical epitaphs gleaned
from various churchyarcls in Aberdeen-
shire, 1822, D. 1838.— Alexander Gor-
don, a traveller, was b. in Edinburgh,
in 1794. He served in the army many
years, both in the West Indies and on
the western coast of Africa ; while at the
latter place he made many fruitless jour-
neys into the interior to establish a com-
mercial intercourse with the natives,
and to learn the geography of the coun-
tiy. He was compelled, however, to
leave Timbuctoo, and the guard he hired
to protect him on his route by Se^o to
the coast, treacherously murdered him,
1826. — Malcolm, a Scottish historian,
was b. at Stryorey, in Orkney, in 1762.
He finished his education at the Edin-
burgh university, and was subsequently
called to the bar. On the death of Dr.
Henry he completed the unfinished
volume of that author's History of En-
gland. His chief work, however, waa
a ' ' History of Scotland." He also edited
a new edition of the poems of Ossian,
and d. in 1819.
LAIEESSE, Gerard, an eminent his-
torical painter, was b. at Liege, in 1640.
He surpassed his father under whom he
studied, and obtained such renown, as
to be considered the Eaphaelofthe Dutch
school. He also well understood music
and engraving. He lost his sight some
time before his death, and d. at Amster-
dam, in 1711 . His chef-d'oE.u'vre is a large
picture of the child Moses trampling on
the Egyptian diadem. — Ernest, John,
and James, the three brothers of tlie
above, also obtained some eminence in
the art; the two former excelled in ani-
mal painting, and the latter in flowers.
— Two sons of Gerard also practised the
art, but with very inferior pretensions
to eminence.
LAIS, a celebrated courtesan, was b.
at Hyccara, in Sicily. She possessed
great personal charms, and at Corinth
sold her favors at a most extravagant
price. She Avas assassinated 350 b. c.
LALANDE, Joseph Jerome le Fran-
cats DE, a celebrated astronomer, was b.
at Bourg, in France, in 1732. He showed
an early preference for mathematical
studies, but was educated for the law.
His intimacy, however, with astrono-
mers and other men of science led him
to pursue the early bias of his disposi-
tion, and it was not long before the
Academy of Sciences deputed him to go
to Berlin, to make observations for de-
termining the j^rallax of the moon, and
its distance from the earth. On his re-
turn home, he was nominated astrono-
mer, extended his researches in the
science of the heavenly bodies, and
turned his attention to gnomonics. In
1760, on the resignation of Maraldi, La-
lande undertook the editorship and
publication of the " Connaissance des
Temps." Shortly after, he succeeded
Delisle as professor of astronomy at the
college de France ; when successive
treatises, talented and voluminous, pro-
ceeded from his pen, much to the
advancement of astronomical science.
Among these mention must be made of
the very valuable "Traite de 1' Astro-
nomic." D. 1807. — Michael Kichard
DE, a celebrated French musician, b. at
Paris, in 1657. He attained to great
perfection on various instruments, par-
ticularly on the violin, and was appointed
master of music in tlie chapel royal, by
Louis XIV. D. 1726.
cyclop-«:dia of biography.
563
LALLY, Thomas Akthur, Count, an
Irish officer, attached to the house of
Stuart, and in the service of France.
His bravery at the battle of Fontenoy
was rewarded by the appointment of
brigadier-creneral ; and in 1756 he was
made governor of Pondiclierry. This
town was soon after besieged by the
British ; and unable to withstand their
assaults, he surrendered, and with the
garrison was made prisoner. He was
conveyed to England, but was soon
liberated and permitted to return to
France. On arriving in that country,
public clamor ran so high against him,
that he was beheaded, in 1766. — Tollen-
DAL, marquis de, son of the preceding,
was b. at Paris in 1751, and was educa-
ted at the college of Harcourt. The ex-
penses of his education were defrayed
by his cousin the Countess Dillon and
by Louis XV., who thus endeavored to
make some atonement for the misfor-
tune which he incurred through the
fate of his father. Prompted by filial
feeling, he wrote, when only 15, a Latin
Eoem on the story of John Calas, wlio
ad been sacrificed to the fury of a mob ;
and when he had attained a more mature
age, he warmly exerted himself to re-
trieve from obloquy the memory of his
father* and in 1783 he regained posses-
sion of his paternal estates. Previously
to the revolution, he was captain in the
regiment of cuirassiers ; and in 1789 he
was nominated deputy from the nobility
of Paris to the states-general. He soon
became one of the most popular mem-
bers of the constituent assembly, gave
his support to the declaration of the
Eights of Man proposed by Lafayette,
and subsequently suggested as an
amendment, that all citizens should be
eligible to public employments, which
was adopted by acclamation. He pub-
lished a work, entitled "Quintus Capi-
tolinus," in which he retraced the oper-
ations of the national assembly, pointed
out the faults of the constitution, and
condemned the suppression of the higher
orders of the state. Having returned to
France in 1792 he was arrested, and
sent to the Abbaye, but having fortu-
nately escaped amidst the massacres
which took place in the prisons in Sep-
tember, he effected his retreat to En-
gland, where he obtained a pension from
the government. When Bonaparte be-
came consul, he returned to France,
where he resided till the restoration of
the Bourbons, in 1814. He wrote a
work, entitled "The Defence of the
Emigrants," published in 1796 ; also au
"Essay on the Life of the Earl of Straf
ford, the Minister of Charles L ;" and a
tragedy on the fall of that nobieman.
D. 1830.
LALUZEKNE, C^sar William de,
Cardinal, was b. at Paris, in 1738. Hav-
ing obtained orders in 1762, he was
soon after elected agent-general of the
French clergy. In 1770, Louis XV.
nominated him to the see of Langres ;
and, in 1773, he pronounced his majes-
ty's funeral sermon. On the breaking
out of the revolution he advocated many
patriotic measures for the relief of his
country, but was soon compelled to quit
it. Under the government of Napoleon
he returned home ; and, in 1814, he
was invited by the king to reassume
his rank of duke and peer. Shortly
after he was made a cardinal, and in
1822 he d. His works, theological and
political, are numerous and able.
LAMB, Lady Caroline, daughter of
the earl of Besborough, and wife of the
Hon. William Lamb, afterwards Lord
Melbourne, was distinguished for her
literary talents and the decided part she
took in political affairs, particularly at
the time her brother-in-law, the Hon.
Geo. Lamb, was a candidate for West-
minster, when she personally canvassed
the electors, and made herself the sub-
ject of great notoriety. She possessed
a masculine mind, and was on terms of
friendship with several literary charac-
ters, but more especially with Lord
Byron, for whom she entertained an
attachment fatal to her domestic felicity.
Several of her poetical pieces appeared
in the newspapers and periodical jour-
nals ; and she wrote the novels of " Gle-
narvon," "Graham Hamilton," and
"Ada Eeis." D. 1828.— Charles, an
essayist, poet, and miscellaneous writer,
was b. in London, in 1775, and edu-
cated at Christ's hospital. In 1792 he
obtained a situation in the accountant's
office of the East India Company, where
he remained 35 years, till his salary had
gradually risen to £700 ; when he was
allowed a retiring pension of £450,
which he continued to enjoy till his
death. He began his literary career in
1797 as a poet, in conjunction with his
friends Coleridge and Lloyd, their three
names appearing to one" volume ; and
subsequently the attention of the pub-
lic was for several years called to his
occasional Essays, signed "Elia." which
were published in various periodicals,
and afterwards collected and printed.
In 1808 he published "Specimens of
E n g lish Dramatic Poets who lived about
CYCLOPAEDIA OF 6I0GRAPHT.
[lam
the time of Shakspeare ; with Notes,"
&c. Besides these, he wrote " Rosa-
mund Gray," atale; " JohnWoodvill,"
a tragedy; "Album Verses," "Tales
from Shakspeare," "The Adventures
of Ulysses," &c., in some of which he
was assisted by Mary Lamb, his sister,
with whom lie lived. His writings
were :;i6lect rather than numerous ; and
his manner of treating the subjects
which his fancy suggested was at once
piquant, terse, and playful. D. 1834'.
LAMBALLE, Mabie Therese Louise
DE Savoie Cabignan, princess de, was
b. at Turin, in 1749, and was married to
the duke of Bourbon Penthievre, whom
she soon lost by death. She was super-
intendent of the household of Marie
Antoinette, queen of France, to whom
she was remarkably attached. After
the flight of the royal family to Varennes
she departed for England ; but hearing
of the imprisonment of her royal mis-
tress, she hastily returned, and shared
with the queen her confinement and
misfortunes. She was, however, sum-
moned before an iniquitous tribunal,
and cruelly murdered in 1792.
LAMBERT, Anne Therese, marquise
de, a literary lady of Paris, was b. in
1647. Upon the death of her husband,
Henri Lambert, marquis de St. Bris, in
1686, she employed her large fortune in
patronizing literature, and learned men.
At her disease, in 1733, her own wri-
tings were collected, and published. —
Atlmeb Bourke, a gentleman distin-
guished for his attainments in botanical
science, was b. in 1761. On the founda-
tion of the Linnaean society, in 1788,
Mr. Lambert became one of the origi-
nal members, and for many years filled
the oifice of vice-president; while he
contributed many excellent articles to
the " Linnsean Transactions." His own
Herbarium was considered one of the
finest in Europe. D. 1842. — John, a
distinguished general in the time of
Charles L, was a student-at-law on the
breaking out of the civil wars. He,
however, espoused the cause of the
parliament, and distinguished himself
as colonel at the battle of Marston-
moor ; and also acted a conspicuous
part in many other engagements. He
vigorously opposed the advancement of
Cromwell to the title of king, upon
which he lost his commission; yet a
pension was grunted him of £2000 a
year. Upon the death of Oliver Crom-
well, Lambert compelled his son Rich-
ard to relinquish his authority, and
restored the members of the long par-
liament to their seats. Subsequently,
however, acting in opposition to the
parliament, General Monk marched from
Scotland to meet him. His troops de-
serting, he was compelled to submit,
and was confined a prisoner in the
Tower. Escaping thence, he again
quickly appeared in arms, but was de-
feated, and retaken. At the restoration,
he was brought to trial; but his sub-
missive demeanor gained him a reprieve,
and he was banished for life to the isle
of Guernsey. He here lived upwards of
thirty years, amusing his leisure with
horticulture and flower-painting, and is
said to have d. a Catholic. — John Henry,
an eminent mathematician and astrono-
mer, was b. at Mulhausen, in 1728.
Compelled to follow his father's employ-
ment as tailor, for his support, night
was the only time his poverty alfbrded
him for study, till 1748, when he became
tutor to the children of Baron Sails,
president of the Swiss convention. In
1756 he visited Gottingen, where he pub-
lished his first work ; and next went to
Paris. Soon after he published his cele-
brated work " On Perspective," and in
the following year appeared his " Pho-
tometry." Other important and valua-
ble scientific works succeeded, and in
1764 he visited Berlin, where he was
introduced to Frederic the Great, who
admitted him a member of the academy
of that capital. D. 1777.
L AMI, Bernard, an ecclesiastic, was
b. at Mans, in 1640. He d. in 1715, at
Rouen, and left numerous writings, of
which his "Apparatus Biblicus" is very
valuable. — Francis, a Benedictine, was
b. in 1636, at Montereau, in the diocese-
of Chartres. After serving in the army
he embraced the religious life, and be-
came a Benedictine monk, and one of
the ablest theologians of his time. He
distinguished himself by his writings
against Spinosa, and d.* in 1711. His
works are numerous, and written with
much purity and elegance of style. —
Giovanni Battista, an ecclesiastic, was
b. at Santa Croce, near Florence, in
1697. He studied at Pisa, of which
university he became vice-rector. He
afterwards went to Florence, Avhere he
was appointed chaplain to the grand-
duke of Tuscany, professor of ecclesias-
tical history in the university, and
public librarian. He published a valu-
able edition of the works of Meursius.
His own writings are numerous. D. 1770.
LAMIA, a celebrated Athenian cour-
tesan, noted for the charms of her per-
son, tiie brilliancy of her wit. ami her
fcAM|
CrCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
566
proficiency on the flute. She visited
i^ypt, where she became the mistress
of Ptolemy Soter. On the defeat of that
prince by Demetrius Poliorcetes, her
charms gained a complete ascendency
over the conqueror, from whom she
procured great concessions in favor of
her countrymen, the Athenians. The
time of her death is uncertain.
LA MOTHE LE VAYEE, Fkancis
DE, a French philosopher and ingenious
writer, was b. at Paris, in 1588 ; relin-
quished the law for literary pursuits, and,
in 1635), was admitted a 'member of the
French Academy. In 1647 he was ap-
pointed preceptor to the duke of Anjou,
and he also obtained the titles of his-
toriographer of France and counsellor
of state. D. 1672.
LA MOTTE, Anthony Hotjdart de,
a French poet, was b. at Paris, in 1672.
He was bred to the law, but deserted it
for dramatic composition. In 1710 he
obtained admission into the Academy,
at which time he was nearly blind ; and
many years before his death he lost his
sight entirely. He produced several
tragedies and comedies, some of which
were very successful, particularly that
entitled "Inez de Castro." In 1714 he
published a translation of the "Iliad,"
although entirely ignorant of the origi-
nal language, lie also published a vol-
ume of " Fables," besid!es some pastoral
eclogues, hymns, &c. ; but his prose
was much superior to his verse. D.
1731.
LA MOTTE FOUQUE, Frederic,
baron de, celebrated as a poet, historian,
and novelist, was b. at Brandenburg,
1777. Entering the army, he served in
the campaign of the Khine, and had a
share in the numerous engagements
that were fought for the liberty of Ger-
many in the beginning of this century.
His first works appeared under the name
of "Pellegrin," and the numerous pro-
ductions of his pen contributed, not a
little, to fan the flame of patriotic ardor
which led his countrymen to final victo-
ry. On quitting the army he retired to
Nehnhausen, the property of his second
wife, Caroline, (see below ;) and on her
death, in 1831, he removed to Halle,
where he delivered lectures upon poetry
and history. His beautiful fairy tale,
" Undine," has gained him a European
reputation. D. at Berlin, 1842. — Caro-
line, baroness de, a popular German
novelist, was the wife of the author of
" Undine," &c. Among this lady's
works are, " Lodoiska," " Frauenliebe,"
"Fficdora," &c. D. 1831.
48
LAMOTTE, Vaxois, eomtesse de,
who became generally known ir conse-
quence of her intrigues at the French
court, which led to a disgraceful trial,
was the ofi'spring of poor parents, and
b. in 1757. Her occupation of carrying
fagots (her father being a woodman)
attracted the notice of the lady of the
manor, who took the girl to live with
her. Hearing her speak of valuable
papers which were in her father's pos-
session, the lady, on further inquiry,
found they related to the royal family
of Valois ; and, on investigation, it was
proved that she was a desccEdcPt of
that noble family. The girl married a
private in the guards ; and, obtaining
an introduction to the cardinal de Ko-
han, great almoner of France, he advised
her to make herself known, by letter, t«
Marie Antoinette, the reigning queen,
at the same time expressing his bitter
regret that an offence he had been
(though innocently) guilty of towards
that illustrious lady, prevented him
requesting an interview. The queen
granted her prayer, and employed her
about her person ; but Lamotte reward-
ed her royal benefactress by the grossest
treachery. By means of a person named
Villette, the countess kept up a fraudu-
lent correspondence between the queen
and the cardinal. Villette forged the
queen's handwriting, while the cardinal
mncied himself restored to the royal
favor, and even honored by the queen's
confidence ; for, through Villette' s vil-
lany, he was led to suppose he had
furnished the queen with 120,000 francs,
but which were kept by the countess.
Not being detected in this, she carried
on the fraud to an excess that merited
her subsequent disgrace. Bcehmer and
Bassange, the queen's jewellers, had
collected, at an enormous expense, dia-
monds, which, set as a necklace, they
intended to sell for 1,800,000 francs.
Lamotte persuaded the cardinal that
the queen passionately desired to pos-
sess this necklace, and confided to him
the commission to purchase it ; and that
she would give a note in her own wri-
ting for the sum, which she would repay
from her private purse, by instalments,
unknown to the king. The cardinal
fell into the snare — ^he bought the de-
sired necklace, which he committed to
the care of the countess, who, the bet-
ter to prevent suspicion, told the cardi-
nal the queen would meet him in the
garden, as she wished to thank him.
A courtesan of the Palais Koyal, Made-
mois.elle Olivia, personated the queen;
566
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[lan
in a short speech she thanked the car-
dinal, and promised him her future
protection. Ambition silenced every
other idea, and he left the garden elated
to excess. Meantime the countess sent
her husband to London with the neck-
lace ; but the period of the first payment
being allowed to pass without any notice
being taken of it, Boehmer made his
complaint to the queen, and the whole
plot was discovered. The queen, in-
censed at the affair, required public
satisfaction to be made. The minister,
Breteuil, was a sworn enemy to the car-
dinal, and, by his advice, the king or-
dered the cardinal to be arrested. He
was taken in his sacerdotal habit to the
Bastille, and proceedings were entered
into against Mademoiselle Olivia, who
proved to be a degraded female ; Cagli-
ostro, a mountebank ; the forger Villette :
and the contriver of all, the countess.
She alone was punished ; the cardinal
was acquitted, because he was a duped
agent in the business; and the others
effected their escape from prison ; but
madame la Comtesse was whipped, and
burnt on each shoulder with the letter
V, and then taken to the hospital, where
it was intended she should i-emain for
life ; but she made her escape at the end
of ten months, and proceeded to En-
gland, where she published her justifi-
cation, which was read with curiosity,
but excited little interest in her favor.
D. in London, 1791.
LAMPRIDIUS, Benedictus, a Latin
poet and scholar of the 16th century,
was b. at Cremona. He taught the
classical languages at Rome with great
reputation, lind in 1521 removed to
Padua. At the invitation of Frederic
Gonzaga, duke of Mantua, he settled in
the latter city, and superintended the
education of the duke's son. D. 1540.
LAN A, Francis de, an Italian math-
ematician, was b. at Brescia, 1687. He
was a Jesuit, and a celebrated teacher of
philosophy and mathematics. He first
gave the laint of the principles of aero-
static machines, to be conducted by gas,
in his work entitled " Ma^aterium Na-
turae et Artis," printed at Brescia, 1684.
D. 1700.
nLANC ASTER, James, an English nav-
igator, sailed to the coast of America in
1691, and afterwards doubled the Cape
of Good Hope on a voyage to the East
Indies. He subsequently gave such in-
formation relative to a N.W. passage to
the East Indies as led to the attempt of
Baffin and others to discover it. D. 1620.
— Joseph, a member of the Society of
Friends ; the author and succer.sful pro-
mulgator of the system of mutual in-
struction, known under the title of "the
Lancasterian." He was, for many years,
actively engaged in delivering lectures
and forming schools in various parts of
England ; and rank, wealth, and beauty
flocked to hear the earnest though sim-
ple eloquence of the enthusiastic and
benevolent Quaker. But enthusiastic
as were the applauses bestowed upon
him, patronage and support were not
bestowed in like proportion ; he became
so much embarrassea in consequence of
his benevolent exertions, that he was
obliged to seek an asylum in America.
Here also he suffered many embarrass-
ments, and a subscription was just pro-
posed for his relief, when he was run
over in this city, and so severely injured,
that he died on the day foUoViiig the
accident. B. 1771 ; d. 1839.
LANCISI, GiAMARiA, an eminent phy-
sician, was b. at Rome, 1654; d. 1720.
LANCRE, Peteb de, a native of Bor-
deaux, was a counsellor of parliament,
and presided over the trials of sorcerers
and witches in the provinces of Labourd
and Gascony. His services in this ca-
pacity were rewarded by the appoint-
ment of counsellor of state. He wrote
two curious works on demonography.
D. 1630.
LANCRINCK, Prosper Hexry, an
able painter, was b. at Antwerp, in 1628.
He imitated Titian and Salvator, and
was much encouraged in England, where
he met with employment uncler Sir Peter
Lely. D. 1692.
LANDEN, John, an eminent math-
ematician, was b. at Peakirk, Northamp-
tonshire, 1719. In 1755 he published, a
volume of *' Mathematical Lucubra-
tions," in 1764 his "Residual Analysis,"
subsequently a " New Theory of the Ro-
tatory Motion of Bodies affected by
Forces disturbing each Motion," and his
volume of " Memoirs." D. 1790.
LANDER, RtcHARD and John, two
brothers, whose names are indissolubly
associated with African discovery, were
natives of Cornwall, and b., the former
in 1804, the latter in 1806. They were
both apprenticed to a printer; but the
elder abandoned his occupation to ac-
company Clapperton in his expedition
to the Niger in 1825 ; and after his death,
in 1827, he returned to England, where
he submitted to government a plan for
exploring the termination of the Niger,
which was adopted. Accompanied by
his younger brother, he set out for Ba-
dagiiay in 1830, where, after encounter-
lan]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
567
ing many dangers, they readied Kirree,
but were taken prisoners at Eboe, and
only, after the promise of a high ran-
som, succeeded m getting arrangements
made for conveying them to the sea.
This they reached by the channel called
by the Portuguese, Nun, and by the En-
glish, Brass river; and thus was solved
by their agency, one of the grandest
problems in African geography. This
important discovery, opening a water
communication into the very heart_ of
the African continent, made a great im-
pression on the mercantile world; and
soon after the brothers' arrival in En-
gland, an association of which Mr. Mac-
gregor Laird was the head, was entered
into for forming a settlement on the
Upper Niger; but the expedition that
was fitted out for this purpose at Liver-
pool proved a failure ; and the Landers,
together with nearly all that joined it,
fell victims either to the unhealthiness
of the clitnate, or in contests with the
natives, in 1833.
LANFRANC, a learned prelate, was
b. at Paira, in 1005, but went over to
England with William the Conqueror.
Through the interest of that prince, he
obtained the archbishopric of Canter-
bury, vacant by the deposition of Sti-
gand. He was an able politician, as
well as a munificent prelate, founding
two hospitals near Canterbury, which
he liberally endowfed. D. 1089.— Gio-
vanni, an artist, b. at Parma, in 1581.
He was originally a domestic in the ser-
vice of Count Horatio Schotte, who,
finding him to have a taste for design,
placed' him under Caracci. Under this
great master he improved so rapidly that
his talent was soon in requisition, and
the Farnese palace and churches of St.
James and St. Peter at Eome, bear am-
ple testimony of his capability. The
great excellence of this artist consisted
in his composition and foreshortening,
and in fresco painting. D. 1647. — A
physician of Milan, where he practised
with much success, but attempting some
innovations in his profession, he was
compelled to take refiige in France. D.
1300, and left a valuable treatise on sur-
;erv, entitled "Chirurgia Magna et
Parva."
LANGBATNE, Gerard, an English
divine, b. at Bartonkirke, in Westmore-
land, about 1608; was keeper of the
archives, and provost of Queen's col-
lege ; was well acquainted with the laws
and antiquities of his country ; corre-
sponded with Selden, Usher, and other
iearued men ; endowed a free school at
his native place; published an edition
of Longinus, and several works on his-
tory, theology, and criticisms. D. 1658.
LANGDON, John, a distinguished
American patriot, was b. at Portsmouth,
N. H., 1739. He engaged in commerce,
and took an early and efficient interest
in the cause of the colonies. He was
successively a delegate to the general
congress, navy agent, speaker of the as-
sembly of his native state, president of
his native state, a delegate to the con-
vention that framed the federal consti-
tution, and a member of the senate of
the United States. In 1805 he was
chosen governor of his state, and again
in 1810. D. 1819.
LANGHAM, Simon de, abbot of St.
Peter's, Westminster, was b. at Lang-
ham, in Rutlandshire, in the early part
of the 14th century. In 1360 he was
made lord high treasurer; in the follow-
ing year he accepted the bishopric of
Ely; in 1364 he became chancellor, and
was promoted to the see of Canterbury,
in 1366. He there distinguished him-
self by the violence of his opposition to
Wickliff, and was made a cardinal ; but
this so offended Edward III. that he
seized the temporalities of his see. He
accordingly repaired to the papal court,
and was amply compensated for its loss.
D. 1376.
LANGHORNE, John, an English di-
vine, poet, and historian, was b. at
Kirkby Stephen, in Wes^tmoreland, in
1735. He published several popular
pieces, particularly a poem, entitled
" Genius and Valor," ana having there-
in defended Scotland from the scurrility
thrown out by Churchill in his *' Proph-
ecy of Famine," he was complimented
with the degree of D.D. by the univer-
sity of Edinburgh. In 1770 in conjunc-
tion with his brother, he published a
translation of Plutarch, which is still a
very popular work ; in 1777 he was pre-
sented to a prebendal stall in the cathe-
dral of Wells, and d. in 1779.— William,
his brother, b. 1721, was presented to
the rectory of Hakinge, and the per-
petual curacy of Folkestone, where he
d. 1772. He wrote one or two poems,
and had a share in the translation of
Plutarch.
LANGLANDE, Robert, a secular
priest of the 14th century, and fellow
of Oriel college, Oxford, known as the
author of some satirical poems against
the vices of the Catholic clergy.
LANGLES, Louis Matthew, a cele-
brated oriental scholar, b. at Peronne,
in France, 1763, published a "Diction-
568
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[lap
naire Mautchon-Fran9ais," and various
works translated from the oriental
tongues, particularly a work on Hindoo
literature, D. 1824.
I ANGLEY, Batty, an English build-
er, known by his attempt to remodel
the Gothic style of architecture, by in-
venting different orders of the Gothic,
from an intermixture of the various
Grecian orders. D. 1751.
LANGTOFTj Peter, an historian
and Augustin friar, was b. in Yorkshire,
in the IBth century, and is known as
the translator of "JBoscam's Life of St.
Thomas of Canterbury."
LANGTON, Stephen, archbishop of
Canterbury in the time of King John,
was b. in Lincolnshire, but educated in
France. He rose through the various
honors of the university of Paris till he
became its chancellor, and then to the
see of Canterbury by the pope. John,
the king of England, however, refused
to confirm the nomination, and the king-
dom was accordingly under excommu-
nication. The monarch at length yielded,
and Langton entered into quiet posses-
sion of his diocese in 1213. D. 1228. •
LANIEK, Nicholas, an Italian artist,
b. about 1568, employed by Charles I.
of England.
LANJUINAIS, Jean Denis, count
de, was b. at Kennes, in 1753. He was
a member of the third estate at the
breaking out of the revolution, and,
when the republic was proclaimed, he
was as zealous in defence of the rights
of his prince as of the rights of the na-
tion. He opposed the usurpations of
Bonaparte, and after the second restora-
tion, he strenuously resisted the ex-
travagant pretensions of the French
clergy, defended the liberty of the press
and individual freedom, the law of elec-
tion, and the charter. 1). 1827. — Joseph
DE, an ecclesiastic, b. in Britany. After
entering the order of St. Benedict, and
becoming professor of theology, his
connection with D'Alembert and Dide-
rot compelled him to retire to Lausanne,
where he embraced the reformed reli-
gion, and became principal of the college
of Moudon. He published many works,
which excited some attention, and d.
in 1808.
LANNES, John, duke of Montebello
and a marshal of France, was b. in 1769,
at Lestoure. He was apprenticed to a
dyer, but entering the army, his zeal
and energy gained him promotion, and
in 1795 he was made a cliief of brigade.
After various successes in Italy, and
tmdei Bonaparte, in Egypt and other
places, particularly at Marengo, he was
made a marshal of the empire, and af-
terwards duke of Montebello. He con-
tributed much to the victory of Auster-
litz, and was very prominent in the
battles of Jena, Eylau, Friedland, Tu-
delrt, and Saragoss'a. At the battle of
Essling he received a mortal wound, of
which he d. 1809.
LANZI, Louis, an Italian antiquary,
b. at Monte del Celmo, in 1732, became
a Jesuit, taught rhetoric with great suc-
cess, and, on the suppression of his
order, was sub-director of the Florence
gallery. He wrote several works, par-
ticularly one on " The Tuscan Lan-
guage," and " A History of Painting,"
&c. D. 1810.
LAO-TSEE, a celebrated Chinese
pliilosopher, was b. about 600 b. c. in
the service of Hou-Konang. He was
cotemporary with Pythagoras, and
taught the doctrine of metempsychosis.
He followed the sect of Tao-Tsee, and
must have lived to a great age, having
been visited by Confucius in 517 b. o.
LAPLACE, Petek de, a French ma-
gistrate and writer, b. at Angouleme,
m 1526. He became a pleader in the
parliament of Paris, till he was appoint-
ed, by the prince of Conde, superin-
tendent of his household. Unfortunately
he retTirned to Paris, and while dis-
charging his duty as president at the
court of aids, was murdered in the
massacre of St. Bartholomew in 1572.
His works are, " Commentaries on the
State of Keligion and the Common-
wealth," "A Treatise on the Use of
Moral Philosophy," and "A Treatise
on the Excellence of the Christian Reli-
gion." — Pierre Smon, marquis de, a
celebrated mathematician and astrono-
mer, was b. at Beaumont-en-Auge, in
1749, where he became professor of
mathematics in the military school.
From this place he soon removed to
Paris, where he distinguished himself
by his knowledge of analysis and the
highest branches of geometry, and was
chosen a member ot the Academy of
Sciences, one of the forty of the French
Academy, and member of the bureau
des longitudes. In 1796 appeared his
famous work, " Exposition du Systeme
du Monde." After the revolution, on
the 18th of BrumaiK, in 1799, he was
made minister of the interior by the
first consul. But from this he was re-
moved, to make room for Lucien Bona-
parte, and was then admitted into the
senate, of which, in 1803, he became
president. Having, in 1814, voted for
las}
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
569
the deposition of Napoleon, on the re-
organization of the peers, he was made
a marquis. D. 1827.
LAPO, James, or Jacopo, an Italian
architect living at Florence, who built
the church of tlie Virgin Mary at Assisi,
founded by Helias, which obtained him
great reputation. D. 1262. — Arnolpho,
is son, became a most celebrated archi-
tect and sculptor, displaying great genius
and skill in his profession. D. 1300.
LAECIIER, Feter Henry, an emi-
nent French scholar, was b. at Dijon, in
1726. His first translation was the
" Electra" of Euripides, after which he
translated " Martinus Scriblerus," from
Pope's Miscellanies, and furnished notes
to the French version of Hudibras. In
1767, a difference took place between
him and Voltaire, on whose " Philoso-
phy of History" he published remarks,
under the title of a " Supplement," to
which the latter replied m his well-
known " Defense de mon Oncle."
Larcher rejoined in a "Eeponse," with
which the controversy ceased on his
part, but not so the merciless wit of his
opponent. He afterwards published his
*' Momoire sur Venus," and translated
Herodotus and Xenophon. D. 1812.
LAKDNER, Nathaniel, a learned
dissenting divine, was b. at Hawkhurst,
Kent, in 1684, and received his educa-
tion at Utrecht and Leyden. He was
the author of several important theolo-
gical works, viz., " The Credibility of the
Gospel History," " The Testimonies of
the Ancient Jews and Pagans in favor
of Christianity," "The History of Her-
etics," sermons, &c. D. 1768.
LAEIVE, M., a celebrated French
tragedian, was b. at Eochelle, in 1749,
appeared at the Theatre Fran^ais, Paris,
in 1771, where, by his fine person, and
his powers of declamation, he rose to
eminence. He quitted the stage rather
earlier in life than most actors, and d.
at Montignon, in 1827, aged 78. He
wrote a drama, entitled " Py ramus and
Thisbe," " Eeflections on the Histrionic
Art," and other works.
LAEIVEY, Peter de, an old French
dramatic writer, and one of the first
who considered comedy as the repre-
sentation of real Hfe, was a native of
Troyes, and is supposed to have d.
about 1612.
LA EOCHEFOUCAULD, orEOCHE-
FOUCAULT, Francis, duke de, prince
of Marsillac, a distinguished courtier
and man of letters in the reign of Louis
XIV., was b. 1613. He acted a con-
spicuous part in the civil war of the I
48*
Fronde, but he is chiefly remembered
as the writer of "Eeflexions et Max-
imes," a work which has been extoUed
and criticised in no ordinary degree.
He also wrote "Memoiresde la Eegne
d'Anne d'Autriche," and, during the
latter part of his life, his house was the
resort of the first-rate wits and literati
of France. D. 1680.
LA EOCHEJAQUELEIN, Henri de,
one of the most distinguished of the
Vendean royalists, was b. at Chatillon,
in Poitou, in 1772, and was a son of the
marquis de la Eochejaquelein. The
peasants of the neighborhood having
risen in the royal cause in 1792, he
placed himself at their head. After
gaining sixteen victories in ten months,
he fell, at the age of 22 years, March 4,
1794, in a single combat with one of the
republican soldiers, while defending the
village of Nouaille.
LAEEEY, Isaac de, an historian, was
b. in 1638, at Montvilliers. He went to
Holland, where he was made histori-
ographer to the states-general. His
works are, " The History of Augustus,"
" The History of Eleanor, Wife of Henry
II.," "Histo'ry of England," "History
of the Seven Sages of Greece," and
"The History of France under Louis
XIV." D. 1719.
LA SALLE, count de, a brave soldier,
was b. at Metz, in 1775, and entered the
army, with the rank of an officer, at 11
years of age, under Prince Maximilian,
afterwards king of Bavaria. The privi-
lege of birth opened to him a line of
promotion ; but he resolved that merit
alone should distinguish him. He ac-
cordingly resigned his commission, he-
came a private soldier, and at length
rose, through long and dangerous ser-
vices, which occupied eight years, to
the post which he had before resigned.
By his decisive conduct at the battle of
Eivoli he possessedhimself of the colors,
upon which the commander-in-chief
addressed him in these words: "Eest
yourself upon these fiags, you have de-
served them." He was equally victori-
ous in Egypt ; conquered the Prussians
on the walls of Konigsberg, and finished
his career on the field of Wagram.
LASCARIS, Const ANTiNE and John,
two noble Greeks of the 15th century,
who, on the taking of Constantinople by
the Turks in 1453, took refuge in Italy.
Constantine went to Milan, where he
instructed the daughter of the grand-
duke in the Greek language. From
thence he removed to Eome, and next
to Naples, in which city he opened a
570
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[lat
Bchool for Greek and rhetoric. Lastly,
ne settled at Messina, where he d. about
1500. His Greek griimmar was printed
at Milan in 1476, and again by Aldus in
1495. — John, surnaraed Rhyndacenus,
took up his residence at Padua, and was
patronized by Lorenzo de Medici, who
Bent him to Greece to purchase certain
valuable manuscripts, a mission which
he accomplished much to the satisfac-
tion of his employer. In 1494 he entered
the service of Louis XIL of France, who
made him an envoy to the Venetian
senate ; in 1513 he went to Kome, and
persuaded Leo X. to found the Greek
college, of which Lascaris became the
principal, and also the superintendent
of the Greek press ; and in 1518 he re-
turned to France, and was employed by
Francis I. in forming the royal Ubrary.
D. 1535.
_ LAS CAS AS, count de, celebrated for
his fidelity to Bonaparte, was b. in the
chateau of Las Casas, in the department
of the Haute-Garonne, 1766. At the
outbreak of the French revolution, 1789,
he was a lieutenant in the navy. He
then emigrated, joined the army of
Conde, and took part in the Quiberon
expedition, but returned to France after
the 18th Brumaire. Having been long
devoted to literary pursuits, he now
published, under the name of Le Sage,
an " Atlas Historique, Chronologique,
et Geographique," which went through
several editions. In 1809 he enrolled
himself as a volunteer to ward ofi' the
English attack upon Flushing, and from
this time attracted the attention of Bo-
naparte, who soon afterwards made him
his chamberlain, admitted him to the
council of state, and intrusted him with
various confidential missions. In 1814
he refused to vote with the council of
state for the dethronement of the em-
peror, took up arms for him after his
return from Elba in 1815, and was one
of the four attendants that accompanied
him to St. Helena. There he remained
eighteen months with the illustrious
prisoner, enjoying his intimacy, and
noting down ail that he said in a jour-
nal, which he subsequently published,
under the title of " Memorial de Sainte
H^lene." But having become an object
of suspicion to Sir Hudson Lowe, the
governor, he was seized, and conveyed
first to the Cape, and thence to England
as a prisoner, and was not allowed to
return to France till after the emperor's
decease. In 1830 he was elected to the
chamber of deputies, and took his seat
with the opposition. D. 1842.
LASSALA, Manuel, a Spanish Jes-
uit, author of an "Account of the Poets
of Castile," an "Essay on General His-
tory," &c. B. 1729 ; d. 1798.
_ LASSO, Orlando di, an eminent mu-
sician, was b. at Mons, in Hainault, in
1530. De Thou relates that he was
forcibly taken from his parents in child-
hood by Ferdinand Gonzaga, on account
of his fine voice, and carried by him to
Milan, Naples, and Sicily. He subse-
quently taught music at Eome, Ant-
werp, &c., and finally settled at Munich,
as chapel-master to Albert, duke of
Bavaria. His productions are numerous,
but now rarely to be met with. D. 1598.
— KuDOLPH and Ferdinand, his two
sons, were also good musicians, and be-
sides producing many compositions of
their own, published their father's
works, under the title of "Magnus
Opus Musicum Orlandi de Lasso."
LATHAM, John, M.D., F.R.S., &c.,
an eminent ornithologist and antiquary,
was b. et Eltham, in Kent, in 1740,
where his father practised as a surgeon
and apothecary. Among his produc-
tions are, "A General Synopsis of
Birds," "Index Ornitholog'icus," also,
" Heald's Pharmacopoeia Improved,"
and others ; but his great work, which
he commenced in his 82d year, was " A
General History of Birds." So inde-
fatigable was he, and withal so capable
of this undertaking, at such an advanced
period of life, that, with singular fidelity
to nature, he designed, etched, and
colored the whole of the plates himself.
D. 1837.
LATIMEE, HtJGH, bishop of Wor-
cester, one of the first reformers of the
church of England, was b. at Thurcas-
ton, in Leicestershire, in 1470. He first
became obnoxious to the enemies of in-
novation by a series of discourses, in
which he dwelt upon the uncertainty of
tradition, the vanity of works of su-
pererogation, and the pride and usurpa-
tion of the Roman hierarchy. Latimer
had the courage to write a letter of re-
monstrance to Henry VIII., on the eviJ
of prohibiting the use of the Bible iu
English. Although this ejiistle pro-
duced no effect, Henry presented the
writer to the living of West Kenton, in
Wiltshire. The ascendency of Anne
Boleyn and rise of Tliomas Cromwell
proved favorable to Latimer, and he was
in 1535 appointed bishop of Worcester.
But the fall of his patrons prepared the
way for reverses, and the six articles
being carried into parliament, Latimer
resigned his bishopric rather than hold
LAUJ
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
571
any office in a church which enforced
such terms of communion, and retired
into the country. During the short
rei^n of Edward Vl. he again preached,
and was highly popular at court, but
cT)uld not be inducea to resume his epis-
copal functions. Soon after Mary as-
cended the throne, Latimer was cited
to appear before the council, in doing
which an opportunity was afforded him
to quit the kingdom. He, however,
prepared with alacrity to obey the cita-
tion, and as he passed through Smith-
field exclaimed, " This place has long
groaned for me." In 1555 new and
more sanguinary laws having been
enacted, in support of the Catholic reli-
gion, a commission was issued by Cardi-
nal Pole, the pope's legate, to try Latimer
and Kidley for heresy, who were in con-
sequence delivered over to the secular
arm, and condemned to the flames.
This sentence was put in execution at
Oxford, Oct. 16, 1555. At the place of
execution, having thrown otf the old
fown which was wrapped about him,
.atimer appeared in a shroud prepared
for the purpose, and with his fellow-
sufferer was fastened to the stake with
an iron chain. A fagot ready kindled
was then placed at Ridley's feet, to
whom Latimer exclaimed, " Be of good
comfort, master Kidley, and play the
man. We shall this day light such a
candle, by God's grace, in England, as, I
trust, shall never be put out." He then
recommended his soul to God, and, with
firm composure, expired amid the
flames. — William, a celebrated scholar
of the 16th century, who taught Erasmus
Greek, and was tutor to Reginald, after-
wards Cardinal Pole. He was a prebend-
ary at Salisbury, and held two livings
in Gloucestershire. D. 1545.
LATOUK D'AUVERGNECORRET,
Theophilus Malo de, a distinguished
soldier, citizen, and scholar of the
French republic, was b. in 1743, at Car-
haix, in Lower Britany. He first
served in the army during the American
war ; and when the French reyolution
broke out, he was intrusted with the
command of 8000 grenadiers, and dis-
tinguished himself in various successful
enterprises on the Spanish frontier. In
1795 he returned to his studies ; but in
1799 he once more took the field, gener-
ously serving in lieu of a friend's only
son, who had been drawn as a conscript.
Bonaparte rewarded his bravery by be-
stowing on him the honorable title of
First Grenadier of France ; but he did
^ot long retain it, being killed at the
battle of Neuburg, in 1 800. li * was well
versed in history, and an eminent lin-
guist ; author of a Franco-Celtic Dic-
tionary, and various other philological
works of merit.
LATUDE, Henby Mazeks de, who
was a prisoner in the Bastille for 35
years, was b. in 1724, at Montagnac, in
Languedoc. In order to gain the favor
of madame de Pompadour, he persua-
ded her that an attempt was to be made
on her life, by a box containing the most
subtle poison ; and when the box ar-
rived, it was discovered that it had been
sent by Latude himself, and contained
nothing but ashes. This offence, aggra-
vated by repeated endeavors to escape,
was the cause of his long and rigorous
incarceration ; but when liis sufferings
became known, by the publication of
his memoirs, which he wrote soon after
his liberation, they became a formidable
weapon in the hands of the revolution-
ists, and the national assembly decreed
him a pension. D. 1804.
LAUD, William, archbishop of Can-
terbury in the reign of Charles I., was
b. in 1573, at Reading, in Berkshire,
accompanied James I. to Scotland, as
one of his chaplains, in 1617 ; was in-
stalled a prebend of Westminster in
1620 ; and obtained the see of St David's
in the following year. On the accession
of Charles I. his influence became very
great ; and he was translated to the see
of Bath and Wells, and in 1628 to that
of London. In 1630 he was elected
chancellor of the university of Oxford,
to which he was a great benefactor, and
which he enriched with an invaluable
collection of manuscripts, in a great
number of languages, ancient, modern,
and oriental. In 1683 he attended
Charles, into Scotland, who went there
to be crowned ; on his return he was
promoted to the see of Canterbury, and
during the same year he was chosen
chancellor of the university of Dublin.
The zeal which he displayed for conform-
ity to the church, and his endeavors
to introduce the liturgy into Scotland,
created him numerous enemies. At the
commencement of the long parliament,
therefore, he was impeached by the
commons and sent to the Tower. After
lying there three years, he was brought
to his trial before the lords, by whom
he was acquitted, which so provoked
the faction m the lower house, that they
passed a b'.U of attainder, declaring him
guilty of treason, which they compelled
the peers to pass ; and the archbishop
was accordingly beheaded on Tower-
572
CYCLOPAEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[lau
hill, Jan. 10, 1644-5. He was in the
72d year of his age, and met his fate
with great fortitude. Among his works
are, "Annotations on the Life and
Death of King James," his "Diary,"
edited'by Wliarton, and published with
his "Eemains," " Officium Quotidia-
num," &c.
LAUDER, Sir Thomas Dick, whose
versatile pen has acquired for him a
high place in Scottish literature, was b.
near Edinburgh, 1784. He was one of
the first contributors to " Blackwood's
Magazine." His two novels, " Lochin-
dher" and " The Wolf of Badenoch,"
published in early life, are remarkable
tor freedom and felicity of style ; and
these were followed at intervals by va-
rious other works, among which are
" The Floods of Moray in 1829," " High-
land Rambles," " Tour round the Coasts
of Scotland," " The Queen's Visit to
Scotland in 1842," &c. His last contri-
bution to literature was a series of pa-
pers on the rivers of Scotland, which
appeared in " Tait's Magazine." D.
1848. — William, a literary impostor,
who acquired notoriety by endeavoring
to hold up Milton as a plagiarist, was a
native of Scotland. In 1747 he began
an attack upon Milton in the " Gentle-
man's Magazine," which he followed up
by a pamphlet, entitled "An Essay on
Milton's Use and Imitation of the Mod-
erns in his Paradise Lost." His alleged
quotations from Grotius, Massenius,
and others, passed as genuine for a time,
until they were exposed by Dr. Douglas,
bishop of Salisbury, which drew from
the fabricator an acknowledgment of his
guilt. Yet after this he returned to the
charge in a tract, with this title, "The
Grand Impostor detected, or Milton
convicted of Forgery against Charles I."
D. 1771.
LAUDERDALE, James Maitland,
earl of, a very active and energetic states-
man, whose opinions were at one time
deemed to be of great weight, both by
his own party and by his opponents,
was b. in 1759. In 1780 he was returned
to parliament for Newport, in Cornwall,
and subsequently for Malmesbury. As
a member of the lower house he joined
the party of his friend Mr. Fox, and
took an active part in opposing the
North administration, supported Mr.
Fox's India bill, and was one of the
managers of the impeachment of War-
ren Ihistings. In 1789 he succeeded to
the title, and was in the following year
sent to the house of lords as one of the
sixteen Scottish representative peers.
In 1806, on the dissolution of the Pitt
administration, he was created a peer
of the United Kingdom, sworn a privy
councillor, and received the great seal
of Scotland. In August of the same
year he was sent as minister plenipoten-
tiary to France, with full powers to con-
clude a peace. D. 1840.
LAUNEY, Bernabd Rene Jottrdan
DE, the last governor of the Bastille in
Paris, which was erected in 1383, and
destroyed July 14, 1789.
LAUNOI, John de, a French divine,
b. in 1603, who defended the liberties
of the Galilean church, and reformed
the calendar by purging it of fictitious
saints and legendary tales. D. 1678.
LAURENT, Petee Joseph, a me-
chanic, was b. in Flanders, in 1715. He
is said to have constructed some hy-
draulic machines, when he was not
more than 10 years of age ; and at 21 he
was made superintendent of several
public works ; among which was the
direction of the canals in the Nether-
lands. He also projected the junction
of the Somme and the Scheldt ; for
which he was honored with the order
of St. Michael. D. 1773.
LAURENS, Henry, an American pa-
triot and statesman, was b. at Charleston,
S. C, in 1724. After receiving a good
school education, he engaged in com-
merce, and soon amassed an ample
fortune. At the breaking out of the
revolution he was in London, but he
immediately returned to his native coun-
try, and in 1776 was elected a delegate
to the general congress. He was soon
chosen president of this body, and re-
mained so till the close of the year 1778.
In 1779 he received the appointment of
minister plenipotentiary to Holland, but
on his way thither was captured by the
British, and committed to the Tower,
where he was in confinement fourteen
months. He was one of the commis-
sioners for negotiating a peace with
Great Britain, and in 1782 he signed with
Jay and Franklin the preliminaries of the
treaty. His health, however, was much
impaired, and he soon returned home
and passed the remainder of his life in
agricultural pursuits. D. 1792. — John,
lieutenant-colonel, son of the preceding,
was liberally educated in England, and
having returned to his native country
joined the American army in 1777. He
displayed prodigies of valor at Brandy-
wine, Germantown, Monmouth, Savan-
nah, and Charleston, and was killed at
the very close of the war by carelessly
exposing himself in a trifling skirmish.
lav]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
573
In 1780 he was sent as a special minister
to France, to negotiate a loan, and after
being subjected to a vexatious delay, lie
determined to present a memorial to
the king in person at the levee. This
purpose he carried into eflfect, the me-
morial was graciously received, and the
object of negotiation satisfactorily ar-
ranged.
LAUEI, FiLipPO, a painter, was the
son of a Flemish artist, but b. at Kome,
in 1623. His altar-pieces and other
scriptural paintings are held in much
esteem. D. 1694.
LAV ALETTE, Maeie Chamans, count
de, was b. at Paris, in 1769. In 1796
Bonaparte appointed him his aid-de-
camp, and he was frequently charged
by nim with difficult missions. After
Napoleon became emperor, in 1803, he
was appointed a count of the empire.
In 1814 he was removed from the post-
office ; but on the 20th of March, 1815,
by virtue of orders from Napoleon, who
entered Paris in the evenmg, he re-
sumed his former duties, and gave no-
tice to stop the departure of the journals,
dispatches, and travelling post-horses
without signed orders. At the same
time, he dispatched a courier to Napo-
leon, to describe the actual condition of
the capital. On the 2d of June he was
nominated a peer. On the second res-
toration in July, 1815, he was deprived
of his functions, arrested by the sub-
prefect of police, Decazes, and con-
demned to death as an accomplice in
Bonaparte's treason against the royal
authority. An appeal having been re-
jected, and Madame Lavalette's appli-
eation for pardon being declined, his
execution was fixed for the 21st Decem-
ber. On the evening of the 20th, his
wife, her daughter, twelve years old,
and her governess, presented them-
selves at the prison door and were ad-
mitted by the jailers as usual. A short
time after the daughter and governess
reappeared, supporting Madame Lava-
letto, apparently in great affliction. They
were scarcely gone when the turnkey
appeared in his cell, and Lavalette was
not to be found — his wife, Madame La-
valette, had taken his place. On the
escape being known, his wife was ar-
rested, and tried, with her governess.
Sir Robert Wilson, and Messrs. Hutch-
inson and Bruce, by the Cour Royale.
The latter were condemned to a short
imprisonment, and she and the gover-
laess acquitted ; but she never recovered
the shock caused to her nerves and con-
Btitution by the lisks to which her noble
fidelity had exposed her. A fixed men-
tal alienation succeeded.
LAVATER, John Gaspak, the cele-
brated physiognomist, was b. at Zurich,
in 1741. He became pastor of the prin-
cipal church of St. Peter at his native
place, and was distinguished by his
unwearied zeal in behalf of practical
Christianity. He d. in 1801, inconse-
quence of a wound which he received
in 1799, when the French troops under
Massena took Zurich by storm. He was
the author of a " Treatise on Physiog-
nomy," the " Journal of a Self-Ob
server," "Jesus the Messiah," "Spir-
itual Hymns," " Swiss Lays," &c. ; out
the work by which he is universally
known, and which once was highly
popular, is that on physiognomy. La-
vater was pious, but credulous ; enthu-
siastic, but sincere.
LAVICOMTERIE de St. Sampson,
Louis, a violent partisan of the French
revolution, who wrote " Crimes des
Rois de France," "Les Crimes des Em-
pereurs," and "Les Crimes des Papes."
He became a member of the convention
in 1792 ; voted for the death of the
king ; and, in 1794, was ordered by the
Jacobin club to draw up the "Ac^of
Accusation against Kings." D. 1809.
LAVOISIER, Anthony Laurence, a
celebrated French chemist, was b. at
Paris, in 1743 ; was educated at Mazarin
college ; and, on quitting it, devoted
himself wholly to the sciences, but more
particularly to chemistry. The discov-
eries of Black, Cavendish, and Priestley,
relative to the nature of elastic fluids or
gases, having attracted his notice, he
entered on tne same field of inquiry,
with all his characteristic ardor, in the
cause of science ; and, possessing the
advantage of a considerable fortune, he
conducted his experiments on a large
scale, and obtained highly interesting
results. His new theory of chemistry
was received with applause in Germany
and France, though strenuously opposed
by Dr. Priestley, whose phlogistic hy-
pothesis it tended to overthrow, in
1789 he published his "Elements of
Chemistry," a work of merit and im-
?ortance. He succeeded Buffon and
'ilet as treasurer of the Academy, and
became also farmer-general ; but not-
withstanding his talents and virtues, he
was condemned to death by the revolu-
tionary tribunal of Paris, on the frivo-
lous charge of having adulterated the
tobacco with ingredients obnoxious to
the health of the citizens, and was guil-
lotined in 1794. Besides his Elements,
574
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[law
he wrote "Chemical and Philosophical
Miscellanies," " Keport of the Commis-
fiioners charged to examine Animal
Magnetism,"'" Instructions for making
Nitre," &c.
LAW", Edmund, a learned prelate, was
b. at Cartmel, in Lancashire, in 1703 ;
and, after obtaining various church pre-
ferments, was raised to the see of Car-
lisle in 1769. He was the author of
many able theological works, among
which are, " Considerations on the The-
ory of Religion," " Eeflections on the
Life and Character of Christ," an "In-
quiry into the Ideas of Space, Time,"
&c. D. 1787. — John, a celebrated finan-
cial projector, was b. in 1681, at Edin-
burgh, where his father, a goldsmith,
resided. He was bred to no profession,
but studied the mathematics, and par-
ticularly excelled as an accountant. For
the purpose of remedying the deficiency
of a circulating medium, he projected
the establishment of a bank, with paper
issues, to the amount of the value of all
the lands in the kingdom ; but this
scheme was rejected. Having seduced
a young lady in England, he killed her
brother in a duel, and was obliged to
leave the country. He went first to
Holland, and afterwards to Venice and
Genoa, from which cities he was ban-
ished as a designing adventurer; but,
at length, he secured the patronage of
the regent duke of Orleans, and estab-
lishedhis bank at Paris, 1716, by royal
authority. To this was joined the com-
pany of the Mississippi, a pretended
scheme for paying off the national debt,
and for eni'iching subscribers. The
project became extravagantly popular,
and every one converted his gold and
silver into paper. In 1720 Law was
made comptroller of the finances. The
bubble, however, burst ; and the people,
enraged, besieged the palace of the re-
gent, crying out, as they held up their
hands full of bills, " See the fruits of
your system." Law was exiled to Pon-
toise, from whence he escaped to Italy,
and d. at Venice in 1729. — William, a
gious English divine, was b. at King's
liffe, Northarnptonshire, in 1686 ; was
educated at Emanuel college, Cam-
bridge ; and lived for the most part a
retired life at the house of Mrs. Hester
Gibbon, aunt of the celebrated .historian,
to whom he had been tutor. He wrote
against Bishop Hoadly, and was also
the author of some valuable practical
books, as, "A Serious Call to a Devout
and Holy Life," "A Treatise on Chris-
tian Perfection," <feo. In his latter days
he fell into the mystic reveries of Jacob
Behmen, whose works he published.
D. 1761.
LAWLESS, John, the once celebrated
Irish agitator, was a native of Dublin,
and originally designed for the legal
profession. Eor many years he was dis-
tinguished as a leading political charac-
ter with the liberals of Ireland ; and
from his straightforward and fearless
conduct, he acquired from all parties
the title of "honest Jack Lawless."
When ' the English government first
proposed to grant emancipation to the
Irish Catholics, provided their clergy
were paid by the state, and the forty-
shilling freeholders were disfranchised,
" honest Jack" vehemently opposed the
measure in the Catholic association, and
thereby acquired a degree of popularity,
which aroused the jealousy of his great
rival co-agitator. His eloquence was
energetic, forcible, and convincing ; and
it is generally understood, that whatever
might have been the faults of the head,
his heart was sound at the core. D.
1837.
LAWRENCE, Sir Thomas, the most
celebrated portrait painter of the age,
was b. in 1769, at Bristol, where his
father kept an inn. He early exhibited
proofs of his talent for the art, having,
It is said, sketched portraits in his fifth
year. At the age of 6 he was sent to
school, where he remained two years ;
and this, with the exception of a tew
lessons subsequently in Latin and
French, constituted his whole educa-
tion. Young Lawrence, however, had
access to the galleries of some of the
neighboring gentry, in which he em-
ployed himself in copying historical and
other pieces. In 1782 his father, who
had been unsuccessful in business, re-
moved to Bath, where his son was much
employed in taking portraits in crayon ;
and having made a copy of the Trans-
figuration by Raphael, the society for
the encouragement of arts bestowed on
him their prize of five guineas and a
silver palette. In 1787 the family re-
moved to London, and Lawrence was
admitted a student at the Royal Acad-
emy. His subsequent career was suc-
cessful and brilliant. He was elected
royal associate in 1791, and on the death
of Sir J. Reynolds, the next year, was
made painter to the king. After the
peace of 1814 he painted the portraits of
the allied sovereigns, and the generals
Blucher, Platoff, and Wellington; also
Louis XVIII. and Charles X. of France^
besides numerous others, ooiisieting »
lbd]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
675
the principal nobility of England, the
pope, Cardinal Gonsalvi, and many
other distinguished personages on the
Continent. On the death of Mr. West,
in 1820, Sir T. Lawrence was elected
president of the Eoyal Academy. D.
1830.
LEBEUN, Charles, a celebrated pain-
ter, was b. at Paris, in 1618. He studied
under Vouet and Poussin; and, after
his return from Eome, was made presi-
dent of the new royal academy of paint-
ing and sculpture. From 1661 he "was
principally employed in embellishing
the residences of Louis XIV. and his
nobles with works of art, and m super-
intending the brilliant spectacles ofthe
court, februn possessed a comprehen-
sive genius, which was cultivated by the
incessant study of history and national
customs. He wrote a treatise on the
passions, and another on physiognomy.
D. 1690.— Charles Francis, duke of
Placentia, was b. in 1789, at Coutances,
in Normandy j came at an early age to
Paris ; and being nominated depiity to
the states-general in 1789, he occupied
himself, during the session, with affairs
of police, finance, and domestic adminis-
tration. In 1795 he was elected to the
council of elders, and became president
in 1796. He was appointed third consul
in December, 1799 ; nominated arch-
treasurer of the empire in 1804 ; and, in
1805, governor-general of Liguria and
duke of Placentia. Having signed the
constitution that recalled the house of
Bourbon to the throne, he was created
a peer of France by the king, and, in
the beginning of July, was appointed
president of the first bureau of the
chamber of peers. After the return of
Napoleon, he accepted the peerage from
him, and likewise the place of grand-
master of the university, a proceeding
which rendered him incapable of sitting
in the new chamber of peers, formed in
August, 1815. In the early part of his
life he translated the Iliad and Odyssey,
and Tasso's "Jerusalem." D. 1824. —
Ponce Denis Ecouchard, a French poet,
who for a time obtained the appellation
of the French Pindar, was b. in 1729 ;
became secretary to the prince of Conti,
and early distinguished himself as a
writer of elegant lyrics. At the com-
mencement of the revolution, he cele-
brated the birth of freedom in odes,
epigrams, and songs; but afterward
changed his opinions. When the acad-
emical establishments were reorganized,
Lebrun became a member of the insti-
tute; en A he received from Bonaparte,
42
when first consul, a pension of 6000
francs. D. 1807.
LECLERC, Daniel, an eminent medi-
cal writer, was a native of Geneva. His
chief writings are, "Bibliotheca Ana-
tomica," "HistoiredelaMedecine," and
"Historia latorum Lumbricorum. D.
1728. — John, an eminent critic, b. at
Geneva, in 1657. He was the author of
numerous works ; among which are,
*' Ars Critica," *' Harmonia Evangelica,"
and three voluminous " Bibliotheques."
He was professor of philosophy, belles
lettres, and Hebrew, at Amsterdam,
where he d. in 1736. So prone was he
to dogmatize, and so impatient of con-
tradiction, that he has been styled the
self-constituted inquisitor of the repub-
lic of literature.
LECOMTE, Felix, a celebrated French
sculptor. Having obtained a prize for a
bas-relief of the Massacre of the Inno-
cents, while he was a pupil of Vasse, he
was sent to Eome as a pensionary of the
French school of arts. His statue of
Phorbas preserving (Edipus procured
him admission into the Academy ; but
the statue of Fenelon, which ornaments
the hall of the national institute, is con-
sidered his chef-d'oeuvre. During the
revolution he lived in retirement ; but,
at the restoration of the Bourbons, he
was nominated professor in the academy
of sculpture. D. 1817.
LEDYARD, John, an adventurous
traveller, was b. at Groton, Conn., 1751.
For a short time he resided among the
Six Nations, with whose language and
manners he became acquainted. He
then went to England, enlisted as a ma-
rine, and sailed with Captain Cook on
his second voyage, of which he published
an account. He next determined to
make the tour of the globe from London
east, on foot, and proceeded to St. Pe-
tersburg in the prosecution of this de-
sign, through the most unfrequented
parts of Finland. After waiting there
nearly three months, he obtained his
passport for the prosecution of his jour-
ney to Siberia. On his arrival at Ya-
kutsk, he was prevented by the Eussiaa
commandant of the place from proceed-
ing any further ; and was conducted to
the frontiers of Poland, with a threat of
being consigned to the hands of the ex-
ecutioner, should he again be found in
the Eussian territories. He was next
employed by the African Association to
explore the interior of Africa; but he
had proceeded no further than Grand
Cairo, when he was attacked with a fatal
disease, and d. in 178S.
676
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[lee
LEE, Arthur, an eminent patriot,
was b. in Virginia, in 1740, and received
his education in England, taking his
degree of M.D. at the university of Ed-
inburgh. He then returned to his native
state, and for some years practised phvsic
at WiUiamsburg, but political aftairs
were then assuming so interesting an
aspect, that he again went to England,
and entered on the study of law in the
Temple. In 1770 he visited London,
and became a member of the famous
society of the supporters of the bill of
rights. His political publications at this
period, under the signature of "Junius
Americanus," were numerous, and pro-
cured for him' the acquaintance of the
leaders. of the popular party. In 1776
he was appointed minister to France, in
conjunction with Dr. Franklin and Mr.
Deane, and assisted in negotiating the
treaty with that nation. In 1779, in con-
sequence of the false accusations of Mr.
Deane, complaints of his political con-
duct were freely circulated at home, and
in the following year he resigned his
appointments ancl returned. In 1781
he was elected to the assembly of Vir-
ginia, and by this body returned to con-
gress, where he continued to represent
the state till 1785. In 1784 he was em-
ployed to arrange a treaty with the six
Indian nations. He was next called to
the board of treasury, where he con-
tinued till 1789, when he went into re-
tirement. D. 1792. — Charles, a major-
general in the army of the American
revolution, was b. in North Wales, and
became an officer at the age of 11 years.
He served at an early age in America,
and afterwards distinguished himself
under Gen. Burgoync in Portugal. He
subsequently entered the Polish service,
wandered all over Europe, kiUed an
Italian officer in a duel, and, in 1773,
sailed for New York. Espousing the
cause of the colonies, he received a
commission from congress in 1775, with
the rank of major-general. In 1776 he
was invested with the command at New
York, and afterwards with the chief com-
mand in the southern department. In
December, 1776, he was made prisoner by
the Euglish, as he lay carelessly guarded
at a considerable distance from the main
body of the army in New Jersey. He
was kept prisoner till the surrender of
Burgoyne, in 1777, and treated in a man-
ner unworthy of a generous enemy. In
1778 he was arraigned before a "court-
martial, in consequence of his miscon-
duct at the battle of Monmouth, and
was suspended from any commission in
the army of the United States for one
year. He retired to a hovel in Virginia,
living in entire seclusion, surrounded
by his books and his dogs. In 1782 he
went to reside at Philadelphia, where
he d. in obscurity, in October of the
same year. He was a man of much
energy and courage, with considerable
literary attainments, but morose and
avaricious. He published essavs on
military, literary, and political subjects,
which with his extensive correspond-
ence were collected in a volume in 1792.
The authorship of the Letters of Junius
has been ascribed to him. — Henry, a
distinguished officer in the revolutionary
army, was b. in Virginia, 1756, and was
graduated at the college in Princeton.
In 1776 he was a captain of one of the
six companies of cavalry, raised by Vir-
ginia, and afterwards incorporated into
one regiment, and in 1777 added to the
main body of the provincials. At the
battle of Germantown, Lee was selected
with his company, to attend Washing-
ton as his body-guard. In 1780, being
raised to the rank of lieutenant-colonel,
he was sent with his legion to the army
of the South, under Gen. Greene, and
continued with it till the end of the war.
He distinguished himself at the battle
of Eutaw springs, and in the ensuing
October was sent on a special commis-
sion to the commander-in-chief, then
employed in the siege of Yorktown ; in
1786 he was appointed a delegate to
congress, from the state of Virginia, and
remained in that body till the adoption
of the present constitution. He was a
member of the state convention which
ratified that instrument, and in 1792 he
was raised to the chair of governor of
Virginia. In 1799 he was again a mem-
ber of congress, and, while there, se-
lected to pronounce a funeral oration on
the death of Washington. The latter
years of his life were embarrassed by
want, and it was while confined for debt
in the limits of Spottsylvania county,
that he prepared for publication his ex-
cellent " Memoirs of the Southern Cam-
paign." He was severely wounded
during the riot in Baltimore, in 1814,
and his health rapidly declined. He d.
1818. — Francis Lightfoot, a signer of
the declaration of independence, was b.
in Virginia, 1734. He inherited a large
fortune, and in 1765 became a member
of the house of burgesses of his native
state, and continued in that body tiU
1775, when he was chosen a member of
the continental congress. He remained
in this assembly tin 1779, when he en-
leg]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
5T7
tered the legislature of his native state.
h. 1797. — EicHARD Henry, an eminent
American patriot, and signer of the
declaration of independence, was b. in
Virginia, 1782, and received his ednca-
tion ia England. He returned to his
native country when in his nineteenth
year, and devoted himself to the general
study of history, politics, law, and polite
literature, without engaging in any par-
ticular profession. In his twenty-nfth
vear he was chosen a delegate to the
house of burgesses, where he soon dis-
tinguished himself by his powers in
debate. In 1764 he was appointed to
draught an address to the King, and a
memorial to the house of lords, which
are among the best state papers of the
period. His efforts in resisting the va-
rious encroachments of the British gov-
ernment were indefatigable, and in 1774
he attended the first general congress at
Philadelphia, as a delegate from Virginia.
He was a member of most of the im-
{)ortant committees of this body, and
abored with increasing vigilance and
energy. The memorial of congress to
the people of British America, and the
second address of congress to the peo-
ple of Great Britain, were both from his
pen. In June, 1776, he introduced the
measure that declared the colonics free
and independent states, and supported
it by a speech of the most brilliant elo-
quence. He continued to hold a seat
in congress till June, 1777, when he
eolicited leave of absence, on account of
the delicate state of his health. In Au-
gust of the next year he was again elect-
ed to congress, and continued in that
body till 1780, when he declined a re-
election till 1784. In that year he was
chosen president of congress, but re-
tired at the close of it, and in 1786 was
again chosen a member of the Virginia
assembly. He was a member of the con-
vention which adopted the present con-
stitution of the United States, and one of
the first senators under it. In 1792 he
again retired from public life. D. 1794.
— Nathaniel, a dramatist, was b. at Hat-
field, in Hertfordshire ; was educated at
Westminster school, and at Trinity col-
lege, Cambridge ; tried his fortune as
an actor and a writer for the stage ; be-
came insane, and was confined in Bed-
lam for two years, and d., in poverty,
in 1692, of injuries received during a
drunken frolic. He wrote eleven trage-
dies, of which " The Rival Queens,-'
and " Tlieodosiup," are the best ; and he
assisted Dryden in writing " CEdipus,"
and " The Duke of Guise." Lee pos-
49
sessed genius, but was deficient in judg-
ment ; and his style is often bombastic.
— Sophia, the daughter of an able actor,
was b. in London, in 1750. Her first
literary attempt, which, however, was
not published till many years after i^
was written, was " The Life of a Lover."
In 1780 her comedy of the '* Chapter of
Accidents" was so successful that the
profits of it enabled her to establishj at
Bath, an academy for young ladies,
which was conducted by herself ani
her sisters. Her novel of " The Recess'"
established her fame. In 1803 she retired
from her toils of tuition ; and she d.
March 13, 1824. She wrote, besides the
above works, " Almeyda," a tragedy ;
" The Assassination," a comedy ; " A
Hermit's Tale," a poem ; and two of
the stories in her sister's " Canterbury
Tales."
LEGARE, Hugh Swinton, was b. at
Charleston, S. C, in 1797; was grad-
uated at the college of Columbia ; stud-
ied law in his native place, and after-
wards at Paris and Edinburgh ; was
elected to the state legislature in 1820,
and made attorney-general of the state
in 1830. On the establishment of the
" Southern Review" in 1837, he was
chosen, jointly with Mr. Elliott, to be
the editor. He enriched its pages with
some of his best writings. In 1832 he
was made charge d'affaires to Belgium.
Mr. Tyler appointed him attorney-gen-
eral of the United States in 1841. D.
1843. In addition to his articles in the
Southern Review, he wrote for the
" New York Review" several able and
learned papers, such as "Demosthenes,"
*' Origin, nistory, and influence of the
Roman Law," and "Democracy at
Athens."
LEGENDRE, Adrien Marie, one of
the first mathematicians of the age,
filled the professor's chair at the military
school at Paris, was a member of the
French Academy of Sciences, and a
knight of the legion of honor. In 1787
he was employed by the French govern-
ment to assist Cassini and others, in
obtaining accurate estimates of the rela-
tive meridional situations of Paris and
Greenwich. He also distinguished him-
self by very profound researches con-
cerning the attraction of elliptic sphe-
roids, and was the first who demon-
strated that the ellipse is the only figure
in which the equilibrium of a homoge-
neous fluid mass can be preserved under
the influence of rotatory motion, and
that all its component molecules would
be mutually attracted in the inverse
578
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAl'HY.
[lei
ratio of the squares of their distances.
O2 the formatioa of the Institute he
became a member of that body; and
under the imperial government he was
nominated a counsellor for life of the
university of Paris. In 1815 he was
made an honorary member of the coun-
cil of public instruction; and in 1816,
conjointly with M. Poisson, examiner
of candidates for the Polytechnic school
Amon^ his works are, "Elemena de
Geometric," " Memoires sur les Trans-
cendantes EUiptiques," " Nouvelle The-
orie des Paralleles," &c. D. 1832. —
Louis, a French historian, b. at Kouen,
in 1659 ; he was canon of Notre Dame,
and abbot of Claire Fontaine, in the
diocese of Chartres. His principal work
(for he was the author of several) is a
" History of France." D. 1733.
LEGER, Francis Barry Boyle, St.,
barrister-at-law ; author of "Gilbert
Earle," the "Blount Manuscripts," and
" Tales of Passion." He was also editor
of the "Album," and a contributor to
several periodical publications. D. 1829.
LEGGET^", William, was b. in the
city of New York about 1802, was edu-
cated at the college of Georgetown, D.
C, but did not take a degree, accompa-
nied his parents to Illinois in 1819,
where they were among the earliest set-
tlers, and obtained a midshipman's
warrant in 1826, but retired from the
navy on account of the arbitrary con-
duct of one of his superior officers.
Shortly after he left the service he pub-
lished a volume of occasional verses,
called "Leisure Hours at Sea," and
wrote the tale of the "Eifie," which
attracted great attention. In 1822 he
established in this city a periodical
named the "Critic," which was con-
ducted with marked ability. His " Tales
of a Country Schoolmaster," and
" Sketches of the Sea," were collected
from its pages. In 1829 he became joint
editor with Mr. Bryant in the "New York
Evening Post," vphere he displayed the
noblest editorial energy and talent. In
1836 he published the " Plaindealer, "
a weekly paper of high character. In
1840 Mr. Van Buren appointed him
charg6 to Guatemala, but he d. while
he was preparing to set out.
LEGOUVE, Gabriel Marie Jean
Baptiste, a French dramatist and poet,
was b. in 1764, at Paris ; and was ad-
mitted as a member of the Institute in
1798. He wrote six tragedies and sev-
eral poems. D. 1813.
LEIBNITZ, Gottfried "Wilhelm,
Baron, a man of splendid abilities, was
b. in 1646, at Leipsic, in which city his
father was a professor of jurisprudenco
and moral pliilosophy. After studying
at Jena and Nuremberg, he removed to
the court of Mentz, and was appointed
a counsellor. In 1672 he went to Paris,
where he applied himself to mathe-
matics, and enjoyed the acquaintance of
the celebrated Iiuygens, whose expecta-
tions he answered by the invention of
an arithmetical machine. The elector
of Brandenburg (afterwards Frederic I.
king of Prussia) requested his advice in
the establishment of the royal academy
of sciences at Berlin, and, when com-
pleted, made him president of the insti-
tution. In 1711 lie was made Aulic
councillor to the emperor of Germany ;
and the emperor of Eussia appointed
him privy councillor of justice, with a
pension. He was, after this, engaged
in a controversy with Dr. Clarke, on the
subject of free will, as he had been be
fore with Newton on the invention of
fluxions. His philosophical writings
are very numerous, and he crowned his
literary fame by an "Essai sur I'Enten-
dement Humaui." According to the
Leibnitzian system of optimism, an infi-
nite number of worlds are possible in
the divine understanding; but, of all
possible ones, God has chosen and
formed the best. Each being is intended
to attain the highest degree of happi-
ness of which it is capable, and is to
contribute, as a part, to the perfection
of the whole. D. 1716.
LEICESTER, Thom.vs William, earl
of, and Viscount Coke, was distin-
guished throughout a long and active
life as one of the most princely and effi-
cient of all the improvers of English
agriculture. When upwards of 85 years
of age he was raised to the peerage. He
was twice married. By his first mar-
riage he had three daughters; and by
the second, contracted when he was 70
years of age and the brkle not 19, five
sons and one daughter. He sat in par-
liament for many years previous to hi3
elevation to the peerage, and always
spoke and voted on the Whig side.
D. 1842, aged 90.
LEIGHTON, Alexander, a Scotch
divine and physician, was b. at Edin-
burgh, in 1568. He became professor
of moral philosophy in that university,
but afterwards went to Leyden, and
took his doctor's degree. He then
visited London, where he had a rector-
ship, till he was prosecuted in the stai
chamber for publishing two libels, one
entitled "Zion's Plea," and the othei
lkn]
CTCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
579
"Tho Looking-glass of the Holy War."
He was sentenced to stand in the pillory,
to have his ears cut off, his nose slit,
branded on the clieek, publicly whipped,
and imprisoned in the Fleet, wliere he
remained 11 years, and d. insane, in
1644. — RoBEKT, sou of the preceding,
was b. in London, in 1613; he received
his education at Edinburgh ; and in
1643 settled as minister of Newbottle,
near that city.- He then quitted the
Presbyterian church for the P^piscopal ;
was successively principal of Edinburgh
university, bishop of Dumblane, and
archbishop of Glasgow; and d. in 1684.
He was a good theologian, an eloquent
preacher, and a pious and disinterested
man.
LELAND, John, an English anti-
quary, was b. in London, about tlie end
of Henry VlT.'s reig'n ; was educated at
St. Paul's school, Christ's college, Cam-
bridge, and All Soul's, Oxford ; and
was made chaplain and librarian to
Henry VIII., wno also appointed him
his antiquary, with a commission to
examine all the libraries of the cathe-
drals, abbeys, and colleges in the king-
dom. He spent six years in travelling
to collect materials for the history and
antiquities of England and Wales ; and
retired to his house in London, to ar-
range and methodize the stores of intel-
ligence which he had collected ; but,
atler about two years, he d. insane in
1552, without having completed his
undertaking. The great bulk of his
collections, after passing through various
hands, was placed in the Bodleian li-
brary, in an unfinished state. Hearne
f)ublished his " Itinerary" and " Col-
ectanea," and Hall edited his " Cora-
mentarii deScriptoribus Britannicis." —
John, a dissenting minister; author of
" A View of the Principal Deistical
Writers in England," " The Advantage
aud Necessity of the Christian Revela-
tion," and "Sermons." He also wrote
against Tindal, Dodwell, and Boliug-
broke. B, 1691; d. 1766.— Thomas, 'a
divine and miscellaneous writer, was b.
in 1722, at Dublin, and was educated at
Trinity college. In 1768 the lord lieu-
tenant appointed him his chaplain, aud
subsequently gave him the vicarage of
Bray, and a prebend in St. Patrick's
cathedral. He was the author of a " His-
tory of Ireland," " The Life of Philip
of Macedon," " A Dissertation on the
Principles of Human Eloquence," &c.
D. 1785.
LELY, Sir Peter, a celebrated paint-
«r, whose family name was Vander Vaes,
was b. at Soest, in Westphalia, in 1617,
and was a pupil of Grebber, of llaerleni.
Ill 1641 he went to Elngliiiul, and from
that period he gradually rose in reputa-
tion. He finished portraits bolu of
Charles 1. and Cromwell, but it was not
till the restoration that he reached the
height of fame and prosperity. He.foU
in with the voluptuous taste of the new
court, in his representation of the beau-
ties who adorned it ; and by the delicacy
and grace of his pencil, became the
favorite painter, and was knighted by
Charles II., who highly esteemed him.
D. 1680.
LEMONNTER, Peter Charles, an
eminent French astronomer, was b. at
Paris in 1715, and accompanied Mau-
pertuis in his tour towards the north
pole for measuring a degree of the me-
ridian. He wrote several works on the
science, and had the honor of number-
ing among his pupils the celebrated
Lalande. D. 1796.— Louis William,
brother of the preceding, was first phy-
sician to the king, and professor of
botany at the Jardin du Roi. After
narrowly escaping destruction during
the French revolution, he retired to
Montreuil, where he d. in 1779. He was
the author of " Observations d'llistoiro
Naturelle," &c., and a contributor to the
Encyclopedie and other scientific works.
LEMPRIERE, JoH>f, an eminent clas-
sical scholar, was a native of Jersey ;
received his education at Reading, Win-
chester, and Pembroke college, Oxford,
graduated at that university ; was head-
master of Abingdon grammar-school,
and afterwards of the school at Exeter;
and on resigning the latter, was pre-
sented to the livinsrs of Meeth and
Newton Petrock, in Devonshire, which
he held till his decease, in 1824. His
principal works are, the "Bibliotheca
Classica, or Classical Dictionary," and a
"Universal Biography."
L'ENCLOS, Xnne, or Ninon de, a
celebrated female, distinguished alike
by beauty, wit, and accomplishments,
was b. at Paris in 1616. She was left at
an early age the mistress of a good for-
tune ; and being possessed of the high-
est personal as well as intellectual
charms, and giving free scope to the in-
dulgence of her passions, it is no won-
der that she drew around her a circle
of lovers and suitors, distinsfuished
either for their rank or gallantry ; but
her love of independence, or a more un-
worthy cause, prevented her from form-
ing a serious connection. Without ma-
king a traffic of her charms, she attached
580
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[led
herself to those who pleased her ; and
having extended her favors, in succes-
sion, to the moat celebrated men of her
time, she proved to all she was quite as
regardless of constancy in her attach-
ments. This modern Lais was coun-
tenanced, complimented, and consulted
hy some of the most eminent writers of
the day. Scarron, we are told, consulted
her on his romances, St. Evremont on
his poems, Moliere on his comedies,
Fontenelle on his dialogues, and Koche-
foucauld on his maxims. Her friendship
was sought by some of the most respect-
able of her own sex. "The power of
her natural beauty," says one of her
biographers, "was indeed tragically
illustrated by the often-told adventure
of one of iier own sons, who being
brought up in ignorance of his birth,
fell desperately in love with his mother,
and when she discovered to him the
fatal secret, he, in a fit of despair and
desperation, stabbed himself in her
Eresenee !" This terrible event hag
een introduced by Le Sage into his Gil
Bias. D. 1705, in the 90th year of her
age.
LENFANT, James, a French Prot-
estant divine, was b. 1691, and d. 1728.
He published histories of the councils
of Constance, Basle, and Pisa, very
faithfully written. He likewise trans-
lated the New Testament into French,
with notes, in conjunction with Beau-
sob re. His other works are, a " History
of Pope Joan," "Sermons," a "Pre-
servative against Uniting with the
Church of Rome," «fec.
LENGLET DU FRESNOY, Nich-
olas, a French writer, was b. at Beau-
vais, in 1674. He was an ecclesiastic,
but so much given to satire and political
intrigues, that he was frequently sent
to the Bastille. His death was occa-
sioned by falling into the lire in 1755.
Among his voluminous works, the best
are, his " Method for Studying History"
and " Chronological Tablets of Univer-
sal Plistory," which have been translated
into English.
LENNOX, Charlotte, a female of
considerable literary abilities, was b. in
1720. Her father, Colonel Ramsay, was
lieutenant-governor of New York, by
whom she was sent to England, where
she married early, and was left a widow
with one child. In 1647 she published
a volume of poems, and 1751 her novel
of " Harriet Stuart," which was followed
the next year, by " The Female Quixote"
and "Shakspeare Illustrated." After
this appeared, in quick succession, sev-
eral works translated frv m the French,
and the novels of "Henrietta" and
" Euphemia." She was also the author
of some dramatic pieces. Her character
was unimpeachable, and she was highly
respected by Dr. Johnson and Samuel
Richardson ; but in her declining years
she was doomed to penury and sickness,.
and had it not been for the relief af-
forded her by the Literary Fund So-
ciety, her latter days must have been
truly miserable. D. 1804.
LENOTRE, Andrew, a French ar-
chitect and ornamental gardener, was b.
in 1618, and studied painting under
Vouet. He was a ^reat favorite of
Louis XIV., and his plans for the
decoration of the park of Versailles
contributed principally to establish his
reputation. Delille has celebrated the
talents of Lenotre, whose style of orna-
mental planting was fashionable, not
only in France but in England, till
it was superseded by the more natural
style introduced by Kent, Brown, &c.
D. 1700.
LENTHALL, William, an English
statesman of the 17th century, wash, at
Henley, in Oxfordshire, in 1591. In
1639 lie was elected into parliament for
Woodstock, and in 1640 he was chosen
speaker, but was turned out by Crom-
well in 1653. The year following he
became speaker of the parliament called
by the Protector, as he did also of the
Rump. D. 1682.
LEO L, surnaraed the Great, and
canonized as a saint, was a native of
Tuscany, and succeeded Sixtus III. in
the papal chair in 440. He took a very
decided part against the Manichasan
heresy and other schismatics, persuaded
Attila to withdraw his forces from the
very gates of Rome, and afterwards
saved the city from being burned by
Genseric. D. 461. — X., Giovanni db
Medici, pope, son of the celebrated Lo-
renzo de M!edici, was b. at Florence, in
1475. At the age of 11 he was made an
archbishop by Louis XL, king of France ;
at 14 Julius II. invested him with the
dignity of legate, and he served as such
in the army which was defeated by the
French, near Ravenna, in 1512. He
was taken prisoner after that battle, but
the soldiers showed the most snpo
stitious veneration for his person, as the
representative of the pope. He was
elected to the papacy in 1513, and his
coronation was celebrated with unusual
po.mp. , He terminated the disputes
wiiich had subsisted between his pre-
decessor and Louis XII. of France,
LES]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
5ai
concluded the council of Lateran, and
formed a splendid library, which he en-
riched Willi inestimable manuscripts.
This pontiff formed two great projects,
the one to effect a general association of
the Christian powers against the Turks,
and the other to complete the church
of St. Peter. To aid these schemes he
issued plenary indulgences, wliich being
carried into Germany, aroused the zeal
of Luther, and ultimately produced tlie
reformation. D. 1521. Leo X. was a
munificent patron of learning and the
arts, and his short pontificate forms one
of the most interesting periods in papal
history. — XII., Annibale della Genga,
was b. at Genoa, in 1760, and succeeded
Pius VII. in the papal chair, in 1823.
By the remission of many taxes, as well
as by his benevolence and personal at-
tention to the hospitals, prisons, and
public institutions for the poor, he ob-
tained the love of the people ; he also
endeavored to free the states of the
churcli from robbers and banditti, as
well as to suppress the remains of Car-
bonarism. Leo d. in Feb., 1829, and
was succeeded by Cardinal Castigiione,
who took the name of Pius VIII. Pius
died Dec., 1830, and was succeeded by
Cardinal Capellari, (Gregory XVI.) —
VI., emperor of the East, called the
Philosopher, succeeded his father, Basil,
the Macedonian, in 886. He expelled
the patriarch Photius, and defeated the
Hungarians ; but just before his death,
which happened in 911, his fl.eet sus-
tained a total defeat by the Saracens.
LEON, Fray Luis de, a Spanish poet
and ecclesiastic, was b. in 1527, and d.
in 1591. His ode, entitled " La Profecia
del Tago," has been translated into En-
glish by Mr. Witfen, and published at
the end of his translation of the poems
of Garcilaso de la Vega,
LEONIDAS, the Spartan king and
hero, was the son of King Anaxandrides,
and succeeded his half brother Cleo-
menes, 491 b. c. When Xerxes, king of
Persia, invaded Greece, with an immense
army, Leonidas marched to Thermo-
pylte, and, on arriving there, posted his
army, which, including the whole of the
allies, amounted only to 7000 men, so
skilfully, that the enemy, on coming to
the narrow pass, became aware of the
difficulty of carrying it by force. Xerxes,
therefore, attempted to bribe Leonidas,
offering him the dominion of all Greece.
This proposal being rejected with scorn,
the despot sent a herald to order the
Greeks to surrender their arms: "Let
Viim come and take them," was the
49*
hero's reply. Thrice did the Persians
advance in great force, and thrice were
they repelled, with enormous loss.
Meanwhile, a traitorous Greek, named
Ephialtes, led 10,000 of the enemy, by a
secret path, over the mountains, who
thus gained the rear of Leonidas. He
now saw that all was lost, but resolved
to show, by a memorable example, what
the Greeks could perform in the cause
of their country. After a long contest,
the hero fell, surrounded by countless
assailants. The gratitude of Greece
raised a splendid monument to the
memory of Leonidas and his brave as-
sociates, and annually celebrated the
great event by warlike games and ora-
tions.
LEP AUTRE, Anthony, first architect
to the king of France, erected the palace
of St. Cloud. His chief talent lay in the
decoration of edifices, but his fondness
for excessive ornament in a measure
destroyed the simple beauty of his de-
signs. D. 1691. — Peter, his son, was
an eminent sculptor, and became royal
statuary and director of the academy of
St. Luke. D. 1744.
LE SAGE, Alain Rene, a distin-
guished French novelist and dramatist,
was b. in 1668, at Sarzeau, in Britany,
and studied at the Jesuits' college, at
Vannes. In 1692 he went to Paris,
where his talents and manners procured
him admission into the best society, and
he soon adopted the profession of an
author. He studied the Spanish lan-
guage, and produced a multitude of
translations, or imitations, of Castilian
dramas and romances. His comedy of
"Crispin the Rival of his Master" first
attracted the public notice ; but his suc-
cess as a novelist has most contributed
to make him known to foreigners. " Le
Diable Boiteux," known in England by
the title of " The Devil upon Two
Sticks," became extremely popular ; the
comedy of "Turcaret," added to his
fame, and that fame was soon rendered
imperishable by his admirable " Gil
Bias." Le Sage was endowed with
great literary fertility ; he composed 24
dramatic pieces, an<i had a share in the
composition of 76 others. Among his
novels are, " The Adventures of Guz-
man d'Alfarache," "The Bachelor of
Salamanca," "The History of Estova-
nille Gonzales," &c. D. 1747. — Georob
Louis, a philosophical writer, was b. at
Geneva, in 1724, and d. in 1803. He
wrote "Fragments on Final Causes,"
and a treatise on " Mechanical Physics."
LESLIE, Charles, was b. in Ireland,
583
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[lE8
Studied at Trinity college, Dublin, and
the Temple; quitted the law for divinity,
and obtained prefenuent in Ireland. He
was a zealous Protestant, but i-e fused to
transfer his allegiance to tlie new gov-
ernment by taking the oaths to King
William, tte wrote many political tracts,
against the doctrine of resistance and in
defence of hereditary right, the most
important of which were in a weekly
paper, called "The Rehearsal." He
also wrote some treatises against deists
and Socinians, among which are, "The
Snake in the Grass," and "A Short and
Easy Method with the Deists." D. 1732.
— Sir John, a celebrated matliematician
and natural philosopher, was b. at Largo,
in Fifeshire, in 1766. His fath.er, who
was a joiner and cabinet-maker, in-
tended to bring him up to some useful
trade, but his fondness for calculation
and geometrical exercises brought him
at an early period under the notice of
professors Kobiuson, Playfair, and Du-
gald Stewart, and, wlien he was thirteen,
his parents were induced to let him enter
as a student at the university of St. An-
drew's. In 1790 he proceeded to Lon-
don, with an intention of delivering lec-
tures on natural philosophy; but being
disappointed in his views, he found it
expedient to commence writing for the
press as the readiest means of obtaining
a subsistence. His first undertaking^ of
any importance was a translation of Buf-
fon's " Natural History of Birds," which
appeared in 1793, and the sum he re-
ceived for this laid the foundation of
that pecuniary independence, wliich his
prudent habits fortunately enabled him
to attain. In 1800 he invented that ad-
mirable and delicate instrument the
differential thermometer; and in 1804
appeared his celebrated "Essay on the
Nature and Propagation of Heat." For
this performance he was honored by the
council of the Royal Society with the
Romford medals, and in 1805 he was
elected to the mathematical chair in the
iniversity of Edinburgh, which, in 1819,
he exchanged for that of philosophy on
the death of Professor Playfair. By the
invention of his hygrometer he suc-
ceeded in making the discovery of that
singularly beautitul process of artificial
freezing, or consolidation of fluids,
which enabled him to congeal mercury,
and convert water into ice by evapora-
tion. His chief works are, " An Account
of Experiments and Instruments de-
pending on the Relation of Air to Heat
and Moisture," the " Philosophy of
Aiithmetic," " Elements of Geometry,"
" Elements of Natural Philosophy,"
besides many admirable treatises in
" Nicholson's Philosophical Journal,"
the "Encyclopaedia Britannica," «fec.
D. 1832.
LESSING, GonnoLD Ephkaim, an
eminent German author, remarkable for
the versatility of his genius, was b. in
1729, at Kamentz, in Pomerania, and
was educated at Meissen and Leipsic.
In the early part of his career he con-
nected himself with theatricals, and led
an erratic life, but he afterwards com-
pensated for it by the closest mental
application. At Berlin, where he some-
times resided, he became acquainted
with Voltaire, the Jewish philosopher
Mendelssohn, Nicolai, Ramler, Sulzer,
and other literary characters. In 1770
the hereditary prince of Brunswick ap-
pointed him librarian at Wolfenbuttel,
and one of the fruits of this appoint-
ment was a periodical publication, en-
titled "Contributions to Literary His-
tory." Among his dramatic works are,
"Nathan the Wise," "Enulia Galotti,'^
"Minna von Barnhelm," "The Miso-
gynist," and " The Freethinker." His
other principal works are, "Laocoon,"
"Fables," "Fragments of an Un-
known," "The Hamburgh Drama-
turgy," and a "Dissertation on the
Education of the Human Race." D.
1781.
L' ESTRANGE, Sir Roger, a political
partisan and controversial writer, was
b. in 1616. His fiither, Sir Hamond
I'Estrange, was a zealous royalist ; and
the son, following his example, was
concerned in raising forces, and in some
unsuccessful enterprises in tavor of
Charles I. during the civil wars, for
which he was obliged to leave the king-
dom. Upon the restoration he returned,
and established an English newspaper,
under the title of "Tlie Public Intel-
ligencer," in 1663, which he discon-
tinued upon the publication of the first
" London Gazette." He wjis author of
many violent political tracts ; translated
Josephus, Cicero's " Otfices," Seneca's
"Morals," the "Colloquies" of Eras-
mus," and ^sop's " Fables." D. 1704.
LESUEUR, EusTACHE, a distinguished
French painter, was b. at Paris, 1617,
and obtamed from his countrymen the
name of "The French Raphael." His
conceptions are noble and elevated, his
composition is simple, careful, and well
arranged, the drawing is correct, in
good ttiste, and proves his diligent study
of the antique and of the great Italian
masters ; but his coloring is deficient in
lew]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
583
truth and vigor, which often renders his
Eictures too uuiform. D. 1658. — Jean
Iaptiste, a musical composer, b. 1763.
After completiug his studies at Amiens,
he obtained various appointments, as
director of music in cathedrals ; but
haviug'aii inclination for theatrical com-
Eositions, he resigned his place at Notre
►ame in 1788, aud produced several
operas. "Teleraachus" was his first.
He afterwards composed " La Caverne,"
which met witli tfie most brilliant ap-
plause, and in 1793 he produced "Paul
et Virginie," the " Death of Adam,"
and "The Bards." —Thomas, a math-
ematician and ecclesiastic, was b. at
Ket^iel, in Champagne, 1703. He en-
tered into the order of Minims, and
became a celebrated professor of math-
ematics, philosophy, and theology, in
the college of Siipienza, at Eome, where
he d. in 1770. He joined with Father
Jacquier in a "Commentary" upon
Newton's Principia, and also in a pro-
found work on the " Integral Calculus."
He also published "The Principles of
Natural Philosophy," and "Instituti-
ones Pliilosophicoe."
LETI, Gregory, an Italian historian,
was b. in 1630, at Milan, and, after
studying at Rome, went to Geiaeva,
where he abjured the Catholic religion,
and afterwards resided in England.
Among his Works are, Lives of " Sixtus
v.," " Charles V.," " Queen Elizabeth,"
"Oliver Cromwell," the "History of
Geneva," and a " History of the Car-
viinals." But the whole are so inter-
spersed with error and fiction, that they
may be regarded rather as romances than
authentic histories. D. 1701.
LEUCIPPUS, a philosopher of Elea,
who lived in the 5th century before the
Christian era. He was the disciple of
Zeno, and the master of Democritus.
The atomic system originated with him,
and thus, by ascribing a sensible power
to the particles of matter, and setting
them in motion, Leucippus and his fol-
lowers accounted at once for the origin
of the universe, without the interposi-
tion of divine agency. From him jDes-
cartes borrowed his' hypothesis of the
"Vortices," and Kepler was also much
indebted to the theory of Leucippus.
LEUSDEN, John, a celebrated biblical
critic and theologian, was a native of
Utrscht, where he distinsuished himself
as one of the most erudite scliolars and
able divines of the age. His theological
works are numerous and valuable. B.
1624.
LEUWENIIOEK, Anthony, a cele-
brated natural philosopher, was b. at
Delft, in 1632, and was celebrated for
his microscopical improvements and dis-
coveries, chiefly anatomical, the partic-
ulars of which were published in the
" Philosophical Transactions," and the
memoirs of the academy of sciences. A
selection from his works was pubUshed
in Ens:lish. D. 1723.
LEVAILLANT, Francis, a traveller
and naturalist, was b. at Paramaribo, in
Guiana, and from childhood showed a
strong predilection for the study of
natural history, particularly of ornithol-
ogy. In furtherance of this desire, he
undertook to penetrate the interior of,
Africa, which he twice accomplished,
tliough under circumstances of great
difficulty. He published two narratives
of his " Travels into the Interior of
Southern Africa," and a "Natural His-
tory of African Birds," of "Parrots,"
and of the rare "Birds of the Indies."
Insurmountable obstacles prevented hiir»
from pursuing his researches so far as
he wished, but his travels are very
amusing, and also afford much inforni-
ation of a philosophical nature. D.
1824.
LEVIZ AC, John Pons Victor Lacont2
DE, a French grammarian, was b. at
Alby, in Languedoc, emigrated to Hol-
land at the beginning of the revolution,
and settled in England as a French
teacher. He commenced his literary
career as a poet, but he is best known
by his grammars, dictionaries, and other
Sractical works on the French language.
>. 1813. '
LEWIS, John, a learned divine and
antiquary, was b. at Bristol, 1675, and
d. at Margate in 1746. He published
"The Life of Wickhff," "Wickliff's
Translation of the New Testament,"
"The History and Antiquities of the
Isle of Thanet," " The History of the
Abbey and Church of Feversham,"
" The Life of WilHam Caxton," Ac-
Matthew Gregory, familiarly styled
"Monk" Lewis, a popular romance
writer and dramatist, was b. in Lon-
don, in 1773, and was the son of the
under secretary of war. He was edu-
cated at Westminster school, after which
he travelled on the Continent, and im-
bibed while in Germany that taste for
the marvellous and romantic which
characterizes most of his writings. His
first production was " The Monk," a
romance admired for its talent, but
justly censured for its licentiousness ;
he also wrote "Feudal Tvrants," "llo-
mantie Tales," "Talcs of Terror," "The
584
CrCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[1.IO
Castle Spectre," a drama, and many-
others. He was a member of parlia-
ment, but undistinguished by any ora-
torical powers, and he d. in 1818. —
Merkiwether, b. 1774, and employed by
the government of the United States,
with Clark, to make discoveries in the
northern parts of the American con-
tinent, with a view to the extension of
commerce to the Pacific ocean. In 1805
they undertook a journey for the pur-
S)se of discovering the sources of the
issouri, and they passed the winter in
an icy region, 500 leagues beyond its
confluence. Lewis was soon after made
governor of Louisiana, and Clark a
general of its militia, and agent of the
United States for Indian affairs. D.
1809.
LEYDEN, John, a physician, but
more distinguished as a poet and orien-
tal scholar, was b. 1775, at Denholm,
Eoxburghshire, and was the son of a
small farmer. Displayincf in early youth
an eager desire for acquiring knowledge,
his parents contrived to send him to a
college at Edinburgh, where he first
studied theology, but relinquished it for
medicine ; and, in addition to the learn-
ed languages, he acquired French,
Spanish, Italian, German, Arabic^ and
Persian. In 1801 he assisted Sir Walter
Scott In procuring materials and illus-
trations for his " Minstrelsy of the Scot-
tish Border," and republished "The
Complaynt of Scotland," with a learned
preliminary dissertation, notes, and a
glossary. Having obtained a • doctor's
aegree, he was appointed assistant sur-
geon on the Madras establishment ; after
which he was made professor of the na-
tive dialects in the Bengal college, from
which situation, however, he was re-
moved, to be judge of the 24 Perguu-
nahs of Calcutta. His power of acquiring
languages was truly wonderful, find du-
ring his residence in India he devoted
himself to the study of oriental litera-
ture; but he did not long survive the
influence of the climate. His "Poetical
Eemains" were published in 1821.
LHUYD, Edward, an eminent anti-
quary and naturalist, b. about 1670, was
a native of Wales ; studied at Jesus col-
lege, Oxford, in which university he
succeeded Dr. Plot as keeper of the
Ashmolean Museum ; and was the au-
thor of a learned and valuable work,
entitled " Archseologia Britannica." He
also published " Lithophylacii Britan-
nici tconographia," and left in manu-
Bcript an " Irish-English Dictionary,"
and other curious papers on antiquarian
subjects. D. 1709. — Humphbet, an an-
tiquarian, b. at Denbigh, Wales ; author
of " Commentarioli Brittannicse Descrip-
tionis Fragmentum," " De Mona ruid-
ura Insula," "De Armamentario Ma-
no," and " The History of Caii\bria."
D. 1570.
LIBANIUS, a celebrated Greek rhet-
orician, b. at Antioch, in 314. He
studied at Athens, and afterwards be-
came famous as a teacher of eloquence
at Constantinople, till the jealousy of
the other professors being excited by
his success, he was accused of magical
practices, and banished. He afterwards '
became preceptor to Basil and John
Chrysostom, so celebrated in the Chris-
tian church ; and on the accession of
Julian, he was honored with his friend-
ship, and is supposed to have assisted
the emperor in some of his composi-
tions. Many of his orations and de-
clamations are extant, but they are
verbose and pedantic.
LICIITENBERG, Georoe Christo-
pher, an eminent natural philosopher,
was b. near Darmstadt, in 1742 : studied
at Gottiiigen, where he was appointed
professor extraordinary of the physical
sciences ; and succeeded Erleben, in
1777, as pr(>fessor of experimental phi-
losophy. His astronomical observations
were original and important. He also
indulged much in satire ; and among
others, possessing much wit and humor,
was an effusion, entitled " The Physiog-
nomy of Tails," in which Lavater and
his system were held up to ridicule. D.
1799.
LIDDEL, DuNCANT, a mathematician
and physician, was b. in 1651, at Aber-
deen, where he received his education.
He afterwards went to Frankfort, and
then removed to Eostock, and, in 1591,
was elected professor of mathematics at
Helrastadt, where he took his doctor's
deo-ree in physic. In 1607 he returned
to Scotland, and founded a mathemati-
cal professorship and six scholarships at
Aberdeen. He wrote several works on
medical subjects, and d. 1613.
LIGHTFOOT, John, a learned En-
glish divine, was b. at Stoke-upon-
Trent, in Staffordshire, in 1602, and
educated at Christ's college, Cambridge.
He made extraordinary advances in the
Greek and Latin languages, and applied
himself to Hebrew with singular assi-
duity and success. In 1629 he printed
his "first work, entitled "Erubiiim or
Miscellanies, Christian and Jndaical."
He distinguished himself as a zealous
promoter of the Polyglot Bible, and, at
lim]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
585
the lestoration, was appointed one of
the assistants at the Savoy conference.
]Ie became vice-chancellor of Cam-
bridge, and d. in 1675. The works of
Lighttbot, who, for biblical learning, has
had few equals, were printed in 1614,
and his "Kemains" were published by
Strype, in 1700. — John, a botanist, b. at
Newent, in Gloucestershii-e, in 1735,
was educated at Pembroke college, Ox-
ford, and became successively rector of
Shelden, in Hampshire, and of Gotham
and Sutton, in Nottinghamshire. He
was patronized by the duchess of Port-
land, and drew up the catalogue of her
museum. He was a fellow of the Royal
and Linnaean societies, and published
the " Flora Scotica." D. 1788.
LIGNE, Charles Joseph, prince de,
was b. at Brussels, in 1738 ; entered the
Austrian army at the age of 17 ; distin-
guished himself in the seven years'
war; was invited to the French court
by the count d'Artois, and admitted
into the privacy of the royal family ;
was sent on a mission to Kussia, where
his talents and personal accomplish-
ments rendered him a great favorite
with Catharine, who made him a field-
marshal, and gave him an estate in the
Crimea. His knowledge, experience,
activity, and acute observation appear
by the numerous writings which he
published at ditfcrent periods ; and the
information he gives ot the leading per-
sons and events of his time, is detailed
in an amusing and instructive manner.
D. 1814.
LILBUENE, John, an enthusiastic
republican in the reign of Charles I.,
was b. in 1618, in the county of Dur-
ham. Having gone to Holland to
superintend the printing of some libels
on the government, he -was sentenced
by the star chamber council to receive
500 lashes and to stand in the pillory:
for which the long parliament voted
him reparation. He fought at the bat-
tle of Edge-hill as a captain of foot;
but at Bi*entford he was made pris-
oner, and carried to Oxford, where he
would have been hanged, had not the
parliament threatened retaliation. He
then obtained his liberty, and was made
first a major, and afterwards a colonel
of dragoons, in which capacity he served
at the battle of Marston-moor, where
he behaved with great gallantry. Being
committed to Newgate for contempt,
when brought before the house of lords
for a libel on the earl of Manchester, he
contrived, while thus immured, to pub-
Msh uaraphlets in rapid succession, in
which he virulently assailed his ene-
mies, and even charged Cromwell and
Ireton with high treason. For this
piece of daring, he was a^ain tried, but
he defended himself with so much
boldness and ability, that he was ac-
quitted. He possessed an unconquera-
ble spirit, and was of so quarrelsome a
disposition, that it has been appositely
said of him, "that if there were none
living but him, John would be against
Lilburne, and lilburne against John."
D. 1657.
LILLO, George, a tragic writer of
the last century, was b. in Loudon 1693.
He carried on tin. business of a jeweller
many years, in a style of great respect-
ability, and contrived to devote no small
portion of his time to dramatic produc-
tions. Pie well knew how to touch the
heart, and his pieces, which are sub-
servient to the cause of virtue, are,
" George Barnwell," "Fatal Curiosity,"
and " Arden of Feversham." D. 1739.
LILLY, John, an English writer, was
b. in Kent, about 1553, and d. about
1600. He wrote " Euphues," a descrip-
tion of different characters ; also some
plays, as "Endymion," " Campaspe,"
" Midas," acted, before Queen Eliza-
beth ; " The Maid's Metamorphosis,'*
" The Woman in the Moon, ' &c.—
William, an English astrologer, was
b. in Leicestershire, in 1602. After
receiving a common education, he
went to London, and became book-
keeper to a tradesman, at whose death
he married his widow. In 1632 he be-
came the pupil of Evans the astrologer,
and soon excelled his master. He was
employed by both parties during the
civil wars, and even Charles I. is said
to have made use of him. Lilly was
certainly consulted respecting the king's
projected escape from Carisbrook castle.
He, however, gained more from the par-
liament party; and the predictions con-
tained in his almanacs had a wonderful
effect upon the soldiers and common
people. His principal works are, "Chris-
tian Astrology," " A Collection of Na-
tivities," and " Observations on the Life
and Death of Charles, late king of En-
gland." D. 1681.
LIMONADE, count de, act emanci-
pated negro slave of Ha3^ti, b. about
1770; distinguished in the war of inde-
pendence waged by Tousp.aint ; and way
secretary of foreign affairs to Christophe,
when he superseded Dessalines as em-
peror of Hayti. He survived the suicidal
aeath of Christophe, and the destruction
of the imperial government. His saga-
586
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[lin
citjr and statesman-like talents were ex-
hibited in frequent diplomatic corre-
spondence with Napoleon's ministers.
LINCOLN, Bknjamin, an American
general, b. in Hingham, Mass., 1733; d.
1810. A farmer, he served in various civil
and militar}' offices, and soon after the
breaking out of the revolution became
major-general in the provincial militia,
and in 1777 was transferred to the conti-
nental army. At the battle of Bemus's
Heights he commanded, and the next
day, while reconnoitring, received a
severe Avound. In 1778 he was appointed
to the command of the southern army.
He cooperated with Count d'Estaing in
the assault on Savannah, and in 1780
was besieged in Charleston by a superior
British force and capitulated after an
obstinate defence. At the siege of York-
town he received the sword of Cornwal-
lis. He was secretary of war two years,
and in 1787 commanded the forces which
quelled the Shays rebellion in Mass. In
the same year he was elected lieutenant-
governor of that state. For several years
he was collector of the port of Boston. —
Lk\ 1, an Amei-ican lawyer and .states-
man, b. in Hingham, Mass., 1749; d.
1820. He was a member of President
Jefferson's cabinet; lieut.-govenior, and
for some months acting governor of Mass. ;
and, later, an associate justice of the U. S.
supreme court.
LINDSAY, SiK David, one of the
most famous of the old Scottish poets, b.
1490; d. 1557.
LINDSEY, Theophilus, a church of
England divine, afterwards known as a
unitarian preacher. B. 1723; d. 1808.
LINN, John Blair, an American poet,
b. in 1777, at Phippenburgh, Pennsyl-
vania. In 1799 he became a preacher
among the Presbyterians of Philadel-
phia ; but continued to cultivate his
poetical talents. He replied with zeal
and indignation to Dr. Priestley, le-
specting the comparison drawn by the
latter between the merits of Jesus
Christ and Socrates ; was the author of
*' The Powers of Genius," and other
poems ; and d. 1804.
LINNiEUS, or LINNE, Charles von,
the most celebrated of modern natural-
ists, and the founder of the present
botanic system, was b. in 1707, at
Koeshult, in Sweden. From liis in-
fancy he discovered a propensity and
talent for the study ol plants ; and
though destined for the church, his
predueetion for natural history with-
drawing his attention from theological
Studies, his destination was changed
for the medical profession. While at
the universities of Lund and Upsal, he
labored under great disadvantages, from
the narrowness of his father's circum-
stances ; but the pati'onage of Celsius,
the theological professor, who was also
a naturalist, improved his condition,
and he obtained some private pupils.
It was at this period tliat he formed the
idea of that botanical system which has
immortalized his name. In 1732 ho
made a tour through Lapland, and, vis-
iting the mining district round Fahlun,
formed a system of that science, which
he afterwards published in his "Sys-
tema Natura^."^ He next resided for
three years in Holland, where he took
his doctor's degree, and was superin-
tendent of Clifford's celebrated garden
at Harte-camp, near Haerlem. After
visiting England, in 1738, he made an
excursion to Paris, and, towards the
end of that year, returned to his native
country, and settled as a physician at
Stockholm, where the establishment of a
royal academy, of which he was one of
the first members, contributed to the
advancement of his reputation, by the
opportunities which it afforded for the
display of his abilities. In 1741 he suc-
ceeded to the professorship of medicine
at Upsal, to which was added the super-
intendence of the botanic garden. His
fame now spread through the civilized
world, and scientific bodies eagerly en-
rolled him among their members ; in
1747 he was nominated royal archiater ;
in 1753 he was created a knight of the
polar star — an honor never before be-
stowed on a literary man ; in 1761 he
was elevated to the rank of nobility,
and acquired a moderate degree of opu-
lence, sufficient to enable him to pur-
chase an estate and mansion at Ham-
marby, near Upsal, where he chiefly
resided during tne last years of his life.
Besides his works on natural history,
he published a classified " Materia Med-
ica," &c. ; but it is as the founder of a
system of botanical science that he ranks
as an original genius, and will continue
to be remembered. D. 1778.
LINSCHOTEN, John Hugh van, a
Dutch voyager, of tlie 16th century, who
wrote narratives of his voyages to the
East Indies, and a description of the
coasts of Guinea, Congo, and Angola.
B. 1553 ; d. 1633.
LINT, Pkter van, an historical and
portrait painter of Antwerp, was b. in
1609. He painted in Italy several years,
and returned to his own country in-
creased in wealth and reputation. — A
LttfV
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
587
relation of his, Hendrio van Lint, was
an eminent landscape painter, and exe-
cuted some fine views about Kome.
LIPPI, Lorenzo, a painter and poet,
was b. at Florence 1006, and d. 1664.
He executed many fine pieces for the
chapels and convents of his native city.
As a poet he is known by a burlesque
piece entitled " Malmantile Kacquista-
ro," printed at Florence in 1688, under
the name of Ferloni Zipoli. — There
were also two other Florentine ar-
tists of the name of Lippi : one, Fran-
cisco FiLippo, who d. in 1488 ; and his
son FiLippo, who died in 1505 ; the latter
was a painter of considerable talent and
reputation.
LIPSIUS, Justus, an eminent critic
and scholar, b. at Overysche, a village
of Brabant, in 1547. He studied at
Aeth, Cologne, and Louvain ; then went
to Kome, and became secretary to Car-
dinal Granvella. On his return to the
Netherlands, after a short time spent at
Louvain, he visited the capital of the
German empire, and then accepted a
professorship in the university of Jena.
Many tempting and honorable olfers
were made him by various potentates,
to engage him in their service ; but he
refused them all ; and at length d. at
Louvain, in 1606. Lipsius changed his
religion several times ; and whether as
a Catholic, a Lutheran, or a Calvinist, he
was equally zealous for the time, and
equally bigoted. He wrote many learned
treatises, but his principal work is tjje
" Varise Lectiones.''
LIST, Frederic, a distinguished po-
litical economist, was long a member of
the Wirtemberg parliament, whence he
was expelled tor the boldness of his
opinions. In 1819 he conceived the idea
of the " Zollverein," (the Customs Union
of the German states ; an institution
which, after encountering many obsta-
cles, was finally adopted by nearly the
whole of Germany,) established a jour-
nal to support his views, and published
several valuable woi'ks on political econ-
omy. But a series of disappointments
preyed upon his mind, and in a fit of
insanity he committed suicide, 1846, in
the 57th year of his age.
LISTER, Thomas Henry, a novel
Writer and historian was b. in 1801, and
may be said to have inherited literary
tastes and capabilities, the poetical tal-
ents both of his father and grandfather
having been favorably mentioned hy
Miss Seward. Besides " Granby" and
" Herbert Lacy" — two novels which are
among the best of that not very admi-
rable species " the fashionable" — hf
published, " Epicharis," a traged;^ ; and
the "Life and Administration of Lord
Clarendon." D. 1842.
LISTON, John, a very popular actor
of low comedy, whose natural humor
and peculiar drolleries afforded many a
rich treat to the playgoers of London,
was b. in St. Anne's parish, Soho, and
in the early period of his life was enga-
ged in the uninviting employment of a
teacher in a day-school. "He appeared
in 1805 before a London audience at the
Haymarket. He also obtained an en-
gagement at Covent-garden, where he
remained, increasing in public favor,
till 1823, when he transferred his ser-
vices to Drury-lane, and continued there
till 1831 ; but the enormous salary of
£100 a week tempted him to enlist un-
der the banners of Madame Vestris at
the Olympic theatre, where he peri^yrm-
ed six seasons, and may be said to have
closed his theatrical career. D. 1846.
LITHGOW, William, a native of
Scotland, who in the reign of Queen
Elizabeth travelled on foot through nu-
merous countries in Europe, Asia, and
America, over a distance of more than
36,000 miles ; during which he encoun-
tered many hardships, and was at length
thrown into the prisons of the Inquisi-
tion in Spain, and so cruelly tortured as
to be deprived of the use of his limbs.
On regaining his liberty, and coming to
England, he published an account of
his adventures, which he presented to
James I. He also wrote a narrative of
the siege of Breda. D. 1640.
LITTLE, William, an ancient En-
glish historian, known also by the name
of Gulielmus Naubrigensis, was b. at
Bidlington, in Yorkshire, in 1136, and
educated at the abbey of Newborongh,
in the same county. In his advanced
years he composed a History of En-
gland, from the Norman Conquest to
1197, which for veracity, regularity of
disposition, and purity of language is
one of the most valuable productions of
that period.
LITTLETON, Thomas, a celebrated
English judge, and law authority, was
b. at Frankley, in Worcestershire. He
studied at the Temple, v/as appointed
one of the judges of the common pleas,
and continued to enjoy the esteem of his
sovereign, Edward IV., and the nation,
until his death, at an advanced age, in
1481. The memory of Judge Littleton
is preserved by his celebrated treatise
on " Tenures," which is esteemed the
principal authority for the law of real
588
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
property in England. This work has
been commented on by Coke, Sir M.
Hale, and Lord Chancellor Nottingham.
LIVERPOOL, Charles Jenkinsox,
earl of, eldest son of Colonel Jenkinson,
was b. in 1727, and was educated at the
Chartcr-honse, and at University col-
lege, Oxford. He entered parliament in
1761, and soon took office as under-
secretary of state ; in 1766 he was made
a lord of the admiralty; in 1772, vice-
treasurer of Ireland ; in 1778, secretary
at war ; and, in 1784, president of the
board of trade. In 1786 he was created
Baron Hawkesbury ; and in 1796, earl
of Liverpool. D. 1808. — Robert Banks
Jenkinson, earl of, son of the preceding,
was b. in 1770, and. received his educa-
tion at the same seminaries of learning
as his father. At the general election in
1790, Mr. Jenkinson was returned
member for Rye. In 1796, his father
being created earl of Liverpool, he be-
came Lord Hawkesbury, and was made
a commissioner of Indian affairs. In
1801 he was appointed secretary of state
for foreign affairs ; which office, four
years after, he exchanged for that of the
home department. This he resigned on
the dissolution of the Addington ad-
ministration; and, at the death of Mr.
Pitt, succeeded him as lord warden of
the Cinque Ports. In 1817 he was again
minister for the home department ; and
on the death of his father, in the year
following, succeeded to the title of earl
of Liverpool. In 1812, he was raised
to the premiership, and he held that
elevated station till 1827. D. 1828.
LIVINGSTON, John IL, president
of Queen's college, N. J., graduated at
Yale college, 1762. In May, 1766, he
went to Holland, to prosecute his the-
ological studies in the university of
Utrecht, where he resided four years,
obtaining the degree of doctor in theol-
ogy in 1770, in which year he returned
to America, and became the pastor of
the Dutch reformed church in this city.
At this period the Dutch churches in
America were divided in the Conferen-
tic and the Coetus parties ; by the ef-
forts of Dr. Livingston, a happy union
was effected in 1772, and the Dutch
ehureh became independent of the clas-
sis in Amsterdam. In 1784 he was ap-
pointed theological professor in the
Dutch church. The duties of minister
and professor he performed till 1810,
when he was appointed president of
Queen's college, m which he remained
till his death, in 1825, aged 73 years. —
RoBEET, first possessor of the manor of
[liv
Livingston in the state of New York,
and founder of one of the most distin-
guished families in this country, was the
son of John Livingston, wlio received
the degree of A.M. at Glasgow, in 1621,
and was the minister of Anerum, but
refusing to take the oath of allegiance in
1663, was banished, and removed to
Rotterdam, where he was a minister of
the Scot's chapel, and d. Aug. 'J, 1672,
aged 69. Robert L. was b. at Anerum,
in 1654, and came to America with his
nephew about 1672. He was a member
of the council in 1698. His wife was of
the family of Schuyler, and the widow
of Mr. Van Renss'elaer. He left three
sons, Philip, Robert, and Gilbert. A
Mr. Livingston, perhaps Mr. R. L., who
was many yearsspeaker of the assembly
of New York, d.. at Boston, 1728.—
Philip, a patriot of the American revo-
lution, and a signer of the declaration
of independence, graduated at Yale col-
lege, 1737. He became a merchant in
New York, and as there were but few
well-educated merchants in Wall-street
at that time, he was soon at their head.
In 1754 he was an alderman of the city
of New York, and after serving in this
capacity four years, was sent to Albany
as a representative of the city. In this
body he soon became a leader, and
directed its attention to the great inter-
ests of commerce ; New York being
then behind Boston and Philadelphia
in her exports and imports. He was
one of the committee of correspondence
with the agent for the colony in En-
gland, the celebrated Edmund Burke ;
and his letters abound in information
and critical remarks. Mr. Livingston
was in congress in 1776, and not only
signed, but was a strenuous advocate for
the declaration of independence. Ho
was a member of the senate of New
York on the adoption of the state con-
stitution ; after which, under tlie pro-
visions of tliat constitution, he was
elected a member of congress. He was
not long permitted to devote himself to
the service of his country, for he d.
June 12, 1778. — William, governor of
New Jersey, a descendant of the family,
which emigrated from Scotland, was b.
about tlie year 1741. He was a lawyer,
and early embraced the cause of civil
and religious liberty. When Great
Britain advanced her arbitrary claims,
he employed his pen in opposing tiiem,
and in vindicating the riglits of his
countrymen. After sustaining some
important offices in New Yorlv, he re-
moved to New Jersey, and, as a repre-
uvj
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
589
Bentative of this state, was one of the
principal members of the first congress
in 1774. After the inliabitants of New
Jersey had sent their governor, William
Franklin, under a strong guard to Con-
necticut, and had formed a new consti-
tution in July, 1776, _Mr. Livingston was
elected the first chief magistrate ; and
such was his integrity, and republican
virtue, that he was annually re-elected
till his death. During the war he bent
his exertions to support the independ-
ence of his country. By the keenness
and severity of his political writings, he
exasperated the British, who distin-
guished him as an object^ of their
peculiar hatred. His pen had no in-
considerable influence in exciting that
indignation and zeal, which rendered
the militia of New Jersey so remarka-
ble fir the alacrity with which, on any
alarm, they arrayed themselves against
the common enemy. He was in 1787 a
delegate to the grand convention which
formed the constitution of the United
States. After having sustained the
office of governor for fourteen years,
with great honor to himself and useful-
ness to the state, he d. July 25, 1790,
aged 67. — Kobert E., chancellor of the
state of New York, graduated at King's
college, New York, 1765. Having
studied law with William Smith, he was
appointed by Governor Tryon recorder
of the city ; an office which he resigned
at the beginning of the revolution. In
April, 1775, he was elected from Duchess
county to the assembly. In 1776 he was
a member of congress, and was placed
on the committee with Jefferson, Adams,
Franklin, and Sherman, for drawing
up the declaration of independence,
and on other important committees.
In August, 1781, he was appointed
secretary of state. On his resigna-
tion, in 1783, he received the thanks
of congress. Under the new constitu-
tion of New York, which he assisted in
forming, as chairman of the committee,
he was appointed chancellor, and con-
tinued in that place till 1801. In 1788
he was chairman of the state convention,
which adopted the federal constitution,
uniting his efforts, at that time, with
those of Jay and Hamilton. In 1801 he
accepted the office of minister plenipo-
tentiary to France, and proceeded to
Paris. By the first consul he was re-
ceived with respect, and after his mis-
pion had closed. Napoleon presented
him a splendid snuff-box, with a minia-
ture of himself by Isabey. Assisted by
Mr. Munroe he made the very important
50
purchase of Louisiana for 15 millions
of dollars. In Paris he formed an mti-
macy with Robert Fulton, whom he as-
sisted by his counsels and money. After
his resignation and the arrival of Gen-
eral Armstrong, his successor, he trav-
elled in Italy, Switzerland, and Germany,
and returned to America in June, 1805.
D. 1813. He caused the introduction
of steam-navigation into the United
States. He introduced the merino sheep,
and the use of gypsum in New York.
He was president of an agricultural so-
ciety, and of the academy of the fine
arts. He published an oration before
the Cincinnati, 1787 ; an address to the
society for promoting the arts, 1808 ;
essays on agriculture ; a work on the
merino sheep. — Brockholst, son of the
preceding, was b. at New York, in 1757 ;
entered the army in 1776 ; and being
afterwards attached to the suite of Gen-
eral Arnold, with the rank of major, he
shared in the honor of the conquest of
Burgoyne. In 1779 he accompanied Mr.
Jay to the court of Spain as his private
secretary ; studied the law on his return ;
and ultimately became judge of the su-
preme court of the state of New York,
m 1802. He enjoyed the reputation of
being an upright judge, an able pleader,
and an accomplished scholar. D. 1823.
— Edward, was b. at Claremont, Co-
lumbia county, N. Y., in 1764, educated
at Princeton college, and admitted to
the bar in New York city. In 1794 he
was chosen to congress, and afterwards
mayor of New York. Shortly after the
purchase of Louisiana he removed to
that state, where he was intrusted by
the legislature with the preparation of a
code of judicial procedure, to revise the
system of municipal law, and to reform
tiae penal statutes ; in short, to digest
and rearrange the whole legal system
of the state. This he did with consum-
mate ability; and his " Reports" to the
legislature on the several subjects are
brilliant, learned, and judicious essays.
In 1823 he was again sent to congress ;
in 1831 General Jackson made him sec-
retary of state ; and in 1833 he was ap-
pointed minister to France. D. 1836,
LIVIUS, or LIVY, Titus, a celebrated
Roman historian, was b. in the territory
of Patavium, now Padua, In the reign
of Augustus he went to Rome, and was
held in great esteem by the emperor and
many other distinguished characters.
His reputation is principally built upon
his " History of Rome,'' from the foun-
dation of the city to the death of Drusus,
in 142 books, of which only 35 have
899
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOCRAPHY.
[log
been preserved. This history is highly
praised by Seneca, Pliny the Elder,
Quiiitilian, &c., and may be regarded
as one of the most valuable literary relics
of antiquity.
LLOKENTE, Don Juan Antonio, a
modern Spanish historian and ecclesi-
astic, b. in 1756. He was secretary-
general to the Inqiiisition, of which
court he published a " Complete His-
tory." He was also the author of " Me-
moirs relative to the History of the
Spanish Revolution," "Political Por-
traits of the Popes," and other works.
Having accepted a situation under Jo-
seph Bonaparte, and written in his favor,
he was compelled to quit Spain on the
return of Ferdinand. D. 1823.
LLOYD, David, a biographical writer
of the 17th century, was b. in Merioneth-
shire, in 1625. riis principal works are,
" Memoirs of the Statesmen and Favor-
ites of England," " Memoirs of Persons'
who suffered for their Loyalty," a " Life
of General Monk," and a "History of
Plots and Conspiracies." D. 1691.—
Humphry, an eminent military officer
and writer on tactics, was b. in Wales,
in 1729. He served with great reputa-
tion in the Austrian, Prussian, and
Russian armies, and rose to the rank of
general. On his return to England he
surveyed the coast, wrote a memoir on
the "Invasion and Defence of Great
Britain," "The History of the Seven
Years' War," and other military treati-
ses. D. 1783. — Robert, an English poet,
was b. in 1733, and was the son of the
Rev. Dr. Lloyd, second master of West-
Tninster school. His first production.
The Actor,'" gave rise, it is said, to
the famous Rosciad of his friend Church-
ill. His other poems possess much
merit ; but his genius could not shield
him from the assaults of poverty, and
he d. a prisoner in the Fleet, in 1764.
LOBAU, Count, an eminent soldier,
whose name was Monton, was, at the
breaking out of the revolution, employed
as a journeyman baker in his native
town, Phalsburg, in the Meurthe. But
on entering tlie army he speedily signal-
ized himself by acts of bravery, which
were rewarded by various steps of pro-
motion, until, in 1804, at the camp of
Boulogne, Napoleon, amid the applause
of the whole army, made him his aid-
de-camp, and gave him the command
of the third regiment of the line. In
the campaign of 1805 his efficient gal-
lantry obtained him the rank of general
of brigade, and in 1807 that of general
of division. In the campaign of 1809
he defended the little island of Lobau
(from which he took his subsequent
title) against the Austrians, completely
beat them otf, and took his troops, com
paratively unhurt, across the Danube.
In 1812 he was made aid-major of the
imperial guard; in 1818, commander of
the first corps of the grand army ; and,
in 1814, a chevalier of St. Louis. Du-
ring the memorable " hundred days"
he gave his support to Napoleon, and
was made commandant of the first mili-
tary division, and a member of the
chamber of peers. In the brief but easy
campaign of 1815, he commanded the
sixth corps of the army of the north.
He gave the Prussians a severe defeat
on the 8th of June in that year, but was
wounded and sent prisoner to England
from that burial-place of his aspiring
master's hopes — Waterloo. From that
time until 1818 he remained in England ;
he was then permitted to return home,
and in 1828 was sent as a deputy for the
Meurthe, and took his seat on the oppo-
sition benches. In the revMution of
1830 he took an active part; and when
Lafayette resigned the command of the
national guard. Count Lobau was ap-
pointed his successor. Shortly after-
wards he received his marshal's baton
from Louis Philippe. B. 1770 ; d. 1839.
LOBEIRA, Vasco, author of the cele-
brated romance of " Amadis de Gaul,"
•was a native of Porta, in Portugal, in
the 14th century. In 1386 he was
knighted by Joam I. on the field of
battle at Aljubarotta ; and he d. at Elvas,
in 1403. Dr. Southey has translated
Lobeira's work, and has satisfactorily
proved it to be an original, and not a
translation from the French, as many
had before imagined.
LOBO, Jerome, a Portuguese Jesuit,
was b. at Lisbon, in 1593. He went as
a missionary to Abyssinia, and, on his
return to Europe, became rector of the
college of Coimbra, where he d. in 1678.
He wrote " An Account of Abyssinia,"
of which Dr. Johnson published an
abridged translation.
LOCK, Matthew, an eminent English
musician, was b. at Exeter, where he
became a chorister, in the cathedral.
He published some musical pieces in
165f , and, after the restoration, he was
employed as a composer of operas. He
was also appointed composer to the
chapel royal, and has acquired consider-
able reputation by the beautiful music
to Shakspeare's Macbeth.
LOCKE, John, one of the most emi-
nent philosophers and writers of modern
lom]
CYCLOPEDIA. OF BIOGRAPHT.
591
Uuies, was b. at Wrington, in Somerset-
shire, in 1632. He was educated at
"Westminster school, and Christ-church
college, Oxford, where he distinguished
himself much by his general proficiency ;
and finally applied to the study of physic.
In the year 1666 he was introduced to
Lord Ashley, afterwards the celebrated
earl of Shaftesbury, to whom he became
essentially serviceable in his medical ca-
pacity, and who formed a high opinion
of his general powers, and introduced
him to the duke of Buckingham, the
earl of Halifax, and other distinguished
characters. He also confided to him the
superintendence of his son's education;
and when, in 1672, Lord Shaftesbury
was appointed chancellor, he made Mr.
Locke secretary of presentations, and,
at a later period, secretary to the board
of trade. On his patron retiring to
Holland, to avoid a state prosecution,
Locke accompanied him, and remained
there several years. So obnoxious was
he to James's government, that the En-
glish envoy demanded Mr. Locke of the
States, on suspicion of his being con-
cerned in Monmouth's rebellion, which
occasioned him to keep private, and em-
ploy himself in finishing his " Essay on
tl)e Human Understanding." At the
close of the revolution he returned to
England, and was made a commissioner
of appeals, and in 1695 a commissioner
of trade and plantations. He d. at Oates,
In Essex, in 1704. His principal works
are, an " Essay on Human Understand-
ing," "Letters on Toleration," "A
Treatise on Civil Government," and
" Thoughts concerning Education."
LOFFT, Capel, a barrister, and the
author of several works in polite litera-
ture, was b. in London, 1751. He was
educated at Eton and Cambridge, and
was called to the bar in 1775. On suc-
ceeding to the Capel estates, in 1781,
he removed to Troston, in Suffolk, and
became an active magistrate of the county
till 1800; when, for having too zealously
exerted himself as under-sheriff to delay
the 3xecution of a young woman who
had received sentence of death, he was
removed from the commission. Mr.
Lofft was a very considerable contribu-
tor to most of the magazines of the day.;
and it was to his active patronage of
Robert Bloomfield that the public was
indebted for the " Farmer's Boy," and
other poems by that author. D. 1824.
LOFTUS, Dudley, an oriental scholar,
was b. in 1618, at Eathfarnham, near
Dublin; studied at Trinity college and
at Oxford; became vicar-general and
judge of the prerogative court in Ire-
land ; and d. in 1695. Among his wri-
tings are, " A History of the Eastern and
Western Churches," "The History of
Our Saviour, taken from the Greek,
Syriac, and other Oriental Authors,"
" A Translation of the Ethiopic New
Testament into Latin," &c.
LOGAN, John, a Scottish poet and
prose writer of some eminence, was b.
in 1748. Having studied for the church,
his eloquence and ability procured for
him the living of South 'Leith, in 1773.
But his conduct having rendered him
unpopular with his parishioners, he was
induced to resign his charge; and he
then proceeded to London, where he
became connected with the press : and,
among other productions, wrote a pam-
phlet, entitled " A Eeview of the prin-
cipal Charges against Mr. Warren Has-
tings," wliich led to the prosecution of
the publisher, Mr. Stockdale, who, how-
ever, was acquitted. His poems, usually
printed with those of Michael Bruce,
whose merits he was the first to make
known, are chiefly lyrical; but he also
wrote "Eunnymede," a tragedy; and
published the " Elements of the Phi-
losophy of History;" besides being the
author of a volume of sermons, pub-
lished posthumously, which have en-
joyed great popularity. D. 1788.
'LOLLAED, Waltek, the founder of
a religious sect in Germany, about 1315.
He was burnt, at Cologne,' in 1322.
LOLLI, or LOLLY, Antonio, a cele-
brated performer on the violin, was a
native of Bergamo, in Italy, and b. in
1728. In Germany, Eussia, England,
Spain, France, and Naples he excited
the admiration of the musical world;
but though for many years he possessed
a wonderful command over the instru-
ment, yet during the latter part of hi*
life not a trace was left of that extraordi-
nary skill which had established his
fame. D. 1802.
LOMONOZOF, Michael Wasilowitz,
a Eussian poet and histoni^of the last
century, was b. 1711. H^^as the son
of a fishmonger, and having fled from
his father, he took refuge in a monas-
tery, where he received his education,
which he afterwards improved at a Ger-
man university. In 1741 he returned
to his native country, and became a
member of the academy of Petersburg,
and professor of chemistry. In 1764 he
was made a counsellor of state, and d.
in the course of the same yea'-. His
odes partake nnich of the fire "of Pindar,
and he has been justly called tlio ^thci-
m%
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[lon
of Russian poetry. He also wrote sev-
eral works in prose, particularly a "His-
tory of the Empire of Eussia.''
LONDONDERRY, Robert Stewart,
marquis of, who for many years wa^s
known as Lord Castlercagh, was a na-
tive of Ireland, and b. in 1769, He was
educated at Armagh and St. John's col-
lege, Cambridge, and having made the
tour of Europe, was on his return cho-
sen a member of the Irish parliament.
He joined the opposition in the first
place, and declared himself an advocate
for parliamentary reform ; but on ob-
tainmg a seat in the British parliament,
he took his station on the ministerial
benches. In 1797, having then become
Lord Castlercagh, he was made keeper
of the privy seal for Ireland, and soon
after appointed one of the lords of
the treasury. The next year he was
nominated secretary to the lord-lieu-
tenant, and by his strenuous exertions
and abilities, in the art of removing
opposition, the union with Ireland was
greatly facilitated. In 1805 he was ap-
pointed secretary of war and the colo-
nies ; but on the death of Mr. Pitt, he
retired until the dissolution of the brief
administration of 1806 restored him to
the same situation in 1807, and he held
his office until the ill-fated expedition
to Walcheren, and his duel with his
colleague, Mr. Canning, produced his
resignation. In 1812 he succeeded the
Marquis Wellesley as foreign secretary,
and the foUowing'year proceeded to the
Continent, to assist the coalesced powers
in negotiating a general peace. In 1814
he was plenipotentiary extraordinary to
the allied powers, and towards the close
of the same year, to the congress of
Vienna. For'these services he'received
the thanks of parliament, and was hon-
ored with the order 'of the garter. On
the death of his father, in 1821, he suc-
ceeded to the title of marquis of Lon-
donderry ; but he did not long enjoy it,
for in a fit of insanity, brought on by
excessive me^il and bodily exertion in
attending tc^ps public duties, he put
an end to his existence by severing the
carotid artery with a penknife. This
event took place on the 12th of August,
1822.
LONG, Edward, was b. in 1724, at
St. Blaize, Cornwall. He was brought
up to the law, and became judge of the
vice-admirtilty court in Jamaica, whore
his fiither possessed estates, and of
which island his brother-in-law, Sir
Henry Moore, was lieutenant-governor.
Being obliged to return to England for
the restoration of his health i.n 1769, he
devoted his time to literary pursuits,
and wrote an admirable " History of
Jamaica," a collection of essays, enti-
tled "The Prater," " The Antigallcan,"
a novel ; " Letter- .n the Colonies," &c.
D. 1813. — RooER, an English divine,
eminent as an astronomer and a mathe-
matician, was b. in 1679, in Norfolk;
was educated at Pembroke hall, Cam-
bridge, of which college he became
master in 1733 ; was chosen Lowdnes'
professor of astronomy, held livings in
Huntingdonshire and Essex, was the
author of a valuable "Treatif-e on As-
tronomy," and constructed at Pem-
broke iiall, a hollow sphere, 18 feet in
diameter, on the inurior surface of
wliieh were represented the stars, con-
stellations, &c., the whole being moved
by means of machinery. D. 1770. —
Thomas, an English nonjuring divine,
was b. at Exeter, in 1621, was educated
at Exeter college, Oxford, and after the
restoration, was made prebendary of
Exeter, but lost that preferment at the
revolution for refusing the oaths. His
principal works are, "Calvinus Redivi-
vus," " History of the Donatists,"
" Vindication of the Primitive Chris-
tians in point of Obedience," "History
of Popish and Fanatical Plots," and
" A Vindication of Kine Charles's Claim
to the Eikon Basilike.''' D. 1700.
LONGEPIERRE, Hilary Bernard
DE, a French critic, b. at Dijon, in 1659 ;
author of several tnigedies in imitation
of the Greek poets f but only two of
them, the " Medea" and "Electra,"
were ever performed. D. 1721.
LONGINUS, DioNYsius, a celebrated
Greek critic and philosopher of the
third century; but whether born at
Athens, or in Syria, is uncertain. In
his youth he travelled for improvement
to Rome, Athens, and Alexandria, and
attended to all the eminent masters in
eloquence and philosophy. At length
he settled at Athens, where he taught
philosophy, and where he also published
his inimitable "Treatise on the Sub-
lime." His knowledge was so exren-
sive, that he was called " the living
library ;" and his fame having reached
the ears of the celebrated Zenobia,
queen of Palmyra, she invited him to
the court, intrusted to him the educa-
tion of her two sons, and took his
advice on political aflfairs. But this
distinction proved fatal to him, for after
the surrender of Pahnyra, Aurelian
basely put him to death, "for having ad-
vised Zenobia to resist the E Dmans, and
lor]
for being the real author of the spirited
letter which the queen addressed to the
Koman. monarch. His deatli took place
in 273. He met his fate with calmness
and fortitude, exclaiming with his ex-
piring breath, " The world is but a
prison ; happy therefore is he who
gets soonest out of it, and gains his
Ubertv."
LONGLAND, or LANGELANDE,
KoBERT, an old English poet, was b. in
Shropshire. He was fellow of Oriel
college, Oxford, and a secular priest,
but espoused the doctrines of Wickliff.
He is believed to have been the author
of the "Vision of Pierce Plowman"
and "Pierce Plowman's Crede," two
curious poems, containing severe reflec-
tions on the Catholic clergy, and exhib-
iting a curious picture of the times.
LONGMAN, Thomas Norton, known
for nearly half a century as the head of
the eminent and long-established pub-
lishing firm of Messrs. Longman and
Co., of Paternoster-row, was b. 1770 ;
d. 1842.
LONGOMONTANUS, Christian, a
celebrated astronomer, was b. in 1562,
at Langsberg, in Jutland, and was
obliged to earn his bread by hard labor,
having been left an orphanin his eighth
year ; notwithstanding which he studied
nard, and With the assistance of the
minister of the parish, acquired a good
knowledge of the mathematics. At last
he became a servitor in the college of
"Wibourg; the professors of which uni-
versity recommended him to Tycho
Brahe, whom he assisted in his astro-
nomical researches, and with whom he
lived 11 years. In 1605 he was made
Erofessor of mathematics at Copen-
agen, where he d. in 1647. He was
the author of several works, of which
the principal is his "Astronoraia
Danica."
LONGUS, a Greek pastoral writer,
whose work, entitled "Poimenica," or
" The Loves of Daphnis and Chloe," is
exceedingly curious, for the picture it
affords of rural manners in ancient
Greece, but is at the same time tainted
with licentiousness. It is supposed to
be the earliest specimen there is of a
prose romance ; but no account has
been transmitted either of the age in
which Lougus lived, or the place of his
birth.
LOOS JES, Adrian, a Dutch novelist,
poet, and librarian, b. at Haerlem, in
1761. Always an ardent friend of lib-
erty, he opposed Napoleon's design of
inverting Holland mto a monarchy,
50*
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
59S
with honest but abortive zeal. He was
the author of " Gewarts and Gyzeslar,"
a drama ; " Lucius Junius Brutus,"
"Marcus Junius Brutus," and several
romances ; " Life of a Dutch Family in
the 17th Century," "Jean de Witt,"
" Conrad and Jacquelin," &c.
LOPES, Fern AM, a Portuguese his-
torian, whose " Chronicle of Joam,"
describing the great struggle between
Portugal and Castile, towards the close
of the 14th century, exhibits, according
to the opinion of Dr. Southey, all the
manners, painting, and dramatic reality
of Froissart. Lopes is the oldest of tho
Portuguese chroniclers.
LOPEZ DE EUEDA, a Spanish dram-
atist and actor, who in the 16th century
composed humorous pieces, and with
his itinerant band of performers exhib-
ited them to his countrymen. D. 1564.
LOEENZ, John Michael, was pro-
fessor of history and rhetoric in the
university of Strasburg ; where he was
b. in 1723, and d. in 1801. Among his
writings are, "Elementa Historise Uni-
versse,'' " Elementa Historise German-
icse," and " Summa Historiae Gallo-
Francicae, civil is et sacrse."
LORENZINI, Francesco Maria, was
a native of Rome, and patronized by
Cardinal Borghese, who gave him apart-
ments in his palace and a pension. He
was the author of a number of sacred
dramas, written in Latin ; and at the
time of his death filled the situation of
president of the academy of the Arcadi.
B. 1680 ; d. 1743.— Lorenzo, an inge-
nious mathematician, who for some of-
fcDce, while in the service of Ferdinand,
son of Cosmo III., was confined in thf
tower of Volterra, where he solaced the
hours of a wearisome imprisonment,
which lasted nearly twenty years, by
writing a work on conic sections. D,
1721.
LORIOT, Anthont Joseph, an excel-
lent French mechanician, who, in 1753,
presented to the Academy of Sciences a
machine, by means of which a child
might raise a weight of several thousand
pounds. He afterwards constructed ma-
chines for the naval service,, and for
working the mines of Pompeau ; claimed
the merit of inventing a kind of cement
used in building, called " mortier Lo-
riot," and an hydraulic machine for
raising water. B. 1716 ; d. 1782.
LORRAINE, Robert le, an eminent
French sculptor, was b. at Paris, in
1665 ; studied under Girardon, and af
terwards in Italy ; and on his return, in
1701, produced the most beautiful of
594
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[lou
his works, the " Galatea," which at once
procured nis adinissiou into the society,
of which he eventually became the pres-
ident. D. 1748.
LOUDON, John Claudius, known
as a distinguished writer on liorticul-
tural subjects, was b. at Cambuslang, in
Lanarkshire, in 1783, and brouglit up
as a landscape gardener. His works
were both important and numerous ;
among the principal were the " Arbore-
tum Britannicum," the "Encyclopaedia
of Agriculture," the " Encyclopasdia of
Gardening," "Hints on the Formation
of Gardens," the "Encyclopedia of Cot-
tage, Farm, and Villa Architecture," the
" Suburban Horticulturist," and the
" Encyclopaedia of Trees and Shrubs,"
besides which he latterly edited the
" Gardener's and Agricultural Maga-
zines," and contributed to other publi-
cations. D. 1843.
LOUIS IX., king of France, canonized
in the Roman calendar as St. Louis, was
b. 1214, and succeeded his father, Louis
VIII., in 1226.— XL, king of France,
was the son of Charles VII. , and b. at
Bourges, in 1423. Active, bold, and
cunning, he was the reverse of his well-
disposed but imbecile father, of whose
minister and mistress, Agnes Sorel, he
soon showed himself a decided enemy.
In 1440 he left the coui't, and put him-
self at the head of an insurrection.
Charles defeated the rebels, and ex-
ecuted some, but pardoned his son,
whom he even trusted with a command
against the English and Swiss. Louis
conducted himself with valor and pru-
dence, and his fatlier became entirely
reconciled to him ; but having soon en-
tered into new conspiracies, he was
obliged to take refuge ni Burgundy, and
lived there five years in a dependent
condition. On the death of his fatlier,
in 1461, he disuiissed tlie former minis-
ters, and filled their places with men
taken from the lower orders, without
character or talents to recommend them.
Insurrections broke out in various parts
of his dominions ; but they were soon
quelled, and followed by many execu-
tions. In every thing he did, his crooked
policy and sinister views were evident.
JD. 1483.— XII., king of France, was the
son of Charles, duke of Orleans, and b.
in 1462. His reign was a continued
scene of warfare. — XIII., king of France,
was the son of Henry IV., and b. in 1601.
Being only nine years old at the death
of his fatlier, theVaro of him and of the
kingdom was intrusted to his mother,
Hary de Medicis. J). 1642.— XIV., son
of the preceding, was only five years old
on the death of his father, the regency
being in the hands of the queen-mother,
Anne of Austria, under whom Mazarin
acted as prime minister. In 1651 the
king assumed the government. D. 1715.
— XV., king of France, great-grandson
and successor of the preceding, was b.
in 1710; and Louis XIV. dying when he
was only five years of age, the kingdom
was placed under the regency of Philip,
duke of Orleans. He was crowned in
1722, and declared of age the following
year. D. 1774. — XVI., the son of Louis
the dauphin, and of Maria Josephine,
daughter of Frederic Augustus, king of
Poland, was b. in 1754, and immediately
created duke of Bern. On the death of
his father, in 1765, he became the heir
to the throne ; and in 1770 he married
Maria Antoinette, an Austrian princess,
of great beauty and accomplishments.
In 1774 he succeeded to the crown ; and
was executed for his tyranny and weak-
ness in 1793. — XVIII., Stanislaus Xa-
viER, surnamed " le Desire," second
son of the dauphin, (the son of Louis
XV.,) was b. in 1755, and was originally
known as the count of Provence. At
the accession of his brother, Louis XVI.,
in 1774, he received the title of Monsieur;
and after the death of his nephew, in
1795, from which time he reckoned bis
reign, he took the name and title of
Louis XVIIL, king of France and Na-
varre. D. 1824.
LOUIS PHILIPPE, ex-king of the
French, the eldest son of the duke of
Orleans, better known in the revolu-
tionary times as Philippe Egnlite, and
of Marie, only daughter of tlie duke of
Penthievre, was b. in Paris, October 6,
1773. At the age of 17 his father intro-
duced him to the Jacobin Club; in
1791, having received the command of
a regiment of dragoons, he set out to
join it at Viilencierines ; and war being
declared against Austria, he made his
first campaign in 1792, fighting at Valmy
at the head of the troops confided to him
by Kellennann, and afterwards gaining
great distinction at Jomappes, under
Dumourier. Meanwhile the revolution
was hastening to its crisis. In 1793
Louis XVI. was carried to the scaflTold ;
and a few months afterwards, when the
duke of Orleans, notwithstanding his
connection with the revolutionary cause,
shared the same fiite, Louis Philippe fled
to the French frontier, escaped into the
Austrian territories, and retasing an in-
vitation to enter into that service, trav-
elled in Switzerland, Hungary , Denmark,
low]
Norway, Sweden, and America. The
abdication of Napoleon, in 1814, intro-
duced a new change in his fortunes, and
he returned to Paris after an absence of
21 j-ears. The return of Napoleon from
Elba scattered the Bourbons once more,
and Louis Philippe returned to England,
till the expiry of the hundred days, when
he repaired to France, and entered into
all tlie honors due to liis rank. A cold-
ness which arose between him and the
administration, led to his temporary re-
tirement to England; but in 1817 he
took up his permanent abode in France,
and, while abstaining from politics, de-
voted himself to the education of liis
family and the patronage of literature
and the arts, until the revolution of 1830
placed him on the throne, from which
ne was driven in 1848. Hastily quitting
Paris with the queen, who had shared
with him so many dangers, he made his
way to the sea-shore, whence he es-
caped, in disguise, for England, and
landed atNewhaven, in Sussex. D. 1850.
LOUISA, Augusta Wilhelmina
Amelia, oueen of Prussia, daughter of
Charles, ctuke of Mecklenburg Strelitz,
was b. at Hanover, in 1776, and was
married to the crown-prince of Prussia,
afterwards king, Dec. 24, 1793. In 1797
the king of Prussia ascended the throne,
and his consort became the model of a
wife, a mother, and a queen, alleviating
misery wherever she could, and reward-
iner merit. D. 1810.
LOUTHEEBOURG, Philip James, an
eminent landscape painter, was b. at
Strasburg, 1740 ; studied under Tisch-
bein and Casanova; and displayed great
talents in his delineation of battles,
hunting pieces, &c. He came to Lon-
don in 1771, and while there contrived
an exhibition, called the Eidophusikon,
somewhat on the plan of the Diorama.
He was a member of the academy of
painting at Paris, and a royal academi-
cian of En srland. D. 1812.
LOUVEL, Peter Louts, the assassin
of the due de Berri, was b. at Versailles,
in 1783. He was by trade a saddler, and
worked in the stables of the Emperor
Niipoleon and the French king. His
disposition was gloomy, and his mind
seemed devoid of interest, except on
political subjects. He appeared to dwell
intently on what he had heard respect-
ing the causes of the French revolution,
until he felt a rooted hatred towards the
Bourbons. During six years he rumina-
ted in silence on their destruction, and
began with the youngest, as he after-
•varda acknowledged, from a wish to
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
595
exterminate their race ; having resolved
to omit no opportunity of killing the
others. Louvel perpetrated the fatal
deed on the 13th of February, 1820.
He conducted himself with firmness
during his long examination, and ap-
peared calm throughout, even in his
last moments, positively declaring that
he had no accomplice.
LOVE, Christopher, an eminent
Presbyterian divine, was b. at Cardiff,
in 1618. He studied at Oxford, and
entered into orders; but refusing to
subscribe to the canons enjoined by
Archbishop Laud, he was expelled the
congregation of masters, and repaired
to London. He was one of the com-
missioners for the parliament at the
treaty of Uxbridge ; he was also one of
the assembly of divines, and chosen
minister of St. Lawrence, Jewry; yet
he signed the declaration against the
murder of the king. After this he was
concerned in a plot against Cromwell
and the Independents, for which he
was tried and beheaded, Aug. 22, 1651.
Ashe, Calamy, and Manton, three emi-
nent nonconformist divines, accompa-
nied him to the scaffold, and he was
deemed a martyr by the whole of the
Presbyterian party. — James, a dramatic
writer and performer, whose real name
was Dance, was, for a time, a partisan
to Sir Eobert Walpole, and an expect-
ant of political preferment; but being
disappointed in his hopes, and involved
in difficulties, he went on the stage, and
excelled in the part of Falstaff. "Pa-
mela," a comedy; " The Village Wed-
dinsr," a pastoral entertainment ; and
"The Lady's Frolic," a comic opera,
were the productions of his pen. D.
1774.
LOVELACE, Richard, an English
poet of the 17th century, was a son of
Sir Richard Lovelace, of Woolwich,
and b. in 1618. He was educated at the
Charter house, and at Gloucester hall,
Oxford ; became a colonel in the army
of Charles I., and spent the whole of
his fortune in support of the royal
cause ; was imprisoned by the parlia-
ment, and d. in indigence in 1658. His
poems, published under the title of
" Lucasta," are light and elearant. He
also wrote two plays, "The Scholai'," i\
comedy, and "The Soldier," a trajsredy.
For spirit and gallantry. Colonel Love-
lace has sometimes been compared t('
Sir Philip Sidney.
LOWE, Sir Hudson, entered the army
at a very early age, and served with
•luch credit in various parts of the
596
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[loy
world; but he will be principally re-
membered in history as having been
governor of St. Helena, while that island
was the place of detention of the Em-
peror Napoleon. D. 1844.
LOWLLL, John, first judge of Mas-
sachusetts, a gentleman distinguished
for his generosity and public spirit, who
was among the projectors of tlie Massa-
chusetts hospital, the Boston Athenae-
um, savings' bank, &c., &c. B. 1779 :
d. 1840.
LOWNDES, William, was b. at
Charleston about 1781, was educated at
the college there, studied law, was
chosen a member of the legislature, and
was a distinguished member of congress
for a period of ten years, from about
1810 to 1822, when from ill health he
resigned. In 1818 he was the chairman
of the committee of ways and means.
He was tall, slender, emaciated, of a
rueful countenance ; a man of wealth
and probity, modest, retiring, and un-
ambitious; with a mind of the first
order, vigorous, comprehensive, and
logical, and a memory of uncommon
power, and standing in the first ranks
of American statesmen. There must
have been some most extraordinary ex-
cellences in his character, for he was
respected and beloved even by his po-
litical adversaries. Few men have ap-
peared at Washington who gave more
promise of future eminence, but he d.
at sea, on his way to Europe, 1822, too
early alike for the wishes ot his friends
and the hope of the nation.
LOWEY, Wilson, an eminent En-
glish engraver, was b. in 1762, at White-
haven, where his father, Mr. Strick-
land Lowry, was a portrait painter. He
was the inventor of a ruling-machine,
possessing the property of ruling suc-
cessive lines, either equidistant or in
just gradations, from the greatest re-
quired width to the nearest possible
approximation; also of one capable of
drawing lines to a point, and of forming
concentric circles : he likewise intro-
duced the use of diamond points for
etching, and many other useful im-
provements in the art, and was the first
who succeeded in what is technically
termed "biting in" well upon steel.
For thirty years before his death he
was engaged by eminent publisliers on
their most extensively illustrated works ;
and having attained to the highest rank
in his peculiar branch of the art, his
services were thoroughly appreciated.
D. 1820. t
LOWTH, William, an eminent di-
vine, was b. in London, in 1661, and
was educated at Oxford. Being recom-
mended by his worth and learning, ho
became chaplain to Dr. Mew, bishop of
Winchester, and was provided with a
f)rebendal stall in his cathedral and the
iving of Buriton. He was an excellent
classical scholar and critic, and the au-
thor of several theological works of
merit. — Eobert, son of the preceding,
and a distinguished English prelate,
was b. at Buriton, in 1710, received his
education at Winchester, and at New
college, Oxford, in which university he
was elected professor of poetry in 1741.
He accompanied Mr. Legge on an em-
bassy to Berlin, and was subsequently
travelling tutor to the sons of the duke
of Devonshire. In 1753 he published
his " De Sacra Poesi Hebrseorum Prse-
lectiones Academicae;" in 1758, the
"Life of William of Wykeham;" in
1762, a "Short Introduction to English
Grammar ;" and, in 1765, he replied, in
a masterly and unanswerable style to
some acrimonious remarks of Warbur-
ton, who thought Dr. Lowth had aimed
at his Divine Legation of Moses in the
" Fraelectiones." After having enjoyed
some valuable preferments, he was
raised to the see of St. David's in 1766,
was translated to Oxford in the same
year, and, in 1777, succeeded to the
diocese of London. In 1778 he pub-
lished his " lYanslation of Isaiah." The
archbishopric of Canterbury was oifered
him, on the death of Dr, Cornwallis,
but he declined the primacy. D. 1787.
LOYOLA, Ignatius, founder of the
society of Jesuits, was b. in 1491, of a
noble family, in the Spanish province
of Guipuscoa. He was at first in the
army, and served with distinguished
bravery, but having been severely
wounded at the siege of Pampeluna, he
beguiled his time with books, and on
reading the " Lives of the Saints," his
imagination became liighly excited, and
he determined to devote himself from
that time to works of piety. He began
by making a pilgrimage to Jerusalem,
not from a mere wish to see those places,
which had been hallowed by the pres-
ence of our Lord, but in the hope of
converting some of the infidels, who
were masters of the Holy Land, or of
gaining the palm of martyrdom in the
attempt. Haviog accomplished this
painful and perilous journey, he re-
turned to Spain, more unprovided even
than he had loft it. In 1526 he went lo
the university of Aleala, where he found
some adherents ; but the Inquisition im-
LUOj
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
597
prisoned him for hi^ conduct, which
appeared strange, and rendered him
suspected of witchcraft. He was not
delivered from the prison of the holy
ofl&ce until 1528, when he went- to Paris
to continue his studies, the subjects of
which, indeed, were only works of an
ascetic character. Here he became ac-
quainted with several Spaniards and
Frenchmen, who were afterwards noted
as his followers. They conceived the
Elan of an order for the conversion of
eathens and sinners, and, on Ascension
day, in 1534, they united for this great
work in the subterranean chapel of the
abbey of Montmartre. They then met
again in 1536, at Venice, whence they
proceeded to Rome, and received the
confirmation of their fraternity from
Pope Paul III., as "The Society of
Jesus." In 1541, Ignatius was chosen
general of the society, continued his
abstinence and penances during life, and
d. in 1566. Loyola was in person of a
middle stature, of an olive complexion,
with a bald herfd, eyes full of fire, and
an aquiline nose. His fanaticism and
enthusiasm were certainly dignified by
sincerity, and he doubtless believed as
he taught, that tlie Society of Jesus was
the result of an immediate inspiration
from heaven. He was canonized in
1622, by Gregory XV.
LUBtN, Atjoustin, an Augustin friar,
was b. at Paris, in 1624. He became
provincial-general of his order in France,
and afterwards assistant-general of the
French monks at Rome, but he returned
to Paris, and d. there in 1695. He was
made geoj^rapher royal, and wrote " The
Geographical Mercury," *' Notes on the
Roman Martyrology," " History of the
French Abbeys," and the " Geography
of the Bible," &c.
LUCAN, Mabcus Ann^tjs, a cele-
brated Roman poet, was b. at Corduba,
in Spain, a. d. 37. He was a nephew of
Beneca, and being taken early to Rome,
he studied there under the best masters.
Before he was of the legal age he was
made a quoestor, and he was also ad-
mitted into the college of augurs. He
excited the anger of Nero for having
had the effrontery to recite one of his
compositions, in a public assembly, in
competition with the emperor, and was
ordered never more to recite in public.
This induced Lucan to join Piso and
others in a conspiracy against the tyrant,
for which he suffered death, 65. His
"Pharsalia" contains passages of great
beauty.
LXJCIAN, a celebrated Greek author,
distinguished for his ingenuity and wit,
was b. at Samosata, the capital of Co-
magene, during the reign of Trajan. He
was of humble origin, and was placed,
while young, with an uncle, to study
statuary, but being unsuccessful in his
first attempts, he went to Antioch, and
devoted himself to literature and forensic
rhetoric. In the reign of Marcus Aure-
lius, he was made procurator of the
province of Egypt, and d. when 80 or 90
years old. The works of Lucian, of
which many have come down to us, are
mostly in the form of dialogues, but
none are so popular as those in which
he ridicules the pagan mythology and
Ehilosophical sects. Many of them,
owever, though written in an elegant
style, and abounding with witticisms,
are tainted with profanity and indecency.
LUCILIUS, Caius, a Roman satirist,
who served under Scipio in his expedi-
tion against the Numantians. Only a
few of his verses remain, which are in
the "Corpus Poetarum" of Maittaire.
D. at Naples, 108 b. c.
LUCRETIA, a Roman matron, was the
wife of Collatinus, and the cause of the
revolution of Rome from a monarchy to
a republic. Sextus Tarquinius, who
contrived to become a guest in the ab-
sence of her husband, whose kinsman
he was, found means to reach her
chamber in the middle of the night, and
finding himself repulsed, he threatened
to stab her, kill a slave, and place hitn
by her side, and then swear he had slain
them both in the act of adultery. The
dread of infiimy succeeded, and he
triumphed over her fears ; but she
acquainted her husband, father, and
kindred of the transaction, and, in spite
of their soothing remonstrances, drew a
dagger, and stabbed herself to the heart.
The bloody poniard, with her dead
body exposed to the senate, was the
signal of Roman liberty. The expulsion
of the Tarquins, and the abolition of
the regal dignity, was instantly resolved
on, and carried into execution.
LUCRETIUS, Trrus Cabus, an ancient
Roman philosopher and poet, much
esteemed for his learning and eloquence.
His celebrated work, "De Rerum Na-
tura," has been translated into English
by Mr. Creech. B. 98 b. c. ; d. 55 b. o.
LUCULLUS, Lucius Licinius, a Ro-
man consul and commander, celebra-
ted for his military talents and mag-
nificence, was b. 115 B. 0. He first
distinguished himself in the social war,
and afterwards defeated Hamilcar in
^o naval battles. He also conquered
598
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[lut
various cities of Pontus, and, although
overcome by Mithridates in a battle,
soou acquired such advantages that he
finally broke up the hostile army, and
Mithridates himself sought protection in
Armenia, where Tigranes refusing to
surrender him to the Romans, Lucullus
attacked thjit monarch, and completely
subdued him. By a mutiny of his
soldiers, who accused him of avarice
and covetousness, he was deprived of
the chief command, and recalled. From
tliis time, Lucullus remained a private
individual, spending in luxurious ease
the immense riches wliieh he had
brought with him from Asia, without
however, abandoning the more noble
and serious occupations of a cultivated
mind. D. 49 b. o.
LUDLOW, Edmund, an eminent re-
{)ublican leader, was b. at Maiden Brad-
ey, Wilts, in 1620, studied at Trinity
college, Oxford, and at the Temple, was
an othcer in the parliamentary army,
and fought at Edgehill, Newbury, and
other places, l)ut when tlie " self-deny-
ing ordinance" took place, he remained
out of any ostensible situation, until
chosen member for Wiltshire in the
place of liis father. At this time the
machinations of Cromwell becoming
visible, he was opposed by Ludlow with
firmness and openness. 'To establish a
republic, he joined the army against
the parliament, and sat also as one of
Charles's judges. Nominated general
of horse in Ireland, he joined the army
under Ireton, and acted with great vi^or
and ability. When Cromwell was de-
clared protector, Ludlow used all his
influence with the army against him,
on which account he was recalled, and
put under arrest; but he avowed his
republican principles, and, refusing all
security or engagement for submission,
retired into Essex, where he remained
until the death of the protector. When
Kichard Cromwell succeeded, he joined
the army party at Wallingford House,
and was instrumental in the restoration
of the long parliament, in which he took
his seat. The restoration was now
rapidly approaching, and finding the
republicans unable to resist it, he quitted
the country, and proceeded to Geneva,
whence he afterwards, with many more
fugitives of the party, took refuge at
Lausanne. After the revolution he
ventured to appear in London, which
gave such offence, that an address was
presented to Kin^ William, by the house
of commons, praying his majesty to issiie
a prodamation for apprehending him.
On this, Ludlo\^ went back to Vcvay,
in Switzerland, where he d. in 1698.
lie was one of the purest and most
honorable characters on the republican ■
side, free from fanaticism or hypocrisy.
His " Memoirs " are interesting, and
written in a manly and unatfected style.
LULLY, Raymond, a distinguished
philosopher and scholar of the 13th
century, b. at Pal ma, in Majcroa. In
his yoiith he had been a soldier, but ho
became a religious ascetic, and travelled
into Africa and the East, for the purpose
of converting the Mahometans to Chris-
tianity. He suffered tortures and im-
prisonment at Tunis, but was released
by some Genoese merchants, and d. on
his voyage home, in 1315. He wrote on
divinity, medicine, chemistry, metaphy-
sics, &c. ; was styled " Doctor lllumi-
natus," and his method, which prevailed
in Europe during the 14th, 15th, and
16th centuries, was dignified by the title
of " Ars Luhiana."
LUSSAN, Margaret de, a French
authoress of considerable talents, b. in
1682, was the daughter of one of Cardi-
nal Fleury's coachmen. Among her
most esteemed productions are, "La
Coratesse de Gondez," "Anecdotes de
Philippe Auguste," "Anecdotes of
Francis I.," "La Vie de M. Crillon,"
and " Histoire de Charles VL"
LUTHER, Martin, the great reformer
of the church, was b. in 1483, at Eisle-
ben, in Lower Saxony. At the age of
14 he was sent to the school of Magde-
burg, from which he removed to Eise-
nach, and thence to the university of
Erfurt, where, in 1503, he received a
master's degree, and delivered lectures
en the physics and ethics of Aristotle.
He was destined by his father for the
legal profession, but the impression pro-
duced on him by the fate of hi« friend
Alexis, who was struck dead by light-
ning while walking by his side on their
road from Mansfield to Erfurt, uniting
with the effect of his early religious
education, induced him to devote him-
self to the monastic life, and he entered
the monastery of Augustins, in 1505,
submitting patiently to all the penances
and humiliations which the superior of
the order imposes upon novices. In
1507 he was constituted a priest, and in
1508 he was made professor of philos-
opliy in the new university of Witten-
berg. In this sphere of action his
powerful mind soon showed itself; he
threw off the fetters of the scholastic
philosophy, asserted the rights of reason,
and soon collected a large number of
LTC]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
599
disciples. In 1510 he visited the court
of Pope Leo X., at Eome, a joiiriiey
which reveiiledto him theirrehgion and
corruption of the clergy, and destroyed
his reverence for the sanctit}' of the
pope. After his return, he became a
preacher, and was made doctor of the-
ology. His profound learning, together
with the flime of his eloquence, soon
made Luther known to the principal
scholars, and esteemed as a powerful
advocate of the new light which was
breaking upon the world. Great, there-
fore, was the attention excited by his
ninety-five propositions, given to the
world, Oct. 31, 1517, and intended to
put an end to the sale of indulgences by
the Dominican Tetzel. They were con-
demned as heretical, but neither men-
aces nor persuasions could induce him
to recant, and he still maintained the
invalidity of indulgences, and of the
papal supremacy. In 1520, Luther and
his friends were excommunicated, and
his writings burnt at Eome, Cologne,
and Louvain. Indignant at this open
act of hostility, Luther burned the bull
of excommunication and the decretals
of the papal canon. Being called upon
by many of the German nobility to de-
fend the new doctrine, he presented
himself at the diet of Worms, April,
1521, before the emperor, and a vast
assemblage of the prmces and prelates
of Germany. He there made an elabo-
rate defence, and concluded it with these
words: "Let me then be refuted and
convinced by the testimony of the Scrip-
tures, or by the clearest arguments,
otherwise I cannot and will not recant ;
for it is neither safe nor expedient to
act against conscience. Here 1 take my
stand ; I can do no otherwise, so help
me God ! Amen." He left Worms, in
fact, a conqueror ; but it was so manifest
that his enemies were determined upon
his destruction, that the elector of Sax-
ony conveyed him to the castle of Wart-
burg, to save his life. In this Patmos,
as he called it, Luther remained ten
months, and then returned to Witten-
berg, where he published a sharp reply-
to Henry VIII., who had written a booK
against him, on the seven sacraments.
Luther also printed a translation of the
New Testament, which greatly alarmed
the Catholics, and severe edicts were
issued against the reading of it by the
princes of that communion. In 1524 he
married Catherine de Bora, who had
been a nun, by whom he had three sons.
In 1529 the emperor assembled another
diet at Spires, to check the progress of
the new opinions ; and here it was that
the name of Protestants first arose, oc-
casioned by the protest made, on the
part of the electoral princes, who were
for the reformation,'against the rigorous
impositions brought forward in this as-
sembly. After this, the protesting
princes determined to have a common
confession of fiuth drawn up ; which
was accordingly performed by Melanch-
thon, and being presented at the diet
of Augsburg, in 1530, was called " The
Confession of Augsburg." In 1534
Luther's translation of the whole Bible
was published, and the same year he
printed a book against the service of the
mass. At length, worn out, more by
labor than age, this illustrious man d.
at his native place, Feb. 18, 1546, having
lived to see that liis doctrines had taken
such deep root, that no earthly power
could eradicate them.
LUTTI, Benedict, an eminent Italian
painter, on whom the emperor of Ger-
many conferred the honor of knight-
hood, was b. at Florence, in 1666. He
resided at Rome, where he was presi-
dent of the academy of St. Luke. His
paintings are rare and valuable. D.
1724.
LUXEMBOURG, Francis Henry de
MoNTMORENci, duke of, a famous general
and marshal of France, b. in 1628, was
the posthumous son of the count de
Bouteville, who was beheaded in the
reign of Louis XIII. for fighting a duel.
He served when young under the prince
of Conde, was made a duke and peer of
France, in 1662, was a lieutenant-gen-
eral at the taking of Franche-Compt6,
in 1668, commanded during the invasion
of Holland, in 1672, and having gained
the battle of Seref, in 1674, was created
a marshal. He subsequently distin-
guished himself at the battles of Fleu-
rus, Leuze, Steinkirk, &c., and d. in
1695.
LYCOPHEON, a Greek poet was b.
at Chalcis, in Euboea. He flourished in
the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, and
was one of the seven poets termed the
Pleiades. He wrote numerous trage-
dies, a satirical drama, and other works ;
but the only extant production of this
writer is a poem relating to the predic-
tions of Cassandra, the daughter of
Priam, king of Troy.
LYCUEGUS, the celebrated Spartan
legislator, son of Eunomus, king of
Sparta, is' supposed to have been b.
about 898 b. c. His elder brother,
Polydectes, who succeeded to the throne '
on the death of his father, soon sdter
600
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
]}
died, and left the kingdom to him ; but
Lycurgus finding that the widow was
pregnant, forbore to assume the sceptre ;
and the issue proving to be a boy, he
faithfully fulfilled the oflftee of guardian
to it. He made the study of legislation
his principal object; and having trav-
elled for the purpose of investigating
the institutions of other lands, he re-
turned to his own country, and estab-
lished those laws by which Sparta was
BO long governed. Having bound the
king, senate, and people, by a solemn
oath, not to alter any of the laws he had
made until his return, he left Sparta
with the avowed intention of visiting
the oracle of Delphi, but he secretly
determined never to see it again. Plu-
tarch affirms, that he put hnnself vol-
untarily to death by starvation, while
Lueian assert that he died naturally, at
the age of 85. The rigid character of
the laws of Lycurgus was intended to
make public principles predominate
over private interests and affections.
Children were not allowed to be the
property of their parents, but of the
state ; which directed their education,
and even determined on their life or
death. The severest penalties against
debauchery and intemperance were
affixed ; and it was enjoined that the
people should all take their meals in
public. They were allowed to possess
neither gold nor silver ; iron was used
for money ; the theatres were abolished,
and nothing but the most indispensable
knowledge was allowed to be acquired ;
in short, all that tended to soften and
humanize mankind was prohibited,
while every thing that could promote a
hardy life and personal bravery was en-
couraged. The Spartans, under the
laws of Lycurgus, consequently became
n nation of warriors, who, for ages,
proved the bulwark of their friends,
the dread of their foes, and an example
for future ages — more, however, to be
shunned than imitated.
LYDGATE, John, one of the oldest
English poets, was a Benedictine monk
of Bury St. Edmund's. He was edu-
cated at Oxford, travelled in France and
Italy, opened a school on his return for
the tuition of the young nobility, and
d. about 1460. His " Siege of Troy" is
very scarce.
LYELL, Charles, well known in the
Bcientific and literary world, was b. in
Fifeshire, 1767. Educated partly at St.
Andrew's, and partly at Cambridge, he
returned to his paternal estate of Kin-
nordy, where he passed his whole time
in those pursuits which have gained
him a distinguished place among men
of science. He was the discoverer of
many British plants previously un-
known ; and his translation of the
lyrical poems of Dante, with his illus-
trative notes, shows a profound knowl-
edge of mediaeval Italian history and
literature. Sir Charles Lyell, the dis-
tinguished geologist, is his son. D,
1849.
LYMAN, Phineas, major-general,
was b. at Durham, in 1716, and after
receiving his education at Yale college,
commenced his study of the law, and
became eminent in its practice. In 1755
he was appointed commander-in-chief
of the Connecticut forces, and held this
post with much distinction till the con-
clusion of the Canadian war. In 1762
he commanded the American forces in
the expedition to Havana, and afterwards
went to England as agent to obtain from
government a tract of land on the Mis-
sissippi and Yazoo, where he proposed
to establish a colony. Failing in this
enterprise, he was ashamed to return to
his native country, and passed eleven
years in England almost in a state of
imbecility. He was then induced to
return, and embarked with his family
for the Mississippi, and d. 1788. At
one period of his life he enjoyed a yery
high and extensive reputation.
LYNCH, Thomas, a signer of the
declaration of independence, was b. in
South Carolina in 1749, was educated in
England, and commenced the study of
law at the Temple. In 1772 he returned
to his native state, and when but 27
years of age took his seat in the conti-
nental congress of 1776; The decline
of his health soon rendered a change of
climate necessary, and he embarked
about the close of the year 1779 for St.
Eustatia. The ship in which he sailed
was never afterwards heard from.
LYNDWODE, or LINDWOOD,
William, an eminent ecclesiastical law-
yer of the 15th century, was keeper of
the privy seal in the reign of Henry Vl.,
and was sent repeatedly on embassies
to Spain and Portugal. D. bishop of
St. David's, in 1446.
LYON, George Francis, an enter-
prising traveller, and a captain in the
British navy, was b. at Cliichester in
1795, and entered the service on board
the Milford, of 74 guns, in 1809 ; from
which period up to the battle of Algiers,
where he was present, he was continu-
ally engaged in the active duties of his
profession. In 1818 he was employed
lyt]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
601
under Mr. Ritchie, on a mission to the
interior of Africa, Of this expedition
Mr. Lyon published hi.s journal, under
the title of " A Narrative of Travels in
Northern Africa, accompanied by Geo-
graphical Notices of Soudan, and of the
Course of the Niger." A more disas-
trous undertaking has been seldom
known ; the travellers suffered every
kind of privation, were attacked with
the most alarming disorders, and Mr.
Eitchie fell a martyr to extreme suffer-
ing and disappointment while at Mour-
zouk, the capital of P'ezzau, from which
place Mr. Lyon returned. A very dif-
ferent scene of operatioxis next awaited
him. In 1821 he was appointed to the
command of the Hecla, one of the ships
belonging to Captain Parry's expedition
to the polar seas ; of which he also
published "A Private Journal." In
1823 he was raised to the rank of post-
captain, and appointed to the command
of the Griper gun-brig, then fitting
out for another voyage of discovery in
the icy regions. Here he and his gal-
lant crew encountered the most frightful
perils, but providentially returned to
England, though without effecting any
part of their object. He afterwards
went to Mexico as one of the commis-
sioners of the Real del Monte Mining
Company, and was wrecked on his re-
turn, near Holyhead, in 1827, losing
every thing belonging to him. He
again visited South America, but d. on
Ins passage home, 1832, aged 87.
LVONNET, Peter, an eminent nat-
uralist, was b. at Maestricht in 1707.
Being bred to the law, he became one
of the secretaries to the states of Hol-
land, and their law translator from the
Latin and French. In his latter years
he applied to the study of natural his-
tory, particularly insects ; on which sub-
ject he wrote several esteemed books,
the most important of which is, " Traite
Anatomique de la Chenille qui rouge le
Bois de Saule." D. 1789.
LYONS, Israel, an astronomer, bot-
anist, and mathematician, b. in 1739,
was the son of a Polish Jew, who was
a Hebrew teacher at Cambridge. He
was Sir Joseph Banks' instructor in bot-
any, and accompanied Captain Phipps,
afterwards Lord Mulgrave, as astrono-
mer, in his voyage towards the north
pole. He was one of the calculators
of the " Nautical Almanac," WTOte a
" Treatise on Fluxions," and other
works, and lectured on botany. D. 1775.
LYSANDER, a famous Lacedemonian
general, who was employed in and put
51
an end to the Peloponnesian war. By
defeating the Athenians, too, in the
naval action of ^gospotamos, 405 b. c,
he destroyed the Athenian ascendency
in Greece. His ambition was to obtain
the sovereign power of Sparta, but he did
not succeed. He was slain in the war
against Thebes, 375 b. c.
LYSI AS, a Greek orator, b. at Athens,
as some say, and at Syracuse, as others
maintain, 459 b. c. He obtained great
fame as a rhetorical teacher, and is cited
by Qnintillian as an example of pure and
beautiful eloquence. He lived to the
age of 81. Of his 300 or 400 orations
only 34 have come down to us.
LYSIPPUS, a celebrated Grecian
sculptor, who worked with such extra-
ordihary diligence, that he is ^aid to
have left behind him fifteen nundred
pieces, every one of which evinced
marks of superior genius. He received
from Alexander the Great the singular-
privilege of exclusively making his
effigy in cast metal ; and he accordingly
executed a series of figures of that
prince, from childhood to maturity. He
greatly improved the art of statuary,
and gave to the human figure a degree
of symmetry and beauty unpractised by
his predecessors.
LYTTLETON, George, Lord, an ele-
gant poet and historian, was b. at Hagley,
in "Worcestershire, in 1709. On the res-
ignation of Walpole, he was made one
of the lords of the treasury ; was subse-
quently chancellor of the exchequer, but
resigned in 1757, and was raised to the
peerage, after wliich he withdrew from
])ublic affairs. He Avas the author of a
" Dissertation on the Conversion of St.
Paul," " Dialogues of the Dead," a
"History of Henry II.," and "Poems."
The latter are correct in versification,
and replete with delicate sentiments ;
nor are his miscellanies in prose devoid
of good taste. D. 1773. — Thomas, Lord,
son of the preceding, was a young no-
bleman of promising talents, but of dis-
sipated manners ; and whose death is
said to have been preceded by a very
extraordinary circumstance. He dreamt
that a young female, dressed pi white,
solemnly warned him of his dissolution
in three days from that time. On the
third day, his lordship had a party to
spend the evening with him, and about
the time predicted he observed to the
company present, that " he believed he
should jockey the ghost ;" but in a few
minutes afterwards he was seized with
a sudden faintness, carried to bed, and
rose no more. D. 1779.
602
CYCLOPEDIA. OF BIOGRAPHY.
UACI
M.
MABILLON, a learned French Bene-
•iictine, famous as a writer on ecclesias-
tical antiquities and diplomatics, was b.
in 1632, at Pierre Mont, in Champasrne,
and studied at the collejje of Rneims.
He assisted D' Acheri in his Spicilegium,
and published several laborious works,
among which are, " De Diplomatica,"
the '* Musaeum Itnlicum," and " The
Annals of the Order of St. Benedict."
D. 1707.
MABLY, Gabkiel Bonnet de, a
French abb^, eminent as a political and
historical writer, was the brother of
Condillac, and b. at Grenoble, in 1709.
He was educated by the Jesuits at
Lyons, but soon abandoned theological
studies for Thucydides, Plutarch, and
Livy. His works include " Parallele des
Eomains et des Francois," " Le Droit
public de I'Europe," " Observations sur
les Grecs," " Ooservations sur les Eo-
mains," "Observations sur I'Histoire
de la France," " Sur les Constitutions
des Etats Unis de I'Amerique," &c. D.
1785.
MACADAM, John Loudon, known
as the introducer of an improved system
of road-making, which bears his name,
was descended from an ancient and
respectable family in Kirkcudbright,
Scotland, where he was b. in 1756. He
was a man of science generally, and in
the course of his active services as a
magistrate and trustee of roads, his at-
tention was first attracted to the want
of scientific principles in the construc-
tion of roads. At that time he was in
his 60th year, and the subject continued
to occupy his leisure till he finally ef-
fected what may fairly be termed a na-
tional good. Government appreciating
the vast utility of his plans, rewarded
him by two grants, amounting together
to £10,000, and he was offered the honor
of knighthood, which, however, he de-
clined, in consequence of his advanced
age, and it was conferred on his son,
now Sir James Nicoll M' Adam. D. 1836.
MACARTNEY, George, earl of, was
b. at Lismore, near Belfast, in 1737. He
was employed as ambassador from Great
Britain to the emperor of China in 1792.
He conducted hnnself with great ad-
dress on that occasion ; and an account
of the mission was published by Sir
George Staunton, who acted as his sec-
retary. The embassy returned in 1704,
and the earl was next sent to Lonis
XVIIL, then Monsieur, at Verona ,
after that, he was appointed governor
of the Cape of Good Hope, which he
was compelled, from ill health, to resign.
During his retirement in Surrey, he
wrote " The State of IJussia in 1767,"
and " The State of Irel.nd in 1773."
MACAULAY, Catharine, a female
historian, was b. in 1730. In 1760 she
married Mr. George Macaulay, a physi-
cian in London ; and after his death she
married, in 1778, Dr. Graham, a clergy-
man, and brother to the noted empiric
of that name. In 1785 she came to
America, for the purpose of visiting
General Washinofton, with whom she
maintained a correspondence during her
life. Among her works are, " The His-
tory of England from James I. to the
Accession of the House of Hanover,"
" The History of England from the Rev-
olution to the present Time," " Remarks
on Hobbes's Rudiments of Government
and Societv," " A Treatise on Moral
Truth," "Letters on Education," &c.
D. 1791. — Zachary, a zealous co-op-
erator with Mr. Wilberforce and other
distinguished philanthropists in the
abolition of slavery in the British colo-
nies ; to which end he had devoted his
eminent talents and best energies for
upwards of forty years. He was the
father of the distinguished historian, T.
Babington Macaulay, esq. D. 1838.
MACAULEY, Elizabeth Wright, a
lady, who, in the varied characters of
an actress, a lecturer, and a preacher of
the gospel, was well known, was b. iu
1785. She left the stage on the plea of
ill health, and became the occupant and
preacher of a chapel in London ; she
also occasionally entertained audiences
with dramatic recitations; and, for the
twelvemonth preceding her death, she
was occupied in delivering lectures on
" Domestic Philosophy" in various parts
of England. D. 1837.
MACCALL, Hugh, major in the army
of tlie U. S., d. at Savannah, Georgia,
1824, aged 57. He published a " History
of Georgia," 1816.
MACCALLA, Daniel, minister at
Wappetaw, S. C, was a native of Penn-
sylvania, and graduated at Princeton
college, 1766. In 1774 he was ordained
pastor of the churclies of New Provi-
dence and Charleston, Penn. In the
mac]
CYCLOP JSDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
603
"War he went as chaplain to Canada, and
was made a jjrisoner. For some months
he was confined in a prison-sliip. He
returned on parole at the close of 1776.
D. 1800.
M ACCULLOCH, John, was b. in 1778,
at Guernsey ; entered into the artillery
as assistixnt surgeon, and became chem-
ist to the ordnance in 1803. He was
afterwards engaged by government in
the surveys of Scotland ; and his miner-
alogical and geological survey of that por-
tion of the kingdom is deemed his most
important public work. In 1832 his able
map of it was completed, and he received
from government the sum of £7000. He
also wrote many scientific works. D. 1885.
MACDONALD, Etienne Jacques Jo-
seph Alexandre, duke of Tarentum, and
a distinguished marshal of France, was
b. at SecUm, in France, 1765. Descended
from a Scotch family, which had taken
refuge in France after the suppression
of tlie rebellion in Scotland in 1745, he
entered the French army in 1784, and
embracing the revolutionary cause,
served on the staff of Dumourier, at
Jemappes, and greatly distinguished
himself in the campaign in the Low
Countries under General Pichegru. In
1796, as general of division, he took the
command of the army of the Khine ; he
then joined the army of Italy, where he
became governor of Kome ; and having
soon afterwards been sent against Na-
ples, his skilful retreat saved the French
army from the utter ruin with which it
was menaced by Suwarrow. During the
18th Brumaire, he commanded at Ver-
sailles. In 1800 he was appointed to
the command of the army in Switzer-
land, and immortalized his name in
military annals by his celebrated passage
of the' Splugen. In 1802 he was ap-
pointed i rench ambassador at the court
of Copenhagen ; and, on his return to
Paris, Napoleon marked his displeasure
at some expressions lie had made use of
in reference to his treatment of Moreau,
by withdrawing him from active service.
But in 1809 he once more took part in
the Italian campaign, shared the glories
of the victories at Laybach, Kaab, and
Wagram, his gallant conduct in the last
earning for him a marshal's baton at the
emperor's hands, and was appointed
governor of Grat-!, where his humanity
gained him "golden opinions from all
ranks of people." In 1810 he was cre-
ated duke of Tarentum, and appointed
to command in Catalonia, where, con-
trary to his wont, he displayed great
inhumanity. He subsequently shared
in the Russian campaign, and distin-
guished himself in the battles of Bautzen
and Lutzen ; but met with a severe re-
verse at Katzbach, wliere he had impru-
dently engaged Marshal Blucher witli a
greatly inferior force. After the fall of
Napoleon, he was called to the chamber
of peers, and made chancellor of the
leerion of honor. D. 1840.
MACDONOUGH, Thomas, commo-
dore, was a native of Delaware. He
served as a midshipman in the American
fleet sent to the Mediterranean. In the
war of 1812, at the age of 28, he com-
manded the American forces on lake
Cham plain. In the battle of Sept. 11,
1814, after an action of two hours and
twenty minutes, he obtained a complete
victory. The state of New York gave
him 1000 acres of land on the bay, in
which the battle was fought. D. 1825,
aged 39.
MACDOUGAL, Alexander, major-
general, was the son of a Scotchman,
who sold milk in the city of New York,
nor was he ashamed to acknowledge,
that when a boy he assisted his father.
He proved himself a zealous whig before
the beginning of the American revolu-
tionary war; in 1776 he was appointed
brigadier, and major-general in 1777.
He commanded in the action at White
Plains, and was engaged in the battle
of Germantown. In 1781 he was elected
a delegate to congress ; he was after-
wards in the senate of New York. D.
1786.
MACDUFFIE, George, an eminent
f)olitician of South Carolina. He studied
aw with J. C. Calhoun and commenced
the practice in connection with Edward
Ford, now the rector of an Episcopal
church at Augusta. Shortly after their
separation he was involved iii difficulties
with Colonel Cumniing of Augusta,
which resulted in several hostile meet-
ings, in one of which he received a
wound in one of his shoulders from
which he never recovered. He entered
congress in 1821, and represented his
state fourteen years, during which he
distinguished himself as an orator, and
often contended in debate with the late
John Randolph. He was afterwards
elected governor of his state, and in
1843 was chosen to the United States
senate as colleague with Mr. Calhoun.
He was once a champion of the United
States bank, internal nnprovements, and
a protective tariff, and soon after became
an equally enthusiastic opponent of them
al"l. He was an earnest and eloquent de-
bater. D. 1851.
604
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[mao
MACE, Thomas, an English musician,
who was an excellent performer on the
lute. He published a worlv, entitled
" Music's Monument, or a Kemem-
brance of the best Practical Music," &c.
D. It376.
MACFARLANE, Henry, an histori-
cal writer, was b. in Scotland, in 1734 ;
was for some years a reporter of speeches
in parliament; and afterwards kept a
respectable seminary at Walttiamstow.
He was the author of a " History of
George III.," an " Essay on the Authen-
ticity of Ossian," " An Address to the
People of Britain," &c. D. 1804.
MACHIAVEL, or MACCIII AVELLI,
Nicholas, a celebrated political writer
and historian, was b. at Florence, in
1469, of a noble family, whose members
had enjoyed the highest dignities in the
republic. On account of his distin-
guished talents, he was very early ap-
pointed chancellor of his native state,
and not long afterwards advanced to the
post of secretary. When Florence had
recovered her liberty, by the expulsion
of the Medici, he was several times
charged with important embassies,
which were of great use to the com-
monwealth. On tlie return of the
Medici to Florence, he was deprived of
his post; and being afterwards accused
of participating in a conspiracy, he was
imprisoned, put to the torture, and
banished ; all which he endured with a
firnmess approaching to inditference.
Having returned to his native country,
the tavor and confldence shown him by
the Medici alienated him from the af-
fections of tlie Florentines; and he d.
in indigent circumstances, in 1527. His
chief works are, " The History of Flor-
ence," "The Life of Castruccio Castra-
cani," " A Treatise on the Military Art,"
and "The Prince." This last work, if
taken literally, contains the most per-
nicious maxims of government, founded
on the vilest principles ; hence the word
Machiavollism is used to denote that
system of policy which disregards every
law, human or divine, to effect its pur-
poses. There are many, however, who
regard it rather as a covert satire upon
tyranny, than as a manual for a tyrant.
MACINTOSH, Lachlan, General, an
officer of the American revolutionary
war, was one of the early settlers of
Georgia, and the principal military of
the province. In 1776 he was appointed
brigadier-general. Having served to the
end of the war, he was a member of
congress in 1784. In 1785 he was one
of the commissioners to treat with vhe
southern Indians. D. 1806.— John,
General, was an officer of the Georgia
line in 1775, and served during the war
with unblemished honor. In 1814 he
commanded the Georgia division which
went to Pensacola. I). 1826.
MACKAY, Andrew, an eminent
mathematician; author of a "Treatise
on the Longitude," and a contributor to
Kees's " Cyclopaedia." D. 1809.
MACKEAN, Thomas, an eminent
judge, and a signer of the declaration
of mdependence, was b. in Pennsyl-
vania, in 1734, and after a course of
academic and professional studies was
admitted to the bar at the age of 21
years. His political career commenced
in 1762, when he was returned a mem-
ber of the assembly from tlie county of
Nevvcjistle. He was a member of the
congress which assembled in New York,
in 1765, to obtain relief of the British
government for the grievances under
which the colonies were suffering. In
this body he behaved with much decis-
ion and energy. In 1774 he was ap-
pointed to the general congress, a dele-
gate from the lower counties in Delaware,
and was the only man who, without
intermission, was a member during the
whole period. Of this body he was
president in 1781. In 1777 he was ap-
pointed chief justice of Pennsylvania,
and discharged the duties of this office
with impartiality and dignity for 22
years. In 1799 he was elected a gov-
ernor of the state of Pennsylvania. D.
1817.
MACKENZIE, Sir George, an inge-
nious lawyer and writer, was b. at Dun-
dec, 1636 ; became an eminent advocate ;
and gained from the covenanters the
severe appellation of "bloodthirsty."
When James II. abrogated the Catholic
laws he resigned, but was afterwards
restored by that prince. Not approving
the measures of the prince of Orange,
he again retired and went to London,
where he d. 1691. He wrote several
works of merit on the laws of Scotlana ;
" A Defence of the Anti(|uity of tlie
Royal Line of Scotland," " Essays on
Moral Subjects," and some poetical
pieces. — Henry, an essayist and elegant
writer of works of fiction, was the son
of an eminent physician at Edinburgh,
and b. in 1745. He received a liberal
education ; and, in 1746, became an at-
torney in the Scottish court of exche-
quer. His first production was "The
Man of Feeling," which soon acquired
unbounded popularity: this was fol-
lowed by "The Man of the World,"
mac]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
605
and he subsequently produced a third,
" Julia de Roubigne." He next, in con-
junction with other literary characters,
published a series of Essays, under the
title of "Tlie Mirror," aiid afterwards
"The Lounger." He also contributed
many excellent papers to the "Transac-
tions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
and of the Higliland Society," of both of
which he was a member. His dramatic
works were by no means so successful :
they consist of two tragedies, "The
Prince of Tunis" and " The Shipwreck,"
and of two comedies, " Tlie Force of
Fashion" and "The White Hypocrite."
He was the author of a political tract
entitled " An Account of the Proceed-
ings of the Parliament of 1784;" and at
the commencement of the French revo-
lution he published several others, with
the view of counteracting the prevalence
of democratic principles at home, which
introduced him to the notice of Mr. Pitt,
and some years after he was appointed
comptroller of the taxes for Scotland, an
office which he held till his death. D.
1831. — Donald, was b. in Scotland, in
1783, and at the age of 17 he came over
to Canada and joined the Northwest
company and continued eight years
with them. In 1809 he became one of
the partners with the late John Jacob
Astor, of New York, in establishing the
fur trade west of the Rocky Mountains,
and in company with Mr. Hunt, of St.
Louis, he made the overland route to the
mouth of tlie Columbia river, a feat then
rarel;f attempted and full of perils, and
remained at Astoria until it was surren-
dered by MacDougall to the British. He
converted every thing he could into
available funds and carried them safely
through a mighty wilderness to Mr.
Astor. After the restoration of peace,
he exerted himself to secure for the
United States the exclusive trade of
Oregon, but after a long negotiation with
Mr. Astor, and through him with Messrs.
Modison, Gallatin, and other leading in-
dividuals in and out of office, the matter
was abandoned, and Mr. Mackenzie, in
March, 1821, joined the Hudson Bay
Company, and was immediately ap-
pointed one of the council and chief
factor. Li August, 1825, he was married
to Adelegonde Humbert, (who survives
him,) and was shortly afterwards ap-
pointed governor. At this time he
resided at Fort Garry, Red River settle-
ment, where he continued to reside
until 1832 in active and prosperous
business, in which he amassed a large
fortune. D. 1851.
51*
MACKINTOSH, Sir James, eminent
as a jurist, a statesman, and a writer —
equally distinguished for his extensive
learning, his large views, and his lib-
eral principles in law, politics, and phi-
losophy — was descended of an ancient
but reduced Scottish family, and b. in
the county of Inverness, during 1765.
After studying at King's college, Aber-
deen, he spent three years at Edinburgh,
chiefly in medical studies, and received
a degree ; but inclination soon led him
to abandon that pursuit. In 1789 we
find him in London, where he publish-
ed a pamphlet on the regency question,
which, on account of the sudden recov-
ery of the king, attracted little notice.
A visit to the Continent, at that inter-
esting period, contributed to excite his
sympathies for the French, and he pub-
lished a reply to the celebrated " Reflec-
tions" of Burke, under the title of
"Vindicite Gallicae," or Defence of the
French Revolution, 1792, a work which
laid the foundation of his fame, and ac-
quired for him the friendship both of
iox and his great antagonist. About
this time he entered himself as a stu-
dent of Lincoln's Inn, was soon cJled
to the bar by that society, and com-
menced the practice of the law. Having
obtained permission, though not with-
out some difficulty, to deliver a course
of lectures in the hall of Lincoln's Inn,
on the law of nations, he published his
introductory lecture, under the title of a
" Discourse on the Law of Nature and
Nations." The ability which it dis-
played, obtained him a large audience,
mc'luding some of the most distinguish-
ed men of the country. On the trial of
Peltier for a libel against Bonaparte,
fthen first consul of France,) the de-
fence was conducted by Mr. Mackin-
tosh, as sole counsel, in a most brilliant
speech, which at once established his
reputation as an advocate and an orator.
Tlio recordership of Bombay, with the
dignity of knighthood, was soon after
conferred on him, and, besides the dis-
charge of the duties of liis office, the
nine years which he spent in India were
marked by his exertions in the amelio-
ration of the criminal law, the founda-
tion of the Literary Society in Bombay,
and his valuable communications to the
" Asiatic Register." Soon after his re-
turn to England, Sir James was return-
ed a member of the house of commons
for the county of Nairn, in Scotland,
1813, and sat subsequently for the bor-
ough of Knaresborough, in Yorkshire,
under the influence of the late Earl
60^
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[mao
Yitzwilliara. He soon took his stand
among the first parliamentary speakers,
and there are tew instances in wliicli
finer reasoning, or deeper learning in
the liistory of nations, and the influ-
ence of human laws upon the feelings,
passions, and interests of the human
race, have been sustained, developed,
and enforced by a more manly and vig-
orous eloquence. His greatest efforts
were directed to the amendment of the
criminal code, which had been under-
taken by Sir Samuel Romilly, and was
taken up as a solemn bequest by his
friend and representative. His "Histo-
ry of England" is not a detailed narra-
tive of events, but a rapid, yet clear,
profound, and philosophic view of the
state of the progress of _ society, law,
government, and civilization, in which
the lessons of experience, the character
of men and events, the circumstances
which have promoted, retarded, modi-
fied the social and political improve-
ment of the English nation, are unfold-
ed and judged with the acuteness of a
philosopher, and the wisdom of a prac-
tical statesman. His style is simple,
clear, graceful, and elegant, and often
rises to eloquence, when the historian
traces out the growth of liberty, and the
influence of generous institutions. This
admirable man died, to the deep regret
of'his country, May SOth, 1882, having
closed his public labors, the year before,
by a brilliant speech in favor of reform.
MACKLIN, Charles, a celebrated
veteran actor and dramatist, whose real
name was Mac Laughlin, was b. in the
county of Westmeath, Ireland, in 1690.
He appeared as a performer at the thea-
tre in Lincoln's Inn Fields, in 1725;
but it was not till 1741 that he estab-
lished his reputation as an actor, by his
admirable and still unrivalled perform-
ance of Shylock. He continued on the
stage untif 1789 ; but, during the last
years of his life, his understanding be-
came impaired, and he d. 1797, at the
patriarchal age of 107. His " Man of
the World," a comedy, exposes mean-
ness, sycophancy, and political servility,
with considerable skill ; and his " Love
a la Mode," a very popular force, also
attests the talents of its author.
MACKNIGHT, James, a learned
Scottish divine, was b. in 1721, at Ir-
vine, in Argylcshire, and was ordained
minister of Maybole, where he com-
posed his " Harmony of the Gospels,"
and his '' New Translation of the Epis-
tles." In 1763 he became one of the
iniiiisters of Edinburgh, and was em-
ployed nearly 30 years in the execution
of his last and ' greatest work, viz. :
" New Translation from the Greek of
all the Apostolical Epistles," with com-
mentaries and notes. D. 1800.
MACLAINE, Akchibald, a learned
divine, b. at Monaghan, in Ireland,
where his father was a dissenting min-
ister, is advantageously known by hia
" Letters to Soaine Jeiiyns, on his View
of the Internal Evidence of Christiani-
ty," a translation of Mosheim's "Eccle-
siastical History," and a volume of
miscellaneous sermons. D. 1804.
MACLAURIN, Colin, an eminent
mathematician, who was b. at Kilmod-
dan, in Scotland, in 1698. In 1717 he
obtained the mathematical professor-
ship in the Marischal college of Aber-
deen, and in 1725 was elected professor
of mathematics at Edinburgh. In 1734
he entered the lists against Berkeley,
which produced his excellent " Treatise
on Fluxions." He also wrote several
papers in the "Philosophical Transac-
tions," a treatise entitled " Geometria
Organica," another on " Algebra," and
"An Account of Sir Isaac Newton's
Philosophical Discoveries." In the re-
bellion of 1745 he took so active a part
in fortifying Edinburgh, that when the
Pretender approached with his forces,
Mr. Maclaurin deemed it prudent to re-
tire to York, where he was entertained
by Archbishop Herring, in whose pal-
ace he d. 1746. — John, Lord Dreghorn,
son of the preceding, was b. at Edin-
burgh, in 1734 ; was admitted a member
of the faculty of advocates; and in
1787 was raiseci to the bench by the title
of Lord Dreghorn. His works are, "An
Essay on Literary Property," "A Col-
lection of Criminal Cases," and an "Es-
say on Patronage." D. 1796.
MACLEAN, Letitia Elizabeth, bet-
ter known as Miss Landon, or L. E. L.,
a celebrated English poetess, was b. in
Hans-place, Chelsea, 1802. At a very
early age, she attracted the notice of the
reading public by her spirited short
poems, published in the " Literary Ga-
zette." Her shorter compositions, in
the shape of contributions to the peri-
odicals, are almost innumerable. In
addition to those, she published " The
Improvisatrice," " The Troubadour,"
"The Golden Violet," "The Golden
Bracelet," and the "Vow of the Pea-
cock," all in verse ; and three prose
novels, "Romance and Reality," "Fran-
cesca Carrara," and " Ethel Churchill."
In June, 1838, she was married to
George Maclean, esq., governor of Capo
mac]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
607
Coast castle, and proceeded thither with
him. Being much afflicted with spasms,
she was in the habit of taking a power-
ful medicine, and lier death is attributed
to her having incautiously taken an over-
dose. D. 1838. — John, was the son of
an eminerit surgeon of the same name,
in the city of Glasgow, Scotland, where
he was b. 1771. After pursuing his lit-
erary, philosophical, and medical studies
successively at Glasgow, Edinburgh,
London, and Paris, he commenced the
practice of surgery at Glasgow, in 1791.
In 1795 he came to America, and in the
same year was appointed professor of
chemistry and natural history in the
college of New Jersey, at Princeton.
Two years afterwards he was chosen
professor of natural philosophy and
mathematics in the same institution,
the duties of which office he continued
to discharge with great reputation to
himself, and advantage to the college,
until the year 1812, when he resigned
his office at Princeton, in consequence
of being appointed professor of natural
philosophy and chemistry in the college
of William and Mary, in Virginia. D.
18U.
MACNALLY, Leonard, a lawyer and
dramatist, was b. in Dublin, in 1752, and
after studying at the Middle Temple,
was called to the Irish bar in 1776. He
was the author of " The Rules of Evi-
dence," an<i " The Irish Justice of the
Peace.''' His theatrical productions are,
"Fashionable Levities," a comedy;
"Richard Cceur de Lion," an opera;
"Robin Hood, or Sherwood Forest,"
a comic opera; and "Retaliation," a
farce. D. 1820.
MACNEVIN, William James, was b.
at Ballynahowne, Ireland, in 1763, edu-
cated in Germany, and practised medi-
cine in Dublin. He early took part in
the Irisli agitations of 1791, was a mem-
ber of the secret society of United Irish-
men, and in 1798 was arrested for plot-
ting against the British * government.
He was imprisoned for four years, and
on his release travelled in Switzerland,
of which he wrote an account, and final-
ly entered the French army, as a captain
in the Irish brigade. But disappointed
in not having been sent to Ireland, he
came to this country in 1805, when he
was appointed professor of midwifery in
the college of physicians and surgeons,
and afterwards resident physician by
Governor Clinton. He published sev-
eral professional works, and was greatly
esteemed. D. 1841.
MACNISH, Robert, known as " the
modern Pythagorean," (the name af-
fixed to most of his contributions to
diflferent magazines,) was b. in Glas-
gow, 1802. Though enjoying consid-
erable practice as a physician, he found
leisure to engage in literary pursuits*
and his " Anatomy of Drunkenness,"
"Philosophy of Sleep," "Metempsy-
chosis," s nd "Book of Aphorisms,"
have gaine^l for him a high place among
the most thoughtful writers of his age.
D. 1837.
MACOMB, Alexander, a major-gen-
eral of the United States army, was b.
at Detroit in 1782, entered the army in
1799, and became a major in 1808. He
was a colonel during the war of 1812,
and distinguished himself at Niagara
and Fort George. In 1814 he was pro-
moted to the rank of brigadier-general,
and commanded at the battle of Platts-
burg, where he obtained a signal vic-
tory, in connection with Macdonough
on lake Champlain. In 1835 he suc-
ceeded to the office of commander-in-
chief of the army. D. 1841.
MACON, Nathaniel, long a distin-
guished member of congress from North
Carolina. He was elected a member of
the 2d congress in 1791, and continued
a member of the house till 1815, when
he was transferred to the senate, of
which he continued a member till 1828,
when he resigned and retired to private
life ; having been 37 years a member of
the house or senate, a longer period
than any other man ; and for several
years what is called the father of the
house. He was speaker of the house
of representatives in the 7th, 8th, and
9th congress. "During the long, and
through all the exciting periods of his
public life," says the Warrenton Re-
porter, "though always a conspicuous
party man, no one of any party ever
questioned his integrity, or the purity
of his motives ; and he has descended
to the grave full of years and with uni-
versal respect." He was the bosom
friend of Jefferson and Madison, and
other illustrious patriots.
MACPHERSON, James, a writer dis-
tinguished for his translations or imita-
tions of ancient Gaelic poems, was b. at
Kingcusie, in Inverness, in 1738. Hav-
ing, in 1760, produced "Fragments of
Ancient Poetry, translated from the
Gaelic or Erse Language," they were so
well received, that a subscription was
formed to enable the author to collect
additional specimens of national poetry.
The result of his researches was " Fin-
gal, an Ancient Epic Poem, in six
608
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGKAPHY.
[mad
books," together with several other
poems (protessedly translated from ori-
ginals), by Ossian, the son of Fingal, a
Gaelic prince of the 8d century, and his
cotemporaries. Dr. Johnson treated
him as an impostor, and a violent con-
troversy ensued concerning their au-
thenticity. From the evidence of the
contending parties, it may be concluded
that Macpherson's prose epics were
founded on traditional narratives cur-
rent among the Highlanders; but the
date of the oldest of their lays is com-
paratively modern ; and it is now im-
possible to ascertain the precise extent
of his obligations to the Gaelic bards of
former ages. In 1764 he accompanied
Governor Johnstone to Florida, as secre-
tary. After his return he translated
the Iliad into Ossianic prose ; wrote a
" History of Great Britain, fl-om tlie
Kestoratiou to the Accession of the
House of Hanover ;" and also employed
his pen in vindicating the measures of
government during the American war.
He was afterwards appointed agent to
the nabob of Arcot, became a member
of parliament, and d. 1796.
MACQUER, Peter Joseph, an emi-
nent chemist, b. at Paris, in 1718. He
wrote in the " Journal des Savans,"
from 1768 to 1776, the articles relating
to natural philosophy, medicine, chem-
istry, anatomy, &c. ; and published
"Eiemens de Chimie," &c. D. 1784.—
Philip, his brother, was the author of
an " Ecclesiastical History," and sev-
eral other historical works. D. 1770.
MACROBIUS, Aurelius Ambrosius
Theodosius, a Latin author, in the reign
of the emperor Theodosius. He held
the consular dignity ; and was the au-
thor of a miscellaneous work, entitled
" Saturnalia," curious for its criticisms,
and valuable for the light it throws
upon the manners and customs of anti-
quity. He wrote other works, and d.
about the year 420.
MADDEN, Samuel, an Irish clergy-
man, b. 1687, and educated at Trinity
college, Dublin, where he introduced
_the scheme for promoting learning by
firemiums at the quarterly examinations,
n 1732 he published the first volume of
"Memoirs of the Twentieth Century,
or Original Letters of State under
Georee VI." He founded a society at
Dublin for the improvement of the arts,
in 1740, similar to that which was after-
wards established in London. In 1744
he published "Boulter's Monument,"
a poem; and a play, entitled "Themis-
tocles." D. 1765.
MADDOX, Isaac, an English prelate,
was b. in London, in 16y7. Being left
an orphan, he was taken lander the
care of a relation, who placed him with
a pastrycook ; but he soon left that
situation, and went to Scotland with a
view of obtaining at St. Andrew's a
cheap but solid education, and event-
ually becoming a minister of the kirk.
Tlie tenets and discipline of Presbyte-
rianism, however, not being congenial
with his sentiments, he returned to
England, entered at Queen's college
Cambridge, was episcopally ordained,
and rose so rapidly, that in 1733 he was
made dean of Wells. In 1736 he was
consecrated bishop of St. Asaph ;
whence, in 1743, he was translated to
Worcester, where he d. in 1759. Bishop
Maddox published "A Vindication of
the Church of England," in answer to
Neal's History of the Puritans; and 14
occasional sermons.
MADERNO, Carlo, an Italian archi-
tect of the 16th century, appointed by
Pope Paul V. to complete St. Peter's,
at Rome ; in the execution of which he
has been charged with committing some
important errors. He was, however, in
high repute, and built the Maffei palace,
and many other public edifices at Rome.
B. 1556 ; d. 1629. — Stephen, was an emi-
nent sculptor; b. in Lombardy, 1576.
D. 1636.
MADISON, James, president of the
United States, was b. March 16th, 1751,
at the seat of his maternal grandmother
in Prince George county, Va., was edu-
cated at Princeton college, under Dr.
Witherspoon, and studied law in his
native state. In 1776 he was chosen a
member of the convention which formed
the constitution of Virginia, and of the
state legislature, by which he was ap-
pointed to the executive council. He
was a delegate to the continental con-
gress of 1780, and afterwards to the
convention which formed the constitu-
tion of the United States, where he took
a leading and important part, and was
regarded as one of the wisest of its
members. After it was formed, he
united with Jay and Hamilton in urging
its adoption, in various essays in the
newspapers, under the title of the " Fed-
eralist." From 1789 to 1797 he occu-
pied a seat in congress, where he ry-^ist-
ed the financial measures of Hamilton,
and the policy generally of Washing-
ton's administration. In 1798 he pre-
pared the famous resolutions for the
Virginia legislature, denouncing the
alien and sedition laws, and prescribing
mag]
CYCLOP^.DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
609
the nature of the federal relations. Jef-
ferson in 1801 appointed him secretary
of state, in wliich office he i"emained till
1809, when he was elected to the presi-
dency. The declaration of war against
Great Britain in 1812, was the most im-
portant measure of his able administra-
tion. After serving two presidential
terms, he retired to his seat at Montpel-
lier in 1817, where he continued to en-
joy the undivided respect and admira-
tion of his fellow-citizens, till the close
of his life on the 28th June, 1886.—
James, bishop of Virginia, was educated
at William and Mary college, studied
law, and was admitted to the bar ; but
he soon resolved to devote himself to
theology. In 1773 he was chosen pro-
fessor of mathematics in William and
Mary college, and in 1777 was appointed
the president, and visited England for
his improvement in science. Until 1784
he was not only president, but profes-
sor of mathematics, and afterwards pro-
fessor of natural, moral, and political
philosophy, until hi3 death. He first
mtroduced lectures on political economy.
In 1788 he was chosen bishop. D. 1812.
— George, governor, of Kentucky, son
of the preceding, at the age of 17 went
out as a soldier in defence of the west-
ern frontier, and was engaged in sev-
eral battles with the Indians. In St.
Clair's defeat he was wounded. In the
war of 1812 he was an officer at the bat-
tle of the Kaisin. After having been
twenty years auditor of the public- ac-
counts, he was chosen governor for the
term of four years in 1816, but in a few
weeks after his election d. at Paris.
MADOX, Thomas, a legal antiquary
and historiographer, who published, in
1702, "A Collection of Charters taken
from the Originals," with the title of
" Formulare Anglicanum." In 1711
appeared " The History and Antiqui-
ties of the Exchequer," which was fol-
lowed by his "Firma Burgi, or Histori-
cal Essay concerning the Cities, Towns,
and Boroughs of England."
MJilCENAS, CaiusCii:nius, the friend
and minister of Aujrustus, and the
patron of Virgil and Horace, was a Ko-
man knight, who traced his genealogy
from the ancient Etrurian kings, tie
has been described as a pattern of every
political virtue, and a most generous
patron of the sciences. Though luxuri-
ous and effeminate in his hours of re-
laxation, he was vigilant and active in
business, and well understood how to
employ the favors of fortune. Many
pleasant and useful qualities gained him
the confidence of Augustus, which he
enjoyed undiminished until his death,
in the year of Rome 745, and 8 b. c.
So signal were his good offices towards
literary genius, tliat the name of Maece-
nas has since become synonymous with
that of a liberal patron.
M^STLINUS, Michael, a celebrated
German astronomer, was b. in the duchy
of Wirtemberg, about 1542. He went
to Italy, where he became intimate with
Galileo ; and on his return to Germany
he was chosen professor of mathematics,
at Tubingen, where he had Kepler for
a pupil. He published many mathe-
matical and astronomical works, and d.
1590.
MAFFEI, Francis Scipio, Marquis,
an eminent Italian writer, was b. 1G75,
at Verona ; entered the army, and dis-
tinguished himself as a volunteer at the
battle of Donawert, in 1704; but, at tlio
end of the campaign, quitted the ser-
vice, and devoted himself to literature.
Among his works are, the tragedy of
"Merope," a "Treatise against liuel-
ling," a " History of I)iplomacy,"
"Musseum Veronense," and "Verona
lUustrata." D. 1755. — Vegio, a native
of Lodi ; author of " Epigrams," " Es-
says," and a " Supplement to Virgil,"
which he called tlie 13th book of the
.(Eneid. Julius Scaliger and Gerard
Vossius have declared him a great poet.
B. 1407; d. 1459. — Bernardin, a learned
cardinal, who d. at Rome in 1553, aged
40. He wrote a " Commentary on Cice-
ro's Epistles," and a " Treatise on Med-
als and Inscriptions." — John Peter, a
Jesuit, was b. at Bergamo in 1536, and
d. at Tivoli in 1603. He wrote the
"Life of Ignatius Loyola," a "History
of the Indies," and other works, in the
purest Latin.
MAGALOTTI, Lorenzo, Count, an
elegant poet and learned naturalist, was
b. at Florence, in 1637. He wrote many
philosophical and poetical works, of
which latter the most valued is his
"Canzonette Anacreontiche," published
under his Arcadian name Lindoro Ela-
teo. J). 1712.
MAGEE, William, an Irish prelate
and theological writer, was b.-in hum-
ble life, and admitted as sizar at Dublin
university. He was soon distinguished
for his scliolastic attainments ; and in
1806 became a senior fellow of Trinity
college, and professor of mathematics
In 1801 he published his celebrated
" Discourses on the Scriptural Doctrinea
of the Atonement and Sacrifice," a
work directed against the tenets of tha
610
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[mah
Unitarians, and written with peculiar
force. In 1818 he was advanced to the
deanery of Cork; in 1819 he was conse-
crated bishop of Eaph(>e ; and, in 1822,
translated to the see of Dublin. D.
1881, aged 66.
MAGELLAN, or MAGALHAENS,
Ferdinand, a celebrated Portuguese
navigator, who, in 1519, discovered and
passed the straits which have since
been called by his name. His services
not being valued by his own country,
he offered them to Charles V. of Spain,
who intrusted him with a fleet destined |
to attempt a westward passage to the [
Moluccas j hence his discovery. Ho
was slain in 1521 in a skirmish with the
natives of one of the Philippine islands.
MAGEOGHEGAN, James, an Irish
priest ; author of an " Ancient and
Modern History of Ireland." B. 1702 ;
d. 1764.
MAGGI, Carlo Maria, an Italian
poet, b. at Milan in 1630, was secretary
to the senate of his native city, and d.
there in 1690. His sonnets are much
admired, and some of them have been
translated into English.
MAGINN, William, one of most
fertile and versatile writers of modern
times, was b. at Cork in 1793. He vis-
ited London for the first time in 1823,
and settling there, wrote much, and for
a variety of works. Besides the harass-
ing demands upon him as a periodical
contributor, he at this time wrote the
singular and striking romance entitled
" Whitehall." About the year 1828, he
became sub-editor of the "Standard."
He also contributed innnensely to the
well known Eraser's Magazine and to
Blackwood. He wrote a caustic and
powerful review of a "fashionable"
novel, entitled " Berkely Castle." The
author took otfence, and in company
with a friend, committed a most merci-
less assault upon Mr. Eraser. Aroused
by this ill-treatment of his friend and
publisher. Dr. Maginn instantly offered
the offended author satisfaction, and a
hostile meeting accordingly took place.
The duel proved a bloodless one, but it
was very near having a different result,
the doctor being hit on the heel of his
boot, and his opponent on the collar of
his coat. To vast learning, eloquence,
fancy, and wit, the doctor added a boy-
ish good-humor and jovialitv. D. 1842.
MAGLIABECHI, Antonio, a learned
critic, whose eccentric habits were al-
most as extraordinary as his varied
erudition, was b. at Elorence in 1638.
He was placed, when a boy, as servant
to a dealer in fruit, or, as others say,
with a goldsmith, in which situation he
discovered such a propensity to letters,
that a bookseller took him into his em-
ployment, where his talents and mem-
ory made him so much talked of, that
the grand-duke, Cosmo 111., appointed
him his librarian. His attention wa.^
wholly absorbed by his books ; among
them he took liis rest and meals, nor
could he be persuaded to leave his old
apartment for one more commodious
which tlie didce had provided for him.
A threadbare cloak served him for a
garment by day, and a covering by
night; he had one straw cliair for his
table, another to sleep on, and the only
luxury in which he indulged was smo-
king.' He left no literary work deserv-
ing' of particular notice; but he freely
atiorded information to those authors
who sought his advice or assistance. D.
1714.
MAGNENTIUS, a German, who rose,
from being a private soldier, to the first
employments in the empire. The em-
peror Constans had a great esteem for
him, and in a mutiny among the troops
delivered him from the fury of the
soldiers by covering him with his robe.
Magnentius murdered his benefactor in
S50, and assumed the title of emperor ;
but Constantius II. avenged the death
of his brother, and after a bloody battle
took Magnentius prisoner, and put hira
to death at Lvons in 353.
MAHOMET, or MOHAMMED, the
founder of a religion which has spread
over a considerable portion of the globe,
was b. in 570 at Mecca, a city of Arabia,
of tlie noble family of Koreish. Losing
his father in his infimey, the guardian-
ship of him devolved on his uncle Abu
Taleb, who employed him to go with
his caravans from Mecca to Damascus.
In this employment he continued till he
was 28 years of age, when he married
Khadijaii, a rich widow. He continued
to act for some time as a merchant ; but
a disposition to religious contemplation
seems to have attended him from his
early youth ; and having remarked on
his travels the infinite variety of sects
which prevailed, he formed the desigD
of founding a new one. He accordingly
spent much of his time in a cave near
Mecca, . seemingly alone and employed
in meditation and prayer. While there
he framed the celebrated "Koran," or
" Book," which he pretended to have
received at different times from heaven
by the hands of the angel Gabriel. At
the Hfre of 40 he Dubliclv a^^sumed the
MAiJi
CYCLOPEDIA 01 BIOGRAPHY.
611
prophetical character, calling himself
the apostle of God. At first he had
only his wife and eight other followers ;
btit in three years the number of his
disciples was very considerably aug-
mented. In the tenth year of his mis-
sion he lost both Abu Taleb and his
faithful wife Khadijah, which so exposed
him to the enmity of the Koreisliites,
that he found it necessary to make a
tcTuporary retreat to the city of Tayef.
The fundamental doctrine inculcated in
the Koran was, " There is but one God,
and Mahomet is his prophet." His
proselytes rapidly increased ; and as
thej^ swore fidelity to him, and proffered
him their assistance, he adopted the
resolution of encountering his enemies
with force. Being the more exasperated
at this, they formed a conspiracy to
murder him ; warned of the nnminent
danger, he left Mecca, accompanied
only by Abubeker, and concealed him-
self in a neighboring cave. Here he
spent three days undiscovered, after
which he arrived at Medina. It is from
this event, called the Ilegira, or Flight,
that tlie Mussulmans compute their
time ; it corresponds with the 16tli of
June, 622. Mahomet now assumed the
sacerdotal and regal ditrnity, married
Ayesha, daughter of Abubeker, and
declared his resolution to propagate his
doctrines by the sword. The hopes of
booty were thus added to the religious
zeal of his partisans ; and after many
minor exploits with various hostile
tribes of the Jewish persuasion, lie sent
a summons to the principal neighboring
grinces, particularly Chosrou Parviz,
ing of Persia, Heraclius, emperor of
Constantinople, Mokawka^i, ruler of
Egypt, the king of Ethiopia, and the
princes of various districts of Arabia,
to embrace his new revelation of the
divine law. The more remote and
powerful parties gave no heed to him ;
others, however, submitted ; and, hav-
ing made himself master of Mecca, the
Arabs, who regarded it as a holy city,
embraced the proffered creed. In the
tenth year of the Hegira, Mahomet un-
dertook his farewell pilgrimage to Mecca.
On this occasion he was surrounied
with the utm.ost splendor, and attended
by 90,000, or, as some say, 150,000
friends. This was the last important
event of his life. Ho d. soon after his
return to Medina, in his 63d year.
MAILLAR, Oliver, was an eccentric
French ecclesiastic, of the Inth century.
His sermons were distinguished by their
^fross and ridiculous denunciation against
those who might happen to offend him.
Having glanced in one of them at some
traits in the character of Louis XI., that
king, who had just established the post
in France, sent him word that he would
have him thrown into the Seine. " The
king is master," he replied; "but tell
him that I shall get to heaven by water
sooner than h^ will by bis post horses."
D. 1502.
MAILLE, duchess of, lady of the bed-
chamber to Marie Antoinette, who twice
escaped the guillotine by singular con-
tingencies. On the 7th of July, 1794, a
lady named Maillet, detained in St. La-
zare, was executed by Eobespierre's
revolutionary tribunal, by mistake, in
her place; on the 8th she was sum-
moned; but having remarked to the
huissier that there was a mistake in the
register of her baptismal name, a delay
occurred, in order to see her sister-in-
law on the subject; but the latter i eing
seized with convulsions, the examina-
tion was delayed till the 10th, during
which interval Robespierre was himself
guillotined, and the duchess escaped.
MAILLET, Benedict de, a whimsical
but ingenious French writer, b. at Lor-
raine, in 1659. He successively became
consul at Egypt and Leghorn, and d. in
1738. His principal work, " Telliamed,"
(his name reversed,) contains a singular
system of cosmogony, in which he main-
tains that all the land of the globe was
originally coA'cred with water," and that
every species of animal, man included,
owes its origin to the sea.
MAILLlt, John Baptist, a French
historical writer, b. in 1744, at Dijon;
of the academy of which place he became
a member, and where he d. in 1794.
His principal works are, "L'Esprit de
la Fronde," " L'Esprit des Croisades,"
and "Pastes Juifs, Romaines, et Fran-
gais." — Antoine, b. in 1775, was an en-
thusiastic French revolutionist, though
a noble; and editor of the famous
" Bouche de Per." He and his brother,
Minerve, were treacherously seized and
beheaded, and their bodies thrown into
the sea, at the siege of Acre, by Djezzar
Pacha.
MAIMONIDES, or BEN MATMON,
MosEs, one of the most celebrated of the
Jewish rabbis, called by the Jews the
"eagle of the doctors," and the "lamp
of Israel," was b. 1131, at Cordova: was
profoundly versed in all the learning of
the age, became chief physician to the
sultan of Esrypt, and d. 1204. His
works are, the "Mischna Terah," the
"More Nevochira," and the "Peru-
612
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
b
sehim." The first is a co(3e of the Jew-
ish law; the second, which was origi-
nally written in Arabic, is an explana-
trion of obscure places in Scripture; and
the last consists of commentaries on the
Mislina.
MAINTENON, Frances d'Aubione,
marchioness of, who rose to share the
throne of France, was b. in the prison
of Niort, where her father, Coustans
d'Aubigue, was confined in 1635. On
his release he went with his fiimily to
Martinico, and d. there in 1646, leaving
his widow so poor, that she i-eturned to
Europe without this child, who was sent
after her to France, and there taken
under tiie protection of her aunt, Ma-
dame Villette, who brought her up in
the Protestant persuasion ; from which,
owing to the interference of iier mother,
a strict Catliolic, she was afterwards
converted. Subsequently being left in
very reduced circumstances, she married
the celebrated poet and novelist, Scarron.
On his death, in 1660, she obtained the
continuance of his pension, through the
interest of madame de Montespan, who
also appointed her governess of the chil-
dren which she had by Louis XIV.
This connection brought her merits
under the observation of the monarch,
who increased her pension ; and, in
1679, changed her name to Maintenon,
by giving Tier an estate with that title.
Becoming fond of her society, he grad-
ually passed from intimacy to love;
Montespan was supplanted ; and _ La
Chaise, his confessor, having advised
him to sanction his wishes by a secret
but formal marriage, it was solemnized
in 1685. After her elevation she lived
in a sort of retirement from the world.
Having founded the school at St. Cyr,
for the education of poor girls of good
family, she retired to it, after the death
of the king, and there passed the i-e-
mainder of her life. D. 1719.
MAISTKE, Joseph, count de, a dis-
tinguished supporter of absolutism and
the papacy, was b. at Chambery, in Sa-
voy, 1755. Driven by the invasion of
the French from his native country, lie
took up his residence at St. Petersburg,
where he remained till the final fall of
Napoleon permitted him to return to
France, ana thence to Piedmont, where
he became minister of state, in 1818.
His literary career began in 1796, with
his work entitled "Considerations sur
la France," in which he combated the
revolutionary doctrines then in vogue.
In 1810 appeared his " Essai sur le Prin-
cipe G^uerateur des Institutions Poli-
tiques ;" and ten years later he published
his most celebrated work, "Du Pape,"
which may be regarded as tlie uest de-
fence of papal infallibility that has ap-
peared in modern times. Besides these
he wrote " Soir<^'es de Saint Petersburg,"
and " Examen Critique de hi Philosophie
de Bacon," both posthumous publica-
tions. D. 1821.— Xavier, his younger
brother, who repaired also to St. Peters-
burg during the revolutionary period,
gained great celebrity by his "Voyage
autour de ma Chambre," " Le Leprcux
de la Cite d' Aoste," " Le Prisonnier du
Caucase," and "Prascovie," the last
being an interesting narrative of filial
devotion on the part of a Siberian girh
MAITLAND, Sir Richard, an early
Scottish poet, distinguished also as a
lawyer and statesman, was b. in 1496.
He held the office of a lOrd of session,
and in that capacity he took the title of
Lord Lethington, from his estate. He
was appointed keeper of the pi'ivy seal,
in the reign of Queen Mary; which
office, as well as his judicial seat he re-
signed a few years after, and d. 1586.—
William, of Lothington, the eldest son
of Sir Richard, was secretary of state to
Mary queen of Scots. — John, second son
of Sir Richard, succeeded his father in
the office of lord privy seal, and lost it
through his attachment to the interests
of the queen. He was afterwards secre-
tary to James VL, and at length chan-
cellor of Scotland, In 1590 he was
created Lord Maitland, of Thirlstane.
Besides his Scottish poetry in the Mait-
land collection, he wrote several Latin
epigrams, &c. — William, an historian
and topographer, was b. about 1693, at
Brechin, in Forfarshire. He was, origi-
nally, a travelling hair-merchant, but
turned his talents to literature, gained a
competent fortune, and became a mem-
ber of the Royal and Antiquarian socie-
ties. He wrote a " History of London,"
a "History of Edinburgh," and "The
History and Antiquities of Scotland."
D. 1757.
MALACKOWSKI, a noble Pole, b.
in 1768. He was a friend of Kosciusko,
and one of the victims of the partition-
ers of Poland. He was president of the
diet from 1788 to 1792, and chief author
of the constitution of 1791.
MALAPERT, Charles, a poet and
mathematician, was b. at Mons, in 1581,
became a Jesuit ; and d. in Spain, 1630.
MALBONE, Edward G., a distin-
guished American painter, b. at New-
port, R. I., who early displayed a re-
markable taste for art, and obtained
MU^]
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
613
great repatation at Boston, Philadel-
phia, Charleston, New York, and Lon-
don. D. 1807.
MALCOLM, J^MEs Peller, an artist
and antiquary, was a native of America,
studied painting in England, and event-
ually became an engraver. He was the
author of *' Londinium Rcdivivum,"
" Anecdotes of the Manners and Cus-
toms of London," " First Lnpressions,"
&c. D. 1815. — Sir John, a distinguished
military officer and diplomatist, was b.
near Langholm, Scotland, in 1769. At
the age of 14 he went out as a cadet to
India. The first service of any import-
ance in which he was engaged, was the
siege of Seringapatam, in 1792, where
he attracted the notice of Lord Corn-
wallis. In 1804 he concluded a treaty
of alliance with Dowlah Kao Scindia;
and continued to display great judgment
as the diplomatic agent of the British
government in India for several subse-
quent years. In 1827 he accepted the
situation of governor of Bombay, which
Eost he continued to fill till 1831, when
e returned to England, and sat in par-
liament for the borough of Launceston.
As an author. Sir John Malcolm also
attained considerable celebrity, as may
be seen in his " History of Persia,''
" Sketches of Persia," " Memoirs of
Central India," " The Administration
of British India " &c. D. 1833.
MALEBEANCHE, Nicholas, aFrench
Eriest and celebrated philosopher, was
. at Paris, in 1638 ; and at the age of
22, being determined to embrace the
monastic life, was admitted into the
congregation of the Oratory. His atten-
tion was first directed to metaphysics
by perusing Descartes' " Treatise on
Man," and he immediately became a
devoted partisan of the Cartesian phi-
losophy. His famous treatise " On the
Search after Truth,'' was first printed
in 1673, and is principally distinguished
by the maintenance of a mysterious
union between God and the soul of
man, and the doctrine that the human
mind immediately perceives God, and
sees all things in him. Malebranche
also wrote several other works, among
which are, a "Treatise on Nature and
Grace," " Christian Conversations," and
" Dialogues on Metaphysics and Reli-
gion." He was highly venerated for his
elevated genius, and nothing could be
more amiable and simple than his con-
versation and manners. D. 1715.
MALESHEEBES, Christian William
DE Lamoionon de an eminent French
statesmah, was b. at Paris, in 1721. He
52
succeeded his father as president of the
court of aids ; besides which he had the
siiperintendence of the press, in which
office he acted with great lenity. In.
1771, on the abolitiorJ of the legal con-
stitution, Malesherbes was banished to
his country seat ; but he was recalled
three years afterwards, and made min-
ister of state, which post he soon re-
signed, and then went to Switzerland.
In 1786 he was again called to the coun-
cils of his sovereign, Louis XVL, when
he drew n^ two memoirs, " On the Ca-
lamities ot France, and the Means of
repairing them ;" but his advice was
rejected, and he retired to his country
house, where he employed himself in
agricultural pursuits. He however has-
tened, of his own accord, to plead the
cause of his sovereign in 1792; and he
was one of the last who took leave of
him before his execution. This attach-
ment to a fallen master excited the jeal-
ousy of the French rulers, and caused
his destruction. Shortly after his return
home, his daughter, madame de Ro-
sambo, and her husband were arrested,
and conducted to Paris; and his own
arrest, with that of his grandchildren,
soon followed. Almost his whole family
were extirpated by the merciless pro-
scription of his persecutors. Males-
heroes was beheaded, April 22, 1794.
MALHEEBE, Francis de, a French
poet, was b. at Caen, about 1555 ; bore
arms in the troops of the League, was
gensioned by Henry IV., and d. in 1628.
[is works consist of paraphrases on the
Ssalms, sonnets, odes, and epigrams,
[e also translated some of Seneca's let-
ters ; and may be considered as one of
the first who gave to French poetry its
polish and regularity.
MALIBEAN Dfi BERIOT, Maria
Felioitas, a celebrated vocal performer,
was the eldest daughter of Manuel Gar-
cia, a well-known tenor singer of the
Italian opera, and was b. in Paris, in
1808. At the early age of 16, she made
her debut as prima donna at the opera.
This was in 1825. During the following
year she accompanied her father to this
country, where her union with M. Mali-
bran, an elderly French merchant, took
Elace. Shortly after their marriage, her
usband failed, and was thrown into
prison ; and Madame Malibran, believing
she had been deceived, separated from
him, and voluntarily giving into the
hands of his creditors her marriage set- '
tlement, returned to Europe. Intense
study, the love of her art, and tlie mo-
tives she had for exertion, had already
614
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[mal
made her a performer of unrivalled ex-
cellence. In March, 1836, Ma lame Mal-
libran then in Paris, having been freed,
by the French courts, from'the bond-ige
of her union with Monsieur Malibran,
was married to Monsieur de Beriot, a
Belgian, whose extraordinary ability as
a violinist had placed hini in the highest
rank of his profession. In May follow-
inv, she resumed her English perform-
ances at Drury-lane theatre ; and, at the
close of the season, she accompanied
her husband to Brussels, and other
cities on the Continent. But the end
of her career was fust approaching.
Having been engaged for the Manches-
ter grand musical festival, she arrived
in that town on the 1 1th of September,
and, though evidently indisposed, com-
menced her arduous task the next day.
Her illness rapidly increased ; and,
though she endeavored to conceal it, by
sustaining her part with the apparent
vigor of health and unusual energy, she
sank under the effort. On Wednesday,
the 14th, her last notes in public were
heard, in the duet, *' Vanne se alberghi
in petto," from " Andronico," with
Madame Caradori Allan. D. Sept. 23d.
MALLET, David, whose real name
was Malloch, a poet and miscellaneous
writer, was b. about 1700, at Crief, in
Perthshire. His first publication was
the ballad of " William and Margaret,"
which was followed by "The Excar-
sion," a poem, and, in 1731, he pro-
duced the tragedy of " Eurydice."
Soon after this, he formed an acquaint-
ance with Pope, who introduced liim to
Bolingbroke, and about the same time
he was appointed under-secretary to
the prince of Wales. In 1739 his play
of ''Mustapha" was performed with
success, ana the next year he wrote, in
conjunction with Thomson, the masque
of '" Alfred." He also published a
"Life of Lord Bacon," and the works
of Bolingbroke, who left them to him as
a legacy, and in whose skepticism he
participated. D. 1765. — Paul Henry,
an historian and antiquary, was b. at
Geneva, in 1730 ; was successively pro-
fessor of belles lettres at Copenhagen
and at Geneva. Being deprived of his
fortune during the first revolutionary
war, he for some time received pensions
fram the landgrave of Hesse and the
duke of Brunswick, of which he was
deprived by the late war. His merit as
an antiquary was very great. Amon,^
his works are. Histories of " Denmark,"
"Hesse," "the Swiss," "the Hanseatic
Loaj^ue," and "the House of Bruns-
wick," and an " Introduction to the
History of Denmark," which Dr. Percy
translated, under the title of " Northern
Antiquities." D. 1807.
MALMESBUKY, William of, an
Englisli historian, who flourished in the
I'ith century, was b. in Somersetshire,
educated at Oxford, became a monk of
Malmesbury, and was elected librarian
of the monastery. His " De Regibus
Anglorum" is a general history of En-
gland, from the arrival of the Saxons, in
449, to the 26th Henry I., in 1126. He
also wrote a "History of his Own
Times," from that year to the escape
of the Empress Maud from Oxford, in
1143 ; an " Ecclesiastical History of
England," "The Antiquities of Glas-
tonbury," and a " Life of St. Aldhelm."
D. 1143. —James Harris, earl of, a dis-
tinguished diplomatist, the only son of
the 'author of " Hermes," was b. at
Salisbury, 1746. He commenced his
diplomatic career as secretary of em-
bassy at Madrid, in 1767. Here he dis-
played such talent and firmness in
conducting the management of the
transfer of the Falkland Islands to
Great Britain, that he was appointed
minister at the court of Berlin ; and
from this period, with few interrup-
tions, down to the close of the century,
he bore a large share in all the great
diplomatic transactions of the time. D.
1820.
MALONE, Edmund, a dramatic critic
and miscellaneous writer, was the son
of an Irisii judge, and b. at Dublin, in
1741. He studied at Trinity college and
the Inner Temple, and in 1767 was
called to the bar, but being possessed
of an independent fortune, he retired
from the profession, and devoted him-
self to literature. In 1780 he published
two supplementary volumes to Stee-
vens's Shakspeare, and a detection of
Chatterton's forgeries. In 1790 ap-
peared his edition of Shakspeare, and in
1795 he exposed the imposture of the
Irelands. He also published a " Life
of Sir Joshua Reynolds," prefixed to his
writings ; a " Life of Dryden," and a
" Biographical Sketch of the Right Hon.
William Wyndham." D. 1312.
MALPIGHI, Marcellus, an eminent
Italian physician and anatomist. His
discoveries in anatomy were consider-
able, particularly respecting the liver
and kidneys, but his merit is still higher
as a vesJ-etable anatomist and physiol-
ogist. B. 1628; d. 1694.
MALTE-BRUN, Conrad, a poet, ge-
ographer, and political writer, was o. ir
man]
CI CLOP .EDI A OF BIOGRAPHY.
615
1775, at Thye, m the isle of Jutland.
Having given offence by his writings in
favor of the liberty of tiie press, and the
enfranchisement of the peasants, he was
banished to Sweden in 1796. After
having resided for a time at Stockholm,
he went to Paris, where he acquired
great reputation, particularly as a geog-
rapher. He edited the foreign political
department of the "Journal des De-
bats," was a contributor to the " Bi-
ographie Universelle," and produced
various works; among these are his
"Precis de la Geographic Universelle,"
*' Tableau de la Pologne Ancienne ct
Moderue," " Poems," &c. He also pub-
lished, in conjunction with Mentelle,
" Geographic Mathematique, Pliysique,
et Politique." D. 1826.
MALTHUS, Thomas Robert, author
of a famous, or perhaps some would
have us say, an infamous " Essay on
Population," full of learning and ability,
was b. in Albury, Surrey, in 1766, and
educated at Cambridge. He was ap-
pointed professor of history and political
economy in the college of the East India
Company at Haileybury, and continued
to hold that situation till his death. His
system is founded on the hypothesis,
that population increases in a geomet-
rical, while provisions only increase in
an arithmetical, ratio. D. 1846.
MALUS, Stephen Louis, a French
mathematician and experimental philos-
opher, was b. at Paris, in 1775, became a
professor in the Polytechnic school, and
subsequently served as an officer of
engineers, on the Rhine, in 1797, and
under Bonaparte in Egypt, where he
much distinguished himself. After this
he entered on a course of experiments
on the phenomena of optics, and ulti-
mately discovered the polarization of
light. This discovery, the greatest since
that of the achromatic telescope, gained
him admission into the institute, he also
received the gold medal of the Royal
Society, and honors flowed in upon him
from all quarters. D. 1812.
MALVASIA, Charles C^sar, an
Italian ecclesiastic, author of " A His-
tory of the Painters of Bologna," and
a work entitled " Marmora Fulsinea."
MAMBRUN, Peter, a French Jesuit,
was b. in the diocese of Clermont, 1581,
and d. 1661. He is celebrated for his
Latin " Eclogues," and " Georgics."
MAN, Cornelius de, a Dutch his-
torical and portrait painter. B. 1621 ;
d. 1706.
MANCO CAP AC, the founder of the
Peruvian empire, and the first of its
ineas, reigned, as is supposed, about
400 years before the Spanish invasion
in 1532. According to the tradition of
the natives, he first appeared with Mama
Oella his wife, and sister, in an island
of the lake Titicana, and declared them-
selves to be children of the sun, sent
down to civilize them. He is said to
have instructed the natives in religion,
agriculture, and the useful arts ; to have
founded Cuzco, and to have ruled long
and prosperously over a grateful people.
It is probable he was a stranger from
some civihzed land, who suddenly ap-
peared in Peru, and e ployed religion
in order to procure an ascendency,
which enabled, him to form a regular
government.
MANDEVILLE, Sir John, an English
traveller, was b. at St. Alban's, about
the beginning of the 14th century; left
his native country in 1332, to proceed
on his peregrinations ; spent 34 years in
visiting various countries; and on his
return, published an account of his
travels ; out the wonder^ he describes
have thrown such an air of improbabil-
ity over his narrative, as to stagger the
belief of the most credulous. D. 1372. —
Bernard, a Dutch physician, was b. at
Dort, about 1670. He settled in London
at the beginning of the 18th century,
and published, in 1709, a licentious book,
entitled "The Virgin Unmasked." In
1711 appeared his treatise on "Hypo-
chondria and Hysteric Passions ;" but
the work by which he is most known is
his " Fable of the Bees, or Private Vices
made Public Benefits." He was also the
author of " An Inquiry into the Origin
of Honor," "Free Thoughts on Reli
gion," &c. D. 1733.
MANES, or MANICH^US, the
founder of a Christian sect, called, after
him, Manichaians, was a native of Per-
sia, and b. about the year 239. He ob-
tained the tenets, which made his name
famous, from the books of Scythianus,
an Arabian, who maintained two co-
eternal principles, one good and the
other evil. Upon this stock. Manes set
up as an heresiarch, blending with the
philosophy of Scythianus, or' rather of
Empedocles, some notions, partly Chris-
tian, and partly heathen. He rejected the
Old Testament, and taught tliat Christ
had come to save mankind, and that
he himself was the Paraclete announced
in the New Testament. Jle also pre-
tended to the gift of healing; but failing
to cure the son of the king of Persia, he
was flayed alive, and his body given to
the dogs, A. D. 278.
616
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[man
MANETHO, an ancient Egyptian his-
torian, who was high priest of lieliopolis,
m the reign of i^tolerny Pluladelphus,
about 304 b. c. He wrote the liistory of
his country in Greek, and pretended to
have talceu it from the sacred inscrip-
tions on the pillars of Hermes Trisme-
gistas.
MANFEEDI, Eustachio, an eminent
matliematician and astronomer, b. at Bo-
logna, in 1674. He was appointed pro-
fessor of mathematics in 1 698 ; placed
at the head of the college of Montalto, in
1704 ; and afterwards nominated astron-
omer to the Institute of Bologna. He
was a member of the French Academy
of Sciences, and of the Royal Society of
London. D. 1739.
MANILIUS, Marcus, a Roman poet,
who flourished in the Augustan age.
He undertook a didactic poem, of which
we have but five books, entitled " As-
tronomica."
MANLEY, De la Reviere, was the
daughter of Sir Roger Manley, governor
of Guernsey, a gentleman who suffered
much for his adherence to Charles I.,
and also distinguished himself as a
writer. Slie was left to the care of a
cousin, who seduced her under the
mask of a pretended marriage, and then
abandoned her. Being thus dependent
on her own exertions for support, she
became a dramatic and political writer.
Her first effort was "The Royal Mis-
tress," a tragedy, which was successful.
She then composed "The New Atalan-
tes," in which, under feigned names,
and with much warmth and freedom,
she relates the amours and adventures,
real and supposed, of many distinguish-
ed persons of the day. For the libels
contained in this work she was commit-
ted to the custody of a messenger, but
afterwards admitted to bail ; and a tory
administration succeeding, she lived in
high reputation and gayety. She was
also employed in writing for Queen
Anne's ministry; and when Swift re-
linquished the " Examiner," she contin-
ued it for a considerable time with great
spirit. Besides the works before men-
tioned, she wrote "Lucius," a tragedy;
"The Lost Lover," a comedy; "Me-
moirs of Europe towards the close of
the Eighteenth Century," "Court In-
trigues," " Adventures of Rivelle," &c.
D. 1724.
MANLY, John, a captair in <-he navy
of the United States, received a naval
commission from Washington, in 1775.
Invested with the command of the
schooner Lee, he kept the hazardous
station of Massachusetts bay, during a
most tempestuous season, and the cap-
tures which he made were of immense
value at the moment. An ordnance
brig, which fell into his hands, supplied
the continental army with heavy pieces,
mortars, and working tools, of which it
was very destitute, and in the event led
to the evacuation of Boston. Being
raised to the command of the frigate
Hancock, of 32 guns, his capture of the
Fox increased his high reputation for
bravery and skill. But he was taken
prisoner by tlie Rainbow, July 8, 1777,
and suffered a long and rigorous con-
finement on board that ship at Halifax,
and in Mill prison, precluded from fur-
ther actual ser ice till near the close of
the war. In September, 1782, the Hague
frigate was intrusted to his care. A
few days after leaving Martinique, he
was driven by a British seventy-four on
a sand bank at the back of Guadaloupe.
Three ships of the line, having joined
this ship, came to within point blank
shot, and with springs on their cables,
opened a most tremendous fire. Hav-
ing supported the heavy cannonade for
three days, on the fourth day the frigate
was got oft', and hoisting the continental
standard on the main-top gallant mast,
13 guns were fired in farewell defiance.
On his return to Boston a few months
afterwards, he was arrested to answer a
variety of charges exhibited against him
by one of his officers. The proceedings
of the court were not altogether in ap-
proval of his conduct. I), in Boston,
1793, aged .59.
MANNING, Owen, an English anti-
quary and topographer, was a native of
Northamptonshire; was educated at*
Queen's college, Cambridge; entered
into orders, and became a prebendary
of Lincoln, and vicar of Godalming.
His principal literary labors are, " Dic-
tionarium Saxonico et Gothico-Latinum,
auctore Edvardo Lye, edidit et auxit
O. M.," and the " History and Antiqui-
ties of Surrev;" published posthumous-
ly, by Mr. Bray. D. 1801.
MANS ART, Francis, a French arch-
itect; b. 1598; d. 1666. He built sev-
eral churches, and other public structures
at Paris. — Jdles-Hurdouin, his nephew,
was also an excellent architect, and the
superintendent of the royal edifices.
He built the palaces of Versailles, Marly,
and the Great Trianon ; the Hospital of
the Invalides, Ac.
MANSFIELD, William Murray, earl
of, the fourth son of David, Lord Stor-
mont, was b. at Perth, 'n Scotland, in
man]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
611
1705. He became a student at Lincoln's
Inn, and, after the usual term of proba-
tion, was called to the bar, gradually
making his way to eminence. In 1742 he
was made solicitor-general ; two years
afterwards he was created chief justice
of the King's Bench ; and, in 1776, he
vas advanced to the dignity of an earl
)f Great Britain. During the riots in
London, June, 1780, his house was at-
tacked by the anti-Catholic mob, and
his valuable collection of books and
manuscripts fell a sacrifice to the fury
of the multitude, by whom the mansion
was burnt to the ground. He continued
for some years longer to exercise his ju-
dicial functions, but resigned in 1788,
and passed the remainder of his life in
retirement. At the commencement of
the reign of George III., he was assailed
with the utmost virulence by patriots
of the day, particularly in the atfair of
Wilkes ; while Junius poured upon him
a torrent of malisrnant slander, which he
bore with dignified silence. As a poli-
tician. Lord Mansfield inclined to the
absurd maxims of toryism, but as a
judge he was acute, liberal, and disin-
terested^ D. in 1783.
MANSI, John Domixic, a learned
Italian prelate, and an indefatigable an-
tiquary, was b. at Lucca, in 1692. He
was several years professor of divinity
at Naples, and in 1765 was made arch-
bishop of Lucca, where he d. in 1769.
His principal works are, a Latin trans-
lation of " Calmet's History of the Bible,"
with additions ; " De Veteri et Nova
Ecclesiae Diseiplina," "Commentaries
on the Bible," an edition of " Baronius's
Annals," another of the "Councils," an
edition of " ^Eneas Sylvius's Orations,"
and one of Fabricius's "Bibliotheca La-
tina mediae et infimae JEtatis."
MANT, KicHARD, bishop of Down,
Connor, and Dromore, was b. at South-
ampton, where his father was rector of
the church of All-Saints, 1776. In 1815
he became rector of St. Botolpli's, Bish-
opsgate-street, and, three years later,
vicar of East Horsley, Surrey. In 1820
he was consecrated bishop of Killaloe,
and translated to the see of Down and
Connor in 1823; the care of the diocese
of Dromore devolving upon him in 1842,
on tlie death of the lust bishop, Dr.
Laurie. During his long life. Dr. Mant
was. constantly engaged in authorship,
chiefly on sulajects connected with his
professional duties. D. 1848.
MANTEGNA, Andrea, an eminent
painter, was b. at Padua, in 1481 ; and
studied under Squarcione His chief
residence was at Mantua, where he was
much employed in oil and fresco ; but
he worked a great deal at Kome, and
produced some admired paintings there.
He had great influence on the stylo
of his age, and distinguished himself
highly in the art of perspective. D.
1505.
MANUEL, Jacques Antoine, one of
the most eloquent and intrepid defend-
ers of French liberty, was b. in 1775,
at Barcelonette, in the department of the
Lower Alps. He entered as a volunteer
in one of the battalions of the requisi-
tion, in 1793, and rose to the ranlc of
captain. After the peace of Campo
Formio, he quitted the army, studied
law, was admitted to the bar at Aix, and
soon acquired a high reputation for tal-
ent. In 1815 he was elected to the
chamber of deputies, which was con-
voked by Napoleon, and after the abdi-
cation of that monarch, strenuously
contended for the rights of his son. In
1818 he was elected a member of the
chamber of deputies by three depart-
ments, and became one of the most
formidable opponents of the ministers.
He was fervid and ardent in the cnuse
of the party to which he had attached
himself; but having used some violent
expressions in his first speech, in the
session of 1823, on the subject of the
Spanish war, his expulsion was loudly
demanded ; the result of which was that
a body of the gendarmerie was intro-
duced to arrest him. Manuel was again
chosen to the chamber of deputies, in
1824, and d. 1827.
MANUTIUS, Aldus, a celebrated
Italian printer and author, was b. at
Bassano, in 1447 ; became tutor to Al-
berto Pio, prince of Carpi ; and in 1488
established a printing oflftce at Venice.
He printed numerous valuable editions
of Greek and Latin classics ; Compiled a
Greek and Latin Dictionary and Gram-
mar ; and was the inventor of the Italic
character, hence called Aldine, fur the
exclusive use of which, for a term of
years, he obtained a patent. D. 1515. —
Paolo, son of the preceding, distin-
guished as a classical scholar, • no less
than a printer, was b. at Venice, in 1512,
and d. 1574. — Aldo, the younger, was a
son of Paolo, and equally celebrated as
his father and grandfather. He was b.
in 1547, and d.'in 1597 ; and with him
expired the glory of the Aldine press.
MANVEL, Francis, a celebrated
Portuguese lyric poet, b. at Tiisbon, in
1734. He was the author of manv odes,
and other poems ; was compelled to fly
618
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[mar
from his country to avoid the Inquisi-
tion, and d. at Versailles, in 1821.
MAPLETOFT, Dr. John, a very
learned English medical and theological
writer. B. 1631; d. 1721.
MARA, Elizabeth, a celebrated pub-
lic singer, whose maiden name was
Sclnnelling, was b. in 1750, at Oassel, in
Germany. She commenced her musical
education by playing on the violin ; but
as she grew up, she cultivated her vocal
ttilents, and attained an almost unri-
valled degree of excellence. On her
arrival at Berlin she sang before Fred-
eric the Great, and though he had pre-
viously declared that he should as soon
expect pleasure from the neighing of a
horse as from a German singer, yet he
was soon convinced of the excellence of
the fair vocalist, whom he put to the
test, by selecting the most difficult airs
in his oollection, which she executed at
sight, with the utmost facility. She
afterwards visited Italy, Switzerland,
England, France, and Russia. Madame
Mara left England in 1802, and went to
reside in Russia ; and when that coun-
try was invaded by Napoleon in 1812,
she became a sufferer, in consequence
of the destruction of her property at the
conflagration of Moscow. About the
beginning of 1820 she revisited En-
fland, and gave a concert at the opera
ouse ; but age had weakened her ]iow-
ers, and this once matchless singer ex-
hibited only the relics of her former
greatness. D. 1833.
MARAT, John Paul, was b. in 17M,
at Baudry, in the province of Neuf-
chatel, in Switzerlana. In his youth he
applied himself to the study of medi-
cine and anatoniy ; and settling in Paris,
attracted notice as an empiric and ven-
der of medicines. But his ambition led
him to desire a more extensive popu-
larity, and he wrote a work, which had
for its title " Man, or Principles and
Laws, showing the Influence of the
Soul and the Body in their Relations to
each other." He also published a daily
paper, called, "L'Ami du Peuple." He
then became president of the assembly
of deputies in Paris, and in that capaci-
ty indulged his thirst for human blood.
He denounced the generals of the French
army as traitors to their country, and put
the 'members of the convention under
arrest. It was at this time that Char-
lotte Corday resolved to rid the world
of its greatest monster, and he was
stabbed' by this enthusiastic young
woman, July, 1793.
MARATTI, Cablo, an eminent paint-
er, was b. in 1625, at Cameiino, in the
papal territory. He became an early
pupil of Andrea Sacchi ; and on account
of his habit of painting female saints,
was nicknamed, by Salvator Rosa, Car-
luccio della Madonn.n. lie was also a
food architect and an engraver; was
nighted by Clement XI., who gave
him a pension. D. 1713. — Maria, his
daughter, who married J. B. Zappi, was
also a good artist and poetess.
MARBECK, John, a musician of the
16th century, supposed to have been the
first composer of the cathedral service
of the church of England. He was or-
ganist at St. George's chcpel, Windsor;
i'.nd author of a " Concordance of the
Bible," "The Lives of the Saints,
Prophets, and Patriarchs," &c.
MARCELLUS, Claudius, the first
Roman general who successfully en-
countered Hannibal in the second Pu-
nic war. Soon after the fatal battle of
Canna3, he was sent against that distin-
guished commander, and forced the
Carthaginians to retreat, with a loss.
He afterwards went to Sicily, where the
siege of Syracuse was his most remark-
able achievement. Marcellus fell in a
sanguinary battle with his tbrmer oppo-
nent, 209 B. c, when Hannibal caused
the body to be burnt with distinguished
honors, and sent the ashes to his son in
a costly urn.
MARCET, Alexander, an eminent
Ehysician and natui*al philosopher, was
. at Geneva, in 1770 ; studied at Edin-
burgh, and settled in London, where he
obtained great reputation as a medical
practitioner and public lecturer. He
was naturalized in England in 1802, but
returned to his own country in 1814.
He was the author of " An Essay on
the Chemical History of Calculi," and
of many valuable papers in the "Philo-
sophical Transactions," &c. D. 1822.
MARCION, a heretic of the 2d ecu
tury, was a native of Synope, on the
Euxine. He espoused the notions of
Cei io, to which he added the doctrine
of Manes, and some peculiarities of his
own.
MARETS, Samuel de, was a native
of Picardy, and surnamed " The Little
Preacher," from his diminutive stature.
He was an eminent controversialist of
the reformed church in the 17th century,
and from his erudition and ability made
a distinguished figure among the po-
lemics of the day. He wrote a variety
of theological works, particularly an
excellent "System of Divinity." J).
1663. „^
mar]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
619
MARGARET OF ANJOU, daughter
of Rene dWajou, king of Naples, and
wife of Henry Vl., king of England, was
an ambitious, enterprising, courageous
woman. Intrepid in the field, she sig-
nalized herself by heading her troops
in several battles against the house of
York ; and'if she had not been the in-
strument of her husband's misfortunes,
by putting to death the duke of Glou-
cester, his uncle, her name would have
been immortalized for the fortitude,
activity, and policy with which she sup-
ported the rights of her husband and
son. The fatal defeat at Tewkesbury,
however, p:.t an end to all her enter-
prises; the king being taken prisoner,
and Prince Edward, their only son, base-
ly murdered by Richard, duke of Glou-'
cester. Margaret was ransomed by her
father for 50,000 crowns, and d. 1482. —
Of Fkance, queen of Navarre, daughter
of Henry II., was b. in 1552, and ranked
as one of the greatest beauties of her
age, with talents and accomplishments
corresponding to the charms of her per-
son. She married Henry, then prmce
of Beam, but afterwards king of France.
D. 1615. — Of Valois, queen of Naples,
and sister to Francis I,, king of France,
was the daughter of Charles of Orleans,
duke of Angoulcme, and b. in 1492.
In 1509 she married Charles, duke of
Alenqon. Her next husband was Henry
d'Albret, king of Navarre, by whom
she had Joan d'Albret, mother of Henry
IV. She was the authoress of some
poetical pieces, and of a tract, entitled
" The Mirror of the Sinful Soul," which
was condemned as heretical by the Sor-
bonne. A volume of tales, entitled
" Heptameron, ou Sept Journees de la
Reyne de Navarre," which were written
by'her during the gayety of youth, are
as free in their tendency as those of
Boccaccio ; and it certainly, at the pres-
ent day, appears somewhat extraordi-
nary, that a princess so pious and con-
templative, snould be their author. D.
1549.
MARIA LOUISA, ex-empress of the
French, wife of Napoleon, was the eld-
est daughter of Francis I., emperor of
Austria, and of his second wife, Maria
Theresa of Naples, and was b. 1791. In
1810 she was married to the emperor,
then in the zenith of his power; in 1811
she presented her husband with a son —
afterwards called king of Rome — to the
great joy of the French nation ; tfiid in
1813, on his departure to the army, she
was nominateci regent. In 1814 she
refused to accompany Napoleon to Elba
on the plea of ill-health ; and having
obtained by treaty with the allied
powers, the' duchies of Parma and Pla-
centia, &c., she repaired thither with
her chamberlain. Count Neipperg, for
whom she had conceived an attachment,
and whom she subsequently married.
D. 1847.
MARIA THERESA, queen of Hun-
gary and Bohemia, archduchess of Aus-
tria, and empress of Germany, daughter
of the emperor Charles VI., was b. at
Vienna, 1717, and in 1739, married Duke
Francis Stephen of Lorraine, who in
1737, became grand-duke of Tuscany.
The day after her father's death, she
ascended the throne of Hungary, Bo-
hemia, and Austria, and declared her
husband joint ruler. D. 1780.
MARINI, John Baptist, an Italian
Eoet, was b. at Naples in 1569. He Avas
red to the law, which he abandoned
for literature. His principal poem is an
heroic, entitled " Adone," but he wrote
many others. D. 1625.
MARION, Francis, a distinguished
officer in the revolutionary war, was a
native of South Carolina. He was en-
gaged in agricultural pursuits until the
year 1759, when he became a soldier,
and served with credit against the Cher-
okee Indians. As soon as the war
between the mother country and the
colonies broke out, he was called to the
command of a company in his native
state. In 1776 he co-operated bravely
in the defence of Fort Moultrie, and soon
reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel
coTnmandant of a regiment, in which
capacity he acted during the siege of
Charleston. He became, subsequently,
brigadier-general in the militia of South
Carolina, and as such was an indefati-
gable and most useful partisan. The
country from Camden to the sca-eoast,
between the Pedeo and Santee rivers,
was the scene of his operations. Many
very striking and characteristic anec-
dotes of his prowess and habits are re-
lated of him ; and in addition to his
distinction in partisan warfare, he ac-
quired much reputation in conducting
the sieges of the captured posts lield by
the enemy. At Georgetown, Fort Wat-
son, Fort Moste, Granby, Parker's ferry,
and Eutaw, he highly distinguished
himself J). 1795.
MARIUS, Caius, a celebrated Roman
general and demagogue, who was seven
times consul. He first distinguished
himself at the siesfe of Numantia ; after-
wards went to Africa as lieutenant to
the consul Metellus; superseded hia
620
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[mar
commander, and obtained the consul-
ship himself, when he subdued Jugur-
tlui, king of Numidin, whom he con-
d acted in triumph to Home. After this
he served against the Cimbri and other
barbarous nations, wlio had poured
their myriads into Italy. In his sixth
consulate he had Sylhi for his rival, who
marched to Eome with his army, and a
civil war commenced to decide their
superiority. Defeated by his rival,
Marius wandered about on the coasts of
Italy, and, after escaping several times,
was found by some horsemen in a
marsh. He was conducted naked to
MinturnaB, where the magistrate, after
some deliberation, resolved to obey the
orders of the senate and of Sylla. But
the Oimbrian slave, to whom the execu-
tion was intrusted, awed by the look
and words of Marius, dropped his
sword, and the people of Minturnse,
moved with compassion, conducted him
to the coast, whence a vessel conveyed
him to Africa. Here he remained till
his party had once more triumphed in
Italy, when he was recalled by Cinna
and Sertorius, who making themselves
masters ofKome, a terrible proscription
took place. Marius enjoyecT the dignity
of consul for the seventh time, 86 b. c,
?nd d. shortly after, aged 80. — The
Younger, had all the determined char-
acter of his father. He usurped the
consular dignity, 82 b. c, but was de-
feated by Sylla, and slew himself at
Prae.neste.
MARIVAUX, Peter Cablet de
Chamblain de, a celebrated dramatist
and novelist, was b. at Paris, in 1688.
His father, who was director of the mint
at Riom, gave him an excellent educa-
tion, and his own talents and social
merits gained him many friends. The
drama ftrst attracted his attention, and
he was the author of about 30 pieces ;
but it is as a novelist that ho is chiefly
known to the world of letters. Of these,
" Lc Paysan Parvenu," " Marianne,"
and " Le Philosophe Indigente," are
accounted the principal. He also wrote
" Le Spectateur Francois," &c. D.
1763.
MARLBOROUGH, Johx Churchill,
duke of, was flie son of Sir Winston
Churchill, of Ashe, in Devonshire,
where he was b. 1650. At the age of 12
years he was taken from school, to be a
page to the duke of York, wlio, in 1666,
gave him a pair of colors in the guards.
His first service was at the siege of Tan-
fier ; and at his return to England, he
ecarae the favorite of the ducliess of
Cleveland, who gave him £5000, with
which he nnrchased an annuity for life.
He servea afterwards under the great
Turenne, and distinguished himself so
gallantly at the siege of Macstricht, that
the king of France publicly thanked
him at the head of the regin\ent. On
his return to England he was made
lieutenant-colonel, gentleman of the
bed-chamber, and master of the robes to
the duke of York, whom he attended to
Holland and Scotland ; and about this-
time he married Miss Jennings, maid
of honor to the princess, afterwards
Queen Anne. In 1682 he was ship-
wrecked with the duke of York, in their
passage to Scotland. Tlie same year ho
^^as made a peer, by the title ot^ Baron
T^yemouth ; and when James came to
the crown, he was sent to France to
notify the event. In 1685 he was crea-
ted Lord Churchill, of Sandridge. The
same year he suppressed Monmouth's
rebellion, and took him prisoner. He
continued to serve King James with
great fidelity, till the arrival of the
prince of Orange, who created him earl
of Marlborough in 1689, and appointed
him commander-in-chief of the English
army in the Low Countries. He next
served in Ireland, and reduced Cork,
Kinsale, and other strong places. But
in 1692 he was suddenly dismissed from
his employments, and committed to the
Tower, on suspicion, not wholly ground-
less, of plotting to restore the exiled
monarch. After the death of Queen
Mary he was restored to favor ; and at
the close of that reign he had the com-
mand of the English forces in Holland,
and was appointed ambassador extraor-
dinary to tlie States, who chose him
captain-general of their forces. On the
commencement of Queen Anne's reign,
he recommended a war with France and
Spain, which advice was adopted. In
the campaign of 1702, he took a num-
ber of strong towns, particularly Liego,
and returning to England the following
winter, received the thanks of both
houses, and a dukedom. In 1704 he
joined Prince Eugene, with whom he
encountered the French and Bavarians
at Hochstedt, and obtained a complete
victory. On the 15th of M:iy, 1706, he
fought the famous battle of Ramillles,
which accelerated the fall of Louvain,
Brussels, and other important places;
an.l arriving in England in Xoveiaber,
received fresh honors and grants from
the queen and parliament. In 1709 he
defeated Marshal V^illars, at Malplaquet,
for which victory a general thanKsgiving
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
was solemnized. In the Avinter of 1711
he returned to England, and soon after,
throngh parly intrigues, was dismissed
from all his emplovmcnts. D. 1722.
MAKLOE, or MARLOWE, Chrfs-
TOPHER, an eminent poet and dramatist
of the Elizabethan age, was educated
at Cambridge, afterwards settled in Lon-
don, and became an actor as well as a
writer for the stage. Besides six trage-
dies of his own composition, and one
written jointljy^ with Nashe, he left
translations from Ovid, Lucan, and
others. His powers as a tragic writer
were of a high order, and some passages
in his plays are fraught with exquisite
beauty. D. 1593.
MAKMONTEL, John Francis, a dis-
tinguished French writer, b. in 1723, at
Bort, in the Limousin, was the eldest
son of a large family in humble life ;
and was educated at the Jesuits' college
at Mauriac. He first settled at Toulouse,
but being persuaded by Voltaire to try
his fortune at Paris, he went there in
1745. By his tragedies of " Dionysius"
and " Aristomenes," and other popular
works, he soon gained reputation ; and
being patronized by madame de Pom-
padour, he received the appointment
of secretary to the royal buildings.
Soon after, be became connected with
D'Alembert and Diderot in the Ency-
clopedic. He also had a share in the
Mercure Francois, in which his " Tales"
first appeared; but having written a
satire on the duke d'Aumont, he was
sent to the Bastille ; from which, how-
ever, he was liberated in a few days,
and in 1763 he obtained a place in the
Academy, of which he afterwards be-
came perpetual secretary. In 1797 he
was chosen a representative to the na-
tional assembly for the department of
the Eure ; but his election being sub-
sequently declared null, he again retired
to his cottage, where he d. of apoplexv,
in 1799, aged 76. His *' Moral Tales,''*
" Belisarius," "The Incas," his own
" Memoirs," and "Elements of Litera-
ture," are his most esteemed works.
MAROT, Clement, an eminent
French poet, was b. at Cahors in 14.95.
Having accompanied the duke of Alen-
§on to Italy, he was wounded and taken
prisoner at the battle of Pavia; was
afterwards persecuted for his attacli-
raent to the Protestant religion, and d.
in 1544. As a poet he was superior to
any of his countrymen who had gone
before him, and greatly excelled all his
cotemporaries. — Francis, a painter,
was the pupil of La Fosse, and an asso-
ciate and professor of tho French aca i-
emy of painting. D. 1719.
MARRYAT, Captain Frederic, the
most popular of England's naval novel-
ists, was b. 1786. His first work Avas
the "Naval Otticer," published in 1829.
This was followed in 1830 by the
"King's Own;" and in 1832 appeared
" Newton Foster," a great improvement
on the two former works, and "Petei
Simple." Then came " Jacob Faithful,"
" Mr. Midshipman Easy," " Mastermar
Ready," " The Pacha of many Tales,'
" Japhet in seaiv h of a Father," " Pool
Jack," " The Pirate and Three Cutters,"
" Snarleyow," " Percival Keene," &c. ;
besides the " Phantom Ship" and "Jo
seph Rushbrook." In 1837 he paid a
visit to the United States, and on his re-
turn he published his "Diary in Amer-
ica," which reflected severely on our
national character This was followed
by three additional volumes, and by his
" Travels of Monsieur Violet." D. 1848.
MARS, Mademoiselle, a great French
comedian, was b. 1779. She made her
debut at the early age of 13, and enjoyed
the rare privilege of retaining the public
favor till an advanced age, having
kept the boards of the Theatre Frau-
Qais at Paris, where she had gained in-
numerable triumphs, till 1841, when
she retired in her 63d year. D. 1847.
MARSH, James, president of the
university of Vermont, and professor
of philosophy there, was b. at Hartford,
Ct., 1794. He was educated to theology
at Andover, afterwards a professor of
languages at Hampden Sydney coUei^e,
and distinguished himself through life
for his fine scholarship and profound
thought. His preliminary essay to Cole-
ridge's " Aid to Reflection," is a mas-
terly piece of philosophical discussion.
D. 1847.
MARSHALL, John, chief justice of
the United States, was b. in Fauquier
county, Virginia, on the 24th Septem-
ber, 1755. He had some classical
instruction in his youth, yet his oppor-
tunities for learning were very limited ;
and he never had the benefit of a regu-
lar education at any college. , At the
commencement of the revolutionary
war, he engaged with ardor in the
American cause ; in 1776, he received
an appointment of first lieutenant ; and
in 1777 he was promoted to the rank of
captain. He fought against Lord Dun-
more in the battle of Great-bridge, and
was afterwards in the battles of Bran-
dywine, Germantown, and Monmouth,
He was a member of the convention
622
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[mar
called together in Virginia for the ratifi-
cation of the constitution of the United
States, and on this occasion he greatly
distinguished himself by his powerfid
reasoning and eloquence ; as he did
also, subsequently, us a member of the
legislature of Virginia, in the discus-
sions relating to the treaty negotiated
by Mr. Jay. He was envoy to France,
in connection with General Pinckney
and Mr. Gerry. The envoys, however,
were not accredited ; and in the summer
of 1798, Mr. Marshall returned to the
United States. He became a member
of congress in 1799 ; in 1800 he was
appointed to the office of secretary of
war ; s«jon afterwards he succeeded
Co'. Pickering as secretary of state ;
and on the resignation of Chief Justice
Eh.^worth, he bocame, by nomination
of Mr. Adams, and the confirmation of
th-^ senate, on the 31st January, 1801,
chief justice of the United States, and
from that time till his death, he con-
tinued to fill the office with distinguish-
ed reputation. D. July 6th, 1886.
MARSTON, John, an English dram-
atist, who lived in the reigns of Eliza-
beth and James I., and was upon terms
of intimacy with Ben Jonson. He was
educated at Oxford, became lecturer at
the Middle Temple, and d. subsequently
to 1633. He wrote eight plays, and three
books of satires, called the "Scourge of
Villany."
MARSY, Francis Maria de, a French
writer, was expelled the society of Jes-
uits on account of his opinions ; and he
was also sent to the Bastille for publish-
ing an "Analysis of Bayle," in which
he selected the worst part of that au-
thor's dictionary. His other works are,
a " History of Mary Stuart," "Diction-
ary of Painting and Architecture," "Le
Kabelais Moderne," and "The Modern
History," intended as a continuation to
Eollin's " Ancient History." D. 1763.
MARTELLI, Peter James, an emi-
nent Italian poet, was b. at Bologna, in
1665; was at first a professor of belles
lettres in the university there, and after-
wards secretary to Cardinal Aldrovandi.
His works consist of several discourses
on the art of poetry, "Dialogues on
Ancient and Modern Tragedy," and
" Tragedies." D. 1727.
MARTIAL or MARCUS VALERIUS
MARTI ALIS, a Latin poet, and the most
celebrated of all epigrammatists, was a
native of Spain, but went to Rome in
his 20th year, and obtained the favor of
Domitian, who conferred on him many
favcrs. and raised him to the office of
tribune. On the death of that emperor
he returned to his native country, where
hed. A.D. 104.
MARTIN, AiMK, a distinguished
French writer and critic, was b. at Ly-
ons, 1786. At an early age he repaired
to Paris, where he soon gained a liveli-
hood by his pen, at one time writing in
the columns of the Journal des Debats;
at another, editing the works of La
Rochefoucauld, Racine, and Fenelon;
and he at last became professor of belles
lettres at the Polytechnic school, and
librarian at Sainte Genevieve. At once
the pupil and friend of Bernard St.
Pierre, he collected and published his
works, defended his memory from hos-
tile attacks, married his widow, and
adopted his daughter Virginia. His
" Lettres a Sophie sur la Physique, la
Chimie, et I'Histoire Naturelle,'- were
highly popular ; and his work on the
"Education des Meres de Famille" was
crowned by the institute. D. 1847.
MARTINE, George, a physician, was
b. in Scotland, in 1702 ; took "his doctor's
degree at Leyden, after which he com-
menced practice at St. Andrew's ; but,
in 1740, he accompanied Lord Cathcart
to America, where he d, 1743. He was
the author of "Tractatus de Similibus
Animalibus, et Animalium Colore," and
"Essavs, Medical and Philosophical."
MARTINI, John Baptist, a skilful
musical composer, was b. at Boloarna, in
1706, and d. 1784. He wrote a " History
of Music;" also, an "Essay on Counter-
point," &c. He was chapel-master to a
convent of Friars Minim ; and from the
school of Martini issued some of the finest
composers in Italy. — Martin, a Jesuit
and missionary of the 17th century, was
a native of Trent. He went as a mis-
sionary to China, where he remained
many years, and returned to Europe in
1651. The result ofhis observations are
contained in his " Sinicae Historise Decas
prima a Gentis Origine ad Christum na-
tum," "China Illustrata," and "De
Bello inter Tartaros et Sinenses."
MARTOS, Ivan PETROvrrcH, an emi-
nent Russian sculptor, who was for many
years director of the Academy of Fine
Arts, St. Petersburg, d. 1835, aged 82.
He had attained the highest excellence
in his art, rivalling Canova in his draper-
ies, and in subjects of bas-relief being
superior to any of his cotemporaries.
Among his best works may be reckoned
the colossal group in bronze of Minin
and Pozliarsky, at Moscow ; the Emper-
or Alexander* at Taganrog; the duke
of Richelieu, at Odessa, &c. ji
Mar]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
MAKTYN, Henry, an able missionary,
vras b. in Cornwall, in 1781 ; was educated
at St. John's college, Cambridge ; and in
1805 went to .India as a chaplain to the
East India Company. When arrived in
the East he distmgnished himself by his
rapid acquirement of the native lan-
guages, being soon able to translate the
Common Prayer into Hindoostanee, and
perform divine service in that language.
From India he proceeded to Persia, and
there translated the New Testament into
the Persian tongue, held several confer-
ences with the learned Mahometans,
and converted some to Christianity. D.
1812.
MARTYR, Peteb, a celebrated re-
former, whose family name was Ver-
migli, was b. at Florence, in 1500. He
was originally an Augustin monk, and
became an eminent preacher, and prior
of St. Fridian's, at Lucca; but having
read the writings of Luther, Zuinglius,
and other reformers, he renounced the
Catholic faith, and found it necessary to
quit his native country. He then, on
the invitation of Edwdrd VI., came to
England, and was made professor of
divinity at Oxford, and canon of Christ-
church. But in the succeeding reign he
was obliged to leave the kingdom ; on
which he went to Switzerland, and d. at
Zurich, in 1562. Peter Martyr was the
aiithor of many works on divinity, in-
cluding commentaries on some parts of
the Old and New Testament.
MARVELL, Andrew, distinguished
by his integrity as a senator, and by his
wit as a political writer, was b. at Kings-
ton-upon-Hull, in 1620. On the death
of his father he spent several years in
foreign travel ; was appointed secretary
to the British legation at Constantinople ;
and on his return, in 1657, he became
assistant to Milton, as Latin secretary.
At the restoration he was elected into
parliament for his native place, with a
salary from his constituents ; and he
obtained a high character for diligence,
ability, and integrity. He had the char-
acter of being the wittiest man of his
time, and wrote a number of poetical
effusions, both humorous and satirical,
which were highly effective as party
pieces. D. 1678.
MARY, queen of England, daughter
Df Henry VIII. by Catharine of Aragon,
was b. in 1517. During the life of her
father she experienced many marks of
his brutal temper, and her inflexible
opposition to his will made him some-
times form a resolution of putting her
U) death, from which he was diverted
by Archbishop Cranmer. During the
reign of Edward she could not be pre-
vailed Avith to join in communion with
the Protestant divines. On this account
that amiable prince declared Lady Jane
Grey his heir. At his death in 1558
that lady was proclaimed queen ; but
her reign lasted only a few days. The
partisans of Mary became numerous,
and she entered London without oppo-
sition. In 1554 she married Philip of
Spain, eldest son of Charles V. ; but
her union with him was equally unpro-
pitious to herself and the nation. The
sanguinary laws against heretics were
revived, and those shocking scenes of
cruelty followed, which have fixed upon
this princess the epithet of " bloodv."
D. 1558.
MARY STUART, queen of Scots
famous for her beauty, her wit, her
learning, and her misfortunes, wa*
daughter of James V., king of Scotland,
and succeeded her father in 1542, eight
days after her birth. In 1558 she mar-
ried FranQois, dauphin, and afterwards
king of France, by which means she
became queen of France. This monarch
dying in 1560, she returned into Scot-
land, and married her cousin, Henry
Stuart, Lord Darnley, in 1565. Being
excluded from any share of the govern-
ment (as he suspected) by the advice of
Rizzio, an Italian musician, her favorite
and secretary, the king, by the counsel
and assistance of some of the principal
nobility, suddenly surprised them to-
gether, and Rizzio was slain, in the
queen's presence, in 1566. An apparent
reconciliation afterwards took place,
when Darnley, who had continued to
reside separately from the queen, was
assassinated, and the house he had in-
habited was blown up with gunpowder,
in February, 1567. In the month of
May following, she wedded the earl of
Both well, who was openly accused as
the murderer of the late king. Scotland
soon became a scene of confusion and
civil discord. Bothwell, a fugitive and
an outlaw, took refuge in Denmark ; and
Mary, made a captive, was treated with
insult and contempt, and committed to
custody in the castle of Loch Leven.
After some months' confinement she
effected her escape, and, assisted by the
few friends who still remained attached
to her, made an effort for the recovery
of her power. She was opposed by the
earl of Murray, the natural son of James
v., who had obtained the regency in
the minority of her son. The battle of
Langside insured the triumph of her
6^
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[>
enemies ; and, to avoid falling again
into their power, she fled to England,
and sought the protection of Queen
Elizabeth ; but that princes's treated her
as a personal and political rival, and
kept her in safe custody for a period of
18 years. At the end of that time she
was tried for a conspiracy against the
life of the queen of England", condemned,
and guttered decapitation, Feb. 8, 1587,
in the castle of Fotheringay, where she
had been confined.
MASCLEF, Francis, a French theo-
logian and orientalist, who was a canon
of Amiens, and d. 1728. His works are,
" A Plebrew Granunar," " Ecclesiastical^
Conferences of the Diocese of Amiens,"
and " The Catechism of Amiens." %
MASCOV, or MASCOU, John James,
a German publicist, was a native of
Dantzic, studied at Leipsic, became pro-
fessor of jurisprudence at Halle, and
wrote the " Principles of the Public
Law of the German Empire," and " A
History of the Germans.'' B. 1689 ; d.
1762.
MASCRIER, John Baptist de, a
French abbe, was b. in 1697, at Caen ;
and d. at Paris, in 1760. Among his
works are, " A Description of Egypt,"
" A Translation of Ctesar's Commenta-
ries," " Eefl^ections on the Truths of
Faith," and a " History of the Eevolu-
tion in the East Indies."
MASON, John, a dissenting minister,
was b. at Dunmow, Essex, in 1706. He
was the author of an excellent little vol-
ume of ethics, entitled " Self-knowl-
edge," of which there have been numer-
ous editions; he also wrote "Practical
Discourses for the use of Families,"
" An Essay on Elocution," two " Essays
on the Power of Poetical and Prosaic
Numbers," " Christian Morals," &c.
D. 1763. — William, an eminent English
poet, was the son of a clergyman in
Yorkshire, where he was b. in 1725.
He studied at Cambridge, and obtained
a fellowship in Pembroke hall. His
first appearance as a poet was by the
publication of " Isis," in which he satir-
ized the Jacobitism and high-church
principles prevalent at Oxford. This
■was replied to by Thomas Warton in
his "Triumph of Isis." In 1752 Mason
produced his " Elfrida," a dramatic
poem, with choral odes on the ancient
Greek model, which was well received,
though the attempt to establish it on
the stage proved abortive. On entering
into orders he was presented to the liv-
ing of Aston, and appointed one of the
king's chaplains ; and in 1762 he ob-
tained the precentorahip of York, with
a canonry annexed. On the commence-
ment of tlie American war, he became
so active an advocate for freedom as to
give otfence at court, and \vu.i conse-
quently dismissed from the cliap.ainship.
Besides the tragedies of "Elfrida" and
" Caractacus," he wrote "The English
Garden," a poem ; " Ode to the Naval
Officers of Great Britain," " Memoirs
of Gray," the poet, &c. D. 1797.—
John, was a native of Scotland, b. 1734,
connected with that brancli of the se-
cession from the established church of
North Britain, known by the name of
Antiburghers. By a presbytery in that
connection he was licensed, "and not long
afterwards ordained, with a view to his
taking the pastoral charge of a congre-
gation in the city of New York, where
he arrived in 1761, and resided greatly
respected and eminently useful until his
death in 1792. — George, of Virginia, a
statesman of distinction, was a member
of the general convention which formed
the constitution of the United States,
and refused his signature to that instru-
ment. The next year, in union with
Henry, he opposed its adoption by the
Virginia convention, on the ground that
the government of the states would be
consolidated, instead of federal, and be
liable to conversion into a monarchy.
He also opposed with great zeal the sec-
tion allowing a continuance of the slave
trade. He held a high rank among the
great men of that state with whom he
was cotemporary, in intellectual energy,
delicacy of wit, extent ofpolitical knowl-
edge, and eloquence. D. 1792. — John
Mitchell, a divine and pulpit orator,
was b. in the city of New York, in 1770,
and after graduating at Columbia col-
lege, his theological studies were com-
pleted in Europe. In 1792 he returned
to New York, and was established in
the ministry at that j)lace till 1811, when
he accepted the appointment of provost
in Columbia college. This situation his
ill health obliged him to resign, and ho
visited Europe to repair his constitution.
On his return in 1817 he again resumed
his labors in preaching, and in 1821 un-
dertook the charge of Dickinson college
in Pennsylvania. In 1824 he returned
to New York, and d. in 1829. He was
the author of " Letters on Frequent
Communion," " A Plea for Sacramental
Communion on Catholic Principles,"
and a number of essays, reviews, ora-
tions, and sermons published at dif-
ferent times. — PIrskine, the youngest
son of the above, was b. 1805, pursued
matJ
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
625
his theological studies in the seminary
at Princeton, and in 1827, at the age of
22, was installed pastor of the Presby-
terian church in Schenectady, from
which he was called in 1830 to the
Bleecker-street church in this city,
where he labored with distinguished
ability, until his death in 1850.— John
T., a native of Virginia, who removed
in early life to Kentucky, where he oc-
cupied from 1811 to 1835 many distin-
guished stations, after which he became
governor of Michigan. D. 1850.
MASQUE DE FER, or IKON MASK,
a person confined in the castle of Pigne-
rol, and afterwards in the isles of St.
Margaret, and always disguised in a
mask with steel springs, which con-
cealed his features, without incommo-
ding him in receiving his nourishment.
He d. in the Bastille, 1703, and jl^s pri-
vately buried under the name oOlarch-
iali. Though no person ever could dis-
cover who he was, it is certain that he
was a man of high birth, as he was
treated with singular respect by his
keepers, and as infinite pains were
taken to prevent his holding communi-
cation with any. other person.
MASS EN A, Andre, a victorious gen-
eral, created prince of Essling, duke of
Eivoli, and marshal of France, was b. at
Nice, in 1758. He went through the
regular gradations in an Italian regi-
ment, commencing his military career
at the age of 17. After 14 years' ser-
vice he obtained his discharge ; but, in
1792, the revolution presented a field for
the display of military talents ; and his
natural sentiments in favor of liberty
caused him to enter the service of the
French republic, where he obtained
rapid promotion. Napoleon, who was
quick to discover genius, formed an in-
timate friendship with Massena; and,
after the successful battle of Loveredo,
in 1796, against Beaulieu, called him
"the favored child of victory." He
had the chief command in Switzerland
in 1799, when he finished the campaign,
by completely routing the Austro-Rus-
sian army under the Archduke Charles
and General Korsakoff. In 1800 he
commanded in Itiily, but with less suc-
cess than in his former campaigns. He
was, however, again successful in the
campaigns of 1805 and 180G, taking pos-
session of Naples, and signalizing him-
self in the campaign of Poland, which
terminated by the treaty of Tilsit. He
was afterwards employed in Germany,
and eminently distinguished himself in
l.he memorable engagements of Essling
53
and Wagram. His subsequent conduct
in Spain, when adxancing against Wel-
lington, was equal.y skilful. At the
landing of Napoleon, in 1815, he swore
allegiance to him, was made peer, and
commander of the national guard at
Paris, and contributed much to the
preservation of tranquillity in that city
daring the turbulent period which pre-
ceded the return of the king. D. 1817.
MASSILLON, John Baptist, an emi-
nent French preacher, was b. 1663, at
Hieres, in Provence. He entered into
the congregation of the Oratory, and
became so celebrated for his eloquence,
that the general of his order called him
to Paris, where he drew crowds of hear-
ers. In 1717 he was made bishop of
Clermont, and d. 1742. His discourses
were published, and are distinguished
for an artless flow of eloquence, a knowl-
edge of the human heart, and a richness
of ideas.
M ASSINGER, Philip, a distinguished
English dramatist, was b. at Salisbury,
in 1585. He studied at Oxford, but
quitted the university without taking a
degree, in consequence, it is supposed,
of having become a Roman Catholic.
Little is known of his personal history,
yet he appears to have been intimately
connected with the wits and poets of hia
time, and d. 1639. Some critics rank
him next to Shakspeare. In tragedy,
however, he is rather eloquent and for-
cible than pathetic ; and, in richness
and variety of humor, his comedy can
by no means vie with that of his great
master.
MATHER, Increase, one of the early
presidents of Harvard college, was b. at
Dorchester, Mass., in 1639. His learn-
ing, zeal, and general abilities were of
great service to the institution over
which he presided, and he was a skilfuf
and efficient servant of the common-
wealtli. In 1688 he was deputed to En-
gland as agent of the province, to pro-
cure redress of grievances. When
James II. published his declaration foi
liberty of conscience. Dr. Mather was
again sent to England with an address
of thanks to the king ; but, before his
return, the revolution occurred, and he
obtained from William a new charter for
the colony of Massachusetts. He .vjjS
the author of " A History of the War
with the Indians," "An Essay on re-
markable Providences," and some other
works. D. 1723. — Cotton, son of the
preceding, was b. at Boston, in 1653,
and d. in 1728. His principal works
are, " An Ecclesiastical History of New
626
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
MAir
England," "The Christian Philoso-
pher," " Psalteriam Americanum," and
" The Wonders of the Invisible World,
or the Trials of Witches."
MATHEWS, Charles, a comedian of
transcendant ability, and one who was
long regarded as the master-mind of the
mimic art, was b. in 1776. He was the
son of a bookseller in the Strand, at-
tached to the Wesleyan connection.
For many years he was accustomed to
entertain whole audiences by his single
eflforts, in a species of entertainment
entitled " Mathews at Home ;" and
never were admiring crowds more highly
delighted than in witnessing the vivid
Portraits which he so accurately drew.
'he " At Homes" of Mathews were
not only well received throughout Great
Britain and Ireland, but also in this
country, where some of his most felicit-
ous portraitures were sketched. He was
twice married, and had one child only,
the present Charles Mathews. D. 1885.
MATSYS, QuiNTiN, an eminent paint-
er, was b. at Antwerp, 1460. He was,
originally, a blacksmith, but quitted that
business, and, by diligent application,
became such an excellent artist, that,
according to the opinion of Sir Joshua
Eeynolds, some of his heads are not in-
ferior to those of Raphael. One of his
best pictures is that of the "Two Mi-
sers," at Windsor. D. 1529. — John, his
son, was also a painter of very consid-
erable merit.
MATTHESON, John, an eminent mu-
sical composer and performer, was b. at
Hamburgh, in 1"S1 ; and gave such early
indications of talent, that at nine years
of age he was able to perform composi-
tions of his own at the organ. He com-
posed music for the church and for the
theatre, and was always present at the
performance of it. D. 1764.
MATTHISSON, Frederic von, a cel-
ebrated lyric and elegiac poet, was b.
near Magdeburg, in 1761 ; accompanied
the princess of Dessau in various tours
through the south of Europe; and in
1812 was appointed librarian at Stutt-
gard. Among his poems is to be found
the celebrated " Adelaide," which, as
set to music by Beethoven, is still lis-
tened to with delight. D. 1831.
MATTHIEU, Peter, a French histo-
rian, was b. at Basle, in 1583, and d. in
1621. He became an advocate at Lyons,
and was made historiographer of France.
He wrote "Histories of Henry IV.,"
"Louis XL," and "St. Louis-" also
the "History of France," and "La
Guisiade," a tragedy.
MATTOCKS, Isabella, an eminent
actress, b. 1746, was the daughter of Mr.
Hallain, manager of the theatres of New
York, Charleston, and Philadelphia. Her
forte lay in such characters as abigails,
citizens' wives, &c., and she was an ex-
cellent comic singer. D. 1826.
MATURIN, Robert Charles, an Irish
clergyman of the established church,
was b. at Dublin, and educated in Trin-
ity college, of that city ; and, on entering
into orders, obtained the curacy of St.
Peter's church. "Bertram," a wild bat
powerful tragedy, was the first produc-
tion which, by its singular success,
brought him into notice as an author.
Having anticipated his resources, with-
out contemplating the possibility of a
failure, he contracted embarrassments,
from which he was seldom entirely free.
He "w%8 the author of several popular
novels, the first three of which, "The
Fatal Revenge," "The Wild Irish Boy,"
and "The Milesian Chief," were pub-
lished under the assumed name of Den-
nis Jasper Murphy. He also wrote the
novels of " Meimoth" and " Woman ;"
"The Universe," a poem; and the tra-
gedies of "Manuel" and " Fredolpho."
He published, in 1824, six "Controver-
sial Sermons," which exhibit him as a
well-read scholar and an acute reasoner.
D. 1825.
MAUPERTUIS, Peter Louis Moreau
DEs, an eminent mathematician and as-
tronomer, was b. at St. Malo, in 1698.
He studied at the college of La Marche,
at Paris ; and in 1723 was admitted a
member of the Academy of Sciences, the
memoirs of which institution abound
with his communications. In 1736 he
was sent on an expedition to the polar
circle, to ascertain the figure of the
earth. In 1740 he was invited to Berlin
by the king of Prussia, whom he fol-
lowed to the field, and was present at
the battle of Molwitz, where he was
made prisoner, and carried to Vienna.
On regaining his liberty, he married
and settled at Berlin, and was appointed
president of the Royal Academy of Sci-
ences. In this situation, however, he
became involved in a quarrel with Vol-
taire, which imbittered his latter days,
from the sarcasm with which the latter
continued to assail him.
MAUREPAS, John Frederic Phili-
PEAUX, count de, a French statesman, b.
in 1701. He was made minister of ma-
rine at the age of 24, and was afterwards
at the head of the foreign department.
He was hasty in his decisions, amiable
in manners, quick in oonception, artful,
mat]
CrCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
69t
and penetrating; but being accused of
writing an epigram on madame de Pom-
padour, it led to liis banishment from
court. After a lapse of 30 years he was
£ laced at the head of the* ministry by
lOuis XVI., but he was found incapa-
ble of performing its duties, and quite
destitute of the vigor necessary to avert
the troubles which then threatened the
kingdom. D. 1781.
MAURICE OF NASSAU, prince of
Orange, youngest son, by a second mar-
riage, of William I., prince of Orange,
b. at Dillenburg, 1567, was studying at
Leyden, in 1584, when his father was
assassinated. The provinces of Holland
and Zealand, and, soon after, Utrecht,
immediately elected the young prince
stadtholder; and his talents, as a gen-
eral, surpassed all expectations. D. 1625.
MAUKY, Jean Siffrein, a French
cardinal, was b. in 1746, at Valeras;
studied at Lyons; and, on entering
into orders, became a celebrated preach-
er at Paris, where he obtained a place
in the Academy, and obtained an ab-
bey. When the revolution broke out,
he was chosen one of the representatives
of the clergy in the states-general, where
he distinguished himself by his elo-
quence in behalf of his order, and also
in defence of royalty. On the dissolu-
tion of the constituent assembly, he
went to Italy, was nominated bishop of
Nic«a, and made a cardinal; and, in
1808, Napoleon gave him the archbish-
opric of Paris, but in 1814 he was obliged
to quit the archiepiscopal palace, and
retire to Rome. He was a great orator,
and a man of ready wit. D. 1817.
MAVOR, William, was a native of
Aberdeenshire, and b. in 1758. He
went to England early in life, and after
due probationary exercise, as an assist-
ant in a school at Burford, established
himself as the master of an academy at
Woodstock, where he gained the favor
and patronage of the duke of Marl-
borough, entered into holy orders, and
was presented to the vicarage of Hurley
In Berkshire. Among his literary labors
are a "Universal History," a collection
of "Vovages and Travels," "The Brit-
ish Tourii^t," " The Modern Traveller,"
histories of Greece, Rome, and England;
Bpelling and class books ; miscellanies in
prose and verse ; and many others, whose
merits are in general commensurate with
their repute. D. 1837.
MA WE, Joseph, an eminent mineral-
ogist and conchologist, was b. nbout
1755, travelled in various parts of South
America, and published numerous works
on the subject of his researches. Amons
them are, " Travels in the Interior of
Brazil," a " Treatise on Diamonds and
Precious Stones," "Familiar Lessons
on Mineralogy and Geology," " The
Linnffian System of Conchology," and
" The Mineralogy of Derbyshire." D.
1821).
MAXWELL, William H., a distin-
guished Irish novelist. Early in life he
was a captain in the British army, and
noted for his social qualities. He sub-
sequently entered the church, and ob-
tained tiie benefice of prebendary of
Balla, a wild district in Connaught, with
an income, but no congregation or of-
ficial duties. Among his works are
" Hector O'Halloran." " Story of My
Life," "Wild Sports of the West," anci
many liumorous sketches in the period-
ical literature of the day, D. 1850.
MAY, Thomas, a poet and historian,
was b. in Sussex, in 1594, and educated
at Cambridge ; after which he entered
of Gray's Inn, where he wrote some
plays and translated several authors,
Karticularly Lucan. Charles I. employed
im in writing two historical poems —
one on the life of Henry II., and the
other on the reign of Edward III. But
in the civil war May joined the parlia-
ment, and was appointed their secretary
and historiographer. He published the
" History of the Parliament, which be-
gan in 1640," and a "Breviary of the
History of the Parliament of England,"
a worli which was extremely obnoxious
to the royal party. D. 1660.
MAY£R, Tobias, a celebrated astron-
omer, was b. at Marbach, in the duchy
of Wirtemberg, in 1723. He taught
himself mathematics, and at the age of
14 designed machines and instruments
with the greatest dexterity and accuracy.
His various merits procured him an in-
vitation to Gottingen, as professor of
mathematics, in 1750, and the royal
society of sciences in that place chose
him a member. About this time as-
tronomers were employed in endeavors
to find the lonjjitude at sea. Mayer
overcame all difficulties, and his theory
of the moon, and astronomical tables
and precepts, were rewarded by the
English board of longitude with £3000,
which sum was paid to his widow; for,
exhausted by his incessant labors, this
astronomer d. 1762. Among his works
are " A Treatise on Curves," and a
" Mathematical Atlas." — .Johann Tobi-
as, his son, b. 1752, was also professor
at Gottingen, and gained distinction by
his astronomical writings. D. 1880.
6:8
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[med
MAYNARD, John, a judge of the
supreme court of New York, and of the
court of appeals. He was elected to
congress in 1826, and again in 1841. D.
1850.
MAZARIN, Julius, a cardinal and
first minister of Louis XIV., was b. of a
noble family, at Piscini, in Italy, in 1602.
He studied at Alcala, in Spain, afier
which he went to Rome, and became
attached to the service of Cardinal
Sachetti, whom he accompanied on his
mission into Lombardy. While in that
country, Mazarin etfected a peace be-
tween the French and Spaniards, which
procured him the esteem of the cardi-
nals Richelieu and Barbarini, by the
latter of whom he was recommended to
the pope, who sent him as nuncio-extra-
ordinary to the court of France. In
1641 he was made a cardinal, and on
the death of Richelieu succeeded him
as prime minister. At first he was
rather popular, but in a short time ca-
bals were formed against him witli such
effect that he was dismissed from the
royal presence, and compelled to leave
the kingdom. But though a price Avas
Bet upon his head, Mazarin contrived to
dispel the storm ; and he even returned
to court with increased eclat, and held
the reins of power till his decease, in
1651.
MAZEPPA, John, hettman of the
Cossacks, whom Lord Byron has made
the hero of a poem, was b. about the
middle of the 17th century, in Podolia,
of a poor but noble Polish family, and
became page to John Casimir, king of
Poland. In this situation, Mazeppa
had an opportunity of acquiring various
useful accomplishments ; but an intrigue
was the foundation of his future eleva-
tion. A Polish nobleman having sur-
Erised Mazeppa with his wife, ordered
im to be tied naked upon a wild horse,
and committed to his fate. The animal
had been bred in the Ukraine, and di-
rected his course thither, where some
poor peasants found him half dead, and
took care of him. Their warlike, roving
life suited his disposition ; he made him-
self conspicuous and beloved by his
dexterity, bodily strength, and courage •
his knowledge and sagacity procured
him the post of secretary and adjutant
to the hettman Samoilowitz; and, in
1687, he was elected in his place. He
gained the confidence of Peter the
freat, wiio loaded him with honors,
and he was finally made prince of the
Ukraine. But though a prince he was
Btill a vassal, and his restless spirit made
him resolve to throw off the yoke of
subordination. _ He joined with Charles
XII., who had just given a king to Po-
land, and aimed, by his assistance, to
throw off the yoke of subordination. For
a long time the intrigues of Mazeppa
against Peter were disbelieved by the
latter ; but at length he openly joined
the Swedish monarch, who, by his ad-
vice, fought the fatal battle of Pultowa.
He then sought refuge at Bender, where
he d. 1709.
MAZZA, Angelo, an eminent Itsiliau
poet, b. at Parma, in 1740, in the uni-
versity of which city he was afterwards
f)rofes8or of Greek literature. He trans-
ated the odes of Pindar, and Akenside's
"Pleasures of Imagination;" and hav-
ing attained a high degree of literary
reputation, was aclmi\ted into the Arca-
dian academv at Rom\ D. 1817.
MAZZHIi^GI, Joseph, Count, a dis-
tinguished composer, was the descend-
ant of an eminent Tuscan family, but
was b. in England, and of an English
mother. "The Blind Girl," "The
Turnpike Gate," "Paul and Virginia,"
and a long list of other once popular
pieces, were from his fertile pen,* and
Sir Walter Scott warmly thanKcd him
for the manner in which he adapted
some of that great author's poetry. D.
1844.
MAZZUCHELLI, Giammaria, Count,
a Venetian nobleman, was b. 1707, and
d. 1765. He was the author of " La
Vita di Pietro Aretino" and " Gli Scrit-
tori d'ltalia;" but the work on which
his fame chiefly rests is, "Notizie His-
toriche .e Critiche."
MAZZUOLI, Fkancis, a celebrated
painter, known by the name of Parme-
GiANo, was b. at tarraa, 1503. He be-
came acquainted with Correggio, but
owed his eminence to his studying the
works of Raphael. His reputation as a
Eainter was very great, but he wasted
is energies in the delusive labors of
alchemy. D. 1540.
MEDE, Joseph, a learned divine, b.
in 1586, at Berden, in Essex; author of
the "Clavis Apocalyptica," which is
considered by oiblical critics as the
ablest exposition of the obscure prophe-
cies to which it refers. D. 1638.
MEDICI, Cosmo de, an illustrious
Florentine, b. in 1389, was the son of
John de Medici, a rich and influential
merchant, who d. in 1428. The vast
wealth which Cosmo thus inherited,
afforded him the means of lisplaying
his liberality, and of acjjuiring great
influence in the republic But the
MEl]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
629
splendor and magnificence iu which lie
lived, excited the jealousy and eumitv
of many of the nobles. The Strozzi,
the Albizzi, and many of the first Tus-
can families combined against him ; but,
by the most consummate art and pru-
dent management, he extricated him-
self from the toils of his enemies, and
eventually reigned without a rival. His
superfluous wealth he expended upon
public buildings, and in the encourage-
ment of literature. He' was a friend
lo science, an active merchant, and a
sagacious statesman; and, when he d.
in 1464, such was the general estima-
tion in which he was held, that the Flo-
rentines inscribed on his tomb the title
of " Father of his country." — Lorenzo
DE, surnamed the Magnificent, was b.
1448, and was the grandson of the pre-
ceding. He surpassed in wisdom and
moderation, in magnanimity and splen-
dor, all of his family who had gone be-
fore him, while in active zeal for the
arts and sciences lie also greatly excelled
them. He revived the academy of Pisa,
established another at Florence, collected
a vast treasure of literature, and founded
a gallery of art, where Michael Angelo,
under his patronage, pursued his youth-
ful studies, and improved his taste and
skill. Nothing, in fact, could exceed
the exertions he made for the improve-
ment of literature ; and he d. in the
zenith of his renown, in 1492.
MEHEMET ALT, pacha of Egypt,
and it may be safely said, one of the
most remarkable men of the age, was
b. at Cavalla in Roumelia, in 1769. He
commenced life in the humble career of
a tobacconist; but afterwards volun-
teered into the army, to which his taste
was more congenial. In his new career
he soon obtained high favor with the
governor of Cavalla. In 1799, the
geriod of the French invasion of Egypt,
e was enabled to seize the pachalic of
Egypt, and was then prepared to set the
sultan at defiance, had the latter at-
tempted to overthrow him. But the
sultan saw that his vassal was too firmly
seated to be easily displaced, and re-
solved to compromise oy exacting an
annual tribute from Mehemet Ali as an
acknowledgment of his subjection. In
this arrangement, which virtually con-
stituted Mehemet Ali the independent
ruler of Egypt, he had the prudence
to acquiesce, and he directed himself
steadily to the consolidation of his newly
acquired power. In 1831, he entered
into a contest with the sultan for the
possession of Syria, when the superiority
53*
of his army thus disciplined became
so manifest, that, in autumn, 1832, he
had carried his victorious arms within a
few days'^ march of Constantinople.
For seven*^years subsequently, Mehemet
Ali remained undisturbed oy war, du-
ring which his active mind was steadily
directed to the internal improvement of
his kingdom. D. 1849.
MEHUL, Stephen Henky, an emi-
nent musical composer, was b. at Givet,
in France, in 1763, and was an excellent
organist when only ten years old. He
settled at Paris in 1779, where he studied
with great advantage under Gluck, be-
came inspector at the conservatory of
music, professor of compc-sition at the
royal school, a member of . he academy
and institute, and a knight of the legion
of honor. He produced the operas of
" Stratonice," " Irato," "Joseph," and
"Cora et Alonzo," besides the ballets
of "The Judgment of Paris," "Perseus
and Andromeda," &c. D. 1817.
MEIGS, Ebturn Jonathan, an oflScer
in the revolutionary war. Living in
Connecticut in 1775, immediately after
the battle of Lexington he marched a
company of light infantry to the neigh-
borhood of Boston. With the rank of
major he accompanied Arnold in his
inarch through the wilderness of Maine,
in order to attack Quebec, where he was
made a prisoner with captains Morgan
and Dearborn. In 1776 he was ex-
changed and returned home, and the
next year was appointed colonel. His
expedition to Long Island, in May,
1777, was one of the most brilliant en-
terprises of the war, for which he re-
ceived the thanks of congress and a
sword. After the war, about 1788 or
1789, he was one of the first settlers of
the wilderness of Oliio. For the first
emigrants, he drew up a system of
regulations, which were posted on a
large oak near the confluence of the
Ohio and Muskingum rivers, the bark
of the tree being cut away for the space
of the sheet. Often was the venerable
oak consulted. He was tlie agent for
Indian affairs as early as 1816. D. at
the Cherokee agency, 1823, at an ad-
vanced age. — Return Jonathan, gov-
ernor of Ohio from 1810 to 1814, when
he was appointed postmaster-general of
the United States. He resigned the
oflace in 1823 and d. in 1825.
MEINERS, Christopher, a German
historian and miscellaneous writer, was
b. in 1747, at Warstade, Hanover,
studied at Gottingen, where he became
professor of philosophy, and d. 1810,
630
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[mel
gro-rector of that university. Among
is numerous works are, " A History
of the Origin and Progress of Philosophy
among the Greeks," " On tlie Origin
and Decline of the Sciences among the
Greeks and Romans," and others on
kindred subiects.
MEISSNLK, Augustus Theophilus,
a German romance writer and dram-
atist, was b. at Bautzen, in Lusatia, in
1757, studied at Leipsic and Wittem-
berg, and was successively keeper of
the archives at Dresden, professor of
belles lettres at Prague, and director of
the superior schools at Fulda. Besides
writing a number of historical romances
and other works, he translated Hume's
"History of England" into German.
D. 1807.
MELA, PoMPONius, a Latin geog-
rapher, who lived in the 1st century of
the Christian era. His treatise, " De
Situ Orbis," contains a concise state of
the world as far as it was known to the
Eomans. By some authors he is sup-
posed to have been related to Seneca
and Lucan.
MELANCHTHON, Philip, a cele-
brated German divine, coadjutor with
Luther in the reformation, and one of
the wisest and greatest men of his age,
was b. at Bretten, in the palatinate of
the Rhine, in 1497. He studied at Hei-
delberg and Tubingen, and, in 1518,
was appointed Greek professor at Wit-
temberg, where he became the friend
of Luther, and a convert to his doc-
trines. The Augsburg Confession was
his work, and, under the sanction of
the elector of Saxony, he aided in
framing a code of ecclesiastical con-
stitutions. Even his theological op-
ponents respected the virtues, the
talents, the learning, and the mild
temper of Melanchthon, though some
zealots naturally branded him with op-
probrious terms for his tolerant spirit.
He wrote numerous theological trea-
tises, Latin poems, works on history,
philosophy, &c., and d. at Wittemberg,
m 1560.
MELBOURNE, William Lamb, Vis-
count, was the second son of the first
Lord Melbourne, and b. 1779. In 1805
he was brought into the house of com-
mons, where he joined the W hig party,
and gradually rose to great distinction for
his liberality, talent, and independence.
^ In 1827 he became secretary for Ireland,
but in 1828 he resigned office, and the
same yaar he was called uj to the house
of lords by the death of his father. On
the formation of Lord Grey's adminis-
tration in 1880, he was appointed sec-
retary of the home department, and in
1834, on the retirement of Lord Grey,
succeeded to the premiersiiip. D. 1848.
MELCHTHAL, Arnold of, (so called
from the place of his residence in the
canton of Underwalden,) was the son of
a rich farmer, who having been cruelly
treated bv the governor of the district,
under Albert of Austria, Arnold con-
spii-ed with two friends, Fnrst and
Stauffarcher, to*eflfcct the deliverance of
their country, and to the plan which
they formed, in 1307, was Switzerland
Indebted for the restoration of its an-
cient freedom.
MjiiLEADEZ, Don .Juan, an eminent
Spanish poet, was b. in 1754, at Riberia.
He wrote three volumes of poems, which
are distinguished for their graceful har-
mony, elegant diction, and rich imagery.
He filled some public situations during
the rule of Joseph Bonaparte, and left
Spain on the retreat of the French. D.
1817.
MELEAGER, a Greek poet, in the
1st century before the Christian era, was
the author of epigrams and other short
pieces, which are among the most beau-
tiful relics preserved in the Grecian
Antholoc£y.
MELLON, Hahkiet, duchess of St.
Alban's, was b. about the year 1775, and
was the posthumous daughter of a Mr.
Matthew Mellon, who held a commission
in the East India Company's service, and
whose widow married a Mr. Entwistle,
a musician. Mrs. Entwistle, who was
an accomplished woman, went on the
stage: her husband became leader of
the band in various provincial theatres ;
and the services of the child, who was
destined at a future day to become the
duchess of .St. Alban's, were put in
requisition at a very tender age, in order
to augment a scanty and precarious in-
come. She passed her childhood in
performing such characters as Prince
Arthur in King John, the duke of York
in Richard the Tliird, &c. She made
her debut at Drury-lane, in January,
1795, as Lydia LanL'uish, in the Rivals.
For several years after, Thomas Coutts,
a wealthy banker, evinced for her a
strong degree of friendship ; and made
her his wife almost immediately after
the death of his former one, which hap-
pened in 1814. In 1822 the venerable
Danker died, appointing his widow uni-
versal legatee, and bequeathed to her
his share in the banking house and
business in the Strand, and all benefit
and interests to arise therefrom. In
menJ
CrCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
631
June, 1827, she was married to William,
duke of St. Alban's. D. 1837.
MELMOTH, William, an eminent
advocate and an excellent writer, was b.
in 1666. He was a bencher of Lincoln's
Inn, and in conjunction with Peere Wil-
liams, edited Vernon's Reports ; bnt he
is chiefly remembered now as the author
of " The Great Importance of a Religious
Life;" a valuable little book, which has
gone through numerous editions. D.
1743. — William, son of the preceding,
was b. in 1710. He published excellent
translations of Pliny's and Cicero's Epis-
tles. He was also the author of the
"Letters," which bear the name of Sir
Thomas Fitzosborne; some poems in
Dodsley's collection, and memoirs of his
father. He was brought up to the law,
became a commissioner of bankrupts,
and d. 1799.
MELVILLE, Henry DimoAS, Vis-
count, the son of Lord Arnistone, a
Scotch judge, was b. in 1740; received
his education at the university of Edin-
burgh ; in 1773 became solicitor-general ;
and soon after was appointed' to the
offices of lord advocate, and joint keeper
of the signet/or Scotland. In 1782 he
was mude privy councillor and treasurer
of the navy ; and from that time he took
a leading part in all the measures of the
Pitt administration. He was appointed
president of the board of control, at its
formation; in 1791, made secretary for
the home department; and, in 1794,
secretary of war, which latter post he
held till Mr. Pitt's retirement from office.
He was then created a viscount; and
when Mr. Pitt again became premier,
he was made first lord of the admiralty.
D. 1811.
MENANDER, the -most celebrated of
the Greek writers of comedy, was b. at
Athens, 842 b. c, and is said to have
drowned himself, on account of the suc-
cess of his rival Philemon, though some
accounts attribute his death to accident,
299 B. c, in the harbor of the Piraeus.
He composed 108 comedies; but there
are only a few fragments remaining of
the numerous dramas of Menander;
from whom, however, Terence is sup-
posed to have copied the whole of his
pieces, except the "Phormio" and
"Hecyra." Quintilian expresses great
admiration for this dramatist, eulogizing
him for copiousness of invention, ele-
gance of expression, and a general fine
feeling of nature.
MENDELSSOHN, xMoses, a celebrated
Jewish philosopher, commonly called the
"Socrates of the Jews," was b. of an
honest but poor family, at Dessau, in
1729. He was bred to merchandise, but
devoted himself to literature, in which
he acquired a distinguished reputation.
In 1755 he published his first piece,
entitled " Jerusalem ;" in which he pre-
tended that the principle of the Jewish
religion is deism. His next work was
" Phsedon, or a Discourse on the Spiritu-
ality and Immateriality of the Soul."
He' also wrote "Philosophical Dia-
logues," "Letter to La^ater," a "Dis-
sertation on the Sensation of the Beauti-
ful," "Morning Hours, or Discourses
on the Existence of God," &c. At one
time he was associated with Lessing,
Ramler, Abbot, and Nicolai, in conduct-
ing a periodical work, entitled "The
Library of Belles LettreSj " which ac-
quired great distinction in German lit-
erature. — Felix Bartholdy, grandson
of Moses, was b. at Berlin, February 3,
1809. His father was a wealthy banker,
more favored with the gifts of fortune
than of genius ; and it is related of hira
that he was in the habit of saying,
" When I was a boy people used to call
me the son, and now they call me the
father, of the great Mendelssohn." In
his 9th year he performed at a public
concert in Berlin, to the admiration of
his audience ; the following year the
boy-artist accompanied his parents to
Paris; and when he was 12 years old,
he composed his pianoforte quartette in
C minor, which is still found to be full
of interest and originality. His first
compositions were publislied in 1824.
These were soon followed by many
others, among which was an opera,
called " The Marriage of Gamachio ;"
his first symphony, and his " Midsum-
mer Night's Dream," which produced
an electrical eff'ect. Having now re-
solved to devote himself exclusively to
the artist life, he was appointed, in 1833,
to the directorsliip of tne concerts and
theatre of Dilsseldorf, where, in 1835,
he produced his great oratorio of " Pau-
lus;" and ten years afterwards he ac-
cepted of the same office at Leipsic,
whither young men of talent flocked
from all parts of Europe, as well to seek
the acquaintance of the leading prbfessor
of the day, as to submit their own pro-
ductions to his judgment. He after-
wards accepted the musical directorship
at Berlin, at the earnest entreaty of the
king of Prussia, but resigned it after a
short time, and returned to his favorite
Leipsic, where he resided till his death,
acting as conductor of the concerts, and,
along with liis friend Moscheles, lirect^
632
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
L'
tor of the Conservatory of Music. D.
1847.
MENDEZ-PINTO, Feewnand, a cel-
ebrated traveller, was b. in Portugal, of
a respectable taniily. He departed for
the Indies in 1537, and, on the voyage,
the ship was taken by the Moors, who
carried her to Mocha, where he was sold
for a slave ; but after some adventures
he arrived at Ormus, and afterwards
pursued his original object. In 1558 he
returned to his native country, and pub-
lished a very curious, but romantic re-
lation of his voyages, whicli has been
translated into French and English.
From his excessive credulity, Mendez-
Pinto has been classed with Sir John
Mandeville ; and for extravagant fictions
his name has become a by-word.
MENDOZA, John Gonzal.es, a Span-
ish divine, who was sent ambassador to
the emperor of China, in 1584: and, on
his return, became successively bishop
of Lipari, in Italy ; of Chiapi, in New
Spain ; and of Popayan, in the West In-
dies. He wrote "A History of China,"
in Spanish.
MENGS, Anthony Kaphael, who has
been called the Raphael of Germany,
was b. at Aussig, in Bohemia, in 1726.
He studied under his father, who was
Kainter to Augustus III., king of Po-
ind, after which he went to Rome,
where he was patronized by Charles 111.,
king of Spain, for whom he executed a
number of pictures. The best of his
pieces in England is an altar-piece at
All Souls' college, Oxford. Mengs wrote
some works on his art, which have been
translated into English, and d. at Rome,
in 1779.
MENNO, Simonis, or Simon's son,
was the founder of the sect of Mennon-
ites, or Dutch Anabaptists. He was b.
in 1496, and was, originally, a Catholic
priest. He maintained the necessity of
rebaptism in adults ; and denied that
Jesus Christ received a human body
from the Virgin. A price was set upon
his head by Cliarles v., but he was for-
tunate enough to escape. T>. at Oldeslo,
near Hamburgh, in 1565.
MENSCHIKOFF, Alexander, a cel-
ebrated Russian statesman and general,
was the son of a peasant, and b. near
Moscow, in 1674. 1). 1729.
MERCATOR, Gerard, a mathemati-
cian and geographer, b. 1512, at Rupel-
monde, in the Netherlands. He pub-
lished a great number of maps and
charts, wiiich he engraved and colored
himself; and is known as the inventor
of a method of projection called by his
name, in which the meridians and par-
allels of latitude cut each other at right
angles, and are both represented by
straight lines, which has the effect of
enlarging the degrees ot" latitude as they
recede from the equator. D. 1594. —
Nicholas, an eminent mathematician,
was b. at Holstein, about 1640. He set-
tled in England, where he became a fel-
low of the Royal Society, and d. about
1690. His works are, " Cosmographia,"
"Rationes Mathenuiticje," "Hypothesis
Astronomica," " Logarithmotechnia,"
" Institutionum Astronomicarum," &c.
MERCP^R, Hugh, brigadier-general,
was a native of Scotland, and educated
for the profession of medicine. On his
emigration to Americ „ he settled and
married in Virginia. He served with
Washington in the war against the
French and Indians, which terminated
in 1763, and was by him greatly es-
teemed. He wa« with Braddock in the
campaign of 1785. In the action at Fort
Du Qnesne he was wounded, and faint
with the loss of blood he lay under a
fallen tree. One of the pursuing In-
dians jumped upon the very tree, but
did not discover him. M»rcer tbund a
brook at which he refreshed himself.
In his hunger he fed on a rattlesnake,
which he had killed. After pursuing
his solitary way through a wilderness
of one hundred miles, he arrived at Fort
Cumberland. At the commencement
of the revolutionary war he abandoned
his extensive medical practice, and en
tered the army. He was dtstinguisJhed
at the battle of Trenton. In the action
near Priueeton, Jan. 8, 1777, he com-
manded tlie van of the Americans, com-
posed principally of southern militia.
While exerting himself to rally them,
his horse was killed under him. He
was surrounded by some British sol-
diers, who refused him quarter, and
stabbed him with their bayonets, and
bruised his head with the butt-end of
their muskets, leaving him on the field
as dead. He died from the Avounds on
his head, Jan. 10, aged about 56. — John,
governor of Maryland, was a soldier of
the revolution, 'in 1782 he was ejected
a delegate to consrress from Virtriuia; in
1787 he was a member from Maryland
of tiie convention wliieh framed the con-
stitution of tlie United States, and also
a member of congress from Maryland.
He was fjovernor from 1801-3. D. 1821.
MERCIER. Lours Sebastian, a French
writer, was b. at Paris, 1740. lie com-
menced his literary career as a poet, but
soon renounced poetry for criticism. He
mktJ
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
633
attacked the reputation of Corneille, Ra-
cine, and Voltaire, in his "Essai sur
I'Art ])ramatique," and published a vio-
lent philippic against the comedians for
payinff no attention to his remarks. In
1781 he published, anonymously, the
first volume of his "Tableau de Paris;"
after which he removed to Switzerland,
and printed at Neufchatel ten more vol-
umes of that work. Returning home at
tlie beginning of the revolution, he de-
clared himself a friend to liberty, and in
concert with Carra, he published " Les
Annales Politiques" and "Chronique
du Mois," two journals, displaying both
moderation and spirit. He was a mem-
ber of the convention, and voted for the
detention, ins" sad of the death of the
king. D. 1814.
MERIAN, M.VRIA Sibylla, an ingeni-
ous female artist, was the daughter of
Matthew Merian, an eminent engraver,
and b. at Frankft^rt, 1647. She undertook
a voyage to Surinam to draw the insects
and reptiles peculiar to that country, of
which, on her return, she published a
description with beautifid colored plates.
Her daughter, wdio accompanied lier to
Surinam, added a third volume to this
work. The mother published another
valuable performance " On the Genera-
tion and Transformations of the Insects
of Surinam." D. 1717.
MERLIN, Ambkose, a British writer,
■A^ho flourished about the latter end of
the 5th century. He Wiis supposed to
be an enchanter and a prophet ; but the
accounts we have of him are fto mixed
up with fiction, that to disentangle his
real life from the mass would be impos-
sible. He was the greatest sage and
mathematician of his "time, the counsel-
lor and friend of four English kings,
Vortigern, Ambrosius, Uther Pendra-
gon, and Arthur. The miracles ascribed
to him are numerous ; and, instead of
dying, it was supposed that he fell into
a magic sleep, from which, after a long
period, he would awake. In the British
Museum is " Le Compte de la Vie de
Merlin et de ses Faiz et Compte de ses
Prophecies," on vellum, without date or
place.
MERRICK, James, a divine and poet,
was h. at Reading, 1720; was educated
at Trmity college, Oxford; and d. 1769.
His principal works are, "Poems on
Sacred Subjects," " Annotations on the
Psalms," and on the "Gospel of St.
John," "A Metrical Version of the
Psalms," and a translation of "Tryphi-
odorns."
MERRY, RoBKBT, a dramatic writer,
was the son of a merchant, and b. in
London, in 1755. He received his edu-
cation at Harrow, and next at Christ's
college, Cambridge, after which he en-
tered at Lincoln's Inn ; but instead of
being called to the bar, he bought a
commission in the guards, which ser-
vice he also quitted, and went abroad.
While at Florence he became a member
of the Delia Cruscan academy, and af-
fixed that signature to a number of
poems, which being published in the
English newspapers, at length became
the object of the caustic satire of Gifford,
in his well-known "Baviad and Mae-
viad." In 1791 he married Miss Brun-
ton, an actress, with whom he came to
America, where he d. in 1798. His
dramatic compositions are, "Lorenzo,"
a tragedy ; " The Magician no Conjurer-,
" Fenelon," and " Ambitious Venge-
ance."
MERSCH, Van der, leader of the
Brabant patriots in 1789, was b. at Me-
nim, and entered the French service, in
in which he acquired the title of "The
Brave Fleming." He afterwards served
in the Austrian army, and rose to the
rank of lieutenant-colonel. D. 1792.
MESMER, Frederic Anthony, a Gei
man physician, author of the famous
doctrine of animal magnetism, which is
also called Mesmerism, was b. in 1734,
at Mersburg, in Suabia. He first made
his doctrines known to the world, in
1766, by a thesis on planetary influence,
in w^hich he contended that the heavenly
bodies diffuse through the universe a
subtle fluid, which acts on the nervous
system of animated beings. He quitted
Vienna for Paris, in 1778; gained a
number of proselytes, and received a
subscription of 340,000 livres. Gover'^ •
ment at length appointed a committee
of physicians and members of the Acad-
emy of Sciences, among whom was
Franklin, to investigate his pretensions;
andthe result of their inquiries appear-
ed in a memoir, drawn up by Bailly,
which was unfavorable to the pretender
of animal magnetism. This theory, how-
ever, has? of late years again excited con-
siderable attention on the Continent;
it has advocates everywhere. D. 1815.
METASTASIO, PiEXRo Antonio Bo-
MENioo Buonaventura, an eminent Ital-
ian poet, b. at Assisi, 1698, was the son
of a common soldier, named Trapassi.
When he was only ten years of asre, his
talent of extemporizing in verse attracted
the notice of the celebrated Gravina,
who took him under his protection,
called him (by a translation of his nanio
034
uyCLOP^EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
['
into Gniek,) " Metastasio," paid great
attention to his education, and on his
death, in 1717, left hiin his whole estate.
The young poet, being tluis phiced in
an easy condition, devoted hunself to
his favorite study, and, under the guid-
ance of the celebrated singer, Maria Ko-
manina, (afterwards Bulgarelli,) created
the modern Italian opera. Cliarlcs VI.
invited him to Vienna in 1729, and ap-
pointed him poet laureate, with a pen-
sion of 4000 guilders. Thenceforward
no gala took place at court which was
not f^raced by liis verses. The empress
Maria Theresa bestowed upon him mag-
nificent presents, as also did Ferdinand
VI., king of Spain. He composed no
less than twenty-six operas and eight
sacred dramas, besides innumerable
minor pieces. The poetical characteris-
tics of Metastasio are sweetness, correct-
ness, purity, gentle pathos, and elevated
sentiment. D. 1782.
METPZLLI, AuGusTix, an eminent
painter, was b. at Bologna, in 1609. He
excelled in painting perspective and
architecture; and, in conjunction with
Michael Angelo, produced several great
works. D. 1660.
METIUS. James, a native of Alka-
maar, in Holland, who invented tele-
scopes about 1609. — Adrian, his brother,
was professor of mathematics and med-
icine at Franeker, where he d. in 1686.
He wrote " Doctrina SphfericEe," "As-
tronomiiB Universae Institutio," " Arith-
meticae et Geometricae Practice," " Ge-
ometrices pur Usura Cercini nova Prax-
is," &c.
METO, or METON, an Athenian
mathematician, who flourished 432 years
B. c. In the first year of the 87th Olym-
piad he observed the solstice at Athens,
and invented the cycle of 19 years, to
make the solar and lunar years begin at
the same time. This is now called the
Golden Number, from its great use in
the calendar.
METTRIE, JuLiEN Offrie de la, a
French writer, was b. at St. Maloes, in
1709. He was a surgeon in the French
guards, and in that situation wrote an
infamous book, called "The Natural
History of the Soul," for which he nar-
rowly escaped prosecution. His next
work was a satire against the fiiculty,
under the title of " Penelope ; or, the
Machiavel in Medicine," for which he
was obliged to remove tc Holland,
where he created new enemies by a still
more atrocious book, entitled " UHom-
me Machine," which being ordered to
be burnt, he retired to Berlin, and was
patronized by Frederic the Great, wlio^o
opinions were so congenial to the au-
thor's, that he composed his funeral
eulogy with his own pen. D. 17ol.
ME TZU, Gabriel, a celebrated paint-
er, b. at Leyden, in 1615, who took Ge
rard Douw, Terbury, and Mieris for his
models, but adopted a more finished
style. A lady tuning her lute, and
another washing her hands in a silver
basin held by her woman, are among
his best pieces. He usually resided at
Amsterdam, and d. there in 1658.
MKULEN, Antony Francis van der,
was b. at Brussels, 1638. By his talents
as a painter of battle-pieces he was rec-
ommended to Louis XIV., who always
took him on liis expeditions, and often
pointed out the subjects which he de-
sired him to represent. The painter
had thus an opportunity of perfecting
himself in this department of his art,
but he had frequently to represent scenes
which afforded but little scope for the
display of genius. D. 1690.
MEXI A, Pedro, a chronicler to Charles
v., was b. at Seville. He was the author
of a " History of the Csesars, including
the German Emperors," "Silvia de Va-
ria Leccion," &c. D. 1552.
MEYRICK, Sir Samuel Rush, an emi-
nent antiquary, was b. at London, 1783.
After taking his de.^ree at Oxford, he
became an advocate in the ecclesiastical
and admiralty courts, and soon began
to vary his professional avocations with
those arcliasological studies which form-
ed the cliief boast and occupation of his
life. He contributed innumerable pa-
pers to the "Gentleman's Magazine;"
on all questions relating to arms and
armor his authority was unassailed; and
his " Critical Inquiry into Ancient Ar-
mor," &c., has procured him a high
place among the most eminent antiqua-
ries of his time. In 1882 he was created
a knight of the Guelphic order, and
soon afterwards dubbed a knight bach
elor. D. 1S48.
MICHAELIS, John David, a learned
orientalist and biblical critic, was b. at
Halle, in Saxony, in 1717, and there
educated. He visited England, and for
a time was preacher at the German
chapel, St. James's palace ; and on his
return to Germany was made professor
of theology at Gottingen; was honored
with the order of the polar star, con-
ferred on him by the king of Sweden
and was made an aulic councillor of
Hanover. Among the most valnablo
and best known of his works are h'8
" Introduction to the New Testament/'
mig]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
635
tranalated into English by Bishop Marsh,
and his " Commentaries on the Law of
Moi-es." D. 1791. — John Henry, a
German divine, was b. at Kettenbiirg,
in Holienstein,' in 1668. He was edu-
cated at Leipsic, and next at Halle,
w^here he taught Greek and Hebrew,
in 1699 he succeeded Francke in the
Greek professorship ; and, in 1707, was
made librarian of the university. He
afterwards became professor of divinity
and the oriental languages. D. 1738.
MICHAUX, Andre, a French trav-
eller and botanist ; autlior of a " His-
tory of North American Oaks" and an
" American Flora." He was b. in 1746,
at Satory, near Versailles ; spent many
years in journeying through the United
States; and d. in 1802, at Madagascar.
MICKLE, William Julius, a poet,
was b. in 1734, at Langholm, in Dum-
friesshire. In 1765 he was employed as
corrector of the press in the Clarendon
fmnting-office at Oxford, where he pub-
ished a poem, called "The Concubine,"
in imitation of Spenser, which he after-
wards republished under the title of
"Sir Martyn." His principal produc-
tion, a translation of "The Lusiad" of
Camoens, appeared in 1775 , prefixed to
which is an historical and critical Intro-
duction, with a life of Camoens; and
the work is executed in a highly credit-
able manner. He was also the author
of manv of the finest pieces in Evan's
" Old Ballads." D. 1788.
MIDDLETON, Conyers, a celebrated
divine and critic, was b. at York, in
1683, and educated at Trinity college,
Cambridge, of which he became a fellow.
In 1724 ne visited Italy, and having a
near observation of the ecclesiastical
pomp and ceremonies, he wrote his fa-
mous " Letter from Rome," to show
that the religious rites of popery were
very similar to those of paganism. He
was subsequently Woodwardian pro-
fessor of mineralogy, and librarian, at
Cambridge. His greatest literary under-
taking was "The History of the Life of
M. T. Cicero;" but his "Free Inquiry
into the Miraculous Powers of the
Church," brought on the author the
imputation of infidelity, and gave rise
to much vehement censure from a host
of opponents. D. 1750. — Arthur, a
signer of the declaration of American
independence, was b. in South Carolina,
in 1743, and received his education in
Europe. Soon after his return home,
he began to take an active part in the
revolutionary movements, and in 1776
vraa chosen one of the delegates from
his native state to the American con-
gress. At the close of the year 1777 he
resigned his seat, leaving behind a char-
acter for the purest patriotism and un-
wavering resolution. In the year 1779
many of the southern plantations were
ravaged, and that of Mr. Middleton did
not escape. On the surrender of Charles-
ton he was taken prisoner and kept in
confinement for nearly a year. In 1781
he was appointed a representative to
congress, and again in 1782. In the
latter year he went into retirement, and
d. in 1787.
MIERIS, Francis, a celebrated painter,
b. at Leyden, in 1635, and d. in 1681.
He was a pupil of Gerard Douw, whose
delicate finish he rivalled, and whose
coloring he was thought to excel. He
had two sons, John and William, both
of whom possessed considerable talent,
and adopted their father's style.
MIFFLIN, Thomas, a major-general
in the American army, and governor of
Pennsylvania, was b. about the year
1744. He was a member of the first
congress in 1774. He took arms, and
was among the first officers commis-
sioned on the organization of the conti-
nental army, being appointed quarter-
master-general in August, 1775. For
this offence he was read out of the so-
ciety of Quakers. In 1777 he was very
useful in animating the militia; but he
was also suspectedi in this year of being
unfriendly to the commander-in-chief,
and of wishing to have some other per-
son in his place. In 1787 he was a
member of the convention which framed
the constitution of the United States,
and his name is affixed to that instru-
ment. In October, 1788, he succeeded
Franklin as president of the supreme
executive council of Pennsylvania, in
which station he continued till October,
1790. In September ■ a constitution for
this state was formed, by a convention,
in which he was president, and he was
chosen the first governor. In 1794, du-
ring the insurrection in Pennsylvania,
he employed, to the advantage of his
country, the extniordinary powers of
elocution with which he was endowed.
D. 1800.
MIGNAED, Peter, sumamed the
Eoman, an historical and portrait paint-
er, was b. at Troyes, in Champagne, in
1610. He studied at Rojne ; and, during
his residence there of 22 years, enjoyed
great favor from the popes. At length
Louis XIV. sent for hmi to Paris ; ap-
pointed him his principal painter, and
director of the mauufactories of Sev©
636
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[mil
and the Gobelins; and ennobled him.
Mignard was on habits of intimacy with
the principal French wits, and was be-
loved by them for his social disposition.
U. 1695.
MIGNON, Abraham, a painter of
Franlcfort, was b. in 1639, and d. in
1679. He excelled in the representation
of flowers, insects, and still life, which
he painted with exquisite delicacy.
MILL, James, an able writer and
Solitical economist, was a native of
aucardineshire, and b. in 1774. In
1818 he published his admirable "His-
tory of British India," a work of great
research and powerful reasoning. He
also produced other works connected
with legislation and morals, viz., his
"Elements of Political Economy," an
" Analysis of the Human Mind," and
another, entitled " Prison and Prison
Discipline, Colonies, Laws of Nations,
and Education." He was also the con-
tributor of many excellent articles in the
" Encyclopaedia Britannica," and in the
Edinburgli, Westminster, and London
reviews. In morals and legislation he
was the powerful auxiliary of Jeremy
Bentham: in political economy, tlie
ally of Adam Smith and Ricardo ; and
in metaphysics he labored to extend
the -philosophy of Bacon, Locke, &c.,
and the promoters of inductive science.
He held the office of chief examiner to
the East India Company. D. 1836.
MILLER, Joseph, a witty actor, was
b. 1684, and was a favorite low comedi-
an about tlie time that Congreve's plays
were fashionable, to the success of
which, it is said, his humor greatly con-
tributed. D. 1738. The compilation
called " Joe Miller's Jests" was the
work of John Motley. The name has,
however, not only been used to pass otf
the original stock, but thousands of
other jokes and witticisms, manufactur-
ed long since the bones of Joe were
deposited in the churchyard of St.
Clements, in the Strand, where a stone
still exists, with an epitaph written by
his friend, Stephen Duck. — William, a
person who acquired great notoriety in
the United States by predicting the end
of the world. He was a native of Pitts-
field, and during the war of 1812 served
as a volunteer captain on the northern
frontier, lie began to speak on the ad-
vent of the millennium in 1833, and for
10 years labored assiduously to prove
from the Bible that the judgment would
take place in 1843. He gathered follow-
ers to the number of forty or fifty thou-
Hand ; but, as his prophecies failed, the
excitement died out. D. 1849, in his
6Sth year. — James William, an Ameri-
can poet and miscellaneous writer,
passed his early life in a variety of dif-
tiarent pursuits, without being able to
fix himself permanently in any occupa-
tion. He pursued for a while the study
of law, and subsequently engaged in
literary pursuits in Boston, where ho
met with disappointment, and was worn
by disquietude. He left his native
country for th.e West Indies, in 1828,
where he obtaijied a grant of hind from
tb" Spanish government, and d. in the
foliuwing year, at the age of 27. A vol-
ume of his poems and sketches was
published in Boston, in 1830.— Edward,
an eminent physician, was b. in Dela-
ware, in 1760, and in 1796 removed to
New York, for the practice of his pro-
fession. He became known by an able
treatise on the " Origin of the Yellow
Fever," and, in conjunction with Dr.
Mitchell and Dr. Smith, established the
" Medical Repository." In 1807 he was
elected professor of the practice of
physic in the university of New York,
and in 1809 clinical lecturer in the New
York hospital. D. 1812. His medical
treatises have been collected and pub-
lished in one volume.
MILLES, Jeremiah, an eminent En-
glish divine and antiquary ; b. 1713 ; d.
1784. He was ardently engaged in the
Chattertonian controversy, and pub-
lished the whole of the supposed Row-
ley's poems, with a glossary.
MILLS, Charles, an historian, was
b. at Greenwich, in 1788. He served
his time as clerk to a solicitor, but re-
linquished his legal pursuits for others
more congenial to his tastes. In 1817
he published his " History of Moham-
medanism," which was succeeded by
the " History of the Crusades," the
" Travels of Theodore Lucas," and the
"History of Chivalry." — Samuel J.,
agent of the American Colonization So-
ciety, graduated at William's college,
1809. At the theological seminary in
Andover he united with Newell, Jud
son, Nott, and Hall, in a resolution to
undertake a foreign mission. He, with
the three first, offered themselves as
missionaries to the general association
of ministers of Massachusetts, 1810. He
was ordained with other missionaiies at
Newburyport, 1815. He attended the
first meeting of the Colonization Socie-
ty, Jan. 1, 1817, which was established
by the exertion of Dr. Finley. Ap-
pointed with E. Burgess, to visit En-
gland, and explore the coast of Africa
HIl]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
637
for the society, he sailed in November,
1817. He sailed from England for Afri-
ca, Fob. 2, 1818, and arrived on the
coast, March 12. After a laborious in-
spection of more than two months, he
embarked on his return, in the brig
Success, May 22, 1818. A severe cold
which he took early in June, was suc-
ceeded by a fever, of which he d., June
16, 1818.
MILNE, Joshua, author of the .cele-
brated " Treatise on Annuities and As-
f;urances," was formerly a clerk in the
banking-house of the Messrs. Currie,
previous to his becoming connected
with the Sun Assurance company, to
which he performed the duties of actu-
ary for upwards of 30 years. D. 1851.
MILNER, John, a celebrated Catholic
divine and writer on ecclesiastical anti-
(juities and theology, was b. in London
in 1752. In 1777 he was ordained a
priest, and commenced his pastoral du-
ties in 1779, at the Catholic chapel,
Winchester, whither he had gone to ad-
minister spiritual aid to the French
prisoners confined there. In 1798 he
published his " History, Civil and Ec-
clesiastical, and Survey of the Antiqui-
ties of Winchester," and subsequently,
a " Treatise on the Ecclesiastical Archi-
tecture of England, during the Middle
Ages." In 1803 he was appointed vicar-
apostolic in the midland district, with
the title of bishop of Castabala. In 1818
he published a treatise, entitled " The
End of Religious Controversy," contain-
ing a defence of those articles of Catho-
lic' faith usually regarded as most objec-
tionable by Protestants. D. 1826.
MILO, one of the most celebrated
Grecian athletes, was a native of Cro-
toua, in Italy, and a scholar of Pythag-
oras. Many instances of his prodigious
strength are cited, of which one will be
sufficient to notice here, viz., that he
once carried a bull to the sacrifice on
his shoulders, and killed it with a blow
of his fist.
MILTIADES, an Athenian general,
who lived about 500 b. c, and has been
immortalized by defeating the Persians
at Marathon, this hero, who had saved
his country, failed in an attack on Paros,
was compelled to refund the expenses
of the expedition, and d. of his wounds
in prison.
MILTON, John, the most illustrious
of English poets, was the son of a scrive-
ner in London, and b. in Bread-street,
in 1608. From St. Paul's school he
went to Christ's college, Cambridge,
where he took his degree in arts, bei ag
54
designed for the church ; but not having
an inclination tc that calling, he returned
to his fixther, who had retired from
business with a good fortune, and set-
tled at Horton, in Buckinghamshire.
Here he wrote his " Comus," " L' Alle-
gro," " II Penseroso," and " Lycidas,"
poems of such merit as would have
alone immortalized his name. In 1638
he travelled into France and Italy, and
on his return to England settled iii Lou-
don. The troubles breaking out between
the king and parliament, Milton engaged
as a political writer on the popular side ;
and having a great animosity to the
hierarchy, he published some virulent
pamphlets against the bishops. In 1643
he married the daughter of Richard
Powell, esq., a magistrate in Oxford-
shire. The father of the lady being a
jovial country gentleman and a royalist,
the residence of her husband so dis-
gusted the bride, that in less than a
month, under the pretence of a visit,
she left him, and remained for the rest
of the summer with her parents. Mil-
ton became incensed, and regarding her
conduct as a desertion of the marriage
contract, he sought to punish it by re-
pudiation, and to this is to be attributed
liis treatises on the subject of " Di-
vorce." His wife's friends, however,
brought about a reconciliation. He con-
tinued an ardent champion for the
liberty party, even after the CKecution of
Charles I., which deed he vindicated in
his " Tenure of Kings and Magistrates;"
for which the parliament rewarded him
with £1000, and soon afterwards nomi-
nated him Latin secretary to the new
council of state. He also wrote against
the king's book, entitled "IconBasi-
like." The treatise of Milton was called
" Iconoclastes, or the Image Breaker."
He was next employed to answer the
treatise of Salmasius", entitled " Defen-
sio Regia, or a Defence of the late King,"
The reply of Milton had for its title "De-
feusio pro Populo Anglicnno ;" and it was
observed by Hobbes, in regard to the
two disputants, that he did not know
whose style was best, or whose argu-
ments were worst. About this time he
was wholly deprived of his sight, owing
to a natural weakness, and intense appli-
cation to his studies. In 1652 he lost
his wife, and afterwards took another.
He was the friend of Cromwell, to whom
he became Latin secretary. When the
ancient constitution was re-established,
he was excepted out of the act of in-
demnity, on which he kept himself con-
cealed for some time. By the kindness,
63d
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[mil
and the Gobelins; and ennobled him.
Miguard was on liabits of iutiinucy with
the principal Frein^h wits, and was be-
loved by them for his social disposition.
D. 1695.
MIGNON, Abraham, a painter of
Frankfort, was b. in 1639, and d. in
167y. He excelled iu the representation
of flowers, insects, and still life, which
he painted with exquisite delicacy.
MILL, James, an able writer and
political economist, was a native of
kincardineshire, and b. in 1774. In
1818 he published his admirable "His-
tory of I5ritish India," a work of great
research and powerful reasoning. He
also produced other works connected
with legislation and morals, viz., his
"Elements of Political Economy," an
" Analysis of the Human Mind," and
another, entitled " Prison and Prison
Discipline, Colonies, Laws of Nations,
and Education." He was also the con-
tributor of many excellent articles in the
" Encyclopaedia Britannica," and in the
Edinburgh, Westminster, and London
reviews. In morals and legislation he
■was the powerful auxiliary of Jeremy
Beutham- in political economy, the
ally of Adam Smith and Ricardo; and
in metuphysies he labored to extend
the -?\nlosophy of Bacon, Locke, &c.,
and tne promoters of inductive science.
He held the office of chief examiner to
the East India Company. D. 1836.
MILLER, Joseph, a witty actor, was
b. 1684, and was a favorite low comedi-
an about the time that Congreve's plays
were fashionable, to tlie success of
which, it is said, his humor greatly con-
tributed. D. 1738. The compilation
called " Joe Miller's Jests" was the
work of John Motley. The name has,
however, not only been used to pass otf
the original stock, but thousands of
other jokes and witticisms, manufactur-
ed long since the bones of Joe were
deposited in the churchyard of St.
Clements, in the Strand, where a stone
still exists, with an epitaph written by
his friend, Stephen Duck. — William, a
person who acquired great notoriety in
the United States by predicting the end
of the world. He was a native of Pitts-
field, and during the war of 1812 served
as a volunteer captain on the northern
frontier. lie began to speak on the ad-
vent of the millennium in 1833, and for
10 years labored assiduously to prove
from the Bible that the judgment would
take place in 1843. He gatliered follow-
ers to the number of forty or fifty thou-
sand ; but, as his prophecies failed, the
excitement died out. D. 1849, in his
6Sth year. — James William, an Ameri-
can poet and miscellaneous writer,
passed his early life in a variety of dif-
ferent pursuits, without being able to
fix himself permanently in any occupa-
tion. He pursued for a while the study
of law, and subsequently engajrcd in
literary pursuits in Boston, where ha
met with disappointment, and was worn
by disquietude. He left his native
country for the West Indies, in 1828,
where he obtained a grant of land from
tb" Spanish government, and d. in the
following year, at the age of 27. A vol-
ume of his poems and sketches was
published in Boston, in 1830. — Edwaud,
an eminent physician, was b. in Dela-
ware, in 1760, and in 1796 removed to
New York, for the practice of his pro-
fession. He became known by an able
treatise on the " Origin of the Yellow
Fever," and, in conjunction with Dr.
Mitchell and Dr. Smith, established the
" Medical Repository." In 1807 he was
elected professor of the practice of
physic hi the university of New York,
and in 1809 clinical lecturer in the New
York hospital. D. 1812. His medical
treatises have been collected and pub-
lished in one volume.
MILLES, Jeremiah, an eminent En-
glish divine and antiquary; b. 1713; d.
1784. He was ardently engaged in the
Chattertonian controversy, and pub-
lished the whole of the supposed Row-
ley's poems, with a glossary.
MILLS, Charles, an historian, was
b. at Greenwich, in 1788. He served
his time as clerk to a solicitor, but re-
linquished his legal pursuits for others
more congenial to his tastes. In 1817
he published his " History of Moham-
medanism," which was succeeded by
the " History of the Crusades," the
" Travels of Theodore Lucas," and the
"History of Chivalry." — Samuel J.,
agent of the American Colonization So-
ciety, graduated at William's college,
1809. At tlie theological seminary in
Andover he united with Newell, Jud
son, Nott, and Hall, in a resolution to
undertake a foreign mission. He, with
the three first, ofifered themselves as
missionaries to the general association
of ministers of Massachusetts, 1810. He
was ordained witli other missionanes at
Newbury port, 1815. He attended the
first meetmg of the Colonization Socie-
ty, Jan. 1, 1817, wliich was established
by the exertion of Dr. Finley. Ap-
pointed with E. Burgess, to visit En-
gland, and explore the coast of Africa
mil]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
637
for the society, he sailed in November,
1817. He sailed from England for Afri-
ca, Feb. 2, 1818, and arrived on the
coast, March 12. After a laborious in-
spection of more than two months, he
embarked on his return, in the brig
Success, May 22, 1818. A severe cold
which he took early in June, was suc-
ceeded by a fever, of which he d., June
16, 1818.
MILNE, Joshua, author of the .cele-
brated " Treatise on Annuities and As-
surances," was formerly a clerk in the
banking-house of the Messrs. Currie,
pravious to his becoming connected
with the Sun Assurance company, to
which he performed the duties of actu-
ary for upwards of 30 years. D. 1851.
MILNEE, John, a celebrated Catholic
divine and writer on ecclesiastical anti-
(juities and theology, was b. in London
in 1752. In 1777 he was ordained a
priest, and commenced his pastoral du-
ties in 1779, at the Catholic chapel,
Winchester, whither he had gone to ad-
minister spiritual aid to the French
prisoners confined there. In 1798 he
pubhshed his " History, Civil and Ec-
clesiastical, and Survey of the Antiqui-
ties of Winchester," and subsequently,
a " Treatise on the Ecclesiastical Archi-
tecture of England, during the Middle
Ages." In 1803 he was appointed vicar-
apostolic in the midlana district, with
the title of bishop of Castabala. In 1818
he published a treatise, entitled " The
End of Religious Controversy," contain-
ing a defence of those articles of Catho-
lic' fjiith usually regarded as most objec-
tionable by Protestants. D. 1826.
MILO, one of the most celebrated
Grecian athletes, was a native of Cro-
tona, in Italy, and a scholar of Pythag-
oras, Many instances of his prodigious
strength are cited, of which one will be
sufficient to notice here, viz., that he
once carried a bull to the sacrifice on
his shoulders, and killed it with a blow
of his fist.
MILTIADES, an Athenian general,
who lived about 500 b. c, and has been
immortalized by defeating the Persians
at Mar.ithon. This hero, who had saved
his country, failed in an attack on Pares,
was compelled to refund the expenses
of the expedition, and d. of his wounds
in prison.
MILTON, John, the most illustrious
of English poets, was the son of a scrive-
ner in London, and b. in Bread-street,
in 1608. From St. Paul's school he
went to Christ's college, Cambridge,
where he took his degree in ai-ts, bei ag
54
designed for the church ; but not having
an inclination tc that calling, he returned
to his father, who had retired from
business with a good fortune, and set-
tled at Horton, in Buckinghamshire.
Here he wrote his " Comus," " L' Alle-
gro," " II Penseroso," and " Lycidas,"
poems of such merit as would have
alone immortalized his name. In 1638
he travelled into France and Italy, and
on his return to England settled iii Lon-
don. The troubles lareaking out between
the king and parliament, Milton engaged
as a political writer on the popular side ;
and having a great animosity to the
hierarchy, he published some virulent
pamphlets against the bishops. In 1643
he married the daughter of Richard
Powell, esq., a magistrate in Oxford-
shire. The father of the lady being a
jovial country gentleman and a royalist,
the residence of her husband so dis-
gusted the bride, that in less than a
month, under the pretence of a visit,
she left him, and remained for the rest
of the summer with her parents. Mil-
ton became incensed, and regarding her
conduct as a desertion of the marriage
contract, he sought to punish it by re-
pudiation, and to this is to be attributed
nis treatises on the subject of "Di-
vorce." His wife's friends, however,
brought about a reconciliation. He con-
tinued an ardent champion for the
liberty party, even after the execution of
Charles I., which deed he vindicated in
his " Tenure of Kings and Magistrates;"
for which the parliament rewarded him
with £1000, and soon afterwards nomi-
nated him Latin secretary to the new
council of state. He also wrote against
the king's book, entitled "IcouBasi-
like." The treatise of Milton was called
" Iconoclastes, or the Image Breaker."
He was next employed to answer the
treatise of Salmasius, entitled " Defen-
sio Regia, or a Defence of the late King,"
The reply of Milton had for its title "De-
feusio pro Popnlo Anglicano ;" and it was
observed by Hobbes, in regard to the
two disputants, that he did not know
whose style was best, or whose argu-
ments were worst. About this time he
was wholly deprived of his sight, owing
to a natural weakness, and intense appli-
cation to his studies. In 1652 he lost
his wife, and afterwards took another.
He was the friend of Cromwell, to whom
he became Latin secretary. When the
ancient constitution was re-established,
he was excepted out of the act of in-
demnity, on which he kept himself con-
cealed for some time. By the kindness,
638
CYCLOPEDIA OF BloCJRAPHY.
however, of Sir William Davenant aud
others lie o'otained his pardon ; soon
after which he lost his second wife. In
the time of the plague he removed with
his family to Chalfont, in Buckingham-
shire, where he completed his " Para-
dise Lost," which was printed first in
1667. For this immortal work he had
only £15, and that by instalments.
After this he engaged in anotlier, called
" Paradise Regained." Besides the
poems mentioned above, Milton wrote
a drama on the Greek model, entitled
" Samson Agonistes," which possessed
uncommon beauties, though not adapted
to theatrical representation. He also
wrote a " History of England to the
Conquest," and several tracts. In his
youth, Milton was distinguished for
personal beauty, his habits of life were
those of a student and philosopher,
being strictly sober and temperate ; and
his chief relaxation consisted of music
and conversation. Though warm and
acrimonious in controversy, and possess-
ing lordly notions of his rights as the
head of a family, he is said to have been
of a serene and cheerful temper, and
particularly urbane in his intercourse
with society. But whatever nmy be
thought of his domestic virtues, there
can be put one opinion with regard to
the sublimity of his genius and the
extent of his erudition. D. 1674.
MIMNERMUS, a Greek amatory
poet of the 6th century e.g., who is
said to have invented the pentameter
measure : but only a few fragments of
his poems are in existence.
MIRABAUD, Jean Baptiste de, per-
petual secretary to the French Academy,
was at first a member of the congrega-
tion of the Oratory, and afterwards
served in the army. His works are.
translations from " Tasso's Jerusalem,'^
and " Ariosto's Orlando," into French ;
♦' Alphabet de la Fee Gracieuse," " Le
Monde, son Origine, son Antiquite,"
" Seutimens des Philosophes sur la Na-
ture de I'Ame." In 1770 was published
under his name, but falsely, an atheisti-
cal book, entitled the " System of Na-
ture," the real author being D'Holbach.
MIRABEAU, VicTOK Riquetti, mar-
quis de, descended from an ancient
family in Provence, but originally of
Naples. He was one of the principal
propagators of the doctrines of the
French political economists, and wrote
several books in support of them. His
chief work is entitled " Ami des
Hommes." B. 1715 ; d. 1789.— Honore
GABKiii:L Riquetti, count de, one of the
most celebrated characters of the French
revolution, was the son of the prece-
ding, and b. at Biguon. in Provence, in
174l». On leaving school, he entered
the military service ; and his intercourse
with young and dissipated officers
familiarized him to all their vices. His
active mind, however, could not remain
idle, and he read all tiie books which he
could on the military art. He also fell
in love, and his passion was marked by
all the impetuosity of a strong and wild
character. His father, who systemati-
cally thwarted his inclinations, now
procured his confinement in a fortress
on the island of Rhe. After his libera-
tion, he went as a volunteer, to Corsica,
distinguished himself, and obtained t
commission as captain of dragoons; but
his father refusing to purchase him a
regiment, he abandoned, though unwill-
ingly, the military profession. In 1772
he espoused a rich heiress of Aix, but lie
soon squandered away the fortune he
receivea with her, and plunged himself
in debt. He was confined in different
prisons, and on obtaining his liberty
eloped to Holland with the wife of the
President Mounnier. For this he was
afterwards imprisoned in the castle of
Vincennes, and remained there three
years and a half. He then instituted an
ineffectual lawsuit against his wife, who
obtained a separation from him. In
1784 he visited London, and afterwards
Berlin ; and he was variously employed
in literary quarrels and occupations till
the commencement of the French revo-
lution. This offered Mirabeau an ample
element for his activity. He was elected
deputy to the third estate of Aix, and
by the courtiers he was termed the ple-
beian count. In this new capacity, his
extraordinary eloquence, his talent, and
his boldness, soon gave him irresistible
weight in the assembly, and rendered
him the idol of the people. Before,
however, he could carry his plans into
effect, a sudden illness terminated his
existence in 1791. His principal works
are, " A Comparison between the Great
Conde and Scipio Africanus," " History
of Prussia under Frederic the Great,''
" Original Letters containing an Ac-
count of his Life and Amours," " Secret
History of the Court of Berlin," which
book was burnt by the common execu-
tioner; "On Lettres de ('achet," and
an " Essay on Despotism."
MIRANDA, Don FRANcigoA, General,
was b. of a Spanish family, at Caraccas,
of which province his grandfather was
governor. In 1783 Le visited the United
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY,
639
States, and travelled on foot over a part
of Europe. In the French revolution
he was a major-general in the service of
France. From the prinon into which he
was cast, he escaped to England in
1797. Having been again banished from
France for opposing tlie first consul in
1803, he resolved to emancipate South
America, from the dominion of Spain.
Having obtained secret assistance and
encouragement, he sailed from New
York in 1806, with a number of Ameri-
can volunteers. At St. Domingo, he
chartered two schooners ; they were
captured on the coast, while he escaped
in his ship. In 1810 he renewed his
attempt, but was obliged to capitulate to
General Monteverde, who in disregard
of his agreement, treated him as a pris-
oner. He was sent to Spain, and d.
after four years' confinement in the
dungeons of the inquisition at Cadiz.
MIRANDOLA, Giovanni Pico della,
count and prince of Concordia, one of
the brightest ornaments of literature in
the loth century, was b. in 1463. Jn
his youth he gave astonishing proofs
of his genius; and when little more
than 20 he set up in all the universities
of Italy a number of difficult problems
in the sciences, which he engaged pub-
licly to defend. This extraordinary
young man d. in 1494 at Florence,
where he had resided some time, on
terms of intimacy with the most learned
and distinguished men of the age, par-
ticularly Lorenzo de Medici and Politian.
MITCHILL, Samuel L., a celebrated
physician, was b. 1763, and was for a
great number of years professor of va-
rious branches in the college of physi-
cians and surgeons of New York. He
was elected to the assembly of New
York soon after the revolution, and was
afterwards a senator in congress, and
colleague of De Witt Clinton. He was a
man of immense acquisitions, and his
labors are dispersed through many vol-
umes.. He was a member of most of
the philosophical societies of any note
in Europe and his native country. D.
1831. — Stephen Mix, a distinguished
citizen of Connecticut, who held various
judicial offices in that state. He was b.
at Wethersfield, 1743 ; was graduated at
Yale college in 1763 ; was chosen tutor
in the college in 1766, in which station
he continued three years ; entered upon
the practice of law in Wethersfield in
1772 ; was appointed in 1779 to the
office of an associate judije of the Hart-
ford county court, and in 1790 was
placed at the head of that court; in
1795 he was appointed judge of the
superior court of Connecticut, and in
1807, chief justice of that court, which
office he held till 1814, when he became
disqualified by age. In 1783, and again
in 1785, he was elected a delegate from
Connecticut to thet congress of the United
States ; and in 1793 he was appointe J a
senator in congress, which station lie
held till he became judge of the su-
perior court of Connecticut in 1795
1). 1837.
MITFOED, William, an eminent his-
torical and philological writer, was b. at
London, in 1734, studied at Queen's
college, Oxford, and then at the Middle
Temple, but he early quitted the pro-
fession of the law, and obtained a com-
mission in the Hampshire militia, of
which he rose to be colonel. He was,
successively, M. P. for Newport, in
Cornwall, Beeralston, and New Romney.
He was professor of ancient history at
the Royal Academy, and, besides his
grincipal work, "The History of
reece," he published "An Essay on
the Harmony of Language," " A Trea-
tise on the Military Force, and particu-
larly the Militia of this Kingdom,"
" Observations on the History of Chris-
tianity," &c. D. 1827.
MOESER, Justus, an eminent Ger-
man advocate and author, was b. at
Osnaburgh, in 1720, was educated at
Jena and Gottingen, acquired great
popularity on his return to his native
place as an advocate and counsellor of
justice. D. 1794.
MOLA, Peter Francis, an eminent
painter, b. in 1609, at Coldra, in the
Milanese. He was a pupil of Albani,
and is distinguished both as a landscape
and historical painter. D. 166o.
MOLAI, James de, the last grand
marshal of the knights Templars, was a
native of Burgundy. He was admitted
into the order about 1265, and having
signalized himself by his valor in Pales-
tine, was unanimously elected grand-
marshal on the death of William de
Beaujeu. The great wealth and power
of the Templars, their pride and their
dissolute manners, created them a mul-
titude of enemies, and led to their de-
struction. At length, Philippe le Bel,
king of France, and Pope Clement V.
formed a plan for their extermination.
They were accused of heresy, impiety,
and various crimes revolting to human
nature. In 1307, all the Templars
throughout France were arrested at tne
same hour, and they were tried and
convicted, some on their own contfes-
6^i
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[mon
"Iron Mask" was the duke of Mon-
mouth.
MONRO, Alexander, an eminent
physician and anatomist, of Scottish
desceut, was b. in London, in 1697. He
wrote " Osteology, or a Treatise on tlie
Anatomy of the Bones;" and an "Ac-
count of tlie Success of Inoculation in
Scotland." D. 1767. — Alexander, his
eldest son, published numerous works,
among which are, " Observations on the
Nervous System," " The Structure and
Physiology of Fishes," " A Descrip-
tion of the BurstE Mucosae," "Three
Treatises on tlie Brain, Eye, and Ear,"
" Observations on the Crural Hernia,"
" Outlines of the Anatomy of the Hu-
man Body." — Donald, his second son,
became a physician in the army ; and
wrote '.' Observations on the Means of
preserving the Health of Soldiers," and
a " Treatise on Medical and Pharmaceu-
tical Chemistry." D. 1802.
MONROE, James, president of the
United States, was b. in Virp-inia, in
1759, and was educated in William and
Mary college. He entered the revolu-
tionary war in 1776 as a cadet, was at
the battles of Harlem Heights and
White Plains, and in the attack on
Trenton, and rose through the rank of
lieutenant to that of captain. He was
present at the battles of Brandywine,
Germantown, and Monmouth, as aid to
Lord Sterling. Resuming the study of
the law, he entered the office of Mr.
JetFerson, and after being a member of
the assembly of Virginia and the coun-
cil, he was elected in 1783, a member of
the old congress. In 1790 he was
elected a member of the senate of the
United States, in 1794 went as minister
plenipotentiary to France, and in 1799
was appointed governor of Virginia.
In 1803 he was appointed minister ex-
traordinary to France, in the same year
minister to London, and in the next
minister to Spain. In 1806 he was
again appointed, in conjunction with
Mr. William Pinkney, minister to Lon-
don. He was subsequently governor of
Virginia; in 1811 was appointed secre-
tary of state, and continued to exercise
the duties of this department, and for
some time those of the department of
war, till 1817. In that year he was
chosen president of the Union, and in
1821 was re-elected by a unanimous
vote, with the single exception of one
vote in New Hampshire. He d. in
New York, on the 4th of July, 1831.
MONSTRELET, Enguebrand de, a
French chronicler of the 15th century,
b. about 1390, and d. in 1453. He was
provost of Cambray, and baililF of Wa-
lincourt ; and wrote a chronicle of events,
from the year 1400 to 1453, the year in
which he died.
MONTAGU, GEORaE, an eminent
naturalist, was a native of Wiltshire.
He devoted his particular attention to
the study of ornithology and conchology ;
and was the author of " An Ornitho-
logical Dictionary" and "Testacea Bri-
tannica, or Natural History of British
Shells." D. 1815. — Mary Wortley, a
lady distinguisiied for her literary at-
tainments, was the eldest daughter of
Evelyn, duke of Kingston, and b. aboui
1690, at Thoresby, in Nottinghamshire.
She made a great proficiency in the
Latin and Greek languages, under the
superintendence of Bishop Burnet. In
1712 she married Mr. Edward. Wortley
Montagu, whom she accompanied in
his embassy to Constantinople, from
which place she wrote "Letters," to
Mr. Pope, Mr. Addison, and other emi-
nent literati of the time, which are very
interesting, and contain many curious
facts respecting the manners of the
Turks. She is also memorable for hav-
ing first introduced the practice of in-
oculation into that country, for which
millions have had cause to bless her
memory. She closed a life marked by
a great variety of adventures, in 1762.
Her collected works have been published
in six volumes; and her "Letters" cer-
tainly place her at the head of female
epistolarv writers in Great Britain.
MONTAGUE, Elizabeth, an eminent
female writer, was the daughter of Mat-
thew Robinson, esq., of Yorkshire, b.
1720. She had an opportunity of prose-
cuting her studies under the direction
of Conyers Middleton, to whom she was
probably indebted for the tincture of
learning whicii so remarkably influenced
her character and manners. About
1742 she married Edward Montague, a ^
descendant of the first earl of Sana^^,
wich. Mrs. Montague published " An'
Essay on the Writings and Genius of
Shakspeare," which obtained a great
and deserved reputation. Slie formed
a literarv soeietv known by the name of
the "Blue Stockin2r Club," from the
circumstance that Mr. Benjamin Stil-,
lingfleet, a gentleman belonging to it,"^
wore stockings of that color. Mrs.^.
Montague was noticed for another pecu*'t
liarity, that of giving an annual dinner '
on May-day to the chimney-sweepers of
the metropolis. D. 1800.
MONTAIGNE, Michael de, ft cele-
mon]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
6^13
brated French essayist, was b. in 1533,
at the castle belonging to iiis family, in
Perigord. His father, Pierre Eyquera,
seigneur de Montaigne, bestowed the
greatest care on the cultivation of his
son's promising talents ; and after a
course of suitable instruction Montaigne
became a parliamentary counsellor, but
his aversion to the duties of the station
led him to retire from it. The study of
man was his favorite occupation, and he
therefore devoted himself entirely to
philosophical subjects. His quiet, how-
ever, was disturbed by the troubles
which distracted France in consequence
of the cruel persecutions of the Hugue-
nots ; his castle was plundered by the
leaguers, and he himself was ill-treated
by their adversaries. To these causes
of distress was added the plague, which
broke out in Guienne, in 1586, and com-
pelled him to leave his estate, with his
family, and wander through the coun-
try, which was then the theatre of all
kinds of atrocities. He then resided
some time in Paris, but finally returned
home, and d. in 1592. His celebrated
"Essays" contain a treasure of wisdom,
and may still be deemed one of the
most popular books in the French lan-
guage. Their style, without being pure
or correct, is simple, bold, lively, and
energetic. Cardinal du Perron emphati-
cally called them the breviary of honest
men ; and La Harpe observes, " It is
not a book we are reading, but a con-
versation to which we are listening;
and he persiiades, because he does not
teach."
MONTALVAN, Don Luis Perez de,
an eminent Spanish dramatist in the
reign of Philip IV., whose writings are
distinguished by good taste and sound
judgment. D. 1639.
MONT ALEM BERT,Mark EENE,mar-
quis de, a French general, was b. 1714,
at Angouleme: entered the army early
in life; and in the seven years' war was
attached to the staff of the armies of
Russia and Sweden, to give an account
of military operations to the French
ministry. He published a work on for-
tifications, besides three volumes of
■correspondence on military subjects ;
md papers in the memoirs of the Acad-
imv of Sciences.
MONTANUS, the founder of a new
«ect, in the 2d century, was a native of
Phrygia. He affected to be a prophet ;
and, having deceived two rich ladies,
named Priscilla and Maximilla, by his
pretended sanctity, and exalted them
W> prophetesses, he assorted it as an
article of faith, that the fulness of the
Spirit was imparted to these three cho-
sen vessels to complete the mystery of
eternal redemption. Among others who
fell into this delusion were Tertnllian
and Theodotus. — Benedict Aeias, a
Spanish Benedictine, was b. at Frexe-
nel, in Estreniadura, in 1527, and edu-
cated at Alcala. He was at the council
of Trent, and, on his return to Spain,
was employed in editing a polyglot
Bible. He was one of the most learned
divines of the 16tli century, and d. at
Seville, in 1598. — John Baptist, an
Italian physician, was b. at Verona, in
1488. He was sent to study the law at
Padua, instead of which he applied to
physic, and became professor of medi-
cine. 3). 1551. He translated into Latin
the works of .^ius ; the poem of Mu-
saeus, the " Argonautics" of Orpheus,
and the " Tragopodaera of Lucian."
MONTECUCULI, Raymond de, a cele-
brated general, was b. in 1608, of a dis-
tinguished family in the Modenese, and
entered into the service of the emperor
of Germany. In 1634, at the head of
2000 horse, he surprised 10,000 Swedes,
and took their baggage and artillery ;
but he was soon after defeated, and
taken prisoner. In 1637 he defeated
Eazolzi, prince of Transylvania: in 1664
he gained a splendid victory over the
Turks at St. Gothard; and, in 1675 and
1676, he commanded on the Rhine, and
foiled all the efforts of Turenne and the
prince of Conde by his masterly ma-
noeuvres. D. 1680. He wrote some ex-
cellent " Memoires" on the military art,
and a treatise on the " Art of Reigning."
MONTESQUIEU, Charles de Secon-
DAT, baron de, was b. at the castle of
Brede, near Bordeaux, in 1689 ; and in
1716 became president of the parliament
of Bordeaux. His first appearance as
an author was in the publication of the
"Persian Letters," a work which gave
proofs of a fine genius and a solid judg-
ment. In 1728 he was admitted a mem-
ber of the Academy, on wliich occasion ho
delivered an eloquent discourse. Hav-
ing given up his civil employments, he
went on liis travels, and remained in
England three years. After his return
he retired to his estate, and there com-
Sleted his work '■ On tlie Causes of the
rrandeur and Declension of the Ro-
mans," which was published in 1734.
His greatest performance, however, ia
the "Spirit of Laws," which came out
in 1748, and, though attacked by some
writers, secured its ground in the esti-
mation of the literary world. His other
644
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[mon
vforks are, " The Temple of Cnidus," a
piece called "• Lysimachus," and an
" Essay on Taste." Burke characterizes
him as " a genius not born in every
country, or every time, — with an Hercu-
lean robustness of mind, and nerves not
to be broken with labor." D. 1755.
MONTEZUMA, emperor of Mexico
at the time of tlie Spanish invasion.
Having, by his despotic government,
made liimself many enemies, they will-
ingly joined Oortez, and assisted him
in his progress. Seized in the heart of
his capital, and kept as a hostage at the
Spanish quarters, he was at first treated
with ]-espect, which was soon changed
into insult, and fetters were put on Jiis
legs. He was at length obliged to ac-
knowledge his vassalage to tlie king of
Spain, but he could not be brought to
cliauge his religion. He d. in 1520, from
being struck on the temple with a stone,
while persuading his tumultuous sub-
jects to receive the Spanish yoke.
MONTFAUCON, Bernard oe, a cele-
brated French critic and antiquary, was
b. at the castle of Sontage, in Languedoc,
m 1655 ; became a Benedictine monk,
after having engaged in the military
service ; and d. in 1741. He was a vo-
luminous writer ; but the most import-
ant of his works is that treasure of clas-
sical archaeology, entitled " L'Antiquite
explique et representee en Figures."
MONTFORT, Simon de, earl of Lei-
cester, son of the Simon de Montfort
who distinguished himself by his zeal
and severity in the crusade against the
Albigenses, was b. in France, and re-
tired to England in 1231, on account of
some dispute with Queen Blanche.
Henry 111. received him very kindly,
bestowed upon him the earldom of Lei-
cester, which had formerly belonged to
his ancestors, and gave him his sister,
the countess dowager of Pembroke, in
marriage. After this, Henry appointed
him seneschal of Gascony ; but he ruled
80 despotically there, that he was recalled,
and a violent altercation took place be-
tween them, in which the king appUeji
the opprobrious epitliet of "traitor" to
his subject, and the latter gave his sov-
ereign the lie. A reconciliation was,
however, effected, and De Montfort was
employed on several occasions, in a di-
Elomatic and military capacity. In 1258
e appeared in parliament at the head of
the discontented barons, who were all
armed, and demanded that the adminis-
tration should be put in the hands of
twenty four barons, who were empow-
ered to redress grievances, and to reform
the state. This was conceded, and lor
a time submitted to; till at length hos-
tilities commenced between tlie barons
and the royal party, which ended in the
triumph of the former at the battle of
Lewes. From what precise cause it does
not appear, but probably it was owing
to his arrogance and rapacity, that a
powerful party was raised up against
him among the barons ; and, according
to some, this was the motive which in-
duced him to summon knights of shires
and burgesses to the parliament in 1265.
Whatever may have been his motive,
however, he thus became the founder
of the English house of commons. In
the same year was fought the battle of
Evesham, in wliich the royal forces were
led by Prince Edward ; and there, in
attempting to rally his troops, by rush-
ing into the midst of the enemy, he was
surrounded and slain.
MONTGOLFIER, Jacques Etienne,
the inventor of air-balloons, was b. in
1745, at Vidalon-les-Annonai. In con-
juncticn with an elder brother he de-
voted himself to scientific pursuits, and
was the first who manufactured the
vellum paper, still so much admired for
its beauty. One day while boiling water
in a coffee-pot, the top of which was
covered with paper folded in a spherical
form, he saw the paper swell and rise — •
a circumstance that furnished him with
the idea of a light machine, made buoy-
ant by inflation, and traversing the air.
After various preliminary trials, it being
ascertained that a biilloon, with a car
attached to it, could be kept suspended
by a supply of heated air, the experi-
ment was repeated on a large scale at
Versailles, when the marquis d' Orlandes
ascended in the presence of the royal
family, and a vast concourse of spec-
tators. D. 1799.
MONTI, ViNOENZo, one of the most
celebrated poets of modern Italy, was b.
at Fusignano, near Ferrara, in 1753 ; and
became as notorious for the versatility
of his political principles as for his poetic
talents. He commenced his career as
secretary to Luigi Braschi, nephew of
Pope Pius VI., and was then a violent
enemy of the Freich; he afterwards
became a republican , next a panegyrist
of Napoleon ; and ended by eulogizing
the emperor of Austria. His "Basvilli-
ana," written on the murder of Hugo
Basseville, the French ambassador at
Kome, is a close imitation of Dante, and
gained him a high reputation. His
other chief works were, "Bardo della
Selva nera," and a translation of Homer's
moo]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
645
Iliad ; and his dramatic writings are the
tragedies of" Galeotti Mant'redi," "Aris-
todenio," and "Caius Gracchus." He
was successively appointed professor of
the belles lettres and of rhetoric in the
university of Padua, and historiographer
of the kingdom of Italy ; and, after the
destruction of that state, he was fortu-
nate enough to preserve his place and
pension under the new government.
He was also a knight of the legion of
honor, and a member of many learned
societies. D. 1828.
MONTMOEENCY, Anne de, peer,
marshal, and constable of France, b. in
14y3, was one of the greatest generals
of the 16th century. He distinguished
himself under Francis I., in the wars
against Charles V., and was made pris-
oner at the battle of Pavia, which was
fought against his advice. D. 1567. —
Henky II., duke de, was b. in 1595, and
in his 18th year was created admiral of
France. He defeated the Protestants in
Languedoc; and, in 1628, he gained de-
cided advantages over the duke de Ro-
han, leader of the Huguenots. In 1630
lie held the chief comnifand in Piedmont,
and defeated the Spaniards under Doria.
His services were at length rewarded
with a marshal's baton ; and being jeal-
ous of the influence of Cardinal Riche-
lieu, he, with Gaston, duke of Orleans,
raised the stand..rd of rebellion in Lan-
guedoc, where, being opposed by Le
Force and Schomberg, he was wounded
and made prisoner. He was condemned
to death by the parliament of Toulouse,
and executed, in 1632.
MONTPENSIER, Anne Maria Louisa,
of Orleans, b. at Paris, in 1627, was the
daughter of Gaston, duke of Orleans,
and the niece of Louis XIII. In the
civil contests which distinguished the
minority of Louis XIV., she was a zeal-
ous partisan of Conde ; and, in fact, her
whole life was a scene of restless am-
bition and intrigue. D. 1693.
MONTROSE, James Graham, marquis
of, a distinguished royalist under Charles
I., was the son of the earl of Montrose,
who gave him an excellent education,
which was improved by a residence in
France, where he held a commission in
the Scotch guards. On his return home
he experienced such neglect through
the jealousy of the marquis of Hamilton,
as induced "him to join tlie Covenanters ;
but he afterwards took a very active part
on the side of the king ; and in a few
months gained the battles of Perth,
Aberdeen, and Inverlochy ; for which
service he was created a marquis. In
1645 his fortune changed; and aftei
suffering a defeat from Lesley, he was
obliged to leave the kingdom, when ho
lantled in Orkney with a few followers,
but was soon overpowered, conveyed to
Edinburgh, and there hung and quar-
tered.
MONTUCCl, Antonio, a learned phi-
lologist, particularly excelling as a Chi-
nese scholar, was b. at Sienna, in 1762,
and studied at the university there, de-
voting himself to the living languages
with almost incredible application. In
1785 he was am^ointed professor of En-
glish in the Tolomei college; and, in
1789, accompanied Mr. Wedgwood to
England as Italian teacher in his family.
Being in London in 1792, when prep-
arations were making fftr Lord Macart-
ney's emibassy to China, Montucci took
the opportunity of obtaining assistance
from some Chinese youths attached to
the embassy, in acquiring their language,
with which he was before only imper-
fectly acquainted. The result was he
projected a Chinese dictionary, the pros-
pectus of which he forwarded to several
princes and academies in Europe. In
1806 he went to Berlin, on the invitation
of the king of Prussia; but the invasion
of the country by Bonaparte for some
time interrupted his plans ; and, return-
ing to ItJily, he d. at Sienna, in 1829.
He is the author of a "Chinese Diction-
ary," an "Italian Pocket Dictionary,"
and several elementary works in that
language; and he edited the "Poesie
inedite de Lorenzo de' Medici," pub-
lished at the expense of Mr. Roscoe.
MONTUCLA, John Stephen, an emi-
nent French mathematician, was b. at
Lyons, in 1725 ; studied at the Jesuits'
college, and acquired legal knowledge
at Toulouse, but relinquished the law
for the cultivation of mathematical sci-
ence ; was sent to Cayenne, in 1764, as
astronomer ; and d. in 1799. His chief
work is his "Histoire des Mathemati-
ques."
MOORE, Edward, an English poet
and dramatic writer, b. 1712. In 1744
he published his " Fables for the Fe-
male Sex," and after that the comedies
of the "Foundling," and "Gil Bias,"
and the tragedy of " The Gamester."
He next became the editor of a periodi-
cal paper, cahed "The World," in which
he was assisted by lords Lyttleton,
Chesterfield, and many other men of
rank and talent. D. 1757. — John, a
physician, and miscellaneous writer, b.
in 1730, at Stirling. In 1799 he pub-
Ushed the fruits of his travels in "A
646
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[mor
View of Society and Mannere in France,
Switzerland, and Germany," and in
1781 two volumes more, entitled " A
View of Society and Manners in Italy."
Afcur this, he published his " Medical
Sketches ;" a novel entitled " Zeluco,"
which abounds with incident, and af-
fords a striking illustration of Italian
character and manners. In 1795 he
published " A View of the Causes and
Progress of the French Kevolution."
He subsequently published a novel, en-
titled " Edward, or various Views of
Human Nature," and " Mordaunt, or
Sketches of Life, Character, and Man-
ners in various Countries." D. 1802. —
Sir John, a distinguished military com-
mander, was the eldest son of Dr. John
Moore, and b. at Glasgow, in 1761. In
x79*3 he went out as a brigadier-general
*jO the West Indies, under Sir Kalph
Abercromby, who appointed him to tlie
government of St. Lucie, in the capture
ot which he had a principal share. On
his return home, in 1797, he was em-
ployed in Ireland during the rebellion,
and was raised to the rank of major-
general. In 1808 he was appointed to
command an army' in Spain, where,
after a skilful and arduous retreat be-
fore a very superior force, he fell by a
cannon-ball, under the walls of Corunna,
January 16th, 1809. — James, governor
of South Carolina, succeeded JBlake in
1700, and continued in office until Sir
Nathaniel Johnson assumed it in 1708.
The provocations of the Spaniards in-
duced Governor Moore, in 1702, to pro-
pose to the assembly an expedition
against St. Augustine. The measure was
adopted, but proved unsuccessful, and
entailed a heavy burden on the colony.
To answer the public exigence on this
occasion, the first paper money was
issued in South Carolina, under the
name of bills of credit. In 1719, when
the revolution took place, and Governor
Robert Johnson was deposed, Colonel
Moore, who had early and zealously es-
poused the cause of the people, was
chosen governor. He was well qualified
by his prudence and enterprise for the
crisis, and when the transfer of the gov-
ernment to the king was effected, and
General Nicholson was placed at the
head of the government, Colonel Moore
was elected speaker of the assembly,
and continued to be rechosen until 1725.
— Sir Henry, governor of New York,
was appointed in 176o, and arrived in
the colony in November following. He
conti lued governor until his death, 1769.
MORE, Antonio, a celebrated portrait
painter, b. at Utrecht, in 1519. He was
very successful in his portraits, of which
he painted several in England, in the
reign of Queen Mary, on whoso death
he accompanied Philip II. to Spain,
where he lived in terms of great inti-
macy with that monarch. D. 1575. —
Hannah, an eminent moral writer, was
b. at Stapleton, in Gloucestershire, in
1744. She was one of the five daughters
of a village schoolmaster. The literary
abilities of Hannah early attracted no-
tice. Her first literary production, " The
Search after Happiness," a pastoral
drama, was written when she was only
18 years of ?o, though not published
till 1773. By the encouragement of
Garrick, she tried her strength in tragic
composition, and wrote "The Inflexible
Captive," a tragedy, which was printed
in 1764. Her tragedy of " Percy," the
most popular of her dramatic composi-
tions, was brought out in 1778, and ran
fourteen nights successively ; and her
last tragedy, "The Fatal Falsehood,"
was produced in 1779. Shortly after,
her opinions of public theatres under-
went a change, 'and she has stated that
she did not consider the stage, in its
present state, as " becoming the appear-
ance or countenance of a Christian.^' Her
first prose publication was " Thoughts
on the Manners of the Great ;" this
was followed by her " Estimate of the
Religion of the Fashionable World."
In 1795 she commenced at Bath, in
monthly numbers, " The Cheap Repos-
itory," a series of tales for the common
people, one of which is the well- known
"Shepherd of Salisbury Plain." She
subsequently produced her " Strictures
on the Modern System of Female Edu-
cation," " Hints towards Forming the
Character of a Young Princess," " Coe-
lebs in Search of a Wife," " Practical
Piety," "Christian Morals," an "Essay
on the Character and Writings of St.
Paul," and " Moral Sketches of the
Prevailing Opinions and Manners, For-
eign and Domestic, with Reflections on
Prayer." D. 1833. — Henrt, an eminent
divine of the church of England, was b.
at Grantham, in Lincolnshire, in 1614;
was educated at Eton, and Christ's col-
lege, Cambridge ; and, while at the latter.
profoundly studied the most celebrated
systems of philosophy, and finally set-
tled into a decided preference for that
of Plato. In 1640 he published "Psy-
cho-Zoia, or the Life of the Soul ;" a
f)hilosopliical poem, which he repub-
ished, with other pieces, in 1647. He
refused the highest ecclesiastical prefer-
mor]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
647
ments, and d., universally beloved, in
1687.— Sir Thomas, chancellor of En-
gland, was the son of Sir John More,
judge of the King's Bench, and b. in
London, in 1480. He was educated at
Christ-church, then Canterbury college,
Oxford ; and, in 1499, became a student
of Lincoln's Inn. At the age of 21 he
obtained a seat in parliament, where he
opposed a subsidy demanded by Henry
Vll, with such force, that it was refused
by the house. At the accession of Henry
vIIL he was called to the bar, and in
1508 he was made judge of the sheriff's
court, and a justice of peace. Li 1518
he published his "Utopia," a political
romance ; and about this time the friend-
ship began between him and Erasmus,
which lasted through life. By the in-
terest of Wolsey he obtained the honor
of knighthood, and a place in the privy
council. In 1520 he was made treasurer
of the exchequer ; and in 1523 chosen
speaker of the house of commons, where
he resisted a motion for an oppressive
subsidy, which gave great offence to his
former friend, the cardinal. In 1530 he
succeeded Wolsey as lord chancellor;
and by his indefatigable application in
that office, there was in a short time
not a cause left undetermined. He re-
signed the seals, because he could not
conscientiously lend his support to the
measures of Henry respecting nis divorce
of Queen Catharine ; and he was event-
ually committed to the Tower for refu-
sing the oath of supremacy. After an
imprisonment of twelve months, he was
brought to Ids trial in the court of King's
Bench, where, notwithstanding his elo-
quent defence, he was found guilty of
treason, and sentenced to be beheaded.
His behavior, in the interval, corre-
sponded with the uniform tenor of his
life ; and, on July 6, 1535, he ascended
the scaffold, with his characteristic pleas-
antry, saying to the lieutenant of the
Tower, " I pray you, see me safe up ;
and as for my coming down, let me
shift for myself."
MORE A U, Jean Michel, an eminent
designer and engraver, was b. at Paris,
1741. He was a man of extensive in-
formation on works of art, and his in-
dustry was truly surprising. D. 1814. —
John Victor, one of the most celebrated
of modern French generals, was b. in
1763, at Morlaix, and was brought up to
the bar. The army, however, was the
profession of his choice, and he entered
a regiment before he was 18, but was
taken from it by his father. The revo-
liitioQ enabled him to gratify his wishes,
and he made his first campaign under
Dumourier, in 1792. He gained the
rank of brigadier-general in 1793, and
that of general of division in 1794. In
the latter year he commanded the right
wing of Pichegru's army, and obtained
great successes in the Nethei lands. In
17U6 he was placed at the head of the
army of the Khine. In that year he dis-
tinguished himself by penetrating into
Bavaria, and by his masterly retreat be-
fore a superior force ; in 1797, by his
passage of the Khine ; and in 1800, by
his campaign in Germany, crowned by
the decisive victory of Hohenlinden.
Having engaged with Piche^ru, Geor-
ges, and other royalists, in a ^ot against
the consular government, he was brought
to trial in 1804, and sentenced to two
years' imprisonment, but was allowed to
retire to North America. There he re-
mained till 1813, when he was prevailed
upon to join the allied sovereigns, and
appeared in arms against his country.
He was, however, mortally wounded at
the battle of Dresden, and d. 1813.
MORETO Y CABANA, Don Augus-
TiN, an eminent Spanish dramatic poet
of the 17th century, who, after writing
200 plays, became an ecclesiastic. He
was cotemporary with Calderon, and
was patronized by Philip IV. He may
fjiirly be called the Spanish Moliere,
many of his comedies still keeping pos-
session of the stage, from their racy
humor, striking incidents, and charac-
teristic language of the dramatis peraonoe,
MORGAGNI, John Baptist, an emi-
nent physician and anatomist, was b. at
Forli, in Romagna, in 1682 ; studied un-
der Valsalva, at Bologna; and, in 1711,
became professor of medicine at Padua.
In 1715 he was appointed to the first
anatomical professorship, in which situ-
ation he continued till his death, m
1771.
MORGAN, Sir Henry, a celebrated
commander of buccaneers in the 17th
century, was the son of a Welsh former.
He took Porto Bello and Panama from
the Spaniards, and for several years
continued to enrich himself and his fol-
lowers by the success of his marauding
expeditions against that nation. Hav-
ing amassed a large fortune, he settled
at Jamaica, of which island he was ap-
Eointed governor by Charles II., and
nighted. — William, an eminent Welsh
prelate, who had a principal concern in
the translation of the Bible into Welsh,
printed first in 1588. D. 1604.— Wil-
liam, a distinguished mathematician,
was a native of Glamorganshire. He
648
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[xMOR
was actuary to the Equitable Assurance
company, London, and remained con-
nected with that institution 5(5 years.
He was the autlior of "The Doctrine of
Annuities and Assurances of Lives,"
" A Review of Dr. Crawford's Theory
of Heat," togetlier witli various trea-
tises connected with the linancial pros-
perity of Great Britain. D. 1833.—
Daniel, a distinguished officer in the
army of tlie American revolution, was
b. in New Jersey, and removed to Vir-
ginia in l7o5. He enlisted in Brad-
dock's expedition as a private soldier,
and on the defeat of that general re-
'curned to his occupation as a farmer.
At the commencement of the revolution
he was appointed to the command of a
troop of horse, and joined the army un-
der Washington, then in the neighbor-
hood of Boston. He distinguished
himself very much in the expedition
against Quebec, where he fell into the
hands of the enemy. On the exchange
of prisoners he rejoined the American
army, was appointed to the command
of a select rifle corps, and detaclied to
assist General Gates on the northern
frontier, where he contributed materi-
ally to the capture of General Burgoyne.
After a short retirement from service,
on account of ill health, he was appoint-
ed brigadier-general by brevet, and com-
manded the force by which Colonel
Tarleton was routed at the battle of
Cowpens. He soon after resigned his
commission. In 1794 he commanded
the militia of Virginia, called out to
suppress the insurrection in Pennsylva-
nia, and continued in the service till
1795. He afterwards was elected to a
seat in congress. D. 1799. — John, an
eminent American physician, was b. in
Philadelphia, in 1735, and was educated
at the college in that city. He comple-
ted his medical studies in Europe, and
on his return, in 1765, was elected pro-
fessor of the theory and practice of
medicine in the medical colleire in Phil-
adel})hia. In October, 1775, he was.
appointed chief physician to the gen-
eral ho.spitals of tlie American army;
but, in 1775, was removed on account
of certain accusations, which he after-
wards proved to be entirely groundless.
He was the author of several medical
treatises. D. 1789.
MORGHEN, Raphael, a celebrated
engraver, b. at Naples, in 1758. He
was invited to Florence in 1782, to en-
grave the masterpieces in the Floren-
tine gallery; and the reputation he
acquired by his labors there, induced
the ^rand-duke to employ him in en-
graving Leonardo da Vinci's noble
composition of the Last Supper,, which
is painted on the wall of tlie refectory
in the Dominicans' convent, at Milan.
In 1803 he was chosen an associate of
the French Institute ; and, in 1S12, he
was invited to Paris by Napoleon, who
treated him with the most flattering
kindness. His works are numerous,
and include some of the most remark-
able productions of the great musters.
MORHOFF, Daniel George, a learn-
ed German author, b. at Wismar, in
Mecklenburg, in lfi39 ; was educated at
Stettin and Rostock; came to England,
and resided for a time at Oxford. His
principal work is entitled " Polyhistor,
sive de Notitia Auctorum et Rerum
Commentarii." D. 1691.
MORIER, James, whose novels, de-
scriptive of Eastern life and manners,
enjoyed at the time great popularity,
was b. in 1780. When still very young,
he made an extensive tour through the
East, the main incidents of which he
described in his " Travels through Per-
sia, Armenia, Asia Minor, to Constan-
tino pi
e." In 1810 he was
ipp.
ointed
British envoy to the court ot Persia,
where he remained till 1816, and soon
after his return he published " A Second
Journey through Persia," &c. During
his stay in the East, he made great use
of his opportunity of studying the char-
acter of the people ; and the knowledge
thus acquired was turned to excellent
account in his " Adventures of Hajji
Baba of Ispahan," (a species of " Gil
Bias," like Hope's " Anastasius,")
whose " Adventures in England" he
described in a second series; "Zohrab,
or the Hostage," " Ayesha, or the Maid
of Kars," " Abel Alnutt," " The Ban-
ished," &c. ; in all of which, but es-
pecially in the first three, the manners,
customs, and modes of thought preva-
lent in the East are portrayed with a
liveliness, skill, and truthfulness to na-
ture, attained by few. D. 1848.
MORITZ, Charles Philjp, a German
writer, was b. at Ilameln, in 1757. He
travelled in England, Switzerland, and
Italy ; wrote many works, the chief of
which are his "Travels," "The An-
tiquities of Rome," the novels of "An-
thony Reiser and Andrew Hartknopf,"
and various grammatical treatises. 1).
1793.
MORLAND, George, an eminent
painterof rustic scenery and low life,
was b. in London, in 1764. He was in-
structed by his father, who employed
mor]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
649
him constantly in making drawings for
sale. By this means he acquired a won-
derful facility of invention, and rapidity
of execution. He had also great skill as
a faithful copier of nature, and in the
early part of nis career confined himself
to the delineation of picturesque land-
scapes ; but having contracted irregular
Habits, lie forsook the woods and fields
for the ale-house ; and stage coachmen,
postilions, and drovers drinking, be-
came the favorite subjects of his pencil.
Some of his best pieces exhibit farm-
yards and stables, with dogs, horses,
pigs, and cattle, or scenes at the door
of the village ale-house, designed with
all the truth and feeling which commu-
nicate a charm to the meanest objects,
and proclaim the genius of the artist.
Many were painted in spunging-houses
to clear him from arrest, or in public-
houses to discharge his reckoning. D.
1804. — Sir Samuel, a statesman and an
able mechanist, was a native of Berk-
shire, and b. 1625. He was employed
in some diplomatic missions by Crom-
well ; and afterwards rendered consid-
erable service to Charles II., for which,
at the restoration, he was made a baron-
et. Among his inventions are reckoned
the speaking-trumpet, the fire-engine,
the capstan, and the steam-engine ; but
some of these, it is presumed, he was
rather the improver than the original
discoverer. D. 1696.
MORRIS, Chakles, a celebrated En-
glish bard, whose convivial songs were
once in high repute. Though many of
them mignt well be spared, some are
chaste in sentiment and felicitous in ex-
pression, while others possess, in an
eminent degree, those qualities which
give a zest to bacchanalian orgies. D.
1832. — GotrvERNEUK, an eminent states-
man and orator, was b. at Morrisania, in
1752, was graduated in King's college in
1768, and licensed to practise law in
1771. In 1775 he was a member of the
provincial congress of New York, and
was one of the committee which drafted
a constitution for the state of New York.
In 1777 he was chosen a delegate to the
continental congress, and in uie follow-
ing year wrote the celebrated " Obser-
vations on the American Revolution."
In 1781 he accepted the post of assistant
fiuperintendent of finance, as colleague
of Robert Morris ; and in 1787 was a
member of the convention which framed
the constitution of the United States.
In 1792 he was appointed minister plen-
ipotentiary to France, and held this
station till his recall by the request of
55
the French government in 1794. In
1800 he was elected a senator in con-
gress, from the state of New York, and
in this body was very conspicuous for
his political information and his bril-
liant eloquence. D. 1816.— Lewis, a
signer of the declaration of independ-
ence, was b. at the manor of Morrisania,
near the city of New York, in 1726. He
was educated at Yale college, and took
an early part in the cause of the colo-
nies, in 1775 he was elected a delegate
to the continental congress, and while
in this body served on several of the
most important committees. His rich
estates were laid waste by the British
army'in 1776. He left congress in 1777,
d. in 1798. — Robert, a celebrated finan-
cier, was a native of England, removed
with his father to America, at an early
age, and subsequently established him-
self as a merchant in Philadelphia. In
1775 he was appointed a delegate to con-
gress, and signed the declaration of
independence in the following year. In
1781 he was appointed superintendent
of finance, and rendered incalculable
service by his wealth and credit during
the exhausted state of our public funds.
It has been said, and with much truth ,
that " the Americans owed, and still
owe, as much acknowledgment to th-i
financial operations of Robert Morris, a^
to the negotiations of Benjamin Frank-
lin, or even to the arms of George
"Washington." He was a member of
the convention which framed the con-
stitution of the United States in 1787,
and afterwards a senator in congress.
In hjs old age he lost his ample fortune,
by unfortunate land speculations, ard
passed the last years of his life conf'ned
in prison for debt. D. 1806.
MORRISON, Robert, was b. in 1782.
He was bred to last-making by his la-
ther, who was also an elder of the S( otch
church. But Robert had a propensity
for high classical attainments. He ob-
tained the rudiments of the Latin,
Geek, and Hel)rew languages from the'
local preacher he attended; and was, at
length, sent by the London Missionarj'
Society to China, where he arrived in
1807. In the course of a year or two he
had prepared a grammar and dictionary'
of tile Chinese language for the press,
besides a Chinese version of the New
Testament. He afterwards projected an
Anglo-Chinese college at Malacca, of
which he was a liberal patron until his
death, which took place at Macao, in
1834.
MORSE, Jedidiah, a geographer,
650
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
Fmot
ministei of Charlestown, Massachusetts,
graduated at Yale college in 1783, and
installed 1789. His first geographical
gublication was in 1784, and during his
fetime the work was kept in perpetual
progress, and passed through many
editions. He also published the " Amer-
ican Gazetteer." and the "History of
New England.^' D. 1826.
MOETIER, Marshal, duke of Treviso,
b. in 1768, was the son of a merchant,
who represented the tiers Hat of Cam-
bresis at the states-general in 1789.
Quitting the mercantile profession, for
which he had been designed, he enter-
ed the army in 1791 with the rank of
captain ; and having distinguished him-
self on various occasions, he was rapid -
Ijr promoted, and intrusted with the
highest commands. Being among the
staff that accompanied Louis Philippe
and princes to the review at Paris, on
the 28th of July, 1835, it was the fate
of this brave officer to be one of the
victims of the assassin, Fieschi.
MORTON, Thomas, an eminent and
puccessful dramatist, was b. at Durham,
in 1764. He entered as a student at Lin-
coln's Inn, but his taste for theatricals
caused him to abandon his profession,
and he soon gave proofs of his talents
as a dramatic writer. It is remarkable,
indeed, that nearly all his pieces still
keep possession of the stage. They
consist of " The Way to get Married,''
" Columbus," " Town and Country,
Zorinski,
A Cure for the Heart-
ache," " Speed the Plough," " Secrets
Worth Kuowing," " The Blind Girl,"
"The Children in the Wood," "The
School of Reform," "The School for
Grown Gentlemen," " A Rowland for
an Oliver," and " The Invincibles." D.
1838. — Nathaniel, one of the first set-
tiers of Plymouth, New England, and a
njagistrate of the colony, was the author
ol a " History of the Church at Ply-
mouth," and of a volume called " New
England's Memorial." This work was
originally published in 1669, and a new
edition of it has been recently issued. —
John, a signer of the declaration of
American independence, was b. in the
county of Chester, Pennsylvania, was a
member of the provincial assembly of
his native state, and in 1774 appointed
a u«jlegate to the continental congress.
D. '^7. — Samuel G., one of the most
disvine'iished scientific men of the
Uriu.-'vS Slates, was b. in Philadelphia,
whica he passed the greater part of his
life. His chief works were the " Crania
Americana," and the " Crania Egyptioa."
His museum of crania erabruced over
nine hundred human skulls, and six
hundred of the inferior animals. D.
1851.
MOSCHUS, a Greek pastoral poet, a
native of Syracuse, who nourished, with
his friend Bion, about 200 b. c.
MOSHEIM, John Laurence, a learned
German theologian, was b. at Lubeck,
in 1694 ; became a member of the faculty
of philosophy at Kiel ; and was appointed
chancellor of the university of Gottin-
gen, where he remained till his death in
1755, lecturing daily on ecclesiastical
history and most other departments of
theology. His principal work on this
subject is the " Institutiones HistorisB
Ecclesiasticse," which was afterwards
published under various other forms,
and translated into German, with addi-
tions ; also into English by Dr. Maclaine.
Among his other numerous writings
are, " De Rebus Christianorum ante
Constantinum Magnum Commentarii,"
a " Life of Servetus," " The Ecclesias-
tical History of the Tartars," " Observa-
tiones Sacrae," and "Sermons," which
were much admired for their pure and
elegant style.
MOSSOM, Robert, a learned Irish
prelate, who suffered much in the civil
wars, but on the restoration he was
made dean of Christ-church, Dublin ;
with which he held the bishopric of
Londonderry, where he d. 1679. His
works are, " The Preacher's Tripartite,"
" Varise coUoquendi Formulae,'' " Nar-
rative of George Wild, bishop of Derry,"
and " Zion's Prospect in its first View."
MOSSOP, Henry, an eminent tragic
actor, b. in Ireland, in 1729, was the son
of a clergyman, and was educated at
Trinity college, Dublin. He made his
first appearance on the Dublin stage as
" Zanga," in the Revenge ; but soon re-
moved to London, where, next to Gar-
rick and Henderson, he was esteemed
tiie first tragedian of his time. In 1761
he became manager of one of the Dublin
theatres ; but the speculation proved
his ruin, and he d. in absolute penury
at Chelsea, in 1773.
MOTHERWELL, William, a poet,
b. at Glasgow, in 1798 ; and when a
youth he obtained a situation in the
sheriff clerk's office at Paisley, where he
continued till within a few years of his
death. In 1827 he published a very in-
teresting and valuable collection of bal-
lads, entitled " Minstrelsy, Ancient and
Modern ;" and he was afterwards suc-
cessively editor of the " Paisley Maga-
zine," " Paisley Advertiser," and the
MOU]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
661
" Glasgow Courier." In 1888 was pub-
lished a collected edition of his own
poems, some of which possess a pathos
and an intensity of feeling not often
surpassed. D. 1885.
MOTTEUX^ Pierre Antoine, a mis-
cellaneous writer, was b. at Rouen, in
Normandy, in 1660 ; settled in England
after the revocation of the edict of
Nantes ; and embarking his property in
trade, opened an East India warehouse
in Leadenhall-street, London, and also
obtained a situation in the post-office.
He wrote nearly twenty dramatic pieces,
and translated " Don Quixote" and
"Rabelais." D. 1718.
MOTTLEY, John, a dramatic writer,
was b. in 161)2, and wrote five dramatic
pieces ; also the "Life of the Czar Peter
the G-reat," and tiie " History of Cath-
arine of Russia ;" but the work of his
which obtained by far the greatest pop-
ularity, is the well-known collection of
facetiae, called " Joe Miller's Jests."
D. 1750.
MOULIN, Peter du, a Protestant
divine, was b. at Bechny, in the Vexin,
in 1568. He studied first at Sedan, and
next at Cambridge, from which univer-
sity he removed to a professorship of
philosophy at Leyden, where he also
taught Greek ; but in 1599 he returned
to 1 ranee, and became minister at Cha-
renton. On the assassination of Henry
IV., he charged the guilt of that deed
upon the Jesuits, which produced a vio-
lent controversy between him and some
of that society ; and, in 1615, he visited
England on the invitation of James I.,
who gave him a prebend in Canterbury
cathedral. He did not continue long in
England ; but after refusing the divinity
professorship at Leyden, he finally set-
tled at Sedan, of which place he became
the pastor, filling at the same time the
theological chair there. Among his
writings are, " A History of Mona-
chism," a treatise " On the recent Ori-
gin of Popery," &c. D. 1658. — Peter,
his son, was b. in 1600, at Paris, and
graduated at Leyden ; but going after-
wards to England, obtained, like his
father, a prebend at Canterbury, and
was one of the chaplains to King Charles
II. He was the author of "The Peace
of the Soul," " Clamor Regii Sanguinis,"
which, being anonymous, was attributed,
by Milton, to Alexander More, and "A
Defence of the Protestant Church." —
Louis, his brother, became a violent
Independent, and wrote " Parasnesis ad
iEdificatores Imperii," dedicated to Oli-
ver Cromwe'l ; and ' Patronus BonsB
Eidei," a fierce invective against the
church of England. D. 1683.
MOULTRIE, William, a major-gen-
eral in the army of the American revo-
lution, was b. in England, but emigrated
to South Carolina at an early age. He
served with distinction in the Cherokee
war in 1760, and in its last campaign
commanded a company. At the com-
mencement of the revolution he was a
member of the j)rovincial congress, and
a colonel of the second regiment of
South Carolina. For his brave defence
of Sullivan's island in 1776, he received
the thanks of congress, and the fort was
afterwards called by his name. In 1779
he gained a victory over the British at
Beaufort. He afterwards received the
commission of major-general, and was
second in command to General Lincoln
at the siege of Charleston. After the
close of the war he was repeatedly elected
governor of South Carolina. He pub-
shed " Memoirs of the Revolution in
the Carolinas and Georgia," consisting
chiefly of official letters. D. in Charles-
ton in 1805.
MOUNTFORT, William, an English
actor and dramatic writer, was b. in
Staffordshire, in 1659. He was an ex-
cellent comic performer; and being in
the flower of his age, and one of the
handsomest men on the boards, the
parts of the lovers were usually allotted
to him. In one of these he had capti-
vated the affections of Mrs. Bracegirdle,
an actress much admired for her per-
sonal charms. This lady had rejected
the addresses of a Captain Hill, who, in
company with Lord Mohun, waylaid
Mountfort one night, in the winter of
1692, as he was returning from the
theatre to his lodgings, in Norfolk-
street, Strand ; and, oefore he could
draw his sword, ran him through the
body, and killed him on the spot. Hill
made his escape to the Continent, and
Lord Mohun was tried by his peers for
the murder, but, for the want of suffi-
cient evidence, was acquitted. This
nobleman was himself eventually killed
by the duke of Hamilton, in a duel
fought in Hyde Park. Mountfort was
the author oi' five plays, and was in the
zenith of his reputation at the time of
his death.
MOURAD BEY, a famous Mameluke
chief, was a native of Circassia. After
the destruction of Ali Bey, in 1773, he
obtained the government of Cairo in
conjunction with Ibrahim Bey, which,
notwithstanding some severe contests
with Ismael Bey and the Turkish gov-
652
CYCLOP^blA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[mun
emment, who tried tc dispossess tliera,
they contrived to keep. When Bona-
parte invaded Egypt, Mourad opposed
the French with great vigor ; but he
was at length obliged to retreat to
Upper Egypt. He subsequently entered
into a treaty with General Kleber, and
accepted the title of prince of Assouan
and Jirgeh, under the protection of
France. He d. of the plague in 1801.
MOZART, John Chritsostom Wolf-
gang Amadeus, one o^ the most emi-
nent musical composers that ever lived,
was the son of Leopold Mozart, sub-
chapel-master of Salzburg, and himself
a respectable musician. He was b. in
1756 ; and the precocity of his musical
talent was most extraordinary. In his
sixth year ne had made such progress,
that his father was induced to take him
and his sister Maria Anna, who was
also a musical genius to Munich and
Vienna, where the little artists were in-
troduced to the emperor's court, and
the unequalled execution of the boy
excited universal surprise. In 1770 he
composed, in his 14th year, his serious
opera of " Mithridate," which had a run
or upwards of twenty nights in succes-
sion. In 1775 he went to Vienna, and,
engaging in the service of the emperor,
he satisfied the great expectations which
were raised by his early genius, and
became the Kaphael of musicians.
Among the works of his which have
remained on the German stage, and will
always be the delight of every tasteful
nation are, "Idomeneo," the "Nozze
di Figaro," the " Zauberflote," the
" Cleraenza di Tito," and above all, the
splendid "Don Giovanni." D. 1791.
MUDIE, Robert, author of numerous
works in natural history, and others of
an entertaining and instructive charac-
ter, was b. in Forfarshire in 1777. In
1802 he was appointed Gaelic professor
and teacher of drawing in the Inverness
academy. He subsequently filled other
situations of a like nature ; but at length
turned his attention exclusively to au-
thorship, and commenced his career
with a novel, entitled " Glenfurgus."
He then for a while sought employment
as a reporter for the London newspa-
pers, and his literary efforts were hence-
forth unceasing. Independently of his
contributions to periodicals, upwards
of 80 volumes from his fertile pen were
in rapid succession brought before the
public. D. 1842.
MULLER, Carl Ottfried, an emi-
nent modern scholar and histo^'an, was
b. in 1797, at Brieg, in Silesia 'le was
a professor of archaeology in the univer-
sity of Gottingen, and distinguished
himself by his researches into mytho-
logic lore, analyzing it and disentan-
gling the allegorical parts from the
historical. But his knowledge was by
no means confined to that department
of literature. His work on the Eumen-
ides of JEschylus, and many others,
fully prove his classic erudition • and
his histories of the Dorians and the
Etruscans have become naturalized in
England as standard works. While
travelling in Greece with a view to the
commencement of an elaborate work on
the history of that country, he was taken
ill, and d. 1840. — Gerard Frederic, a
German traveller, was b. in 1700, at
Herforden, in Westphalia ; was educated
at Leipsic, and went to reside at St.
Petersburg, where he taught Latin.
geography, and history. His principal
work is, "A Collection of Russian His-
tories." D. 1783. — John von, an emi-
nent Swiss historian, was b. in 1752, at
Schaffhausen, ami studied at Gottingen.
In 1780 he publislied the first part of
his "History of the Swiss Confedera-
tion ;" and shortly after he went to
Berlin, where he printed "Historical
Essays." His other principal work was
a "Course of Universal History," but
he was also the author of several others,
which were published collectively at
Tubingen. Muller was successively
professor of Greek at Schaffhausen,
and of history at Cassel, counsellor of
the imperial chancery, secretary of state
for the ephemeral kingdom of West-
phalia, and director-general of public
mstruction. D. 1809.
MUNCER, Thomas, in the early part
of the 16th century, rendered himself
for awhile extremely formidable in Ger-
many, where he preached equality and
the community ot property, and collect-
ed 40,000 followers. He was at length
defeated by the landgrave of Hesse,
with the loss of 7000 of his followers,
and being chased to Franchausen, was
taken prisoner, and executed at Mul-
hausen, in 1526.
MUNCHHAUSEN, Jerome Charles
Frederic von, was a German officer in
the Russian service, Avho served in sev-
eral campaigns against the Turks. He
was a passionate lover of horses and
hounds ; of which, and of his adven-
tures among the Turks, he told the
most extravagant stories, till his fancy
so completely got the better of his
memory, that he really believed his
most extravagant fictions, and felt very
mdr]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
658
much oflPenddd if any doubt was ex-
pressed on the subject. Havinj? become
acQuainted with Burger at Pyrmont,
ana related these waking dreams to
him, the poet published them in 1787,
with his own improvements, under the
title of " W under bare Abentheuer und
Reisen des Herrn von Munchhausen."
The wit and humor of the work gave it
great success, and it was translated into
several foreign languages. D. 1796.
MUNDAY, Anthony, a dramatic
poet of the 16th century. He was the
author of the " City Pageants," enlarged
Stowe's Survey of London, and d. 1633.
MUNDEN, Joseph Shepherd, a cele-
brated comic actor, who, from 1790 to
1813, delighted the audiences of Covent-
garden with his inimitable representa-
tions ; but from 1813 to 1824, when he
retired from the stage, his services were
transferred to Drury-lane. His humor
was exuberant and racy ; and though
often verging on caricature, he could
melt the heart by touches of true pathos,
as readily as he could stir it into mirth
by the exquisite drollery of his ever-
varying countenance. B. 1758 ; d. 1832.
MUNOZ, John Baitist, a Spanish
historian, was b. in 1745, at Museros,
near Valentia. He was appointed cos-
mographer of the Indies, and under-
took by order of the king, a history of
America, of which he lived lo publish
only one volume. His other works are,
" De recto Philosophise recentis in
Theologia Ususe, Dissertatio," "De
Scriptorum Gentilium Lectione," " In-
stitutiones Philosophicae," &c.
MUNSTER, Sebastian, a German
divine, was b. at Ingelheim, in 1489,
entered into the order of Cordeliers, but
left them to join Luther. He then set-
tled at Basle, where he succeeded Peli-
canus in the Hebrew professorship. He
published a Latin version of the Bible,
from the Hebrew, with notes ; "Uni-
versal Cosmography," a treatise on dial-
ling, a Latin translation of Josephus,
and sevenil mathematical works. D.
1552.
MURAT, Joachim, ex-king of Naples,
one of the most intrepid of the French
marshals, was b. in 1771 ; was the son
of an innkeeper at Bastide, near Cahors ;
and was intended for the church. Tlie
army, however, was his choice, and in
1796, Bonaparte made him his aid-de-
camp. In Italy, in 1796 and 1797, and
in Egypt and Syria, in 1798 and 1799,
Murat displayed great valor and military
talent. He returned with Bonaparte to
France, assisted him in overthrowing
55*
the directory, and was rewarded \\ith
the hand oi Caroline, the sister of vhe
first consul. At Marengo and Austerlita
he was one of the most distinguished
of the French leaders. In 1806 Napo-
leon created him grand-duke of Berg ;
and in 1808 he raised him to the throne
of Naples. Murat took a conspicuous
part in the campaigns of 1806, 1807,
1808, 1812, and 1813 ; but in 1814, find-
ing that the throne of his patron began
to totter, he joined the allies. In the
following year, however, he was expelled
from his kingdom ; and having made a
desperate attempt to recover it, he was
taken prisoner, and shot at Pizzo, 1815.
MURATORI, Louis Anthony, an
eminent Italian historian and antiquary,
was b. in 1672 at Vignola, in the Mo-
denese territories ; was made keeper of
the Ambrosian library at Milan, and,
subsequently, librarian and archivist to
the duke of Modena. His great histori-
cal collection, entitled " Rerum Italica-
rum Scriptores, ab anno Mrse Chris-
tianae," " Antiquitates Italicae, Medii
^vi," " Anecdota Latina," " Anecdota
Grseca," " Annali d'ltalia," with many
others, attest the magnitude of his liter-
ary labors. D. 1750.
MURILLO, Bartolomeo Esteven,
one of the greatest of the Spanish paint-
ers, was b. in 1618, near Seville. He
acquired the rudiments of the art from
his uncle, Juan del Castillo, and being
encouraged to visit Madrid, he acquired
the countenance and patronage of the
celebrated painter Velasquez, then in
the height of his reputation. He after-
wards returned to Seville, and earned
by his labors an imperishable fame.
While painting the admired picture of
St. Catharine, in the church of the
Capuchins at Cadiz, he fell from the
scafi'old, and d. in consequence of the
injuries he received, in 1685.
MURPHY, Arthur, a dramatic and
miscellaneous writer, was b. at Cork, in
1727, and educated at St. Omer's. At
the age of 18 he went to London, and
tried his dramatic powers in the farce
of " The Apprentice," which was soon
followed by that of "The Upholsterer;"
and, having a great inclination to the
stage, he made an efibrt in the character
of Othello, but without success. He
then produced the "Orphan of China,"
a tragedy, whicli was well received. He
also wrote a weekly paper, called the
" Gray's Inn Journal , and two others,
in defence of government, entitled the
" Test" and the " Auditor." In these,
however, he failed. His plays of the
654
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[mU8
" Grecian Daughter," '* All in the
Wrong," "The Way to Keep Him,"
and the "Citizen," had greater success,
and produced the author wealtli and
fame. He also acquired considerable
reputation by liis " Essay on the Life
and Genius of Dr. Johnson," as well as
by his translation of Tacitus and Sallust,
and the " Life of Garrick." D. 1805.
MURRAY, Hugh, a most voluminous
and successfiil writer on geography and
kindred subjects, was b. at the manse
of North Berwick, 1779. In the early
part of his career he edited the "Scots'
Magazine," then in the hands of Mr.
Constable, and contributed to the "Ed-
inburgh Gazetteer;" and published
successively, discoveries and travels in
Africa, Asia, and America, all of which
acquired for their autlior a liberal share
of popularity. At a later period of his
life he contributed no fewer tlian fifteen
volumes to the " Edinburgh Cabinet Li-
brary," on subjects connected with his
favorite study ; but the work on which
his fame will chiefly rest, is his "Ency-
clopaedia of Geography." D. 1846. —
James, a Rhode Islander, whose real
name was Lillibridge, was a partisan
officer in the service of the East India
Company. He entered the service of
Holkar, the famous Mahratta chief,
about the j^ear 1790, and soon became
noted for his bravery, military skill, and
the good offices he performed to certain
British officers, who had been taken
prisoners, and who, but for his humane
interference, would have been put to the
sword. When the war broke out be-
tween the British government and Sein-
dia, in which Holkar assisted the latter,
Murray joined the British general, Lord
Lake, with a body of 7000 cavalry. The
marquis of Wellesley at that period had
issued a proclamation recalling all British
subjects from the service of the native
princes, but this order could not extend
to Murray, as being an American. He
was treated by the British commander
with great consideration, and was em-
ployed in many dangerous and import-
ant Services, still retaining the command
of the cavalry which he had brought
with him. At the siege of Bhurtpore,
where the British army lost nearly
10,000 men, in four attempts to take the
fort by storm, he was in continual ac-
tion, and attained the character of being
the best partisan officer in the army.
D. 1807. — John, an eminent publisher,
known wherever the English language
is known, was b. 1778. He was a man
of considerable literary acquirements ;
and while his singular acuteness and
judgment insured his success as a man
of business, his fluency, his store of
anecdote, and a certain dry quiet humor,
closely allied to wit, rendered him an
agreeable companion for such men as
Scott, Byron, Moore, Southey, Lockhart,
and a number of other celebrated wri-
ters, who were at various times his
guests, and at all times, from their first
acquaintance with him, his fast friends.
D. 1843. — LiNDLEY, a grammarian, and
moral writer, was b. in 1745, of Quaker
parents, at Swatara, near Lancaster, in
Pennsylvania. He was originally des-
tined for the mercantile profession ; but
having been severely chastised for a
breach of domestic discipline, he pri-
vately left his father, who was then re-
siding at New York, and, taking up his
abode in a seminary at Burlington, N. J.,
he there contracted a love of books and
study. He afterwards studied the law,
and practised as a barrister ; but, in
course of time, he quitted the bar for the
counting-house, and by mercantile pur-
suits having realized a competency, he
eventually settled at Holdgate, near
York. His works consist of an " En-
glish Grammar," "Englisli Exercises"
and "Key;" the "English Reader,"
with an "Introduction" and "Sequel"
to the same; two French selections,
" Le Lecteur Francois," and " Introduc-
tion au Lecteur Frangois," "The En-
glish Spelling Book," "The Power of
Religion on the Mind," and " The Duty
and Benefit of Reading the Scriptures."
These publications were all lucrative,
and deservedly so ; and it is no small
satisfaction to know, that his private
life was as amiable as his labors in the
cause of education and morals were suc-
cessful. D. 1826. — William Vaus, a
distinguished diplomatist, was b. in Ma-
ryland, about 1762. He studied the law
in England, practised it in his native
country, and became a senator of the
U. S. As minister at the Hague he suc-
ceeded in preserving harmony between
the American and Batavian "republics;
and the reconciliation between the IT. S.
and France was effiscted chiefly through
his agency as envoy extraordinary to
the French republic. D. 1803.
MUS^US, a philosopher and poet of
antiquity, who is said to have been the
son of Orpheus, and president of the
Eleusinian mysteries at Athens. He
versified the oracles, and wrote a poem
on the sphere. A hill near Athens was
called by his name. He is to be distin-
guished from Musaeus the grammarian,
nap]
CVCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
mH
who wrote a poem, called " The Loves
of Hero and Leander." — John Chahles
Augustus, an eminent German writer,
h. at Jena, in 1785, was professor at the
gymnasium of Weimar, and author of
*' Physiognomical Travels," " Popular
Tales" of the Germans," &c. D. 1787.
MUSGRAVE, Sir Richard, an Irish
historian, was b. about 1758. He was a
member of parliament, and collector of
the excise for Dublin. In 1801 he pub-
lished " Memoirs of the Rebellions in
Ireland," a work which ^ave great of-
fence to the Roman Catholics, on account
of the picture exhibited in it of the atro-
cities committed by the insurgents in
1798. D. 1818. — "V^rLLiAM, a physician
and antiquary, was b. at Charlton, in
Somersetshire, in 1657, and educated at
"Winchester school, and New college,
Oxford. He became a fellow ^f the
royal college of physicians, and also of
the Royal Society ; to which last learned
body he acted as secretary. In 1691 he
settled at Exeter, and d. there in 1721.
Besides some Latin tracts on the gout, he
published four volumes of dissertations
on Roman and British Antiquities. — Dr.
Samuel, his grandson, was also a physi-
cian at Exet«r, where he d. in 1782. He
rendered himself notorious in 1763, by
charging the ministers with having been
bribed to settle a peace advantageous to
France. As a scholar he is known by
an edition of Euripides, and two disser-
tations O'Ti the Grecian mythology and
the Olympiads.
MUTIANA, GmoLAMo, an Italian
painter, b. at Brescia. He was a great
favorite with Pope Gregory XIII., who
employed him to paint a picture of St.
Paul the hermit, and another of St. An-
thony, for the church of St. Peter. Six-
tus V. also held him in esteem, and
intrusted to him the designs for the bas-
reliefs of the column of Trajan. At the
instance of this artist. Pope Gregory
founded the academy of St. Luke, which
Sixtus confirmed by a brief; and Muti-
ano gave two houses to the institution.
D. 1590.
MUTIUS, C^Lius, first named Codrus,
and afterwards Scaevola, an illustrious
Roman, who distinguished himself in
the war against Porsenna. When that
Erince besieged Rome, Mutius entered
is camp to assassinate him, and, by
mistake, stabbed one of his attendants.
Being seized and brought before Por-
senna, he said that he was one of three
hundred who had engaged by oath to
slay him, and added, "This hand,
which has missed its purpose, ought to
suffer." On saying this he thrust it
into the coals wfiich were burning upou
the altar, and suffered it to be consumed.
Porsenna, struck with his intrepidity,
made peace with the Romans. The
name of Scjevola, or left-handed was
given him as a mark of distinction to
Mutius and his family.
MYRON, a celebrated Greek sculptor,
whose works are highly praised by the
Greek and Latin poets, was a native of
Eleutheris, and is supposed to have
flourished about 430 b. c.
MYSON, one of the seven wise men
of Greece. Anacharsis, the Scythian,
having inquired of Apollo, who was the
wisest man in Greece, was answered.
" He who is now ploughing his fields."
This was Myson.
MYTENS, Arnold, a painter, was b.
at Brussels, in 1541. He painted sev-
eral capital pictures for churches in
Italy; and d. in 1602. — Martin, a Swe-
dish painter was b. at Stockholm, 1695.
He fixed his residence at Vienna, and
was greatly esteemed by the Emperor-
Charles VL D. 1755.
N.
•," NAHL, JoHANN August, an eminent
Prussian sculptor, b. at Berlin, in 1710.
He executed the admirable colossal
statue of the landgrave Frederic, which
stands in Frederic's square. In 1755 he
was created professor in the academy
of arts at Cassel, and d. there in 1731.
NANI, Giovanni Battista, a Venetian
historian, wan b. 1616.— He distinguished
himself as ambassador to the "French
court, where he obtained succors for
the republic to carry on the war against
Turkey. He was afterwards employed
in other missions of importance, for
which he was made proctor of St. Mark,
and captain-general of the marine. He
was the author of " Istoria della Repub-
lica Veneta," and was historiographer
and keeper of the archives of the repub-
lic. D. 1678.
NAPIER, John, lord of Merchiston,
in Scotland, a celebrated mathematician,
was b. in 1550, and educated at the uni-
versity of St. Andrew's. After having
656
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
I NAT
Gravelled in France, Italy, and Germany,
he returned to his native country, where
he wholly devoted himself to the study
of mathematics and theology. Being
much attached to astronomy and spher-
ical geometry, he wished to find out a
short method of calculating triangles,
sines, tangents, &c. ; and to the exer-
tions arising out of this desire is to be
attributed his admirable invention of
logarithms, first made public in 1614,
and which alone has immortalized his
name. The Napier "bones, or rods,"
for multiplying and dividing, were in-
vented by him. He also made several
improvements in spherical trigonome-
try, and was regarded by the celebrated
Kepler as one of the greatest men of the
age. D. 1617. — Maovey, whose name
will long be memorable in connection
with the "Edinburgh Review" and the
" Encyclopaedia Bri tan nica," was profes-
sor of conveyancing in the university
of Edinburgh, and one of the principal
clerks of the court of session. He passed
as a writer to the signet in 1799 ; but he
soon discovered a decided bias for lit-
erary pursuits ; and his various acquire-
ments, literary and legal, his profound
erudition, and his sound iudment, found
ample scope for their development in
the last edition of the "Encyclopaedia
Britannica," of which he became editor.
In 1829 he succeeded Mr. (afterwards
Lord) Jefirey, in the editorship of the
" Edinburgh Review." D. 1847.
NAEES, James, was b. at Stanwell,
1715. In 1755 be became organist and
composer to the king, and was created
doctor of music at Cambridge. In 1757
he was appointed master of the choris-
ters of his majesty's ohapel. He pub-
lished, besides his compositions of
sacred music, which are marked by
great genius, and a thorough knowl-
edge of the science, several books of
instructions. D. 1783. — Egbert, a learn-
ed critic and theologian, was the son of
the preceding. He was a prebendary
of Lmcoln, archdeacon of Stafford, can-
on of Lichfield, and rector of All hallows,
London. He established and conducted
the "British Critic," a high church lit-
erary review; and among his sepante
works are, "Elements of Orthoepy,"
" A Glossary of Words, Phrases, &c.,
in the Works of English Authors of the
age of Queen Elizabeth," "A Chrono-
logical View of the Prophecies relating
to the Christian Chu rch," &c. D. 1829.
NASH, EicHARD, commonly called
Beau Nash, the once celebrated arbiter
of fashion at Bath, was b. 1674, at
Swansea, in Glamorganshire. He wan
originally intended for the law, but en-
tered the army, which, however, he
soon quitted, and took chamber* in the
Temple. Here he devoted himself en-
tirely to pleasure and fashion ; and
when King William visited the Inn, ha
was chosen master of the pageant with
which it was customary to welcome the
monarcli. In 1704 he was appointed
master of the ceremonies at Bath, and
immediately instituted a set of regula-
tions as remarkable for their strictness
as for their judicious adaptation to the
wants and society of the place ; and as
he drew the whole beau-monde to Bath,
he was justly regarded as a public bene-
factor there. While in the plenitude
of his power and popularity, Nash lived
in the most splendid style, supporting
his expenses oy a long run of success
at the gaming table. His dress was
covered with expensive lace, and he
wore a large white cocked hat. The
chariot in which he rode was drawn by
six gray horses, and attended by a long
retinue of servants, some on horse, oth-
ers on foot, while his progress through
the streets was made known by a baud
of French horns and other instruments.
His common title was the king of Bath,
and his reign continued, with undimin-
ished splendor for more than 50 years.
His health then began to decline, and his
resources grew less plentiful. As the
change in his spirits and circumstances
became more evident, his former ac-
quaintances gradually forsook him, and
he died in comparative indigence and
solitude, in 1761.
NASMlTH, James, a divine, was b.
at Norwich, in 1740. He published "A
Catalogue of Bennet College Library,"
an edition of the "Itineraries of Simon
and William of Worcester," a new edi-
tion of Tanner's " Notitia Monastica,"
&c. D. 1802. — ^Petek, an eminent land-
scape painter, was b. at Edinburgh, in
1786. At the age of 20 he removed to
London, where his talents soon attract-
ed notice, and procured him the appel-
lation of the English Hobbima. His
works are deservedly in high repute,
and there are few collections of import-
ance in England but what contain some
of them. D. 1831.
NAYLOE, James, a Quaker, b. at
Ardsley, near Wakefield, Yorkshire,
1616. He was, in 1641, a private in the
parliamentary army, and rose to the
ofBce of quarter-master under Lambert,
but quitted the military life in 1649.
The preaching and conversation of
NEL
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY,
mil
OQorge Fox converted him to Quaker-
ism, 1651, and thinking himself divinely
inspired, he became an itinerant minis-
ter. In 1656 he was imprisoned for his
extravaj^ant conduct at Exeter, where
his followers addressed him as the
prince of peace ; and afterwards, when
liberated from confinement, he went to
Bristol. He was accompanied by an
entiiusiastic cavalcade, who sang before
him " Holy, holy, holy, is the Lord God
of hosts, Hosanna in the highest." This
fanatic zeal was noticed by the parlia-
ment. Naylor was accused and con-
demned as guilty of blasphemy, and as
an impostor ; he was exposed in the
pillory, whipped, and branded on the
forehead ; his tongue was bored through
with a red-hot iron at the Old Exchange,
and he was then imprisoned in Bride-
well for life. After two years imprison-
ment he was set at liberty, and, in 1660,
he left London to return to Wakefield,
to his wife and family, but d. by the
way.
NEAL, Daniel, a dissenting minis-
ter, was b. in 1678, in London ; was ed-
ucated at Merchant Tailors' school, and
at Utrecht ; became minister to a con-
gregation in J e win-street ; and.d. in
1743. He wrote a "History of the
Puritans," and a " History of New En-
gland."
NEANDER, Johann August Wil-
HELM, one of the most distinguished
ecclesiastical historians of modern times,
was b. at Gottingen, 1789. His parents
were Jews. They removed to Ham-
burgh when their son was very young ;
and to the excellent institutions of that
city he was indebted for great part of his
education. In his 16th year he was con-
verted to Christianity, and proceeded to
study first at Halle and then at Gottin-
gen, where he gained the reputation of
great learning and piety, though strug-
gling with an extremity of poverty that
would have crushed a less ardent and
heroic soul. After a short soiourn at
Hamburgh he removed to Heidelberg, in
1811, and occupied himself in writing
his first work, "The Emperor Julian
and his Age," which led to his appoint-
ment to a chair of theology in that uni-
versity, in 1812. A few months after-
wards he was nominated to the same
chair in the then infant university of
Berlin, where he had Marheinecke and
Schleiermacher for his colleagues ; and
here he labored assiduously for 38
years, producing his "History of the
Christian Church," and other ecclesias-
tical works of the highest value. He
was a person of simple but eccentric
manners, and greatly belt ved. D. 1850.
_ NECkER, James, an eminent finan-
cier and statesman, was b. in 1732, at
Geneva, and for many years carried on
the business of a banker at Paris. His
" Eulogy on Colbert," his "Treatise on
the Corn Laws and Trade," and some
" Essays on the Resources of France,"
inspired such an idea of his talents for
finance, that, in 1776, he was appointed
director of the treasury, and, shortly
after, comptroller-general. Before his
resignation, in 1781, he published a
statement of his operations, addressed
to the king; and, while in retirement,
he produced a work on the " Adminis-
tration of the Finances," and another
on the " Importance of Religious Opin-
ions." He was reinstated in the comp-
trollership in 1788, and advised the
convocation of the states-general ; was
abruptly dismissed, and ordered to quit
the kingdom, in July, 1789; but was
almost instantly recalled, in consequence
of the ferment which his departure ex-
cited in the public mind. Necker, how-
ever, soon became as much an object of
antipathy to the people as he hai been
of their idolatry, and in 1790 he left
France for ever. D. at Copet, in Switz-
erland, 1804. — Susanna, his wife, whose
maiden name was Curchod, was a wom-
an of talent, and wrote " Reflections on
Divorce," and " Miscellanies." She was
the object of Gibbon's early attachment.
NEEDHAM, John Tukberville, a
natural philospher, was b. in 1713, at
London ; was educated at Douay ; and
d. in 1781, director of the imperial
academy at Brussels. Among his
works are, " Inquiries on Microscopical
Discoveries," " New Microscopical Dis-
coveries," "Inquiries concerning Nature
and Religion," and an "Essay on the
Origin of the Chinese Empire.''
NEELE, Henry, a poet and miscel-
laneous writer, was b. 1798 ; followed
the profession of an attorney ; and put
an end to his existence in a fit of insani-
ty, Feb. 7, 1828. He is the author of
" Poems," " Dramatic and Miscellane-
ous Poetry," "The Romance of English
History," and "Literary Remains."
NELSON, Horatio, Viscount, was b.
Sept. 29, 1758, at Burnham Thorpe, in
Norfolk, of which parish his father was
the rector. At the age of 1 2 he went to
sea as a midshipman, with his uncle,
Captain Suckling. He reached the ranK
of post-captain in 1779, and was ap-
pointed to the command of the Hin-
chinbroke frigate. During the Ameri-
658
CYCLOPifiDlA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[nktv
ean war, and the succeeding peace, he
gained the character of a good officer ;
the war of the revolution gave him that
of a great one. In 1793 he was appoint-
ed to the Agamemnon, forming a part
of Lord Hood's squadron in the Medi-
terranean. There iie distinguislied him-
self at the sieges of Bastia and Calvi. at
the last of which he lost an. eye; har-
issed the enemy with incessant activi-
ty; and contributed so largely to the
victory of Cape St. Vincent, that he was
made a rear-admiral, and received the
order of the Bath. In an attack upon
Santa Cruz he failed, and lost his right
arm. In 1798 he destroyed the French
fleet, on the 1st of August, in the bay
of Aboukir; and he subsequently took
an active part in the expulsion of the
French from the Neapolitan and Roman
territories. For this he was created a
baron. In 1801 he defeated the Danes
at the battle of Copenhagen, and was
made a viscount; and in 1805, on the
21st of October, he crowned his achieve-
ments by the glorious victory of Trafal-
gar, over the united French and Spanish
squadrons. This triumph, however, was
dearly earned to his country by the loss
of the hero who gained it. He was mor-
tally wounded by a rifle shot, and lived
only just long enough to learn that the
success was complete. — Thomas, was b.
at New York, in 1738. He received his
education in England, and about the
close of the year 1761 he returned to his
native country, and took up his resi-
dence at York'. In 1774 he was chosen
a member of the house of burgesses,
and in the following year he was ap-
pointed a delegate to the continental
congress. He held a seat in this assem-
bly for two successive years, and again
m 1779. In 1781 he succeeded Mr.
Jefferson as governor of Virginia. D.
1789. — Samuel, b. in 1759, was one of
the most ardent of the Irish patriots in
1790, and edited the " Northern Star,"
which produced great effects. On the
rebellion being put down, in 1796. he
was thrown into prison, where he re-
mained till set at liberty by French inter-
ference, at the treaty of Amiens, in 1802,
He then retired to America.
NEPOS, Cornelius, a Latin historian,
is said to have been b. at Verona, or in
its vicinity. He flourished under Julius
and Augustus Csesar, and was a favorite
of the latter. He wrote the " Lives of
celebrated Greek and Roman Charac-
ters."
NERO, Lucius Domitius Claudius, a
Roman emperor, was b. a. d. 37, and
succeeded Claudius, by whom he had
been adopted. At the commencemer.t
of his reign his conduct excited great
hopes in tlie Romans ; but he soon de-
generated into one of the basest of
tyrants. Some crimes, however, among
which is the burning of Rome, appear
to have been falsely attributed to him.
He put an end to his existence in 68, iu
consequence of the successful rebellion
of Galba.
NEUHOFF, Theodore Stephen, Ba ,
ron, the son of a Westphalian noble,
was b. at Metz, about 1690. While a
student at Cologne, he unfortunately
killed a young man of rank in a duel,
and fled to the Hague. But through the
mediation of the Spaiiish minister he
received a lieutenancy in the Spanish
regiment of cavalry destined to march
against the Moors in Africa, and, on
account of his good behavior, was pro-
moted to a captaincy. When the
Corsicans, after several unsuccessful at-
tempts to free themselves from the
oppressions of Genoa, resolved, in 1735,
to form a government of their own,
Neuhoff was crowned king, had silver
and copper coins struck, and established
an order of knighthood, under the
name'of the order of deliverance. Theo-
dore, however, could not maintain him-
self against the Genoese and a Corsican
opposition. He fled to England. Here
his Dutch creditors pursued him, and
being arrested, he became a prisoner in
the King's Bench for some years. His
liberation was effected through the in-
strumentality of Horace Walpole; but
he d. soon after, in 1755.
NEWCOMBE, William, a learned
g relate, was b. in 1729, at Barton le
lay, in Bedfordshire ; was educated at
Abingdon school, and at Pembroke col-
lege, Oxford; was successively bishop
of Dromore, Ossory, and Waterford ;
was raised to the archbishopric of Ar-
magh by Earl Fitzwilliam. Of his
works the principal are, "A Harmony
of the Gospels ;" " An Historical View
of the English Biblical Translations;"
and "Attempts towards an improved
Version of Ezekiel and the Minor
Prophets." D. 1800.
NEWCOMEN, Thomas, a blacksmith
of Dartmouth, in Devonshire, lived at
the latter end of the 17th century,
and the beginning of the 18th. "to
him belongs the merit of the first great
improvement in steam-engines, by form-
ini^ a vacuum under the piston, and thus
bringing into action the atmospheric
pressure.
KIC]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
059
NEWTON, Sir Isaac, the greatest of
philosophers, wtis b. December 25, 1642,
at Colster'vorth, in Lincolnshire, and
early disphiyed a talent for mechanics
and drawing. He was educated at
Grantham school, and at Trinity col-
lege, Cambridge, and studied mathe-
matics with the utmost assiduity. In
1667 he obtained a fellowship ; in 1669
the mathematical professorship ; and in
1671 he became a member of the Royal
Society. It was during his abode at
Cambridge that he made his three great
discoveries, of fluxions, the nature of
liglit and colors, and the laws of gravi-
tation. To the latter of these his at-
tention was first turned by his seeing
an apple fall from a tree. The " Prin-
cipia," which unfolded to the world the
theory of the universe, was not pub-
lished till 1687. In that year also New-
ton was chosen one of the delegates, to
defend the privileges of the university
against James II. ; and in 1688 and 1701
he was elected one of the members of
the university. He was appointed war-
den of the Mint in 1696 ; was made
master of it in 1699 ; was chosen presi-
dent of the Royal Society in 1703 ; and
was knighted in 1705. Among his
works are, "Arithmetica Universalis,"
" A New Method of Infinite Series and
Fluxions," "Optics," " The Chronology
of Ancient Kingdoms amended," and
"Observations on the Prophecies of
Daniel and the Apocalypse." D. 1727. —
Thomas, a learned prelate, was b. in
17 04. at Lichfield; was educated there,
at Westminster, and at Trinity college,
Cambridge ; and, after having filled
various minor preferments, was made
bishop of Bristol, in 1761. He d. in
1782. His principal work is, " Disser-
tations on the Prophecies." He also
published editions, with notes, of " Pa-
radise Lost," and " Paradise Regained."
— Gilbert Stuakt, a painter of consid-
erable merit, was b. at Halifax, Nova
Scotia, in 1794 ; visited Italy, about
1820 ; and, on his return to England,
entered himself a student of the Royal
Academy. He confined himself chiefly
to small pictures, and illustrated many
subjects in the " Annuals" and other
elegant publications, in a highly credit-
able manner. His t-'male flgures are
strikingly expressive of innocence as
well as beauty. D. 1835.
NEY, Michael, a French marshal,
prince of the Moskwa, duke of Elchin-
fTQu, denominated " the bravest of the
brave" by his countrymen, was the son
')f an artisan, and was b. in 1769, at
Sarre Louis. He entered the anny in
1787 ; exerted himself so much in the
early campaigns of the revolution that
he was called the Indefatigable ; and
rose to the rank of brigadier-general
in 1796. He bore a part in all the
achievements of the army of the Rhine,
particularly of the battle of Hohenlinden.
In all the campaigns from 1805 to 1814,
Ney held high commands, and con-
stantly signalized himself by his mili-
tary skill and his daring valor. He
was made a peer by Louis XVIII., and
was placed at the head of an army to
stop the progress of Napoleon in 1815.
Ney, however, went over, with his army,
to his former sovereign, and fought for
him at Quatre Bras and Waterloo. On
the second restoration of the Bourbons,
he was condemned to death, and was
shot on the 7th of December, 1815.
NICHOLS, John, an antiquary and
miscellaneous writer, was b. in 1744, at
Islington ; was apprenticed to Bowyer
the printer, and became his partner;
conducted "The Gentleman's Maga-
zine" for nearly half a century ; and d.
November 26, 1826. Among his works
are, " The History and Antiquities of
Leicestershire," " Anecdotes of Bow-
yer," " Literary Anecdotes of the Eigh-
teenth Century," and " Illustrations of
the Literature of the Eighteenth Cen-
tury."
NICHOLSON, James, an officer in the
American navy, was b. in Chestertown,
Md., in 1737. He followed the life of a
sailor till the year 1773, when he mar-
ried and settled in the city of New-
York. Here he remained until 1771,
when he returned to his native province.
At the commencement of the revolution,
the government of Maryland built and
equipped a ship of war, called the De-
fence, and the command of her was in-
trusted to Nicholson. He performed
various exploits during the war, and be-
fore the close of it was taken prisoner
and carried into New York. He d. in
1806. — William, an able writer on natu-
ral philosophy and chemistry, was b. in
1753, in London ; was, successively, in
the maritime service, agent on the Con-
tinent for Mr. Wedgwood, a mathemati-
cal teaclier, and engineer to the Portsea
water-works; and d. in indigence, in
1815. His chief works are, " An Intro-
duction to Natural Philosophy;" "A
Dictionary of Chemistry," and " The
Navigator's Assistant." In 1797 he es-
tablished the scientific journal which
bears his name, and which he conducted
till his decease.
mo
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[N
NICOLAI, Chbistopher Fredebic, a
German author, who was also a book-
seller, was b. at Berlin, in 1733, and d.
there in 1811. Among his numerous
works are, "The Life and Opinions of
Sebaldus Nothanker," " A Tour in Ger-
many and Switzerland," and "Charac-
teristic Anecdotes of Frederic II." He
also edited " The Library of Belles
Lettres," " Letters on Modern Litera-
ture," "The German General Library,"
and "The New German General Li-
brary," the whole forming nearly two
hundred volumes.
NICOLAS, Sir Nicholas Harris, an
eminent antiquary, was b. in Cornwall,
1799. At an early age he entered the
navy, and received his commission as
lieulenant in 1815, after an active and
adventurous service on the coast of Ca-
labria. But he appears to have been
called to the bar in 1825. Shortly after-
wards he was elected a fellow of the
Society of Antiquaries ; and he thence-
forward devoted himself almost entirely
to antiquarian literature, particularly in
the departments of genealogy and his-
tory. Almost all his works have a sub-
stantial historical value ; such for in-
stance as his " History of the Battle of
Agincourt," the memoirs in "The
Siege of Carlaverock," and the " Scrope
and Grovesnor Eoll," the "Proceedings
of the Privy Council," his "Life of
Hatton," and his " Dispatches of Lord
Nelson ;" but the most useful in aid of
other literary men were his "Chro-
nology of History," his "Synopsis of
the Peerage," and his "Testamenta
Vetusta." D. 1848.
NICOLSON, William, a learned pre-
late, was b. in 1655, at Orton, in Cum-
berland ; was educjvted at Queen's col-
lege, Oxford ; was successively, in 1702,
1718, and 1727, bishop of Carlisle, and
of Derry, and archbishop of Cashel;
and d. a few days after he was raised to
the archiepiscopal dignity. " Tlie En-
flish, Scotch, and Irish Historical Li-
rary," and the "Leges Marchiarum,
or Border Laws," are his principal pro-
ductions.
NIEBUHE, Cahsten, a celebrated
traveller, was b. in 1733, at Ludings-
worth, in the duchy of Laiienberg ; was
sent, in company with four other learn-
ed men, by the Danish government, in
1761, to explore Arabia ; was employed
for six years on that mission, and was
the only one who returned ; was liber-
ally rewarded by the Danish monarch ;
and d. in 1815. Among his works are,
*< A Description of A rabia," and " Trav-
els in Arabia and the neighboring Coan-
tries." — G. B., a son of the foregoing,
was, successively, professor at the uni-
versity of Berlin, counsellor of state,
and Prussian ambassador to the pope.
WhUe he was at Kome, he discovered
some valuable fragments of two of Cice-
ro's orations. He d. in 1830. His
great work is "The History of Rome,"
which is far superior to most of its
rivals.
NIEWLAND, Peter, a Dutch mathe-
matician, was b. in 1764, at Dimmer-
meer, near Amsterdam, and d. in 1794;
professor of natural philosophy, mathe-
matics, and astronomy, at Leyden.
Niewland was an instance of precocious
talent. At seven years of age he wrote
a poem to the " Deity," and at eight he
solved difficult geometrical problems
with uncommon facility. He is the au-
thor of various scientific works, and of
a volume of poetry.
NIVERNOlS, Louis Julius 'B^rbon
Mancini Mazarini, duke de, was b. in
1716, at Paris ; served as colonel in
the army, but was obliged by ill health
to resign his commission ; was, succes-
sively, ambassador at Rome, Berlin, and
London, in which latter city he negoti-
ated the peace of 1762 ; was imprisoned
by the republicans in 1793 ; and d. in
1798. Among his works are, "Fables
in Verse," "Dialogues of the Dead,"
"Dramas;" and translations from the
Latin, English, and Italian.
NOBLE, Patrick, a governor of South
Carolina, distinguished as a lawyer and
politician. B. 1787 ; d. 1840.
NOLLEKENS, Joseph, an eminent
sculptor, the son of a painter, was b. in
1737, in London ; studied under Schee-
maker, and subsequently at Rome un-
der Cavac'cppi; remained nine years in
Italy, daring which period he gained
great reputation as an artist, and also
improved his fortune by dealing in an-
tiquities ; returned to England in 1770;
became a royal academician in 1772 ;
and was so extensively employed, par-
ticularly on busts, that he accumulated
£200,000. He d. April 23, 1823. In his
character Nollekens had more than the
usual share of that singularity which
is supposed to be attendant upon ge-
nius.
NOLLET, John Anthony, a French
natural philosopher, was b. in 1700,_ at
Pimpre, acquired considerable scientific
reputation, and became a member of the
Royal Society, and of several learned
societies, and d. in 1770. Besides vari-
ous works on electricity, and other sub-
nor]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
661
jects, ho wrote "Lectures on Experi-
mental Philosophy."
NOEDEN, Fredekic Louis, an emi-
nent traveller, a captain in the Danish
navy, was b. in 1708, at Gluckstadt, in
Holstein. He was sent by his sovereign
to France and Holland, to collect naval
information, and afterwards to Egypt to
describe and design the ancient monu-
ments of that country. He d. in 1742.
He is the author of " Travels in Egypt
and Nubia," and of a "Memoir on the
Enins and Colossal Statues of Thebes."
— John, an old English writer, who is
conjectured by Wood to have been a
native of Wilts. He received his edu-
cation at Oxford, and wrote some strange
books in divinity, with very whimsical
titles, as "The Sinful Man's Solace,"
" Antithesis, or Contrariety between the
Wicked and Godly set forth in a Pair of
Gloves fit for every Man to wear," &c.
He was also the author of the "Sur-
veyor's Dialogue," " Labyrinth of Man's
Life," a poem, "England, or a Guide
for Travellers," and " Topographical
Descriptions of Middlesex, Hertford-
shire, and Cornwall." He was surveyor
of the king's lands, and d. about 1625.
NOEEIS, Sir John, a brave naval
officer, who served his country nearly
sixty years, commencing in 1689, and
terminating, with his life, in 1749. The
frequent accidents and misfortunes
which befell the ships and squadrons
under his command, and which could
not be warded off by any human pru-
dence or sagacity, procured him the
appellation of " Foul-weather Jack ;"
yet in the duties of his profession no
man could be more assiduous. — John,
an eminent divine and Platonist, was b.
in 1657, at Collingbourne Kingston, in
Wiltshire, and became rector of Bemer-
ton, neai Salisbury, where he d. 1711.
He ranks as one of the most eminent of
the English Platonists, and was a good
man, though a visionary. Among his
works are, "The Theory and Eegula-
tion of Love," "Eeflections xipon the
Conduct of Human Life," " Practical
Discom-ses," "An Essay towards the
Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible
World,'' and " Philosophical Discourse
concerning the Natural Immortality of
the Soul."
NOETH, EooEB, a lawyer and mis-
cellaneous writer, the youngest son of
Dudley Lord North, was attorney-gen-
eral under James II., and d. in 178S.
He wrote the " Lives" of his three bro-
thers. Lord Keeper North, Sir Dudley
North, and Dr. John North, all of whom
56
were eminent men; "Examen, or In-
quiry into the Credit and Veracity of
Kennet's History," " A History of Es-
culent Fish," and other works. — Fred-
eric, earl of Guildford, better known as
Lord North, was b. in 1732, and edu-
cated at Eton, and Trinity college, Ox-
ford. After having held several less
important offices, he was, in 1707, ap-
pomted chancellor of the exchequer,
and, in 1770, first lord of the treasury.
His administration continued through
the whole of the American war, during
which he was incessantly assailed by
the opposition, and was often threatened
with impeachment. In 1782 he resign-
ed, but m 1783 he was for a few months
a member of the coalition ministry. He
was blind for some years previous to
his decease, which took place in 1792.
NOETHCOTE, James, an eminent
portrait and historical painter, was b. in
1746, at Plymouth, where his father was
a watchmaker. Having a taste for the
fine arts, and being flattered by praises
bestowed on his early productions, he
pursued the practice of drawing and
Sainting with so much assiduity, that
>r. Mudge, a physician of Plymouth,
recommended him as a scholar to Sir
Joshua Eeynolds, with whom he re-
mained five years ; and on leaving that
great artist he commenced business on
is own account, with great success, as
a portrait painter. Aspiring, however,
to the loftier, though less lucrative de
partment of historical painting, he vis
ited Italy in 1777, and remaining there
three years, he returned to London
with a vastly increased reputation. In
1787 he became a royal academician, and
for a period of thirty years his produc-
tions formed a conspicuous part of the
exhibitions at Somerset house. He
studied deeply, was an acute observer
of human nature, and possessed a sound
judgment, a quick perception, and great
conversational powers. He wrote "The
Life of Sir Joshua Eeynolds," also,
"Fables," "Conversations," and "The
Life of Titian," in all of which he was
assisted by Mr. Hazlitt. He amassed a
large fortune by his profession, and his
haijits were too penurious to dissipate
it. D. 1881.
NOETON, John, a clergyman of
Boston, was b. in Hertfordshire, En-
gland, in 1606. After receivinsr a the-
ological education, he adopted the creed
and practice of the Puritans, and in 1635
emigrated to New England. He was
first settled in the ministry at Ipswich,
but was afterwards prevailed on to re-
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[num
move to Jboston. In 1662 he was ap-
pointed one of the two agents of the
colony to address King Charles on his
restoration, but they dtd not fully suc-
ceed in the objects of their mission. He
d. in 1663. His theological works were
n.nnerous, and he published several
political tracts.
NORWOOD, EicHARD, an English
geometrician, of the 17th century, was
the first who measured a degree of the
meridian in England. The operation
was performed in 1635, and was carried
on between London and York. No
particulars of his life are recorded. He
wrote treatises on "Trigonometry," on
"Navigation," and on ''Fortification."
NOSTKEDAME, or NOSTEADA-
MUS, Michael, a famous astrologer
and empiric, was b. in 1503, at St. Eemi,
in Provence. After having practised
physic for some years, he assumed the
character of a prophet, and, in 1555,
published seven centuries of "Predic-
tions," each of which was comprised in
a stanza of four lines. They became
*>opular, and he received valuable pres-
ent from Charles IX., Catharine of
Medicis, the duke of Savoy, and other
eminent persons. D. 1566.
NOTT, John, a physician, poet, and
translator, was b. in 1751, at Worcester,
settled at the Hot Wells, Bristol, in 1793,
as a physician, and d. there in 1826.
Among his works are various poems ;
translations from Hafiz, Propertms, Ca-
tullus, Horace, Lucretius, Johannes Se-
cundus, Bonefonius, and Petrarch ; a
" Nosological Companion," and select
poems from Herrick's " Hesperides."
NOUE, Fbancis de la, a French Cal-
vinist warrior, surnamed Iron-arm, from
the loss of his left arm being supplied
by an artificial limb of iron, was b. in
1531, in Britany, and distinguished him-
self in the wars in Italy, the Nether-
lands, and Frahce. He was killed in
1591, at the siege of Lamballe. La Noue
was no less admired for his virtues than
for his military talent. He is the author
of "Political and Military Discourses,"
and "Eemarks on Guicciardini's His-
torv."
NOVATIAN, or NOVATIANUS, a
Greek philosopher, who embraced
Christianity, and was admitted a mem-
ber of the priesthood. He started the
doctrine, that it was sinful to admit
persons who had once lapsed to idolatry
to oommunion, a practice then universal
in the church. This produced a schism,
in which Novatian had many partisans,
who called themselves Catharites, (puri-
tans,) or Novatians, from their founder.
This sect, after the council of Nice, fell
into disrepute in the Western , empire,
though they continued to prevail for a
much longer period in the East.
NOVES, Laura de, the female whom
Petrarch has immortalized in his poems,
was b. near Avignon, in 1807 or 1808,
married Hugh de Sade in 1325, and d.
in 1348.
NOY, William, a celebrated lawyer,
who may be considered as one of the
main authors of the civil war between
Charles I. and his people, was b in
1577, at St. Burian, in Cornwall^ and
studied at Exeter college, Oxford, and
Lincoln's Inn. In the reign of James
I. Noy sat in parliament for Helston,
and subsequently for St. Ives, and was
a stern opponent of the court. But in
1631 Charles converted him by appoint-
ing him to the olfiee of attorney-general,
and Noy was thenceforth an inveterate
enemy of liberty. Among other per-
nicious measures he is said to have ori-
ginated the claim of ship money. D.
1684. Among his works are, "A Trea-
tise on the Grounds and Maxims of the
Law of England," "The Perfect Con-
veyancer," and "The Complete Law-
yer."
NUGENT, Thomas, was a native of
Ireland, but settled in London, where
he produced numerous works. Among
them are, " A French and English Dic-
tionary," which has been often rc"
printed, "Travels through Germany,"
" Observations on Italy and its Inhab-
itants," "TheTouroflEurope," " Con-
dillac's Essay on the Origin of Human
Knowledge," " Henault's History of
France," &c. D. 1772.
NUMA POMPILIUS, the second king
of Eome, was b. at Cures, a Sabine vil-
lage, and married Tatia, the daughter
of the king of the Sabines. He was
chosen by thcEomans as their sovereign
after the death of Eomulus ; introduced
many reformations among them di ring
a reiirn of 43 years. D, 672 b. o.
NUMEEIAN, Marcus Aurelu's, a
Eoman emperor, the son of Carus, suc-
ceeded to the throne a. d. 282, and^ after
a reign of eight months, was mvr Jered
by Arrius Aper, his father-in-law Nu-
merian was a good writer, and ^a elo-
quent speaker.
ocf'l
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAl HY.
668
O.
DATES, Titus, one of the most in-
famous characters that ever disgraced
humanity, was b. about 1619, was edu-
cated at Merchant Tailors' school, and
at Cambridge ; became a Roman Catho-
lic and a Jesuit in 1677, but, shortly
after, declared himself a Protestant, and
gave information of a pretended popish
plot, by which means ne excited a pop-
alar ferment, and brought many inno-
cent individuals to the scaffold. In the
reign of James II. Gates was tried for
perjury, and a dreadfully severe sen-
tence was passed upon him. After the
revolution he was pensioned. D. 1705.
OBEELIN, Jeremiah James, a Ger-
man antiquary and philologist, was b.
at Strasburg, in 1735. He began his
career as teacher in the gymnasium of
his native place, and after he had ex-
tended his knowledge and reputation
by his travels, he was transferred to the
university ; in 1782 he obtained the
chair of logic and metaphysics, to which,
in 1787, was added the office of director
of the gymnasium. The French rev-
olution interrupted his learned labors,
and in 1793 he was imprisoned at Metz,
and treated with great cruelty, but at
the termination of Eobespierre's tyranny
he was liberated, and resilmed his lit-
erary occupations. He published valu-
able editions of Tacitus, Caesar, Gvid,
and Horace, and produced a number of
works on archaeology, statistics, &c.
D. 1806.
G'CGNNELL, Daniel, of Darrynane
abbey, the great Irish " agitator," or
"liberator," was the son of a small
landed proprietor in the county of Ker-
ry, where he was b. Aug. 6, 1775. Edu-
cated at the Catholic college of St. Omer,
and at the Irish seminary of Douay, he
at first intended to enter the church,
but after the repeal of the act which
prohibited Roman Catholics from prac-
tising at the bar, he became a student
of Lincoln's Inn in 1794, was admitted
a barrister in 1798, and soon acquired a
large practice, which yielded him a
handsome income. In 1809 he became
connected with the associations which
had the emancipation of the Catholics
for their object, and the powers of elo-
quence, together with the boundless
zeal which he displayed in this cause,
soon made him the idol of his Catholic,
and the drMd of his Protestant, coun-
trymen. In i815, having applied the
epithet "beggarly" to the Duoiin cor-
poration, he was challenged by Alder-
man d'Esterre, who resented it as a
personal insult. The challenge was ac-
cepted, but the alderman fell. The
same year Mr. G'Connell received a
hostile message from Mr. Peel, then
secretary for Ireland, but their meeting
was prevented by tlje police, who had
obtained knowledge of the affair, and
Mr. G'Connell soon afterwards resolved
that he would thenceforward neither
send nor accept a challenge for any in-
jury that he might inflict or receive — a
resolution to which he steadfastly ad-
hered. In 1823, in conjunction with
Mr. Shell, he founded a new Catholic
association, which soon extended over
the whole of Ireland, and from that
})eriod down to his decease, his personal
listory is identified with that of Ireland.
In 1828 he resolved, notwithstanding
the existing disabilities, to become a
candidate for a seat in parliament, and
was chosen a member for Clare. He
refused to take the prescribed oaths.
But early in the next session the Roman
Catholic relief bill was introduced and
carried. He was therefore, in the month
of April, 1829, enabled to sit for Clare
without taking the objectionable oaths.
He continued a member for eighteen
years. In 1841 he was elected lord
mayor of Dublin, and in 1843 " monster
meetings" was held on the royal hill of
Tara, on the Curragh of Kildare, the
rath of MuUaghmast, and other renown-
ed localities, for the repeal of the Irish
imion. A meeting for Clontarf was
fixed for the 8th of Get., when the gov-
ernment interfered. Mr. G'Conneilwas
sentenced to pay a fine of £2000, and to
be imprisoned for a year. This judg-
ment was afterwards reversed by the
house of lords. He retired soon after
from the arena of strife, and commenced
a pilgrimage in 1847, more for devotion
than for health, towards Rome ; but he
had proceeded no farther than Genoa,
when with comparatively little suffering,
he expired, in his 72d vear.
GCCAM, or GCKHAM, William, a
divine and philosopher, called the In-
vincible Doctor, was b. at Gckham, in
Surrey, in the 14th century, was edu-
cated at Merton college, Gxford, under
Duns Scot us, became a Franciscan friar,
664!
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[OHl
and aroideacon of Stow, but resigned
his preferment, wrote boldly against the
pope, for which he was excommunicated,
and d. at Munich in 1347. He is the
founder of the scholastic sect of the
ttominalists.
OCKLEY, Simon, a celebrated orien-
talist, was b. in 1678, at Exeter, was
educated at Queen's college, Cambridge,
obtained the vicarao^e of Swanesey, in
Cambridgeshire, and d. in indigence in
1720. He is the author of a valuable
" History of the Saracens," "The Life
of Hai Ebn Yokdan," from the Arabic,
an "Introduction to the Oriental Lan-
guages," and other works.
OECOLAMPADIUS, John, an emi-
nent German reformer, was b. in 1482,
at Weinsberg, in Franconia. He was
converted to the Protestant faith by
reading the works of Luther, became
professor of theology at Basle, embraced
the opinions of Zuinglius respecting ^;he
sacrament, contributed much to the pro-
gress of ecclesiastical reform, and d. in
1581.
OEHLENSCHLOEGEE, Adam, the
most celebrated dramatic poet of Scan-
dinavia, was b. at Copenhagen, 1777.
When still a child he evinced great skill
in writing verses ; and even in his 9th
year he wrote short comedies for private
theatricals, in which the chief performers
were himself, his sister, and a friend.
These and other similar attempts created
the wish to go upon the stage, and when
he was in his 17th year he put his de-
sign into execution. But he soon found
that the stage was not in unison with
his inclinations, and he abandoned it
first for the study of the law, and after-
wards for general literature. In 1805 he
left Copenhagen with a stipend from the
Danish government, on a lengthened
tour through Germany and Italy ; and
on his return, in 1810, he was appointed
to the chair of literature in the univer-
sity of Copenhagen, where he labored
assiduously till his death. His earliest
works were composed in Danish, but
he rewrote most of them in German,
and Germany has given them a promi-
nent place in her own literature. His
most important works are, " Hakon
Jarl," "Correggio," "Palnatoke," "Al-
addin," " Der Hirten-knabe," &c. His
"Autobiography" is a beautiful per-
formance, fully displaying the qualities
for which he was distinguished through
life — strong feelings and earnestness of
purpose — and which gained him uni-
versal respect while he lived, and more
than rogai honors at his death. D. 1850.
OELRICHS, John Charles Conbad,
a German historian and biblic«grapher,
was b. at Bejlin, in 1722, became pio-
fessor of history and civil law at the
academy of Stettin, published many
valuable works in Latin and German,
obtained the post of counsellor of lega-
tion, and resident of the duke of Deux
Ponts, at the court of Berlin, in 1784,
and d. in 1798.
OGILBY, John, a multifarious writer,
was b. in 1600, at Edinburgh, and was
originally a dancing master. Being
compelled by an accident to relinquish
that occupation, he became an author.
He was also appointed king's cosmog-
rapher, and master of the revels in Ire-
land, whfc.e he built a theatre. He d.
in 1676. Among his works are, transla-
tions of the Iliad, Odyssey, and Eneid,
and many geographical productions.
OGILVIE, John, a Scotch divine and
poet, was b. in 1733, and educated at
the university of Aberdeen, from which
he obtained a doctor's degree, was for
more than half a century minister of
Midmar, in Aberdeenshire, and d.
1814, respected for his piety and talentb.
His poetical powers were by no means
inconsiderable. His chief works are,
"Sermons," "Poems," "Britannia,"
an epic poem, "Philosophical and Crit-
ical Observations on Compositions,"
and " Examination of the Evidence of
Prophecy."
OGLETHORPE, James Edward, an
English officer, was b. in London, in
1698, and was educated at Oxford. He
was an aid-de-camp to Prince Eugene.
In 1732 he settled the colony in Georgia,
and laid the foundation of the town of
Savannah. In 1745 he was made major-
general, and was employed to follow
the rebels under the Pretender. He u.
in 1785.
O'HALLOEAN, Sylvester, an Irish
antiquary, was b. 1728, brought up and
practised as a surgeon, and wrote sev-
eral medical treatises. But it is as an
antiquary and historian that he is now
principally known. In 1772 he pub-
lished an "Introduction to the Study
of the History and Antiquities of Ire-
land," which was followed by a " Gen-
eral History of Ireland." D. 1807.
O'HARA, Kane, an Irish dramatist,
who had much musical taste, and a
happy talent of adapting verses to old
airs, 'His chief productions are "Midas,"
which was extremely well received, and
is still a favorite, " The Golden Pippin,"
" The Two Misers," " April Day,'^ «>"
" Tom Thumb." D. 1782.
and
JLlJ
CrCLOPiEBIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
665
O'KEEFE, John, a celebrated dram-
atist, was b. at Dublin, in 1748, and was
originally intended for the profession of
a painter, but his taste for theatrical
amusements interfered with his studies,
and he soon forsook the easel for the
sock and buskin. -Having been intro-
duced to Mr. Mossop, he obtained an
engagement at the Dublin theatre ; and
he continued to perform in that city,
and in the towns to which the company
made summer excursions, for twelve
years, as a comedian, with considerable
success. His ambition to figure as an
author was coeval with his theatrical
taste ; for, at the age of 15, he attempted
a comedy in five acts. Among his early
productions which attracted notice, was
a kind of histrionic monologue, called
"Tony Lumpkin's Eambles through
Dublin," He at length left Ireland,
about 1780, with the view of obtaining
an engagement in London, but, as he
did not succeed in his endeavor, he ap-
plied himself with great assiduity to
dramatic composition, and between 1781
and 1798 he produced nearly fifty com-
edies, comic operas, and farces. Many
of these acquired a nattering popularity,
and some still keep possession of the
stage, among which are, " Wild Oats,"
the " Castle of Andalusia," the "Agree-
able Surprise," the "Poor Soldier,"
"Peeping Tom," the " Young Quaker,"
&c. In 1800, O'Keefe, who was then
blin4, and had been reduced by mis-
fortune to a state of great embarrass-
ment, had a benefit at Covent-garden
theatre. He subsequently published
his " Eecollections, or Biographical Me-
moirs," and d. at Southampton, 1833.
OLAFSEN, Eggekt, a learned Ice-
lander, who studied at Copenhagen,
after which he returned to his native
island, which he travelled over repeat-
edly in company with his fellow-student
Biarne Paulsen. The result of their ob-
servations was printed at Copenhagen,
1772. Olafsen was then appointed a
a magistrate in Iceland, where he de-
voted much of his time to natural his-
tory and poetry, but, about four years
before his death, he applied almost
wholly to the study of the Scriptures.
He was drowned with his wife in cross-
ing the Breidafiord in 1776.
OLDHAM, John, a poet, was b. in
1653, at Shipton, in Gloucestershire,
was educated at Tetbury free school,
and Edmund hall, Oxford, became usher
of Crojydon free scliool, and afterwards
*!itor m the families of Sir Edward
Thurland and Sir William Hickes, was
patronized by the earl of Kingston, and
d. in 1683. His satires are rugged, but
full of energy. Dryden, in a oeautiful
tribute to his memory, calls him
" the young,
But, ah ! too short, Marcellua of our tongue !"
OLDYS, William, an antiquary and
miscellaneous writer, the natural son of
a civilian, was b. in 1696, became libra-
rian to Lord Oxford in 1726, was ap-
pointed Norroy king-at-arms, and d. in
1761. Among other works he wrote
"The British Librarian," "The Uni-
versal Spectator," a "Life of Sir Walter
Ealeigh,^' and several lives in the " Bi-
ographia Britannica." He also assisted
in selecting "The Harleian Miscellanv."
OLEARIUS, or OELSCHL^GER,
Adam, a learned German traveller, was
b. 1599, at Ascherleben, in Anhalt; was
educated at Leipsic; entered into the
service of the duke of Holstein Gottorp,
and was appointed secretary to the em-
bassy which that prince sent to Eussia
and Persia; was, on his return, made
counsellor, librarian, and mathematician,
to the duke ; and d. 1671. He wrote an
account of his "Travels," a "Chronicle
of Holstein," and other works.
OLIVET, Joseph Thoulier d', a
French grammarian and critic, was b.
in 1682, at Salins. He was originally a
Jesuit, but quilted the order, to give
himself up to literature. In 1723 he
became a member of the French Acad-
emy, the dictionary of which body he
assisted in revising. His principal works
are, a valuable edition of Cicero, trans-
lations from Demosthenes and Cicero,
a "History of the French Academy,"
and a " Treatise on Prosody." D. 1762.
OLIVER, Andrew, was graduated at
Harvard college, in 1724, and was early
engaged in public employments, suc-
ceeded Hutcliinson as lieutenant-gov-
ernor of Massachusetts, in 1771, and
retained that office till his death, in 1774.
He rendered himself very unpopular by
accepting from the British government
the office of stamp distributor of the
province. — William Anthony, an emi-
nent French naturalist and traveller, waa
b. 1756, at Frejus ; was sent on a scien-
tific mission to Persia by the French
government, in 1792, and returned with
a valuable collection, after an absence of
six years. His chief works are, " Travels
in the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and Per-
sia," "A Natural History of Coleopterous
Insects," and a portion'of the "Diction-
ary of "the Natural History of Insects ''
in the " Methodical Encyclopaedia." D,
1814. .
tm
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[ORL
O'MEARfi., Barry Edward, the con-
fidential medical attendant of the Eoiper-
or Napoleon in his last davs, and author
of "A Voice from St. Helena," was a
native of Ireland, and b. about 1778.
He was originally a surgeon in the Brit-
ish navy, and was on board the Bellero-
plion in that capacity, on the 7th of
August, 181{>, when Napoleon went on
board. Napoleon having observed Dr.
O'Meara's skill in attending to some of
the crew, and his knowledge of Italian,
made overtures to him, on being trans-
ferred to the Northumberland, to ac-
company him to St. Helena as his sur-
geon, his own not being able to go with
nim. Having obtained Admiral Keith's
permission. Dr. O'Meara assented, and
remained with the ex-emperor till July,
1818, when he was recalled and deprived
of his rank. He was latterly an active
partisan of O'ConneH's, at one of whose
agitation meetings he is said to have
caught the illness which terminated
fatally, June 8, 1836.
OPIE, John, a celebrated painter, was
b. 1761, at St. Agnes, near Truro, in
Cornwall, and was the son of a carpen-
ter, who destined him to follow that
business. At 10 years of age he could
solve many difficult problems in Euclid,
and at 12 he taught writing and arith-
metic at an evening school in his native
village. But drawing soon became his
principal object, and he made several
sketches and copies, which were much
talked of in the neighborhood. After
having practised for a few years in the
provincial towns, he settled in London,
m 1780, where he acquired both fame
and fortune. He became a royal acad-
emician, and professor of painting to
the academy. He wrote Lectures, a
** Life of Sir Joshua Eeynolds," and a
" Letter on the Formation of a National
Gallery. D. 1807.— Amelia, b. in 1771,
at Harwich, was highly distinguished
for her literary abilities, and was the
author of " A Ltfe of Opie," " Adeline
Mowbrav," "Simple Tales," "The Eve
of St. Valentine," &c. D. 1853.
OPITZ, Martin, whom the Germans
call the father and restorer of their po-
etry, was b. 1597, at Buntzlau, in Silesia ;
was educated at Breslau and Frankfort-
on-the-Oder ; spent several years in
travelling in various parts of "Europe ;
was ennobled, and sent on a mission to
Paris; and d. in 1(>39.
OPPIAN, a Graek poet, a native of
Corycus, in Cilicia, flourished in'the 2d
century, and was liberally rewarded for
bis works by Caracalla. He wrote two
poems; the one in five books, called
" Haleutics," on fishing ; the other in
four, with the title of " Cynogeticon,"
on hunting. Some critics have doubted
whether he is really the author of the
latter.
ORANGE, William of Nassau, prince
of, the founder of the Dutch republic,
was b. 1533, at the castle of Dillcm-
burgh. He was brought up in the court
of Charles V., who, in 1554, gave him
the command of the army in the Nether-
lands. Philip II., however, treated him
with coldness ; and the conduct of the
prince, in joining with the Flemish
nobles to protect the liberties of the
Netherlands, converted that coldness
into hatred. He was forced to fly, and,
in his absence, was condemned to death.
He then took up arms, and after several
reverses, succeeded in wresting a part
of the Netherlands from the dominion
of the Spanish tyrant. But he did not
witness tlie consummation of his labors ;
being assassinated, in 1584, at Delft, by
Baltiiasar Gerard. — Frederic Henry of
Nassau, prince of, stadtholder of Hol-
land, was b. 1584, at Delft, and was
brought up by his brother Maurice,
whom he succeeded in 1625. He gov-
erned with wisdom and equity, and
secured the independence of his country
by numerous victories and conquests.
D. 1647.
OEELLANA, Francis, one of the
Spanish adventurers to the new world,
was b. at Truxillo, early in the 16th cen-
tury, and accompanied the Pizarros to
Peru. Passing the Andes, he embarked
on the Amazons, and followed its course
to the ocean. He was the first European
that navigated that mighty stream, and
it still bciirs his name. D. 1549.
OKIGEN, one of the fathers of the
church, was b. 185, at Alexandria, and
studied philosophy under Ammonius,
and theology und'er Clemens Alexan-
drinus. Being persecuted by his dio-
cesan, Demetrius, he went to Csesarea,
and afterwards to Athens. During the
persecution of Decius, he was impris-
oned and tortured. His great works
are, " The Hexapla," " Commentaries
on the Scriptures," and a " Treatise
against Celsus." D. 253.
' ORLEANS, Charles, duke of, was
made prisoner at the battle of Agin-
court, in 141 5. He remained in England
25 years ; and on his return to France
he undertook the conquest of the duchy
of Milan, to which he conceived himself
entitled in right of his mother. He waa
not, however, successful in this entt'r
orl]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
m
prise : and d. 1495.— Louis, duke of,
was the son of Philip the regent of
France, and b. at Versailles, in 1703.
In study, devotion, and acts of charity
he spent his life. In 1783 he saved
numbers from perishing by famine in
the Orleannois ; as he again did through-
out Franco, in the dearth of 1740. He
also extended his benevolence to distant
countries ; while in his own he founded
schools, professorships, hospitals, and
colleges. But his charitable occupations
did not draw him aside from his studies,
which he pursued with such diligence
as to become master of the oriental lan-
guages, and most of the sciences. D.
1752, leaving many works in manu-
script, the chief of which were "Com-
mentaries on the Scriptures." — Louis
Joseph Philip, duke of (better known
by his republican appellation of Egalite,)
was the cousin of Louis XVI., and fa-
ther of Louis Philippe, the late king of
the French. He was b. at St. Cloud, in
1747 ; married the daughter of the duke
of Penthievre, grand admiral of France,
in 1769 ; was from his youth guilty of
the most unbridled licentiousness ; and
acquired a base notoriety by his con-
duct during the French revolution.
After the death of his father, in 1787 ,_ he
became possessed of the hereditary title
and estates; and, having indulged to
satiety in all sensual pleasures, he found
a new kind of excitement for his palled
appetites in the storms of the revolution,
and a new source of pleasure in the
gratifications of revenge. He had enter-
ed the navy, and was entitled by his
birth to the place of grand-admiral ; but
having been accused of cowardice while
in command of a division of the fleet
against Keppel, in the action of Ushant,
in 1778, instead of receiving promotion
in the navy, the post of colonel-general
of the hussars was created and bestow-
ed on him. From this time may be
dated his hatred of Louis XVI. ; and he
subsequently adopted every method to
obtain popularity, with a view to polit-
ical power. In the dispute between the
court and the parliament, he constantly
opposed the royal authority. His ob-
ject evidently was to reduce the king to
a state of tutelage, and procure for him-
self the formidable office of lieutenant-
general of the kingdom. He caused
scandalous libels against the queen,
whom he pursued with the most bitter
hatred, to be distributed ; and his bust
was carried in triumph through the
streets by the populace. He was chosen
«" member of the national convention,
with Marat, Danton, and Eobespierre,
in September, 1792, at which time the
commune of Paris authorized him to
adopt for himself and his descendants
the appellation of Egalit^, instead of the
name and titles of his family ; and he
not only voted for the death of the king,
but was present at his execution. But
he was not qualified to profit by the
commotions he had promoted ; he was
as weak as he was wicked, as indecisive
as he was ambitious. The Jacobins had
no longer any occasion for him ; he was
struck from their rolls, and included in
the general proscription of the Bour-
bons ; and was committed to prison at
Marseilles, with other members of the
family. Being brought before the crim-
inal tribunal of the department, he was
declared innocent of the charges of con-
spiracy that were preferred against him ;
but the committee of public safety for-
bade his liberation ; and, after six
months' detention, he was transferred
to Paris, tried, and condemned to suffer
by the guillotine ; to which he submit-
ted with firmness and courage, on the
same day, Nov. 6, 1793. — Ferdinand
Philippe Louis, duke of, prince-royal
of France, was b. at Palermo in 1810,
and was the eldest child of Louis Phi-
lippe, then duke of Orleans, and after-
wards king of the French, by Maria
Amelia, daughter of Ferdinand, king of
the Two Sicilies. The prince served
with great distinction with the French
army at the siege of Antwerp, and in
the African war; and his horse was
wounded at the time of the murderous
attempt upon the life of his royal father
in 1835. Young, popular, a patron of
the arts and literature, and devotedly
attached to his profession, every thing
seemed to promise to this prince a
career glorious to himself and useful to
his country, when he was unfortunately
thrown from his carriage, and he-d. on
the spot, July 13, 1842.— Marie, princess
of, daughter of Louis Philippe, ex-king
of the French, was b. at Palermo, 1813.
From her earliest years she evinced a
remarkable love of the fine arts, and
more especially of sculpture, which she
cultivated with a zeal and assiduity that
soon gave her a prominent place among
the most distinguished artists of her
time. Her marvellous statue of Joan of
Arc, in the museum of Versailles, was
finished before she had reached lier 20th
year; and besides this she produced
numerous bas reliefs, busts, and stat-
uettes, of rare beauty and excellence.
In 1837 she married Alexander, duke of
668
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[OTI
Wirtemberg ; a union rich in promises
of earthly happiness ; but she was prem-
aturely cut otr by consumption in 1839,
to the hiexpressible grief of her family
and the friends of art.
OEME, Robert, an historian, the son
of a physician in the East India Compa-
ny's service, was b. in 1728, at Anjengo,
in Plindostan ; was educated at Harrow;
became a member of the council at Fort
St. George, commissary and accountant-
general, and historiographer to the com-
pany. He is the author of a " History
of the Military Transactions of the Brit-
ish Nation in Hindostan," and " His-
torical Fragments of the Mogul Empire.''
As an historian Orme is entitled to a
place among the most eminent writers.
D. 1801.
OKOSIUS, Paul, a Spanish ecclesias-
tic of the 5th century, was b. at Tarra-
gona, and was a disciple of St. Augustin.
His chief work is a " History of Human
Calamities," which was written at the
request of St. Augustin, and has had
the honor of being translated by Alfred
the Great, The time and place of his
decease are unknown.
ORPHEUS, a Greek poet, musician,
and founder of some religious ceremo-
nies, is supposed by some to be an
imaginary person, but is probably a real
one, though his history is involved in
fable. He seems to have been a native
of Thrace, son of one of the princes of
tihat country, and to have been b. about
a century before the Trojan war. He is
said to liave been one of the Argonauts,
to have subsequently travelled in Egypt,
and to have introduced Egyptian science
and customs into Greece. The works
attributed to him are of a much later
}.feriod.
ORRERY, Charles Boyle, earl of,
was b. 1670, at Chelsea, and was edu-
cated at Christ-church, Oxford, under
the tuition of Dr. Atterbury. He pub-
hsheJ, while at college, an edition of
" Phalaris." Bentley questioned the
authenticity of the epistles ; Boyle re-
plied ; and this led to a warm contro-
versy, in which Bentley was fruitlessly
opposed by a confederacy of wits.
Boyle succeeded to the earldom on the
death of his brother ; was promoted in
the army, employed as an ambassador,
and made an English peer, by Queen
Anne: but was in disfavor during the
reign of George I., and was even im-
prisoned for six months. He wrote
"As You Like It," a comedy; and
some verses. The astronomical instru-
ment which bears his name was so call-
ed in compliment to him by Graham, its
inventor. D. 1731.
ORTELL, Abraham, a learned geog-
rapher, who was called the Ptolemy of
his age, was b. 1527, at Antwerp. He
travelled on the Continent, and in Great
Britain, and formed a valuable collection
of antiquities. On his return be pub-
lished an atlas, which gained for him
the appointment of geographer to Philip
II. ot Spain. His principal works are,
" Thesaurus Geographicus," and " The-
atri Orbis Terrarum." D. 1598.
OSSIAN, an ancient Gaelic bard, is
supposed to have lived in the 3d centu-
ry, and to have been the son of Fingal,
a Caledonian hero, whom he accompa-
nied in various military expeditions.
His name has derived its celebrity from
the publications of Macpherson, which
comprise a remarkable series of ballads,
on the deliverance of Erin from the
haughty Swaran, king of Lochlin, by
Fingal. They have been translated into
all the European languages, and please
by their successful delineation of the
passions, picturesque expressions, bold
but lovely images and comparisons, deep
pathos, and tender melancholy tone.
OSTADE, Adrian van, a painter of
the Flemish school, was b. at Lubeck, |
in 1610, and studied under Francis Hals.
His pictures are characterized by an ex-
act imitation of nature, and usually con-
sist of alehouse interiors, Avith Dutch
peasants smoking, (quarrelling, or drink-
ing. His coloring is rich and clear, his
touch spirited and free, and all his
works are highly finished. D. 1685.
OTHO, Marcus Salvus, a Roman em
peror, was b. 32. In liis early youth he
was prodigal and licentious, and a favor
ite of Nero ; but during his ten years'
qurestorship of Lusitania, he distinguish-
ed liimself DV his upright and dignified
conduct, ife espoused the cause of
Galba; but, disappointed in his hopes
of being adopted by him, he formed a
conspiracy against him, and was raised
to the throne. Otho, however, retained
the imperial authority little more than
three months. Having been defeateu
by the forces of Vitellius, he put an end
to his own existence, 69.
OTIS, James, a distinoruished Amer-
ican statesman, was b. at "West Barn-
staple, Massachusetts, in 1725, and was
jrraduated at Harvard college in 1743.
He pursued the profession of the law,
and establishing himself in Boston soon
rose to eminence. His pubhc career
may be said to have opened with his
celebrated speech against writs of as-
owe]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
660
sistance. At the next election he wa»
chosen a representative to the legisla-
ture, and soon became the leader of the
popular party. In 1765 he was a mem-
ber of the congress which assembled at
New York. In 1769 he was severely
wounded in an assault committed upon
him by some British officers ; from one
of whom he recovered large damages,
which he remitted on receiving a writ^
ten apology. In 1772 he retired from
public life, and in May of the following
year was killed by a stroke of lightning.
He was a good scholar, a learned and
able lawyer, a bold and commanding
orator, and possessed infinite powers of
humor and wit.
OTTLEY, William Young, keeper of
the prints in the British museum. He
was Known as an artist, a collector, and
an author. When scarcely 20 years of
age he proceeded to Italy, where he re-
mained about ten years, employed in
taking copies of the most esteemed and
valuable paintings ; and on his re-
turn to England he produced a series
of fac-similes of the original drawings
of the best masters, under the title of
the " Italian School of Design," a mag-
nificent work, consisting of 84 plates.
His other prmcipal works arc, " The
Florentine Scnool," the " Origin and
Early History of Engraving," " The
Stafford Gallery," and "The Critical
Catalogue of the National Gallery." B.
1772 ; d. 1836.
OTWAY, Thomas, a celebrated dra-
matic writer, was b. 1651, at Trottin ; was
educated at Winchester school, and
Christ-church, Oxford ; and, after having
made a vain attempt to be an actor, be-
came a writer for the stage. The earl
of Plymouth obtained for him a cornet's
commission, but at the end of one cam-
paign in Flanders, Otway quitted the
military service. The tragedy of " Alci-
biades," his first piece, appeared in 1765.
His finest tragedies, " The Orphan,"
and " Venice Preserved," were acted in
1680 and 1682. Otway_ lived and died
poor. It has been said that he was
choked by a piece of roll, which he ate
too eagerly after having long fasted ;
but there is reason to believe that his
death proceeded from fever, brought on
by his violent exertions in pursuit of
the murderer of one of his fnends. D.
1685.
OVID, PuBLius Naso, a celebrated
Roman poet, was b. 43 b. c, at Sulmo,
and was of the equestrian order. He
studied the law under Messala, but soon
abandoned the bar for poetrr and a life
of pleasure. Virgil, Horace, Tibullua,
and Propertius were his friends, and
Augustus was a liberal patron to him.
At length, however, for some cause
which has never been discovered, the
emperor banished him to Tomos, in
Scythia ; nor could all the prayers and
lamentations of the despairing Ovid
procure a remission of his sentence.
D. 17.
OVIEDO, John Gonzales, a Spaniard,
who soon after the discovery of America
visited the West Indies, to examine the
natural productions of that part of the
world. He published the result of his
researches ; and, according to Fallopius,
was the first who discovered the virtues
of guaiacum in the cure of syphilis. D.
1540. — GoNZALvo Hernandez d', a Span-
ish military officer, who was intendant
or inspector-general of commerce in
America, in the reign of the Emperor
Charles V. He wrote a complete " His-
tory of the Indies ;" from which suc-
ceeding writers have drawn much of
their information relative to the inter-
course of the Spaniards with America.
OWEN, John, a divine, was b. about
1765, in London, and was educated at
St. Paul's school and Cambridge. Hav-
ing taken orders, he became a popular
preacher, and obtained from Bishop
rorteus the living of Pagglesham, in
Essex, and the curacy of Fulham. Qa
the institution of the British and Foreign
Bible Society, he became one of the sec-
retaries, and for eighteen years was the
most active of its members. Among
his works are, " Travels in different
Parts of Europe," " The Christian Mon-
itor," " The Fashionable World dis-
played," and a " Vindication of the
Bible Society." D. 1822.— Henry, a
learned divine of the church of England,
was b. in Monmouthshire, and educated
first at Kuthin school, and next at Jesus
college, Oxford, where he took his decrees
of M.D., but afterwards entered into
orders, and obtained the vicarage of
Edmonton, in Middlesex, and St. Olave,
Hart-street. He d. in 1795, aged 80.
His chief works are, " Observations on
the Scripture Miracles," " Kemarks on
the Four Gospels," " An Inquiry into
the Septuagint Version," " Sermons
preached at Boyle's Lecture," and "An
introduction to Hebrew Criticism." —
John, an epigrammatist, was b. in Caer-
narvonshi-^e ; was educated at Winches-
ter,^ and New college, Oxford ; after
which he became master of Warwick
school, and d. in 1622. His Latin epi-
grams possess great point, and severaJ
670
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[PAO
of thom are inferior only to those of
Martial. — John, a learned Independent
divine, was b. at Stadham, in Oxford-
shire, in 1616, and educated at Queen's
college. In the civil wars he was a
zealous advocate for the parliament
against the king ; and the very day after
the execution of Charles I. he preached
a sermon before the house of commons,
making himself so acceptable to those
in power, that Cromwell made him his
chaplain, and gave him the deanery of
Christ-church, Oxford, where he served
the office of vice-chancellor in 1652. At
the restoration he was deprived of his
deanery; on which he retired to his
estate in Essex. He died in 1683. Dr.
Owen was a very voluminous writer.
His principal works are, " An Exposi-
tion of the Hebrews," a " Discourse
concerning the Holy Spirit," a "Trea-
tise on Ori^nal Sin," " Vindiciae Evan-
gelicse," "Tracts and Sermons," &c. —
Thomas, a learned judge, was b. at Con-
dover, in Shropshire, and educated at
Oxford ; from whence he removed to
Lincoln's Inn, where he became Lent
reader to the society, in 1583. In 1590
he was made sergeant-at-law, and after-
wards a judge of the common pleas. D.
1598. — WILLIAM, an eminent English
artist, was a native of Shropshire. After
studying under Charles Catton, and re-
ceiving considerable attention from Sir
Joshua Reynolds, he made great pro-
gress in the art, and in 1813 was ap-
pointed principal portrait-painter to the
Erince regent, who oifered to knight
im, but he modestly declined the honor.
He executed some admirable portraits
of distinguished statesmen, &c., and
also employed himself occasionally on
historical subjects, b jme of which wor«
of a first-rate character. B. 17G9; d
1824.
OWTRAM, William, a learned En-
glish divine. He was prebendary of
Westminster in the reign of Charles II.,
and wrote an excellent treatise " De
Sacriflciis." D. 1679.
OXENSTIERNA, Count Axel, a cel-
ebrated Swedish statesman, was b. in
1583, in the province of Upland, and
studied at various German universities,
Charles IX. employed him in important
negotiations ; and Gustavus Adolphus
made him prime minister, and reposed
in him an unlimited confidence. After
the death of Gustavus, he for several
years conducted the affairs of the king-
dom with vigor and success. D. 1654.
OZANAM, James, an able French
mathematician, was b. in 1640, at Bou-
ligneux. He was brought up for the
church, but reUnquished the clerical
profession on the death of his father.
For many years he was in high repute
as a mathematical teacher. Amon^ his
works are, " A Course of Mathematics,"
" A Treatise on Gnomonics," " New
Elements of Algebra," and " Mathe-
matical and Philosophical Recreations.*'
D. 1717.
OZEROFF, Vladislas- Alexandeo-
viTscH, a celebrated Russian tragic au-
thor, was b. in 1770, near Twer, and
entered into the civil service after hav-
ing attained the rank of major-general
in the army. He producedf, between
1798 and 1809, the tragedies of " The
Death of Oleg " " (Edipus at Athens,"
" Fingal," " Dmitri Donskoi," and
" Polixena." He also wrote some lyric
poems. D. 1816.
PAC A, "William, a signer of the dec-
laration of American independence, was
educated at the college in Philadelphia,
and pursued the profession of medicine.
He was a delegate to congress from
Maryland, and afterwards governor of
that state. In 1788 he was a member
of the Maryland convention which rati-
fied the federal constitution, and in 1789
was appointed district judge for Mary-
land. D. 1799.
PACCA, Cardinal, was b. at Bene-
vento, 1756. After rising through the
usual ecclesiastical degrees, and dis-
charging the office of nuncio at various
courts, he received from Pope Pius VII.
the cardinal's hat in 1801, drew up the
famous bull which excommunicated Na-
poleon in 1809, and was in consequence
imprisoned at Fenestrella. In 1813 he
reioined Pius VII. at Fontainbleau,
where he induced him to withdraw the
concessions a short time previously es-
tablished with Napoleon by a concordat,
returned to Rome with the pope in 1814,
and finally retired from office in 1816.
after having re-established the order of
the Jesuits. D. 1844.
PACUVIUS, Marcus, a Latin dram-
atist, a nephew of Ennius, was b. 218
paq]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. ^
671
B.C., at B/ii.disiam, and d. at Tarentum,
at the a^e of 90. He possessed the talent
of painting as well as of poetry.
PADILLA, Don John de, a Spanish
patriot, of a noble family, was the son
of the commander of Castile ; espoused
the cause of the people ; and supported
it bravely during tne struggle of the
Spaniards for liberty, from 1420 to 1422.
Being defeated and taken prisoner, at
the battle of Villalar, he was put to
death on the following day, and met his
fate with heroic firmness. — Maria Pa-
cHEco, his wife, was worthy of such a
husband. During his life she partici-
§ated in all his labors, and after his
eath she defended Toledo for several
months, gained several advantages at
the head of her troops, and did not quit
the place till she was deserted by the
citizens.
PAGAN, Blaise Francois, count de,
an eminent French military engineer,
was b. at Avignon, in 1604. He entered
into the army at an early age, and lost
an eye, in 1621, at the siege of Montau-
ban. After this he distinguished him-
self on several occasions, particularly at
the passage of the Alps and the barri-
cade of Suza, where he was the first to
lead the way over a dangerous height.
In 1642 he lost his sight entirely ; not-
withstanding which he pursued his mil-
itary studies, and in 1645 published an
excellent work, entitled " Traite de For-
tification." D. 1655.
PAGANACCI, Jean, b. at Lyons, in
1729 ; d. in 1797. His great work, the
" Manuel des Negocians," a commercial
encyclopaedia, is justly esteemed in
France.
PAGANEL, Peter, a member of the
French legislative assembly and conven-
tion, was b. in 1745. He was chosen a
deputy in 1791 ; and when, on the 10th
of August, 1792, the unfortunate Louis
XVI. sought an asylum in the hall of
the representatives, he was one of the
first to join in a deputation to the people,
in order to restram their violence ; yet
he afterwards voted for the king's death.
He was consequently obliged to quit
France in 1816, and he d. at Brussels in
1826. Paganel was the author of " Essai
Historique et Critique sur la Eevolution
Fran§aise," and some other works of
minor importance.
PAGANINI, NicoLo, the inimitable
violinist, was b. at Genoa, 1784. His
father, who was a commission-broker
by trade, but a great musical amateur,
initiated him in the principles of music
from his earliest years ; and the progress
thus made under parental care was still
further increased by subsequent instruo*
tions from Costa, Kolla, and Paer. Hia
first public engagement was at Lucca.
Here he found a zealous patroness in
the Princess ^^cchiochi, sister of Napo-
leon; but in 1813 he left Lucca for Mi-
lan, and three years later his reputation
had so spread abroad, that the " Leipsic
Musical Gazette," no mean authority at
that time, pronounced him the first vio-
linist in the world. From this epoch
dates his wondrous performance on a
single string, which at a later period
called forth such bursts of applause
from innumerable audiences in Ger-
many, France, and England. In 1828
he visited Vienna, where he met with
an enthusiastic reception. Thence he
visited the chief cities of Germany ; and
in 1831 he made a musical tour through
France and England, where he realized
enormous sums, which, however, the
gambling table swallowed up, frequently
even with greater rapidity than he gained
them. His last years were spent at his
villa Gajona near Parma; and he d. at
Nice, 1840. The most absurd stories
were circulated regarding Paganini du-
ring his lifetime ; nor clid they cease
even with his death. Crimes of the
deepest dye were imputed to him with-
out a vestige of foundation ; though it
must be admitted that the singular cast
of his countenance, his reserved char-
acter, his sudden bursts of passion, and
the mysterious veil which ne was fond
of throwing around all his proceedings,
were well fitted to awaken public curi-
osity, with its usual adjunct, excessive
credulity.
PAGES, Francis Xavter, an indefat-
igable French romance writer, &c., wa»
b. at Aurillac, in 1745, and d. at Paris,
in 1802. Among his numerous works
are, "Histoire Secrete de la Eevolution
Frangaise," and " Nouveau Voyage au-
tour du Monde, en Asie, en Amerique,
et en A^rique, precede d'un Voyage en
Italic." — Pierre Marie Francois, vis-
count de, a celebrated French navigator,
was b. at Toulouse, in 1748. He sailed
from Cape Francois, in St. Domingo, in
1797, with a view to explore the Indian
seas, and travel through China and
Tartary to the Northern Ocean ; but on
arriving at the Philippine islands in
October, 1798, and finding it impossible
to penetrate China, he went by sea to
Bassora, and travelling through th©
desert to Syria, he reached France in
December, 1771. He afterwards sailed
in Kerguelen's expedition to the so'ith
672
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[■
pole, and on his return proceeded as far
as 81 degrees and a half of north latitude.
He served in the American war, after
which he retired to bis estate in St. Do-
mingo, where he was murdered during
a revolt of the negroes in 1793.
PAGI, Anthony, a famous Cordelier,
who was four times provincial of his
order. B. 1624; d. 1699. He was the
author of a *' Critique on Baronius's
Annals," and a " Dissertation on the
Consulates." — Francis, his nephew, also
a Cordelier, assisted his uncle in his
great work on Baronius, and was the
author of "Breviarium Historico-chro-
nologico-criticum." D. 1721.
PAINE, Thomas, a political writer,
was b. 1736, at Thetford, in Norfolk.
He was brought up as a staymaker, but
became an exciseman. Being, however,
dismissed for misconduct, he came over
to America, and espoused the cause of
the colonies, who were then in arms
against the mother country. His first
literary production, a pamphlet, with the
title of "Common Sense," had a power-
ful effect, and he was rewarded by a grant
of land, and another of £500. He was
also employed by the congress. In 1790
he visited lEngland, and, in the following
year, he produced his celebrated " Eights
of Man," in answer to Burke's " Reflec-
tions;" for the second part of. which a
prosecution was instituted against him.
He was, however, beyond the reach of
the English law; he having taken his
seat as a member of the national conven-
tion. As a French legislator he dis-
played a degree of moderation, which
brought upon him the hatred of the
Jacobins. He was imprisoned, and was
near becoming a victim to the guillotine.
He at length returned to America, and
d. in 1809. Besides the works already
mentioned, he wrote "The Age of Rea-
son," and some political tracts. — Robert
Treat, an eminent lawyer, and a signer
of the declaration of independence, was
b. at Boston, 1731, and was graduated
at Harvard college, in 1749. Alter a
visit to Europe of some years, he com-
menced the study of the law, and about
1759 settled in its practice in Taunton.
He took an early and active interest in
public affairs, and in 1774 was appointed
a delegate from Massachusetts to the
general congress. He was a member of
the committee of the convention that
drafted the constitution of his native
state. Under the government that was
organized he was appointed attorney-
general, and held this office till 1790,
when he was appointed a judge of the
supreme court. He remained on the
bench till 1804. D. in 1814.— Roberi
Treat, a poet, son of the preceding, was
b. at Taunton, 1773, and graduated at
Harvard college in 1791. On leaving
college he was placed in a counting-
house, but soon turned his attention to
literature and theatricals, and published
several orations and poems. His poems
were very popular and profitable, and
by the sale of the song ot " Adams and
Liberty," he received the sum of $750.
In 1800 he began the practice of law,
but failed of success from the want of
industry, and passed the close of his
life in poverty. D. 1811.
PAISIELtO, John, a celebrated coin-
poser, a pupil of Durante, was b. 1741,
at Tarento. He begun his public career
in 1763, by two operas, which raised
him at once into popularity throughout
Italy. His subsequent works extended
his reputation over the whole of the
Continent. Several sovereigns invited
him into their service. He accepted the
offer of the Empress Catharine, and re-
sided in Russia for nine years. He next
settled at Naples. In 1801 he went to
Paris at the request of Bonaparte ; but,
after having lived nearly three years in
France, he returned to ' Naples, and d.
there in 1816.
PAJOU, AuGusTiN, an eminent French
sculptor, was b. 1730, at Paris; gained
the prize at the Academy at the age of
eighteen, and was sent to study at Rome,
where he remained for twelve years ; be-
came professor of the academy of paint-
ing and sculpture, and a member of the
institute, and of the legion of honor.
His countrymen have called him the re-
storer of the art. Among his nun^erous
works, some of the principal are, " Pluto
holding Cerebus chained," "Psyche
abandoned by Love," and statues of
Demosthenes^ Descartes, Bossuet, Pas-
cal, and Turenne. D. 1809.
PALAFOX, Don Joseph, immor-
talized by his heroic defence of Sara-
gossa, in 1808-9, was sprung from an
old Aragoncse family, and having en-
tered the military service of Snain at at
early age, accompanied Ferainand tc
Bayonne ; but on the resignation of that
monarch, he returned to Aragon, and
lived in retirement at a short distance
from Saragossa. Proclaimed governo?
of Saragossa by the people who saw
themselves menaced on all sides by the
armies of France, he took instant meas
ures to sustain a siege ; and such wan
the effect of his combined intelligence
and determination, that with a compar-
J
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
e78
ative handful of men, the city manfully-
resisted an overwiielraing force, and at
length compelled the French general to
retreat after a siege of 61 days, and the
los!* of thousands of his men. But the
reduction of Saragossa was of too great
importHnce to the French for them not
to strain every nerve to accomphsh it;
and Marshals Mortier and Moncey
marched in November of the same year,
at the head of a large army, to recom-
mence the siege. After suffering two
defeats before Sara^ossa, Palafox once
more retired within its walls, and com-
menced the same vigorous course of
action which had been already crowned
with success; but on this occasion all
his efforts were in vain ; the besiegers
were backed by a force more terrible
than themselves, an epidemic fever was
raging in the garrison ; and Palafox who
was attacked by it, was obliged to resign
the command on the 2nth February, to
General St. Marc, who signed the capit-
ulation on the following day. Palafox
was now sent into France, and remained
a close prisoner at Vincennes, till the
restoration of Ferdinand, by whom he
was scut on a secret mission to Madrid.
In June, 1814, he was appointed cap-
tain-general of Aragon ; but for nearly
thirty years before his death he took no
part 'in public affairs. B. 1780; d. 1847.
PALESTRINA, Giovanni Pietro
Aloisio, the most celebrated master of
the old Roman school of music, was
b. at Palestrina, the ancient Praenestc,
about the beginning of the 16th century.
He d. in 1594. Some of his pieces are
still performed in the Sistine chapel at
Kome.
P ALEY, William, an eminent divine,
the son of a clergyman, was b. 1745, at
Peterborough, and was educated, as a
sizar, at Christ's college, Cambridge, of
which he became a fellow in 1766. For
ten subsequent years he resided at the
university ; but in 1776 he obtained the
vicarages of Dalston, in Cumberland,
and Appleby, in Westmoreland. With-
in the next nine years he became a pre-
bendary, archdeacon, and chancellor of
Carlisle. In 1785, he at once attained
high reputation by his " Elements of
Moral and Political Philosophy." At
various intervals in the course of a few
years, this work was succeeded by
*' Horse Paulina;," " A View of the
Evidences of Christianity," and " Nat-
ural Theology," besides some smaller
pieces. His sermons were a posthu-
mous publication. Preferment awaited
bim as well a& con\petence -and fame.
67
He was successively made vicar of Stan-
wix, a prebendary of St. Pancras, sub-
dean of Lincoln, a doctor of divinity,
and rector of Bishop's Wearmouth. t>.
1805.
PALISSET DE MONTENOY,
Charles, a French satirist and miscel-
laneous writer, was b. 1730, at Nanci, and
was throughout his life in a state of vio-
lent hostility with the French literary
characters of the philosophical sect.
His works form six octavo volumes.
Among them are " The Dunciad ;'" some
comedies, " Little Letters against great
Philosophers," " Memoirs for a History
of French Literature," and a " History
of the early Ages of Rome." D. 1814.
PALISSOT DE BEAUVOIS, Am-
BRoisE Marie Francois Joseph, an emi-
nent naturalist, was b. at Arras, in the
French Netherlands, in 1752. After
studying at the college of Harcourt, at
Paris, he was in 1772 admitted a coun-
sel of the parliament of that city ; and
subsequently became receiver-general
of territorial imposts, till the suppres-
sion of that office in 1777. He then
devoted himself to the study of natural
history, and he undertook a voyage to
the coast of Guinea, with an intention
to travel across the African continent to
Egypt; but being unable to execute that
design, he sailed for St. Domingo, in
1788, and there occupied some official
situations. Having opposed the revo-.
lutionary attempts of the negroes, he
with difficulty effected his escape to
America, purposing to return to France,
when he learnt that he had been pro-
scribed as an emigrant. He occupied
himself while in America as a teacher
of languages, and as a musician, but ho
did not neglect his favorite pursuits ;
and on hearing that his name had been
erased from the proscribed list, he re-
turned to his native country, taking
with him the rich collection of natural
curiosities which he had formed. D.
1820.
PALLADIO, Andrew, a celebrated
Italian architect, was b. 1518, at Vicenza,
acquired in his own country a reputa-
tion which has received the sanction of
other nations and of posterity ; and d.
in 1580. His "Treatise on Architec-
ture" is one of the classics of the art.
PALLAS, Peter Simon, an eminent
traveller and naturalist, was b. 1741 at
Berlin; studied at Halle, Gottingen,
and Leyden; and acquired so much
reputation by his " Elenchus Zoophy-
torum" and "Miscellanea Zoologica,"
that Catharine of Russia invited lautto
674
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT.
[pah
St. Petersburg, made him a member of
the academy, and for six years employed
him as a naturalist, in exploring various
parts of her vast empire. During his
tour he suffered such hardships that his
hair turned white, and his constitution
was severely injured. In 1794, the em-
press gave him an estate in the Crimea.
There he resided for fifteen years ; but
at length he quitted Russia, and settled
at Berlin. Among his numerous works
are his "Travels," which Saussure
denominated " an inexhaustible mine
for the naturalist and statesman ;" "His-
torical Documents on the Mongols ;"
and a "Physical and Topographical
Description of the Taurida." D. 1811.
PALLAVICINO, Sfokza, was b. in
1647, at Eome; was employed by Pope
Innocent X. in various important affairs,
obtained a cardinal's hat in 1657; and
d. 1667. His chief work is " A History
of the Council of Trent."
PALMELLA, duke of, a distinguish-
ed Portuguese statesman, was b. in 1781.
He took an active part in all the political
troubles of his country during the last
thirty or forty years ; and it was owing
to his aid and counsels that the queen
of Portugal was indebted, in a great
measure, for her establishment on the
throne of her ancestors. A very consid-
erable part of his life was dedicated to
the diplomatic service of his country,
.which he represented at the congress of
Vienna and in London. In 1820 he
made a fruitless voyage to Brazil, to
pacify the revolution which had burst
forth. He was also selected to attend
at the coronation of Queen Victoria;
and his great wealth enabled him to vie
on that occasion with the representatives
of the other courts of Europe. He was
several times called on to offer advice to
his sovereisrn, but only held office for a
limited period. D. 1850.
PALMER, John, an eminent English
actor, was b. in London, about 1742,
and made his first appearance in the
metropolis at -the Haymarket theatre.
He was afterwards engaged by Garrick
at Drury-lane, and gradually rose to
eminence in his profession, both in
comedy and tragedy. D. 1798. — John,
the first proiector of mail-coaches, was
a native of Bath, where he was brought
up as a brewer, bi;t subsequently soli-
cited and obtained a patent for a theatre
in his native city, which concern proved
eminently successful under his manage-
ment. Being much in the habit of trav-
elling from place to place, for the pur-
;><»• of seonring rising performers, the
idea occurred to him that i. better mode
of conveying the mails was most desira-
ble, and he accordingly matured the
plan of transmitting letters by coiichea
with guards, now superseded by the
railway. He succeeded in his object,
though not without great opposition;
but the utility of the plan soon became
manifest, and he was made comptroller-
general of the post-oflBce, with a salary
of £1500 a year. Some disputes, how-
ever, occurring, he lost his situation in
1792, and though he afterwards, through
petitions, was reimbursed by parlia-
ment, the compensation was very Inad-
equate to the per centage he was to
have received, in case his plan suc-
ceeded. D. 1818.
PALOMINO DE CASTRO Y VE-
LASCO, AciscLEs Anthony, an emi-
nent Spanish painter, was b. 1653, at
Bujalance, in Valenc-i; was a pupil of
Valdes; became king's painter, and
entered into the clerical profession in
his latter days. Among his most re-
markable works are, a " Confession of
St. Peter," at Valencia, and five pictures
in the choir of the cathedral at Cordova.
Palomino wrote the "The Pictorial Mu-
seum," of which the third volume eon-
tains the lives of Spanish artists. D.
1726.
P ANARD, Charles Francis, aFrench
dramatist, whom Marmontel surnamed
the Lafontaine of the Vaudeville, was
b. 1694, near Chartres. He wrote eighty
pieces, among which are five comedies,
and thirteen comic operas. The songs
of Panard are remarkable for their easy
stvle and their piquancy. D. 1765.
■PANCIROLI, Guy, a civilian, was b.
1623, at Reggio, and was professor of
law at Padua, and afterwards at Turin.
He is the author of various works ; but
the one by which he is remembered is a
curious treatise on the ancient inven-
tions which are lost, and on those in-
ventions which belong to the moderns.
D. 1599.
PANCOUCKE, Charles Joseph, one
of the most eminent booksellers in
France, and also a man of literary talent,
was b. at Lisle, 1736. He settled at
Paris, became connected with most of
the distinguished authors of his time,
and publislied many magnificent works.
The Moniteur was established by him, j
and he also projected the Methodical
Encyclopaedia. Among his own pro-
ductions are, a free translation of Lu-
cretius, " On Man, and the Reproduo-
tion of different Individuals," and
" Philosophical Discourses on the Beau-
par]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
67d
tiful." D. 1698. — Andre-w Joseph, his
father, was a bookseller and author.
,' PAOLI, Pascal, a patriot and gen-
' feral, (the son of Hyacinth Paoli, who
\vas also an intrepid assertor of his
country's liberty.) was b. 1726, at Stret-
ta, in Corsica; "followed his father into
exile ; and was educated at the Jesuits'
coUesre, at Naples. In 1755, his coun-
trynien having elected him their gener-
alissimo, he returned to Corsica, and
acted with such viijor against the Ge-
noese, that he confined their dominion
within the narrow limits of the fortified
seaports. To enact wise laws, introduce
reforms, and encourage agriculture, was
his next care. But all his noble labors
were rendered abortive. The Genoese
sold the island to France, and, after a
severe struggle against the invading
array, Paoli was once more compelled
to become an exile. For 20 years he
resided in England, subsisting on a
Eension from the government. In 1789
e was recalled by the constituent as-
sembly ; but, in 17'98, he was proscribed
by the Jacobins, and he subsequently
placed Corsica under the protection of
Great Britain. D. in London, 1807.
PAPIN, Denys, an eminent natural
philosopher and physician, was b. at
Blois, in France. After taking the de-
gree of M.D., he visited England ; and,
m 1680, became a fellow of the Royal
Society. While there he made many
Attempts to bring the steam-engine to
perfection, and published an account of
an invention, which still bears his name.
His work is entitled " The New Digest-
er, or Engine for the Softening of
Bones." Papin assisted Mr. Boyle in
his pneumatic experiments ; and, on
leaving England, he went to Marpurg,
where he was made mathematical pro-
fessor, in 1687, and d. 1710.
PAPINIAN, tEmilius, the greatest
civil lawyer of antiquity, was b. about
145 ; was praetorian prefect under the
Emperor Severus ; and was put to death
by Caracalla, in 212, for refusing to jus-
tify the murder of Geta. Most of his
works are lost. ♦
? PARACELSUS, Aureoi^tjs Philip
^HEOPHEASTUS BoMBAST DE HoHENHEIM,
a celebrated Swiss empiric and alchem-
ist, was b. 1493, at Einsiedlen, in the
canton or Schwitz. He lived a wander-
ing life for several years ; but, having
performed some extraordinary cures, he
was invited, in 1526, to fill the medical
and surgical chair at the university of
Basle. This post, however, he held for
little more than a year, when he recom-
menced his peregrinations. He intro-
duced mercury and other medicines
into practice. D. at Salzburgh, 1541.
PARE, Ambrose, who is' called the
father of French surgery, was b. at
Laval, about the beginning of the 16th
century; was successively surgeon to
Henry" II., Francis 11., Charles IX., and
Henry III., and d. 1590.
PARINI, Joseph, an Italian poet, was
b. 1729, at Basizio; was patronized by
Count Firmian, governor of Lombardy,
and afterwards by Princess Maria Bea-
trix, of Este ; and was professor of belles
lettres, eloquence, and the fine arts, at
Milan. Parini was one of the most
eminent lyric poets of Italy, and ex-
celled also in satire. D. 1799.
PARIS, Matthew, an English histo-
rian, was a Benedictine monk at St.
Albans, into which order he entered in
1217. Paris was an universal scholar,
and a man of great probity. His histo-
ry is a valuable worfc. D. 1259, — Fran-
cis, commonly called the Abbe Paris,
was b. in the French capital, where his
father was counsellor to the parliament:
but the son embraced the ecclesiastical
life, and devoted himself to devotion
and charity. He d. in 1727, and was
buried in the cemetery of St. Medard,
where the Jausenists pretended that
miracles were wrought at his tomb ; in
consequence of which such crowds re-
sorted to the place that the government
caused the churchyard to be walled up
in 1732.
PARK, MuNGo, a celebrated traveller,
the son of a farmer, was b. 1771, at
Fowlshifts, Scotland, and was brought
up to the medical profession. After
having made a voyage to Bencoolen, he
was engaged, in 1795, by the African
Society, to penetrate into the interior of
Africa, and explore the course of the
Niger. He arrived in the Gambia in
Jiine, and, on the 2d of December, pro-
ceeded from Pisania, on his adventurous
journey. On the 20th of July he came
in sight of the long-sought river. After
having traced it to a considerable dis-
tance, lie was under the necessity of
desisting from his enterprise. On his
return 1:o Scotland, Park married, and
entered iipon the practice of his profes-
sion. In 1804, however, he undertook
a second expedition, for the same pur-
poses as the first. He again readied
the Niger, and embarked upon it at
Bammakou, but was attacked by the
natives, and drowned, in his voyage to
Houssa,
PARKE, John, a celebrated musician,
m%
CYCLOPAEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[PAB
b. 1745, was the best hautboy player of
his time, and succeeded Fischer, at
Vauxhall, in 1770. About the same time
Garrick engaged him, on very liberal
terms, to play at Drury-lane ; and, in
1783, he was attached to tlie Carlton-
house band, at a yearly salary of £100.
He was now in the highest reputation ;
he performed at the concert of ancient
music, at the best private concerts, and
was also regularly engaged at the great
provincial music meetings. D. 1829.
PARKER, Matthew, a learned pre-
late, was b. 1504, at Norwich ; was edu-
cated at Cambridge ; and was succes-
sively chaplain to Anne Boleyn, dean of
Stoke Clare, master of Bennet college,
and dean of Lincoln. In the reign of
Mary he was in great danger of being
brought to the stake. EUzabeth raised
him to the see of Canterbury, which he
filled with honor to himself He took a
share in the " Reformed Liturgy," and
the "Bishop's Bible," published edi-
tions of some of the old English histori-
ans, and wrote " De Antiquitata Britan-
nicse Ecclesia;," and some works of less
importance. D. 1575. — Isaac, an emi-
nent lawyer, was b. in Boston, and
graduated at Harvard college, in 1786.
He studied law in the office of Judge
Tudor, and commenced practice at Cas-
tine, in Maine, then an integral part of
Massachusetts. Removing to Portland,
he was sent for one term to congress, as
a representative from Cumberland coun-
ty. He also held, for a short time, the
office of United States marshal for that
district. In 1806 ho was appointed by
Governor Strong associate judge of the
supreme court of Massachusetts, and
soon after took up his residence at Bos-
ton. In 1814 he was appointed chief
justice of the supremo court, and held
uhat office till his sudden death, in July,
1830, at the age of 63.
PARKES, Samuel, a chemist, was b.
1759, at Stourbridge, was educated at
Market Ilarborougli. He was a great
manufacturing chemist, and a member
of the geological and other societies.
He is the author of a " Chemical Cate-
chism," which has passed through nu-
merous editions ; " Rudiments of Chem-
istry," "An Essay on the Utility of
Chemistry," and "Chemical Essays."
D. 1825.
PARKHURST, John, a divine, was
>. 1723, at Catesby ; was educated at
Rugby school, ancl Clare hall, Cam-
bridge ; and d. 1797. He is the author
of *'A Hebrew Lexicon," "A Greek
Lexicon," "Au Address to Wesley,"
and " The Divinity and Pre-ex ttence of
Christ demonstrated."
PARKINSON, John, a botanist, was
b. 1567 ; was appointed apotliecary to
Charles I. ; was nominated Botanicus
Regius Primarius by Charles I. He is
the author of "Paradisus Terrestris, or
a Garden of all Sorts of Pleasant Flow-
ers," and of "Theatrura Botanicum, or
Theatre of Plants." D. 1640.
PARMA, Alexander Farnese, duke
of, one of the most celebrated generals
of the age in which he lived, first dis-
tinguished himself at the battle of Le-
panto. Being appointed to the govern-
ment of the Netherlands by Philip II.
he gained several victories, and restored
the greatest part of the provinces to the
authority of his sovereign. In 1590 he
compelled Henry IV. to raise the siege
of Paris; and, in 1592, the siege of
Rouen. In the last of these expeditions
he received a wound in the arm, which
he neglected, and which caused his
death, at Arras, on the 2d December,
in the forty-seventh year of his age.
PARMENTIER, Anthony Augustin,
an eminent French agricultural improv-
er, was b. 1737, at Montdidier, and was
successively apothecary to the army in
Hanover, and to the Hotel des Invalides
at Paris. To Parmentier, France is in-
debted for rendering the cultivation of
the potato general, and for improving
and introducing various other alimentaiy
articles. His whole attention was paid
to these subjects, and all his works re-
late to them. D, 1813.
PARNELL, Thomas, a divine and
poet, was b. 1679, at Dublin; was edu-
cated at Trinity college, in that city ; ob-
tained, in 1705, 1713, and 171(5, the
archdeaconry of Clogher, a prebend in
Dublin cathedral, and the vicarage of
Finglass. He was the friend of Swift
and' Pope, the latter of whom gave the
works of Parnell to the press. D. 1717
PARNY, Evariste Desire Desfob-
GEs, viscount de, whom his countrymen
denominate the French TibuUus, was b.
1753, at the Isle of Bourbon ; was sent
to France, at t^e age of nine years ; was
educated at the collesre of Rennes; and
entered into the military service. His
" Elegies," inspired by an unfortunate
passion, appeared in 1775, and at once
gave him a conspicuous place among
poets. Subsequent works sustained his
reputation. It is, however, to be re-
gretted that, in his latter years, he sul-
lied his fame by several impious and
licentious productions. D. 1814.
PARR, Samuel, one of the most pn>-
fAT]
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOQRAPHr.
677
found of Greek scholars, was b. 1746,
at Harrow-on-the-Hill, and was educated
at the grammar school of that place,
and at Emannel coUegre, Cambridge.
Havintr, in consequence of his youth,
been disappointed of becoming head
mas^ter at Harrow, he established a sem-
inary at Stanmore; which, however,
he Ultimately gave up, and was succes-
sively master of Colchester and Norwich
grammar schools. His first church pre-
ferment was the rectory of Asterby,
which he obtained in 1780. He subse-
quently received the perpetual curacy
of Hatton, the living of Graffham, in
Huntingdonshire, and a prebend of St.
Paul's cathedral. Among his works
are, various "Sermons," the "Preface
to Bellendenus," and a "Letter from
Irenopolis." D. 1825. — Thomas, an ex-
traordinary instance of longevity, was
b. in Shropshire in 1483. He was bred
to husbandry, in which he labored after
he Was 130 years old. Ten years before
this he married a widow; and he ex-
hibited every sign of health, when, in
1635, the earl of Arundel took him to
the court of Charles I., where he d.
through the change of air and mode of
living, at the age of 152 years and 9
months. His body was opened by Dr.
Harvey, who discovered no internal
marks of decav. — Catharine, the sixth
and last wife of Henry VHI. In 1547
she married Sir Thomas Seymour, lord
admiral of England, who is .said to have
treated hdr so ill that she d. of it the
year following. She wrote "Prayers,"
" Meditations," and other religious
pieces.
PARRHASIUS, an ancient painter,
the cotemporary and rival of Zeuxis,
was b. about 420 b, c, at Ephesus. His
vanity was equal to his talents, great as
they were. Among his most celebrated
' works were, an allegorical picture of the
Athenian people, Meleager, Hercules,
' and Perseus, and a high priest of Cyb-
' ele.
: PARSONS, Theophilus, a distin-
•; guished lawyer, was b. at Byefield, Mas-
r aaehnsetts, in 1750, and graduated at
* Harvard college in 1789. He studied,
"and pursued the practice of tlie law, for
' Bome years, in Falmouth, now Portland,
but when that town was destroyed by
the British, he retired to the house of
his father in Newbury. About a year
afterwards he opened an office in New-
buryport. He soon rose to the highest
.•ank in his profession, and made im-
mense acquisitions in legal knowledge.
His professional services were sought
^7*
for in all directions and after thirty-five
years of extensive practice he was ap-
pointed chief justice of the supreme
court of Massachusetts. In 1780 he
was a member of the convention which
formed the constitution of the state,
and of the convention which accepted
the federal constitution. He was a
powerful speaker, withovit a rival in
knowledge of law, and surpassed by
few in his acquaintance with science
and classical literature. He continued
in the seat of chief justice till his death
in 1813.
PASCAL, Blaize, equally eminent as
a geometrician and a writer, was b.
1623, at Clermont, in Auvergne. Though
himself a mathematician, his father
would not allow him to be taught mathe-
matics ; but such was his propensity to
that science, that, unassisted and by
stealth, he mastered a part of Euclid be-
fore he was twelve years of age. He
was then suflfered to indulge his genius.
At sixteen he published a "Treatise on
Conic Sections," and at nineteen he in-
vented an arithmetical machine. Un-
like many early prodigies, he more than
sustained in manhood the fame acqi ired
in youth. But his incessant mental ex-
ertions injured his health, and in some
degree affected his intellect, without,
however, depriving him of the use of
his talents. In 1655 and 1656 he pub-
lished, under the name of Louis de
Montalte, his admirable "Provincial
Letters." His latter days were spent in
the practice of austere devotion. D.
1662.
PASQUIER, Stephen, an eminent
French civilian and writer, was b. 1529,
at Paris ; was a pupil of Cujas, and first
rose into reputation as an advocate by
pleading against the Jesuits before the
parliament. In his writings he was also
a formidable adversary of that ambitious
and powerful order. ' One of his prin-
cipal works is, "Inquiries respecting
France." D. 1615.
PATERCULUS, Caius Velleius, a
Roman historian, of an equestrian family,
flourished in the reigns of Auffustusaiid
Tiberius. He filled the offices of tri-
bune of the soldiers, quaestor, tribune of
the people, and prsptor, and commanded
the cavalry under Tiberius. He is sup-
posed by some to have been involved m
the ruin of Sejanns. Only a part of
his valuable " Epitome of Greek and
Roman historv" is extant.
PATRICK," Simon, u learned prelate,
was h. IB'26, at Gainsborough ; was edu-
cated at QueenV college, Cambridge;
em
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[PEi
and, after having filled with honor sev-
eral secondary preferments, was raised,
in 1689, to tlie see of Chichester, for his
exertions against Catholicity. In 1691
he was translated to Ely ; and he d. 1707.
His chief work is, "Paraphrases and
Commentaries on the Old Testament." —
St., the apostle or patron saint of Ireland,
is supposed by some to have been a na-
tive of Cornwall, whose zeal prompted
him to cross the Channel for the con-
version of the pagan Irish. By others,
however, he is said to have been a na-
tive of Kirkpatrick, on the Clyde ; and
that his name was Saccuthus, until
changed by Pope Celestine. Others
again assert, that he was b. in Britany,
and carried by some freebooters to Ire-
land, where he was at first employed in
keeping sheep. Be this as it may, it is
allowed by all that his endeavors were
crowned with great success, and that he
established there a number of schools
and monasteries. Nennius states that
his missions continued forty years, and
various miracles are attributed to him,
particularly the often-repeated assertion
of the absence of all venomous creatures
from Ireland, ascribed by the supersti-
tious to his holy benediction. We can
no more reconcile the conflicting testi-
monies relative to the place of his birth,
than we could determine the validity of
his miraculous powers ; and perhaps,
for the sake of truth, the least that is
said of either the better. It would seem
that the latter years of his life were de-
voted to acts of piety and religious med-
itation ; and that he d. at an advanced
age, about the year 493. His works, or
at least those ascribed to him, were pub-
lished, with remarks, by Sir James
Ware, in 1658.
PAUL, St. Vincent de, an ecclesiastic
of the church of Rome, was b. in 1576.
In a voyage which he made from Mar-
seilles, his ship was taken by the Turks,
and he remained in slavery some years ;
but having made a convert of his master,
he obtained his liberty, and returned to
France. Louis XIII. made him abbot of
St. Leonard de Chalme, and he also had
the living of Clichy, where he built a
church at his own expense. He was
next placed at the head of the council
of conscience, and chief of the house of
St. Lazare, in which situations his zeal
and charity knew no bounds. He pro-
jected missions into all parts of the
world, and instit-uted a number of be-
nevolent establishments. He d. in 1660,
and was afterwards canonized.
P AULUS, Julius, a celebrated Eomau
lawver, of the 8d century, who, being
made an imperial counsellor under Seve-
rus and Caracalla, distinguished himself
by the boldness with which he delivered
his opinions. Under Heliogabalus he
was banished; but the Emperor Alex-
ander Severus recalled him, rased him
to the consular dignity, and appointed
him praetorian prefect, after the death
of Ulpian. — Peter, grand pensionary of
Holland, was b. in 1754. As a minister
of the marine department he displayed
great activity and intelligence ; but hav-
ing offended the stadtholder's govern-
ment, he was removed from his situation
in 1787, and retired into France. He
afterwards returned, and held very im-
gortant offices in the state. D. 1796.
aulus was the author of a " Commen-
tary on the Treaty of Utrecht," a "Me-
moir on the Equality of Mankind," and
other works.
PAUSANIUS, a Greek orator and
historian, settled at Eome, 170, and d.
there at a very advanced age. He is
the author of a valuable "Historical
Description of Greece," in ten books.
PAUW, Cornelius de, a learned wri-
ter, was b. 1739, at Amsterdam; was
educated at Liege by a relation ; refused
the most tempting offers from Frederic
the Great, to settle at Berlin ; and became
canon of Xanten. He is the author of
"Philosophical Inquiries respecting the
Americans, the Egyptians and Chinese,
and the Greeks."^ All his works are
ingenious, but abound with ^paradoxes
and bold theories. D. 1799.
PEACHAM, Henry, an ingenious
writer of the 17th century, was b. at
North Mims, in Hertfordshire, and edu-
cated at Trinity college, Cambridge. He
afterwards went to Italy, and while in
that country studied painting, music,
and the fine arts generally. His princi-
gal work, entitled "The Complete
rentleman," was once extremely popu-
lar. Besides this, he published " Mi-
nerva Britannica," " Thalia's Banquet,"
" The Valley of Variety," " The Worth
of a Penny," and the "Gentleman's
Exercise." D. about 1640.
PEALE, Charles Wilson, was b. in
Maryland, in 1741, and was successively
a saddler, harness-maker, silversmith,
watchmaker, carver, portrait painter,
naturalist, machinist, and dentist. He
founded the extensive museum at Phila-
delphia, which bears his name. D. 1827.
— Rembrandt, a brother of the above,
was also a distineruislied artist, who was
well known in "Philadelphia and New
York.
pee]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
ftTfl*
PEARCt, Zachaey, a learned prelate,
was b. 1690, in Loudon; was eaucated
at Westminster school, and at Trinity
college, Cambridge ; was successively
rector of Stapletbrd Abbots, and of St.
Bartholomew, near the Bank, vicar of
St. Martin in the Fields, dean of Win-
chester ; and bishop of Bangor and
Rochester. He wrote sermons, some
Sapers in the " Spectator" and " Guar-
ian," " A Commentary on the Evange-
lists and Acts," and other works ; and
gnblished editions of Eonginus, and
icero's " De Ofliciis." D. 1774.
PEARSON, John, an eminent En-
glish prelate, was b. at Snoring, in Nor-
folk, in 1612, and d. bishop of Chester,
in 1686. He is principally known by
his valuable "Exposition of the Creed."
He also wrote "Vindicise Ignatii, or a
Defence of the Epistles of St. Ignatius,"
and other learned works. — Margaret
Eglington, a lady distinguished for her
skill in the art of enamelling, or painting
on glass, was the daughter of Samuel
Paterson, the bibliographer, and married
an artist named Pearson, with whom she
established a manufactory of stained
glass at Hampstead, Some of her pro-
ductions have scarcely ever been equal-
led, particularly her copies of Raphael's
cartoons. D. 1823
PEEL, Sir Robert, third son of Mr.
Peel, of Peel Cross, Lancashire, was b.
17.^0. This gentleman evinced, at a very
early age, a quickness of perception and
a spirit of enterprise which led to dis-
tinguished acts in the course of his
useful life. In 1770 he devoted a great
portion of his time to the improvement
of machinery. In 1773 he embarked in
the cotton trade, accumulated an im-
mense fortune, was created a baronet in
1801, and entered parliament the follow-
ing year. D. '1830.— Sir Robert, son of
the preceding, and the greatest states-
man of his age, was b. Feb. 5, 1788, He
was educated first at Harrow, and after-
wards at Oxford, at both of which places
he distinguished himself by his patient
diligence, his correct taste, and his schol-
arly achievements. At Oxford he took
a first-class degree both in classics and
mathematics. No sooner was this ac-
complished, than his father, in 1809, had
him brought into parliament as member
for Cashel, whilst he was little more than
21 years of age; and the house of com-
mons became thenceforward the arena
of his life. He had not sat long in it
until ho proved himself an able speaker,
and a laborious and sagacious worker.
Tji 1811 he was appointed under-secre-
tary of state for the colonies, under the
Perceval administration. In 1812 ho
was made chief secretary for Ireland,
and shortly after carried his measure
for the reibrm of the currency. He in
1822 became secretary of state for the
home department. Among many other
useful measures identified with his
name, during this period of his career,
may be mentioned his plan for the re-
form of the criminal code, which he
brought forward and carried in 1826.
On the accession of Canning to the pre-
miership in 1827, he refused to take oflBce
under that distinguished statesman;
but he returned in 1828 to the office of
home secretary under the duke of Wel-
lington, and held that post during the
difficult times which preceded the disso-
lution of the tory government in 1830.
Hitherto, his political career had borne
the aspect of devoted adherence to tory-
ism ; but, on accepting office under the
duke of Wellington, he entered upv.n ai
course in whicli the influence of a diflfer-
cnt set of principles came to be apparent ;
for he had but feebly opposed the bill
of Lord John Russell for the repeal of
the test and corporation acts, and him-
self introduced, and carried through, in
1829, the bill for the removal of the
Catholic disabilities, to which he had
previously been opposed. The death
of Earl Spencer, in 1834, having afforded
the king a pretext for dismissing his
whig ministers. Sir Robert Peel was
summoned from Rome, and requested
to form an administration. But his
position in the house was not yet suf-
ficiently strong to enable him to retain
his place, and the government beinj^
beaten on more than one question, on
the 8th of April, 1835, they resigned,
and the whigs once more returned to
office. In 1839 he was again prime
minister for a still shorter period, the
famous " Bed-chamber plot," as it was
called, having compelled him to relin-
quish the reins almost as soon as he liad
grasped them. In the mean time, how-
ever, circumstances were gradually
ripening to render his accession to
power inevitable. Justly or unjustly,
a general impression had gone abroad
unfavorable to the whig administration ;
it was accused of administrative inca-
pacity; and, in the summer of 1841, Sir
Robert Peel led on an attack which
ended in the resignation (^^ Lord Mel-
bourne, and placed him onoe more at
the head of affairs. In 1842 he proposed
one of the most extensive alterations in
the tariff of the country that had evet
680
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
Ipjes
been effected. Hundreds of imposts —
many of them insignificant, but all of
them vexiitious — were swept away. Tlie
corn laws were abolished in June, 1846,
and free trade proclaimed as the com-
mercial policy of the country. Simul-
taneously with the passing of this meas-
ure, Sir Robert Peel resigned office, a
coalition of whigs and protectionists
having defeated him on the Irish coer-
cion bill. From that period he gave a
general support to the whigs, declaring
tliat he had no wish to rcume ofiice.
D. by a fall from his horse, in 1850.
PJfcLAGIUS, a British ecclesiastic of
the 5th century, whose real name was
Morgan, which he changed for the
corresponding Greek term, signifying
" bom of the sea." He is said to have
been abbot of Bangor; and, about the
year 400, he went to Eome, where he
opposed the doctrines of St. Augustin
respecting original sin, irresistil)le grace,
and eternal election, asserting the possi-
bility of man's being saved by his own
merits. Accompanied by his country-
man, Celestius, he went to Palestine,
and met with a kind reception from the
bishop of Jerusalem. In the mean time,
Augustin and Jerome attacked his tenets
with great severity, and the council of
Carthage condemned his opinions as
heretical. At the accession of Pope
Zosimus he took Pelagius and Celestius
under his protection, but he afterwards
turned against them, and instigated the
emperor to persecute their followers.
PELLICO, Silvio, an eminent Italian
poet and martyr, b. 1794, at Florence,
Italy. He wrote a fine tragedy on the
story of Franeesoa di Rimini, narrated
so pathetically by Dante, and other suc-
cessful plays, but in 1820 was seized by
the inhuman government of Austria and
confined for nearly ten years in the dun-
geons of Spielberg. His " Life," written
by himself, gives a most placid and
touching account of the sufferings of
himself, Maroncelli, and other of his
companions, Avhose only crime was a
desire to emancipate their country from
ignominious and cruel thraldom. He d.
in February, 1854.
PELISSON-FONTANIER, Paul, a
French author, was b. 1624, at Beziers.
He was bred to the law, but was forced
to retire from the bar by ill health. He
held an office under Fouqnet, and when
that minister was overthrown, Pelisson
was involved in his rnin, and was com-
mitted to the Bastille, where he remained
during five years. He had, neverthe-
less, tno courage to write three tloquent
and powerful memoirs m behalf of his
fallen patron. Louis XIV. at length
released Pelisson, and loaded him with
favors. Among his works are, "■Histo-
ries of the French Academy," of " Louis
XIV.," and of the " Conquest of Franche
Comte." D. 1693.
PELLOUTIER, SiMo>f, a German his-
torian, of a French family, was b. 1694,
at Lcipsic; became minister of the
French church at Berlin, and librarian
of the Academy ; and d. 1757, a victim
to intense study. His principal work is
a valuable history of the Celts, particu-
larly of the Gauls and Germans.
P'ELOPIDAS, an illustrious Theban,
the son of Hippoclus, was the friend
of Epaminondas ; in conjunction with
whom he rescued Thebes from the com-
bined tyranny of the nobles and the
Lacedemonians. Atler having been re-
peatedly re-elected to the government
of Bceotia, and distinguished himself at
Tegyra and Leuctra, he was slain, 364
B. c, in a battle against Alexander of
Pheraea.
PELTIER, John Gabriel, a French
jxylitical writer, a native of Nantes, b.
about 1770, began his career in 1789, by
the publication of a royalist journal
called "The Acts of the Apostles."
After the lOlh of August he took refuge
at London, and for many years publish-
ed a monthly work, with the title of
"Paris pendant I'Annee." He after-
wards established the " Ambigu," for a
libel in which, upon the first consul, he
was prosecuted by the attorney-general.
He also wrote several pamphlets. D. at
Paris, 1825.
PENN, William, the founder and
legislator of Pennsylvania, whom Mon-
tesquieu denominates the modern Ly-
curgus, was the son of Admiral Penn ;
was b. 1644, in London ; and was edu-
cated at Cliristrchurcli, Oxford. At
college he imbibed the principles of
Quakerism, which, a few years after-
wards, he publicly professed. He was,
in consequence, twice turned out of
doors by his father. In 1668 he began
to preach in public, lind to write in de-
fence of the doctrines which he had
embraced. For this ho was thrice im-
prisoned, and once brought to trial. It
was during his first imprisonment that
he wrote " No Cross, No Crown." In
1677 he visited Holland and Germany,
to propagate Quakerism. In March,
1680-81, he obtained from Charles II. a
grant of that territory which now bears
the name of Pennsylvania ; in 1682 he
embarked for his new colony ; andin
perJ
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
GStl^
the following year he founded Philadel-
phia, lie returned to England in 1684.
So much was he in favor with James II.
that, after the revolution, he was more
than once arrested on suspicion of plot-
ting to restore the exiled monarch ; but
he at length succeeded in establishing
his innocence. The rest of his life was
passed in tranquillity. D. July 30, 1718.
— John, a signer of the declaration of
American independence, was b. in Vir-
ginia, in 1719, received a common school
education, and after studying the pro-
fession, was licensed as a practitioner of
law. He removed to North Carolina,
and was a delegate to congress from that
state. D. 1788.
PENNANT, Thomas, an antiquary
and naturalist, was b. 1726, at the fam-
ily seat of Downing, in Flintshire ; was
educated at Queen's and Oriel colleges,
Oxford ; became a fellow of the Royal
Society, and of various other learned
bodies ; travelled in Great Britain and
on various parts of the Continent.
Among his numerous works may be
mentioned his " Literary Life," " Brit-
ish Zoology," " A Tour in Scotland,"
" Arctic Zoology," " A View of Hin-
dostan," " Outlines of the Globe,"
" An Account of London," and various
tours. D. 1798.
PEPPLRELL, Sir William, lieuten-
ant-general in the British service, was b.
in Maine, and engaged in commercial
pursuits. He was early appointed an
officer in the militia, and for his services
in commanding the successful expedi-
tipn against Louisburg, was rewarded
by the king with the dignity of a bar-
onet. His courage and activity were
much admired by the colonies. D. 1759.
PEPYS, Samuel, was b. .it Brampton,
in Huntingdonshire ; was educated at
St. Paul's school, and at Magdalen col-
lege, Canibridge ; was patronized by his
relative, Montague, afterwards earl of
Sandwich ; and accompanied him, as
secretary, in the fleet that was sent to
bring back Charles II. During the
whole of the reigns of Charles 11. and
James II,, with but one short interval,
he was secretary of the admiralty, in
which capacity he introduced many im-
portant improvements into the navy.
lie resigned after the revolution. For
ten years he was president of the Royal
Society. He wrote " Memoirs of the
Navy ;" but his most interesting work
is his own " Diary," which has recently
been published. D. 1793.
^ERCEVAL, John, first earl of Eg-
mont. was b. at Barton, in Yorkshire,
in 1683. At the accession of Gecrge I.i
he was created Baron Perceval, and in
1733 was made earl of Egmont. He was
a principal promoter of the settlement
of Georgia, in America, and d. in 1748.
— John, his son, second earl of Egmont,
was b. at Westminster, in 1711 ; filled a
situation in the household of the prince
of Wales, and that of joint postmaster-
general ; was in 1762 created an English
f)eer by the title of Lord Lovel and Hol-
and ; was made first lord of the admi-
ralty in 1763 ; and d. in 1770. — Spenckh,
second son of the preceding, was b. in
1762, was educated at Harrow and Cam-
bridge, practised as a chancery barris-
ter, and attached himself at his onset
in political life to the system of Mr. Pittj
who brought him into parliament for
Northampton. Mr. Perceval's knowl-
edge of finance opened to him a field
for promotion ; he was appointed one of
the counsellors for the crown, and soon
became solicitor-general, and, in 1802,
attorney -general. He advocated the
union of England with Ireland, but was
against concession to the Catholics ; in
short, he was a firm supporter of the
measures of ministers during the life of
Pitt, and sat on the opposition side
during the administration of Fox ; at
whose decease, in 1807, he obtained a
place in the cabinet as chancellor of the
exchequer, and also that of chancellor
of the duchy of Lancaster. He was
supposed to iiave the lead in the cab-
inet, although he did not then hold the
office of first lord of the treasury, but to
this he succeeded at the death of the
duke of Portland in 1809. Mr. Perce-
val kept his exalted station only a short
period, for on the 11th of May, 1812, he
was shot on entering the lobby of the
house of commons, by a person named
Bellinghara, who avowed that he had
been waiting with the view of destroy-
ing Lord Leveson Gower, late ambas-
sador to the court of St. Petersburg.
PERCIVAL, Thomas, a physician and
miscellaneous writer, was b. in 1740, at
Warrington, in Lancashire ; studied at
Edinburgh and Leyden; and settled at
Manchester, where he founded a scien-
tific society. Among his works are
" Medical Ethics," " Moral a id Literary
Dissertations," and "A Father's In-
structions to his Ciiildren." D. 1804.
PER(!Y, Thomas, an eminent prelate,
related to the Northumberland family,
was b. 1728, at Bridgcnorth ; was edu-
cated at Christ-church, Oxford ; became
chaplain to the king in 1769, dean of
Carlisle in 1778, and bishop of Dromora
682
CYCLOPJEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[PEH
in 1782. Of his works the principal are,
" The Hermit of Warkworth," a poem ;
a " New Traushition of Solomon's
Song ;" and the " Reliques of English
Poetry." D. 1811. — Pkter Francis, a
celebrated French miUtary surgeon, wiis
b. 1754, at Montagney ; was head sur-
geon to several of the French armies ;
introduced many improvements into
•iurgical practice, and received from
Napoleon the title of baron and com-
mander of the legion of honor. Among
his works are, " The Army Surgeon's
Manual." and " Practical Surgical Pyro-
techny.^' D. 1825.
PEREFIXE, Hardouin de Beau-
mont DE, a French historian and divine,
was b. 1605, at Paris ; studied at Poitiers
and his native city ; and, after having
acquired great popularity as a preacher,
was appointed preceptor to Louis XIV.
in 1644. In 1648 he was raised to the
see of Rhodez, and, in 1662, was made
archbishop of Paris. His principal
work is "The Life of Henry IV.,"
which is tiie best history of that mon-
arch, and has been translated into every
foreign lansruage. D. 1670.
PEREIKE, Jacob Rodriouez, a na-
tive of Estremadura, in Spain, was the
first who practised in France the art of
teaching the deaf and dumb. His
method of instruction was quite differ-
ent to that of the Abbe I'Epee ; but it
was considered so good that Louis XV.
bestowed on him a pension of 500 francs.
He wrote several treatises on the sub-
ject, and d. in 1780.
PERGOLESE, John Baptist, an em-
inent musical composer, was b. in 1704,
at Casoria. He was a pupil of Gaetano
Greco, and was afterwards improved by
the lessons of Vinci and Hasse. For a
considerable part of his short life his
compositions were not popular ; but he
at length acquired, and still retains, a
high reputation. Among his principal
works are, the justly celebrated " Stabat
Mater;" a Mass and Vespers, written
for the duke of Matelon ; " Olimpiade,"
an opera; and the "Salva Regina,"
which was his last production. D. 1737.
PERICLES, an illustrious Athenian
orator, warrior, and statesman, was b.
between 490 and oOO b. c, and received
the lessons of Zeno, Damon, and Anax-
agoras. In opposition to Cimon, he
espoused the popular cause, and he ac-
quired a wonderful ascendency over the
minds of his countrymen. For forty
vears he was at the head of affairs in
A-thens, during which period he in-
creased the military glory of the state,
and embellished the capital with many
mf^iificent edifices. D, 429 b. c.
PERIER, James Constantiwe, an able
French mechanist, was b. 1742, at Paris,
and became a member of the Academy
of Sciences. He and his brother, who
was a partner with him, were the great-
est manufacturers in France of ma-
chinery, particularly of steam-engines,
and at one period had no less than
ninety-three establishments. He wrote
an " Essay on Steam- Engines ;" and
some essays in the " Transactions of the
Academy." D. 1818. — Casimir, a cel-
ebrated French banker, and subsequent-
ly a statesman, was b. at Grenoble, in
1777. He at first entered the army, and
served with reputation in the campaigns
of Italy, (1799 and 1800,) but on the
death of his father, a respectable mer-
chant, abandoned the profession of arms
for commercial business. In 1802 he
established a banking house in company
with his brother, Scipio Perier, in the
management of which he acquired an
intimate acquaintance with the most
difficult and important questions of
fmblic credit and finance. At the revo-
ution of 1830 he took a decided part in
favor of the national liberties, was sub-
sequently chosen president of the cham-
ber?!, and finally lormed one of the first
cabinet of the new king, without hold-
ing the portfolio of any department.
In March, 1831, he succeeded Lafitte as
president of the council ; and d. of chol-
era, in May, 1832.
PERON, Francis, a French naturalist
and voyager, was b. 1775, at Cerilly:
entered the army in 1792, and served
till 1795, during which period he was
made prisoner and lost an eye ; studied
medicme and natural history after his
discharge ; and was appointed, in 1800,
zoologist to the expedition wliieh was
sent to the Australian ocean. He is the
author of a Narrative of his Voyage,
' and of " Observations on Anthropol-
ogy." D. 1810.
PEROUSE, John Francis Galaupkb
LA, a French navigator, was b. 1741, at
Albi, and entered into the naval service
at an early age. In 1782 he commanded
an expedition against the British settle-
ments in Hudson's bay. He was dis-
patched, in 1785, with two vessels, on a
voyage of discovery; and in March,
1788, he sent home an account of his
progress. From that period, however,
nothing more was heard of him, though
vain attempts were made to ascertain
his fate. Chance has, at length, recent-
ly brought to light that both his vessels
ras]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BluGRAPHY.
683
were lost on different islands of the New
Hebrides.
PEKRAULT, Claude, a celebrated
French tirchitect, was b. in 1613, at
Paris, and was oriofinally brought up to
the medical profession, which, liowever,
he abandoned for architecture, and be-
came a member of the Academy of
Sciences. The attacks which Boileau
made upon him disgraced only the sat-
irist. Perrault was a man of great
genius, and his front of the Louvre is
one of the noblest architectural produc-
tions of modern times. He translated
" Vitruvius ;" and wrote various works.
D. 1688. — Chaklks, brother of the fore-
going, was b. 1628, at Paris. He prac-
tised for some time at the bar, but
quitted it for an office under his brother
Peter, who was receiver-general of the
finances of Paris. Subsequently he
rose to be comptroller-general of the
royal buildings. He contributed to the
founding of the academies of Inscrip-
tions, of the Sciences, and of Painting,
Sculpture, and Architecture. His prin-
cipal works are, " Eulogies of Illustrious
Men ;" and a " Parallel between the
Ancients and the Moderns," the last of
■which drew upon him the satire of
Boileau. The well-known " Fairy Tales"
were also written by Perrault. D.
1708.
PERRONET, John Rodolph, a cele-
brated French civil engineer, was b. in
1708, at Surene, and became a member
of many learned societies. Among his
works are, the canal of Burgundy, and
thirteen bridges. Of his bridges the
finest are those of Neuilli, Nemours,
Pont Saint Maxence, and Louis XVI.
at Paris. That of Neuilli was the first
example of an horizontal bridge. D. 1794.
PEKRY, James, an able whig political
writer, b. in 1756, at Aberdeen; was
educated at the high school and univer-
sity of his native place ; settled in Lon-
don in 1777, and was engaged as a writer
in "The General Advertiser and Lon-
don Evening Post." In 1782 he estab-
lished " The European Magazine," the
management of which he quitted at the
end of' a year, to become editor of "The
Gazetteer." He afterwards purchased
'' The Morning Chronicle," of which he
continued to bo the sole proprietor till
his decease; and he raised it to emi-
nence among the public journals. D.
1821. — Oliver Hazard, an American
naval officer, was b. in Rhode Island,
1785. Entering the navy in 1798, he
served in the Mediterranean in the ex-
peditiof against Tripoli^ aud distiugaish-
I ed himself in the late war with \Jreat
i Britain, by obtaining a splendid victory
' over a superior force on Lake Erie. For
this exploit he was raised to the rank of
captain. He commanded the Java in
the expedition to the Mediterranean
under Commodore Decatur. D. 1 820.
PERSIUS FLACCUS, Aulus, a Roman
satirist, was b. 34, at Volterra ; studied
at Rome, and imbibed the Stoic philos-
ophy from Cornutus ; was intimate with
Lucan, Seneca, and other eminent men ;
and d. in his 28th year. His six satires,
animated and often beautiful, but also
often obscure, have been translated into
English by Dryden, Brewster, Drum-
mond, Howes, and Giffofd.
PERTINAX, PuBLius Helvius, a Ro-
man emperor, was b. 126, at Villa Martis.
After having signalized himself in arms,
j)articularly against the Germans, and
tilled various important offices, among
which were those of consul and procon-
sul in Africa, he was raised tothe throne
on the death of Commodus. He began
his reign by restoring discipline and
reforming abuses ; but he was murdered
in 193, by the praetorian guards, after
having held the imperial dignity only
eighty-seven days.
PERUGINO, f*ETER, an eminent paint-
er, whose real name was Vanucci, was-
b. 1446, at Citta della Pieve. He was
the master of Raphael, who has intro-
duced him in his picture of the "School
of Athens." Perugino was suspicious
and avancious, and Vasari charges him.
with an utter want of religion. As a
painter he has high merit. D. 1524.
PESCENNIUS NIGER, Caius, a Ro-
man emperor, a native of Aquino, of a
considerable family, was appointed gov-
ernor of Syria, and commander of the
legions in Asia, by Commodus. On the
death of Pertinax, the troops of Pescen-
nius proclaimed him emperor, in 193,
but he was opposed by Severus. After
having been defeated at Issus, in 195,
he was killed by some soldiers, while he
was on his flight to the Parthian do-
minions. His virtues rendered him
worthy of a happier fate.
PESTALOZZI, Henry, celebrated for
having introduced a new method of ed-
ucation, was b. 1745, at Zurich. After
having studied theolo,^y and jurispru-
dence, he relinquished his views with
respect to the church and the bar, to cul-
tivate his own small property. Witness-
ing the wretchedness of th'e peasantry,
he became anxious to ameliorate their
situation by cultivating their mental fac-
ulties. In the pursuit of im beuavolent
684
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT.
[pet
purpose he published several works, and
considerably injured his fortune. It
was not till 1798, however, that his plans
were patronized by the Helvetic govern-
ment. Under that patronage, he, for
several years conducted an institution,
which acquired extensive celebrity. D.
1827.
PETER THE HERMIT, memorable
as having been the author of the Cru-
sades, was b. at Amiens, about the mid-
dle of the nth century. He quitted the
profession of arms to become a hermit,
m wliich capacity he made, about 10U3,
a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Indig-
nant at the insults to which the Chris-
tians were subjected, he originated the
plan of expelling the Infidels from Pal-
estine. History has recorded the suc-
cess with which he preached it after his
return to Europe. He led the first irreg-
ular band of crusaders, but he displayed
little talent, and most of his followers
were destroyed. D. 111.3, abbot of New
Moutier, in tlie territory of Liege.
PETER I. Alexievitsch, surnamed
The Great, czar of Russia, was b. 1 672^
In 1682 he succeeded to a share in the
crown, and, in 1696, obtained the sole
authority on the death of his brother
Ivan. At an early period he began to
form projects for the civilization and
aggrandizement of his empire. Military I
and naval improvements were the first |
objects of his eiforts, and he was ably j
seconded by his confidant and counsel
lor, Lefort, a native of Geneva. He
twice travelled, in 1697 and 1716, to ac- j
quire knowledge, and, in the course of j
his first journey, he worked as a ship- j
wright in the dockyard at Saardam. !
From all quarters he likewise invited ;
men of talent and mechanical skill to
settle in Russia. In 1700 he entered
upon a war with Sweden, which lasted
till 1721. At the commencement of it
he was repeatedly defcate<i, at Narva
and other places, "but he at len,^th ac-
quired the ascendency, gained a decisive
victory at Pultowa, iii 1709, and wrested
several provinces from the Swedes. On
part of the territory thus conquered he
founded St. Petersburg. In 1711, how-
ever, he was less fortunate against the
Turks, by whom he was sixrrounded on
the banks of the Pruth, and compelled
to sign an ignominious peace. Against
Persia he was successful, in 1723, and
obliged that power to make extensive
cessions to him. But amidst all his
glory his latter years were clouded by
domestic infelicity ; his wife, Catharine,
was more than suspected of being un- i
faithful to him; and his son, Alexis,
was disobedient. The former he spared ;
the latter he brought to trial, and is bo-
believed to have put to death in prison.
D. 1725.
PETERBOROUGH, Charles Mob-
daunt, earl of, the son of Lord Mor-
daunt, was b. in 1658; distinguished
himself against the Moors at Tangier, in
1680; contributed to the revolution, and
was created earl of Monmouth ; suc-
ceeded to the title of Peterborough in
1697; was appointed commander-in-
chief of the English forces in Spain, in
1705, at the head of which he reduced
Barcelona, and obtained otlier splendid
successes, for which he was appointed
generalissimo of the imperial forces;
was made general of the marines, and a
knight of the garter by George I. ; and
d. 1785.
PETERS, Hugh, a celebrated fanatic,
was the son of a Cornish merchant;
was educated at Trinity college, Cam-
bridge ; and, after having been on the
stage, in the church, and a resident in
America, took a very active part against
Charles I., for which he was executed in
1660. He wrote "Discourses;" and a
" Last Legacy to his Daughter." — Rich-
ard, an eminent judge, was b. in 1744,
and received his education in the city
of Philadelphia. He adopted the pro-
fession of the law, and soon obtained an
extensive practice. At the commence-
ment of hostilities with the mother
country, he joined the side of the' colo-
nies, and, in 1776, was appointed by
congress secretary of the board of war.
His exertions in this department were
highly meritorious and useful, and, on
resigning the post, in 1781, he was
elected a member of congress, and as-
sisted in closing the business of the war.
On the organization of the new govern-
ment, he was appointed judge of the
district court of Pennsylvania, and per-
formed the duties of this office for thir-
ty-six years. During this time he was
engaged in several objects of public im-
provement, and issued several valuable
publications in relation to agriculture.
A-s a judge he possessed powers of a high
order, and his decisions on admiralty
law form the groundwork of this bnincli
of our jurisprudence. Tlieir principles
were not only sanctioned by our own
courts, but w<!re simultaneously adopted
by Lord Stowell, the distinguished mari-
time judge of Great Britain. D. 1828.
PETION, Alexander, a mulatto,
whose real name was Sabes, was the
son of a St. Domingo planter ; was b. at
pha]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
685
Port au Prince, in 1770, and received a
liberal education. From the commence-
ment of the struggle between the blacks
and the whites in his native island, he
bore arms, and distinguished himself
on various occasions. In 1807 he was
elected president of the republic of
Hayti, comprehending the southern and
western part of St. Domingo, and this
office he filled so worthily, that he was
called The Father of his Country. D.
1818.
PETIS DE LA CEOIX, Francis, a
celebrated orientalist, was b. in 1658, at
Paris; was employed in negotiations
with the Barbary powers, and was Ara-
bic professor at the royal college ; and
d. 1713. Among his works are, "A
History of Tamerlane," "Persian Tales,"
and " Turkish Talcs."
PETIT, John Lewis, an eminent sur-
geon, was b. 1674, at Paris, studied
anatomy under Littre, and surgery un-
der Castel ; was for some years an army
and hospital surgeon, settled at Paris,
gave lectures, acquired a well-merited
reputation ; and became director-general
of the surgical school. He invented a
tourniquet, and a method of extracting
foreign bodies from the oesophagus:
and wrote a treatise on " Diseases of
the Bones," and a treatise on surgical
diseases. D. 1750.
PETITOT, JoHTi, an admirable painter
in enamel, who so much improved that
branch of the art, that he may almost
be said to be the inventor of it, was b.
1607, at Geneva, and d. at Vevay, 1691.
He was patronized bv Charles I. of En-
fland, and afterwards, by Louis XIV.
'etitot worked in conjunction with his
brother-in-law Bourdier, and it is hon-
orable to the character of both, that
they lived together for half a century
without the slightest disagreement.
PETRARCH, Francis, one of the four
greatest of the Italian poets, was b. in
1304, at Arezzo. The dissensions which
distracted his country induced his father
to remove to Avignon; and the first
rudiments of education were received
by Petrarch, at Carpcntras, from Con-
vennole. Being intended for the law,
he studied it at Montpellier and Bologna.
His whole soul, however, was devoted
to literature ; but it was not till he was
in his twentieth year that the death of
his father allowed him to indulge his
inclination. Having settled at Avignon,
he saw the beautitul Lap.ra de Noves.
Her charms inspired him with a lasting
passion, the effusions of which he
poured forth in those sonnets and odes
58
which have rendered his name immortal,
but which failed to gain the object of his
affections. After having vainly trav-
elled to forget or moderate his love, he
settled at Vaucluse, a romantic spot,
where he wrote some of his finest
works. His literary reputation attracted
the regard of princes; lie was invited to
Naples, to Paris, and to Rome ; and re-
ceived the laureate crown in the capitol
of the latter city. Among his warmest
friends and patrons was the Colouna
family. In 1348 his feelings were deeply
wounded by the death of Laura. Ho
survived her, however, nearly thirty
years, during all which period he was
admired and honored by his own coun-
trymen, and by foreign princes. Of all
his numerous works, in prose and
verse, his Italian poems alone preserve
their reputation undiminished ; out ♦^hey
are identified with literature itself, and
till that is annihilated their fame is se-
cure. D. 1374.
PFEFFEL, Christian Frederic, a
jurisconsult and diplomatist, was b. at
Colmar, in 1726. Becoming the friend
of the count de Bruhl, he was em-
ployed on various diplomatic missions,
and was made jurisconsult to the king;
but during the revolution his property
was confiscated, and he was placed on
the list of emigrants. He was the au-
thor of several excellent works, among
which his "Abrege Chronologiaue de
I'Histoire, et du Droit publique d'Alle-
magne." D. 1807.
PHiEDRUS, Julius, an elegant Latin
fabulist, was b. on the frontier of Thrace
and Macedonia, was a slave of Augustus,
by whom he was manumitted, and was
persecuted by Sejanus, during the re'igp
of Tiberius. The time of his death is
not recorded. After having lain in
oblivion for many centuries, his Fables
were discovered by Francis Pithou, and
given to the press by Peter his brother.
PHALARIS, a native of Crete, whose
cruelty, and the horrid instrument with
which he wreaked his vengeance on
those who fell under his displeasure,
have become proverbial. In 571 b. c,
he made himself master of Agrigentum,
in Sicily, where he was guilty of horri-
ble cruelties. Among other instruments
of destruction, he caused a hollow bra-
zen bull to be made, so contrived, that
when a fire was kindled under the body,
the cries of the unhappy victim within
resembled the roarings of the animal it
represented. Phalaris, after commend-
ing the work, ordered Perillns, the
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[phi
After a sauguinary reign of eight years,
the citizens at length seized tlie tyrant,
and with a severe but just retaliation
consumed him by a alow fire in his own
bull, 563 B.C.
PHIDIAS, one of the greatest of
sculptors, an Athenian, is supposed to
have been b. about 4^*7 or 498 b. c, and
to have d. 431 b. c. Little, however, is
known respecting his life. Hippias is
stated by some to have been his master,
and Eladas by others. He executed
several statues of Minerva, particularly
that in the Parthenon, (the works of
which temple he superintended,) a
statue of Jupiter Olympus, and various
other admirable productions,
PHILIDOK, Francis Andkew, a com-
poser, was b. 1726, at Dreux ; composed
a great number of operas, and set Alex-
ander's Feast, and the Carmen Seculare,
to music, and d. in 1795, in London.
Philidor had respectable musical talents,
but he owes his tame to his consummate
skill as a chess player, in which he has
seldom been equalled. He wrote " The
Analysis of Chess," which has passed
through many editions, and may be
called one of the classical works upon
the game.
PHILIP. II. king of Macedon, soil of
Amyutas 11. and father of Alexander
the Great, was b. 383 b. c. The art of
war he learned under Epaminondas. On
the death of his brother Perdiccas, he
usurped the throne, at first under the
guise of guardian to his infant nephew.
After having repeatedly defeated the
bordering powers, and enlarged his do-
minions by successive encroachments,
he extinguished the liberties of Greece
by the victory of Cheronsea. He was
next appointed general of the Greeks
against the Persians, and was preparing
to invade Asia, when he was assassi-
nated by Pausanias, 336 b. c. — Marcus
Julius, a Roman emperor, surnamed
the Arab, from his being b. at Bosra, in
Arabia, rose from being a common sol-
dier to the highest rank in the army.
He gained the throne, in 244, by the
assassination of Gordian, and for a
while his liberality rendered him popu-
lar. He was at length defeated by
Decius, and was slain by his own troops
in 249.
PHILIPS, John, a poet, was b. 1676,
at Bampton, was educated at Winches-
ter school and Christ-church, Oxford,
and d. 1708. While at college, he wrote
"The Splendid Shilling," the most
popular of his works, and the poem of
♦' Blenheim." He is the author, hkewise,
of " Cyder," a poem, in imitation of Vit
gil. — Ambrose, a poet and dramatist,
b. in Leicestershire, in the latter part of
the seventeenth century; received his
education, and obtained a fellowship at
St. John's college, Cambridge, and be-
came registrar of the Irish prerogative
court. He wrote poems, the tragedies
of "The Briton," " Humphry, Duke of
Gloucester," and "The Distressed
Mother," and a "Life of Archbishop
Williams," and contributed to the peri-
odical paper called the " Freethinker."
His pastorals involved him in a quarrel
with Pope, by whom they were insidi-
ously attacked in the " The Guardian."
D. 1749.
PHILLIPS, Thomas, a portrait painter
of considerable merit, was b. at Dudley,
in Warwickshire, in 1770. Having had
some initiatory practice in the country,
he went to London when he was about
20, and found employment at Windsor,
under Benjamin West, who was at that
time engaged in decorating St. George's
chapel. He was devotedly attached to
his profession, but for many years he
had to contend with the superior talents
of West, Lawrence, Hoppner, &c., wlio
were in their zenith ; but by unceasing
application, and a laudable emulation
which never forsook him, he gained so
much celebrity, as to number among
his sitters some of most eminent men
in the kingdom. He also wrote many-
occasional essays on the fine arts ; and,
in co-operation with Turner, Chantrey,
Robertson, and others, he planned and
successively matured the Artists' Gen-
eral Benevolent Institution. D. 1845.
PHILO, Juntos, a learned Jewish
writer of Alexandria, who was one of
the deputation sent by the Jews to lay
their complaints against the Greeks of
Alexandria before the emperor Caligula,
A. D. 40. He wrote several works in
Greek, the principal of which is entitled,
" Of the Contemplative Life."— Of By-
zantium, an architect, who flourished
300 B. c. He wrote a treatise on the
machines used in war ; and there is also
attributed, to him a piece, entitled " De
Septem Orbis Spectaculis."
PHILOLAUS, of Crotona, a cele-
brated Pythagorean philosopher, who
flourished 376 b.c. He belonged to the
Pythagorean school, and by some is
supposed to have written the " Golden
Verses of Pythagoras." He is also said
to have first taught the true system of
the universe, revived by Copernicus,
I but this supposition is erroneous.
I PHILOP(EMEN, a celebrated gen-
pio]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
687
eral, who has been called the last of the
Greeks, was b. 223 b. c, at Megalopolis,
in Acadia; became generalissimo of
the Archaean league ; reduced the Spar-
tans to a tributary state, dismantled
Sparta, and abolished the laws of Ly-
curgus ; but was at length taken pris-
oner in a battle with the Messeniuns,
and was put to death by poison, 183 b.c.
PHOCION, an Athenian, illustrious
for his virtues no less tiian for his tal-
ents, was b. about 400 b.c, of an obscure
family. Plato and Xenocrutes were his
masters in philosophy. Forty-five times
he was placed at the head of the Athe-
nian armies, and on all occasions dis-
Elayed bravery and skill. He was,
owever, a lover of peace, and he dis-
couraged hostile proceedings against the
Macedonians, because he was convinced
that circumstances were such as to ren-
der success hopeless. In probity and
disinterestedness he was never sur-
passed. He was, nevertheless, con-
demned to die by poison, 318 b.c, and
was even denied a grave in his own
country. When the madness of popular
passion had subsided, the Athenians
raised a statue to his memory, and put
his accuser to death.
PIAZZI, Joseph, a celebrated astron-
omer, was b. 1746, at Ponte, in the Val-
teline; entered into the order of the
Theatins, and, after having been a pro-
fessor at Genoa, Malta, and Ravenna,
was invited to Palermo, in 1780, to fill
the professorship of the higher branches
of matheinatics. At Palermo he obtained
the establishment of an observatory,
and entered into a correspondence with
the most eminent European astrono-
mers. He made a new catalogue of
stars, containing seven thousand six
hundred and forty-six, and, on the 1st
of January, 1801, discovered an eighth
planet, to which he gave the name of
Ceres Ferdinandea. He is the author
of " Astronomical Lessons" and of va-
rious other scientific works. D. 1826.
PICARD, John, an able- French as-
tronomer and mathematician, was b. in
1620, at La Flache, in Anjou, became
astronomer to the Academy of Sciences
at Paris, and made a voyage to Urani-
burg to ascertain the exact longitude
and latitude of that observatory. He
was the first who observed the phos-
phoric li^ht in the barometric vacuum,
and applied the telescope to quadrants.
He edited the " Connoissance des
Temps, from 1679 to 1688 ;" and wrote
a narrative of his voyage, and other
vorks. D. 1684. — Louis Beneiuct, a
celebrated French dramatist and ro-
mance writer, was b. 1769, at Paris, and
d. there 1824. For many years he waa
also a popular actor. lie wrote nearly
a hundred dramatic pieces, most of
which were crowned with success. His
romances, among which may be men-
tioned "The History of Gabriel Deso-
dry," " The Gil Bias of the Revolution,"
and "The Confessions of Laurence
GilFard," are inferior to his comedies.
PTCART, Bernard, an engraver, the
son of Stephen, who was of the same
profession, was b. 1663, at Paris; ac-
quired an early reputation for designing
as well as engraving, and settled in
Holland with liis father. Among his
best works are, " The Massacre of the
Innocents," " Time discovering Truth,"
and "The Arcadian Shepherds." He
also executed the plates for the "Reli-
gious Ceremonies of all Nations." D.
1733.
PICCINI, Nicholas, an eminent com-
poser, was b. 1721, at Bari, and studied
irader Leo and Durante, of the latter of
which masters he was the fivvorite pupil.
He began his career in 1754, and soon
acquired an extensive reputation by his
compositions, particularly by his " La
Buona," " Figluola," and " Olympia."
After a residence of nearly twenty years
at Rome, he was invited to Paris. His
subsequent life was checkered with
much vexation and ill fortune. D. 1800.
PICCOLOMINI, OcTAVius, a leader
of the imperial armies, one of the most
distinguished generals of the thirty
years' war, was b. in Italy, in 1599, and
made his first military essays in that
country, in the Spanish army. He
passed into the service of the emperor,
and rendered himself conspicuous for
bravery and talent, at Lutzen, Nordlin-
gen, and many other battles. Returning
to the Spanish colors, he was appoint^
commander-in-chief in the NetlierlaiiJs,
but was soon recalled by the emperor,
and was made field-marshal. His sub-
sequent exploits gained for him the title
of prince. D. 1656.
PICHEGRU, Charles, one of the
most celebrated generals produced by
the wars of the French revolution, was
b. of poor parents, in 1761, at Arbois,
in Franche Comte; was educated by the
monks of that town ; and was a tutor
to the mathematical and philosophical
classes at the college of Brienne, when
Bonaparte was a student there. He en-
tered into the artillery as a private sol-
dier, and rose to be adjutant before
1789. Subsequent to the revolution he
68a
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[PIQ
rapidly attained the rank of general of
division. After having commanded the
anny of the Rhine, he was placed, in
February, 1794, at the head of the army
of the North. He defeated the allies in
several actions, and soon achieved the
conquest of tne Netherlands and of
Holland. But, in 1795, while general
of the army of the Ehine, he sullied his
fame by entering into negotiations with
tlie exiled Bourbons. In 1797 he was
elected a member of the council of five
hundred, and was chosen president of
that body. He was one of those who
were transported to Cayenne by the di-
rectory, after its triumph in September ;
but he contrived to make his escape to
England. In 1804, in conjunction with
Georges and others, he visited Paris,
for the purpose of attempting the over-
throw of the consular government. He
was arrested, and committed to the
Temple ; and was found dead in his
bed, by strangulation.
PICHLER, Caroline, one of the most
prolific writers that Germany has pro-
duced, was b. at Vienna, 1769. Her
maiden name was Greiner. Her father
held a high position at the court of
Vienna ; and his house was long cele-
brated for its reunions of all tliat was
most distinguished in that metropolis
for rank, fashion, and genius. She re-
ceived a ^rst- rate education, and showed
an early predilection for literary pur-
suits ; but it WHS not till after she had
attained her 30th year that she appeared
as an authoress, her first work, called
the " Gleichnisse," bein^ pubUshed in
1799. This was followed from time to
time by various other works of consid-
erable merit ; but these were all thrown
into the shade by her " Agathocles,"
which appeared in 1808, and was written
with the view of counteracting Gibbon's
attacks upon the Christian faith. Her
works amount to more than 60 volumes,
consisting chiefly of dramas and histor-
ical romances ; of which may be men-
tioned the " Grafen von Hohenberg,"
" Die Belagerung Wien's von 1683,"
*' Die Schweden in Prag," " Die Wie-
dereroberung von Ofen," " Ilenriette
von England," '* Die Frauenwiirde,"
and the " Nebenbuhler," &c. D. 1843.
PICKERING, Timothy, an American
statesman, was b. at Salem, in 1746, and
was graduated at Harvard college in
1763. He took an active part in the
popular cause, and, in organizing the
provisional government of Massachu-
getts in 1775, was appointed a judge of
the court of common pleas for Essex,
and sole judge of the maritime court for
the middle district. During the war lie
was appointed adjutant-general, and
subsequently a' member of the board of
war. From 1790 to 1798, at ditl'erent
intervals, he was employed on various
negotiations with the Inclians. He was
successively postmaster-general, secre-
tary of war, and secretary of state.
From the last office he was removed by
President Adams in 1800. From 1803
to 1811 he was a senator in congress
from his native state, and from 18114 lo
1817 a representative in that body. In
public life he was distinguished for
firmness, energy, activity, and disinter-
estedness. D. 1829.
PICTET DE EICHEMONT, Charles,
was b. in 1755, at Geneva ; spent several
years in the military service ; retired to
his estate, where he devoted himself to
farming and literature ; and was em-
ployed in 1815 as negotiator for Swit-
zerland at Paris, Vienna, and Berlin.
He conducted (in conjunction with his
brother and M. Maurice) " Tlie Britan-
nic Library ;" translated various works
from the English ; and published '* A
Course of Agriculture," and other pro-
ductions on the same subject. D. 1824.
PIERCE, Edward, an English painter
in the reign of Charles 1. and II. He
wiis eminent in history and landscapes •
but as his works chiefly consisted of
altar-pieces and ceilings of churches,
there are few of his pictures in existence,
most of them having been destroyed in
the fire of London. One of his sons
was an excellent sculptor, and executed
the statues of Sir Thomas Gresham and
Edward III., which ornamented the
royal exchange before it was destroyed
by fire, Jan. 10, 1838.
PIGAFETTA, Anthony, a voyager
of the 16th century, was one of the
eighteen companions of Magellan, who
survived the voyage, and returned to
Seville, in 1522. In 1524 he was made
a knight of Rhodes. He wrote a nar-
rative of the voyage, the MS. of which
was supposed to be lost, but was dis-
covered, some years ago, in the Arabro-
sian library at Milan.
PIGALLE, John Baptist, an eminent
sculptor, was b. inl 714, at Paris; stud-
ied at Rome ; became a sculptor to the
French monarch, and a knight of the
order of St. Michael. Among his best
works are, tlie monument of Marshal
Saxe, Love and Friendship, and statues
of Silence, Mercury, and Venus. D. 1785.
PIGNOTTI, Laurence, an Italian
poet and historian, was b. at Figlieaa,
pin]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
«#
in Tuscany, in 1789; wns educated at
Arezzo and Pisa ; practised as a physi-
cian at Ilorence ; was created histori-
ogi-apher of tlie court, and became rector
of the un'- ..sity of Pisa. His "Fables"
have acquired an extensive popularity,
but his great fume was acquired by his
"Historv of Tuscanv." D. 1812.
PIKLER, or PIOHLER, John, the
most able gem engraver of the age, was
b. in 1734, at Naples, and was the son
of John Anthony, who was also cele-
brated for his skill in the same art. He
was knighted by Joseph II. His works
arc numerous, and highly valued. D.
1791.
PILKINGTON, James, an English
bishop, was b. at Rivington, in Lan-
cashire, in 1520, and educated at St.
John'.s college, Cambridge, of which he
became master. During the persecution
under Mary, he was obliged to leave the
kingdom, but on the accession of Eliza-
beth he was made bishop of Durham,
and d. in 1575. He wrote some valuable
*' Commentaries on the Scriptures." —
Letitia, the dausrhter of Dr. Van Lewen,
a physician of Dublin, was b. in 1712.
She became the wife of the Rev. Mat-
thew Pilkington, from whom she was
separated on account of the irregularity
of her conduct. After this she settled
in London, where she subsisted partly
by writing, and partly by the bounty of
lier friends. She wrote "The Roman
Father," a tragedy; and "The Turkish
Count, or London Apprentice," a com-
edy ; " Memoirs of her Life ;" and va-
rious poems, &c. D. 1750.
PILPAY, an oriental fabulist, was a
Brahmin of Hindostan, and counsellor
to one of the rajahs. He is said to have
flourished 2000 years before the Chris-
tian era. His fables were translated
trom the Persian into French, by Gal-
land, in 1714.
PINCKNEY, Charles Cotesworth,
a distinguished officer of the revolu-
tionary army, was b. in South Carolina,
received his education in England, and
studied law in the Temple. On return-
ing to his native province in 1769, he
devoted himself to the successful prac-
tice of his profession. On the com-
mencement of hostilities he renounced
law for the study of military tactics,
and was soon promoted to the command
of the first regiment of Carolina infantry.
He Wi\» subsequently aid-de-camp to
Washington, and in this capacity at the
battles of Brandy wine and Germantown.
On the surrender of Charleston he was
i'aken prisoner, and remained so till all
58*
opportunity of gaining fresh reputation
in the field had passed. He was a
member of the convention whicli formed
the federal constitution, and in 1796 was
appointed minister to France. When
preparations were making for war on
account of the expected French invasion,
Mr. Pinekney was nominated a major
general, but lie soon had an opportunity
of retiring to the quiet of private life.
He was afterwards president of the
Cincinnati society of tlie United States.
D. 1825.
PINDAR, the greatest of Ivric poets,
was b. about 522 b. c, near I'hebes. in
Boeotia, and is believed to have d. about
442 B. 0. He was patronized by Theron
of Agrigentum, and Hiero of Syracuse,
at the court of which latter prince he is
said to have resided during the closing
years of his existence. Little, however,
IS known of his real history. Of his
works which were numerous, and in
various kinds of composition, time has
spared only four books of Odes ; but
what it has spared is amply sufficient to
vindicate his claim to be ranked among
the most illustrious of ancient bards.
PINEL, Philip, an eminent French
physician, was b. in 1742, at St.* Paul,
in the department of the Taru ; prac-
tised with distinguished success at Paris,
particularly in cases of insanity ; intro-
duced the most important improvements
into the mode of treating insane pa-
tients ; acquired great popularity by his
lectures. Among his works are, "A
Medico-philosophical Treatise on Men-
tal Alienation," " Philosophical Nosog-
raphy," and "Clinical Medicine." D.
1826.
PINGRE, Alexander Guy, an able
astronomer, was b. in 1711, at Paris ;
was originally an ecclesiastic, and began
the study of astronomy at a late period ;
and made a voyage, in 1760, to Isle Ro-
driguez, to observe the transit of Venus,
and three subsequent voyages, to try
the chronometers of Berthoud and Le
Roy. The most important of his works
is his " Cometography, or Historical and
Theoretical Treatise on Comets." Ds
1796.
PINKERTON, John, a fertile bu'
eccentric author, was b. in 1753, in
Edinburgh. He was educated at Lanark
grammar school, and served five years
as clerk to an attorney ; after which he
settled in London, and gave himself up
to literature. He began his career by
Soetical productions, among which were,
:hymes, Odes, and Tales, but he did
[ not rise above mediocrity. In emulation
om
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[PIR
of Chatterton lie also produced two vol-
umes of pretended ancient Scottish
poems. One of his earliest works was
" Letters on Literature," under the as-
sumed name of " Kobert Heron," in
which he displayed a degree of vanity
and impudence which has seldom been
equalled. In his latter years he took up
his abode in France. Among the Avorks
of this indefatigable writer are, an ex-
cellent " Essay on Medals," " The
Treasury of Wit," " A Dissertation on
the Origin of the Scythians and Goths,"
"A History of Scotland," " Iconographia
Scotica," " Modern Geography," " A
Collection of Voyages and T^ravels,"
" Recollections of Paris," and " Petral-
ogy, or a Treatise on Rocks."
PINKNEY, William, an eloquent
lawyer and statesman, was b. in Mary-
laud, in 1765, and prepared himself for
the bar under the instruction of Judge
Chase. He was admitted to practice in
1786, and soon gave indications of pos-
sessing superior powers. He was a
member of the convention of Maryland
which ratified the federal constitution.
In 1776 he was appointed one of the
commissioners under the British treaty.
The state of Maryland also employed
him to procure a settlement of its claims
on the bank of England, and he recov-
ered for it the sum of 800,000 dollars.
This detained him in England till the
year 1804, when he returned and re-
sumed his professional labors. In 1806
he was sent as envoy extraordinary to
London, and in 1808 received the au-
thority of minister plenipotentiary. He
returned to the United States in 1811,
and soon after was appointed attorney-
feneral. This office he held till 1814.
)Hring the incursion of the British into
Maryland, he commanded a battalion,
and was wounded in the battle of Bla-
densbnrg, in August, 1814. He was
afterwards representative in congress,
minister plenipotentiary to Russia, en-
voy to Naples, and in 1819 senator in
congress. In the last office he continued
till his death in 1822. — Edward Coate,
son of the foregoing, was b. in London,
in 1802, passed his infancy in England,
and was placed as a student in Baltimore
college at the age of 10 or 11. He en-
tered the navy as a midshipman, and
continued in the service tor several
years. On the deatVi of his father he
quitted the navy and devoted himself
to the practice of the law. Ho published,
in 1825, a volume of noems, which pos-
p»sa much beauty. D. 1828.
PINZON, Vincent Yanez, a Spanish
navigator, accompanied Columbus on
his memorable voyage; was the first
European who crossed the line; dis-
covered Brazil and the river Amazon;
was appointed one of the royal pilots ;
and d. in the early part of the 16tn cen-
tury.
PIOMBO, Sebastiano del, an emi-
nent painter, b. at Venice, in 1485. He
renounced music, of which he was very
fond, for painting, and studied under
Bellini, but afterwards took the fine
coloring of Giorgione as a model. The
delicacy of his pencil was much ad-
mired, and Michael Angelo encouraged
him to enter into competition with
Raphael, and even supplied him with
designs, which Piombo often executed
very happily, although by no means ca-
pable of lofty conceptions or sublime
inventions. His greatest work is his
" Resurrection of Lazarus," now in the
British national gallery. D. 1547.
PIOZZI, Hester Lynch, a miscellane-
ous writer, whose maiden name was
Salisbury, was b. 1739, at Bodvel, and
was united, in 1763, to Mr. Thrale, an
opulent brewer. For many years Dr.
Johnson was the intimate friend of her
and her husband. After the death of
Mr. Thrale she accepted the addresses
of Signor Piozzi; an act which occa-
sioned a dissolution of her friendship
with Johnson. For a considerable peri-
od she resided at Florence with her
second husband, and while there she
contributed to the " Florence Miscella-
ny." Among her works are, "Anecdotes
of Dr. Johnson," "Observations in a
Journey through France, Italy, and
Germany," "British Synonymy," and
"Retrospection." D. 1821.
PIRANESl, John Baptist, an emi-
nent engraver and antiqnarv, was b.
1707, at Rome, in which city te d. 1778.
Piranesi was one of the most inde-
fatigable of artists, and his talents
were equal to his industry. — Francis, a
son of the foregoing, and the inheritor
of his genius, was b. 1748, at Rome.
The magnificent works begun by his
father he continued with such a kin-
dred spirit that the labors of the parent
and son cannot be distinguished from
each other ; and he executed manj'^ oth-
ers of equal magnitude. D. 1810.
PIRON, Alexis, a French poet, dram-
atist, and wit, was b. 1689, at Dijon, and
was about to become a barrister, when
family misfortunes compelled him, not
very reluctantly, to relinquish the bar.
He went to Paris, and for a while earned
a scanty subsistence as a copyist. To
piu]
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
em
write for the stage was liis next resource.
He began by composing pieces for the
theatre af the Comic Opera, and "Har-
lequin DeucaHon" was his first effort.
In 1728 he tried the regular drama, and
produced the comedy of " The Ungrate-
ful Son." It was not, however, till
1738, that he gained a place among the
highest class of dramatists, by his ad-
mirable comedy of " Metromania," which
is justly considel-ed as a masterpiece.
D, 1773.
PISISTRATUS, an Athenian, who
flourished in the 5th century before the
Christian era, and was distinguished for
eloquence and valor. He thrice obtained
the sovereign authoritj'^ at Athens. Twice
he was expelled, and m the last instance
he remained eleven years in exile, before
he conld again seize the reins of power.
Though bearing the name of a tyrant,
Pisistratus was just and liberal. He
established a public -library at Athens,
and collected the poems of Homer in
their present form. D. 527 b. c.
PITT, Christopheb, an elegant poet,
was b. in 1699, at Blandford ; was edu-
cated at Winchester and at New college,
Oxford ; and obtained, in 1722, the living
of Pimperne, which he held till his de-
cease, in 1748. His Poems have consid-
erable merit ; and his transhitions of
the " JLneid" and of " Vida's Art of
Poetry," are of a superior kind. — Wil-
liam, a celebrated statesman, the second
son of the great earl of Chatham, was b.
May 28, 1759, at Hayes, in Kent. The
earlier part of his education he received
at home, under the watchful superinten-
dence of his father, who spared no pains
to cultivate his talents, and especially to
give him habits of self-possession and
of public speaking. At the age of 14
he went to Pembroke hall, Cambridge.
In 1780, after having studied at Lincoln's
Inn, he was called to the bar, but he
only once or twice went to the western
circuit. He was destined to move in a
higher sphere. Early in 1781 he was
returned to parliament for the borough
of Appleby, and immediately became
one of the most distinguished members
of the opposition. He began political
life as the friend of parliamentary reform.
While the earl of Shelburne was in oifice,
Pitt was chancellor of the exchequer.
The triumph of the coalition displaced
him for a while; but, on the downfall
of their administration, he returned to
power as prime minister. In vain the
nouse of commons endeavored to effect
his expulsion ; the parliament was dis-
solved ; and a general election gave him
an overwhelming majority. Frori 1786
till 1801, he continued to hold the reins
of government, during one of the most
stormy periods of our history ; and his
admirers have conferred on him the title
of " the pilot that weathered the storm."
He resigned in 1801 ; but resumed his
post in 1804, and held it till his decease,
which took place on the 23d of January,
1806. His dissolution is believed to
have been hastened by the disastrous
result of the continental coalition in
1805. With respect to pecuniary con-
siderations no man was ever more dis-
interested and incorrupt, and he d. poor.
In eloquence he rivalled some of the
most illustrious of the ancient orators.
As a finance minister he possessed great
abilities, though the policy of some of
his measures is more than doubtful ;
but in the conduct of a war he did not
shine, for his plans were neither grandly
conceived nor vigorously executed.
PITTACUS, one of the seven sages
of Greece, who was a warrior as well as
a philosopher, was b. about 650 b. c, at
Milylene, in the island of Lesbos; ex-
Eelled the tyrant Melanchrus from Les-
os ; governed wisely for ten years ;
and d. 570 b. c.
PIUS VI., whose secular name was
John Angelo Braschi, was b. at Cesena,
in 1717. His first act was to make a
reform in the public treasury ; he then
completed the museum in the Vatican ;
but the greatest work of his pontificate
was the draining of the Pontine marshes,
— a project that baffled several of the
emperors, and many of the popes.
When Bonaparte entered Italy, he made
the pope prisoner in the capital, which
was plundered. The venerable pontiff
was carried away by the victors, and
hurried over the Alps to Valence, where
he d. of excessive fatigue and ill-usage,
1799. — VII., or Gregory Barnabas Chia-
RAMONTi, the successor of the preceding
pontiff, was b. at Cesena, in 1740. Ho
was raised to the cardinalate in 1785 ;
and when Bonaparte entered Imola, in
1796, the cardinal, who was also bishop
of that see, found means to conciliate
the favor of the French general, and
thereby paved the way for his elevation
to the papacy in 1800. In July, 1801,
he signed the concordat ; and 'in 1804
he crowned Napoleon at Paris, but re-
fused to perform the same office for
Louis XVIII. Notwithstanding the
courtesy which he showed to Bonaparte,
the latter seized the pope in 1809, and
imprisoned him at ^ ontainbleau, where
he remained till the downfall of Us op-
693
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHT.
[PLO
pressor in 1814, when he returned to
Kome to resume his authority. D. 1828.
— VIII., byname Fkancis Xaviero Cas-
TiOLioNi, was b. at Cingolia, in 1761, was
made bisliop of Montalto in 1800, created
cardinal in 1816, was elected pope on
the deatli of Leo XII., in 182y, and d.
in the following year.
PIZAERO, Francis, the conqueror
of Peru, was b. in 1475, at Truxillo, in
Estremadura, and was the natural son i
of a gentleman. His father did not j
even teach him to read, but employed
him to keep the hogs at his country
house. Having lost one of them, Pizarro
took flight, and embarked for Spanish
America. There he first distinguished
hiniself, in 1513, under Nunez de Balboa.
In 1524, in conjunction with Almagro,
he discovered Peru. Charles V. gave
him the government of the new-found
country. By force and fraud he achieved
the conquest of Peru, in 1532. In 1537
a contest arose between Pizarro and
Almagro, which terminated in the de-
feat and execution of the latter. The
son of Almagro, however, avenged his
father, for, in 1541, he and some of his
friends assassinated Pizarro, in his pal-
ace at Lima.
PLATO, an illustrious Grecian phi-
losopher, the founder of the academic
sect, was styled the Divine by the an-
cients ; was b. 430 b. c, in the island of
/Egina; was educated with the utmost
care ; and, at the age of 20, became the
disciple of Socrates. After the death of
Socrates, Plato visited Magna s Grtecia
and Egypt, in search of knowledge. On
his return to Athens, he opened a phil-
osophical school, and soon numbered
among his pupils manj^ distinguished
characters. Plato thrice visited the
court of Sicily ; once invited by the
elder Dionysius, and twice by the
younger. The former he so much of-
fended, that the tyrant caused him to
V)e seized on his passage home and sold
for a slave; and the philosopher was
indebted for his liberation to Aniceris
of Gyrene. D. 347 b. o.
PLAUTUS, so called, it is supposed,
from his feet being deformed, but whose
real name was Marcus Agcius, was one
of the most celebrated of the Roman
comic writers; was b. 227 b. c, at Sar-
sina, in Umbria; and is believed to have
been the son of a slave. The fortune
which he gained by his dramatic talents,
he is said to have lost in commerce, and
to have been reduced to work at a mill.
D. 184 B.C.
PLAYFAIR, John, an eminent math-
ematician and natural philosopher, "was
b. in 1749, at Dundee, was educated at
St. Andrew's, resigned a living, and
became mathematical professor at Edin-
burgh, and d. 1819. Playfair was cele-
brated as a geologist, and a strenuous
defender of the Huttonian system.
Among his works are, "Elements of
Geometry," "Outlines of Philosophy,"
" Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory,"
and a "System of Geography." — Wil-
liam, an ini^enious projector and author,
a brother of the foregoing, was b. 1759,
at Dundee, was originally apprenticed
to a millwright, was for some time a
draughtsman at the Soho manufactory,
obtained patents for various inventions,
engaged in many speculations, and be-
came a fertile writer upon politics and
other subjects. Among his works are.
"Statistical Tables," ''The Statistical
Breviary," "The Commercial and Po-
litical Atlas," " History of Jacobinism,"
" British Family Antiquity," " Political
Portraits," and " France as it is." D.
1823.
PLINY THE Elder, or Caius Plinius
Secuni>us, a celebrated Roman writer,
was b. 23, at Verona, or, as some say,
at Como, served in the army in Ger-
many, and afterwards became an advo-
cate, was a member of the college of
augurs, and procurator in Spain and
Africa, and was sutfocated 79, while in
command of the fleet at Misenum, in
consequence of his havinjw approached
too near to Vesuvius, in order to observe
the phenomena of the eruption. Of
his numerous works his " Natural His-
tory " is the only one which is extant.
— The Younger, or Caius C^cilius
Plinius Secundus, the nephew and
adopted son of the foregoing, was b. in
61 or 62, at Como, was a pupil of Quin-
tilian, and pleaded successfully as an
advocate in his 19th year. He was, suc-
cessively, tribune of the people, prefect,
of the treasury, consul, proconsul in
Pontus and Bi'thynia, and augur, and
d. universally esteemed, in 115. His
" Letters " and his " Panegyric on Tra-
jan" are the only parts of his writings
that remain.
PLOTINUS, a Platonic philosopher,
was b. 203, at Lycopolis, in Egypt, was
a disciple of Aintnonius Succas, en-
countered great danger in accompanying
the Emperor Gordiau on his expedition
against the Parthians, which he did
with a view to obtaining a knowledge
of Persian and Indian philosophy, and
d. 270. His works were translated into
Latin, in 1492, by Fioino.
POl]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
PLOWDEN, Francis, an historian
and miscellaneous writer, a native of
Ireland and a Koman Catholic, was a
barrister and conveyancer. A verdict
of £5000 obtained against him in an
Irish court, in 1813, for an alleared libel
in his "History of Ireland," compelled
him to retire to France, where he re-
mained till his decease, at an advanced
asre, in 1829. Among his works are,
"""The History of Ireland," "JuraAn-
glorum," "Church and State," "The
Case Stated," and a "Treatise upon
the Law of Usury and Annuities." —
Charles, a Jesuit, b. in England, in
1743, but educated at Kome, where he
entered into the society in 1759. On
his return to his own country after the
suppression of his order in 1773, he was
one of the most zealous advocates for
their reuniting in England. He after-
wards became president of the Catholic
college of Stonyhurst, in Lancashire,
and d. in 1821. — Edmund, an eminent
lawyer, was b. in Shropshire, in 1517,
and d. 1584. His " Commentaries and
Eeports " are greatly esteemed.
PLUTARCH, a celebrated Greek bi-
ographer and philosopher, was b. about
60, at Cheronsea, in Boeotia, and studied
at Athens under Ammonius, after which
he travelled in Greece and Egypt, sedu-
lously acquiring knowledge. For some
years subsequently he resided at Eome,
where his lectures on philosophy at-
tracted many illustrious auditors. Tra-
lan was one of his hearers, and, after
he became emperor, is said to have con-
ferred on him the consular dignity, but
this story is apocryphal. Plutarch at
length retired to Cheronaea, where he
filled the office of archon. He was also
a priest of the Delphic Apollo. He is
believed to have d. about a. d. 120. His
extant works are his " Morals," and his
"Lives of Illustrious Men," the last of
which, though often erroneous in ^oint
of fact, must ever be read with delight.
POCAHONTAS, daughter of an In-
dian chief, and much celebrated in the
early history of Virgixiia, was b. about
1595. She became warmly attached to
the English, and rendered them im-
portant services on various occasions.
She married an Englishman, and in
1616 accompanied her husband to his
native country, where she was present-
ed at court. She soon after d. at Graves-
end, when about to return to Virginia.
She left one son.
POCOCK, Edward, an eminent ori-
entahst, was b. 1604, at Oxford, was
fidiicat^ at ThaoiQ school, ftud at Mag-
dalen hall and Corpus Christi college,
Oxford, twice visited the Levant, on
one of which occasions he was chaplain
to the British factory at Aleppo, was
Hebrew professor at" Oxford, rector of
Childrey, and canon of Christ-church,
and d. 1691. Among his works are,
" Specimen Historise Arabum," " Abul-
faragius Historia Dynastiarium," and
" Commentaries on the Minor Pro-
phets."
POE, Edoar a., an eccentric but
brilliant American writer, whose vari-
ous contributions to the magazines and
newspapers acquired him considerable
reputation as a poet and tale-wright.
His tales are marked by a peculiar in-
genuity and even power, and his poems,
though not always finished, show a
wonderful command of rhythmical ex-
pression. He was irregular, however,
m the exercise of his faculties, and
never attained the position that he
might have done by more labor and
care. B. 1812; d. 1849.
POGGIO BEACCIOLINI, an Italian
writer of the 15th century, who con-
tributed powerfully to the revival of
classical studies, was b. 1380, at Terra-
nova, was educated at Florence, was
appointed apostolical secretary by Boni-
face IX., and held that office" under
seven other popes, discovered many
ancient manuscripts in monasteries, and
was appointed chancellor of the Floren-
tine republic. Poggio was a man of
eminent talent, but of licentious morals,
and a satirical and quarrelsome dis--
position. His principal works are, a
" History of Florence," "Dialogues on
Nobility," and "Funeral Orations."
D. 1459.
POISSON, Eaimond, a French actor
and dramatist of the 17th century, who
obtained great celebrity in low comedy.
He wrote a number of theatrical pieces,
and d. in 1690. — Paul, his son, was
eminent as a comic actor. D. 1735. —
Philip and Arnoult dk Eoinville, the
two sons of Paul, were also distinguished
for their theatrical tixlents : the former
was the author of ten comedies, and
was a good tragic performer ; while the
latter fully supported the reputation of
his family as a comic actor. D. 1753. —
Denis Simeon, one of the most eminent
mathematicians of the age, b. at Pith-
iviers, 1781. He was educated by his
uncle as a surgeon, but revolted, on ac-
count of the delicacy of his nerves, from
the preparatory anatomical studies; he
distinguished himself early by the solu-
tion of difScult mathematical problem^*.
m
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[pOL
He was soon thereafter made assistant
to M. Biot, ill the colleore of France, and
subsequently a counsellor of the univer-
sity. In 1837 he was made a peer of
France, and president of the Academy
of Sciences. He wrote the " Traite de
Mechanique," the " Recherches sur la
Probabilite des .jugemens en matiere
Civile et en mat'ierc Criminelle, &c.,"
*' Annales de Ohimie et Physique," &c.
D. 1840.
POLE, Cardinal Reginald, a states-
man and ecclesiastic, descended from
the royal family of England, was b. in
1500, at Stourton castle, was educated
at Sheen monastery, and Magdalen col-
lege, Oxford, opposed the divorce of
Henry VIII. from Catharine of Aragon,
was papal legate to England, archbishop
of Canterbury, and chancellor of both
universities, during the reign of Mary,
and d. 1558.
POLIGNAC, Jules, prince de, prime
minister of Charles X. of France, whose
administration produced the revolution
of 1830, was sprung from an ancient
family, whose vicissitudes of fortune
were remarkable even in revolutionary
France, and which numbered among its
members the famous abb6 de Polignac,
who d. 1741. Driven from Paris by the
clamor of the mob, his parents repaired
to Vienna ; but scarcely had they reached
that capital, before the fate of her mis-
tress and friend, Marie Antoinette, was
communicated to his mother, and within
a few days she fell a victim to her grief
and affection. Deprived of a mother's
care, and, before reaching manhood,
Jules de Polignac proceeded to Russia,
then a refuge for the royalists, and
shortly afterwards repaired to Edin-
burgh, where the count d'Artois, after-
wards Charles X., resided. Under the
mingled influences of religion and loy-
alty, he embarked with his brother
Armand in Georges' conspiracy in 1804
against Napoleon. The conspiracy was
(ietected, the brothers were arrested,
tried, and condemned to death, but, at
the intercession of Josephine and Ma-
dame Murat, the emperor's sister, the
sentence of death was commuted to im-
prisonment, and the two young men
were sent to Vincennes, where they re-
mained six years. On the restoration
of Louis XV III., Jules de Polignac de-
voted himself heart and soul to the so-
called party of the Congregation, in the
interest of the pope, the churcli, and the
count d'Artois ; and his services were
rewarded by the pope conferring on him
the title of a Roman prince, by which
he has since been known. In 1823
Prince Polignac was sent as ambassador
to London, where he remained six
years, and the intrigues of the priestly
party being finally crowned with sue
cesa, he returned to Paris in 1829, to
assume the premiership of the new
ministry ; but the nation was loud in its
expression of distrust, till at length the
unconstitutional course that he adopted
towards the chambers was suddenly
arrested by the "three glorious days,"
which led to his own overthrow, 'and
the dethronement of his sovereign.
Pursued and taken at Granville, he was
tried before the chamber of peers, and
condemned, but his life was spared, and,
after undergoing a short imprisonment
at Ham, he was allowed to go into exile.
His remaining years were spent chiefly
at Munich. At length he was allowed
to return to France, though not to Paris ;
but the death of Charles X. and the
duke d'Angouleme gave the last blow
to a constitution already broken down
by many reverses, and he sank into a
state of melancholy, from which he
never recovered. B. 1783 ; d. 1847.
POLIZIANO, or POLITIAN, Anoe-
Lus, an eminent Italian scholar, whose
family name was Cinis, was b. 1454, at
Monte Pulciano, was professor of Greek
and Latin at Florence, and tutor to the
children of Lorenzo the Magnificent,
who gave him a canonry in the cathedral
of the Florentine capital. Among his
works are, "The History of the Con-
spiracy of the Pazzi," "Poems," the
drama of " Orpheus," and a translation
of Herodian. D. 1494.
POLK, James Knox, a president of
the United States, was b. in North
Carolina, 1795. He became a member
of the bar in Tennessee in 1820, and
soon took a first rank among his col-
leagues. He was elected a member of
congress in 1825, where he was distin-
guished for his firmness and industry,
and where he was chosen speaker for
three several terms. His opinions co-
incided with those of the democratic
party, by which in 1844 he was chosen
president of the republic. It was du-
ring his administration that the annex-
ation of Texas was effected, the war
against Mexico successfully terminated,
and the general democratic policy main-
tained. D. 1849.
POLLOK, Robert, a Scotch clergy-
man and writer of sacred poetry, was d.
1799, at Eaglesham, in Renfrewshire.
Being intended for the church, he was
sent to the university of Glasgow to
m4
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
695
Btudy theology ; biat his health became
80 much impaired by study, that he had
scarcely entered on iiis ministry before
he found it necessary to quit the north
Tfith a view to a residence in Italy, in
order to try the eftect of change of
climate. He left Scotland in August,
1827, but he had only proceeded to
Southampton, when liis malady in-
creased to such a degree as precluded
all hope of recovery, and he d. there in
the following month. His principal
?roduction is entitled " The Course of
'ime," a poem. He also wrote "The
Persecutecl Family," a narrative of the
suflferings of the Presbyterians in the
reign of Charles II., and " Kalph Gem-
mel," a tale for youth.
POLO, Mabco, a celebrated Venetian
traveller, was b. about 1450, and accom-
panied his father and uncle, in 1471,
into Tartary, where they resided for
twenty-four years and acquired great
riches. Marco was in high favor with
the grand khan, was employed by him
in missions to the most distant parts of
the empire, and was for three years gov-
ernor of Yang-cheu-feu. After his re-
turn to Venice he was appointed to the
command of a galley, but had the mis-
fortune to be captured by the Genoese,
who kept him four years a captive. To
"beguile the tedium of captivity, as well
as to satisfy the curiosity of numerous
inquirers, he wrote the narrative of his
travels. An excellent translation, with
notes, was published in 1818, by Mr.
Marsden. D. 1523.
POLYBIUS, a celebrated Greek his-
torian, son of Lycortas, general of the
Achaeans, was b. about 205 b. c, at Me-
ffalopolis. He was formed for public
Business by the precepts and example
of Philopoumen, the friend of his father,
and at the funeral of that general he
bor« the urn which contained his ashes.
He was one of the thousand persons
whom the Romans demanded from the
Achaeans as hostages, and he lived at
Rome many years. There he became
the friend of the Scipios, one of whom
he accompanied to the siege of Carthage.
He d. in his own country, at the acre of
82. Of his works only a part of his ex-
cellent "Universal llistory" has been
preserved.
POLYCARP, St., a Christian father
and martyr, who, according to tradition,
was a disciple of the apostle John, and
by him appointed bishop of Smyrna.
He made many converts, and violently
opposed the heresies of Marcion and
^^©ntinua ; but during the persecution
of the Christians under Marcus Aure-
lius, he suffered martyrdom with the
most heroic fortitude, 169. His "Epis-
tle to the Philippians" is the only one
of his pieces that has been preserved.
POLYCLETUS, a famous sculptor,
was b. at Sicyon, and flourished about
430 B.C. lie is considered to have
attained perfection in single figures;
and a statue of a boy, executed by him
was sold for 190 talents, equivalent to
£20,000.
POLYGNOTUS, a painter of Thasos,
about 422 b. c. He gained celebrity by
a series of pictures on the war of 'froy,
for which he refused the presents of-
fered him by the states of Greece ; he
also painted "the temple of Delphi, and
Kart of the Poecile at Athens gratuitons-
/, for which it was decreed that he
should be supported at the public ex-
pense.
POMBAL, Sebastian Joseph Cab-
VALHo Melho, marquis of, a Portuguese
statesman, was b, at Soura, 1699. After
having been ambassador to London and
Vienna, he was, in 1750, appointed sec-
retary of state for foreign affairs, and, in
1756, prime minister. He introduced
many reforms and changes in the gov-
ernment, but as his measures were
frequently severe and arbitrary, he
raised up many enemies, and on the
death of the king, in 1777, he was dis-
f raced, and exilecl to his estates, where
e d. 1782.
POMFRET, John, an English poet,
was b. at Luton, 1667, was educated at
Queen's college, Cambridge, and ob-
tained the living of Maiden. He was
the author of "The Choice," a poem
which has ever been popular ; but owing
to an equivocal expression therein, Dr.
Compton, bishop of London, thought
him unfit for the clerical office, and re-
fused to induct him to another and more
considerable benefice. The prelate was,
however, soon after convinced of his
mistake ; but in the mean time Pomfret,
who had been detained in London,
caught the small-pox, and d. of it, 1703.
POMPADOUR, Jeanne Antoinette
PoissoN, marchioness de, the mistress
of Louis XV., in whose affections she
succeeded madame de Chateauroux, was
the daughter of a financier, and b. 1720.
I At the age of 21 she was married to M.
j d'Etioles"; first attracted the king's no-
tice while he was hunting in the forest
of Senart ; appeared at court in 1745,
! under the title of marchioness of Pom-
padour, and d. in 1764, aged 44 years.
; She used her influence with the king in
6^^
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY,
[POR
Eromoting the progress of the fine arts,
ut her cupidity and extravagance were
nnbounded ; and many of the evils
which oppressed France in the succeed-
ing reign have been attributed to tlio
power she possess<ed of tilling the most
important offices of the state with her
favorites.
POMPEY, Cneus, surnamed the
Great, a Eoman statesman and warrior,
was b. 106 B. c, and learned the art of
war from his father. In his 23d year
he joined with three legions the j)arty
of Sylla, recovered Sicily and Africa,
and obtained the honors of a triumph.
He obtained a second triumph for put-
ting an end to the war in Spain, and a
third for his splendid successes in Asia,
where he considerably extended the
dominion of his countrymen. About
60 B. c. he formed the first triumvirate
with Crassus and Csesar, and married
the daughter of the hitter. In the course
of a few years, however, dissensions
broke out between Csesar and Pompey,
a civil war ensued, and Pompey sus-
tained a decisive defeat at Pharsalia.
He fled to Egypt, and was assassinated
there 48 b. c.
PONIATOWSKI, Joseph, an illus-
trious Polish general, who was called
the Polish Bayard, was b. 1763, at War-
saw, distinguished himself in the cause
of his country during the fruitless
struggles of 1792 and 1794, entered the
French service, and displayed conspicu-
ous bravery and tiUent in the campaigns
of 1806, 1809, 1812, 1813, and 1814, was
appointed a marshal on the field of bat-
tle at Leipsic, and was drowned in at-
tempting to cross the Elster, on the 19th
of October.
POPE, Alexander, a celebrated poet,
was b. May 22, 1688, in Lombard-street,
London. His father, a linen-draner, in
which trade he amassed a consicierable
fortune, retired from business, and
settled at Binfield, in Berkshire, soon
after the birth of his son. Both parents
were Roman Catholics, and, as Pope
tells us, were o'f gentle blood. He him-
self was born deformed, small in size,
and delicate in constitution. The
groundwork of learning he acquired at
two private schools, and from two
priests, who were employed as his
tutors ; for the rest he was indebted to
his own persevering studies. Before
he was 12 years old he formed a play
from Ogilby's Homer, which was acted
by his acliool-fellows. His " Pastorals"
were written when he was 16, and they
obtained him the friendship of many
eminent characters. They were suc-
ceeded by "The Essav on Criticism,"
"The Messiah," "The Rape of the
Lock," "The Temple of Fame,"
" Windsor Forest," and " Abelard and
Eloisa;" and his reputation as a poet
was thus firmly established. The trans-
lation of the " Iliad," by which he
gained about £5000, was completed iu
1720. With the aid of Broome and
Fenton he afterwards added a version
of " The Odyssey." In 1721 he under-
took an edition of Shakspeare, a task in
which he failed. With the exception
of the " Essay on Man," which was
first published in 1733, and completed
in the following year, his pen was chiefly
devoted to satire during the remainder
of his literary career. The first three
books of "The Dunciad" appeared in
1723; the fourth, snorgestea by War-
burton, was not written till 1742, and he
injured the poem by substituting Cibber
as the hero in the place of Theobald.
D. May 30, 1744.
POPHAM, Sir John, an eminent
judge, was b. in Somersetshire, 1531»
After serving the offices of attorney and-
solicitor general, he was appointed, in
1581, chief justice of the King's Bench.
He d. in 1607. His "Reports and
Cases," show his abilities to great ad-
vantage.
PORDENONE, (so called from hia
birtliplace, his true name being Gio-
vanni Antonio Licinio,) a painter of the
Venetian school, and rival of Titian,
was b. 1484. He executed many great
works for Mantua, Genoa, and Venice ;
and d. at Ferrara, 1540.
PORLIER, Juan Diaz, surnamed EI
Marqueto, a Spanish patriot and general,
was b. about 1775, at Carthagena, in
South America, where his father held a
high public situation. He first entered
the navy, and served as a midshipman
at the battle of Trafalgar ; but when the
cry of independence spread through
the Peninsula in 1808, he raised a gue-
rilla corps, of which he became the
leader, and distinguished himself in a
series of brilliant actions, and etfected
the celebrated retreat from Santander,
closely pursued by a corps four times
more numerous than his own. The
regency then appointed him captain
general of Asturias, in which station he
remained till the restoration of Ferdi-
nand VII. Ilavins unsuccessfully at-
tempted to restore the constitution of the
cortos in 1815, he was delivered over to
the military authorities at Cor anna,
condemned, and executed.
for]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
m
PORPHYEY, or PORPHYRIUS, a !
philosopher, whose original name was |
Malchiis, was b. 233, at Tyre ; studied j
under Origren and Longinii-* ; became a I
disciple of Plotinus ; and d. 304, at
Rome. His works against the Chris-
tians, to tlie number of fifteen, are lost.
Among his extant productions are, " A
Life of Pythagoras ;" "A Treatise on
Abstinence from Animal Food ;" and
** Questions on Homer."
PORSON, Richard, an eminent hel-
lenist and critic, was b. 1759, at East
Ruston, in Norfolk; was educated at
Eton, and at Trinity college, Cambridge ;
was elected Greet professor in 1793 ;
became librarian of the London Insti-
tution ; and d, 1808. In profound
knowledge of Greek, critical powers,
and acuteness, Porson had few equals.
Among his works are, " Letters to
Archdeacon Travis ;" editions of " ^s-
chylus," and some of the plays of
Euripides ; and Tracts and Miscellane-
ous Criticisms.
PORTA, Baccio BELLA, a painter of
Florence, who belonged to the order of
Dominicans, and is sometimes called
Fra Bartolomeo, or 11 Frate. He was
intimate with Raphael, and it is said,
the two artists benefited by reciprocal
instruction. D. 1517. — Giovanni Bat-
TisTA DELLA, a natural philosopher and
mathematician, was b. at Naples, in
1540. He devoted a great part of his
life to the sciences, established two
academies for its promotion, and was
the inventor of tlie camera obscura.
He wrote treatises on natural history,
optics, hydraulics, physioofnomy, and
agriculture, and also produced nearly
twentv dramatic pieces.
PORTER, Sir Robert Ker, b. at
Durham, 1780, became a student of
the Royal Academy, and soon showed
his skill by the production of several
altar-pieces of considerable merit, be-
sides his large pictures of the " Storm-
ing of Seringapatam," the " Siege of
Acre," and the " Battle of Agincourt,"
which latter was presented to the city
of London. In 1804 he was appointed
historical painter to the emperor of
Russia, and during his stay at St. Pe-
tersburg, he gained the affections of
the Princess Mary, daugliter of Prince
Theodore von ScHerbatoff, to whom he
was afterwards married. Though he
had cultivated his talents as an artist,
he had always shown a decided prefer-
ence for the military profession ; and on
leaving Russia he accompanied Sir John
Moore to Spain, in the hardships and
59
perils of which unfortunate expedition
he shared till its final embarkation at
Corunna. From 1817 to 1820 he was
engaged in travelling throughout the
East. In 1826 he was appointed consul
at Venezuela, in South America, where
he continued to reside till 1841, when
he left his mission on leave of absence,
and visited his old friends in Russia,
with an intention of proceeding thence
to England ; but as he was on the eve of
preparing for the voyage, he was seized
with an apoplectic attack, and expired
May 3, 1842. His works consist of
"Travelling Sketches in Russia and
Sweden," " Letters from Portugal and
Spain," " A Narrative of the late Cam-
paign in Russia," " Travels in Georgia,
Persia, Armenia." — Anna Maria, was
a sister of the above, and early distin-
guished herself as a writer of fiction.
Among her novels may be mentioned
"The" Hungarian Brothers," "Don
Sebastian," "Tales round a Winter's
Hearth," "The Recluse of Norway,"
"The Knight of St. John," "The :6ar-
ony," &c. D. 1832.— Jane, sister of
the preceding, was b. at Durham, 1776.
Like her sister, she soon gave indica-
tions of superior abilities, and though
she did not appear before the world as
an author till she was in her 27th year,
her first work, " Thaddeus of Warsaw,"
published in 1803, at once placed her in
the foremost rank as a writer of fiction.
In 1809 appeared her " Scottish Chiefs,"
which was no less successful than its
predecessor ; and this was followed, at
intervals more or less distant, by the
"Pastor's Fireside," "Duke Christian
of Luneburar," " Tales round a Winter's
Hearth," (in which she was joined bj-
her sister,) "The Field of Forty Foot-
steps," &c. She also contributed largely
to the periodicals of the day, and her
last separate publication was "Sir Sea-
ward's Dairy," the forerunner of a class
of works lately become numerous, and
of which perhaps the best specimen is
the well-known " Diary of Lady Wil-
loughby." In 1842 she accompanied
her brother. Sir R. K. Porter, to Peters-
burg ; and after his death she resided
chiefly at Bristol, where it is said she
was chiefly engaged in writing her bro-
ther's memoirs. D. 1850,
PORTEUS, Beilby, an eminent pre-
late, was b. 1731, at York, and entered
as a sizar at Christ's college, Cambridge,
where he obtained a fellowship. After
having been chaplain to Archbishop
Seeker, he was, successively, rector of
Hunton, prebendary of Peterborough,
698
CYCLOPJIDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[pot
rector of Lambeth, king's chaplain, and
master of St. Cross hospital, near Win-
chester. In 1776, through the queen's
influence, he obtained the bishopric of
Chester, whence, in 1787, he was trans-
lated to that of London. Among his
works are, "Sermons;" "A Life of
Seeker ;" and a Seatonian prize poem
on Death. D. 1808.
POSTEL, William, one of the most
learned men of his age, and one of the
wildest visionaries, was b. in Normandy
in 1510. In his youth he supported
himself at the college of St. Baroe, by
waiting upon the other students. His
reputation for general learning and an-
tiquarian research induced Francis I. to
send him to the East to collect manu-
scripts, which commission he discharged
so well as to be appointed professor of
mathematics and languages, but he af-
terwards fell into disgrace, and lost his
appointments. Having wandered about
from place to place, he was recalled ;
but lost his .dtuation again, and d. in a
monastery in 1581. Among the wild
and extravagant notions that he enter-
tained, one was, that he had died, and
risen again with the soul of Adam,
whence he called himself "Postellus
restitutus," he also maintained that
women shall have the dominion over
m 3n, and that his writings were revealed
to him by Jesus Christ.
POSTHUMUS, Marcus Cassianus
Latinius, a Roman emperor, one of the
thirty tyrants, was of obscure birth, but
rose rapidly in the army, till he obtained
the command in Gaul. He assumed the
imperial title in 257 ; ruled Gaul and a
part of Spain, and obtained various suc-
cesses against the Germans ; and was
murdered bv his soldiers in 267.
POTEMKIN, Gregory Alexandro-
viTSCH, a Russian prince and field-mar-
shal, the minion of Catharine 11., was
b. 1736, in the neighborhood of Smo-
lensk, of a noble though poor family,
and was intended for the church, but
obtained a cornetcy in the horse guards.
Over the empress, after the death of
her husband, he acquired an unbound-
ed influence, and he retained it till
nearly the end of his life. He distin-
guished himself against the Turks, par-
ticularly in the war of 1787, when he
commanded in chief. D. 1791.
POTHIER, Robert Joseph, one of the
most eminent of the French juriscon-
Bults, was b. 1669, at Orleans ; was pro-
fessor of law in his native city; and d.
in 1772, as much beloved for his virtues
as admired for his extensive learning.
His great work is his "Digest of the
Pandects of Justinian." His treatises
on varicAis legal questions form seven-
teen volumes octavo.
POTOCKI, Count Stanislaus, a Polish
writer and statesman, of a family which
has produced several eminent charac-
ters, was b. 1757, at Warsaw ; was one
of those who contributed most actively
to establish the constitution of 1791;
was appointed a palatine senator and
one of tne ministers of the grand duchy
of Warsaw ; was president of the senate
in 1818 ; and d. 1821. Among his works
are, " A Treatise on Eloquence and
Style ; and " The Journey to Ciemno-
grod," a satirical romance. — Claudia,
the wife of Count Bernard Potocki, was
b. in the grand duchy of Posen, in 1802.
She was the lineal descendant of the
Polish ambassador, Dzialynski, who was
sent to England in Elizabeth's reign, to
remonstrate against the infraction of a
treaty between that country and Poland,
and whose bold and successful eloquence
is recorded in history. During the
patriotic struggle for Polish freedom,
trom 1830 to 1833, the Countess Potocki
not only became the j.iunificent bene-
factress of her countrymen, but devoted
her personal energies to the sacred
cause, and alleviated, by her kind atten-
tions to the sick and wounded, much of
the misery that the unequal contest en-
tailed on the gallant spirits who strove
to shake off" the oppressor's yoke. Sur-
rounded by wounded warriors, and the
victims of cholera in the hospitals of
Warsaw, neither the sight of hideous
gashes, nor the fear of contagion de-
terred her from her course of charity :
there, for seven successive months, she
was constantly occupied ; and when the
day of adversity came, the remains of
her fortune, her influence, her personal
exertions, were entirely at the disposal
of the unfortunate refugees. At one
time, while residing at Dresden, where
she liad formed a ladies' committee for
the relief of these brave men, she pledged
her jewels, and most expensive dresses,
for 40,000 florins, and the whole amount
was instantly sent to its pious destina-
tion. For tliis, the Poles assembled at
Dresden, presented to her a bracelet,
with an inscription commemorative of
the noble act, and pointing it out for na-
tional gratitude. She at length fixed her
residence at Geneva ; and there, in the
exercise of those Christian virtues, which
will immortalize her name, but worn
out bv silent grief, she d. in 1836.
POTTER, Paul, a celebrated Dutch
pra]
painter, the son of an artist, was b.
1625, at EnkhuyBen ; adcjuired a perfect
knowledge of his profession by the time
that he was fifteen ; and d. 1654. His
pictures are held in high estimation for
their fidelity to nature, and the beauty
of their execution. In representing ani-
mals he was unequalled. — John, a learn-
ed prelate, was b. about 1672, at Wake-
field ; was educated at the free school
there, and at University college, Oxford ;
was made bishop of Oxford in 1715, and
archbishop of Canterbury in 1737 ; and d.
1747. He wrote " Archseologia Graeca,"
and various theological works ; and ed-
ited (.Memens Alexandrinus, and Ly-
cophron's "Alexandra." — Robert, a
divine and poet, was b. 1721 ; was ed-
ucated at Emanuel college, Cambridge ;
and was for some years vicar of Seam-
ing, after which he obtained the livings
of Lowestoff and Kessingland, and a
prebend in the cathedral of Norwich.
His original poetry consists of a volume
of Poems, and two Odes from Isaiah,
and is much above mediocrity. But he
is best known by his spirited versions
of iEscliylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.
D. 1804.
POUSSIN, Nicholas, one of the great-
est of the French painters, was b. in
1594, at Audelys, in Normandy, and re-
ceived instructions from Varin, Elle,
and Lallement, but was more indebt-
ed to nature and his own assiduity than
to their lessons. In 1624 he went to
EoraCj where he improved himself by
studymg the works of Titian, Domeni-
chino, and Raphael, and of the ancient
sculptors. Louis XIII. invited him to
France in 1639, and gave him a pension,
and apartments in the Louvre ; but
Poussin was soon disgusted with the
intrigues of Vouet, Le Mercier, and
Fouqui(ire8, who envied and dreaded
him for liis superior genius. He there-
fore returned to Rome in 1642, and re-
mained there till his decease in 1665.
His pictures are numerous and highly
esteemed ; in landscape he particularly
excelled. — Gaspar, an eminent painter,
was b. 1613, at Rome. His name was
DuGHET, but he took the surname of his
Eictorial preceptor, Nicholas, who was
is brother-in-law. In landscape he ac-
quired a high reputation. Such was the
rapidity with which he worked that he
often completed a picture in the course
of a day. D. 1765.
POWELL, Sir John, an eminent and
honest lawyer, was b. of a very ancient
and wealthy family at Pentrymeyrick, in
Ihe parish of Llanwrda, Caermarthen-
CYCLOPJDDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
shire. He was a judge in the court of
King's Bench, in 1688, and distin-
guished himself so much by his integ-
rity and ability on the trial of the seven
bishops, that James II., depiived him
of his office, but he was restored to it
at the revolution, and sat there until his
death in 1696.
POWNALL, Thomas, a learned anti-
quary and politician, was b. at Lincoln,
in 1722. He held several situations un-
der' government, and having greatly
exerted himself in America to suppress
the rising spirit of discontent among
the colonists, he was in 1757, appointed
governor of Massachusett's Bay, and
subsequently of Carolina. On returning
to England in 1761, he was made direc-
tor-general of the control office, witli
the military rank of colonel ; but the
latter part of liis life was spent at Bath,
in literary retirement. . His principal
works are, " On the Administration of
the Colonies," " Description of part of
North America," "Treatise on the
Study of Antiquities." " On the Anti-
quities of the Provincia Romana of
Gaul," " Descriptions of Roman An-
tiquities dug UD at Bath," " Intellectual
Phvsics," besides many political tracts.
D. 1805.
PRADT, AbW Dominique de, a
French ecclesiastic and a political writer,
b. at Auvergne in 1759. He was grand
vicar at the revolution to the Cardinal
Rochefoucauld, and was elected deputy
for the Norman clergy to the states-
general, 1789. He opposed the union of
his order to the tiers etat, protested
against the new order of things, and
was consequently obliged to emigrate,
establishing himself for a considerable
time at Hamburgh. In that city he
published in 1788, the first of his volu-
minous series of political pamphlets,
called " Antidote to the Congress of
Radstadt." In another, termed " Prus-
sia, and. her Neutrality," he urged a
coalition of Europe against the French
republic. But after the revolution,
which made Bonaparte first consul, he
made interest with his patron, Dnroc,
to enter Bonaparte's service, and by dint
of well-timed flattery, became his grand
almoner. On the coronation of the
emperor, in 1804, at which he assisted,
he was invested with tlie title of baron,
received a gratuity of 40,000 franc*, was
made bishop of Poitiers, and was or-
dained by Pius VII. in person, in 1805.
On the war against Russia occurring in
1812, he was seat ambassador to the
duohy of Warsaw, as he states, in his
700
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[pre
"History of the Poliah Embassy,"
painfully and violently against his wish.
During the retreat from Moscow, Napo-
leon had an interview with him at a
lone cottage, reproached him with
treachery, and divested him of his em-
bassy. On his return to Paris, he found
all bis employments taken from him.
He was ordered to quit Paris for his
diocese, and did not return till the fall
of Napoleon, and the entry of the Bour-
bons into France in 1814. He wrote
his "Vindicatory History" then, but
did not publish it till after the battle of
Waterloo, and Napoleon's departure for
St. Helena. He was made by the Bour-
bons chancellor of tlie legion of honor ;
but a new disgrace overtook him, he
retired from the scene, and did not re-
appear till after the "hundred days."
He subsequently ceded all the rights of
his archbishop's see to the king of the
Netlierlands, for a yearly pension of
10,000 francs, and, retiring into private
life, occupied himself with the contin-
\Uid publication of political pamphlets.
In all these latter publications, however,
he espoused the cause of wise and tem-
perate constitutional reform. D. 1837.
PRATT, Charles, Earl Camden, a
celebrated lawyer, the son of Chief Jus-
tice Pratt, was b. 1713 ; studied at Eton,
King's college, Cambridge, and Lincoln's
Inn ; was chosen member for Downton
in 1754; was, successively, recorder of
Bath, attorney-general, chief justice of
the common pleas, lord chancellor, and
president of the council. The title of
baron he obtained in 1765, and that of
earl in 1786. D. 1794.— Samuel Jack-
son, a once popular novelist and miscel-
laneous writer, was b. in 1749, at St.
Ives, in Huntingdonshire, and, after
having been an actor, an itinerant lec-
turer, and a bookseller, he became an
author by profession. Of his nmnerous
■works the principal are, the poems of
" Sympathy and Landscapes in Verse ;"
the tragedy of " The Fair Circassian ;"
the novels of" Liberal Opinions," " Em-
ma Corbet," " The Pupil of Pleasure,"
" Shenstone Green," and " Family Se-
crets ;" " Gleanings through Wales,
Holland, and Westphalia;" "Gleanings
in England," and " Harvest Home."
D. 1814. — Benjamin, chief iustice of
New York, was b. in Massachusetts, in
1710, "and was graduated at Harvard
college. He studied law, and entering
5n its practice in Boston »oon became
eminent. Turning his attention to pub-
lic affairs, he soon rose to political dis-
tinction, and by the influence of Governor
Pownell was appointed chief justice of
New York. He had made collections
for a history of New England, and pos-
sessed considerable talent for poetry.
D. 1763.
PRAXITELES, a famous Grecian
sculptor, is believed to have been a na-
tive of Athens, to have flourished early
in the 4th century b. o., and to have d.
at the age of 80. He was long attached
to the celebrated Phryne, of whom he
executed two statues, one of which was
placed in the temple of Delphi, the other
in the temple of Love at Thespia. His
"Venus" at Cnidus was considered as
one of the most finished productions of
Greece.
PREBLE, Edwakd, a distinguished
naval officer in the American service,
was b. at Falmouth, in Maine, 1761, and
entered the navy as a midshipman in
1779. He soon rose to the rank of lieu-
tenant, and during the revolutionary war
distinguished himself by capturing a
British vessel at Penobscot. In 1798 he
was appointed to the command of the
brig Pickering, and soon after to the
Essex. He commanded, in 1803, a fleet
sent against the Barbary powers, and
repeatedly attacked Tripoli with consid-
erable success. In 1804 he returned to
the United States, and d. 1807.
PRENTISS, Sargeant S., a young
lawyer, b. in Maine, went to Natches
and New Orleans to practise law. In
1837 he was elected to congress, but the
right to his seat was disputed, and he
was rejected. But the speeches he made
in his own behalf, as well as his argu-
ments before various courts, gave him a
reputation as one- of the most eloquent
speakers in the Union. B. 1810; d. 1850.
PRESCOTT, William, a distinguished
revolutionary officer, was b. in 1726, at
Groton, Mass. At the capture of Cape
Breton, in 1758, he was a lieutenant of
the provincial troops, and attracted, by
his conduct in that campaign, the notice
of the British general, who offered him
a commission in the regular army, which,
however, he declined ; in 1774, when the
struggle between the colonies and the
mother country was at hand, he was
appointed to command a regiment of
minute-men, organized by the provincial
congress, and, on receiving notice of the
intended operations of General Gage
against Concord, marclied with it to
Lexington. Before he arrived, however,
the British had retreated, and he then
proceeded to Cambridge, where he en-
tered the army that was ordered to be
raised, the greater part of his officers
PRl]
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
701
aad men volunteering to serve with him
for the first campaign. On the 16th of
June, 1775, he was ordered to Charles-
town, with three regiments, and directed
to throw up works on Bunker hill. Qn
reaching the ground, it was perceived
that tlie neighboriug elevation, called
Breeds' hill, was a more suitable station ;
and on it the defences were erected.
The next day, as is well known. General
Howe with a force more tlian quadruple
that under the orders of Colonel Pres-
cott, attempted to dislodge him, and,
after a contest among the'most memo-
rable in the American annals, succeeded
in effecting that object with immense
loss. Colonel Prescott was one of the
last to leave the intrenchments when he
found it necessary to order a retreat,
and he offered to the commander-in-
chief to retake the position the same
night, if he would give him two regi-
ments. In 1777 he resigned his com-
mand, and returned home ; but in the
autumn of the same year, he went as a
volunteer to the northern army under
General Gates, and was present at the
capture of Burgoyne. This was his last
military service. He subsequently sat
in the legislature of his native state for
several years. D. 1795.
PKEVOST D'EXILES, Anthont
Francis, one of the most fertile of
French writers, was b. 1697, at Hesdin.
His early life was restless and changeful.
He hesitated between a monastic and a
military life, twice made a trial of both,
became at last a Benedictine, and ended
by flying from the convent, taking shel-
ter in Holland, and adopting the profes-
sion of an author. Plis end was equally
singular. In 1763 he was struck by an
apoplectic fit in the forest of Chantilly,
and was found apparently lifeless. As
soon as the surgeon proceeded to use
the knife on his body, he screamed and
opened his eyes, biit the incision was
mortal, and he almost immediately ex-
pired. His works amount to one hun-
dred and seventy volumes. Of his
novels, the best are, "Memoirs of a
Man of Quality," the "Dean of Cole-
reine," "Cleveland," and "Manon L'Es-
caut." Among his other productions
are, " A History of Voyages and Trav-
els," and "The Pro and Con," a peri-
odical paper.
PKICE, EicHARD, an eminent dis-
senting minister, universally known and
celebrated for his great abilities in arith-
metical calculations, and for very numer-
ous and valuable writings, theological,
gioral, and scientific, was b. at Llangun-
nor, in 1723, and became pastor of a
nonconformist congregation, of Arian
or semi- Arian principles, at Hackney,
where he continued as long as he livecl.
He was the friend of man, and the most
intrepid assertor of his rights. During
the American war, he printed two
pamphlets against that measure, one
entitled "Observations on Civil Liber-
ty," and the other, "Observations on
'Jivil Government," for which the corpo-
ration of London voted him thanks and
a gold box, and the university of Glas-
gow conferred on him the degree of D.D,
In 1778 he had a friendly controversy
with Dr. Priestley, on materialism and
necessity. On the termination of the
war, Mr. Pitt consulted Dr. Price re-
specting the best mode of liquidating
the national debt, the result of which, it
is said, was the adoption of the sinking
fund. When the French revolution
broke out, he distinguished himself by
a sermon, " On the Love of Country," in
which he hailed that event as the com-
mencement of a glorious era. This drew
upon the preacher some strong animad-
versions from Mr. Burke, in his cele-
brated "Reflections." D. 1791.
PRIDEAUX, Humphrey, a learned
divine, was b. in 1648, at Padstow, in
Cornwall ; was educated at Westminster
school, and at Christ-church college, Ox-
ford, and d. in 1724, dean of Norwich.
His great work is "The Connection of
the History of the Old and New Testa-
ment." Among his other productions
are, "A Life of Mahomet," and "The
Original Right of Tithes."
PRIESTLEY, Joseph, an eminent dis-
senting divine and experimental philos-
opher, was b. in 1733, at Fieldheaa ; was
educated at Daventry, and, after having
been tutor at Warrington, and pastor to
various congregations, and having ac-
quired considerable reputation as an
experimentalist and author, lie became
companion to the earl of Shelburne. At
the end of a seven years' residence with
that nobleman, he received a pension,
and settled, in 1780, at Birmingham.
There he proceeded actively with his
pliilosophical and theological researches,
and was also appointed pastor to a dis-
senting congregation. In 1791, however,
the scene changed. His religious prin-
ciples, and his avowed partiality to the
French revolution, excited the hatred
of the high church and tory party,
and in the riots which took place in
July, his house, library, manuscripts,
and apparatus, were committed to the
flames by the infuriated mob, and he
703
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[pro
was exposed to great personal danger.
Quitting Birmingliain, he isncceeded Dr.
Price, at llacku«y; but, in 1794, con-
ceiving himself to be insecure from pop-
ular rage, he embarked for America.
He took up his abode at Northumber-
land, Penn., at which place lie d. May
6, 1804. As a philosopher his fame
principally rests upon his pneumatic in-
quiries. His works extend to between
seventy and eigiit\' volumes. Among
them are lectures" On "General His-
tory," on the " Theory and History of
Language," and on the "Principles of
Oratory and Criticism;" "Charts of Bi-
ography and History," "Disquisitions
relating to Matter and Spirit," "Hart-
leian Theory of the Human Mind,"
" History of the Corruptions of Christi-
anity," " Letters to a Philosophical Un-
believer," " Institutes of Natural and
Revealed Eeligion," "History of Elec-
tricity," " History of Vision, Light, and
Colors," and " Experiments and Olaser-
vations on ditferent Kinds of Air."
PRINGLE, Thomas, a highly esteem-
ed poet and miscellaneous writer, was
b. at Blaiklaw, in Teviotdale, in 1789.
Soon after his studies at the university
of Edinburgh were completed, he ob-
tained a clerkship in the register of-
fice ; but his poetic aspirations found
vent even in the dull routine of such an
occupation, and, in 1816, his "Scenes
of Teviotdale;" which he contributed to
the "Poetic Mirror," having attracted
the notice of Sir W. (then Mr.) Scott,
he was led to embrace literature as a
profession. He was, for a short period,
editor of " Blackwood's Magazine" in
1817, but a difference of politics between
him and the publisher, soon led to his
resignation. He became secretary of
the anti-slavery society, a situation
which he held till the object of that
body was accomplished. Besides being
the editor of tne well-known annual,
" Friendship's Ottering," he published,
in 1828, his " Ephemerides," a collection
of songs, sonnets, and other juvenile
pieces ; and, in 1834, appeared his " Af-
rican Sketches," which,' together with
his interesting account of a " Narrative
)f a Residence in South Africa," seem
ikely to pei-petuate his fame. D. 1834.
PRIOR, Matthew, a celebrated poet
ind statesman, was b. 1664, but whether
m Middlesex or Dorsetshire is uncer-
tain. Being left fatlierlestj, he was sent
by his uncle, a vintner, to Westminster
Bchool; and, after he quitted that sem-
inary, was fortunate enough to attract
the notice of the earl of Douet, who
E laced him at St. John's college. Cam-
ridge. While he was at the university
he wrote, in conjunction with Montague,
" The City Mouse and Country Mouse,"
in ridicule of Dryden's " Hind and Pan-
ther." The work was advantageous to
both. In 1691, he was appointed secre-
tary of the embassy which was sent to
the congress at the Hague. After hav-
ing been gentleman of the bed-ciiamber,
and again, in 1697, secretary of embassy,
he was, in 1700, made under-secretary
of state, and, shortly after, commissioner
of trade. During the greatest part of
the rei^n of Anne, he was chiefly en-
gaged in literary pursuits ; but, when
the whigs were displaced, he was em-
ployed to negotiate the treaty of Utrecht,
and was subsequently nominated am-
bassador at the French court. For his
share in the treaty, he was committed
to prison after the' accession of Geor;^e
I., and was threatened with impeach-
ment, but was at length dischargea. His
poems, which have long been received
into the collected works of the British
poets, are often spirited, and are very
seldom deficient in melody or in ele-
gance. D. 1721.
PRISCIAN, or PRTSCIANUS, a cel-
ebrated grammarian, was b. at Caisarea,
and was the master of a famous school
at Constantinople, about 525. His prin-
cipal work is a treatise on grammar.
His rigid attention to correctness gave
rise to the saying of "breaking Pris-
cian's head," which is applied to the
violators of grammatical rules.
PROCACCINI, Camillo, an eminent
painter, b. at Bologna, 1546. He studied
the works of Parmegiano and Michael
Angelo, and obtained a high reputation
for the beauty of his coloring and the
lightness of his touch. D. 1626. — GiuLio
Cesare, his brother, b. in 1548, adopted
the style of Correggio, and surpassed all
his other imitators. D. 1626. — Carlo
Antonio, another brother, excelled as a
fruit and flower painter.
PROCIDA, John of, a native of Pa-
lermo, was b. of a noble fiunily, about
1225. He was the chief of the conspir-
acy against Charles of Anjou ; and his
etibrt^s to accomplish the expulsion of
the French displayed talents of a high
order, and were finallv crowned with
success. D. 1303.
PROCLUS, a Platonic philosopher,
was b. in 410, at Constantinople. He
studied at Alexandria, and at Athens,
where he succeeded Syriacus in the Pla-
tonic school, and d. 485. Several of hia
works are extant.
PUlJ
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
703
PEONY, Gaspard-Claik-Francois-
Marik-Riche de, baron de Prony, a dis-
tinguished French mathematician. He
was the pupil, and, subsequently, the
assistant of Perronet, and was much em-
ployed by Napoleon, though the latter
was deeply otiended by Prony's refusal
to accompany him to Egypt. Independ-
ent of his various missions as an engi-
neer, and of liirt labors as a professor at
the Polytechnic school, M. Prony was
author of between thirty and forty vol-
umes, chiefly of most laborious and ex-
tensive calculations. B. 1775 ; d. 1839.
PROTAGORAS, a Grecian sophist,
was b. at Abdera, about 488 b. o. ; exer-
cised in his youth the calling of a porter ;
opened at Athens a school of philoso-
phy, and acquired great reputation and
riches; was banished on a charge of
atheism, and perished by shipwreck at
the age of seventy. Prodicus was one
of his disciples.
PROTOGENES, an eminent Grecian
Eainter, a native of Caunus, in Caria,
ourished about 386 b. c. A consider-
able p:irt of his life was spent in ob-
scurity, but he was at length brought
into notice by Apelles giving a large
price for one of his pictures. His mas-
terpiece was a picture of lalysus, the
founder of Rhodes, on whicl^ he was
employed for seven years.
PRY^NE, William, a lawyer and
political writer, was b. in 1600, at Swans-
wick ; was educated at Bath grammar
school, and Oriel college, Oxford ; stud-
ied the law at Lincoln's Inn; and was
successively made barrister, bencher,
and reader. His " Histrio-Mastix," a
violent attack on the stao^, and his
" News from Ipswich," twice brought
on him, in 1633 and 1637, the vengeance
of the infamous star-chamber. He was
branded, deprived of his ears, pilloried,
fined ten thousand pounds, and doomed
to perpetual imprisonment. He ob-
tained his liberty in 1640, was elected
"member for Newport, and bore a prom-
inent part in the trial of Laud, his per-
jiecutor. After the overthrow of Charles,
"however, Prynne endeavored to effect
an accommodation betw^een him and his
subjects ; and he opposed Cromwell
with such boldnesii that the protector
imprisoned him. He joined in the res-
toration of Charles II. ; was appointed
keeper of the records in the Tower ; and
d. 1669.
PSALMANAZAR, George, the as-
sumed name of a sinofular character,
who began his career in life by acting
*he part of an impostor. He was b. in
1679, in the south of France, and re-
ceived an excellent education. Among
the many disguises which he assumed
was that of a native of Formosa, and to
keep up the delusion he invented an
alphabet, grammar, and history of the
island, which were considered as au-
thentic by many eminent men. The
cheat was not discovered till after he
had been sent to Oxford, He subse-
quently gained a subsistence by writing
tor the booksellers. A large portion o?
the ancient part of the " Universal His-
tory" was written by him ; and he left
behind him his own memoirs. D. 1763.
PTOLEMY, Claudius, an ancient as-
tronomer and geographer, was b. about
70, in Egypt, but whether at Pelusium,
as some say, is doubtful. Alexandria
was the place where he resided. He
wrote various astronomical and geo-
graphical works. The system which
makes the earth the centre of the solar
and planetary motion* takes its name
from him.
PUFFENDORF, Samuel, an eminent
German publicist and historian, was b.
in 1632, near Chemnitz, in Saxony; was
educated at Leipsic and Jena ; was,
successively, in the service of the elector
palatine, Charles XI. of Sweden, and
the elector of Brandenburg ; and d. in
1694. Of his works the chief are, " The
Law of Nature and Nations," " The
Elements of Jurisprudence," " The
State of the German Empire," and an
" Introduction to the History of Eu-
rope ; " Commentaries on Swedish Af-
fairs," and " Lives of Scanderbeg,
Charles Gustavus of Sweden, and Fred-
eric III. of Brandenburg."
PUGATSCHEFF, Jemeljan, or Yem-
ELKA, the leader of a predatory band in
Russia, and a daring impostor, was a
Don Cossack, and b. in 1726. After
serving in the Prussian and Austrian
armies, he returned to his own country ;
and being possessed of a striking per-
sonal resemblance to the lately deceased
emperor, Peter III., he was in 1773 en-
couraged to pass himself for that mon-
arch. At first he had but few followers,
but they increased to the number of
16,000 men. He several times defeated
the troops of the empress ; captured
Kasan, the old capital of the empire;
and continued his ravages for nearly
two years. At length, just as Moscow
was threatened, he was betrayed by
some of his party, and executed, to-
gether with tl e other rebel leaders, at
Moscow, in 1775.
PUISAYE, (y'ount Joseph, one of th<
7M
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
I'YB
most able of the French royalist chiefs,
was b. about 1754, at Montagne, and
was descended from an ancient and no-
ble family. He was intended for the
church, but preferred the military pro-
fession. In 1789 the nobility of Perche
deputed him as their representative to
the states-general. He sat in the con-
stituent assembly, and was an enlight-
ened friend of reform. In 1793 he held
a command in the departmental army,
under Wimpfen, and was consequently
proscribed by the convention. He took
refuge in Britany, where, by dint of
eloc^uence, talent, and activity, he or-
ganized a formidable force, under the
name of Chouans. He visited England
in 1794, obtained a powerful succor, and
returned with it to France in 1795 ; but
his hopes were blasted by envious in-
trigues of his own party, who occasioned
the disaster at Quiberon. After having
continued his eiforts for two years longer,
he resigned his commission, disgusted
by the conduct of the Bourbons, and
fixed his abode in Canada, whence he
afterwards removed to England. D.
1827.
PULASKI, Count, a celebrated sol-
dier, was a native of Poland, and made
brave though unsuccessful efforts to re-
store his country to independence. He
came to the United States during the
revolutionary war, was appointed a
brigadier-general in the American army,
and was mortally wounded in the attack
on Savannah in 1779. Congress voted
to erect a monument to his memory.
PULCI, Louis, an Italian poet, was b.
1432, at Florence ; was the friend of
Lorenzo di Medici, Politian, and other
eminent men ; was the inventor of that
species of heroi-comic poetry which
bears the name of Berni ; and d. about
1487. His great work is the " Mor-
gan te Maggiore," a truly poetical produc-
tion, an idea of which may be formed
from specimens translated by Lord
Byron.
PULTENEY, William, earl of Bath,
the political antagonist of Sir Eobert
Walpole, was b. 1682, and educated at
Westminster school, and Christ-church,
Oxford. On the accession of George I.
he was appointed a privy councillor and
secretary at war ; but a dispute with Sir
Eobert Walpole caused his removal to
the ranks of the opposition. He joined
Bolingbroke in conducting a paper,
called the "Craftsman," the object of
which was to annoy the minister. This
produced a duel between Pulteney, and
Lord Hervey; and the king was so
much displeased with the conduct of
the former, that he struck his name out
of the list of privy councillors, snd also
from the commission of the peace. On
the resign-ition of Walpole, in 1741,
Pulteney was created earl of Bath : but
from that time his popularity and iu-
jfluence ceased. D. 1764.
PURCELL, Henry, a celebrated En-
glish composer, was b. 16o8 ; was or-
ganist of Westminster abbey at the age
of 18, and was afterwards appointed
organist of the chapel royal ; and d.
1695. Among his works are, " An-
t'liems," "Sonatas," " Orpheus Britan-
nicus," and the opera of "Diocle-
tian."
PURCHAS, Samuel, a divine, was b.
in 1577, at Thaxted, in Essex; was edu-
cated at St. John's college, Oxford ; and
d. in 1628, rector of St. Martin's, Lud-
gate. His principal work is the well-
known collection of voyages, which
bears the title of "Pnrchas, his Pilgrim-
asres, or Relations of the World."
^PUTNAM, Israel, an officer in the
army of the American revolution, was
b. in Salem, Mass., 1718. He received
but a meagre education, and removing
to Connecticut, engaged in agriculture.
In the French war he commanded a
company, and was engaged in several
contests with the enemy. In 1756 he
fell into an ambuscade of savages, and
was exposed to the most cruel tortures.
He obtained his release in 1759, and re-
turned to his farm. Soon after the bat-
tle at Lexington he joined the army at
Cambridge, was appointed major-gen-
eral, and distinguished himself at Bunk-
er hill. In' 1776 he was sent to com-
plete the fortifications at New York, and
afterwards to fortify Philadelphia. In
the winter of 1777 he was stationed with
a small body at Princeton, and in the
spring appointed to a command in the
Highlands, where he remained most of
the time till the close of 1779, when he
was disabled by an attack of paralysis.
He was brave, energetic, and one of the
most efficient officers of the revolution.
D. 1790.
PYE, Henry James, a poet of an
ancient Berkshire family, was b. in 1745,
in London ; was educated at Magdalen
colleore, Oxford ; ruined his fortune by
becoming a candidate for Berks ; wa3
appointed poet laureate and a police ma-
gistrate, in 1790 and 1792; and d. in
1813. His principal works are " Alfred,"
an epic; "Translations of tlie poetics
of Aristotle," " Six Odes of Pindar,"
and " Homer's Hymns ;" " The Demo-
qui]
CrCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
705
3rjit," "The Aristocrat," and "Com-
ments on the Commentators upon Shak-
speare."
PYM, JoHX, a lawyer, was b. 1584, in
Somersetshire. After haviner finished
his edncation at Broadj?ate hall, Oxfordj
he studied law at one of the inns ot
court, and was called to the bar. Du-
ring the reigns of James I. and Charles
I. he had a seat in parliament, and was
a strict Puritan, and a strenuous oppo-
nent of the arbitrary measures of the
crown. He was one of the five mem-
bers whom the infatuated Charles de-
manded to be *given up to him by the
house of commons. Pym d. in 1648,
not long after having been appointed
lieutenant of the ordnance.
PYRRHO, a Greek philosopher, who
flourished about 340 b. c, was b. at Elea,
in the Peloponnesus, and was originally
a painter, but became a disciple of Anax-
archus, whom he accompanied in the
expedition of Alexander. On his re-
tarn his fellow-citizens made him their
high priest, and the Athenians gave him
the rights of citizenship. He lived to
the age of 90. Pyrrho founded the
sect of the Skeptics or Pyrrhonists.
PYTHAGORAS, a celebrated philoso-
pher, the founder of that school which
IS called the Italic, was b. about 586 b. c.
at Samos, or, according to some, at
Sidon, and began to travel at the asre of
18. He visited Phenicia and Asia Minor,
and even, it is said, Persia and India,
and resided for 25 years in Egypt. On
his return he taught geometry at Samos ;
after which he settled at Crotona, in
Magna Graecia, and established a school
of philosophy, which became famous.
Persecution at length drove him thence,
and he took refuge in the temple of the
Muses at Metapontum, where he is said,
but the truth of the story is doubtful,
to have been starved to death, about
497 B. c. Besides being an illustrious
metaphysical philosopher, Pyt'c'^oras
was a great geometrician and astrono-
mer.
Q.
QUARLES, Fkancts, a poet, was b.
1592, near Romford, in Essex; studied
at Christ's college, Cambridge, and at
Lincoln's Inn; was successively cup-
bearer to Elizabeth, daughter of James
I., and secretary to Archbishop Usher
in Ireland; suffered greatly for his at-
tachment to the cause of Charles I., and
d. 1644. His principal works are " Em-
blems," " Argalus and Parthenia,"
"Divine Fancies," and*" Enchiridion."
Quarles has been made an object of
aatire ; but, with all its faults, his poetry
is above contempt.
QUESNAY, Francis, a physician,
and the founder in France of the sect of
the Economists, was b. 1694, at Merci.
He was exceedingly fond of farming in
his youth, but was brought up to the
profession of medicine, and became
physician to Louis XV., who loved to
converse with him, called him the Think-
er, and ennobled him. Besides his
medical productions, which are numer-
ous, he wrote " Physiocracy," and va-
rious articles in the "Encyclopaedia,"
and in periodicals, to promulgate his
doctrines on political economy. D. 1774.
QUEVEDO DE VILLEGAS, Frax-
cis, a Spanish poet and miscellaneous
writer, was b 1580, at Madrid, studied
at Alcala, was obliged to quit Spain for
having killed a brutal noble in a duel,
held important oflSees under the duke
of Ossuna, viceroy of Sicily ; was exiled
to his -estate on the disgrace of the duke,
but was again received into favor at
court ; lived for several years in retire-
ment, devoted to literary pursuits ; was
thrown into a dungeon,' in 1641, where
he remained twenty-two months, on an
unfounded charge of having libelled
Count d'Olivares; and d. 1645. He
stands high among Spanish authors,
particularly as a satirist. His "Visions
of Hell," and "Comic Tales," have
been translated into English.
QUIN, James, almost eqtially cele-
brated as an actor and an epicure, was
b. 1693, in Co vent-garden. His father,
who was a barrister, d. 1710, at Dublin,
where Quin was educated. Being left
resonrceless, he went upon the stage,
and for a considerable period was con-
fined to inferior parts. At length he
rose into high reputation, and was
without a rival till the appearance of
Garrick. He retired from the sta?e in
1751, and d. in 1766. George III. was
instructed by him in recitation. Thom-
son, with wiiom Quin was in habits of
close friendship, has paid, in " The
Castle of Indolence," an elegant tribute
to his talents.
706
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[rab
QUINAULT, Philip, a celebrated
French lyrical dramatist, was b. 1635, at
Paris, began to write for the theatre at
the age of 18, became highly popular,
was attacked by Boileau, with much
more inveteracy than wit or justice, and
d. 1668, In the species of drama to
which he devoted his talents he stands
without a rival. It has been said of his
verses that they were already music
when they were placed in the hands of
the composer.
QUINCY, John, an American citizen,
0. 1689. Having graduated at Harvard
college, in 1708, was early employed in
public life. For forty years without
interruption he was a representative
and a member of the council ; and was
long the speaker of the house. He in-
herited an ample fortune, and discharged
with fidelity the various offices with
which he was honored. D. 1767, aged
78 years. — Edmund, agent for Massachu-
setts at the court of Great Britain, was
b. at Braintree, 1681, and graduated at
Harvard college in 1699. In 1718 he
was appointed a judge of the supreme
court, and held a seat for a long time in
the house of representatives, and in his
majesty's council. In 1737 he was se-
lected as an agent to the British court
to procure a decision of the contro-
versy respecting the boundary line be-
tween Massachusetts and New Hamp-
shire, and d. while in London, on the
23d of February, 1738, in his fifty-
seventh year. — Josiah, a distinguished
lawyer and patriot, was b. in Boston in
1743, and was graduated at Harvard
college. He soon became eminent in
the practice of law, and distinguished
by his active exertions in the popular
cause. His powers of eloquence were
of a very high oi'der. In 1774 he took
a voyage to Europe for the benefit of
his hedth, and to advance the interests
of the colonies. He d. on his return, on
the 25th of April, 1775, the day that
the vessel reached the harbor of Cape
Ann.
QUINTILIAN, Marcus Fabius, a
celebrated rhetorician, was b. in 42, at
Rome, followed Galba into Spain, and
taught rhetoric there; returned to his
native city, in 68, and wai* long a pro-
fessor of rhetoric ; and d. in his 80th
year. His " Institutes of the Orator"
have been translated into English.
"Declamations," and "A Dialogue on
Oratory," are also attributed to him ;
but the latter is sometimes ascribed to
Tacitus.
QUINTINIE, John de la, a celebrated
French horticulturist, b. at Poictiers, in
1626.
QUINTUS CALABER, or QUINTUS
SMYRNEUS, a Greek poet, who wrote
a supplement to Homers Iliad. He is
supposed to have lived in the 5th cen-
tury, and to have been a native of
Smyrna.
QUIRINI, Angelo Maria, a cardinal,
b. at Venice, in 1684. Benedict XIII.
made him archbishop and cardinal,
which dignities he tilled with great
reputation. D. 1755.
QUIROGA, Joseph, a Spanish Jesuit,
was b. at Lugo, in Gallicia, and distin-
guished himself as a missionary in
America. D. 1784.
QUIROS, Pedro Fernandez de, &
celebrated Spanish navigator, of the
16th century, who explored many of the
islands afterwards visited by Captain
Cook. D. 1614.
QUITA, Domingos dos Reis, a Portu-
guese poet, who early in life was a bar-
ber, but being fond of learning, and
making himself master of Italian, Span-
ish, and French, he wrote verses, and
became the author of " Inez de Castro,"
and four other tragedies ; besides many
sonnets, elegies, and pastorals. B. 1728 ;
d. 1770.
R.
RABANUS-MAURUS, Maonentius,
a learned German prelate, who became
abbot of the monastery at Fulda, and
was afterwards archbishop of Mentz.
B. 785 ; d. 856.
RABAUT DE ST. ETIENNE, John
Paul, one of the most worthy of the
French revolutionists, was b. at Nismes,
in 1741, for which city he was chosen a
deputy for the constituent assembly in
1789. He attached himself to the party
of the Girondists, and was proscribed
for opposing the Mountain party in 1793.
He was subsequently guillotined. His
wife killed herself; and all those who
assisted him were guillotined.
RABELAIS, Francois, a humorous
and satirical writer, whosfe works are
not so much read as they are talked
about. His fame has extended to all
tL^]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAi»HT.
707
Iand», and lie ranks with Lucan, Cer-
vantes, Moliere, Swift, &c., among the
greatest wits of the world. He was b.
at Chinar, in Touraine, about the year
1483, and was the son of an apothecary,
or as some say, an innkeeper. In earfy
life he became a monk of the Franciscan
order, and entered the convent at Fon-
tenay le Compte, where partly repelled
by the ignorance and indecorum of his
companions, and partly because his rude
sarcastic humor made them his enemies,
he was soon disgusted, and separating
from tliem joined the Benedictines.
But the monkish life not suiting liis
taste, he studied medicine, and for a
while practised the art. Kemorse, fear,
or some other motive, next indueed him
to procure an absolution from Paul III.
for his departure from his monastic
vows, and he spent some time as a canon
in the abbey of St. Maur des Fosses,
where he wrote a greater part of his
famous " Pantagruel." He was after-
wards transferred to Meudon as a parish
priest. He was a conscientious teacher
of his people, and delighted to instruct
the children of his cure in sacred music.
His house was a favoiite resort of learned
men, and he was noted for his generosity
to the needy. It is not known when he
completed his great work. The date of
the earliest existing edition of the first
and second books is 1535, but there
were previous editions which have dis-
appeared. Whenever published, it was
attacked on all sides, and on opposite
grounds. The champions of Aristotle
and his enemies, the friends of the
Catholic and of the Reformed doctrines,
Ramus and Calvin, the monks and the
Sorbonne, felt aggrieved alike by its keen
ridicule and cutting satire, and fell upon
it without mercy. But as his subjects
were the vices of the popes, the luxury
and avarice of prelates, the libertinism
and knavery of the monastic orders, the
barbarous theological philosophy of the
Sorbonne, and the no less barbarous juris-
prudence of the courts, the wonder is,
not that he was opposed, but that he
escaped with his life. Francis the First,
who pronounced his book delectable,
extended to him his protection, and the
hearts of the general readers echoed his
sentiments and sarcasm. Rabelais
wrote other works, most of them on
medical topics, but none of them are
comparable to the " Gargantuaand Pan-
tagruel." It alone has rendered his
name immortal. He was the master of
fourteen languages, and of all the sci-
ences and most of the arts of his time.
At the age of 70, in the year IS.'^ he d.
at Paris.
RABENER, Gottlieb Wiu..a.m, a
German satirist, who was controller of
the taxes for the circle of Leipsic. His
works have been translated into the
French and Dutch languages, and re-
published several times in his own
country. B. 1714; d. 1771.
RABUTIN, RoGEK, a French wit and
satirist; he was dismissed the army for
writing a lampoon, and afterwards sent
to the Bastille, on account of a libel
called "The Amorous History of the
Gauls." D. 1693.
RACAN, HoNORAT DE Benite, a well-
known French poet, and one of the
earliest members of the Academy. B.
1589; d. 1670.
RACINE, Jean, one of the greatest
tragic poets of France, whose reputation
and writings have spread over the whole
literary world. He was b. at Ferte
Milon, December 21st, 1693, but lost his
parents when a child, and was educated
m the abbey of Port Royal des Champs.
He early discovered a love for the old
Greek dramatists, especially Euripides,
and was a diligent student of their
works. His first production, a poem on
the marriage of Louis XIV., procured
him, through Colbert's mediation, a
pension of 2000 livres, and a present of
100 louis d'ors. The " Thebaide," his
first tragedy, appeared in 1664, and was
warmly received by the public. It was
an imitation of Corneille, and greatly
inferior to the works by which it was
followed, the " Alexandre," the " An-
dromache," " Les Plaideurs," " Bere-
nice," " Phedre," &c., most of which
still keep possession of the French
stage. After a mistaken piety had
Avithdrawn the poet from the theatre,
he wrote " Esther," at the request of
madame de Maintenon, which was re-
ceived with great satisfaction by the
court, and was represented by the pu-
pils of St. Cyr, in 1689. But after en-
joying court favor for nearly all his life,
he fell into disgrace with the king, and
was so mortified, that he d. April 22d,
1699. A certain formal stiffness and
coldness marked all the productions of
Racine ; yet his tenderness in the delin-
eation of love gives him a place in the
highest rank of French poets. In har-
mony of versification and grace of ex-
pression he is without a rival in his
native language. — Bona venture, an ec-
clesiastic, canon of the cathedral of
Auxerre, who wrote an ecclesiastical
history. B. 1708 ; d. 1755.
708^
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[ral
RADCLIFFE, Ann, a female novelist
of London, whose maiden name was
Ward. Her first performance was a
romance' called the " Casiles of Athlin
and Diimblaine," and the next the " Si-
cilian Komance." But her greatest pop-
ularity was achieved by the " Komance
of the Forest," and the " Mysteries of
Udolpho," the latter particularly, which
is still read with breathless eagerness
and attention by young masters and
mistresses, who initiate themselves by
stealth into the horrors and excitements
of mysterious adventures. She also
published a book of travels in Holland
and along the Rhine. Her descriptive
Eowers were of a high order, and nave
cen finely appreciated by Scott, in his
" Lives of the Novelists."' B. 1764 ; d.
1823. — John, a celebrated medical prac-
titioner of Wakefield, in Yorkshire, who
afterwards removed to London, and
became physician to Princess Anne of
Denmark. *He was also consulted by
William IIL, whose favor he lost by his
free and honest speech. In 1699 the
king, returning from Holland with his
ankles swollen, and his body emaciated,
sent for Radcliflfe, and asked, "What
do you think of these ?" He replied,
" Wfiy, truly, I would not have your
majesty's two legs for your three king-
doms !" He was never again sent for.
He was b. in 1650, and when he d. in
1714, he left £40,000 for the erection of
a library at Oxford, which still bears his
name.
RAE, Sir William, an eminent Scot-
tish judsre. D. 1842.
EAEBURN, Sir Henky, an eminent
portrait painter, knighted by George
iV. He ranked second only to Sir
Joshua Lawrence. B. at Stockbridge,
near Edinburgh, 1786. D. 1828.
RAFFENEL, Claude Denis, a French
author, who was killed at the siege of
Athens, in 1827. B. 1797.
RAFFLES, Sir Thomas Stamford, a
distinguished functionary of the English
East India Company, who, in 1811^ be-
came lieutenant-governor of Java. Du-
ring his administration he introduced
many judicious reforms. He was after-
wards at the head of the factory at Ben-
coolen, in Sumatra, where he continued
his reforms, and at last establislied the
free port of Singapore. In the year 1823
he laid the foundation of an Anglo-Chi-
nese college, witli the necessary libraries,
museums, &c. When he embarked to
return to England, all his valuable col-
lections and manuscripts were burnt in
a fire which consumed the vessel. He
wrote a " History of Java," in two vol-
umes. B. 1781 ; d. 1826.
RAGHIB 1>ACHA, Mohammed, a
grand vizier of the Ottoman empire,
noted for his literary taste and talent.
B. 1702; d. 1768.
RAGOTSKI, Francis, a patriotic
prince of Transylvania, who entered
into secret negotiations with Louis
XIV. to bring about the emancipation
of his country from Austrian rule ; but
his schemes having been detected, he was
arrested and condemned to death for
high treason. He Ibrtunately managed
to make his escape, and then'roused'tho
people of Hungary against the imperial
despotism. For a time he was prosper-
ous in his career, and was proelaiuied
protector, but, in the etid, certain of
the Hungarian states entering into an
alliance with Austria, his plans were
defeated, he renounced his estates, and
took refuge in Turkey. He wrote the
memoirs of his own life and adventures.
B. 1676 ; d. 1735.
RAGUENET, Francis, a French bi-
ographer and historian, who wrote lives
of Cromwell, Turenne, &c. D. 1722.
RAGUET, Cdndy, a vigorous writer
on subjects of political economy, who
flourished during the present cent"^v
at Philadelphia. His various essays c » .
banking, on tariffs, and the principV
of taxation, are remarkable for ci08«
logic and force, and created no little in-
fluence on the political discussions of
the day. B. 1784 ; d. 1842.
RAIKES, Robert, a benevolent and
pious printer of Gloucester, in England,
whose name will long continue to live
as that of the first projector of Sunday
schools. B. 1735; d. 1811.
RAIMONDI, Marc Antonio, a famous
engraver of Bologna, employed by Ra-
phael, and whose school surpassed all
others of the same era. Pope Clement
VII. imprisoned him for some over free
illustrations of the Aretine verses, but
was released on account of his " Martyr-
dom of St. Lawrence." B. 1748 ; ' d
1540. — John Baptiste, an orientalist of
Cremona, whom Ferdinand de Medici
made director of the oriental press,
which originated the Propaganda. B.
1540.
RAINOLDS, John, a learned Puritan
divine, head of Corpus Christi eolloire, at
Oxford; who was one of the translalors
of the Bible into English. B. 1549 ; d.
1607.
RALEIGH, Sir Walter, an illustrious
English navigator and historian, b. aX
Budley, Devonshire, 1552. He did emi-
ram]
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
IW
cent serNices for Queen Elizabeth, par-
ticularly in the discovery of Virginia, and
in the defeat of the Spanish armada,
and lived in happiness and honor during
her reign ; but his sun set at her death ;
for, on the accession of King James, he
lost his interest at court, was stripped
of his preferments, and unaccountably
accused of high treason, tried, and con-
demned to die. Being reprieved, how-
ever, he was committed prisoner to the
Tower of London, where he lay many
years ; and during his confinement de-
voted the greatest part of his time to
study. His writings have been divided
into poetical, epistolary, military, marit-
imul, geographical, political, pliilosophi-
cal, and historical. But his grand work
was "The History of the World," to the
end of the Macedonian empire, 323 b. c,
a work of vast compass and endless va-
riety. He received a commission from
the king to go and explore the golden
mines at Guiana. In the mean time his
design, being betrayed to the Spaniards,
was defeated ; and his eldest son Walter
being killed by the Spaniards at St.
Thome, the town -was burnt by Captain
Keymis. Upon this the Spanish am-
bassador Gondemar, making complaints
to the king, a proclamation was pub-
lished immediately against Raleigh and
his proceedings, and threatening pun-
ishment in an exemplary manner. Ea-
leigh landed at Plymouth in July, 1618,
and was arrested. It was found, how-
ever, that his life could not be touched
for any thing which had been done at
Guiana : therefore a privy seal was sent
to the judges, forthwith to order execu-
tion in consequence of his former attain-
der ; and he was beheaded in Old Palace-
yard, October 29, suffering his fate with
great magnanimity.
EALPH, James, a miscellaneous wri-
ter, b. at Philadelphia, who accompanied
Benjamin Franklm to England, where
his political connections secured him
a pension. He wrote a " History of
England," the "Case of Authors by
Profession," the " Use and Abuse of
Parliaments," and an "Answer to the
Memoirs of Sarah, Duchess of Marlbo-
rough." One of his works was a poem
called " Night," which Pope alludes to
in the " Dunciad," thus,
" Silence, ye wolves, while Ralph to Oynithia howls,
Making night hideous, — answer him, ye owJs !"
His dramatic attempts were failures. D.
1762.
RAMAGE, Adam, a native of Scotland,
who removed to the United States early
in life. His name is identified with
60
an improvement in the printing-press,
which was among ihe first to enlarge
the utility of that powerful engine, ft
was generally adopted in this country,
and the press went ever afterwards by
the name of the Ramage-press. B. 1770 ;
d. 1850.
RAMBERG, John Henry, a distin-
guished engraver and etcher, who stud-
ied under Sir Joshua Reynolds, and
became court painter at Hanover. His
works were numerous, and particularly
good in the line of humorous caricature.
The drawings to the magnificent edition
of Wieland's works were from his pencil.
B. 1767.
RAMEAU, Jean Philippe, an able
French theorist in the science of music.
He was early attached to a strolling
company of performers, for whom he
produced a musical entertainment, to
be represented at Avignon, when he was
18. Afterwards he was appointed organ-
ist in the Clermont catnedral ; and in
1722 printed his " Traite de I'Harmonie."
This was speedily followed by the " Nou-
veau Systeme de Musiqne Theorique,"
and his "Generation Musique." He
also wrote a great many other works on
music. He was 50 years of age when
he produced his first opera, " Hyppolyte
et Arise," which led to "Castor et Pol-
lux," "Dardanus," "Samson," "Pyg
malion" and "Zoroastie," besides a
large number of ballets and minor
pieces. Louis XV. granted him a pat-
ent of nobility in honor of his merits.
B. 1683; d. 1764.
RAMEL, Jean Pierre, a chief of bat-
talion during the French revolution,
afterwards appointed commandant of
Toulouse, where he was assassinated in
1815. B. 1770.
RAMELLI, AuGusTiN, an ingenious
engineer of Milan, who was distin-
guished in the army of Charles V. He
also wrote a curious book, called "Le
Diverse et Artificiose Machine." B.
1531 ; d. 1590.
RAM KOMUL SEU, a learned Hin-
doo, who did much to promote the
diffusion of knowledge at Calcutta. D.
1844.
RAMLER, Charles Whxiam, a Ger-
man lyric poet, translator, and critic,
professor in the royal military school at
BerHn. He attached himself to Frederic
the Great, and was called the German
Horace, though vastly inferior to the
Roman poet of that name. His poetical
works appeared in two volumes in 1800
B. 1725; d. 1798.
RAMMOHUN-ROY, Rajah, and by
710
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[ran
birth a Bramin, was b. 1776, in the prov-
ince of Bengal. He was educated in
the faith of his sect, but soon discover-
ing tlie diversities of belief botli among
the Indian and Christian doctors, iie
resolved to investigate for himself and
form his own opinions. In this view,
he first went to Thibet and then to
Hindostan, where he studied the San-
scrit and other languages. In 1803 he
published a book against " The Idolatry
of all Eeligions," w'hich made him many
enemies and forced him to retire to Cal-
cutta, where he studied English, and
translated from the Sanscrit into the
Hindoo tongue. He afterwards pub-
lished the "Precepts of Jesus," which
gave his views of Christ's teaching. In
183.1 he visited England, where he was
received with the highest marks of at-
tention. D..1833.
EAMSAY, Allan, a Scotch poet, was
b. in 1685, at Leadhills ; was originally
a wig-maker, but became a bookseller ;
acquired fame by his talents, and for-
tune by his trade ; and d. in 1758. His
poems contain much that is worthy of
f)raise; but his fame rests on his de-
ightful pastoral comedy of " The Gentle
Shepherd," which is one of the classics
of Scottish literature. — His son Allan,
who was b. in 1709, and d. in 1784, was
an eminent portrait painter ; and wrote
"The Investigator," and "The Present
State of the Arts." — Andrew Michael,
usually called Chevalier Ramsay, was b.
in 1686, at Ayr, in Scotland; was edu-
cated at Edinburgh and Leyden ; was
tutor in several families of rank, among
which were chose of the pretender, and
the duke of Argyle ; and d. in 1743.
His principal works are, " The Travels
of Cyrus," "Lives of Turenne and
Fenelon," and a "Discourse on Epic
Poetry." — David, an American histo-
rian, was b. in Pennsylvania, in 1749,
was educated at Princeton college, and
commenced the study of medicine.
After practising a short time in Mary-
land, he removed to Charleston, South
Carolina, in 1773, and soon rose to an
extensive practice. He took an active
and early part in the cause of the colo-
nies, and was for some time a surgeon
in the revolutionary army. In 1782 he
was chosen to a seat in congress?. He
wrote a " History of the Revolution in
South Carolina," a "History of the
American Revolution," a " Life of
Washington," a "History of South
Carolina," and a " History of the United
States." He d. in 1815.
RAMUS, Peter, a French philoso-
pher, was b. in a village of the Ver-
mandois, in 1515. When a boy, he ob
tained the place of servant in the college
of Navarre, where he devoted his lei-
sure hours to study, and became a most
consummate scholar. Having ventured
to attack the doctrine of Aristotle, he
was interdicted from teaching philoso-
phy ; but this judgment was reversed
by Henry II., and m 1551 he was made
royal professor of rhetoric and philoso-
phy. His spirit of free inquiry ulti-
mately led him to become a Protestant ;
as this could not be long concealed, he
was obliged to leave Paris, to which
city he returned in 1571, and lost his
life in the massacre on St. Bartholo-
mew's day, in the following year. His
works on mathematics, philosophy, lo-
gic, &c., are numerous.
RANCE, Armand John Le Bovthil
LiER DE, the reformer of La Trappe.
was b. in 1626, at Paris, and adopted
the ecclesiastical profession. He ob-
tained several benefices before he was
in orders, acquired great celebrity as a
preacher, and might have risen to the
most elevated stations in the church,
had he not taken the resolution of reti-
ring from the world. Various reasons
are assigned for this ; the most probable
of which appears to be, that although
he was a man of large fortune, and in-
dulged in all the pleasures of the world,
the death of the duchess of Montau-
ban, to whom he was attached, pro-
duced such a revulsion in his feelings,
that he abandoned society, and retired
to his abbey of La Trappe, where he
introduced a reform of the most rigid
kind in the monastic discipline. He
was the author of several theological
works, and d. 1700.
RANDOLPH, Sir Thomas, an emi-
nent statesman, was b. in Kent, 1523,
and d. 1590. On the accession of Eliza-
beth he was sent on embassies to Scot-
land, France, and Russia. His letters are
in ditferent collections, and his account
of Russia in " Ilackluyfs Voyages."
— Thomas, an English dramatic poet, b.
1605; d. 1634. His " Muse's Looking-
Glass," a comedy, is well known and
much admired. — Thomas, a learned di-
vine, was the son of the recorder of
Canterbury, \vhere he was b. in 1701,
and educated at the king's school. Af-
ter studying at Oxford, and obtaining
his degree of D.D., he received church
preferment in his native county, and
became, in 1763, archdeacon of Oxford,
and Margaret professor of divinity.
Among his works are, " The Christian' 3
bap]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
711
Faith," "A Vindication of the Doc-
trine of the Trinity," and " A View of
Our Blessed Saviour's Ministry." D.
1783. — John, a learned prelate, a son of
the preceding, was b. 1749; studied at
Christ-church, Oxford, where he gradu-
ated, and in 1783 was elected to the
regius professorship of divinity. He
became, successively, bishop of Oxford,
Bangor, and London; but he did not
enjoy the latter diocese more than two
years, havibg d. 1813. — John, an ec-
Jcntrie and arrogant, but influential
statesman, b. June, 1773, in Chester-
field county, Va. and received his
education at Princeton college. In 1799
he was elected to congress, where he
figured for nearly thirty years, as one of
the most sarcastic and eloquent speakers
of the house. He was also, tor two
years in the senate. In 1830, President
Jackson appointed him minister to Kus-
sia ; but he had scarcely been presented
to the emperor when he returned to
England. The latter part of his life
was passed in ill health. D. 1833. —
Peyton, first president of the American
congress, was a native of Virginia, and
one of the most distinguished lawyers
and patriots of that state. He was as
early as 1756 appointed king's attorney
for that colony, and held the office for
many years. In 1766 he was elected
speaker of the house of burgesses, and
in 1773 a member of the committee of
correspondence. The following year he
was appointed a delegate to the congress
which assembled at Philadelphia, and
was elected its president, and also presi-
ded in the congress of 1775, till obliged
to return to Virginia, when Hancock
was chosen his successor. He soon re-
sumed his seat in congress, but d. sud-
denly on the-22d of October, 1775, aged
52. — Edmund, governor of Virginia, was
the son of John Randolph, attorney-
general of that colony before the revolu-
tion. He was an eminent lawyer, and a
warm friend of the revolution. After
having held several honorable stations
in the state, he was in 1779 elected to
a seat in congress, and held it till 1782.
In 1787 he was a member of the con-
vention M'hich formed the federal con-
stitution, but voted against its adop-
tion. The next year he was chosen
governor of Virginia, and in 1789 was
appointed attorney- general of the Uni-
ted States, and in 1794 secretary of
f;tate, but engaged in an intrigue "with
She French minister, by which he lost
the confidence of the cabinet, and re-
signed in August, 1795. D. 1813.
EAPHAEL, or EAFFAELLO SAN-
ZIO, DA Urbino, the most celebrated
of modern painters, was b. at Urbino,
1483, being the son of a painter named
Sanzio. At the age of 13 his father
placed him under Perugiuo, where he
soon surpassed his numerous compeers.
Three years afterwards he went with
Pinturicchio to Siena, to assist him in
painting the history of Pius II., for tlie
cathedral there : but Eaphael soon left
that work to visit Florence, where he
improved his style by studying the de-
signs of Da Vinci, and Michael Angelo.
His favorite artist, however, was Fra
Bartolomeo, who gave him a more cor-
rect knowledge of coloring. In 1508
he was invited to Kome by Julius II.,
who employed him to paint'the " School
of Athens" in the Vatican. In per-
forming this commission, he gave such
satisfaction, that the pope ordered all
the pictures, already painted in the va-
rious rooms, to be "obliterated, and the
walls prepared for the productions of
Eaphael alone, who, with difficulty, suc-
ceeded in saving from destruction a
ceiling, painted by his old master Peru-
gino. On the accession of Leo X. he
prosecuted his labors with increased
spirit, and executed his " Attila " and
the "Deliverance of St. Peter." The
" Cartoons" and the " Transfiguration"
were among the last of his labors. To
his other talents he added that of being
an able architect ; the principles of
which science he studied under Bra-
mante, who recommended him for his
successor in conducting the great work
of St. Peter's, the general plan of which,
as it now stands, was designed by
Eaphael. He likewise constructed a
number of magnificent buildings, par-
ticularly the Caffarelli palace at Eome.
As a sculptor also he evinced great
skill, though in that department of art
he was able to pay but little attention.
D. 1520.
EAPIN DE THOYEAS, Paul, av
historian, was b. in 1661, at Castres, in
Langnedoc. He studied law under his
father, who was an advocate, until the
revocation of the edict of Nantes drove
him to England, and subsequently to
Holland, where he entered a company
of French cadets. In 1689 he followed
the prince of Orange into England, and
distinguished himself at the battle of
the Boyne, and the siesre of Limerick.
In 1707 he settled at^Wesel, in the
duchy of Cleves, and devoted himself,
to the composition of his "History of
England," which was published at tlie
712
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[rba
Hague, and waa for a long time in great
repute, being the only complete narra-
tive ofEnglisii events. D. 1725. — Rena-
TU8, a French Jesuit and critic, famous
for his skill in classical learning. B.
1621 ; d. 1687.
EASTALL, John, a learned printer
in Loudon, who wrote a " Dramatic De-
scription of Asia, Africa, and Europe."
" Canones Astrologici," " Dialogues
concerning Purgatory," "Anglorum Re-
gum (?hronicum," &c. He niarried a
sister of Sir Thomas More, and d. in
1536.
RAULIN, John, a celebrated French
preacher, of the loth century, whose
sermons and letters were greatly ad-
mired, and to whom both Rabelais and
La Fontaine have been partially in-
debted for their patlios. B. 1443 ; d.
1514. — Joseph, an ingenious French
physician, was b. 1708, and d. at Paris
1784, He wrote several medical trea-
tises.
E AVAILL AC, Francis, the murderer
of Henry IV. of France, was b. at An-
gouleme, in 1578. Having been ruined
by a lawsuit, and tor a long time con-
fined in prison for debt, . his naturally
gloomy disposition degenerated into a
morbid ftmaticism, and he became accus-
tomed to consider the good and humane
Henry IV. as the arch-enemy of the
church, to destroy whom would be do-
ing God service. Filled with this notion,
he followed the royal carriage from the
Louvre to the Rue de la Ferronnierre,
and while it stopped in the street, in
consequence of some obstruction, he
moLinted the coach wheel, and thrusting
his hand in at the window, armed with
a knife, stabbed the king to the heart.
He was instantly seized, interrogated,
and underwent the torture ; but he de-
clared he had no accomplice, and on
May 27, 1610, his limbs were torn asun-
der by horses.
RAWLE, William, a lawver and
jurist of note, b. at Philadelphia 1759,
read law in New York, London, and
Paris, and practised in his native city.
In 1789 he was chosen a member of the
Pensylvania legislature, and afterwards
Washington appointed him district at-
torney tor that state ; but though fre-
quently solicited, he never would take
oflB,ce. He was a member of nearly all the
literary and scientific societies of the day,
and first president of the Penn. Histori-
cal Society. His writings were a " View
of the Constitution of tlie United States"
and the new Civil Code, prepared by a
commission appointed to revise, collate,
and digest the Pennsylvania statutes.
D. 1836.
RAY, John, a celebrated naturalist,
b. at Black Notley, in Essex, in 1628.
He received his education at Catharine
hall and Trinity college, Cambridge, but
lost his fellowship by refusing to comply
with the act of unitbrmity. After this
he devoted himself to the study of na-
ture, and in 1663 accompanied Mr. Wil-
lougliby on a tour through Europe, of
wiiich journey he published'an account
in 1673. Mr. Ray was elected a fellow
of the Royal Society in 1667, and tiie
transactions of that' body all'ord ample
proofs of his attention to science. The
principal of his works are, " A Collec-
tion of English Proverbs," " The Wis-
dom of God manifested in the Works
of the Creation," " Three Discourses
concerning the Chaos, Deluge, and Dis-
solution of the World," "Synopsis
Methodica Animalium (^uadrupedum,"
and "Sylloge Stirpium Europearum
extra Britanniam." D. 1705.
RAYN AL, William Thomas Francis,
an eminent French historian and phi-
losopher, was b. at St. Genies, 1718, and
after quitting the Jesuits, by whom he
was educated, he became an historical
and political writer. He joined the
French philosophical party, as it was
called, adopted their principles to the
fullest extent, and became one of the
writers in the "Encyclopaedia." He also
published several works at Paris, the
principal of wlrich was his "Political
and Philosophical History of the Euro-
pean Settlements in the East and West
Indies." This was followed by an essay
on the " Revolution of America," writ-
ten in a style of declamation, and full
of enmity to the English. In 1791 the
Abbe Raynal addressed a letter to the
constituent assembly, in defence of the
rights of property, " which greatly irri-
tated the revolutionists, and though he
escaped the tyranny of Robespierre,
he was stripped of his property, and d.
in great indigence at Passy, in 1796.
Among his other works are, a " History
of the Stadtholdership," " History of ij.
the Parliament of England," " Histori-^f
cal Anecdotes," " History of the Di»>f'
vorce of Henry VIIT. of England, 'to
" The Military School," and " Hi'storioEd-i
Memoirs of Europe."
READ, George, a distinguished
American citizen, of Irish descent, b.
in Maryland, 1734. He studied law, and
settled in the state of Delaware, where
he was attorney-general of the three
lower counties from 1763 to 1775. lu
ft«c|
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
713
1774 he was chosen a 'member of con-
gress, and was continued during the
revohitionary war. He was president
of the convention which formed the first
constitution of Delaware, a member of
the convention which formed the con-
stitution of the United States, and was
H sensjtor of the United States. From
793^0 the autumn of 1798, the time of
'is death, he was chief justice of the
itate of Delaware. In his several sta-
tions of honor and responsibility, he
had the reputation for talents and wis-
dom. — John, a lawyer of Boston, Maji-
sachusetts, distinguished for genius,
learning, wit, patriotism, eloquence, and
integrity, was graduated at liarvard col-
lege, in 1697. He studied divinity, and
preached for some time with popularity,
nut at length left that profession for the
law, and soon became eminent in the
Sractice. He first reduced the redun-
ant and obscure phraseology of the
English deeds of conveyance, to the
simple form now in use. He held a
conspicuous place for some time also in
the house of representatives and coun-
cil. D. at an advanced age, in 1749.
REAL, Gaspaud de, Seijjneur' de
CuRBAN, was b. at Sisteron, in 1682, and
d. at Paris, in 1752. He wrote an able
work on the "Science of Government."
REAUMUR, Rene Antoine Fer-
CHAULT DE, a philosophic naturalist, b. in
1683, at Rochelle ; studied under the
Jesuits at Poitiers, and afterwards went
through a course of law at Bourges.
But his tastes led him to the observation
of nature ; and having made liimself
acquainted with the mathematical sci-
ences, he was chosen a member of the
Academy of Sciences at Paris, to which
he had presented some memoirs on
geometry. He discoverecf the art of
manufacturing porcelain, of converting
iron into steel, of tinning iron plates,
.ind of making artificial pearls. He
ascertained, also, the existence of mines
of turquoises in France equal to those
of Persia ; and he invented a method
of hatching eggs by artificial lieat. But
ho is principally celebrated for being the
first who reduced thermometers to a
common standard ; and the instruments
constructed upon his principles still go
by his name. His chief works are,
"Memoirs of his Discoveries," "The
History of Insects," and a " History of
the Auriferous Rivers of France."
REBOLLEDO, Bernardin. count de,
a Spanish soldier, writer, and diploma-
tist, was b. at Leon 1596, and d. at
Uadrid in 1677.
60*
REDES DALE,, John Freeman Mrr-
FORD, Baron, an eminent English lawyer
and statesman, was b. 1748, educated at
New college, Oxford, and having studied
at Lincoln's Inn, was called to the bar;
in 1782 he published "A Treatise ou
Pleadings in Suits in the Court of Chan-
cery." He was afterwards made a
Welsh judge. In 1789 he was chosen
M.P. for Beeralston; in 1793 he was
appointed solicitor-efcneral, and in that
capacity he assisted in conducting the
state trials of Hardy, Home Tooke, and
Thelwall. He succeeded Lord Eldon as
attorney-general in 1799. In 1802 he
was raised to the peerage, and made
lord chancellor, and a member of the
privy council in Ireland; but he resign-
ed the seals in March, 1806, in conse-
quence of the death of Mr. Pitt. D.
1830.
REDING, Aloys, baron von, lande-
maim and general of the Swiss, was b.
1755. On the invasion of Switzerland
by the French in 1798, he commanded
the troops raised to repel them ; but
though he obtained some advantages
over the enemy, his forces were inade-
quate to the task assigned them, and
the Swiss were compelled to submission.
Having afterwards endeavored to secure
some degree of independence for his
country, Bonaparte had him arrested
and confined in the fortress of Arbourg,
but he was set at liberty in a few months.
He was subsequently at no pains to con-
ceal his antipathy to Bonaparte, and he
is believed to have favored tlie passage
of the allied troops through the Swiss
territories over the Rhine, after the
campaign of 1813. D. 1818.
REED, Isaac, a critic and miscella-
neous writer, was b. in London in 1742,
and brought up to the conveyancing
business, whicn he relinquished for
literary pursuits. He published the
poems of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu,
edited the Seatonian prize poems, and
revised and enlarged Dodsley's " Old
Plays." He afterwards also published
the " Biographia Dramatica," and four
volumes of humorous pieces, under the
title of the " Repository ;" but the work
by which he is most advantageously
known is an edition of Shakspeare,
embodying in its pages all the most val-
uable notes and elucidations of former
commentators, with much original in-
formation. D. 1807. — Joseph, a dra-
matic writer, was b. at Stockton-upon-
Tees, in 1743, and carried on business
as a rope-maker at Stepney, till his
death in 1787. He was the' author of
714
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[reg
"Dido," a tragedy, "Tom Jones," a
comic opera, severiil farces, &c. — Joseph,
a patriot of the American revolution,
was graduated at tiie college in New
Jersey, in 1757. While a member of
congress in 1778, the British commis-
sioner endeavored to procure his influ-
ence to bring about a reconciliation
between the colonies and the mother
country, he rejected their offers with
the reply — "That he was not worth
Purchasing ; but such as he was, the
ing of Great Britain was not rich
enough to buy him." In 1778 he was
chosen president of Pennsylvania, and
retained that office till his death, 1781.
KEES, Abraham, a dissentmg minis-
ter, whose labors as an encyclopedist
have gained for him great and deserved
celebrity, wns b. in Montgomeryshire,
1743, was educated at Hoxton, became
theological and philosophical tutor in
the new college, founded at Hackney,
which place he held till 1795, when that
establishment al:<o terminated. In 1776
he was employed as editor of " Cham-
bers's Cyclopaedia," which he completed
in 1786. After a lapse of 14 years, the
proprietors embarked in a more com-
Srehensive undertaking, which also Dr.
;ees brought to a conclnsion. Besides
these literary performances, he publish-
ed two volumes of " Practical Sermons,"
and several other works. D. 1825.
EEEIVE, Clara, a novelist, was b. at
Ipswich, and was the daughter of a
clergyman who gave her an excellent
education. She possessed great learn-
ing and research, which she displayed
in her first literary essay, a translation
of Barclay's " Argenis." Among her
subsequent productions are, "The Pro-
gress of Romance," "Memoirs of Sir
Koger de Clarendon," " The School for
Widows," and the well-knowii tale of
" The Old English Baron." D. 1808.—
John, a celebmted comic actor, b. in
London, 1799, made liis first appearance
on the boards of Drury-lane, as " Syl-
vester Daggerwood," in" 1819 ; was sub-
sequently engaged at the Haymarket,
English bpera-liouse, and Adelplii, and
d. 1838. John Keeve was the absolute
personification of hihirious jollity and
genuine good-humor. — Tapping, an
eminent lawyer, was b. at Brook-llaven,
in 1744, and'was graduated at Princeton
college. He established himself as a
lawyer in Litchfield, Connecticut, where
he founded the law school, of which,
for nearly thirty years he was the prin-
cipal instructor. ' He was for many years
judge of the supremo court of that state,
and some time chief justice. His legal
attainments were of a high order, and
as a man he possessed the esteem and
respect of tiie community.
KEGTUS, Urban, or Le Rot, a learned
poet and controversialist, distinguished
also as one of the early reformers, was
b. at Langenargen, in Germany. He
completed "his studies at Ingoldstadt,
under Eckius, and when the emperor
Maximilian visited that university, he
made Regius his poet laureate and ora-
tor. He afterwards obtained a profes-
sorship , but when the controversy
arose between Luther and Eckius, the
reformed doctrines operated so strongly
upon his conviction, that he sided with
the former against his old tutor in po-
lemics. In 1530 he accepted an invita-
tion from the duke of Brunswick to
settle as pastor of the church of Lunen-
berg, and d. in 1541.
REGNARD, John Francis, a comic
writer, was b. at Paris, in 1655. He
went to Italy about 1676, and was re-
turning home with considerable prop-
erty, w'hen he was captured by an
Algerine corsair, and sold for a slave.
During his captivitv, he obtained the
favor of his master by his skill in cook-
ery; but being caught in an intrigue
with one of the women, he was required
to turn Mahometan, or suffer death.
The French consul, however, saved him
by paying his ransom, and Regnard re-
turned to France about 1 681 . After this
he wrote a number of successful com-
edies, besides poems and other works ;
was made a 4;reasurer of France, and
lieutenant of the waters and forests ;
and d. 1709.
REGNAULT, Michael Louis Ste-
phen, a French advocate and statesman,
Avas b. at St. Jean d'Angeli, in 1760; d.
1819. — Noel, a learned mathematician
and philosopher, was b. at Arras, 1683"
belonged to the society of Jesuits, and
d. at Paris, 1762. He published several
scientific and metaphysical works, the
principal of which are his " Philosophi-
cal Conversations" and his " Ancient
Origin of the New Philosophy."
REGNIER, Claude Ambrose, duke
of Massa, minister of justice under the
government of Napoleon, was b. at Bla-
mont, in La Meurtlie, in 1736 ; prac-
tised as an advocate at Nancy, was a
member of the constituent assembly,
retired from public affairs duringr the
reign of terror ; but after the fall of
Robespierre, became a member of the
council of ancients, and took an active
part in the senate. He assisted in tht>
bbn]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
71i
elevation or' Bonaparte as first consul,
and, in 1802, he was appointed grand
i'udfre, minister of justice, <fec. In 1813
le became president of the legislative
body, and d. in the following year. —
Mathurin, a French poet, and the first
who succeeded in France as a satirist,
b. at Chartres, 1572. He was brought
up to tlie church, which he disgraced
by his debaucheries ; yet he obtained a
eanonry in the cathedral of his native
place, with other benefices, and a pen-
sion. D. 1613. His " Satires" still re-
tain a place in the standard literature of
his country.
EEGULUS, Marcus Attiltus, a Ro-
man general, celebrated for his patriot-
ism and devotion in the service of his
country, was made consul a second time
about 256 b. c, and, with his colleague,
Manlius Vulso, commanded in tlie first
war against Carthage.
EEICHARDT, John Frederic, a mu-
sical composer and author, was b. at
Konigsberg, in 1751 ; studied under
Kant, was for a long time director of the
Italian opera at Berlin, and subsequently
had the direction of the French and
German theatres at Cassel. Among his
compositions, which are very numerous,
are the " Tamerlane" of Morel, and the
"Panthea" of Berquin. His literary
productions are, " Familiar Letters writ-
ten during a Journey in France in 1792,
and again in 1803 and 1804," "Familiar
Letters on Vienna," &c. ; and "Napo-
leon Bonaparte and the French People
under his Consulate," &c. D. 1814.
REICHENBACH, George of, a dis-
tinguished mechanical artist, was b. at
Manheim, in 1772, and d. at Munich, in
1826. He and his coadjutor, Fraunhofej*,
were unsurpassed in the manufacture
of optical instruments generally, and
quite unrivalled in the execution'of tel-
escopes, heliometers, theodolites, &c.
REID, Thomas, a celebrated Scotch
divine and metaphysician, was b. 1709,
at Strachan, in Kincardineshire, and
educated at the Marischal college, Aber-
deen. In 1764 he succeeded Adam
Smith as professor of moral philosophy
at Glasgow, and d. in 1796. His prin-
cipal works are, " An Inquiry into the
Human Mind," and " Essays on the In-
tellectual and Active Powers of Man,"
Dr. Reid was the first writer in Scotland
who attacked the skepticism of Hume,
and endeavored to refute the ideal the-
orv which was then prevalent.
ilEINHOLD, Er^vsmls, a German ma-
thematician and astronomer, was b. at
Salfeldt, in Thuringia, in 1511 ; becatue
professor of mathematics at "Wittemberg,
and d. there in 1533. His works are,
"Theoria nova Planetarum," "Ptol-
emy's Almagest, with a Latin version,"
"PVutenicse Tabulre Ccelestium Motu ■
um," and " Primus Liber Tabularum
Directionnm."
REMBRANDT VAN RHYN, Paul.
one of the most celebrated painters and
engravers of the Dutch scnool, was b.
1606, near Leyden, His passionate love
for art disappointed his father's desire
of educating him as a scholar ; but he
received some instruction in the art of
painting from Peter Lastmann, of Am-
sterdam, but soon returned home, and
pursued his labors there, taking nature
as his sole guide. He came into notice
by taking a picture to the Hague, where
a dealer gave him 100 florins for it ;
which circumstance procured him em-
ployment and pupils. Rembrandt was
master of all that relates to coloring,
distribution of light and shade, and the
management of the pencil ; and though
he was deficient in some of the other
requisites of a true artist, it cannot be
denied that his pencil is masterly and
unique, possessing an energy and efiect
belonging to no other painter. His
etchings possess a wonderful freedom,
facility, and boldness. Rembrandt mar-
ried the handsome d^iughter of a peas-
ant, who used to sit to him as a model.
He resided during the greater part of his
life at Amsterdam, and he soon acquired
a large fortune. His habits, however,
were low, and his avarice insatiable ; so
that he lived like a beggar, and descend-
ed to the meanest tricks to increase his
hoard. D. 1674, or, according to some
accounts, in 1688.
REMUS AT, Jean Pierre Abel, an
eminent linguist, was b. at Paris, 1788.
He was professor of the Chinese and Tar-
tar languages at the college de France ;
was admitted into the academy of in
scriptions in 1816 ; and, after Visconti's
death, in 1818, he was appointed editor
of the " Journal des Savans." His prin-
cipal works are, " Essai sur la Langue
et Litterature Chinoises," "Plan d'uu
Dictionnaire Chinois," "Melanges Asi-
atiqiies," and " Comtes Chinois." D.
1832.
RENAU D'ELISAGARAY, Ber-
nard, an able French naval architect,
was b. in Beam, in 1652. He was em-
ployed at Brest in the construction of
large ships ; and, in 1680, he conceived
the idea of bomb-vessels, which were-
used at the bombardment of Algiers,!
and the success of which led to his being*
716
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[reo
appointed to conduct several sieges un-
der Vauban. For these services he was
made a captain in the navy, honored
with the cross of St. Louis, and reward-
ed with a pension of 12,000 livres. He
wrote, "Thfcorie de la Manoeuvre des
Vaisseaux," and d. in 1719.
KENNEL, Major John, was b. at
Chudleigh, 1742 ; first entered the naval
service as a midshipman, and served in
India, but quitted it for the East India
company's military service, and became
surveyor-general of Bengal. Eeturning
to England in 1782, he was elected a
member of the Koyal Society ; and from
this period he held an extensive corre-
spondence with men of learning both at
home and abroad. He now published
his celebrated " Memoir and Map of
Hindostan," and he assistad in the for-
mation of the Asiatic Society. He was
also tlie author of •' Observations on the
Topography of the Plain of Troy," three
memoirs on the "Geography of Africa,"
the " Geographical System of Herodotus
explained," and tiie " Marches of the
British Army in the Peninsula of In-
dia." D. 1830.
EENNIE, John, a celebrated civil
engineer and mechanist, was b. at Phan-
tassie, in East Lothian, settled in Lon-
don in 1788, and first became known by
the talent he displayed in the construc-
tion of the Albion Mills. His next con-
cern was in superintending the new
machinery of Whitbread's brewery, the
execution of which increased his fame.
He soon, however, became eminent in
labors of a superior kind, and stood at
the head of the civil engineers of Great
Britain. Among his public works may
be mentioned, Ramsgate harbor, Water-
loo, Southwark, and New London
bridges; the Breakwater at Plymouth,
the Crinan, Lancaster, Kennet, and
Avon, and other canals; and several
docks and harbors, amonsr which are
those of London, Hull, and Sheerness.
But the Bell Rock lighthouse, construct-
ed on the same, principle as that of the
Eddystone, will, perhaps, be deemed
the grreatest effort of his genius. D. 1821.
REPTON, HuMPHREy, a private gen-
tleman, distinguished by his skill in
ornamental gardeninar and arcliitecture,
was b. at Bury St. Edmunds, in 1752.
In 1783 he accompanied Mr. Windliam
to Ireland, and for a short time held a
situation at Dublin, under government.
On his return to England,' he adopted
the profession of landscape gardening,
in which he soon obtained extensive
celebrity. He published several works
on miscellaneous subjects, but his prin-
cipal productions are on the theory and
practice of his art. D. 1818.
RESTOUT, John, a French painter,
was b. at Rouen, in 1692, became direc-
tor of the academy of paintings, and d.
in 1768; — His son, who was also a good
Sainter, and a member of the Academy,
. at Paris in 1797.
RETZ, John Francis Paul de Gondi,
a French cardinal, and a celebrated po-
litical character, was b. at Montmirail,
in 1613; became coadjutor to his uncle,
the archbishop of Paris ; and, after
many intrigues, and fighting several
duels, he was made archbishop of Co-
rinth and a cardinal. He conspired
against the life of Cardinal Richelieu,
and took a prominent part in opposing
Mazarin during the minority of Louis
XIV. In short, he was the Catiline of
the day. At h, \gth Mazarin, who both
hated and fear i him, imprisoned him
in the castle o/ Vincennes, whence he
was removed to Nantes, from which he
escaped, and subsequently travelled
through Holland, Flanders, and En-
gland. In 1675 he wished to give up
his cardinal's hat, and retire from the
world, but the pope would not receive it ;
and as the latter years of his life made
some amends for his former crimes, he
d. at Paris, in 1679.
REUCHLIN, John, a celebrated Ger-
man philologist, b. at Pfortzheim, in
1455. Having studied the law, and ob-
tained the diploma of licentiate in that
faculty at Poitiers, he was employed
in several diplomatic missions ; and
while at Rome with Everard, count of
Wirtemberg, he was received with the
distinction due to his talents, and was
particularly noticed by Lorenzo de Me-
dici, at Florence. After the renewal of
the league of Suabia, in 1500, Reuchlin
was appointed judge of a tribunal at
Tubingen, which office he held eleven
years. In his old age he was reduced
to poverty, and was persecuted by the
ecclesiastics for opposing Pfeftercorn's
design of burning all the Jewish books
except the Bible. Reuchlin was the
preceptor of Melanchthon, and d. 1522.
He composed the first Hebrew grammar
and lexicon for the use of Christians,
and he was the author of several other
works.
RE [J V ENS, John Everard, one of
the most profound lawyers Holland ever
produced, was b. at itaerlem, in 1753;
studied at Leyden ; acquired great repu-
tation at the ilague as an advocate ; an i
was appointed," in 1795, counsellor to
WlO
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
717
tlie court of justice of the province of
Holland. In 1801 he became president
of the hisrh court of justice; and under
the regal government, in 1806, he was
nominated counsellor of state extraor-
dinary, and subsequently vice-president
of the council. On the union of Hol-
land to France, in 1810, he became presi-
dent of the court of appeal at the Hague ;
but was soon after invited to Paris, and
made counsellor of the court of cassa-
tion ; which office he relinquished,
when, in 1814, the independence of his
native country was secured, and return-
ed to the presidency he had quitted at
the Hague. He went to Brussels in
1816, on a legal mission, and there
perished, the victim of a conspiracy, the
authors of which have never been dis-
covered.
KEY NE ATI, Charles Rene, an emi-
nent French mathematician, was b. at
Brissac, in 1656, and entered into the
congregation of the Oratory. Having
become well acquainted with geometry,
and studied the Cartesian pliilosophy,
he taught mathematics and physics at
Toulon and Angers. He was the author
of " Analyse Demontree," and " Science
du Calcul des Grandeurs." D. 1728.
REYNEE, Edward, a nonconformist
divine, was b. in Yorkshire, and edu-
cated at Cambridge, where he took his
degree in arts, and, about 1627, settled
at Lincoln; but in 1662 was ejected
from his living, and d. soon after. He
wrote "Precepts for Christian Prac-
tice," " Vindication of Human Learning
and Universities," &c.
REYNOLDS, Sir Joshua, an eminent
English painter, was the son of a cler-
gyman at Plimpton, in Devonshire,
where he was b. 1723. He early dis-
covered a predilection for the art of
drawing, which induced his father to
place him, at the age of 17, with Hud-
son, the most famous portrait painter in
London, with whom he remained three
years, and then, upon some disagree-
ment, returned home. He then pro-
ceeded to Rome, in which capital, and
other parts of Italy, he spent three
years. On his return to London, his
talent placed him at the head of the
English portrait painters ; and being a
man of literary abilities and an amiaBle
companion, as well as a first-rate artist,
he soon numbered among his intimate
friends, several of the most distinguish-
ed characters of the day. When the
Royal Academy was instituted, in 1768,
he was unanimously chosen president,
and was knighted; and although it was
no prescribed part of his duty to read
lectures, yet his zeal for the advance-
ment of the fine arts induced him to
deliver annual or biennial discourses
before the academy on the principles
and practice of painting. Of these he
pronounced fifteen, from 1769 to 179<),
which were published in two sets, and
form a standard work. He was a mem-
ber of the celebrated club which con-
tained the names of Johnson, Garrick,
Burke, and others of the first rank of
literary eminence, and seems to have
been universally beloved and respected
by his associate's. In 1773 the university
of Oxford conferred on Sir Joshua the
honorary degree of doctor of laws, and
in 1783 he was appointed principal
painter to the king. D. 1792.
REYNAC, Francis Philip Latjbens
DE, a French ecclesiastic, was b. at
Longville, in the Limousin, in 1734.
He became canon regular of Chancclade,
prior of St. Maclou, at Orleans, and an
associate of the academy of inscrip-
tions. He is pridcipally known by hib
"Hymns to the Sun," in the florid
prose style of Fenelon. He also wrote
" Idylls in prose," " Sacred Poems,"
&c. D. 1782.
RHEIFEK, Christopher, a German
musical composer, b. at Memmingen,
in 1748. He produced tlie operas of
" Le Nouveau Pygmalion," " Le Fils
Reconnaissant," and " Rinaldo ;" be-
sides the oratorio, "Der Todgesang
Jesu," and a collection of songs. D.
1796.
RHIGAS, or RIGAS, a modern Greek
patriot, b. at Velestini, in Thessaly,
about 1753. He was soon distinguished
for his ready apprehension and exten-
sive acquirements, being intimately ac-
quainted with the ancient literature of
Greece, as well as with the Latin, French,
German, and Italian languages. Look-
ing forward for an opportunity when his
country might throw off the Turkish
yoke, he conceived the project of a
grand secret society, and among the
discontented chiefs who became asso-
ciated with him, was the pacha Pass-
wan Oglou. He then proceeded to
Vienna,'which place he made the focus
of an extensive correspondence with
persons of intelligence possessing simi-
lar principles with himself in various
parts of Europe. He also commenced
a Greek journal for the instruction of
his countrymen, composed a treatise on
military tactics, drew up a grand chart
of all Greece, in 12 divisions, and trans-
lated the travels of "Anacharsis the
Tl$
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY,
[rio
Younger," and other French works.
But being treacherously denounced to
the Austrian government by one of his
^sodates, as a conspirator against the
state, he was arrested at Trieste, and
ordered to be delivered up to the Otto-
man Porte. His conductors, liowever,
fearing to be intercepted by Passwan
Oglou, drowned him in the Danube, to-
gether with eight of his companions,
who had been arrested at the same
time, May, 1798.
KIBEI^A, Anastasius Pantaleon de,
a Spanish poet, called the Scarron of
Spain, was b. at Madrid, and on account
of his wit was entertained at the court
of Philip IV. — Joseph, called Lo Spag-
NOLETTO, an eminent painter, was b. at
Xativa, in Valencia, about 1589. He
was at first a pupil of Caravaggio, and
on going to Kome, he studied the
works of Raphael, the Caracci, &c.,
with great advantage. He then visited
Parma and Modena, and thence went to
Naples, where the viceroy named him
his own painter. In 1648, when Don
John of Austria visited Naples, Eibera
im prudently boasted to him of the
beauty of his daughters, which led to
an intrigue with one of them, and the
prince carried her off. This so affected
the father, that, according to some ac-
counts, he left his house suddenly one
day, in 1649, and was never again heard
of. Others state that he d. at Naples,
in 1656.V
KICAEDO, David, celebrated for his
writings on finance and statistics, was
b. in London, of a Jewish fsmiily, in
1772. His character for probity, indus-
try, and talent, early procured* for him
the means of support; and, becoming a
member of the stock exchange, he accu-
mulated immense property. In 1810 he
appeared jus a writer in the " Morning
Cfhronicle," on the subject of the depre-
ciation of the national currency; he
advocated the principles of Malthus
concerning population ; and published a
treatise on " Political Economy and
Taxation," which affords a luminous
exposition of the origin and fluctuation
of national wealth and expenditure. In
1819, Mr. Eicardo was elected into par-
liament for the Irish borough of Portar-
lington ; but he never spoke, except on
subjects of finance and commerce, on
which occasions he was always attended
to with ofreat deference. D. 1823.
EICAUT, Sir Paul, an English travel-
ler and historical writer, was the son of
a merchant in London; received his
education at Trini'-.y college, Cambridge ;
and in 1661 went to Constantinople, as
secretary to the embassy, and there
wrote his " State of the Ottoman Em-
pire." He was next appointed consul
at Smyrna, where, by the command of
Charles II., he wrote "The present
State of the Greek and Armenian
Churches;" and on his return home he
was made secretary to the lord lieuten-
ant of Ireland, a privy councillor, and a
judge of the high court of admiralty.
William III. employed him as the En-
glish resident in the Hanse Towns,
where he continued 10 years. Besides
the works before mentioned, he wrote
a continuation of KnoUes's " History of
the Turks," a translation of Platina's
" Lives of the Popes," and Garcilasso
de la Vega's "History of Peru." D.
1700.
EICCI, Lorenzo, the last general of
the Jesuits previous to their suppres-
sion by Pope Clement XIII., was b. at
Florence, in 1703; entered into the
order of St. Ignatius at the age of 15 ;
became, successively, spiritual director
at the Roman college, and secretary of
his order ; and succeeded, on me death
of Centurioui, in 1758, to the office of
general. On the suppression of the Je-
suits he was confined as a prisoner in
the castle of St. Angelo, and there d.
1775. — Scipio, an Italian prelate, was a
nephew of the preceding, and b. at Flo-
rence, in 1741. He was raised to the
bishopric of Pistoga and Prato, in 1786 ;
and distinguished himself by strenu-
ously seconding the Grand-duke Leo-
pold in the attempt to introduce a re-
form into the ecclesiastical discipline of
the duchy. By doing this, he incurred
the displeasure of the pope, was obliged
to resign his bishopric, and subsequent-
ly underwent mucli persecution ; though
he became reconciled to the holy see, in
1805, by signing a formula of adhesion
to the bulls which he had objected to.
D. 1810. — Matthew, a Jesuit and mis-
sionary in China, who was in such high
fav6r with the emperor, that he gave
him permission to build a church there.
D. 1610.
RICCOBONI, LoDovioo, an eminent
comedian and author, was b. at Modena,
in 1674, acquired an early reputation on
the stage, and was popular both in hi»
own country and at Paris. In 1729 the
duke of Parma appointed him inspector
of the theatres in his dominions ; but in
1781 he returned to Paris, where he de-
voted his last years to literature, and d.
1752. He wro(;e several comedies and
poems, besides a " History of the Italian
RIC]
CYGLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
719
Theatie," and other works on dra-
matic subjects. — Anthon Francis, son
of the preceding, was b. at Mantua, in
1707, and was also an actor and a dra-
matic writer. His comedies were very
successfnl, but what he gained by the
stage he spent in foolish attempts to
discover the philosopher's stone. D.
1772. — His wite was a celebrated French
novelist; but from the neglect of her
husband she suffered much, and d. in
1792.
RICE, John Holt, an eminent Pres-
byterian clergyman of Virginia, who
wns professor in the Union theological
school of that state, established in 1824.
He was also for some years editor of the
Virginia " Evangelical and Literary
Magazine." And he published "Mem-
oirs of Samuel Davis," an " Illustra-
tion of the Presbyterian Church in
Virginia," and a " Discourse before
the Foreign Board of Missions." B.
1779; d. i'831.
KICHAKD I., king of England, sur-
naraed Coeur de Lion, was b. in 1157,
and ascended the throne on the death
of his father, Hcnrv II., in 1189. D.
1199.— II., king of England, the son of
Edward, prince of "Wales, commonly
called the Black Prince, was b. in 1366,
and succeeded Edward III., his grand-
father, in 1377. D. 1392.— III., king of
England, b. in 1450, was the brother of
Edward IV., and created duke of Glou-
cester. He is represented as having
been of diminutive stature, deformed
from his birth, and of a forljidding as-
pect ; but far more depraved in his mind
than forbidding in his person. Slain at
Bosworth, 1485.
RICHARDSON, Jonathan, a painter
and author, was b. about 1665. He
quitted the profession of a scrivener to
become a pupil of Riley, the portrait
painter, whose niece he married. After
the death of Kneller and Dahl, he was
considered at the head of his profession
in England. He was the author of
an " iSsay on the Art of Criticism in
Painting," "An Argument in behalf of
the Science of a Connoisseur," "Ac-
count of Statues, Bas-reliefs, Drawings,
and Pictures, in Italy," "Notes and
Remarks on Paradise Lost," &c. D.
1745. — Joseph, a lawyer and poet, was
b. at Hexham, in Northumberland, was
entered of St. John's college, Cambridge,
in 1774, bec-ime a student of the Middle
Temple in 1779, and was called to the
bar in 1784. He wrote " Criticisms on
the Rolliad" and "Probationary Odes
ftyr the Laureateehip," tvyo satirieal
works on public characters, which were
very popular at the time, and "The
Fugitive," a successful comedy. D.
1803. — Samuel, a celebrated novelist,
was b. 1689, in Derbyshire, and re-
ceived his education at a common day-
school. At the usual age he was bound
apprentice to a London printer, and
after the expiration of his time he work-
ed as a compositor and corrector of the
press some years. At length he took
up his freedom, and set up business for
himself, first in a court in Fleet-street,
and afterwards in Salisbury square. He
became one of the principal in his pro-
fession, and,' by the interest of Mr.
Onslow, speaker of the house of com-
mons, obtained the printing of the
Journals. In 1754 he was chosen mas-
ter of the stationers' company, and, in
1760, he purchased a moiety of the
patent of law-printer to the king. In
1740 he published "Pamela," the pop-
ularity of which was so great, that it
ran through five editions in one year,
being recommended even from the pul-
f)it. In 1748 " Clarissa" fully estab-
ished his literary reputation, and its
pathos, its variety of character, and
minute development of the human
heart, will cause it ever to be regarded
as a work of real genius. The "His-
tory of Sir Charles Grandison" appeared
in 1753, and was received with great
applause. Besides these works, all of
which have a moral tendency, Mr.
Richardson published a volume of
" Familiar Letters for the Use of Young
People," and an edition of "iEsop's
Fables, with Reflections." His "Cor-
respondence" with persons of eminence
was published in 1804, with his " Life"
by Mrs. Barbanld. D. 1761.— William,
a'poet and miscellaneous writer, was a
son of the minister of Aberfoyle, and
was educated at the university of Glas-
gow. He accompanied Lord Cathcart,
who had been his pupil, to Russia; and
was for more than forty years professor
of humanity at Glasgow. Among his
works, all of which are marked by elo-
quence and erudition, are "Anecdotes
of the Russian Etnpire," " Essays on
Shakspeare's Dramatic Characters,"
"Observations on the Study of Shak-
speare," poems, and tales. D. 1814.—
John J., an eminent judge of South
Carolina, and a member of congress
elect, from that state, in 1820, but he
refused to quit the bench. D. 1850.
RICHELIEU, Armand John du Ples-
sis, a cardinal, and minister of state in
France, was b. at Paris, 1585. He waa
720
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[rib
at first intended for the army, but the
bishopric of Luyou being open to hiin
by the resignation of Ins brother, lie
studied theology, and obtained tlie mitre
before he was 22. lie was also ap-
pointed grand almoner, and in lt>i6
mmle secretary of state. When Mary
de Medici fell into disgrace, Kiclielieu
Wis banished to Avignon, where he
wrote his "Method of Controversy."
Being soon after recalled to court, he
brought about a reconciliation between
the liing and queen, for which he was
rewarded with a cardinal's hat, and ap-
pointed priuie minister. Being a man
of prodigious capacity and of a restless
and insatiable ambition, he formed to
himself vast designs, which made his
wliole life a series of agitations and in-
quietudes : still he showed himself a
patron of men of letters, and caused
the arts and sciences to tlourish in the
kingdom. lie abounded, however,
rather with great qualities than good
ones, and therefore was much more ad-
mired than beloved. D. 1642, amidst
political storms. — Louis Francis Ar-
MAND Du Plessis, dukc of, a French
marshal, descended from the same fam-
ily as tlie cardinal, was b. 1696. After
the death of Louis XIV., he was admit-
ted into, the court of the regent, duke
of Orleans, and he largely participated
in its profligacy. He was sent to the
Bastille in 1716, for fighting a duel with
the count de Gace, and again in 1719, as
an accomplice with the Spanish ambas-
sador, in a conspiracy against the regent.
He distinguished liimself under Villars,
and afterwards at Kehl, Fhilipsburgh,
Dettingen, and Fontenoy ; conquered
Minorca, forced the duke of Cumber-
land to submit to the capitulation of
Glosterseven, and devastated the elec-
torate of Hanover. In 1781 he obtained
the rank of dean of the French mar-
shals : and he concluded his long career,
varied as it was with acts of heroism
and villany, in 1788. — Armand Emanuel
DU Plessis, duke of, grandson of the
preceding, was b. at Paris, in 1776, and
eventually became prime minister to
Louis XVIIL He emigrated at the
commencement of the revolution, en-
tered the Eussian service, and distin-
guished himself at the siege of Ismail,
for which he was rewarded with the
rank of major-general. In 180 L he re-
visited France, when Bonap u'te en-
deavored to attach him to his service ;
but he returned to Russia, and in 18u3
he was appointed governor of Odessa,
which city, by his prudent measures.
he raised from insignificance to the
height of prosperity. On the restora-
tion of the Bourbons, he took his seat
in the chamber of peers, accompanied
Lonis XVIII. to Giient, and, returning
with hiin to Paris after tiie battle of
Waterloo, was appointed president of
tlie council of ministers, and placed at
the head of the foreign department.
He soon resigned his post, but again
held the office of prime minister in 1820,
and d. 1822.
RICHMOND, Legh, a clergyman, was
b. at Liverpool, in 1772, became chaplain
to the Lock hospital, London, and af-
terwards rector of Turvey, in Bedford-
shire. He is principally known as the
author of "Annals of the Poor," con-
taining the "Dairyman's Daughter,"
and other devotional tales, written with
great force, originality, and pathos. He
also wrote a work, entitled " The Fa-
thers of the English Church," &c. D.
1827.
RICHTER, John Paul Frederic, a
celebrated German novelist, was b. in
Franconia, in 1763, studied at Leipsic,
was intimately associated with Goethe,
Herder, and the galaxy of genius that
gave its celebrity to Weimar, finally
settled at Baireuth, and d. 182o. His
works are very numerous. They are
generally in the form of romances ; but
many of them treat of abstruse questions
in philosophy, and with all their singu-
larity of style, evince the profoundest
erudition, infinite humor, and a richness
of imagery which have earned for their
author the title of "The only One."
Among his most celebrated works are,
"Titan," "Hesperus," " Das Campa-
ner Thai," "Selina," and "Levana,"
and an admirable treatise on education.
RIDER, William, an English divine,
several years under-master of St. Paul'^
school, and lecturer of St. Vedast, Foster-
lane. He published a " History of En-
gland," a "Commentary on the Bible,"
and other compilations. D. 1785.
RIDGELY, Charles G., was b. in
Baltimore, Md., on the 2d July, 1784,
and entered the navy on the i7th of
October, 1799. He was the first mid-
shipman appointed from the city of
Baltimore. He was with Commodore
Preble at the battle of Tripoli, and when
the expedition was fitting out to en-
deavor to cut out the American frigate
Philadelphiiv theh lying under the
enemy's guns, and volunteers were
called for, he was one of the first to
otfer, but was refused. Still, being
most anxious to participate in that la-
rie]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
721
nientable expedition, he concealed him-
self in the boat, but, being discovered,
returned to liis ship. For his gallant
conduct in the Tripolitan war he re-
ceived a gold medal from congress. D.
1848,
RIDLEY, Gloster, an English divine,
and a dramatic and theological writer.
B. 1702 ; d. 1774, — James, his eldest son,
was author of "The Tales of the Genii"
and some other literary performances. —
Nicholas, an eminent English prelate
and Protestant martyr, was b. in 1500,
at Tynedale, and educated at Cambridge.
He travelled on the Continent, and, du-
ring a three years' absence from his
native country, became acquainted with
several of the early reformers, whose
doctrines he afterwards warmly es-
poused. Returning to Cambridge, he
filled the office of proctor to the univer-
sity, and as such protested against the
claims of the papal see to the supreme
ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the realm.
He was also chosen public orator, be-
came one of the king's chaplains, and
was finally elevated to the see of Lon-
don, where he discharged the duties of
his office with unwearied diligence. He
was likewise employed in all the most
important ecclesiastical measures of that
reign, particularly in the compiling of
the liturgy, and the framing of the arti-
cles of religion. But one of the most
distinguished acts of his life was that
of inciting King Edward to endow the
three great foundations of Christ's, Bar-
tholomew's, and St. Thomas's hospitals.
Having unadvisedly concurred in the
proclamation of Lady Jane Grey, he
was, on the death of Edward, marked
out as one of the most prominent vic-
tims of papal authority; and being con-
demned, as a heretic, to the stake, he
suffered, with the venerable Latimer, at
Oxford, Oct. 15, 1555.
RIEDESEL, Feederica Charlotte
Louisa, Baroness, wife of Col. Riedesel,
who commanded the troops at Bruns-
wick, employed in the English service
in America, in 1777, accompanied her
husband, and wrote an interesting ac-
count of her adventures, entitled " Voy-
age de Mission en Amerique," S^c.
She returned to Europe in 1783 ; and,
having lost her husband, fixed her res-
idence at Berlin, where she d. in 1808.
•RIEDINGER, John Elias, a cele-
brated painter of animals, b. at Ulm, in
Suabia, in 1695 ; d. 1767.
RIEGO, Rafael del, a Spanish pa-
triot, was b. in the Asturias, 1785. The
enthusiasm with which he embraced
61
the cause of independence rendered
him a zealous patriot, and a long im-
{)risonment in France afforded him
eisure to contemplate the miseries of
his countrymen. Before he returned
to Spain, he visited Germany and En-
gland. Till 1820 every effort for liberty
had been followed by exile, and the
horrors of the inquisition ; nearly all
the chiefs who favored liberty were in
confinement : but the valor of Riego
was at once triumphant; he delivered
Quiroga from the hands of his jailers,
and, on the 1st of January, his troops
proclaimed the constitution. General
O'Donnell made his victory difficult,
but he was victorious ; and in the first
sitting of the cortes, in 1822, they ap-
pointed him their president. At the
height of his glorious career his modera-
tion was most conspicuous ; he avoided
parade, and displayed real magnanimity,
prudence, and disinterestedness. For-
tune, however, changed ; Ferdinand
VII. was reinstated. He was taken
prisoner after the surrender of Cadiz,
conveyed to Madrid, condemned to an
ignominious death, and suffered, Nov.
7, 1823.
RIENZI, Nicholas Gabrini de, a
native of Rome, who in the 14th century
obtained great celebrity by his attempts
to restore the republic. He was of low
origin, but had received a liberal edu-
cation, and possessed great eloquence
and lofty views, which induced his fel-
low-citizens to send him as one of their
depnties to Pope Clement VL, then at
Avignon. Rienzi, on this occasion,
drew so affecting a picture of the dis-
tressed state of the city, that the pope
appointed him apostolic notary, which
office he discharged with great credit.
But while he appeared actuated by the
purest principles, he was secretly form-
ing a conspiracy for the alteration of
the government, and he let no oppor-
tunity pass of exciting the discontent
of the people, by haranguing against the
nobility and the defects of the public
administration. By these means he
became the idol of the people, who con-
ferred upon him the title of tribune,
with the power of life and death, and
all the other attributes of sovereignty.
What was more extraordinary, the pope
confirmed the title, and Rienzi for some
time governed the city with judgment
and moderation. But the intoxication
of supreme power betrayed him into
extravagances, and he was expelled, and
imprisoned for three years by Clement
VI. He was released' by Innocent II.,
722
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
b
who sent him again to the Eoman cap-
ital iis governor. But Rienzi's cruelties
raised him new enemies, and he was
massacred in 1354, about seven years
after the commencement of his extra-
<)rdinary career.
EIGAUD, Hyacinthe, an eminent
portrait painter, was b. at Perpignan, in
1668, and d. at Paris, 1743. He met
with distinguished patronage, and has
been called the Vandyke of France. —
Stephen Petek, Savilian professor of
astronomy in the university of Oxford,
was b. at Kichmond, in Surrey, and
may almost be said to have been the
inheritor of scientific pursuits, both his
father and grandfather having filled the
office of observer in the royal observa-
tory at Kew. His contributions to the
scientific works of the day were both
numerous and valuable. B. 1775; d.
1839.
KILEY, John, an eminent painter, b.
in London, in 1646. After the death
of Sir Peter Lely he was appointed
painter to the king, and rose greatly in
public estimation ; but, according to the
opinion of Lord Orford, he was so dis-
trustful of his own merit, that his mod-
esty and humility were great impedi-
ments to his advancement. D. 1691.
RINGGLI, GoTHARD, a celebrated
Swiss artist, was b. at Zurich, in 1575,
and d. in 1635.
EINUCOINI, OcTAVio, a Florentine
§oet, who went to France with Mary
c Medici, and is said to have been the
first who invented the opera, or musical
drama, in the year 1600. He wrote
three pieces, "Daphne," "Eurydice,"
and " Ariadne." D. 1621.
KIOJA, Francisco de, an eminent
Spanish poet, was b. in 1600, and be-
came librarian and historiographer to
Philip IV. D. 1659.
RIPLEY, Georoe, an English alche-
mist and poet, who d. in 1490. He
wrote a work, entitled " A Compound
of Alchymie," &c., and " Auram Pota-
bile, or the Universal Medicine."
RIPPERDA, John William, baron
de, a celebrated adventurer, was b. of a
noble family in Groningen, in 1680 ;
served some time as colonel of infantry
in the Dutch army ; arvi, in 1715, was
sent on a mission to Spain, where he
acquired such an ascendency over Philip
v., that the monarch took him into
his service, made him prime minister,
and created him a duke. At length he
fell into disgrace, and was imprisoned
in the castle of Segovia, whence he es-
caped in 1728, and went to England.
In 1781 he went to Morocco, where he
was favorably received by Muley Ab-
dalla, and declaring himself a conrert
to the Mahometan religion, and taking
the name of Osman, he obtained the
chief command of the Moorish army at
the siege of Ceuta. But the Moors being
defeated, he fell from his second eleva-
tion : and, retiring to Tetuan, he there
d. in 1737. .
RIQUET, Peter Paul de, a celebrated
French civil engineer, b. at Beziers, in
1604. He projected the noble canal of
Languedoc, which opens a communica-
tion between the Mediterranean and the
bay of Biscay. It was commenced in
1666, and carried on during the re-
mainder of his life. After his death,
which occurred in 1680, his two sons
completed it.
RISDON, Tristram, an English to-
pographer ; author of a " Description or
Survey of the County of Devon." B.
1580; d. 1640.
RITSON, Isaac, a poet and miscella-
neous writer, was b. near Penrith, in
Cumberland, in 1761 ; received a med-
ical education at Edinburgh ; went to
London, where he became an author by
profession ; and d. in 1789. — Joseph,
an English lawyer and antiquary, was
b. at Stockton, in Durham, in 1752 ;
settled in London as a conveyancer, and
purchased the office of high-bailitf of
the Savoy ; and d. in 1803. As an an-
tiquary, 'particularly in early _ English
poetry, he exhibited much industry
and intelligence ; but his morbid sin-
gularities of temper, and his avowed
contempt for religion, more than coun-
terbalanced whatever merit he might
have otherwise possessed. It would,
however, be uncharitable not to attrib-
ute his imperfections to a species of
long protracted mental derangement,
of which distressing malady he d. in
1803. His principal publications are,
" A Collection of English Songs," " The
English Anthology," " Metrical Ro-
mances," " Biographia Poetica," &c.
RITTENHOUSE, David, a celebrated
American mathematician, was b. in
Pennsylvania, in 1732. In 1769 the
American Philosophical Society em-
ployed him to observe the transit of
Venus ; and he afterwards constructed
an observatory, where he made some
important discoveries. After the revo-
lutionary war, he was appointed director
of the mint and treasurer of his native
province. He also succeeded Franklin
as president of the Philosophical so-
ciety. D. 1796.
rob]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
723
BITTER, John William, a celebrated
German philosopher, was b. at Samitz,
in Silesia, in 1776. The study of elec-
tricity occupied his chief attention ; and
in 1798 he started the idea that the
phenomena of animal life are connected
with galvanic action; but, though high-
ly scientific, he advocated the reveries
of animal magnetism, &c. He wrote
" Physico-Medical Memoirs," and other
works. D. 1810.
RITTERSHUYS, Conrad, an eminent
civilian and philologist, b. at Brunswick,
in 1560. He became professor of law at
Altorf ; wrote some works on civil law,
and notes upon Greek and Latin au-
thors. D. 1618. — Nicholas, his son,
became professor of feudal law at Al-
torf, where he d. in 1670. He published
a collection, entitled " Genealogia Im-
peratorum, Regam, Ducum, Comitum,"
&c.
RIVAROI, Anthony, count de, an
able French writer, was b. at Bagnois,
in Languedoc, in 1757, and d. at Berlin,
in 1801. His chief works are, " Dis-
cours sur I'Universalite de la Langue
Frangoise," "L'Enfer," translated from
Dante ; " Lettres sur la Religion et la
Morale," " Petit Almanach des grands
Hommes," and " Lettres a la Noblesse
FranQoise."
RIVAULT, David, a French mathe-
matician, b. at Laval, about 1571, who
became tutor in mathematics and mili-
tary tactics to Louis XKL, and was
ma*de a counsellor of state. D. 1616.
RIVAZ, Peter Joseph de, a skilful
French mechanist and chronologer, b.
in 1711. He made a watch which had
the singular property of winding up
spontaneously, invented an improved
pendulum, &c. He also drained the
mines of Pontpeau, in Britany, and
made many mechanical discoveries. D.
1772.
RIVIERE, Merciek de la, a celebrated
French political economist, who obtained
the post of counsellor of the parliament
of Paris in 1747 ; was afterwards made
intendant of Martinique ; and, on his
return, published his noted work, enti-
tled "L'Ordre naturel et essentiel des
Societes Politiques." The singularity
of his schemes and his high pretensions
were ridiculed by Voltaire, Grimm, and
others ; but had some of his precau-
tionary advice been attended to, it is
Eossible that the revolution, which he
ved to witness, would not have taken
place. D. 1794.— The Duke de, gov-
ernor of the young duke of Bordeaux,
was a devoted servant of the Bourbons.
He emigrated with the French princes
in 1789, served in the army of Conde,
and became aid-de-camp to the ex-king
of France, Charles X. Seven times he
entered France in disguise, to corre-
spond with the friends of his royal
master; but in 1804 he was arrested,
tried, and sentenced to death, from
which he escaped through the interces-
sion of Josephine, his punishment being
mitigated into an imprisonment for four
years.
RIVINUS, Augustus Quirinus, an
eminent botanist and physician, whose
real name was Bachmann, was b. at
Leipsic, in 1652. D. 1723.
RIZZIO, David, the son of a music
and dancing-master at Turin, was b.
there in the earlier part of the 16th cen-
tury. His musical abilities procured
him notice at the court of Savoy, while
his talents as a linguist caused him to
be selected by the ambassador from the
grand duke to Mary, queen of Scots, as
a part of his suite. In 1564 he first
made his appearance at Holyrood house,
where he soon became so great a favor-
ite with the queen, that he was ap-
pointed her secretary for foreign lan-
guages. The distinction with which he
was treated by his royal mistress excited
the envy of the nobles, and the jealousy
of Darnley. A conspiracy, with the
king at its head, was accordingly formed
for his destruction ; and before he had
enjoyed two years of court favor, the
Lord Ruthven and others of his party
were introduced by Darnley himself
into the queen's apartment, where they
assassinated the unfortunate object of
their revenge, who fell at the feet of his
royal mistress, having received no less
than 56 stabs in her presence, 1566.
ROBERT, HxiBERT, an eminent French
ftainter, was b. at Paris, 1732, and may
be considered the first artist of the
French school who studied with effect
the decline and ruin of the monuments
of ancient architecture. D. 1808. — Peter
Francis Joseph, a French revolutionary
statesman, b. near Givet, in 1743. Be-
coming secretary to Danton, he was
elected a deputy to the convention, in
which he voted for the death of the
king, HavinsT married Mademoiselle
Keralio, he adopted the literary profes-
sion, and wrote several political works.
— Louise Felicite de Keralio, his wife,
was b. at Paris, 1758, and d. at Brussels,
1821. Among her works were, "His-
toire d'Elizabeth, Reine d'Angleterre,"
" Am^lie et Caroline," besides sever.il
translations from English authors.
724
CrCLOPJEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
EGBERTS, Emma, a lady of distin-
guished literary talent, and an early
triend of the ill-fated Miss Landon.
She was the author of "Memoirs of the
Kival Houses of York and Lancaster,
Historical and Biographical," " Oriental
Scenes, Sketches, and Tales," &c. D.
at Poonah, in India, 1840 ; the object of
her mission thither having been the fur-
ther illustration of life and manners in
the East.
KOBERTSON, William, a celebrated
historian, was b. in 1721, at Borthwick,
where his father was minister. Having
completed his theological studies at Ed-
inburgh, he obtained a license to preach,
and in 1753 was presented to the living
of Gladsmuir, in East Lothian. He soon
became distinguished by his eloquence
and good taste as a preacher ; but it was
not till 1759 that, by his " History of
Scotland," he acquired a place among
British classical writers. The distinc-
tion and patronage acquired by this
work, which reached a fourteenth edi-
tion before his death, appeared in his
successive preferments. He became
chaplain of Stirling castle in 1759, king's
chaplain in 1761, principal of the uni-
versity of Edinburgh in 1762, and his-
toriographer-royal of Scotland in 1764.
Notwithstanding his numerous pursuits
and official avocations, he found time to
employ himself in his celebrated "His-
tory of Charles V.," which, in 1777, was
followed by the "History of America;"
and his last publication was " An His-
torical Disquisition concerning the
Knowledge which the Ancients had of
India." D. 1793.
ROBESPIERRE, Francis Maximilian
Joseph Isidore, one of the most cele-
brated and most violent leaders of the
French revolution, was b. in 1759, at
Arras, where his father was a lawyer^
He was left an orphan at the age of nine
years, but was protected by the bishop
of Arras, who placed him at the college
of Louis XVI., at Paris. Returning to
his native place, he became an advocate
in respectable practice. His political
career began in 1789, when he was sent
a deputy from the bailiwick of Arras to
the states-general. He held a seat in all
the subsequent legislative bodies, and
gradually acquired influence in them,
and unbounded popularity among the
people, from whom he obtained the title
of 'the incorruptible." It was in the
convention, however, that he rose to
his greatest eminence. He was the ac-
knowledged head of the Jacobins, and,
after the defeat of the Girondists and
Dantonists, was, in a manner, the ruler
of France. He would, perhaps, have
established his authority had not some
of his accomplic^is discovered that he
had devoted them to the scaffold. A
struggle ensued, in which he was de-
feated, and, with many of his partisans,
he was guillotined, July 9, 1794.
ROBIN, Jean, a celebrated French
botanist, to whose care the Jardin dea
Plantes, at Paris, was first confided. B.
1550; d. 1597.
ROBINS, Benjamin, an English math-
ematician of great genius and eminence,
was b. at Bath, 1707, was a teacher of
mathematics, became engineer-general
to the East India Company, wrote
" New Principles of Gunnery," and was
the real narrator of Lord Anson's
"Voyage round the World," though it
was published under the name of Wal-
ter. D. 1751.
ROBINSON, Anastasia, a public sing-
er of some eminence in the early part of
the last century, who quitted the stage
in consequence of her marriage with the
earl of Peterborough. D. 1750. — Mart, a
poetess and miscellaneous writer, whose
maiden name was Darby, was b. 1758,
at Bristol. At the age of 15 she was
married to an attorney of the name of
Robinson, which precipitate step appears
to have imbittered the rest ot her life.
Being reduced in circumstances, she had
recourse to the stage, and made her first
appearance at Drury-lane, in the charac-
ter of Juliet, in which she was instructed
by Mr. Garrick. Her reception was very
flattering, and she continued to perform
in various characters till her represen-
tation of Perdita, in the " Winter's
Tale," when her beauty attracted the
admiration of the prince of Wales, (af-
terwards George IV.,) in consequence
of which she quitted the stage, and be-
came his mi^^tress. This connection,
however, was but of short duration. In
1784 she had the misfortune to be at-
tacked by a violent rheumatism, which
progressively deprived her of the use of
her limbs, and she was partly depend-
ent on her pen for the means of living.
She wrote a number of poetical pieces
under the name of Laura Maria; be-
sides which she was the author of " Van-
cenza," a romance; "Poems," "Wal-
singham," a novel; her "Memoirs,"
&c. D. 1800. — Richard, archbishop of
Armagh and Baron Rokeby, was b. in
Yorkshire, in 1709, and d. in 1794. The
archbishop, besides building a palace at
Armagh, with an observatory, foundea
a school and a public library there.
roc]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
725
which last he furnished with a large col-
lection of books, and left a liberal en-
dowment for its support. He also
erected four new churcJies in his dio-
cese. — John, minister of the church in
Holland, to which the first settlers of
New England belonged, was b. in Great
Britain in 1575, and educated at Cam-
bridge. In 1602 "he became pastor of a
dissenting congregation in the north of
England, and removed with them to
Holland in 1608. It was his intention to
follow his congregation to the new world,
but his sudden death in 1625 prevented.
KOB KOY, which signifies Kobert the
Red, was a celebrated Highland free-
booter, whose true name was Eobert
Macgregor, but who assumed that of
Campbell, on account of the outlawry of
the clan Macgregor by the Scotch par-
liament, in 1662. He was b. about 1660,
and was the younger son of Donald
Macgregor of Glengyle, said to have
been a lieutenant-colonel in the service
of James II., by his wife, a daughter of
Campbell of Glenfalloch. Like other
Higluand gentlemen, Rob Roy was a
trader in cattle previous to the rebellion
of 1715, in which he joined the adhe-
rents of the Pretender. On the sup-
pression of the rebellion, the duke of
Montrose, with whom Rob Roy had
previously had a quarrel, took the op-
portunity to deprive him of his estates ;
and the latter began to indemnify him-
self by a war of reprisals upon the prop-
erty of the duke. An English garrison
was stationed at Inversnaird, near Aber-
foyle, the residence of Rob Roy : but his
activity and courage saved him irom the
hands of his enemies, from whom he
continued for some time to levy black
mail. The time of his death is uncer-
tain, but he is known to have survived
the year 1733, and d. at a very advanced
age.
ROBSON, Geokoe Fennel, an emi-
nent draughtsman and landscape paint-
er in water-colors, was b. at Durham,
and d. 1833.
ROCHAMBEAU, Jean Baptiste Do-
NATiEN DE ViMEuR, count dc, marshal
of France, wai b. at Vendome, in 1725,
and entered the army at the age of 16.
In 1746 he became aid-de-camp to Louis
Philippe, duke of Orleans; and after-
wards obtaining the command of the
regiment of La Marche, distinguished
nimself at the battle of Lafeldt, where
he was wounded : obtained fresh laurels
at Creveldt, Minden, Corbach, and Clos-
tercamp ; and, having been made lieu-
tenant-general, was, m 1780, sent with
61*
an armj' of 6000 men to the assistance of
the United States of America. Having
disembarked in Rhode Island, he actea
in concert with Washington, first against
Clinton, in New York, and then against
CornwaUis, Rochambeau was raised to
the rank of marshal by Louis XVI.,
and, after the revolution he was ap-
pointed to the command of the army of
the north; but he was superseded by
more active ofiicers, and, being calum-
niated by the popular journalists, he
addressed to the legislative assembly a
vindication of his conduct. A decree
of approbation was consequently passed
in May, 1792, and he retired to hia
estate, near Vendome, with a determi-
nation to interfere no more with public
affairs. He was subsequently arrested,
and narrowly escaped sufi'ering death
under the tyranny of Robespierre. In
1803 he was presented to Bonaparte,
who granted him a pension, and the
cross of grand ofiicer of the legion of
honor. D. 1807.
ROCHE, Regina Maeia, a novelist,
whose productions were very popxilar
in their day, was b. 1765. Among her
fictions were " The Children of the Ab-
bey," a great favorite also ; " The Noc-
turnal Visit," "The Monastery of St.
Columb," and many others. But they
have almost faded from the memory, or
been overwhelmed by the myriad vol-
umes which have succeeded them. D.
1845.
ROCHESTER, John Wilmot, earl of,
a witty and profligate nobleman of the
court of Charles II., was b. 1648, and,
on the death of his father, succeeded to
his titles and estates, the latter of which,
by extravagance, he soon dissipated.
He became the personal friend and fa-
vorite of his sovereign, who is said to
have encouraged and shared many of
his exploits. The levity of his disposi-
tion frequently brought him into dis-
grace, and he was more than once
forbidden the royal presence : his com-
panionable qualities, however, which
made him necessary to the amusement
of his master, prevented his occasional
exile from being ever of long continu-
ance. His constitution at length gave
way under such excesses ; and, at the
age of 80, he was visited with all the de-
bility of old age. He lingered for some
time in this condition, and d., professing
great penitence for his misspent life, in
1680. His satirical poems are keen, but
their obscenity and impiety render them
alike dangerous and disgusting.
ROCKINGHAM, Charles WaiSou
7^6
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[ROli
Wentwobtu, marquis of, a Biitish
statesman, b. 1730, succeeded his father
in his titles and estates in 1750, and in
1765 became first lord of the treasury.
American affairs formed at that time'a
leading subject of discussion ; and Rock-
ingham took the middle way, by repeal-
ing the stamp act, and declaring the
right of Great Britain to tax the colonies.
He was, therefore, deserted by some of
his supporters, and retired from the
ministry in 1766. He afterwards acted
in concert with Chatham, in opposition
to the ministry of Lord North ; on the
fall of which, in 1782, he was again
Elaocd at the head of the administration,
ut d. in the same year, and was suc-
ceeded by Lord Shel'burne.
RODGERS, John, a commodore of
the United States navy, was b. in Mary-
land, 1771 ; served in the merchant
service for several years, and entered
the navy in 1797. lie first distinguish-
ed himself in bringing the French frigate
L'Insurgente, captured by the Constel-
lation, safely into port in her dismantled
condition. At St. Domingo he was of
great service in saving the white popu-
lation from the vindictive fury of the
blacks. In 1802 he was successful in an
engagement with the largest frigate of
Tripoli. Daring the late war with En-
gland his exploits were of the most bril-
liant kind, and useful to his country.
D. 1838.
RODNEY, George Brydges, Lord, a
gallant English admiral, was the son of
Captain Henry Rodney, a naval officer.
He entered the navy early in life, and
obtained the command of a ship in 1742.
In 1749 he was appointed governor of
Newfoundland ; and on his return, in
1753, married the sister of the earl of
Northampton. In 1759 he was made
admiral of the blue ; and in the same
year he destroyed the stores prepared at
Havre de Grace for an invasion of En-
fland. In 1761 he served on the West
ndia station with such activity that, at
the conclusion of the war, he was made
a baronet. In 1768 he was elected into
parliament for Northampton ; but the
contest ruined his estate, and he found
it necessary to retire to the Continent.
The French government made some
overtures to him, which would have re-
cruited his fortune. These he rejected ;
and, the fact having transpired, he was
placed in command of a squadron, des-
tined for the Mediterranean. In 1780
he fell in with Langara's fleet, of£ Cape
St. Vincent, and completely defeated it ;
ind on the 12th of April, 1782, obtained
a decisive victory over the French fleet
under De Grasse, capturing five and
sinking one of his largest vessels. A
barony and a pension of £2000 were
bestowed upon him for his services ;
and on his decease, in 1792, a monu-
ment was voted to his memory, at the
national expense, in St. Paul's cathedral.
^C^sAR, a signer of the declaration of
American independence, wash, at Dover,
Maryland, in 1730. He was sent as a
delegate to the congress of 1774, and re-
mained in that body till the autumn of
1776. He was afterwards president of
his native state for about four years. D.
1783.
RODOLPH I., emperor of Germany,
and founder of the imperial house of
Austria, was b. in 1218, being the eldest
son of Albert IV"., count of Ilapsburg
and landgrave of Alsace. D. 1291.
ROEMER, Olaus, a Danish astrono-
mer, was b. at Arhusen, in Jutland, in
1644. He studied at the university of
Copenhagen, where he applied so dili-
gently to the mathematics, that he was
appointed tutor to the dauphin of
France. In 1681 he returned to his
native place, and held several consider-
able onices previous to his decease,
which took place in 1710. He made
many scientific discoveries, the most
important of which was that of the
velocity of light, from the observation
of the eclipses of Jupiter's satellites.
D. 1710.
ROGERS, John, an eminent English
divine of the 16th century, was educated
at Cambridge, and became chaplain to
the factory at Antwerp, where he as-
sisted Tindal and Coverdale in transla-
ting the Bible into Enghsh. In the
reign of Edward VI. he returned to En-
gland, and obtained a prebend in St.
Paul's cathedral. He was the first per-
son executed in the succeeding reign on
the score of his religion, being burnt at
Smithfield, in 1555.
ROHAN, HE>fRY, duke of, a very dis-
tinguished peer of France, b. in 1579.
After the death of Henry IV., in 1610,
he became the chief of the Huguenots ;
and having ably maintained three wars
against Louis XIII., procured a peace
upon advantajreous terms, 1629. He
distinguished himself also as a political
writer, but at length d. of wounds re-
ceived at the battle of Rhinfiekl, in 1638.
Amonor his works are, " Memoirs on
French Affairs," " The Perfect Captain,"
and " Memoirs relative to the War of the
Valteline," — His widow, Margaret de
Bethcne, daughter of the great Sully,
rom]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
727
was a courageous woman, and defended
Castres against the marechal de Themi-
nes. D. 1660. — Anna Eohan, sister of
the duke, was distinguished by her
spirit, learning, and piety. At the ta-
king of Kochelle, she and her mother
refused to be included in the capitula-
tion, and were made prisoners of war.
D. 1646.
ROLAND DE LA PLATIERE, Jean
Marie, a French statesman, was b. at
Lyons, in 1732, and held the office of
inspector-general of manufactures after
the commencement of the revolution.
He espoused the popular cause, and
becommg closely connected with the
Girondist party, he was made minister
of the interior in 1792. The downfall
of his party, in 1793, exposed him to
proscription, but he found a secret asy-
lum at Kouen. On hearing, however,
of the eoudemnation and death of his
wife, he deliberately stabbed himself,
Nov, 15, 1793. — Manon Jean Philipon,
wife of the preceding, b. at Paris, in
1754, was remarkable for her beauty,
and received an excellent education.
After her marriage, in 1779, Madame
Eoland took part in the studies and
tasks of her husband, and the revolution
found in her a ready convert to its prin-
ciples. On the appointment of her hus-
band to the ministry, she participated
in his official duties, writing and pre-
paring many papers, and taking a share
in the political councils of the Girondist
leaders. She was arrested on the tall
of the party, and, when condemned to
death, conducted herself with great
firmness, exclaiming at the time of her
execution, " Liberty, what crimes are
committed in thy name !" Her death
took place Nov. 8, 1793. She wrote
"An Appeal to Impartial Posterity,"
and " Miscellaneous Works."
EOLANDINO, an old Italian histo-
rian, was b. at Padua, in 1200, and d. in
1276.
EOLLE, Dennis, a native of Devon-
shire, who traced his descent from EoUo,
first duke of Normandy. In 1766, he
purchased a whole district in Florida,
whither he proceeded with a thousand
persons to people his new possessions ;
but through the unhealtluiless of the
climate, and the desertion of those who
escaped disease, he soon found himself
without colonists and without money;
so that, in order to revisit England, he
was compelled to work his passage back
in an American vessel. He was then
satisfied to live on his paternal estate,
had a seat in the house of commons, and
filled the office of sheriif for the county.
He devoted much of his time to the im-
provement of the condition of the lower
classes. D. 1797.— Henry, an eminent
lawyer and judge, was b, at Heanton, in
Devonshire, in 1589, and educated at
Exeter college, Oxford ; after which he
became a student of the Inner Temple,
and was called to the bar. In 1640 he
was made a sergeant-at-law, and in 1648
he accepted the office of chief justice of
the court of King's Bench. He wrote
"Reports," and "An Abridgment of
Cases and Eesolutions of the Law,"
which was published by Sir Matthew
Hale.
EOLLIN, Charles, an eminent his-
torian, b. at Paris, in 1661. He was in-
tended for business, but his talents
obtained the notice of a learned Bene-
dictine, by which he was enabled to
gratify his inclination for learning.
After going through a course of theology
at the Sorbonne, he received the tonsure,
and was twice chosen rector of the uni-
versity of Paris. When elected a third
time, he was deprived of his situation
by the intrigues of the Jesuits; but he
employed his leisure in composing hia
excellent work, " On the Manner of
Studying and Teaching the Belles Let-
tres." This was followed by his "An-
cient History," and nine volumes of the
"Eoman History." D. 1741.
EOMILLY, Sir Samuel, a celebrated
English advocate, and M.P. for West-
minster, (descended from a Protestant
family, who left France after the edict
of Nantes,) was b. in London, in 1757,
and placed in the office of a solicitor,
which he quitted to study for the bar.
Called in 1783, for some years his prac-
tice was chiefly confined to draughts in
equity ; but he gradually rose to dis-
tinction in the court of chancery, and
ultimately took the lead, being equally
distinguished by profound information
and forcible eloquence. His general
politics agreeing with those of the
Whigs, he was, during the short ad-
ministration of Mr. Fox in 1806, ap-
pointed to the office of solicitor-general,
and knighted. He was particularly dis-
tinguished by the eloquence with which
he 'pleaded the necessity of a revision
of tne criminal code ; on which subject
he also composed a very able pamphlet,
entitled "Observations on the Criminal
Law of England." His knowledge of
the law, his great talents, and his known
integrity, rendered him the highest au-
thority of his time. This good and use-
ful man was, by the death of his bo^
1m
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
l^ROS
loved wife, afflicted with a brain fever,
and, during a paroxysm, he pat an end
to his vahiable Hfe, November, 1818.
ROMNEY, George, an excellent paint-
er, was b. at Dalton, in Lancashire, in
1734. Having served his time to an
artist named Steele, whom he soon sur-
passed, he came to London with a pic-
ture of the "Death of General Wolfe,"
which obtained the second prize in the
exhibition, and sold for a considerable
sum. After visiting Italy he returned
to London, where he obtained great
reputation. D. 1802.
ROMULUS, the founder of Rome,
and brother of Remus, was the son of
Rhea Sylvia, daughter of Numitor, king
of Alba. D. 715 b. c.
RONS ARD, Peter de, a French ele-
giac and epigrammatic poet, of a noble
family. B. 1524 ; d. 1586. *
ROOKE, Sir George, a gallant British,
admiral, was a native of Kent, and b. in
1650. He destroyed the French and
Spanish fleets in Vigo bay, in 1702, and
captured several men of war, and gal-
leons ; he also bore a part in the reduc-
tion of Gibraltar, in 1704. Admiral
Rooke was not less distinguished for
disinterestedness than for skill and in-
trepidity. He d. in 170y, declaring, in
allusion to the contracted fortune he
left behind him, that, " though small,
it was honestly acquired, and had never
cost a sailor a tear, or the nation a
farthing." — Laurence, an eminent ge-
ometrician and astronomer, b. at Dept-
ford, in Kent, in 1763; became astro-
nomical professor of Gresham college,
and was one of the original members of
the Royal Society. D. 1662.
ROSA, Salvator, a celebrated paint-
er, poet, and musician, was b. at Naples,
in 1615. After studying under Frau-
eanzani, he became a disciple of Ribera,
with whom he went to Rome. But his
taste was formed more from the study
of nature among the wilds of the Apen-
nines, than from the lessons of other
artists ; and he delighted in delineating
scenes of gloomy grandeur and magnifi-
cence. He also wrote plays, and per-
formed parts in them ; besides which
he composed many cantatas. He was
liberally patronized by the grand-duke
of Florence while residing in that city ;
the Matfei family also proved great
friends to him, and it was at their seat
that he wrote his celebrated satires. On
his return to Rome, he executed many
Eictures for churches. His principal merit
ly in the representation of the wild
Bcenery of nature, storms, &c. D. 1673.
ROSAMOND, usually called FaiT
Rosamond, was the daughter of Walter
de Cliflford, baron of Hereford, and the
favorite mistress of Henry XL She had
two sons by Henry : William, called
Lon^-sword, and Jetfery, who became
archbishop of York.
ROSCIUS, QciNTus, a Roman actor,
b. at Lanuvium, was so celeb^ated for
his powers of representation, that his
name has ever since been the character-
istic distinction of performers of pre-
eminent merit. D. 61 b. o.
R08C0E, William, an eminent biog-
rapher and miscellaneous writer, whose
life affords a memorable instance of
what may be etfected by persevering
efforts. Placed very early in a lawyer's
office, he found leisure, without neglect-
ing any of the duties of a clerk, to make
himself master of the Latin language,
so as to translate the classics, and also
to study other ancient languages; and
he then" went through the same course
with the modern languages, reading the
best authors in each. At the age of
16 he published " Mount Pleasant," a
poem that was well received. When
the projected abolition of the slave
trade became a subject of public discus-
sion he warmly interested himself in its
success ; and his " Scriptural Refutation
of a Pamphlet on the Licitness of the
Slave Trade," and his " Wrongs of
Africa," appeared in 1788. In 1795 he
brought out that great work on which
his fame chiefly rests, entitled " The
Life of Lorenzo de Medici." In 1798
he published " The Muse," a poem,
from the Italian; and in 1805 appeared
his second great work, " The Life and
Pontificate of Leo X., the Son of Lo-
renzo de Medici." He also subse-
quently wrote several political pam-
Shlets, and scientific treatises. Mr.
;oscoe being attached to the Whig
party, they supported him as a candi-
date' to represent Liverpool, and af^er a
severe contest with General Tarleton, in
1806, he was returned. Some time pre-
vious to this, he had become a banker
at Liverpool : but the house to which
he belonged ultimately tailed, and his
private property was wrecked. D. 1831.
— Henry, youngest son of the prece-
ding, was b. in 1800, studied the law,
and was called to the bar in 1826. In-
dependent of many "Digests" of dif-
ferent branches of the law, he was the
author of " Lives of eminent British
Lawvers," in Lardner's Cyclopaedia ; a
" Life of his Father," and the editor of
" North's Lives." D. 1836.
rotJ
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
729
- EOSELLINT, Ippolito, one of the
most celebrated archaeologists of modern
times, was b. at Pisa, 1800; completed
his studies at the university of his native
town, in 1821 ; three years later obtained
vhe chair of oriental languages, which
he had prosecuted at Bologna mean-
while with great zeal under the cele-
brated Cardinal Mezzoftxnte. Having
made Egyptian antiquities his peculiar
study, he followed eagerly in the steps
of the illustrious Champollion, whom
he accompanied first to raris and then
to Egypt in the prosecution of liis re-
searches; and on whose death he un-
dertook the publication of the splendid
work, the result of their united efforts,
Entitled the " Menuments of Egypt and
Nubia." &c. D. 1843.
ROS'ENMULLER, John George, a
celebrated German theologian, was pro-
fessor of theology at Erlangen and
Leipsic, and distinguished himself as a
preacher, and by his activity in the
cause of education. B. 1736 ; d. 1815.
— Ekxest Frederic Charles, his son,
a distinguished orientalist, was b. at
Leipsic, in 1768 ; in which university
he became professor of Arabic, &c., and
rendered important services to oriental
literature by various learned works. —
Another son, John Christian, celebrated
as an anatomist, was b.. at Hessberg, in
1771 ; became professor of anatomy and
surgery at Leipsic, and d. in 1820. He
was the author of" Anatomico-Surgical
Delineations," a " Manual of Anatomy,"
&c.
KOSS, Alexander, a native of Aber-
deen, was master of the grammar school
at Southampton, and chaplain to Charles
I. His works are very numerous ; the
most known of which is, a "View of
all Religions." He was also the author
of a curious performance, called " Vir-
gilius Evangelizans," which is a cento
on the life of Christ, taken wholly from
Virgil. D. 1654. — Alexander, a Scotch
poet, b. in Aberdeenshire, in 1699. He
was educated at the Marischal college,
Aberdeen, and spent his life in dis-
charging the duties of a parish school-
master at Loclilee, in Angusshire. It
was not till he was nearly 70 years of
age that he first appeared as an author,
when he published "Helenore, or the
Fortunate Shepherdess," a poem which
Id the north of Scotland is nearly as
p >pular as the writings of Ramsay and
Burns. He was also the author of some
favorite songs, and d. 1784. — David, a
theatrical performer at Drury-lane, co-
lemporary with Garrick. He was edu-
cated at Westminster school ; and hav-
ing the advantages of a good figure and
a classical education he acquired repu-
tation both as a tragic and a comic actor.
D. 1790.
ROSSLYN, Alexander Wedder-
BURNE, earl of, an eminent lawyer and
statesman, was b. in Scotland, in 1733.
He received his education at Edinburgh,
and was called to the bar in 1757. In
1771 he was appointed solicitor-general ;
in 1778, attorney-general ; and,"in 1780,
chief justice of the common pleas, with
the title of Lord Loughborough. He
adhered to the party of Mr. Fox when
Mr. Pitt first came into power ; but
joined the administration, with many
others, under the alarm produced by
the French revolution in 1793, when he
succeeded Lord Thurlow as chancellor,
which office he held till 1801, when he
retired with the title of the earl of Eoss-
lyn, and d. in 1805.
ROTHSCHILD, Nathan Mayer, the
richest man of the age, was one of five
brothers, who by their wealth, connec-
tions, and financial skill have for years
exercised a great control over the mon-
eyed, commercial, and political interests
of Europe. Mayer Anselm, their father,
and the founder of the house of Roth-
schild, was born at Frankfort. Though
educated for the priesthood, he turned
his attention to commerce, became emi-
nent as a banker, and being trusted with
the most important affairs by the land-
grave of Hesse during the dominion of
Napoleon in Germany, he executed his
trusts so faithfully and successfully, that
his house ranked among the most cele-
brated on the Continent. Mayer Anselm
died in 1812, leaving for inheritance to
his sons the example of his life and wise
counsels, an immense fortune, and un-
bounded credit ; and tliey, by combining
their operations, and always acting in
concert, formed among themselves an
invincible phalanx, whose power at
one time was sufficient to influence the
counsels of a mighty empire, and to
regulate its financial operations. Their
names and residences were as follow :
Anselm, at Frankfort; Solomon, at
Berlin and Vienna ; Nathan Mayer,
at London ; Charles, at Naples ; and
James, at Paris. N. M. Rothschild went
to England in 1800, wliere he acted as
agent for his father in the purcliase of
Manchester goods for the. Continent.
Shortly afterwards through the agency
of his father, for the elector of Hesse
Cassel and other German princes, he
had large sums placed at his disposal,
T30
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[UOXT
which he employed with such extraor-
dinary judgment, that liis means went
on at a rapid rate of accumulation. Be-
sides the essential co-operation of his
brothers, he had agencies in almost
every city in the world, with hosts of
minor dependent capitalists who parti-
cipated in his loans, who placed implicit
confidence in the family, and were ready
at all times to embark with them in any
operation that was proposed. D. 1836.
ROTTECK, Charles von, a celebrated
modern historian, was born at Freiburg,
in Baden, in 1775. Carefully educated
under the care of his father, who had
been ennobled for his medical skill, he
joined the university of his native town
m 1790 as a law student; and eight
years later he obtained the chair of his-
tory, where his lectures laid the found-
ation of the great historical work which
has secured him so high a place among
the historians of Europe. In 1818 he
exchanged the chair of history for that
of politics and the law of nations ; in
1819 he was chosen member for the uni-
versity in the first chamber of the states
of Baden ; and the liberal tenor of his
lectures and speeches was well seconded
by numerous able works which flowed
from his pen on various constitutional
questions. The outbreak of the French
revolution in 1830 having given fresh
vigor to his liberal views, he founded
several journals to enunciate and propa-
gate his opinions ; but his zeai was
viewed with a jealous eye by the govern-
ment, which not only deprived nim of
his chair in 1832, but interdicted him
from editing any political journal for
five years, and sought in various other
ways to thwart his designs. Henceforth
he was regarded as a martyr to the liber-
al cause ; his name became a watchword
to the opposition ; and though in 1848
he was restored triumphantly to the
enjoyment of his previous rights, the
redress came too late, for he d. the same
year. His fame chiefly rests upon his
" Allgemeine Welt-Geschichte,'' which
has been translated into nearly every
European language.
KOUBILLIAC, Louis Francis, an
eminent sculptor, was a native of Ly-
ons, but came to England in the reign of
George L, and was employed on several
great works ; among which are, the
monument of the duke of Argyle, in
Westminster abbey; the statue of
Handel, at Vauxhall ; that of Sir Isaac
Newton, at Trinity college, Cambridge ;
and many other statues and monuments
in various parts of the kingdom. He
long stood at the head of his profession,
and had also a talent for poetry. D. 1762.
ROUELLE, William Francis, one of
the earliest of the modern chemists in
France, was born at Caen, in 1703.
Having devoted great attention to chem-
ical science, botany, and pharmacy, he
settled at Paris as an apothecary, and
afterwards became professor of chemist-
ry, at the royal botanic garden. lie
also held the office of inspector-general
of pharmacy at the Hotel Dieu, and was
a popular lecturer. D. 1770. — Hilary
Marinus, his brother, who was a clever
experimental philosopher, assisted him
in his lectures, and succeeded him an
professor at the royal garden. B. 1718 ;
d. 1779.
ROUSSEAU, Jacques, a French paint-
er, b. at Paris, in 1630. He studied in
Italy, where he acquired great skill in
his art; and, returning to France, was
employed by Louis XI v. He afterwards
went to England, and painted many ex-
cellent pictures. D. 1694. — Jean Bap-
TisTE, a distinguished lyric poet, was b.
at Paris, in 1669. His father, though a
shoemaker, gave him a liberal education,
and at an early period he displayed a
decided taste for poetry. In 1688 he
became page to the French minister at
the coiirt of Denmark ; after which he
was secretary to ■ Marshal Tallard, in his
embassy to England. In 1701 he was
admitted into the academy of inscrip-
tions ; but, in 1712, he was banished
from France, on the charge of writing
some grossly libellous verses, which,
during the remainder of his life, and
even in his last moments, he solemnly
declared were forgeries, devised for his
ruin. — Jean Jacques, one of the most
eloquent writers and singular charac-
ters of the age, was the son of a watch-
maker at Geneva, where he was b. in
1712. Leaving school he was first placed
with an attorney, who soon dismissed
him for negligence; he was then ap-
Erenticed to an engraver, from whom
e ran away before he was 16, and wan-
dered about for some time in Savoy,
where he was saved from starving by a
priest, and placed in a monastery. It
was not long, however, before he found
means to escape from this restraint, and
a new scene awaited him. The noted
madame de Warens, a recent convert to
the Catholic church, who had left her
husband at Lausanne for the pious work
of proselytism, took him under her es-
pecial protection, caused him to be
instructed in science and music, and
continued to live with him, at intervals.
kcft]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
731
on tenn8 of more intimacy than deli-
cacy, for about eight years. At length
he left his once agreeable benefactress ;
but was so fortunate as to obtain the
place of secretary to the French ambas-
sador in Venice, in 1742. But it was
not till 1750 that he manifested his
splendid literary talents. In that year
he gained the prize offered by the acad-
emy of Dijon, on the question, "Whether
the revival of learning has contributed
to the improvement of morals," — taking
the negative side of the question, it is
said, at the suggestion of Diderot. From
this period his pen became fertile and
Eopular. He soon after brought out
is " Devin du Village," a comic opera,
of which he had himself composed the
music. This piece was received with
general favor, and the author was almost
worshipped by the French ; but the ap-
pearance of his celebrated "Letter on
French Music," 1753, in which he
pointed out its defects, excited a general
storm. Singers and connoisseurs, who
could not wield tlie pen, contributed to
spread calumnies, pasquinades, and
caricatures against the author, who re-
tired to Geneva. By his change of re-
ligion he had lost the rights of a citizen,
lie now again embraced Protestantism,
and was formally reinstated in the privi-
leges of a free citizen of Geneva. From
Geneva, Eousseau went to Chamberry,
where he wrote his essay, "Sur I'lnega-
lite parmi les Hommes," which excited
still more sensation than his prize essay.
In 1760 he published " Julie, ou la Nou-
velle Heloise," a romance, of the most
seductive description. His next work,
entitled "Du Contrat Social," was pro-
hibited, both in France and Switzerland.
This treatise was followed, in 1762, by
"Emile, ou de I'Education;" which was
anathematized by the archbishop of
Paris, and ordered to be burnt by the
parliament of Paris and the authorities
of Geneva. Obliged to flee from France
and Switzerland, the author took shelter
in the principality of Neufchatel, where
he publishea his " Letter to the Arch-
bishop of Paris," and "Lettres de la
Montague," a remonstrance against the
proceedings of the Genevese republic,
the citizenship of which he ^enounced.
Thenceforth Iiis existence was passed
in frequent changes of place, to escape
real or fancied persecution, and in sus-
pecting all his friends of insulting and
tonspiring against him. D. 1778.
KG WAN, John, an eminent jurist
and statesman, b. in Virginia, 1773,
but early went to Kentucky, where
he immediately attained the highest
rank at the Western bar. In 1799 he
was a member of the convention which
framed the constitution of the state,
in 1804 was made secretary of state,
in 1806 was elected to congress, and
in 1819 judge of the court of appeals,
and in 1824 senator of the United States.
In all these positions he took a leading
part. D. 1843.
EOWE, Elizabeth, a lady distin-
guished for her piety and learning, was
the daughter of a dissenting minister
named Singer, and was b. at Ilchester,
1674. Her principal works are, " Friend-
ship in Death," " Letters, Moral and
Entertaining, in Prose and Verse," the
" History of Joseph," a poem, and
" Devout Exercises of the Heart." D.
1737. — Nicholas, a poet and dramatist,
whose father was a sergeant-at-law, was
b. in 1673, at Little Berkford, in Bed-
fordshire ; was educated at Westmin-
ster school, and was intended for the
bar ; but on the death of his father he
gave up all thoughts of the profession,
and devoted himself to the cultivation
of literature. His first tragedy, which
he published when he was 24, was
"The Ambitious Stepmother," and its
success gave him encouragement to pro-
ceed. It was followed by " Tamerlane,"
" The Fair Penitent," " Ulysses," "The
Eoyal Convert," "Jane Shore," "Lady
Jane Grey," and a comedy called "The
Biter." He also wrote miscellaneous
poems, and the " Life of Shakspeare ;"
but his principal performance is a trans-
lation of Lucan's "Pharsalia." On the
accession of George I. he was made
poet laureate, and he also obtained
some government situations. D. 1718.
EOWLANDSON, Thomas, an artist
celebrated for his skill in caricature, was
b. in London, 1756. He studied draw-
ing at Paris, and, on his return, availed
himself of the advantages which an
attendance at the Eoyal Academy af-
forded him; rose to some degree of
eminence in his profession, and d. 1827.
Among his works are the plates to " Dr.
Syntax," "The Dance of Life," and
" The Dance of Death."
EOWLEY, William, a dramatic wri-
ter in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. —
There was also a Samuel Eowley of the
same period, who wrote two historical
plays. — W^iLLiAM, an eminent physician,
b. in London, in 1748. He wrote
"Schola Medicinse universalis nova,"
and several tracts on medical subje'cts.
D. 1806.
EOY, Julian le, a celebrated olook
tm
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[rud
and watch maker, was b. at Tours, in
1686. When very young, he showed a
decided partiality for mechanical pur-
suits, and acquired the reputation of
being a first-rate horologist. D. 1759.
— Pkter le Roy, his son, was watch-
maker to the king, and d. in 1785. He
published " Memoires pour les Horolo-
gers de Paris," " Etrennes Chronome-
triques," &c. — Julian David, another
son, became a member of the National
Institute, and attached himself to archi-
tecture. He wrote " On the Euins of
the finest Monuments of Greece," " On
the Construction of Christian Temples,"
&c. — Peter Charles, a French satirist
and dramatic poet, was b. at Paris, in
1683. His principal pieces adapted for
theatrical representation are, the operas
of "Callirhoe" and " Semiramis," the
ballets of " The Elements," and "The
Senses," and the comedy of " The
Captives," imitated from Plautus. D.
1764.
BOYER-COLLARD, Pierre Paul, a
distinguished French statesman and
philosopher, was b. at Sommepuis,
1763. Not long after his admission to
the bar at Paris, he embraced the prin-
ciples of the revolution in 1789 ; but he
soon became disgusted with the scenes
of violence that prevailed, and after an
abortive attempt to aid the cause of the
royalists, he bade adieu for a time to
politics, and gave himself up wholly to
literary pursuits. In 1810 he was ap-
{)ointed to a chair of literature and phi-
osophy. After the restoration he once
more entered upon a political career,
and gradually rose in public favor by his
sagacity, moderation, and honesty, till
in 1828 he was nominated president of
the chamber of deputies, of which he
had long been a member, but retired
from this office in 1830. He was one of
the founders of the school of politicians
in France known by the name of Doc-
trinaires ; and as a philosopher he has
well-founded claims to esteem for hav-
ing introduced in France that system
of philosophy so clearly illustrated by
Cousin, Jouffroy, and Damiron, and
which bears so close an analogy to that
of Reid and the other Scotch philoso-
pherri, D, 1845.
ROZEE, Mademoiselle, an ingenious
artist, was b. at Leyden, in 1632. She
neither used oil nor water colors in her
pictures, but silk floss on the ground,
disposed according to tlie different de-
grees of the bright and dark tints,
which she applied with great judgment
and taste, in this manner she executed
historical subjects, landscapes, and por-
traits. D. 1682.
RUBENS, Peter Paxil, the most
distinguished painter of the Flemish
school, was b. at Antwerp, in 1577. He
received an excellent education ; and,
after studying in his own country, he
went to Italy, where he greatly improv-
ed himself after the works of the best
masters, but chiefly Titian. While in
Italy, he was employed by the dake of
Mantua, not only as an artist, but on an
embassy to Madrid. In 1620 he was
employed by the Princess Mary de
Medici to adorn the gallery of the Lux-
embourg with a series of paintings, illus-
trative of the principal scenes of her
life. While thus engaged, he became
known to the duke of Buckingham,
who purchased his museum for £10,000.
He was afterwards employed by the
Infanta Isabella and the king of Spain,
in some important negotiations, which
he executed with such credit as to be
appointed secretary of the privy council.
On going to England with a commission
from the king of Spain, he obtained the
favor of Charles I. Wliile there he
painted the Apotheosis of James 1. and
the picture of Charles T. as St. George ;
for which he was knighted, and received
a chain of gold. D. at Antwerp, 1640.
Rubens, beyond all comparison, was
the most rapid of the great masters ;
and, according to Sir Joshua Reynolds,
he was the greatest master of the me-
chanical part of his art that ever existed.
— Albert, son of the preceding, was b.
at Antwerp, in 1614. He succeeded his
father as secretary to the council, and
was greatly esteemed by the Archduke
Leopold, governor of the Low Conn-
tries. D. 1657. He wrote " De Re
Vestirtria Veterum," " Regum et Impe-
ratorum Romanorum Numismata," "De
Vita Elavil Manlii Tlieodori," &c.
RUDDIMAN, Thomas, a distinguish-
ed grammarian and critic, was b. 1674,
at Boyndic, in Banffshire ; was educated
at King's college, x\berdeen; became .as-
sistant-keeper of the advocates' library
at Edinburgh; set up a printinsr-offiee
in conjunction with his orother; was
one of the founders of the earliest library
society in Scotland, in 1718, and d. 1757.
His " Rndiilients of the Latin Tongue,"
long used as an elementary book in
schools, is the most popular of liis pro-
ductions ; but he wrote other grammat-
ical works, and was the editor of the
works of George Buchanan, in Latin.
He also established the "Caledonian
Mercury." . .
RDSj
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
733
EUFFHEAD, Owen, a miscellaneous
writer, was b. in London, about 1723 ;
entered at the Middle Temrle, and was
called to the bar ; publishea an edition
of the statutes, and conducted a period-
ical paper, called the "Contest." He
also wrote the " Life of Pope," &c. D.
1769.
KUFINUS, b^ some called Toranius,
a priest of Aquileia, in the 4th century.
He became so attached to St. Jerome,
that he accompanied him to the East;
but being persecuted by the Arians
under Valens, he was banished into
Palestine, where he founded a monas-
tery on Mount Olivet, and employed
himself in translating Greek authors
into Latin. His version of Origen gave
such offence to his old acouaintanee, Je-
rome, that he wrote bitterly against him,
and Rufinus was cited to Rome by Pope
Anastasius, who condemned his trans-
lation, upon which he retired to Sicily,
where he d. about 410.
RUMFORD, Benjamin Thompson,
Count, was b. 1753, at Ruraford, N. H.,
and was educated at Harvard college.
During the American war he espoused
the royal cause, obtained the rank of
colonel, and was knighted. At the close
of the contest he entered the Bavarian
service as lieutenant-general, and was
created a count, and received the order
of the white eagle, for the reforms which
he introduced into the army and the po-
lice. In 1798 he visited England, where
he remained for four years, and took a
proininent part in founding the royal
mstitution. On his return to the Con-
tinent he married the widow of Lavoi-
sier. He settled near Paris, and d. there
August 21, 1814. His experiments and
discoveries are recorded in his Essays.
RUMPH, George Everard, a -botan-
ist, was b. at Hanau, 1637. He took his
doctor's degree in physic, after which
he went as consul and senior merchant
to Amboyna, where he made valuable
botanical collections, the results of which
were published by Burman, in 1751,
^tinder the title of "Herbarium Amboi-
nense."
RUNCIMAN, Alexander, a Scotch
Eainter, was the son of an architect, and
. at Edinburgh, in 1736. After serving
his time to a portrait painter, he went
to Rome with his brother John, a most
promising artist, who died in Italy.
Alexander continued his studies with
diligence, and, on his return home, was
employed by Sir James Clerk, to deco-
rate his house with scenes from Ossian.
His best pictures are, an " Ascension,"
62
in the Episcopal chapel at Edinburgh:
his "King Lear." "Andromeda," and
" A^rippina." D. 1785.
RUPERT, or Robert of Bavaria,
Prince, the third son of Frederic, king
of Bohemia, by Elizabeth, daughter of
James I., was b. in 1619, and received
a military education. He commanded
the cavalry of Charles I. during the civil
war, and on various occasions manifest-
ed the most daring valor ; but his im-
petuosity and imprudence more than
counterbalanced the effects of his brave-
ry ; and, at length, having surrendered
Bristol to General Fairfax, by whom it
was besieged, the king dismissed him
from his service. The prince, however,
was more successful as a naval com-
mander, particularly after the restora-
tion, in the great Dutch war; on the
conclusion of which he led a retired life,
occupied wholly in scientific pursuits.
He was the inventor of a composition,
called the "prince's metal," improved
the strength of gunpowder, found out a
method of fusing black-lead, and dis-
covered the art of engraving in mezzo-
tinto. He was an active member of the
board of trade; and to his influence is
ascribed the establishment of the Hud-
son's Bay Company, of which he was
governor. D. 1682.
RUSH, Benjamin, a celebrated phy-
sician, was b. in 1741, at Bristol, Penn. ;
was educated at Princeton college ; took
his degree at Edinburgh, in 1768 ; was
chosen a member of congress for Penn-
sylvania, in 1776 ; was appointed a pro-
fessor of medicine and chnical practice
at the university, and d. 1813. During
the devastation caused by the yellow
fever in 1793, Dr. Rush highly distin-
guished himself, and his history of that
epidemic is a work of great value. He
also wrote " Medical Inquiries and Ob-
servations," and "Essays, Literary, Mo-
ral, and Philosophical."
RUSHWORTH, John, an historian,
was b. in Northumberland, 1607, studied
at Oxford, and became a barrister. In
1640 he was appointed assistant clerk of
the house of commons, was much cm-
ployed in negotiations during the civil
wars, and after the restoration he became
secretary to the lord-keeper, Bridgman.
His "Historical Collections" is a labori-
ous and highly useful compilation.
RUSSELL. William, fifth earl, and
first duke of Bedford, was b. in 1614 ;
received his education at Magdalen col-
lege, Oxford ; was a member of the long
parliament in 1640, and commanded the
reserve of horse at the battle of Edge-
*SI
CYCLOPAEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[rut
hill ; but, in 1643, he joined the royal
standard, and fought with great bravery
at the battle of Newbury. He was not,
however, in favor with the royal party,
and he retired to private life till the res-
toration, when he assisted at the coro-
nation, and was elected a knight of the
garter. He also attended the coronation
of William and Mary, who, in 1694, ex-
alted him to the rank of marquis of Tav-
istock and duke of Bedford. D. 1700.
— William, Lord, third son of the pre-
ceding, was a distinguished supporter
of constitutional liberty, and was b.
•about 1641. In 1679, when Charles II.
found it necessary to ingratiate himself
with the whigs. Lord Eussell was ap-
pointed one of the members of the privy
council. He soon, however, found that
his party was not in the king's con-
fidence, and the recall of the duke of
York, without their concurrence, in-
duced him to resign. Although his
temper was mild and moderate, his fear
of a Catholic succession induced him to
take decisive steps in the promotion of
the exclusion of the duke of York. In
June, 1680, he went publicly to West-
minster hall, and, at the court of King's
Bench, presented the duke as a recu-
sant, and, on the November following,
carried up the exclusion bill to the house
of lords, at the head of 200 members of
parliament. The king dissolved the,
parliament, evidently resolved to govern
thenceforward without one; and arbi-
trary principles were openly avowed by
the partisans of the court. Alarmed at
the state of things, many of the Whig
leaders favored strong expedients in the
way of counteraction, and a plan of in-
surrection was formed for a simultane-
ous rising in England and Scotland.
Among these leaders, including the
dukes of Monmouth and Argyle, the
lords Eussell, Essex, and Howard, Al-
gernon Sidney, and Hampden, different
views prevailed ; but Lord Eussell look-
ed only to the exclusion of the duke of
York. He was, however, accused of
having engaged in " the Eye-house
Plot," which had for its object the as-
sassination of the king on' his return
from Newmarket; and on this pretext
he was committed to the Tower,
tried, condemned, and executed in
July, 1683, being then in the 42d year
of his age. After the revolution,* the
proceedings ajainst him were annulled.
— Lady Eachel, wife of the preceding,
was daughter of the earl of Southampton,
and widow of Lord Vau^han. In 1667
she was married to Lord William Eus-
sell, and the affectioriate zeal with whicV
she assisted him when in trouble, an«..
the magnanimity of her behavior after
his death, have excited for her a general
feeling of respect and sympathy. Being
refused counsel upon his trial, and al-
lowed only an amanuensis, she stood
forth in that capacity, and took down
the notes. She survived his lordship 40
years, which period she occunied in the
exercise of pious and social duties. Her
"Letters," which do equal credit to her
understanding and lieart, have been
often reprinted. D. 1723. — William, an
historical writer, was b. in the county of
Mid-Lothian, 1746. He was brought up
as a printer, which business he for a
time followed, and then became an au-
thor by profession. His works are, " A
History of America," " A History of
Modern Europe," and " A History of
Ancient Europe," which was completed
by Dr. Coote. D. 1793.
EXIST, George, a learned pvv.-ace, was
b. at Cambridge. He became fellow of
Christ's college, but at the restoration
he went over to Ireland, and was pre-
ferred to the deanery of Connor and the
rectory of Magee. He was afterwards
made bishop of Dromore, where he d.
in 1670.
EUTHEEFOED, Daniel, a natural
philosopher and physician, was b. at
Edinburgh, in 1749 ; studied in that
university ; succeeded Dr. John Hope
as professor of botany and keeper of tno
botanic garden, in 1786 ; and d. 1819.
He was the discoverer of nitrogen, and
was the first who represented oxygen
gas (then called vital air) as the neces-
sary constituent of all acids. — Thomas,
an English divine, was b. at Papworth
Everard, in Cambridgeshire, 1712 ; was
educated at St. John's college, Cam-
bridge ; where, in 1745, he was appoint-
ed professor of divinity ; and d. rector
of Barley in Hertfordshire, with the
archdeaconry of Essex, in 1771. His
most important works are, " A System
of Natural Philosophy," " An Essay on
the Nature and Obligations of Virtue,"
" A Discourse on Miracles," " Institutes
of Natural Law," and "Sermons." —
John, a senator of the United States
from New Jersey, during Washington's
administration. D. 1840.
EUTLEDGE, Edwakd, an eminent
lawyer, and a signer of the declaration
of American independence, was b. in
Charleston, S. C, in 1749. His legal
education was completed in England,
and in 1773 he returned to his native
country, and enterel upon the duties of
RYS]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
iSt
his profession. In 1774 he was appoint-
ed a delegate to the congress at Phil-
adelphia and took an active part in the
discussions of the day. After a suc-
cessful practice of his profession for
Beventeen years, in 1798 he relinquished
his station at the bar, and was elected
chief magistrate of South Carolina. D.
1800. — John, an eminent patriot of South
Carolina, who early distinguished him-
self in the cause of the American revo-
lution. He was a member of the first
congress in 1774. When the temporary
constitution of South Carolina was estab-
lished in March, 1776, he was appointed
the president, and commander-m-chief
of the colony. He continued in this
station till the adoption of the new con-
stitution in 1778. In 1779 he was chosen
governor. In 1784 he was a judge of
the court of chancery ; in 1789 a judge
of the supreme court of the United
States ; in 1791 chief justice of South
Carolina; and in 1796 chief justice of the
United States. He was a man of emi-
nent talents, patriotism, energy, and
firmness. Judge Rutledge was a native
of Ireland, but came to America about
the year 1735. D. 1800.
RUYSCH, Frederic, an eminent
anatomist, was b. in 1638, at the Hague,
and d. in 1731. — Henry, his son, pub-
lished " Theatrum Animalium." — Ea-
chel, one of the most celebrated painters
of fruit and flower pieces, was b. at Am-
sterdam, in 1664, and d. in 1750. Her
pictures are distinguished for truth and
splendor of coloring, united with great
finish. -
EUYSDAAL, Jacob, a celebrated
Dutch painter, was b. at Haerlem, in
1636, He stood unrivalled in the repre-
sentation of woods, groves, and pieces
of water, particularly cataracts ; and d.
in 1681.
EUYTER, Michael Adrian, a gallant
Dutch admiral, was b. in 1607, at Flush-
ing. He entered the naval service when
he was only 11 years old, and, by dint
of bravery and skill, rose to the summit
of his profession. On many occasions
he nobly distinguished himself when
engaged against the English, especially
in the terrible battle fought in February,
1653, near the mouth of the channel,
when Blake commanded the English,
and Van Tromp and Euyter the Dutch.
In the reign of Charles TL, Euyter gain-
id an advantage over Prince Eupert and
Monk; but, two months afterwards,
another battle was fought, in which the
Dutch were defeated. The following
year, however, he avenged himself, by
riding triumphantly in the Thames, and
destroying several English men-of-war
at Sheerness. He d. in the port of
Syracuse, in consequence of a wound
received a few days before, when en-
gaging with the French fleet off Mes-
sina.
EYDEE, Sir Dudley, an eminent
English lawyer, was descended from an
ancient Yorkshire family, and b. in 1691.
He held the oflice of attorney-general
from 1736 to 1754, was made lord chief
justice, and d. 1756.
EYLAND, John, a dissenting minis-
ter, who kept an academy, and oflRciated
many years to a Baptist congregation at
Northampton. He published " The
Christian Student and Pastor," "Ele-
ments of Mechanics," " The Preceptor,"
and several tracts and sermons. D.
1792. — William Wynne, an engraver,
was b. in London, in 1732. He attained
great excellence in his art ; but his end
was truly melancholy, for, in order to
extricate himself from some embarrass-
ments, he, in 1782, committed a forgery
on the East India Company, and was
tried and executed the year following.
EYMEE, Thomas, a critic and anti-
quary, was a native of Yorkshire ;
studied at Cambridge and at Gray's Inn ;
and, succeeding Shadwell, in 1692, as
royal historiographer, employed the op-
portunities afforded him by his office to
make a valuable collection of public
treatises, which he began to publish in
1704, under the title of "Foedera, Con-
ventiones, et cujuscunque Generis Acta
publica, inter Eeges Anglise, et alios
Principes," 15 vols, folio, five more be-
ing added by Eobert Sanderson. He
also wrote some poetical pieces, and left
an unpublished collection relating to
English history, in 58 vols., now in the
British Museum. D. 1713.
RYSBEACH, John Michael, an em-
inent statuary, was b. at Antwerp, in
1694. He went to England early in life,
and derived considerable reputation and
profit from the exercise of his art.
Westminster abbey, and other cathedral
churches, contain specimens of his abil-
ities, among which shoMld be noticed
the monuments of Sir Isaac Newton and
the duke of Marlborough. D. 1''70.
<m^mx
im
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[sad
S.
SAAVEDKA FAXAKDO, Diego de,
a Spanish writer and diplomatist, was b.
at Algezares, in Murcia, in 1584. He
became secretary to the embassy at
Kome, and afterwards was appointed
sole agent for Spain at the papal court.
He also assisted at some diets in Swit-
zerland, and enjoyed for his reward the
collar of St. Jago, a canonry of the
church, and a seat in the council-board
for the Indies. He d. in 1648.
SABATIEK, Antoine, or SABATIER
DE Castres, was b. at Castres, in 1742.
He was a celebrated French writer, and
was early connected with Helvetius and
the philosophical party of the literati ;
but lie soon left these, and showed his
opposition to them in his work, "Les
Ti'ois Siecles de la Litterature Fran-
^aise," which procured him many ene-
mies, but brought him into notice.
Among his numerous works are, " Les
Siecles Paiens, ou Dictionnaire Mytho-
logique, Heroique, Politique, Litteraire,
et Geographique de FAntiquite Paie-
nere," and "Les Caprices de la For-
tune," &c. D. 1817.
SABELLIUS, a heretic, b. at Ptole-
mais, in Libya, in the 8d century, was
a disciple of Noetus of Smyrna. He
advanced the doctrine of unity in the
Deity, declaring the Son and the Holy
Ghost to be mere qualities. These ten-
ets obtained many proselytes, and met
with great success till the opposition of
St. Denys caused them to ce formally
condemned.
SACCHINI, Antonio Mabia Gaspakd,
a celebrated Italian composer, was b. at
Naples, in 1735. D. 1786.
SACHEVERELL, Henky, an English
divine, was educated at Oxford. In
1705 he was appointed preacher of St.
Saviour's, Southwark, during which pe-
riod he preached two famous sermons,
the objects of which were to create alarm
for the safety of the church, and to ex-
cite hostility against the dissenters.
Being impeached in the house of com-
mons, he was sentenced to be suspended
from preaching for three years. This
persecution, however, established the
fortune of Sacheverell, who was collated
to a living near Shrewsbury; and the
same month that his suspension termi-
nated, was appointed to the valuable
rectory of St. Andrew. Holborn. D.
1724.
SACKVILLE, Georoe, Viscount, a
soldier and statesman, was the third son
of the first duke of Dorset, and was b.
1716. He distinguished himself at the
battles of Dettingen and Fontenoy ; and
in 1758 was made a lieutenant-general ;
but the year following he fell into dis-
grace for his conduct at the battle of
Minclen. He was tried by a court-mar-
tial, and sentenced to be dismissed from
the service. Under the administration
of Lord Bute, however, he was restored
to favor, and in 1775 he was appointed
colonial secretary of state, which he held
during the American war. On quitting
office, in 1782, he was created viscount.
D. 1785.
SACY, Baron Silvestbe de, a pro-
found and various scholar, but especi-
ally eminent as an orientalist, was b.
1758. During the stormy times of the
revolution, and the sway of Napoleon,
as well as under Louis XVIII.', Charles
X., and Louis Philippe, his splendid
talents obtained for him the highest and
most valuable literary appointments.
His " Arabic Grammar," "Antholigie
Grammaticale Arabe," and other Arabic
works, are especially valuable to stu-
dents. D. 1839.
SADI, Sheik Moslehedin, one of the
most celebrated poets of Persia, was b.
at Shiraz, in 1175, and d. in the 120th
year of his age. He studied at Bagdad,
and pursued a religious course of life
under the direction of the famous Sophi
Abd al Kadir Ghilani, whom he accom-
panied on a pilgrimage to Mecca. He
fought against the inhdels, and carried
his arms into India and Asia Minor.
Being, however, taken prisoner by the
Turks, ke was put to work on the forti-
fications of Tripoli ; but was redeemed
by a merchant of Aleppo, who gave him
his daughter in marriage with a dowry.
Towards the close of his life he built a
hermitage near the walls of Shiraz,
where he passed his time in exercises
of piety ; and his tomb, on the spot
where he had lived, was long visited by
the admirers of his genius and devotion.
He wrote "Gulistun, or the Garden of
Roses," and other works.
SADLER, Michael Thomas, was b.
at Snelston, in Derbyshire, in 1780. In
1825 he was chosen a member of parlia-
ment. Mr. Sadler wrote two works,
" Ireland, its Evils, and their Remedies,"
sal]
CYCLOPifemA OF BIOGRAPHY.
737
and his " Law of Population," in which
the Malthusian doctrines were impugned
and refuted. D. 1835.
SAEMUND, SioFussoN, a celebrated
Icelandic priest, poet, legislator, and
historian in the 11th century. He had
a share in forming the ecclesiastical code,
wrote a " History of Norway," and was
the compiler of that Scandinavian col-
lection of poetry, termed "Edda." D.
1135.
ST. BEUVE, Jacques de, a celebrated
theologian, b. at Paris, in 1613. He was
famous for his controversies relative to
the doctrines of grace and predestination,
which agitated the French church in the
middle of the 17th century. D. 1677.
ST. CLAIK, Akthur, a general in the
American army, was b. at Edinburgh,
was a lieutenant under General Wolfe,
and afterwards settled in Pennsylvania,
and became a naturalized citizen. On
the commencement of the revolution, he
embraced the cause of the American
army, iand in February, 1777, was ap-
pointed major-general. He served with
distinction, and in 1783 was elected
E resident of the Cincinnati society of
is adopted state. In 1785 he was
elected a delegate to congress, and in
1787 was chosen president of that bodv.
He was afterwards governor of the Nortn-
west Territory, and in 1790 commanded
an army against the Miami Indians. He
resigned his commission of major-gen-
eral in 1792. His latter years were
passed in poverty. T>. 1818.
ST. JUST, Anthony, a political agent
and associate of Kobespierre, was b. in
1768, and was educated for the legal
Erofession. He voted for the death of
,ouis XVI., materially assisted in the
destruction of the Girondists, acted as
a commissioner of the national conven-
tion to the army in Alsace, where he
was distinguished for his severity ; and,
on his return to Paris, becoming in-
volved in the ruin of Eobespierre, was
guillotined, in July, 1794.
ST. LAMBERT, Charles Frances de,
a member of the national institute of
France, was b. at Nancy, in 1717. He
entered the army, which he left at the
peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, and obtained
an office in the court of Stanislaus of
Poland ; became a devoted adherent of
Voltaire's, and a favored admirer of
madame de Chatelet ; again entered the
army, and d. in 1805. Among his works
are," The Seasons," a poem ; " Oriental
Tales," and a philosophical work, en-
titled " Cat^chisme Universel."
ST. MAEC, Charles Hugh Lefebvbe
62*
DE, a French author, b. at Paris, in 1698.
His most important work is, "A Chro-
nological Abridgment of the History of
Italy, from the Downfall of the Western
Empire." — Jean Paul Andre des Rai-
sins, marquis de, a French lyric poet,
author of "Adele de Ponthieu," &e.
B. 1728 ; d. 1818.
ST. PIERRE, Jacques Bebnakdin
Henri de, a most ingenious and philo-
sophical French author, was b. at Havre,
in 1737, was educated in the engineer
school at Paris, for a time followed the
military profession in the service of
Russia, afterwards obtained a commis-
sion in the engineer corps of France;
and, retiring from a military life, he
devoted the remainder of his days to
literature. In 1784 appeared his " Etudes
de la Nature," and, in 1788, his "Paul et
Virginie," which, after passing through
fifty impressions in one year, has been
translated into almost all the languages
of Europe. He was also the author of
" La Chaumiere Indienne," and several
other works. D. 1814.
ST. REAL, C.ESAR Vichard de, an able
French author, was b. at Chamberri, in
Savoy, where he d. in 1692. He wrote
" De 1' Usage de I'Histoire," " Conjura-
tion des Espagnols contre la Republiq ue
de Venise en 1618," and several other
treatises on morals, politics, and philos-
ophy.
ST. SIMON, Claudius Henry, count
de, was b. at Paris, 1760. He was the
founder of a politico-philosophical sect,
whose leading dogma is, that industry
is the definitive purpose of life, and that
those engaged in it constitute the su-
perior class of society. He published a
variety of works to give currency to hia
doctrines; among which are, an "In-
troduction to the Scientific Labors of tlie
Nineteenth Century," and "Political,
Moral, and Philosophical Discussions."
D. 1825. — Louis DE RouvRoi, duke o^
was b. 1675. Iii 1721 he was appointed
ambassador extraordinary to the court
of Spain, to negotiate a marriage be-
tween the Infanta and Louis XV. ; and
d. in 1757. His " Memoirs of the Reign
of Louis XIV. and the Regency," con-
taining a vast mass of anecdotal inform-
ation, form 13 vols.
SALADIN, a famous sultan of Egypt,
equally renowned as a warrior and legis-
lator. He was b. in 1137, raised himself
from the station of an officer to that of
a sovereign, and supported himself by
his valor and the influence of his amia-
ble character, against the united efforts
of the chief Christian potentates of E"-
738
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
SAN
rope, who carried on the most unjust
wars asfainat him, under the false appel-
lation of crusades. He obtained various
successes over the Christians, but was
defeated by Eichard Coeur de Lion, and
d. in 1193.
SALE, Geobge, an English writer,
wno was well versed in the oriental
languages. His greatest work is an ex-
cellent translation of the Koran, to which
he prefixed a curious dissertation. He
was also one of the principal authors of
the "Ancient Universal History." B.
IfiSO; d. 1736.
SALLUST, Caius Crispus, a Roman
historian, distinguished equally for his
talents and profligacy, was b. at Ami-
ternum, 85 b.c. He was expunged from
the list of senators, in consequence of
his extravagance and shameless de-
baucheries ; but being restored by
Julius Caesar, and made governor of
Numidia, he there amassed an enor-
mous fortune by acts of rapine. He d.
35 B. 0. His " History of the Jugur-
thine War" and "The Conspiracy of
Catiline," bear ample testimony to his
genius; but the rigid morality displayed
in his writings forms a curious contrast
to the vices of the author.
SALMASIUS, or Saumaise, Claude,
an eminent French scholar, was b. at
Saumur, in 1588, and succeeded Scaliger
as professor of history at Leyden. In
1649 lie wrote a defence of Charles I.,
king of En<^land, which was forcibly
and conclusively replied to by Milton.
The year following he went to Sweden,
on an invitation from Queen Christina ;
and d. in 1653. His principal works
are, " Historiae Augustae Scriptores
Sex," " De Modo Usurarum," "DeRe
Militari Romanorum," " Ilellenistica,"
and several editions of ancient authors.
SAL VI ATI, Francesco Rossi, an emi-
nent Italian painter, whose style of de-
signing approached that of Raphael,
though greatly inferior in sublimity and
grandeur of composition. B. in Flor-
ence, 1510 ; d. 1563.
SANCHO, Ignatius, a negro, whose
literary abilities attracted much notice,
was b. 1729, on board a slave-ship, ana
carried to Carthagena. While a boy he
was taken to England by his master,
and given to three maiden ladies, sisters,
living at Greenwich, who named him
Sancho. The duke of Montague after-
wards took him into his service, and
encouiaged his love of learning; and
the dichess left him an annuity at her
death. He numbered among his friends,
Sterne, Garrick, and ether literary char-
acters ; and was the author of letters,
poems, &c. D. 1780.
SANCROFT, William, archbishop
of Canterbury, was b. at Fresintield, in
1616. He was one of the seven bishops
sent to the Tower by James II. ; but
at the revolution he refused to take the
oaths, for which he was deprived of liis
see. D. 1693. He wrote "The Predes-
tinated Thief," " Modern Politics, taken
from Machiavel," &c.
SANDEMAN , Robert, a Scotch min-
ister, was b. at Perth, in 1723, and edu-
cated at St. Andrew's. He formed a
sect which still goes by his name. In
1765 he came to New England, made
many proselytes, and d. in 1772.
SANDERSON, John, distinguished
as a scholar and a writer, was b. at Car-
lisle, Pa., in 1785. He was a teacher
at Clermont seminary for some time,
and a contributor to " Dennie's Port
Folio," and other periodicals. In 1820
he published two volumes of " Lives
of the Signers of the Declaration." In
1833 he went to Europe, and on his
return wrote the " American in Paris,"
a vivacious sketch of his impressions
while abroad. He was then elected pro
fessor of Greek and Latin in the High
school of Philadelphia. D. 1844.
SANDS, Robert C, was b. in the
city of New York, 1799, and was edu-
cated at Columbia college. In 1820 he
commenced the practice of the law, but
his first attempt as an advocate was un-
successful, so lie turned his attention to
literature. His attainments in the mod-
ern as well as ancient languages, were
solid and extensive, and his mastery of
his own language complete. He became
an editor of the " Commercial Adver-
tiser;" but his labors in this sphere did
not interfere with his cultivation of gen-
eral literature. He wrote an '' Historical
Notice of Cortes," which was translated
into Spanish, besides essays on "Do-
mestic Literature," the " Caio-Graeco
of Monti," " Isaac, a type of the Re-
deemer," the "Garden of Venus," &c.,
the "Simple Story," "Salem Witch-
craft," " Monsieur de Viellecour," and,
in conjunction with Mr. Eastburn, the
poem of " Yainoyden." He was also
engaged with Mr. William C. Bryant
and Mr. Gulian C. Verplanck, in the
editorship of the "Talisman." Mr.
Sands wjis a gentleman of the finest wit,
and noble character. His last poem was
" The Dead of '32," which appeared
about a week before his own deatn.
SANDYS, Edwin, an eminent Endish
prelate, was b. 1519, at Hawkshead, iu
SAUJ
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
739
Lancashire. At the accession of Mary
he was vice-chancellor, and on refusing
to proclaim her, he was deprived of his
office, and sent first to the Tower, and
afterwards to the Marshalsea. When
Elizabeth came to the throne he was
appointed one of the commissioners for
revising the liturgy. He was also made
bishop of Worcester, and had a share
in the translation of the Scriptures
commonly called the " Bishop's Bible
In 1570 he was translated to London,
and in 1576 to York, where a conspiracy
was laid by Sir Robert Stapleton, to
ruin him by the imputation of adultery ;
but it was discovered, and the parties
concerned in it were punished. D. 1588.
SANSEVERO, Raymond di Sangbo,
eminent for his mechanical inventions
and scientific discoveries, was b. at Na-
ples, in 1710, and d. 1771. Among the
multifarious and extraordinary macliines
invented by himself was a four-wheeled
vehicle, to pass over the surface of the
water, which he exhibited on the bay of
Naples.
SANSON, Nicholas, a celebrated ge-
osjrapher and engineer, was b. at Abbe-
ville, in 1600; and constructed, even
while a youth, a map of ancient Gaul,
remarkable for its excellence and accu-
racy. He subsequently produced up-
wards of three hundred maps, all on a
large scale, with several volumes to illus-
trate them ; reached the head of his
profession, and was appointed geogra-
pher and engineer to the king. D.
1667. — Nicholas, William, and Adrian,
his three sons, who also were excellent
geographers, collected and published
the works of their father, as well as sev-
eral of their own.
SANSOVINO, GiAcoMO Fatti, an
eminent sculptor and architect, was b.
at Florence, in 1479. D. 1570.
S ANTERRE, Jean Baptiste, a French
painter, was b. at Magny, near Pontoise,
m 1651. He painted historical subjects,
on a small size, and with great delicacy.
D. 1717.
SAPPHO, a celebrated Greek poetess,
b. at Mitylene, in the island of Lesbos,
about 600 B. c. Her writings were
highly esteemed by the ancients, and
she is regarded as the inventress of the
metre which bears her name; but of
her works there at present exist only a
" Hymn to Venus," an ode, and a few
trifling fragments. — Anotlier Sappho, of
a later date, who is usually confounded
with the foregoing, from being also a
native of Lesbos, was no less distin-
guished for amorous propensities than
for the warmth of her lyrical eflTusions,
and is said to have thrown herself into
the sea, from the promontory of Leu-
cate, in consequence of the neglect she
experienced from Phaon, her lover.
SARGENT, Winthrop, governor of
Mississippi, was a native of Massachu-
setts, and graduated at Harvard college
in 1771. He entered the revolutionary
army in 1775, and served in various
capacities with reputation to the close
of the war. In 1786 he was appointed
by congress surveyor of the northwest-
ern territory, and in 1787 secretary of
the government established there. He
attended General St. Clair as adjutant-
general in his unfortunate expedition
against the Indians, and was also adju-
tant-general and inspector under Gen-
eral Wayne. D. 1820.
SARPI, Peter, better known under
the name of Father Paul, or Fra Paolo,
was b. in 1552, at Venice. So preco-
cious were his talents, that, at the age
of 17, he publicly maintained theologi-
cal and philosophical theses, consisting
of 309 articles. His eloquence wa3
equal to his learning. He did not con-
fine his studies to theology ; for anatomy
and astronomy also engaged much of
his attention. He was of the order of
the Servites, and became provincial of
the order. The Venetian government
appointed him its consulting theologian,
and reposed unbounded confidence in
him ; which he justified and repaid, by
defending the ecclesiastical liberties of
his country against the encroachments
of the Roman pontifl". His patriotism
roused the vengeance of Rome against
him, and in 1607, five ruffians made an
attempt to assassinate him. They failed,
however, in their purpose, though they
gave him fifteen wounds. He d. in
1628. His greatest work is, "A His-
tory of the Council of Trent."
SAUMAREZ, James, Lord de, a dis-
tinguished officer in the British navy,
was b. in the island of Guernsey, in
1757, and was descended from a French
family, whose ancestor accompanied
William the Conqueror to England. D.
1886.
SAURIN, James, an eminent French
Protestant preacher, was b. at Nismes,
in 1677 ; was the author of 12 vols, of
"Sermons," "The State of Christianity
in France," " Discourses, Historical,
Critical, and Moral, on the most remark-
able Events of the Old and New Testa-
ments," &e. D. 1730. — Joseph, brother
of the preceding, was b. 1659, and dis-
tinguished liimself as a mathematician.
740
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[sat
He was originally a Protestant minister ;
but, in 1690, he embraced the Catholic
faith, and was pensioned by Louis XIV.
He contributed for some years to the
*' Journal des Savans," and d. 1730. —
xJernard Joseph, son of the last men-
tioned, was b. 1706, at Paris; and
quitted the bar to become a dramatic
writer. He was the author of " Sparta-
cus," a tragedy ; " Moeurs des Temps,"
a spirited comedy; and a variety of
other dramas. D. 1781.
SAUSSURE, Horace Benedict de, a
celebrated naturalist, was b. at Geneva,
in 1740 ; attained an early jjroficiency in
the mathematical and physical sciences,
and was for several years professor of
philosophy at Geneva. He travelled in
France, England, Italy, &c. ; and by
the valuable observations which he
made, particularly among the glaciers of
the Alps, he contributed much to the
advancement of geology and meteorolo-
gy. He also showed ^reat ingenuity in
the construction of improved instru-
ments adapted to scientific uses, viz.,
a thermometer, an hygrometer, a eudi-
ometer, and electrometer, &c. D. 1799.
SAVAGE, Richard, an English poet,
celebrated for his genius, irregularities,
and misfortunes, was b. in London,
about 1698. He was the natural son of
the countess of Macclesfield by Earl
Elvers. No sooner did he see the light,
than a most unnatural hatred took com-
plete possession of his mother, who
f)laced him with an old woman in the
owest state of indigence, with direc-
tions that he should be brought up in
utter ignorance of his birth, and in the
meanest condition. He was an appren-
tice to a shoemaker, when this woman
dj^ing suddenly, some of Lady Mason's
(the mother of the countess) letters,
which he found among her papers, dis-
covered to him the secret of his birth.
From this moment his attempts to ob-
tain the notice of his mother were
incessant, but all his assiduities and
applications were unavailing; and in
justice to the countess of Macclesfield it
must be observed, that she always
asserted that her child d. while quite
young, and that Savage was an impos-
tor. He now became an author, and, in
1723, produced the tragedy of "Sir
Thomas Overbury," the profits of which
produced liim £200; and he was rising
In reputation, when, in 1721, he acci-
dentally killed a Mr. Sinclair, at a house
of ill-fame, in a drunken quarrel. For
this he was tried, and found guilty;
but obtained the royal pardon, through
the intercession of Lady Hertford. Soon
after. Lord Tyrconnel became his
patron, received him into his house,
and allowed him £200 a year ; but the
bard and the peer quarrelled, and he
was ^ain turned adrit^ upon the world.
A "Birth-day Ode," addressed to the
queen, procured him a pension of £50.,
but on her majesty's death this was dis-
continued, and he subsequently endured
much misery and privation; till at
length, in 1743, he d. in the debtors'
prison, at Bristol.
SAVILLE, Sir Henry, one of the
most profound and elegant scholars of
his age, was b. in 1549, and after grad-
uating at Brazennose college, Oxford,
removed on a fellowship to Merton
college, in the same university. In his
29th year he made a tour on the Conti-
nent for the purpose of perfecting him-
self in elegant literature, and on nis re-
turn was appointed tutor in Greek and
mathematics to Queen Elizabeth. D.
1622.
SAVONAROLA, Jerome, a Domini-
can, was b. at Ferrara, in 1452. He
was regarded by some as an enthusiast,
and by others as an impostor; but he
preached with great zeal against the
corruptions of the Roman church, for
which he was condemned to the flames
in 1498. He wrote " Sermons," a trea-
tise entitled "The Triumph of the
Cross," and other works.
SAXE, Maurice, count de, marshal-
general of the French armies, was b. at
Dresden, in 1696. He was the natural
son of Frederic Augustus II., king of
Poland, by the Countess of KOnigsmark,
and d. in 1750.
SAXO, Grammaticus, a Danish his-
torian, who flourished in the 12th
century.
SAY, Jean Baptiste, an eminent
French writer on political economy, b.
in 1767. He concerted with Chamtort
(who was guillotined) the "Decade
Philosophique," during the revolution.
Bonaparte, on going to Egypt, made him
his librarian extraordinary, and after-
wards appointed him a member of the
tribunate, from which post he was dis-
missed by his patron, for having the
consistent honesty to vote against the
creation of an emperor and empire. His
"Traite d'Economie Publique" is a
most valuable work, and .has been com-
pared to Atlam Smith's "Wealth of
Nations." Among his other works are,
" Observations sur I'Angleterre et les
Anglais," " Cours complet d'Economie
Politique." D. 1882.
mi
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
741
SCALIGER, Julius Caesar, generally-
known aathe elder Scaliger, a celebrated
scholar, was b. 1484, at the castle of
Kiva, on lake Garda, and became a page
of the Emperor Maximilian, whom he
served in war and peace for 17 years.
When he was about 40, he quitted the
army, and applied himself to the study
of natural law, medicine, and the learned
languages. In 1525 he accompanied the
bishop of Agen to his diocese ni France,
where he d. 1558. — Joseph Justus, son
of the preceding, was b. at Agen, in
1540 ; was made professor of polite liter-
ature at Leyden, and is said to have
been master of no less than 18 languages.
D. 1609.
SCANDERBEG, (which means the
Bey Alexander,) whose proper name
was George Castriot, was the son of
John, prince of Albania, and was b. 1404.
Being given by his father as a hostage
to Sultan Amurath II., he was educated
in the Mahometan religion, and at the
age of 18 was placed at the head of a
body of troops, with the title of sangiac.
After the death of his father in 1432, he
formed the design of possessing himself
of his principality ; and having accom-
panied the Turkish army to Hungary,
he entered into an agreement with Hun-
niades to desert to the Christians. This
design he put into execution ; and, hav-
ing ascenaed the throne of his fathers,
he renounced the Mahometan religion.
A long warfare followed ; but although
frequently obliged to retire to the fast-
nesses of mountains, he always renewed
bis assaults upon the first favorable oc-
casion, until tne sultan proposed terms
of peace to him, which were accepted.
He, however, renounced his treaty with
the sultan, obtained repeated victories
over the Turkish armies, completely
established his power, and d. 1467.
SCARLATTI, Alessandbo, b. at Na-
ples, in 1658, was educated at Rome
under Carissimi, and d. 1728. The Ital-
ians called him the "glory of the art,"
and the first of composers. He com-
Eosed about 100 operas, a great num-
er of motets, and nearly 200 masses. —
DoMENico, his son, b. 1683, resided for
a time at Rome ana Naples, but finally
settled at Madrid, where he obtained
the appointment of chapel-master to the
queen of Spain. He produced several
■ operas and some good church music,
and was on terms of friendship with
Handel.
SCARPA, Antonio, a celebrated Ital-
ian anatomist, was b. 1746, at Friuli;
ftnd d. at Pavia, in 1826. He enjoyed
an extensive reputation throughout Eu-
rope, by his admirable description of the
nerves in his " Tabula Necrologiae."
SCARRON, Paul, a comic poet and
satirist, was b. at Paris, 1610, and was
intended for the church, to which ho
was averse, and for which his habits
were decidedly unfit. At the age of 24
he travelled into Italy, where ne gave
himself up without restraint to indul-
gences of every kind, and continued his
excesses after his return to Paris. At
the age of 27, having appeared during
the carnival at Mans as a savage, he was
pursued by the populace, and being
obliged to hide himself in a marsh, he
lost the use of his limbs. Notwithstand-
ing his sufferings, he never lost his
gayety ; and, settling at Paris, his wit
and social powers gained him a wide
circle of acquaintance, among whom
was the beautiful mademoiselle d'Au-
bigne, who after his death was known
as the widow Scarron, and who was
eventually rendered still more fiimous as
madame de Maintcnon. His principle
writings are, his " Comic Romance"
and his " Virgilie Travestie." D. 1660.
SCHADOW, Johann Geoffkoy, a
distinguished modern sculptor, was b.
at Berlin, 1764. Having evinced an
early predilection for the fine arts, he
repaired to Rome in 1785 for the culti-
vation of his taste, and after initiating
himself in the school of the best Italian
masters, he returned to Berlin in 1788,
where he was appointed professor of
sculpture in the university of that city,
and subsequently director-in-chief of
the academy of the fine arts. Here he
lived and labored for the long period of
62 years. D. 1850. — Zono Ridolfo, an
Italian sculptor, was b. at Rome, 1786 ;
and was instructed by Canova and
Thorwaldsen. He executed many ad-
mired sculptures and bass-reliefs, and d.
1822.
SCHEELE, Chables William, an
eminent chemist, was b. in 1742, at
Stralsund, in Swedish Pomerania ; was
brought up as an apothecary at Stras-
burg, became proprietor of a pharma-
ceutical establishment at Keeping, and
d. in 1786. He wrote "Chemical Es-
says," and was the discoverer of the
oxalic, fluoric, malic, and lactic acids.
SCHILLER, John Christopher Fred-
eric voN, one of the most illustrious
names in German literature, was b. at
Marbaeh, in Wirtemberg, in 1759. Af-
ter having studied medicine, and be-
come surgeon in a regiment, he, in hig
22d year, wrote his tragedy of "The
742
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[sc.i
Bobbers," whicli at once raised him to
the foremost rank among the dramatists
of his country. It was performed at
Manheim, in 1782. But some passages
of a revolutionary tendency having in-
curred the displeasure of the duke of
"Wirtemberg, he left Stuttgard by
Btealth, and made his way to Manheim,
where, after various wanderings and
many hardships, he got his tragedy of
" Fiesco" brought out on the stage.
The tragedies of " Cabal and Love" and
" Don Carlos" were his next produc-
tions. In 1785 he repaired to Leipsic
and Dresden, where he found many ad-
mirers. Here he wrote his singular
romance called the " Geisterseher," and
his " Philosophical Letters," and col-
lected materials for a " History of the
Eevolt of the Netherlands, under Philip
11." In 1787 he repaired to Weimar,
where he was welcomed with great
warmth by Wieland and Herder, under-
took the management of a periodical
called the " German Mercury," and not
long afterwards made the acquaintance
of Goethe, which soon ripened into a
friendship only dissolved by death. In
1789 he was appointed to the chair of
history in the university of Jena, and
besides lecturing to crowded audiences,
he published his celebrated " History
of the Thirty Years' War," and engaged
in various literary enterpi-ises, which
have more or less had great influence
on the literature of Germany. " Die
Horen" and " Der Musen-Almanach,"
to which the most eminent men in Ger-
many contributed, belong to this cat-
egory. He soon after settled at Weimar,
in order to direct the theatre in con-
junction with Goethe, in accordance
with their mutual tastes and opinions ;
and here he at intervals published the
works which, together witn those above
mentioned, have immortalized his name.
Among these are, " Joan of Arc,"
" Mary Stuart," " Wallenstein," " Wil-
liam Tell," "History of the Kemarkable
Conspiracies and Eevolutions in the
Middle and Later Ages." &c. D. 1305.
SCHLEGEL, August Wilheim von,
a celebrated critic, poet, and philologist,
was b. at Hanover, 1767. After finish-
ing his studies at Gottingen, he became
professor at Jena, where he lectured on
the theorv of art, and joined his brother
Friederich in the editorship of the
" Athenaeum." In 1802 he repaired to
Berlin, as a wider field for his literary
predilections ; accompanied madame de
Btael, in 1805, on a tour through Italy,
France, Germany, and Sweden ; deliv-
ered lectures in Vienna, in 1808, on
dramatic art ; became secretary to Ber-
nadotte, the crown prince of Sweden,
in 1813 ; and, after studying Sanscrit in
Paris, obtained in 1818 the professorship
of history at Bonn, which he held till
his death, 1845. — Friederich von, a cel-
ebrated German critic and philologist,
and a younger brother of the preceding,
was b. in 1772, and studied at Gottingen
and Leipsic. His first production of
any importance was the "History of the
Poetry of the Greeks and Eomans."
He then joined his brother in conduct-
ing a periodical called the " Athenaeum,"
and after publishing the philosophical
romance of " Lucinda," he visited Paris,
where he delivered lectures on philos-
ophy, and occupied himself with the
fine arts. In 1804 he published a " Col-
lection of the Romantic Poetry of the
Middle Ages." After this he repaired
to Vienna, and, in 1809, received an ap-
pointment at the head-quarters of the
Archduke Charles, where he drew up
several powerful proclamations. When
peace was concluded, he delivered in
Vienna the lectures known as " The
History of Ancient and Modern Litera-
ture." In 1812 he edited the " German
Museum," and gained the confidence
of Prince Metternich by the composition
of various diplomatic papers ; in conse-
quence of which he was appointed Aus-
trian counsellor of legation at the Ger-
manic diet, which he held from 1814 to
1818. He then returned to Vienna, and
resumed his literary occupations with
great zest, contributing to vai-ious jour-
nals, and producina: his "Philosophy
of Life," and his "Philosophy of His-
tory," which rank among his best liter-
ary efforts. Like his brother, Friederich
Schlegel became a Roman Catholic ; and
his strong devotional tendencies may
be seen in his interesting " Letters on
Christian Art." D. 1829.
SCHLEIERMACHER, Frederic Er-
nest Daniel, equally distinguished as a
theologian, a philologist, a critic, an
orator, and a translator, was b. at Bres-
lau in 1768 ; studied at Halle in 1781 ;
and, after holding various ecclesiastical
appointments in different parts of Ger-
many, was called to Berlin in 1809 as
preacher, and about the same time re-
ceived the chair of theology in the uni-
versity of that city. The influence of
his writings on the German mind was
and still is very great ; but it was far
surpassed by tliat which his oral in-
structions, and the purity and piety
which his personal character exercised
sch]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
74S
over those who lived within his sphere.
D. 1834.
SCHOEFFER, Peter, one of the in-
Tentors of printing, was b. at Gernsheim,
in the territory of Darmstadt, was a
partner with Guttemberg and Faust,
and having married the daughter of the
latter, became sole possessor of the
printing establishment. D. about 1502.
SCHOMBEEG. Henry de, marshal
of France, was descended from a Ger-
man family. He served in 1617, in
Piedmont, under marshal d'Estr^es, and
afterwards against the Huguenots in
the civil wars. In 1625 he was made
field-marshal, and two years afterwards
defeated the English at the isle of
Ehe. In 1629 he forced the passage of
Susa, on which occasion he was severely
wounded. The next year he took Pig-
nerol, and relieved Casal. In 1632 he
defeated the rebels in Languedoc at the
famous battle of Castelnaudari, for which
he was made governor of that province.
He wrote a "Narrative of the War of
Italy," and d. 1633. — Frederic Armand,
duke of, was b. of an illustrious family,
but different from the preceding, fle
began his military career under Frederic
Henry, prince of Orange, and his son
"William ; but in 1650 he passed into the
French service, became acquainted with
Conde and Turenne, and obtained the
fovernment of Gravelines and Furnes.
[e accompanied the prince of Orange
to England at the revolution, was cre-
ated a peer,, made knight of the garter,
and obtained a grant of £100,000. In
1689 he went with William to Ireland,
fad was accidentally shot as he was
crossing the Boyne, by the French ref-
ugees of his own regiment.
SCHOPENHAUEE, Johanna, a Ger-
man authoress of great celebrity, was b.
at Dantzic, 1770. Her chief works are,
*' Fernow's Leben," " Ausflucht an den
Ehein," "Jugendleben und Wander-
bilder," an English translation of which
was published in 1847, " Sidonia,"
" Die Xante," and above all " Gabriele,"
which presents a charming picture of
female character. D. 1838.
SCHEEVELIUS, Cornelius, a learned
critic, was b. at Haerlem, about 1614.
His father was rector of the school at
Leyden, in which office he succeeded
him. His name is now principally
known by his " Greek and Latin Lex-
icon." D. 1667.
SCHUBEET, Francis, an eminent
musical composer, was b. at Vienna,
1796. His melodies, known by their
German name, " Lieder," have attained
freat celebrity throughout Germany,
'ranee, and England ; among the best
known are the " Erl Konig," "Ave
Maria," " Der Wanderer," and "Die
Erwartung," &c. D. 1830.
SCHU MACHEE, IIeinrich Christlvn,
a distinguished astronomer, was b. in
Holstein, 1780, was successively^ pro-
fessor of astronomy at the university of
Copenhagen, director at the observatory
of Mannheim, in the grand duchy of
Baden, and for many vears astronomei
in the observatory at Altona, and editoi
of the " Astronomische Nachrichten."
He was a diligent and accurate observer,
one of his latest labors being connected
with Encke's planet Astrsea. D. 1850.
SCHUEMANN, Anna Maria de, b.
at Cologne, in 1607, whose acquirements
in the learned languages, the fine arts,
and polite literature were so great, that
she obtained the appellation of the
modern Sappho. This erudite und ac-
compHshed lady, who understood the
Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Chaldee, and
several modern languages, and who was
mistress of painting, engraving, sculp-
ture, and music, at length became the
victim of jfanatical delusion. ^ In 1650
she appeared as a zealous disciple of the
enthusiast L.nbadie, to whom, it is said,
she was secretly married ; and, after his
death, she retired to Weivart, in Fries-
land, where she d. in 1678. Her
"Opuscula, or Pieces in Latin, Greek,
and Hebrew," were printed in 1652.
She also wrote "Latin Poems" and a
" Defence of Female Study."
SCHUYLEE, Philip, an officer in the
American army, was appointed major-
general in 1775, and was dispatched to
the fortifications in the north of New
York, to prepare for the invasion of
Canada. He afterwards fell under some
suspicion, and was superseded in the
chief command by General Gates. He
was a Hfiember of congress before the
adoption of the present constitution,
and afterwards twice a senator. D.
1804.
SCHWANTHALEE, Ludwig von,
an eminent sculptor, descended from a
family that for generations had been
distinguished in the art, was b. at Mu-
nich, 1802. At the a^e of 16 he entered
the academy of Munich, where he soon
attracted the attention of Cornelius, by
whose advice he repaired to.Eome ; and
after enjoying there the friendship and
instructions of Thorwaldsen, he return-
ed to his native city in 1827, where he
found ample scope for the development
of his genius in the numerous commis-
744
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[sco
Bions intrusted to him by the royal
family of Bavaria. It would be difficult
with our limits to point out even a tithe
of his productions ; suffice it to say, that
rich as Munich has become in works of
art, it owes no small portion of its ce-
lebrity to this artist, whose marvellous
power of composition and versatility of
genius showed themselves no less in his
admirable statues and reliefs, than in
his frescoes and cartoons, D. 1848.
SCHWARTZ, Bekthold, a monk of
the order of Cordeliers, at the end of
the 13th century, was a native of Fri-
bourg in Germany, and an able chemist.
It is said, that as he was making some
experiments with nitre, it led to his in-
vention of gunpowder, which was first
applied to warlike purposes by the
Venetians in 1800. There is, however,
much discrepancy in the accounts of
this discovery; and it is certain that
Roger Bacon, who died in 1292, was
acquainted with an inflammable com-
position similar to gunpowder, the
knowledge of which Europeans appear
to have derived from the Orientals. —
Christian Frederic, a German mis-
sionary to the East Indies. In 1767, he
was employed by the English society
for the promotion of Christian knowl-
edge, and he continued throughout his
life to labor in the sacred cause with
unceasing zeal. He was held in high
esteem for his character by the Hindoos,
and the rajah of Tanjore made him tutor
to his son. D. 1798.
SCHWARTZENBERG, Charles Phi-
lip, Prince, an Austrian field-marshal,
■was b. of an ancient and illustrious
family at Vienna, in 1771. He entered
into the army early, and rapidly pro-
ceeded through all the grades of mili-
tary rank until he became a general
officer. D. 1820.
SCOTT, John, a Quaker poet, b. at
Bermondsey, in 1739. He resided, du-
ring the greater part of his lifef at Am-
wefl, and d. in 1782. He was the author
of " Amwell," and other poems, a
*' Digest of the Highway Laws," " Crit-
ical Essays." — John, the original editor,
of the " London Magazine," and the
author of "A Visit to Paris in 1814,"
&c. His remarks on some articles in
" Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine "
having given ofience to the editor of
that work, a quarrel ensued, which
ended in a duel between a friend of the
editor and Mr. Scott, who, a few days
after, d. of the wound he had received
from his adversary, — Michael, a cele-
brated Scottish philosopher of the 18th
century, whose knowledge of the occult
sciences caused him to pass among the
unlettered for a magician, was b. at
Balwirie, in Fifeshire. He travelled ip
France, Germany, and England, and
was received with great distinction by
the respective s>Wereigns ; received the
honor of knighthood from the Scottish
monarch, Alexander III., and d. 1293
— Michael, the author of *' Tom Crin
gle's Log," was b. in Glasj^ow, 1789 :
received his education at the high school
and university of that city, repaired to
Jamaica in 1806, where he remained till
1822, and finally settled in Scotland,
where he embarked in commercial spec-
ulations. D. 1835. — Reginald, or Rey-
nold, was a native of Kent, and received
his education at Hart hall, Cambridge.
He had both the good sense and courage
to oppose the absurd opinion, at that
time prevalent, of the existence of
witches, by publishing his " Discoveries
of Witchcraft." D. 1599.— Samuel, au
eminent painter of scenery, who took
Vanderveide for his model, and often
excelled him. D. 1772. — Sir Walter,
who is generally placed at the head of
English novelists in the 19th century,
was b. at Edinburgh, in 1771. He passed
the years of his youth between the
{)leasures of hunting, the study of the
aw, and an indulgence of his taste in
reading old plays, romances, travels, and
marvellous adventures. The antiquities
and ancient poetry of Scotland seem to
have early inflamed his imagination ; he
read the old chronicles, and 'made him-
self acquainted with the customs, obso-
lete laws, and even the traditions of
individual families, and was versed in
the localities and the superstitious belief
of the inhabitants of the Scottish moun-
tains. He made his debut as an original
author in " Specimens of Ancient Scot-
tish Poetry," which had great success.
His next work, the " Lay of the Last
Minstrel," w.is received with still greater
favor. "Marmion" and "Rokeby"
followed, and gave a climax to his poet-
ical reputation ; but it was soon after-
wards eclipsed by the rise of Lord
Byron's poetical star, his vigorous and
impassioned verses diverting the public
poetical taste into an entirely new chan-
nel. Subsequently appeared "Paul's
Letters to his Kinsfolk^'" and the "Bat-
tle of Waterloo," the first successful,
the latter a failure. His novels, how-
ever, are his great passport to fame.
Those masterly productions, on which
criticism would be out of place, need
hardly be enumerated: "Waverle^,",
8Bl]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
7^
" Talcs of my Landlord," " Ivanhoe,"
*'The Monastery," "The Abbot,"
"Quentin Durward," "Peveril of the
Peak," « Woodstock," " Eob Koy,"
*' The Heart of Mid Lothian," " Chron-
icles of the Canongate," &c. Sir Walter
Scott was made a baronet by George
IV"-, in 1821. Though from the time
of the publication of " Waverley," Sir
Walter had been generally considered
the author of the "Scotch Novels," yet
he had managed to preserve his incog-
nito by various modes of evasion and
half-denials whenever the subject was
publicly mooted; and the author, who-
eN'er he might prove to b.e, was fanci-
fully styled the " Great Unknown." At
length, the mystery was solved. At the
annual dinner of the Theatrical Fund
Association- in 1827, Sir Walter, in re-
turning thanks for the honor which the
company had done him by drinking his
health, unreservedly declar'ed that~they
were wholly and solely his own compo-
sitions. His emoluments were very
large, but pecuniary diflSculties with his
publishers involved him in the common
failure. His debts he nobly determined
to reduce by new efforts, many of which,
though they answered the end which
the author had in view, added little to
his fame, and utterly destroyed a robust
constitution in writing them. D. 1832.
— John, a distinguished lawyer and
judge of Virginia. B. 1782; d. 1850.
SECKER, Thomas, archbishop of
Canterbury, an eminent and pious pre-
late, was b. at Sibthorpe, in Nottmg-
hiimshire, in 1693, and was educated
with a view of becoming a dissenting
minister. He, however, declared that
he could not conscientiously assent to
the tenets held by his family, and he
therefore conformed to the church of
England, took orders, and obtained pre-
ferment. D. 1768.
SEDGWICK, Theodore, a judge of
the supreme court of Massachusetts,
was U. at Hartford, Ct., in 1746. He was
graduated at Yale college, and in 1766
began the practice of the law in Berk-
shire county, Mass. In 1776 he served
as aid to General Thomas in the expedi-
tion against Canada. In 1785 he was a
member of congress under the old con-
federation.- His exertions during 1787
to suppress the insurrectionary spirit of
the state, in what is known as Shay's
rebellion, were efficient and honorable.
In 1789 he was again in congress ; and
in 1796 a member of the U. S. senate.
In 1802 he was appointed judge. D.
1813. — Theodore, a son of the pre-
68
ceding, was b. at Sheffield, Mass., 1780 ;
was educated at Yale college, and prac-
tised law in Albany. He was twice a
member of the legislature of Massachu-
setts, and twice the democratic candi-
date for congress. But his life was
mainly devoted to literary and agricul-
tural pursuits. He wrote " Hints to my
Countrymen," and " Public and Private
Economy." D. 1839.
SEDLEY, Sir Charles, a celebrated
wit, courtier, and poet, of the age of
Charles II., was b. at Aylesford, in Kent,
in 1639 ; d. 1701.
SEGUK, Joseph Alexander, viscount
de, second son of the marshal de S%ur,
engaged when young in the military
service, but having attained the post of
mareschal de camp in 1790, he gave up
his time entirely to the cultivation of
literature, and published several ro-
mances. D. 1805. — Louis, count de, a
French diplomatist and historical wri-
ter, was the eldest son of the marshal
de Segur, and b. in 1753. He served
during two campaigns in the American
war, and was afterwards ambassador to
St. Petersburg and Berlin. On the
overthrow of the French monarchy he
relinquished his connection with affairs
of state ; he was, notwithstanding, ar-
rested by order of the committee of pub-
lic safety; but being liberated shortly
after, he quitted France, and did not re-
turn till after the fall of Robespierre,
when he was made a peer. D. 1830.
SELDEN, John, an English antiquary,
law writer, and historian, of most exten-
sive acquirements, was a native of Sus-
sex, and b. 1584. So early as 1607 he
drew up a work, entitled " Analectum
Anglo-Britannicum," which was quick-
ly succeeded by several others ; and in
1614 appeared his "Titles of Honor."
Next followed his " De Diis Syriis" and
" Mare Clausura." He now entered the
field of politics, and in 1640 was elected
member of parliament for Oxford. At
the commencement of the disputes be-
tween Charles and the parliament, he
acted with great moderation, and uni-
formly endeavored to prevent an ulti-
mate appeal to the sword. In 1643, the
house of commons appointed him keep-
er of the records of tne Tower, and, the
following year, one of the commission-
ers of the admiralty, voting him £5000
as a reward for his services. He em-
ployed all his influence for the protection
of learning, and was universally esteem-
ed for his urbanity of manners and good-
ness of heart. D". 1654.
SELKIRK, Alexander, a sailor, was
746
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[sew
b. at Largo, in Scotland, about 1680. He
was a good, navigator, and made several
voyages to the South Sea, in one of
which, having a quarrel with his com-
mander, he was put ashore on the island
of Juan Fernandez, with a few neces-
saries, a fowling-piece, gunpowder, and
shot. Here he remained in solitude
nearly three years, till he was taken
away by Captain Woods Eogers, in 1709.
On his return to England, he is said to
have employed Daniel Defoe in drawing
up a narrative of his adventures for the
press, from which source originated the
popular and interesting "Adventures
of Kobinson Crusoe."
SENECA, Lucius Ann^us, a cele-
brated Roman philosopher, moralist,
and statesman, the son of Marcus An-
nseus, an eminent orator, was b. at Cor-
duba, in Spain, during the first year of
the Christian era. His reputation soon
extended to the imperial court ; and his
various learning and practical wisdom
caused him to be appointed tutor to
Nero, and procured him several import-
ant places. After his accession to the
throne, his imperial pupil for a while
loaded him with favors; but at length
resolving to rid himself of his old pre-
ceptor, the tyrant charged him with
being an accomplice in the conspiracy
of Piso, and he was condemned to death.
The method of his execution was, how-
ever, left to his own choice. He conse-
quently, with the characteristic osten-
tation of a stoic, finished his life in the
midst of his friends, conversing on
Shilosophical topics while the blood was
owing from his veins, which he had
caused to be opened for that purpose.
D. 65.
SEKVETUS, Michael, a learned Span-
iard, memorable as the victim of religi-
ous intolerance, was b. at Villanueva, in
1509 ; was educated at Toulouse, studied
medicine at Paris, and was in constant
correspondence with Calvin, whom he
consulted in respect to his Arian notions.
He published several anti-trinitarian
works, which excited against him the
violent hatred of both Catholics and
Protestants ; and though he was so for-
tunate as to escape from the persecu-
tions of the former, he could not elude
the vengeance of the latter, headed and
incited as they were by his implacable
enemy, the stern and unforgiving re-
former of Geneva. He was seized as he
was passing through that city, tried for
" blasphemy and heresy," and con-
demned to the flames, which sentence
was carried into execution, October 27,
1553. Servetus is supposed by many to
have anticipated Harvey in the discov-
ery of the circulation of the blood.
SERVIUS TULLIUS, king of Rome,
was the son of a female slave. He mar-
ried the daughter of Tarquin the elder,
whom he succeeded, 577 b. c, and was
murdered by his son-in-law, Tarquin
Superbus, 534 b. c.
SETTLE, Elkanah, an English poet,
was b. at Dunstable, 1618 ; educated at
Trinity college, Oxford ; was much en-
gaged in the political squabbles of the
age, and wrote some smart pieces both
in prose and verse. He was also an in-
defatigable writer for the stage, but none
of his dramas are now acted. D. 1724.
SEVIGNE, Mart de Rabutin, mar-
chioness de, daughter of the baron de
Chantal, was b. in 1626. At the age of
18 she married the marquis de Sevign^,
who was killed in a duel seven yearu
afterwards. Being thus left a widow,
with two children, she paid great atten-
tion to their education ; and when her
daughter married the count de Grignan,
she kept up a correspondence with her;
to which circumstance the world is in-
debted for those letters which are
regarded as models of epistolary com-
position. D. 1696.
SEWARD, Anna, daughter of the
Rev. Thomas Seward, himself a poet
and the author of an edition of Beau-
mont and Fletcher, Avas b. at Eyarn, in
Derbyshire, in 1747. She evinced a
poetical taste in early life. In 1782 she
published her poetical romance of
" Louisa ;" and she subsequently print-
ed a collection of sonnets, and a " Life
of Dr. Darwfn," in which she asserted
her claim to the first fifty lines of that
author's "Botanic Garden." D. 1809.
— William, a biographical writer, was b.
in London, 1747. He was educated at
the Charter house and at Oxford ; was
intimate with Dr. Johnson, and other
eminent literary characters ; and was
the author of "Anecdotes of Distin-
Suished Persons," " Biographiana," &c.
►. in 1799.
SEWELL, George, a poet and mis-
cellaneous writer, was b. at Windsor,
and after completing his education at
Peter-house, Cambridge, studied med-
icine in Holland under the celebrated
Boerliaave, and settled at Hampstead as
a physician. His chief literary produc-
tions are, " Sir Walter Raleigli," a tra-
gedy ; " A Vindication of the English
Stage ;" translations of pans of Lucan,
Ovid, and Tibullus ; and " Epistles to
Mr. Addison." D. 1726.
so a]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
im
SFORZA, James, called the Great,
was b. of humble parentage, at Cotig-
nola, in 1639. A company of soldiers
happening to pass through his village,
young Sforza joined them, and, after
passing through the inferior military
ranks, became a general. He obliged
Alphonsus, king of Aragon, to raise
the siege of Naples, and he retook sev-
eral important places which had revolt-
ed ; but being too eager in pursuing the
flying enemy, he was drowned in the
river near Pescara, in 1424. — Francis,
natural son of the preceding, command-
ed with distinction in the service of
Naples ; after which he man-ied the
daughter of the duke of Milan, on whose
death he was chosen general of the
duchy ; but he abused that trust, and
usurped the sovereignty. D. 14&6.
SHADWELL, Sir " Lancelot, vice-
chancellor of England, was b. 1799 ;
educated at Eton and Cambridge, where
he took his degree of B.A. in 1800. He
was called to the bar by the honorable
Bociety of Lincoln's Inn in 1803, was
appointed a king's counsel in 1821, sat
for Eipon as M. P. in 1826, and was
elevated to the vice-chancellorship of
England in 1827. D. 1850.— Thomas, a
dramatic poet, was b. 1640, at Stanton
Hall, Norfolk, and was educated at
Cambridge. When Dryden was rcT
moved from the offices of laureate and
historiographer royal, Shadwell was ap-
pointed his successor, which exposed
him to the severity of that poet's satire,
who ridiculed him under the appellation
of Macflecknoe. D, 1692. His princi-
pal plays are, " Epsom Wells," " Tiraon
the Misanthrope," the "Virtuoso," the
" Gentleman ot Alsace," and the " Lan-
cashire Witches." — Charles, supposed
to have been the son or nephew of the
preceding, wrote some plays, the best
of which is entitled the "Fair Quaker
of Deal." D. 1726.
SHAKSPEAEE, William, the most
illustrious dramatic poet of England,
was b. at Stratford-upon-Avon, April
23, 1564, and was the sou of a dealer in
wool, who appears also to have carried
on the business of a butcher. His edu-
cation was conl ned to what he could
attain at the free-school of his native
place ; and being taken from it early, he
made no further progress than the rudi-
ments of Latin. In his 18th year he
married Ann Hathaway, a farmer's
daughter, who was considerably older
than himself. Of his occupation at this
period, nothing determinate is recorded;
but it appears that hs was wild and ir-
regular, and that he was more than onco
concerned with others in stealing deer
from the park of Sir Thomas Lucy, of
Charlecote, near Stratford. For this he
was prosecuted by that gentleman ; but
he retaliated by a severe lampoon on
him, and then ned to London, in order
to escape another prosecution. Here he
formed an acquaintance with the players,
and was enrolled among them, though
what sort of characters he performed
does not appear. Mr. Eowe observes,
that he could never meet with any fur-
ther account of him as an actor, than
that his highest part was the Ghost in
his own "Hamlet." Queen Elizabeth
had several of his plays acted before her,
and, without doubt, gave him many
marks of her favor. She was so pleased
with the character of Fal staff in the two
Earts of Henry IV., that she commanded
im to exhibit him in love, on which
occasion Shakspeare wrote his rich and
admirable comedy of the "Merry Wives
of Windsor." The earl of Southampton
is said on one occasion to have presented
him with £1000; and he enjoyed the
friendship of his most eminent literary
cotemporaries. Having become propri-
etor and manager of the Globe theatre,
he realized a handsome fortune, which
enabled him to spend the close of his
life at his native town, where he pur-
chased a house and estate, to which
he gave the name of New Place. The
house and lands continued in the pos-
session of the poet's descendants till the
restoration, when they were repurchased
by the Clopton family". Here Shakspeare
planted the famous mulberry tree, which
remained an object of profit to the people
of Stratford, and of veneration to visitors,
till about 1759, when the possessor, out
of hatred to the inhabitants, cut it down.
Shakspeare died on his 52d birthday, in
1616, and was buried in the church of
Stratford, where his monument still re-
mains. In 1741, a monument was
erected to him in Westminster abbey,
and paid for by the proceeds of benefits
at the two great theatres. In 1769, by
the efforts of Garrick, a festival was cel-
ebrated in honor of the poet in his na-
tive town. The only notice recorded of
the person of Shakspeare 4s to be found
in Aubrey, who says that "he was a
handsome, well-shaped man," and adds,
that he was " verie good company, and
of a verie ready, pleasant, and smooth
witt." Besides his immortal plays,
Shakspeare was the author of two poe'ma
"Venus and Adonis," and "Lucrece,"
which, although lost in the blaze of his
748
CYCLOPAEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[she
dramatic genius, exhibit much of poetry
that is worthy of admiration.
SHAEP, James, archbishop of St. An-
drew's, a distinguished prelate of the
17th century, was b. in Banffshire, 1618,
and obtained a professorship in the uni-
versity of St. Andrew^s. The presbytery
being overturned by parliament, under
Charles II., Sharp, who had treacherous-
ly promoted that measure, was rewarded
with the primacy, and appointed arch-
bishop of St. Andrew's. The wanton
cruelties which followed, confirmed the
horror entertained against him, and
raised the fury of some of his more big-
oted opponents to take his life. D. 1679.
• — Granville, distinguished for his phi-
lanthropy and learning, was b. at Dur-
ham, 1734. He obtained a place in the
ordnance office, which he resigned at
the commencement of the American war,
because he disapproved of its principles ;
after which he devoted his life to private
Btudy, and the active exercise of a be-
nevolent mind. He established the
right of negroes to their freedom while
in England, instituted the society for
the abolition of the slave trade, advo-
cated the principles of parliamentary
reform, and distinguished himself with
equal zeal in other patriotic and benev-
olent objects ; the last of which was the
promotion of the distribution of the
Scriptures. He was critically skilled in
the Hebrew and Greek languages, and
was the author of various works, the
principal of which are, " Remarks on
the Uses of the Definite Article in the
Greek Testament," a " Short Treatise
on the English Tongue j" "Eemarks on
the Prophecies," " Treatises on the
Slave Trade," on "Duelling," "The
People's Eight to a share in the Legis-
lature," the "Law of Nature, and Prin-
ciples of Action in Man," &c. D. 1813.
SHAEPE, Gregory, an eminent ori-
ental scholar and able divine, was b. in
Yorkshire, 1713, was educated at West-
minster and Aberdeen, and eventually
became master of the Temple. Among
his writings are, " A Eeview of the Con-
troversy on the Demoniacs," " Defence
of Dr. Clarke against the Attacks of
Leibnitz," " Dissertations on the Origin
of Languages,.and the Powers of Letters,
with a Hebrew Lexicon," "Disserta-
tions on the Latin and Greek Tongues,"
" Three Discourses in Defence of Chris-
tianity," an "Introduction to Universal
History," and "The Else and Fall of
the City and Temple of Jerusalem."
D. 1771.
SHEE, Sir Mabtin Archer, president
and senior member of the Eoyal Acad-
emy, was b. in Dublin, 1769. On his
first arrival from Ireland in the British
metropolis, he was introduced to the
notice of Sir Joshua Eeynolds, and to
some other distinguished persons, by
his illustrious friend and countryman,
Edmund Burke. He became an exhib-
itor at the Eoyal Academy for the first
time in the year 1789. In 1791 he sent
four portraits to the exhibition ; in 1792
he exhibited seven works ; and, in 1796,
he reached what is now the full academ-
ical number of eight portraits. He con-
tinued equally industrious for many suc-
cessive years; and was in such favor
with his fellow-artists, that he was elect-
ed an associate of the Eoyal Academy
in 1798. In 1800 he was elected a full
royal academician.; and of his thirty-
nine brethren by whom he was chosen,
he was the last survivor. D. 1850.
SHELDON, Gilbert, an eminent pre-
late, was b. at Stanton, in Staffordshire,
1598. On the death of Archbishop
Juxon, he was raised to the primacy,
and expended above £66,000 in charita-
ble uses. But the greatest of his works
was building the theatre at Oxford. D.
1677.
SHELLEY, Percy Bysshe, an emi-
nent modern poet, eldest son of Sir
Timothy Shelley, Sussex, was b. at Field
Place, in that county, 1792. He was
sent to Eton, whence, owing to his ec-
centricity of character, he was removed
to Oxford, much before the usual period.
Here a repetition of youthful irregulari-
ties occasioned his expulsion; and his
family were estranged by an ill-assorted
marriage. After the birth of a boy and
a girl, he separated from his wife, who
died shortly after. Mr. Shelley then
married Miss Godwin, daughter of the
author of "Political Justice" and the
famed " Mary Wolstoncroft," and soon
after retired to Marlow, in Buckingham-
shire, where he wrote his " Ee'volt of
Islam." About this time the guardian-
ship of his children was taken from
him, by an infamous order of the chan-
cellor, on the ground of alleged atheisti-
cal and skeptical notions, and of certain
avowed opinions regarding the inter-
course of the sexes, which were deemed
immoral and dangerous. He now re-
paired to Italy, with his second wife and
a new family, and renewed an acquaint-
ance with Lord Byron, to whom he had
been known during a former visit to the
Continent. There, in conjunction with
his lordship and Mr. Leigh Hunt, he
contributed to "The Liberal," a .-eriod-
CTCLOP^DIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
740
ioal nuscellaiiy, which contained the
"Vision of Judgment," by Lord Byron,
and other original productions; but
which, partly owing to Shelley's un-
timely death, was very soon discontin-
ued. He was drowned by the wreck of
his own small sailing-boat in a violent
storm, on his return from Leghorn to
his house, on the gulf of Lerici, July 8,
1822. Fifteen days atlerwards his body
was discovered, and, agreeably to his
own desire, often expressed to his friend
Byron, it was burnt on the sea-shore,
and the ashes conveyed to Rome, where
they are interred in the burial-ground
near the pyramid of Caius Cestus. The
poetical works of this writer are, "Pro-
metheus Chained," "Alastor, or the
Spirit of Solitude," "Queen Mab,"
and " Cenci ;" the whole of which dis-
play a poetical genius of the highest
order, and a character of the utmost pu-
rity and benevolence. — His wife, above
alluded to, b. 1797, gained great dis-
tinction by her "Frankenstein," pub-
lished in 1817. She was also the author-
ess of the " Lives of Eminent Literary
Frenchmen," published in "Lardner's
Cabinet Cyclopaedia;" and, among other
literary performances of merit, she ed-
ited witn notes her husband's poems.
D. 1851.
SHENSTONE, William, an English
poet, b. 1714, at Hales Owen, in Shrop-
shirCj was the son of a gentleman farmer,
residing on his own estate, called the
Leasowes. He was educated at Oxford,
and, on coming into possession of his
paternal property, he relinquished all
views of an active life, and occupied
himself with rural embellishments, and
the cultivation of poetry. His great de-
sire to render the Leasowes famous for
picturesque beauty and elegance, led to
expenses which he could but ill support,
and he was by no means a happy inhab-
itant of the Eden which he had created.
His works consist of songs, elegies, pas-
torals, and miscellaneous essays. D.
1763.
SHERBURNE, Sir Edward, an in-
genious writer, was b. in London, 1618.
He held the office of clerk of the ord-
nance under Charles L, and suffered
greatly during the civil war; but was
restored to his office, and knighted by
Charles TI. D. 1702. He translated
"Seneca's Tragedies," the "Sphere of
Marcus Manilius," and other works,
-nto English, and wrote poems.
SHERIDAN, Thomas, (the well-known
friend of Dean Swift,) was b. in 1684,
and d. in 1738. He was eminent as a
teacher, but, being singularly thought-
less and extravagant, he closed his life
in great poverty. He was the author of
some sermons, and a translation of the
satires of Persius. — Thomas, son of the
fireceding, was b. in 1721, at Quilca, in
reland, and was educated at Westmin-
ster school, and at Trinity college, Dub-
lin. In 1742 he went upon the stage,
and gained much celebrity as a trage-
dian, both in his native country and in
England. He next became manager of
the Dublin company, but being ruined
by the opposition of a rival theatre and
by riots in his own, he relinquished the
profession, and commenced as a lecturer
on elocution, which for a time was very
successful. During the ministry of
Lord Bute, he obtained a pension of
£200 a year. He subsequently became
manager of Drury-lane theatre ; but
some disputes taking place, he retired
from the situation, and resumed his at-
tention to oratory. His principal works
are, an "Orthcepical Dictionary of the
English Language," and a " Life of
Swift." D. 1788.— Frances, wife of the
preceding, was the writer of " Sidney
Biddulph," a novel; "Nourjahad," an
Eastern tale ; and the comedies of " The
Discovery" and " The Dupe." B. 1724 ;
d. 1767. — Richard Brinsley, third son
of the preceding, distinguished as a
statesman, wit, and dramatist, was b, at
Dublin, 1751. He was educated at Har-
row school, and became a student of the
Middle Temple, but was not called to
the bar. His first dramatic attempt was
" The Rivals," which was acted at Cov-
ent-garden in 1775, with moderate suc-
cess; but the "Duenna," a musical
entertainment, which followed, was re-
ceived with general admiration ; and his
"School for Scandal" gained him the
highest reputation as a comic writer.
On the retirement of Garrick from Dru-
ry-lane theatre, he purchased a share in
that property, which qualified him for a
seat in parliament ; and, in 1780, he was
chosen memoer for the borough of Staf-
ford. He attained distinguished celeb-
rity as an orator, and made the grandest
display of eloquence during the progress
of the impeachment of Warren Hastings.
The political changes consequent on the
death of Pitt, in 1806, occasioned the
exaltation of the party with which Sher-
idan was connected, and he obtained
the lucrative post of treasurer of the
navy, and the rank of a privy councillor.
This administration being weakened by
the loss of Mr. Fox, who survived his
celebrated rival only a few months, neyr
^m
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[sHl
•Iterations took place, and he was de-
prived of office, to wliicli he never re-
turned. At the general election in 1806,
he obtained a seat for Westminster, the
great object of his ambition ; but he was
afterwards nominated for the borough
of Jlchester, which he continued to rep-
resent during the remainder of his par-
liamentary career. The latter part of
the life ot this highly talented individual
was imbittered by misfortunes, princi-
pally arising from his own improvidence.
His profuse habits involved nim deeply
in debt ; his failure of a seat in parlia-
ment deprived him of protection from
arrest; intemperance had undermined
his constitution; mental anxiety com-
pleted the destruction of his health ;
and his death took place amidst a com-
plication of difficulties, fears, and sor-
rows, July 7, 1816. Besides the pieces
already noticed, he was the author of
part of " A Translation of Aristsenetus,"
the farces of "The Critic," a "Trip to
Scarborough," and "St. Patrick's Day,"
a " Letter to Henry Dundas," " Pizarro,"
a drama altered from Kotzebue, and
poems. Mr. Sheridan was twice mar-
ried, first to Miss Linley, a celebrated
singer; and the second time to Miss
Ogle, daughter of the dean of Winches-
ter.
SHERLOCK, William, an eminent
. English divine, b. 1641. He became
dean of St. Paul's, and wrote numerous
books and pamphlets, the greater part
of which were of the controversial kind.
Plis " Practical Treatise on Death,"
however, has been highly valued and
very much read. D. 1770. — Thomas, an
eminent prelate, son of the preceding,
b. in 1678, was distinguished as a warm
and spirited controversial writer. His
works are very numerous, and his ser-
mons particularly to be admired for
their ingenuity and elegance. He was,
successively, dean of Chichester, and
bishop of Bangor, Siilisbury, and Lou-
don. D. 1761.
SHERMAN, Roger, a signer of the
declaration of American independence,'
was b. at Newton, Mass., in 1721, and
with only a common-school education,
rose to " distinction as a lawyer and
statesman. His early life was passed in
tlie occupation of a shoemaker. Re-
moving to Connecticut in 1743, he was
admitted to the bar in 1754, and soon
became distinguished as a counsellor.
In 1761 he removed to New Haven,
four years after was appointed a judge
of the county court, and in 1776 ad-
vanced to the bench of the superior
court. He was a delegate to the cele-
brated congress of 1774, and was a
member of that body for the space of
nineteen years. He was a member of
the convention that formed the consti-
tution of the United States. D. 1793.
SHIEL, RicHABD Lalor, was b. in
Dublin, 1794, was educated at Trinity
college, and studied law at Lincoln's-
Inn. To defray the expenses of his
education, he betook himself to writing
tragedies. " Adelaide" to which the
passionate acting of Miss O'Neil lent
a charm, was followed by the "Apos-
tate," "Bellamira," and "Evadne."
In 1831 he entered parliament, where
his success as a speaker was very great.
He took a deep interest in Catholic
emancipation, and was the right hand
of O'Connell. He was ultimately pre-
ferred to the commissioncrship of
Greenwich hospital, and shortly after-
wards made vice-president of the board
of trade, with a seat in the privy council.
Mr. Shiel was the first Catholic com-
moner upon whom this dignity was be-
stowed. From the general election in
1841, to the time of his departure for
Florence, in 1850, he represented Dun-
garvon. On the return of the Whigs to
office, in 1846, after the repeal of the
corn-laws, Mr. Shiel succeeded to the
mastership of the mint, which place
being abolished last session, he pro-
ceeded to Florence as British minister
at the Tuscan court. D. 1851.
SHIPPEN, William, an eminent
physician, was b. in Pennsylvania, and
was graduated at Princeton college in
1754. His medical studies were com-
pleted at Edinburgh, and on his return
m 1764, he began at Philadelphia the
first course of lectures on anatomy ever
delivered in the country. He assisted
in establishing the medical school of
that city, and was appointed one of its
professors. D. 1808.
SHIRLEY, James, an eminent En-
glish dramatic writer and poet of the
Elizabethan age, was b. in London,
about 1594. He became a fertile writer
for the stage ; and having obtained con-,
siderable celebrity, was "taken into the
service of Queen Henrietta Maria. He
afterwards accompanied the earl of Kil-
dare to Ireland, but returned on the
breaking out of the rebellion, and re-
sumed his scholastic employment in the
Whitefriars. At the restoration many
of his plays were again acted, and ha
appears to have been comparatively
prosperous; but having lost all his
property by the fire of London, in
sid]
CYCLOP.f:DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
751
1666, both he and his wife were so af-
fected by the calamitous event, that
they dfed of grief and terror within 24
hours of each other.
SHORE, Jane, the beautiful and un-
fortunate mistress of Edward IV., was
the daughter of a London citizen, and
the wife of a rich jeweller in Lombard-
street. Her personal charms are rep-
resented as being transcendent; her
connubial state, infelicitous ; and the
monarch's admiration of her, unbound-
ed. Her virtue was not sufficiently
strong to resist her royal lover, and she
unreluctantly yielded to his desires.
After the king's death she became at-
tached to Lord Hastings, and their
known partiality to the young princes
rendered them obnoxious to the duke
of Gloucester, who accused them of
witchcraft. On this charge Hastings
was beheaded, and his pretended ac-
complice committed, by the tyrant's
order, to the Tower. After undergoing
the form of a mock trial, she was or-
dered to do penance in St. Paul's, in a
white sheet, and was paraded through
the public streets, the bishop of Lon-
don heading the procession. Her house
and fortune was seized by the protector,
and the unfortunate woman was reduced
to the greatest distress ; but her perish-
ing in a ditch, which is said to have
given rise to Shoreditch, does not ap-
pear to be founded upon fact. Where
or when she died is not known ; but it
is certain she was living in the reign of
Heniy VHI.
SHOET, William, a native of Vir-
flnia, who was secretary of legation to
'ranee when Jefferson was minister,
and afterwards charge to France, and
minister to Spain, by the appointment
of Washington. His state papers were
marked by great cleverness and ability.
B. 1759 ; 'd. 1850.
SHEAPNEL, Lieut.-general Heney,
the inventor of the case-shot known as
Shrapnel-shells, received his commis-
sion as second lieutenant in the royal
artillery in 1779, and attained the rank
of lieutenant-general in 1837. Shortly
after the siege of Gibraltar, he invented
the spherical case-shot. On the adop-
tion of these shells by the artillery, he
was granted a pension of £1200 per
annum in addition to his regular pay.
D. 1842.
SHUCKFOED, Samuel, a learned
divine, who was educated at Cains col-
lege, Cambridge, and became' prebend-
ary of Canterbury, and rector of All-
hallows, in Lombard-street. He wrotp.
two works, " On the Creation and Fall
of Man," and "The History of the
World, Sacred and Profane." D. 1754,
SHUTEE, Edward, a celebrated comic
actor, whose talents in the delineation
of humorous characters rendered him a
public favorite. D. 1776.
SHUTTLEWOOD, the Eight Eev.
Philip Nicholas, bishop of Chichester,
was b. in 1782, at Kirkham, Lancashire.
He received his education at Winches-
ter, and New college, Oxford, and was
distinguished at both these learned
seminaries by his superior attainments.
For some considerable time he resided
in Oxford, and filled the situation of
tutor to his college ; and when, in 1822,
the wardenship of New college became
vacant, he was unanimously elected to
that honorable station. In 1840, Dr.
Shuttleworth was promoted to the see
of Chichester ; but liis episcopal dignity
was of brief duration, this able prelate
dying in January, 1842. His principal
works are, a "Discourse on the Con
sistency of the whole Scheme of Eeve-
lation with itself and with Human
Eeason," " Scripture not Tradition," in
which his objections to Puseyism are
stated with great force and learning ; a
volume of excellent sermons, &e.
SICAED, EocH- Ambrose Cucureon,
an eminent teacher of the deaf and
dumb, was b. in 1742, at Fousseret,
near Toulouse. On the death of l'Ep4e,
in 1789, the Abbe Sicard was called to
Paris, to succeed him in the direction
of the establishment there. In 1792 he
was arrested amidst the scholars, sent
to prison, and was in imminent danger
of becoming a victim in the ensuing
massacres. He, however, obtained his
liberty, and in 1796 took part in com-
piling the " Eeligious, Political, and
Literary Annals of France," for which
he was sentenced to transportation, but
escaped. When this storm had passed
away, he resumed his situation as a
teacher of the deaf and dumb, which
office he held for many years with great
credit to himself and advantage to his
pupils. He wrote several valuable works
relating to tuition, &c. ; and d. 1822.
SIDDONS, Sarah, the most cele-
brated of English tragic actresses, was
a daughter of Eoger Kemble, manager
of an itinerant company, and b. at
Brecknock, in 1775. She commenced
her theatrical career as a singer, but
soon relinquished that line, and at-
tempted tragedy. In her 18th year she
was married to Mr. Siddons ; when she
and her husband played at Liverpool
752
CYCLOP-fiDIA OF BIOGRAPHiT.
[SIK
and otlier places, gaining both reputa-
tion and profit. In '1775 she tried her
powers on the London boards, but was
unsuccessful. She then obtained an
engagement at Bath, where she im-
proved rapidly, and became a general
lavorite. Time, with study and practice,
matured her powers ; and when she re-
appeared at Drury-Iane, in October,
1782, as Isabella, her success was com-
plete ; and, from that time forward, her
theatrical career was one continued tri-
umph. She p>ossessed every requisite,
personal and acquired, for the high
dramatic walk she had aspired to ; and
those who witnessed her in the meridian
of her splendid career, never forgot her
surpassing intellectual powers, or her
unparalleled dignity of deportment. T>.
1831.
SIDMOUTH, Henry, Viscount, <fec.,
was the eldest son of Dr. Addington,
an eminent physician ; was educated at
Winchester, and Brazennose college,
Oxford ; and was intended for the pro-
fession of the law, which, however, he
abandoned almost as soon as he was
called to the bar, in order to follow the
political fortunes of his boyhood's friend,
the second William Pitt. Entering par-
liament for Devizes, in 1784, he in 1789
succeeded Lord Grenville as speaker of
the house of commons. In 1805 he ac-
cepted the office of president of the
council, under Mr. Pitt's government,
and was elected to the peerage. This
office he more than once resigned, and
reaccepted the office of president of
the council ; but, on the formation of
the Liverpool administration, he ac-
cepted office as home secretary. B.
1757 ; d. 1844.
SIDNEY, Sir Philip, one of the most
accomplished men of the reign of Eliza-
beth, was the son of Sir Henry Sidney ;
was b. in 1554, at Penshurst, in Kent ;
was educated at Shrewsbury school,
Christ-church, Oxford, and Trinity col-
lege, Cambridge ; and subsequently trav-
elled in France, Germany, and Italy.
On his return he became a favorite of
the queen, and was sent by her, in
1576, on an embassy to the Emperor
Eodolph. He was knighted in 1583.
When his maternal uncle, the earl of
Leicester, was appointed to the com-
mand of the auxiliary forces in the
Netherlands, Sidney was nominated
general of cavalry. He was, however,
mortally wounded, in September, in a
victorious action near Zutphen, and d.
on the 17th of October, 1586. Sidney
waft universally beloved and admired.
So high did his character stand that, in
1585, he was named as a candii^te for
the crown of Poland. He wrote " The
Arcadia," " The Defence of Poetry,"
and various poems. — Algernon, the
second son of the earl of Leicester, was
b. about 1620, and received an excellent
education under the eye of his father.
In 1643 he returned from Ireland, where
he had served during the rebellion. He
joined the standard of the parliament,
and was appointed a colonel, and sub-
sequently lieutenant-general of horse.
He was nominated a member of the
court instituted to try Charles I., but he
took no part in the proceedings, though
he did not disapprove of them. To the
usurpation of Cromwell he was decidedly
hostile. At the restoration he became
a voluntary exile, and he continued
abroad for seventeen years, till his fa-
ther obtained for him a special pardon.
Sidney, however, was too firm a friend
of liberty to be tolerated by the minions
of despotijim. He was involved in the
Eye-house plot, and was brought to
trial after Lord William Kussell. The
most infamous perversion of justice was
resorted to, in order to convict him ;
and he met death with heroic fortitude,
Dec. 7, 1683. Sidney is the author of
" Discourses on Government." — Mary,
countess of Pembroke, was the sister of
Philip, and possessed kindred talents,
which she assiduously cultivated. She
wrote an "Elegy" on her lamented bro-
ther, a " Pastoral Dialogue in praise of
Queen Elizabeth," a "Discourse of Life
and Death," &c. D. 1601.
SIEYES, Count Emanuel, usually
called the Abbe Sieyes, was b. 1748, at
Frejus. He was, in 1787, named a
member of the provincial assembly
which Necker had established at Or-
leans. He advocated the necessity and
expediency of calling the states in 1787,
and in 1789 published his pamphlet,
"Qu'est ce que le Tiers Etat?" which
gained immense reputation, and un-
doubtedly hastened the crisis of the
revolution. Soon after he became one
of the members for Paris in the states-
general ; and it was at his instigation
that they assumed the name of national
assembly. In 1790 he brought forward
a project for repressing the licentious-
ness of the press, and voted for the
establishment of civil and criminal
juries. When the Mountain ruled, in
1795, he declined sitting in the conven-
tion, but went to Berlin as ambassador.
After the 18th he was ramed one of the
three consuls; and from that time he
ske]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
758
remained steady to the constitutional
principles he first asserted, oj)posing
the Jacobins, declining union with Bo-
naparte, though he remained a tacit
member of tlie senate. In 1816 he was
obliged to retire from France, in conse-
quence of the decree against the mem-
bers of the convention who voted for
the death 'of the king in 1793, and he
took up his abode in Brussels. After
the revolution of 1830, he, like the other
French exiles, returned to his native
country; but he never reappeared on
the political scene. D. 1836.
SILSBEE, Nathaniel, a distinguish-
ed merchant of Massachusetts,^ who
served in the senate of the United
States from 1826 to 1835. D. 1850.
SIMEON, Charles, an eminent En-
glish divine and theological writer, was
b. at Reading, in 1759. D. 1836.— The
Stylites, a ridiculous fanatic, b. about
892, at Sison, on the borders of Syria.
In the plentitudo of ascetic extrava-
gance, he adopted the strange fancy of
fixing his habitation on the tops of pil-
lars, (whence his Greek appellation,)
and with the notion of climbing higher
and higher towards heaven, removed
by degrees from a pillar of six cubits
high to one of 40 cubits ; and, what is
truly wonderful, he was enabled to pass
47 years of his wretched existence upon
his pillars. Such was the extraordinary
folly of the age, that this madness was
regarded as a proof of holiness ; and
when he died, at the age of 69, his body
Wfw taken down from his last pillar by
t) e hands of bishops, and conveyed to
Antioch by an escort of 6000 soldiers,
and buried with almost imperial honors.
SIMONIDES, a Grecian philosopher
and poet, was b. 558 b.c, in the island of
Ceos, and d., aged 88, at the court of
Hiero, king of Syracuse. He excelled
in lyric poetry anti elegy.
SIMPSONJ Thomas, an eminent math-
ematician, was b. 1710, at Market Bos-
worth, in Leicestershire, and was the
son of a weaver, who brought him up to
his own trade, and, perceiving his in-
clination for reading, took away his
books. He in consequence left his
father, and after many vicissitudes, one
of which was his becoming a fortune-
teller, he acquired a perfect knowledge
of mathematics, and rose to be a mathe-
matical professor at the Eoyal Academy,
Woolwich, and a member of the Royal
Society. He wrote "Treatises on Flux-
ions, Annuities, and Algebra," " Ele-
ments of Geometry," and other scien-
tific works. D. 1761.
SINCLAIR, orSTNCLAlRE, Georgk,
professor of philosopiiy at Glasgow du-
ring the period of the commonwealth. He
was distinguished for his researches in
philosophical science ; was an able engi-
neer, and published treatises on hydro-
statics and other branches of the mathe-
matics. He was also the author of a
book, entitled " Satan's Invisible World
Discovered," which was for a long time
popular among the Scottish peasantry.
D. in 1696. — Sir John, an active and
enlightened philanthropist, was b. at
Thurso castle, in the county of Caith-
ness, in 1754. D. 1835.
SISMONDI, Charles Shvionde de,
one of the most eminent of modern
historians and political economists, was
b. at Geneva, in 1778. In 1794 the
house of his father, who had been an
eminent member of the government
of Geneva, was pillaged, two fifths of
his property confiscated, and both fa-
ther and son condemned to 12 months'
imprisonment. The future historian,
as soon as he obtained his release,
sought safety and peace in Tuscany ;
but here he was even more unfortunate
than in his native country, for the
French imprisoned him as being an
aristocrat, and the Italian insurgents
imprisoned him as being a Frenchman.
In 1800 he returned to Geneva, where
in the following year he commenced his
career as an author, by the publication
of " A View of the Agriculture of Tus-
cany." His subsequent works have
been numerous and varied, including
history, political economy, criticism, and
biography. But the works by which he
is the most widely known, and which
in fact have gained him a European
celebrity, are his "History of the Italian
Republics durinc the Middle Ages."
"History of the Fall of the Roman Em-
pire," and his elaborate " History of
the French." In 1838 he was elected
one of the five foreign members of the
institute of France, in the department
of moral and political sciences. D. 1842.
SIX, John, a Dutch dramatic poet,
was b. in 1618, and d. 1700. The works
of Six are remarkable for purity of style
He was the friend and patron of Rem
brandt, and his portrait was engraved
by that artist.
SKELTON, John, an old Englisli
poet, was b. towards the close of tha
15th century, in Cumberland ; was edu-
cated at Oxford, was made poet laureate,
and obtained the living of Diss, in Nor-
folk. He was a coarse and caustic satir-
ist, and was obliged to take refuge in
754
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[SMI
the sanctuary of Westminster, in conse-
quence of his satires on Wolsey and the
^nendicant friars. D. 1529.
SKINNER, Stephex, a philologist,
Was b. in London, about 1622 ; was edu-
cated at Christ-church, Oxford ; settled
as a physician at Lincoln, and d. 1667.
He was author of " Etymologicon Lin-
guae Anglicanse."
SLOANE, Sir Hans, a distinguished
pliysician and naturalist, was b. at Kili-
leogh, Ireland, in 1660. He was the
first in England who introduced into
general practice tire use of bark, not
only in fevers, but in a variety of other
disorders. He also formed a valuable
museum of the rarest productions of
nature and art, which together with his
library, consisting of upwards of 50,000
volumes and 8,566 manuscripts, were
purchased of his executors for £20,000
by act of parliament, and made part of
the collection of the British Museum.
D. 1652.
SMART, Chkistopher, an English
poet, b. 1722, at Shipboume, in Kent,
was educated at Pembroke college,
Cambridge, where he obtained a fellow-
shij), but vacated it by marriage, and
having settled in London commenced
author. The gayety of his disposition
and the buoyancy of his spirits render-
ed him an acceptable companion to the
wits and public writers of the day,
with many of whom, particularly Pope,
Johnson,' Garrick, and Ilawkesworth,
ne became intimate. He translated
Pope's " Ode on St. Cecilia's Day," and
the " Essay on Criticism," into elegant
Latin verse ; wrote a poetical version of
the "Psalms;" a volume of original
poems, "Hannah," an oratorio, with
several odes, fables, &c. He also gave
to the world translations of the works
of Horace, both in prose and verse.
Poverty, however, overtook him, and
his distresses, aided by intemperance,
so unsettled his intellects, that he was
placed for awhile under personal re-
straint. D. 1771.
SMEATON, John, an eminent civil
engineer, was b. in 1724, at Austhorpe,
near Leeds. His father, who was an
attorney, was desirous of bringing up
his son to the same profession ; but he
became a mathematical instrument ma-
ker. In 1759 he received the gold medal
of the Royal Society, of which he was a
member, for a paper on the power of
wind and water to turn mills, and as an
engineer he gradually rose to the sum-
mit of his profession. In 1755 the
Eddystone lighthouse was burnt down,
and Mr. Smeaton being recommended
to the proprietors of that building as an
engineer every way calculated to rebuild
it, he undertook the work, and executed
it in such a manner, as almost to bid
defiance to the power of time or acci-
dent. His^ last public employment was
that of engineer for the improvement of
Ramsgate harbor. D. 1792. •
SMELLIE, William, a printer at
Edinburgh, distinguished also as a man
of science and learning, was b. 1740.
He was the translator of Buffon's " Nat-
ural History," and author of the "Phi-
losophy of Natural History," and of
many other ingenious works. He was
a fellow of the Royal Society of Edin-
burgh, and was much esteemed among
the literati of his native city, wheie he
d. in 1795.
SMITH, Adam, a celebrated writer on
morals and political economy, was b. at
Kirkaldy, in Scotland, in 1723. He re-
ceived his education first at Kirkaldy
school, and afterwards at the university
of Glasgow, where he became professor
of logic and moral philosophy, and took
his degree of doctor of laws. In 1759,
by the publication of his "Theory of
Moral Sentiments," he acquired a repu-
tation which was greatly heightened and
extended by his "Inquiry into the Na-
ture and Causes of the Wealth of Na-
tions," which soon became a standard
work in Europe, and may be considered
the precursor of the modern science of
political economy. Dr. Smith was the
intimate friend of Hume, and published
an "Apology for his Life " which was
severely animadverted on by Dr. Home
for advocating sentiments and opinions
that, in a religious point of view, were
wholly indefensible. D. 1790. — Char-
lotte, a novelist and poet, whose maiden
name was Turner, was b. in Sussex, in
1749. At the age of 16 she married a
West India merchant, who was subse-
quently ruined ; and her pen, which she
had used before merely for her amuse-
ment, now became the support of her
husband and family. Her first produc-
tion was entitled "Elegiac Sonnets and
other Essays." After this, she pub-
lished "The Romance of real Life,'' the
novels of " Emraeline," " Marchmont,"
"Desmond," "Ethelinda," "Celestine,"
and "The Old Manor House;" besides
several poems, and tales for youth ; fJTl
of which were well received. D. 1806.
— Elizabeth, a young lady of extraordi-
nary accomplishments, the daughter of
a gentleman residing at Bumhall, near
Durham, was b. in 1776. According lo
8MO]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
755
Miss Bcwdler's memoir of her, she pos-
sessed a knowledge of the mathematics,
and an exquisite taste for drawing and
poetry; understood the French, Italian,
Spanish, and German languages ; made
herself acquainted with the Latin, Greek,
Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, and Persian ;
and was thoroughly versed in biblical
literature. She d. of consumption, in
1806. Her translations of the book of
Job, and the " Life of Klopstock," have
been published. — Sir James Edward, an
eminent English physician and natural-
ist, was b. at Norwich, in 1759 ; studied
medicine at Edinburgh, and took his
degree at Leyden, in 1786 ; visited
France and Italy ; and, on his return to
England, published "A Sketch of a
Tour on the Continent." Ho established
the Linnsean society, and was its first
E resident ; received the honor of knight-
ood from George IV., and d. 1828. —
James and Horace, were the sons of
Robert Smith, solicitor to the board of
ordnance, and b. respectively in London,
Feb. 10, 1775, and Dec. 31, 1779. James
was articled to his father, was subse-
quently taken into partnership, and
eventually succeeded to his business as
well as to his official appointment. Hor-
ace became a member of the stock
exchange. Their first eifusions were
contributed to the " Pic Nic" newspaper,
established by Colonel Greville, in 1802.
T'ley also wrote largely for the " Monthly
Mirror" and the " London Review," and
some of their best vers de socieU ap-
peared in the "New Monthly Maga-
zine," while under Thomas Campbell's
editorship. But the work by which the
brothers are best known, and by which
they will be longest remembered, is the
" Rejected Addresses," which appeared
on tiie opening of Drury-lane theatre in
1812, and of which twenty-two editions
have been sold. The popularity of this
work appears to have satisfied the am-
bition of the elder brother. But soon
afterwards Horace became an indefati-
gable novel writer. He commenced his
novels with " Gayeties and Gravities,"
in 1825, and ended them with "Love
and Mesmerism," in 1845; and within
these twenty years he also gave to the
public "Brambletve House," "Tor
Hill," "Reuben Apslev," "Zillah,"
"The New Forest," "Adam Brown,"
&c., all of which were well received.
James d. in 1839 ; Horace, 1849. — James,
a signer of the declaration of American
independence, was a native of Ireland,
removed with his father to this country
at an early age, and established himself
in the practice of law at York, in Penn-
sylvania. He was a delegate from York
county to the continental congress. D.
1806. — John, an adventurer, was b.
at Willoughby, in Lincolnshire. In the
wars of Hungary, about 1602, he served
against the Turks with such valor, that
Sigismund, duke of Transylvania, gave
him his picture set in gold, and a pension.
After this he came to America, and con-
tributed to the settlement of New En-
gland and Virginia. D. 1631. He wrote
" A History of Virginia, New England,
and the Summer Isles," " Travels in
Europe," &c. — John Pye, an eminent
nonconformist divine, was b. at Shef-
field, 1775. D. 1851.— Miles, a learned
bishop, was b. at Hereford, jn 1568.
He was well acquainted with the oriental
languages, and was one of the principal
persons engaged in the translation of
th« Bible, to which he wrote the preface.
D. 1624. — Robert, a divine and mathe-
matician, b. in 1689, was educated at
Trinity college, Cambridge, of which he
became master on the death of Dr. Bent-
ley ; and was mathematicalpreceptor of
the duke of Cumberland. He wrote " A
System of Optics," and "Harmonics, or
the Philosophy of Musical Sounds."
D. 1768. — Sir William Sidnet, a ehival-
ric and far-famed British admiral, was
the son of a captain in the army, John
Spencer Smith, esq., of Midgham, Sus-
sex, where he was b. 1764. D. 1840.
— Sydney, canon residentiary of St.
Paul's, rector of Combe Florey, Somer-
setshire ; who, for half a century, ren-
dered himself conspicuous as a political
writer and critic, was b. at Woodford,
in Essex; received his education at
Winchester college, and was thence
elected to New college, Oxford, in 1780.
He commenced his ministry as curate
of Netheravon, Wilts ; but soon removed
to Edinburgh, where he was one of the
founders of the " Edinburgh Review."
His contributions to that periodical,
and various other productions of his
fertile and witty pen, have been col-
lected, and have gone through nu-
merous editions ; and, more recently,
his "Sketches of Moral Philosophy,''
or lectures upon that subject, delivered
at the royal institution, have been pub-
lished. D. 1845. — Thomas, a learned
English divine, historian, biographer,
and critic; b. in London, in 1638, d.
1710. He wrote numerous works,
among which is one "On the Credi-
bility of the Mysteries of the Christian
Religion."
SMOLLETT, Tobias, was b. at Dal-
756
CYCLOP.^DIA OF BIOGilAPHY.
[sob
quhurn, in Dumbartonshire, in 1721 ;
was apprenticed to u surgeon at Glas-
gow, and became surgeon's mate in a
man-of-war, but quitted the service in
1746, andj settling in London, com-
menced his career as an author. The
tragedy of " The Regicide," the " Tears
of Scotland," a spirited poem, and "Ad-
vice" and " Reproof," two satires, were
his first productions. In 1748 his novel
of " Roderick Random" appeared, which
at once rendered him popular ; and it
was followed, at intervals, by "Pere-
grine Pickle," "Count Fathom," a
translation of "Don Quixote," "Sir
Launcelot Greaves," the "Adventures
of an Atom," " Humphrey Clinker," a
"Continuation of Hume's History of
England," and " Travels through France
and Italy." In 1756 he established
" The Critical Review," for a libel in
which, upon Admiral Kuowles, he si^-
fered fine and imprisonment. When
Lord Bute came into power, Smollett
was engaged to support aim in a weekly
paper, called " The Briton," which
soon had a formidable opponent in the
" North Briton " of Wilkes, and was
unable long to maintain its ground. As
a novelist, Dr. Smollett exhibits con-
siderable originality, with much knowl-
edge of life and manners, and an ex-
uberance of humor, but he is open to
the charge of indelicacy. As a poet, he
appears to considerable advantage in
his " Tears of Scotland" and the ;'Ode
to Independence;" but as a satirist he
is coarse and virulent. D. while on his
travels, near Leghorn, in 1771.
SMYTH, William, professor of mod-
ern history in the university of Cam-
bridge, was b. 1764. In 1807 he was
appointed to the chair of modern history,
which he held for forty-two years. In
1806 he published " English Lyrics," a
volume of poetry, which was very fa-
vorably received ; but his chief title to
fame are his " Lectures on Modern
History," and " On the French Revolu-
tion," and his "Evidences of Christian-
ity." D. 1849.
SNELL, RoDOLPH, an eminent math-
ematician and philological writer, was
b. at Oudewarde, in Holland, in 1547.
He became professor of mathematics,
and afterwards of Hebrew, in the uni-
versity of Leyden, where he d. in 1613.
He published "Apollonius Batavius,"
and several treatises on the works of
Ramus. — Willebrod, his son, b. at
Leyden, in 1591, succeeded his father
in the mathematical chair, and d. in
1626. He discovered the law of .the
refraction of the rays of Hg-t; and un-
dertook the measurement of the earth,
or a degree of the meridian, which Mus-
schenbroek afterwards corrected. He
pubUshed some of the works of the
ancient mathematicians, and a few
learned treatises of his own on math
ematical subjects.
SNORRO-STURLESON, an historian
and antiquary, was b. in 1178, at Dale-
Syssel, in the west of Iceland, was gov-
ernor of his native island, and wtuj
assassinated in 1241. He compiled the
"Edda" which bears his name, and
collected the " Sagas," or traditions,
relative to the Norwegian monarchs.
SNYDERS, Francis, a celebrated
painter of the Flemish school, b. at
Antwerp, in 1579. He studied under
Henry Van Balen, and, after visiting
Italy for improvement, settled at Brus-
sels, under the patronage of the Arch -
duke Ferdinand. His battles and
hunting pieces are admirable, and in
the representation of animals none hav»
ever surpassed him. D. 1657.
SOANE, Sir John, an eminent archi-
tect, was b. at Reading, in Berkshire, in
1752, went to London at an early age
with his father, who was a builder, was
placed with Mr. Dance, the celebrated
architect, when about 15, and afterwards
acquired more practical experience in
the art under Mr. Holland. In 1772,
being a student of the Royal Academy,
he was awarded the silver medal for the
best drawing of the Banqueting-house,
Whitehall. Four years afterwards he
obtained the gold medal for the best
design for a triumphal bridge. Soon
after this he was introduced to George
III., by Sir W. Chambers, and was sent
to pursue his studies at Rome. On his
return to England he was employed on
many public works, as well as private
buildings; and on the death of Sir
Robert Taylor, in 17S8, he was appoint-
ed architect and surveyor to tlie Bank
of England. Most of the piiblic build-
ings of London were his. D. 1837.
SOBIESKI, John III., king of Poland,
surnamed the Great for his military
genius and warlike exploits, was b.
1629, of an illustrious family, at tlie
castle of Olesko, in Poland. In spite
of the enormous disparity of numbers
with wliich he had to contend in the
Polish wars, from 1648 to 1674, he was
often eminently successful. After com-
ing to the throne, in 1674, he led his
troops to fresh victories; overrunning
Moldavia and Wallachia, and crowning
all his former brilliant exploits by rais-
80»]
CTCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
757
ing the nege of Vienna, In 1688 ;
whereby Europe was saved from the
dreadful calamities to be apprehended
from an irruption of the Ottoman forces.
D. 1696.
SOCINUS, liMLivB^ an Italian sectary,
was b. at Sienna, in 1525, studied at
Bologna, and in 1546 became member
of a secret society formed in the terri-
tory of Venice, on the principle of free
inquiry. This institution being soon
broken up, Socinus quitted Italy to join
the reformers in Switzerland, and d. at
Zurich, in 1562. — Faustus, nephew of
the preceding, was b. at Sifenna, in 1539.
Having imbibed the opinions of his
uncle, he propagated them with such
zeal, as to become the founder of a sect
called by his name. He resided some
years at "the court of Florence, where he
held a civil employment ; but in 1574 he
went to Germany, and next to Poland,
where h& strenuously labored to recon-
cile the diflerences existing between the
Unitarian churches. The tenets of So-
cinus differed but little from Arianism,
by rejecting the divine nature of Christ
altogether, and regarding his mission as
merely designed to introduce a new
moral law. D. 1604.
SOCRATES, the most eminent of the
Grecian philosophers, and the only one
who is handed down to us as a model
of wisdom and virtue, was b. in Attica,
470 B. c. His father was a statuary, in
which employment Socrates was brought
up, but the cultivation of his mind was
the object nearest his heart, and to that
his attention was unremittingly de-
voted. He attended the lectures of the
most celebrated philosophers of his
time ; and studied the principles of elo-
quence, poetry, music, and the mathe-
matical sciences. But the moral im-
provement of his fellow-men was the
end and aim of all his studies and all
his exertions. His method of teaching
was by proposing to his hearers a series
of questions in such a manner as to pro-
duce in their minds a conviction of the
truth of the proposition originally ad-
vanced ; a mode of argument ever since
termed Socratic. As a citizen he dis-
charged, with exemplary faithfulness,
all his public duties. Three times he
served in the army of his country, ex-
celling his fellow-soldiers in the ease
with which he endured the hardships
of their campaigns. The last part of his
life occurred during that unhappy period
when Athens had sunk into anarchy and
despotism, in consequence of the un-
fortunate result of the Peloponnesian
64
war. Amid the general immorality,
hatred, envy, and malice of such an
epoch, Socrates was charged, by the
infamous Melitus and Anytus, with in-
troducing new gods, of denying the
ancient divinities of the state, and of
corrupting youth, &c. He defended
himself with the calm confidence of
innocence; but was condemned by a
majority of three voices, and sentenced
to drink poison. When the cup of
hemlock was presented to him, he re-
ceived it with a steady hand ; and after
a prayer to the gods for a favorable pas-
sage to the invisible world, he serenely
swallowed the fatal draught.
SOLON, one of the seven sages of
Greece, and the celebrated legislator of
Athens, was b. at Salamis, in the 6th
century b. c. Inheriting but a small
patrimony, he had recourse to com-
merce ; but at the same time he applied
himself to the study of moral and polit-
ical wisdom, and soon became distin-
guished by his superior knowledge in
state affairs. After having enhanced
the glory of his country by recovering
Salamis, he refused the sovereignty of
Athens; but being chosen archon by
acclamation, 594 b. c, he set himself
down to the task of improving the con-
dition of his countrymen. He abolished
most of the cruel laws of Draco, and
formed a new constitution, founded on
the principle that the supreme power
resided in the people. When Solon had
completed his laws, he caused them tu
be engraved on wooden cylinders, and
bound the Athenians by an oath not to
make any changes in his code for ten
years. He then left the country, to
avoid being obliged to make any altera-
tions in them ; and visited Egypt, Cy-
prus, and Lydia. On his return, after
an absence of ten years, he found the
state torn by party violence, and his
kinsman Pisistratus aiming at the sov-
ereignty. He then withdrew from Ath-
ens, and is supposed to have d. at
Cyprus, aged 80.
SOMERVILLE, William, the author
of "The Chase" and other poems, was
b; at Edston, in Warwickshire, in 1692,
where he inherited a considerable pa-
ternal estate, on which he chiefiy lived,
mingling an ardent attachment to the
sports of the field with the studies of a
man of letters. D. 1742.
SOPHOCLES, a celebrated tragic poet,
who carried the Greek drama to perfec-
tion, was b. at Athens, about 496 b. o.
In his 95th year he is said to have ex-
pired from excessive joy, in consequence
7^8
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[sou
of the unexpected success of one of his
dramas at the Olympic games. Of his
numerous plays, only seven have reach-
ed modern times, but they are suffi-
ciently meritorious to establish his fame.
SORBONNE, Egbert de, founder of
the college of that name at Paris, was b.
in 1201. He was confessor and chaplain
to St. Louis, who gave him the canonry
ofCambray. D. 1274.
SOUTH, Robert, an eminent divine,
was b. at Hackney, in 1633, and edu-
cated at Westminster schooF, and Christ-
church, Oxford. In 1660 he was chosen
public orator of the university, and suc-
cessively became chaplain to the earl of
Clarendon, prebendary of Westminster,
canon of Christ-church, and rector of
Islip, in Oxfordshire, In 1693 he carried
on a controversy with Sherlock, on the
doctrine of the Trinity, when both dis-
putants were charged with heresy, for
attempting to explain an indeffnable
mystery. He was a man of great wit,
and did not spare to display it even on
serious occasions. His "Sermons" pos-
sess the merit of earnestness and ori-
ginality. D. 1716.
SOUTHCOTE, Joanna, was b. in the
west of England, of parents in humble
life, in 1750. When about 40 years of
acfe, she assumed the airs ot a pro-
phetess; and her numerous converts,
who are said at one time to have
amounted to at least 100,000, put im-
E licit faith in her rhapsodies. After
aving passed her grand climacteric,
she was attacked with a disease which
had the outward appearance of preg-
nancy, and she boldly announced to the
world that she was destined to be the
mother of the promised Shiloh. So
fully persuaded, indeed, were her fol-
lowers of its truth, that they made the
most splendid preparations for the re-
ception of the miraculous babe when,
about the close of 1814, her death put
an end to their expectations.
SOUTHERN, Thomas, an eminent
dramatic poet of the age of Charles II.,
was b. in Dublin, in 1660, became a
servitor in Pembroke college, Oxford,
and then settled in London. He wrote
the "Persian Prince," "Isabella, or
the Fatal Marriage," and " Oroonoko,"
tragedies ; the " Disappointment," the
"Rambling Lady," and the "Wife's
Excuse," comedies. His tragedy of
" Isabella" is one of the most pathetic
and eflfective dramas in the language.
He held a commission in the army,
which with his writings produced him
K handsome competency. D. 1746.
SOUTHEY, Robert, was the son of
a respectable linendraper, and was b. at
Bristol, in 1774. Alter receiving the
rudiments of education at the hands of
country schoolmasters, he was sent to
Westniinster school, and thence to Ba-
liol college, Oxford, his early display
of more than ordinary talents and a
corresponding steadiness of character
having led his friends to choose the
church as his destination. At Oxford,
however, he remained but two years,
the then unsettled state of his opinions
as to both church and state causing him
to quit the university, and wholly re-
nounce the idea of taking orders, in the
year 1794. After travelling in Spain and
Portugal, and residing in Ireland as sec-
retary to Mr. Corry, he having for some
time been inarrieci, he at length settled
at Keswick, in Cumberland', in 1803.
He was already pretty extensively known
as the author ot " Joan of Arc," " Wat
Tyler," " Lines on Bradshaw the Regi-
cide," and other pieces, which indi-
cated more political and poetical fire
than political judgment or personal
prudence, and in settling at Keswick
he commenced an almost unexampled
career of industry on literary composi-
tion of every description : his overflow-
ing mind and ready pen being equal to
whatever could be demanded of them,
a mere list of his separate publications
would form a long article, not to speak
of his numerous and elaborate contribu-
tions to the " Quarterly Review." But
though he wrote so nmch, he wrote
every thing both carefully and well. His
biographies especially are admirable;
that 01 the great Nelson is, perhaps, the
most perfect biography in our language ;
while that of Wesley is highly appre-
ciated for its candor and impartiality.
The intense labors of a long life at
length overpowered even his fine miiid,
and he remained in a state of mental
darkness to the day of his death.
He had received the appointment of
poet laureate in 1813, and in 1835 he
received a pension of £300 per annum.
SOUTHWELL, Robert, an English
Jesuit and poet, was b. 1560, studied at
Rome, and afterwards returned to En-
gland as a missionary. In 1592 he was
sent to prison, where he remained three
years before he was brought to trial,
when, owning that he came to England
in order to propagate the Catholic reli-
gion, he was condemned and executed,
in 1595. He was the author of several
poems possessing considerable merit.
SOUTHWICK, Solomon, a somewhat
fiFs]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
■750
noted Nftw York politician, who was
originally a baker in his native state of
Rhode Island, but afterwards a printer
at Albany, N. Y., where he published
the "Albany Eegister," the leading
democratic paper of the state. He took
an active part in the anti-mason excite-
ment, and was once a candidate for
governor. His writings have not sur-
vived him. D. 1839.
SOUZA, John de, a Portuguese his-
torian, b. at Damascus, in Syria, about
1730, and d. at Lisbon, in 1812.
SPALLANZANI, Lazarus, an emi-
nent naturalist, was b. at Scandiano, in
Italy, in 1729. He studied at Modena,
and next at Bologna, where his cousin,
Laura Bassi, was at that time one of
the most distinguished professors in
Italy. After having held professorships
at Reggio and Modena, he became pro-
fessor of natural history, and director
of the museum at Pavia, where he de-
voted himself to expferimental researches
into nature, and published many valua-
ble works on physiology. He travelled
over a great part of Europe and Asia,
and was enrolled among trie associates
of numerous societies. D. 1798. His
principal works are, "Experiments on
the Reproduction of Animals," an " Es-
say upon Animalcula in Fluids," " Mi-
croscopical* Experiments," "Travels in
the Two Sicilies and the Appenines,"
and an elaborate "Correspondence"
with the most celebrated naturalists of
the age.
SPARROW, Anthony, bishop of
Norwich, in the time of Charles II.,
was a prelate distinguished for his
learning, piety, and benevolence; and
is known as a writer by his " Rationale
of the Book of Common Prayer." D.
1685.
SPARTACUS, a Thracian general,
who had been taken by the Romans,
and made a gladiator ; but escaping with
a few of his companions from his ty-
rants, he rallied round his standard a
formidable army, and repeatedly de-
feated the Roman forces. He was at
length slain, 71 b.c.
SPEED, John, a well-known English
chronologist, historian, and antiquary,
b. 1555. He is the author of "The
Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain,"
"A Cloud of Witnesses," and "The
History of Great Britain, from Julius
Caesar to James I." D. 1629.
SPELMAN, Sir Henry, an eminent
English historian and antiquary, was b.
at Congham, in Norfolk, in 1561. James
I. frequently employed him on public
business, and he received the honor of
knighthood for his services. He d. in
1641, leaving many valuable works,
among which his " Glossarium Archse-
ologicum" and " Villare Anglicanum"
are still highly esteemed. — Sir John, his
son, inherited his father's taste for ar-
chaeological inquiries, and was the au-
thor of a "Life of Alfred the Great."
He was knighted by Chailes I., and d.
at Oxford, in 1643.
SPENCE, Joseph, a divine and critic,
was b. 1698, and received his education
at Oxford, where he obtained a fellow-
ship, and was elected professor of poe-
try. He afterwards held the living of
Great Horwood, and a prebend in Dur-
ham cathedral. He wrote an " Essay
on Pope's Odyssey," but his principal
work IS entitled "Polymetis; or, an
Inquiry into the Agreement between
the Works of the Roman Poets and the
Remains of Ancient Artists." The
"Anecdotes collected by him, concern-
ing eminent Lilerary Cliaracters," have
been published. His death, which hap-
pened in 1768, was occasioned by his
having accidentally fallen into a pond.
5PENCER, John, an ingenious and
learned English divine and critic, was
b. in 1680, at Boughton, in Kent; be-
came master of Corpus Christi college,
archdeacon of Sudbury, and dean of
Ely ; and d. in 1695. His principal and
most erudite work is,-* " De Legibus
Hebrseorum Ritualibns et earum Ra-
tionibus."— John Charles, Earl (better
known as Viscount Althorp), was b. in
1782, and was educated at Harrow, and
Trinity college, Cambridge. He first
entered the house of commons as mem-
ber for Northampton ; but from the
year 1806 to 1834, when he succeeded
to the peerage, he represented the
county of Northampton, generally sup-
porting all the important measures ad-
vocated by the Whig party. Shortly
after the accession of William IV., he
was made chancellor of the exchequer.
D. 1845. — William Robert, the best
writer of vers de sociHe in his time, wag
the younger son of Lord Charles Spen-
cer, and was b. in 1770. He was edu-
cated at Harrow and Oxford ; and in
1796 published a translation of Burger's
" Lenore," beautifully illustrated by
Lady Diana Beauclerc. In proof of his
astonishing power of memory, it is
gravely asserted that he undertook, for
a wager, to get the whole contents of a
newspaper by rote, which he won, by
repeating it without the omission of a
single word. He held the situation of
760
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[SPI
a commi•^^ionel a stamps. D. 1834. —
Ambrose, late ohief justice of the state
of New York, was b. 1765, in Salisbury,
Coiiu. He devoted himself to the law.
In 1786 he was appointed clerk of Hud-
son, and in 1793 he was elected a
member of the assembly of the state
from Columbia county. In 1795 he was
elected to the senate for three years,
and in 1798 was re-elected for four years.
Tn 1796 he was appointed assistant at-
torney-general for the counties of Co-
lumbia and Eensselaer. In February,
1802, he was appointed attorney-general
of the state ; and in 1804 he received
the appointment of a justice of the
supreme court, of which he was made
chief justice in 1819. For many years
Judge Spencer exercised a very power-
ful influence in the aflfairs of the state
of New York. In 1812 he united
heartily with Daniel D. Tompkins, then
governor, in the memorable struggle
that preceded the declaration of war
against Britain, to prevtnt the charter
of the six-million bank. In 1823 Judge
Spencer retired from the bench, and
resumed for a while the practice of liis
profession, and was subsequently em-
ployed in various public duties, particu-
larly that of mayor uf the city of Albany,
and for one term, that of representa-
tive in congress. D. 1848.
SPENSEK, Edmund, one of the most
illustrious among our early poets, was
b. in London, about 1553 ; was educated
at Pembroke hall, Cambridge, and, on
leaving the university, took up his resi-
dence with some relations in the north
of England, probably as a tutor. In
1580 he accompanied Lord Grey de
Wilton, viceroy of Ireland, as his sec-
retary, and procured a grant of 3028
acres in the county of Cork, out of the
forfeited lands of the earl of Desmond ;
on which, however, by the terms of the
g'ft, he was obliged to become resident,
e accordingly fixed his residence at
Kilcolman, in the county of Cork, where
he was visited by Sir "Walter Raleigh,
who became his patron in lieu of Sir
Philip Sidney, then deceased, and whom
he celebrates under the title of the
" Shepherd of the Ocean." Sir Walter
persuaded him to write the " Faerie
Queen," the first edition of which was
Erinted in 1590, and nresented to Eliza-
eth, who granted the poet a pension
of £50 per annum. In 1595 he pub-
lished his pastoral of " Colin Clout's
come home again;" and, the year fol-
lowing, the second part of his " Faerie
Queen ;" but the poem, according to
the original plan, was never completed.
About this time Spenser presented to ^
the queen his " View of the State of
Ireland," being the clerk of the council
of the province of Munster." In 159)
he returned to Ireland ; but when the
rebellion of Tyrone broke out, he was
obliged to fly with such precipitancy,
as to leave behind his infant child,
whom the merciless cruelty of the in-
surgents burnt with the house. The
unfortunate poet came to England with
a heart broken by these misfortunes,
and d. at Westminster, Jan. 16, 1598-9.
His remains were interred at the ex-
pense of the carl of Essex, in Westmin •
ster abbey, where the countess of Dor-
set raised a monument to his memory.
SPINOLA, Ambbose, Mar juis, a cel-
ebrated Spanish general, was o. in 1569.
He commanded an <»rmy in Flanders,
and in 1604 he took Ostend, for which
he was made general of all the Spanish
troops in the Low Countries, where he
was opposed bj^ Maurice of Nassau. In
the war occasioned by the disputed
succession to the duchy of Cleves and
Juliers, Spinola took Aix-la-Chapelle,
Wesel, and Breda. He was subse-
quently emplQyed in Italy, where he
made himself master of the city of Casal ;
but not being able to subdue tlie citadel,
owing to the imprudent orders sent to
him from Madrid, he exclaimed, " They
have robbed me of my honor," and fell
a prey to chagrin, in 1630.
SPINOZA, Benedict, one of the most
profound thinkers of the 17th century,
and the founder of modern pantheism,
was b. at Amsterdam, in 1633. His pa-
rents were Portuguese Jews, who gave
him the name of Baruch, which, on re-
nouncing his religion, he altered to Ben-
edict. He resided chiefly at the Hague ;
and strenuously refused to accept of
any of the numerous proposals he re-
ceived to enter upon a career that might
have led to his worldly advancement.
He was for some time a Calvinist, and
afterwards a Mennonist, but at last
adopted the views, religious and polit-
ical, with which his name is now con-
nected, and in support of which he
published numerous works. His " Trac-
tatus-theologico-politicus" was reprinted
in London in 1765, by Hume, though
without his name or that of the author.
D. 1677.
SPIZELIUS^ Theophilus, a learned
German ecclesiastic, author of an elabo-
rate " Commentary on the State of Lit-
erature among the Chinese," and other
works. D. 1691.
.•iTA]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
761
SPONTINI, Gasparo, a distinguished
jnusical composer, was b. at Majolatti,
iiear Jesi, in the Roman states, 1778.
He was educated at the Conservatorio
de la Pieta of Naples, and began his
career when 17 years of age, as the com-
poser of an opera, ** I Pnntigli delle
Donne." In 1807 he was appointed
music-director to the empress Joseph-
ine; and in 1808 he produced his most
famous work, " La Vestale," with bril-
liant and decisive success. His "Fer-
nando Cortez" appeared in 1809 ; and
the next year witnessed his appoint-
ment to the directorship of the Italian
opera in Paris, which he held for ten
years. In 1820 the magnificent appoint-
ments offered by the court of Prussia
tempted him to leave Paris for Berlin,
in which capital his last three grand
operas, " Nourmahal," (founded on
" Lalla Rookh,") " Alcidor," and " Ag-
nes Von Ilohenstauffen," were produced
with great splendor, but with little com-
parative success. D. 1851.
SPOTSWOOD, or SPOTISWOOD,
John, archbishop of St. Andrew's, in
Scotland, was b. in 1565, educated at
Glasgow, and in 1601 went as chaplain
to the duke of Lennox in his embassy
to France. On the accession of James
VI. t!#t]ie throne of England, he accom-
panied him ; and the same year was
raised to the archbishopric of Glasgow,
and made one of the privy council in
Scotland. In 1615 he was translated to
St. Andrew's. He crowned Charles I.
at Holyrood house, in 1633; and, two
years afterwards, was made chancellor
of Scotland ; but, on the breaking out
of the rebellion, he retired to London,
where he d. in 1639, and was buried in
Westminster abbey. He wrote the
*' History of the Chnrch of Scotland."
SPRANGHEE, Bartholomew, an
eminent painter of Antwerp, was b. in
1546, and d. in 1623.
SPEAT, Thomas, bishop of Roches-
ter, an historian a^ poet, was b. in
1636, and d. in 1713. He wrote the
■< History of the Eoyal Society," the
" History of the Eye-house Plot," " The
Life of Cowley," a volume of sermons,
and a few poems.
SPUEZHEIM, Gaspard, a celebrated
physiologist, was b. near Treves, in
1776, and received his medical education
at Vienna, where he became acquainted
with Dr. Gall, the founder of the science
of phrenology. To this science Spurz-
heim became exceedinjrly partial ; and
he soon joined Gall in making inquiries
Into the anatomy of the brain. They
' 64*
quitted Vienna in 1805, to travel ; visited
Paris ; and lectured in England, Scot-
land, and Ireland, and then Spurzheim
came to the United States, where he d.
1832. He was a man of rare benevolence
and integrity.
STACKHOUSE, Thomas, a divine,
was b. in 1680, but the place of his birth
is not known ; became, in 1733, aftei
many vicissitudes, vicar of Benham, in
Berkshire ; and d. there in 1752. Ho
wrote several works, of which the most
important is, " A Historv of the Bible."
STAEL-HOLSTEIN, ' Anne Louisa
Germaine, baroness de, a celebrated fe-
male writer, the daughter of M. Necker,
the French financier, was b. in 1766, at
Paris. Her talents were so early dis-
played that she was said never to have
been a child, and the utmost care was
taken to cultivate them. In her 20th
year she married the Baron de Stael, the
Swedish ambassador. From that period
she took an active part in literature, and
an almost equally active one in politics.*
It was through her ini^ience with Barras
that Talleyrand was appointed minister
of the foreign department. At the com-
mencement of Bonaparte's career she
was one of his admirers, but she after-
wards became hostile to him ; and, in
1801, in consequence of her attempting
to thwart his government, she was or-
dered to quit Paris. After having visit-
ed Germany, Prussia, and Italy, she re-
turned to France, whence, however, she
was again expelled. Her peregrinations
were next extended to Moscow, Stock-
holm, and London : nor did she again
behold her favorite abode of Paris till
after the restoration of the Bourbons.
In 1811 she married M. de Eocca, but
their union was kept secret. D. 1817.
Of her works, which form seventeen
volumes, the principal are, the ro-
mances of "Delphine" and "Corinne,"
" Considerations on the French Eevo-
lution," " Dramatic Essays," " Consid-
erations on Literature," " Germany,"
and " Ten Years of Exile."
STAHL, George Ernest, an eminent
German physician and chemist, was b.
in 1660, at Anspach ; studied at Jena;
became physician to the king of Prus-
sia : and d. 1734, at Berlin. Stahl in-
vented the theory of phlogiston, which
was long prevalent. His chemical and
medical works are numei'ous.
STAN DISH, Miles, the first captain
at Plymouth, New England, was b. in
Lancashire, in 1584, and accompanied
Mr. Robinson's congregation to Ply-
mouth in 1620. His services in the
70Ji
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHV.
fvnrs with the Indians were highly use-
ful, and many of his exploits were da-
rinjcr and extraordinary. D. 1656.
STANHOPE, Charles, Earl, a politi-
cian and man of science, was b. in 1753 ;
was educated at Eton and Geneva ; was
member for Wycombe till he took his
seat in the house of peers, in 1786, on
the death of his fatlier ; was a strenuous
republican, and enemy to Mr. Pitt's ad-
ministration ; and d, 1816. Among his
many inventions are, an improved
printing-press, a monoehord, an arith-
metical machine, a inode of securing
buildings from fire, and a double in-
clined plane. He wrote several political
and scientific pamphlets and papers. —
Lady Hestek, a very highly accom-
f)lished, but no less eccentric, English
ady, niece of the celebrated William
Pitt. Soon after the death of that great
statesman, witii whom she was domes-
ticated, and with whose pursuits she so
much sympathized, as to act upon some
occasions as his private secretary, she
went to Syria, assumed the dress of a
male native of thaf country, and devoted
herself to astrology, in which vain sci-
ence she was a most implicit believer.
She had a large pension from the En-
glish government, and for many years
was possessed of considerable influence
over the Turkish pachas, which, how-
ever, when habitual carelessness in
money matters had deprived her of the
means of bribing them, she lost. B.
1766; d. 1839.
STANSBURY, Tobias E., a distin-
guished citizen of Maryland, who from
the beginning of the revolutionary war
till the time of his death, participated
actively in national and state amiirs,
and was repeatedly speaker of the house
of delegates. D. 1850.
STARK, John, a general in the army
of the American revolution, was b. in
Londonderry, New Hampshire, in 1728.
During the French war, he was captain
of a company of rangers in the provin-
cial service, in 1755, and was witn Lord
Howe when that general was killed, in
storming the French lines at Ticonde-
roga, in 1758. On receiving the report
of the battle of Lexington, he was en-
taged at work in ""his saw-mill ; and,
red with indignation, seized his musket
and immediately proceeded to Cam-
bridge. He was at the battles of Bun-
ker's hill and of Trenton, and achieved
a glorious victory at Bennington. He
rose to the rank of brigadier-general,
and wart distinguished throughout the
•var for enterprise and courage. T>. 1822.
STEELE, Sir Richard, was b. in 1671,
or, according to some accounts, in 1675,
at Dublin ; was educated at the Charter
house and at Merton college, Oxford;
and entered the military service, in
which he rose to the rank of captain.
The " Christian Hero," which was print-
ed in 1701, was his first production. It
was followed by the comedies of " The
Funeral," " The Tender Husband," and
" The Lying Lover." In the beginning
of Queen Anne's reign he obtained the
office of gazetteer, and, in 1710, he was
made a commissioner of stamps. The
" Tatler" he began in 1709, and he sub-
sequently was, in part or in whole, the
author of " The Spectator," " Guar-
dian," " Englishman," " Spinster,"
" Lover," " Reader," and " Theatre."
In 1713 he was elected M. P. for Stock-
bridge, but was expelled for what the
house was pleased to consider as libels.
He afterwards sat for Boroughbridge.
During the reign of George I. he was
knighted, made surveyor of the royal
stables, manager of the king's company
of comedians, and one of the commis-
sioners of forfeited estates, and gained a
large sum by " The Conscious Lovers ;"
but his benevolence and his lavish habits
kept him in a state of constant embar-
rassment. A paralytic attack at l^gth
rendered him incapable of literary ex-
ertion, and he retired to Llangunnor,
in Caermarthenshire, where he d. 1729.
STEEN, Jan, an eminent painter, was
b. at Leyden, in 1636. One of his mas-
ters was Van Goyen, whose daughter he
married ; but Steen proved a dissipated
character, and totally neglected his fam-
ily. D. 1689.
STEEN WICK, Henry, a Flemish
painter, was b. 1550, and d. 1603.
STEEVENS, George, a commentator,
was b. in 1736, at 'Stepney ; was edu-
cated at King's college, Cambridge ; and
d. in 1800. He was a man of talent and
extensive reading, but his disposition
was not amiable. Ms first work, pub-
lished in 1766, was an edition of twenty
of Shakspeare's plays ; the notes to
which, and additions, were afterwards
incorporated with those of Johnson.
STEPHENS, Alexander, a miscel-
laneous writer, was b. in 1757, at Elgin ;
studied at Aberdeen ; was designed for
the law, but gave himself up to litera-
ture ; and d. in 1821. He wrote a " His-
tory of the War of the French Revolu-
tion," and " Memoirs of John Home
Tooke ;" and contributed to the "Month-
ly Magazine," " Public Characters," and
I '■' The Annual Obituary." ;,
8TS
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
763
STERNE, Laukence, a miscellaneous
writer, was b. in 1713, at Clonmel, in
Ireland ; and was educated at a school
near Halifax, and at Jesus college, Cam-
bridge. He successively obtained the
living of Sutton, a prebend at York, the
rectory of Stillington, and the curacy of
Coxwold. In 1760 he published the
first two volumes of" Tristram Shandy;"
the remainder appeared in 1761, 1762,
1765, and 1767. Some of his latter years
were spent in travelling on the Conti-
nentj and his travels gave birth to " The
Sentimental Journev." D. 1768.
STEPHENSON, George, whose name
will be for ever identified with the great-
est mechanical revol ution eflfected since
the days of Watt — the application of
steam to railroads-^was b. near New-
castle, in 1781. His father was an en-
gine-tender at a colliery ; and he himself
began life as a pit-engiue boy at 2d, a
day's wages. A lucky accident having
given him an opportunity of showing
some skill, he was advanced to the office
of engineman. He was afterwards em-
ployed in forming railway planes and
engines underground, and all his leisure
time was spent in working out the great
problem, which he at last so happily
solved. His first attempt. to cany out
his design was at Hetten ; he subse-
quently planned the line between Stock-
ton and Darlington : but his crowning
achievement was the great Manchester
and Liverpool line. He at once took the
lead in railway engineering, became an
extensive locomotive manufacturer at
Newcastle, a railway contractor, and a
great colliery and iron- work owner ; but
he always retained the manly simplicity
of character wliich had marked his early-
career.
STEELING, John, an accomplished
critic and essayist, whose promising
career was broken by long-continued
illness, and at last prematurely closed,
was b. at Kames castle, in th"! isle of
Bute, 1806. His father, who was a ais-
tinguished political writer, had him ed-
ucated chieny ut home. In 1824 he went
to Trinity college, Cambridge, where he
had Archdeacon Hare for his classical
tutor ; and a year later he entered Trin-
ity hall with the intention of graduating
in law ; but he left Cambridge in 1827
without taking a degree, and during the
next few years he resided chiefly in
London, employing himself actively in
literature, contributing to the " Athe-
nseum" and other literary journals, and
preparing himself, in familiar intercourse
with Coleridge, Wordsworth, and many
other distinguished persons, for the
peculiar career he had marked out for
his exertions. Soon after his marriage
in 1880, he was forced by threatening
pulmonary symptoms to seek a tempo-
rary home in St. Vincent, where his
fixmily held some property. He return-
ed to Europe in 1832. D. 1844.
STERNHOLD, Thomas, a poet, was
b. in Hampshire, and educated at Ox-
ford ; after which he became groom of
the robes to Henry VIII. and Edward
VI. He d. in 1549. Sternhold versified
51 of the psalms ; the remainder were
the productions of Hopkins, Norton,
and others.
STEUBEN, Frederic William Au-
GiTSTus, baron de, was a Prussian oflftcer,
aid-de-camp to Frederic the Great, and
lieutenant-general in the army of that
distinguished commander. He arrived
in America in 1777, and immediately
offered his services to the continental
congress. In 1778 he was appointed
inspector-general, with the rank of
major-general, and rendered the most
efficient services in the establishment
of a regular system of discipline. Du-
ring the war he was exceedmgly active
and useful, and after the peace he re-
tired to a farm in the vicinity of New
York, where, with the assistance of
books and friends, he passed his time as
agreeably as a frequent want of funds
would permit. The state of New York
afterwards gave him a tract of 16,000
acres in the county of Oneida, and the
general government made him a grant
of $2,500 per annum. D. 1795.
STEWART, DuoALD, an eminent
philosopher and. writer, was b. in 1753,
at Edinburgh, and was the son of the
professor of mathematics ; was edu-
cated at the high school and university
of his native city ; and attended the
lectures of Dr. Re'id at Glasgow. From
Glasgow he was recalled, in his 19th.
year, to assist his father ; on whose de-
cease, in 1785, he succeeded to the pro-
fessorship. He, however, exchanged it
for the enair of moral philosophy, which
he had filled in 1778, during the absence
of Dr. Ferguson in America. In 1780
he began to receive pupils into his house,
and many young noblemen and gentle-
men, who afterwards became celebrated,
imbibed their knowledge under his roof.
It was not till 1792 that he came forward
as an author ; he. then published the first
volume of the " Philosophy of the Hu-
man Mind." Among his works are,
" Outlines of Moral Philosophy," " Phil-
osophical Essays," " MemoirB of Adam
7^
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[sTd
Smith, and Drs. Robertson and Reid ;"
and " Prefatory Dissertations in the
Supplement to the Encyclopaedia Bri-
tannica." D. 1828.
STILLING, Heinrioh, a pseudonyme
adopted by Ilienrich Jung in one of the
most remarkable autobiographies ever
written, was b. at Flore- \burg, in Nas-
sau, 1740. His father was a tailor, and
his son at first followed the same trade ;
but his great natural abilities soon burst
through the trammels of his lowly posi-
tion, and after acquiring by his own ex-
ertions considerable knowledge of Greek
and of medicine, he found means to pro-
ceed to the university of Strasburg,
where he prosecuted his studies with
such ardor and success that he was soon
appointed to a professor's chair, and
raised himself to eminence both by his
ability as a lecturer and as an operator.
He wrote several novels, the oest of
which are, " Theobald," " Herr von
Morgenthau," "Das Heimweh," &c.,
besides several medical and mineralogi-
cal treatises ; but his name is chiefly
connected with his autobiography, en-
titled " Jugend-Jungling-jahrCj Wan-
derschaft und Alter von Heinnch Stil-
ling," which, it may safely be said, has
never been surpassed in interest and
fidehty. D. 1817.
STILLINGFLEET, Edward, a pre-
late, was b. in 1635, at Cranbourne, in
Dorsetshire ; was educated at St. John's
college, Cambridge ; obtained various
preferments, among which were, in 1077
and 1678, the archdeaconry of London
and the deanery of St. Paul's ; and was
promoted to the see of Worcester at the
revolution. Among his works are,
" Origines Sacrte," and " Origines Bri-
tannicae." Among his latest literary ef-
forts was a controversy with Locke, on
some points in the " Essay on Human
Understanding." D. 1699.
STOCKTON, Richard, a signer of the
declaration of American independence,
was graduated at Princeton college in
1748, and entering on the practice of the
law soon rose to eminence. He settled
in New Jersey, was appointed to the
office of judge, and was a delegate to
the conofr'ess of 1776. D. 1781.
STOLBERG-STOLBERG, Frederic
Leopold, Count, a German writer, was
b. in 1750, at Bramstedt, in Holstein ;
was educated at Halle and Gottingen ;
and was employed in negotiations by the
duke of Oldenburg and the prince re-
fent of Denmark. He translated the
Had, and th% tragedies of Eschylus ;
and wrote "A History of the Christian
Religion ;" " Travels in Germany, Swit-
zerland, and Italy ;" poems, and dramas.
D. 1819.
STONE, Edmund, an eminent math-
ematician, the son of the duke of Ar-
gyle's gardener, was b. in Scotland,
towards the close of the 17th century.
Before he was nineteen he taught him-
self arithmetic, geometry, Latin, and
French, without any assistance. He
wrote " A Treatise on Fluxions," and a
"Mathematical Dictionary ;" translated
" Bion on Mathematical Instruments ;"
and published an edition of Euclid,
with a Life. D. 1767. — Thomas, a sign-
er of the declaration of American inde-
pendence, was b. in Charles county,
Maryland, in 1743, and was educated to
the profession of the law. He was a
delegate to the continental congress of
1776, and was again a member of that
body when Washington resigned the
office of commander-in-chief. D. 1787.
STORCH, Heinrioh Frederic von, an
eminent political economist, was b. at
Riga, 1766, studied at Jena and Heidd-
berg, and on the advice of Count Rou-
mantzof repaired to St. Petersburg,
where he entered on a brilliant career
as a statist and political economist,
which procured for him at once the
confidence of the czar, and the highest
literary honors in his gift. His chief
works are, his " Cours d'Economie Po-
litique," and his "Tableau Historique
et Statistique de I'Empire de Russie h
la fin du 18me Siecle." D. 1835.
STORY, Joseph, a distinguished
judge and juridical writer, was b. at
Marblehead, Mass., 1779; studied at
Harvard university, where he took his
degree in 1798 ; was called to the bar in
1801, and soon acquired a distinguished
reputation as a pleader. After repre-
senting Salem in the state legislature
for four years, he was sent to congress
in 1809, where his talents as a forensic
debater were so well appreciated, that in
1811 he was appointed associate justice
in the supreme court of the United
States. In this capacity ho displayed a
thorough knowledge of the most intri-
cate questions relating to international
law, and earned such distinction as a
jurist, that his name has been carried
far beyond the limits of his native land.
His " Commentaries on the Conflict of
Laws" is looked upon as an authority
in everv state in Europe. D. 1845.
STOTHARD, Thomas, an eminent
English artist, was b. in London in
1755 ; received his education at a school
in Yorkshire ; and was apprenticed to a
otr]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
765
calico-pri iter, in Spitalflelds. During
his apprenticeship he showed a decided
taste for the painter's art ; and, having
been once introduced, soon found am-
ple employment in making designs for
the booksellers. The designs made
by Mr. Stothard exceed 5000 in number ;
it is difficult, therefore, to select from
among so vast a stock ; but perhaps
thosewhich particularly claim our at-
tention are, "The Pilgrimage to Canter-
bury," "The Wellington Shield," etch-
ed by the artist himself; "The Four
Periods of a Sailor's Life," and "The
Flitch of Bacon." D. 1834.— Chaeles
Alfeed, a painter and antiquary, son of
the eminent artist of the same name,
was b. in 1787, and early displayed a
talent for drawing. He became a mem-
ber and historical draughtsman of the
Society of Antiquaries, and was deputed
by that body to take drawings from the
famous tapestry at Bayeux, in Nor-
mandy. He was killed by a fall in
1821. He published " Monumental Effi-
gies of Great Britain."
STOW, John, an antiquary, was b.
about 1525, in Cornhill. By trade he
vas a tailor, but applied himself to the
study of British antiquities under the
patronage of Archbishop Parker and
the earl of Leicester. In his old age he
was reduced to such indigence as to
solicit charity by means of a brief. He
wrote " A Survey of London," and
" Annals of this Kingdom." D. 1605.
STOWELL, William Sobrr, Lord,
son of W. Scott, a merchant of Newcas-
tle, and elder brother of Lord Eldon,
was b. at Helworth, Durham, in 1745 ;
was educated at Oxford, and began to
proiPtise^w in 1779. He was knighted
in 1788, and in 1798 became judge of
the high court of admiralty and a privy
councUlor. In 1790 he entered parlia-
ment as the representative of Downton,
and in the following year had the honor
of'lJeing unanimously elected as mem-
ber for the university of Oxford ; which
he retained till the coronation of George
IV., when he was created a peer. He
was the profoundest jurist of his day.
D. 1836.
STRAFFORD, Thomas Wentwoeth,
earl of, an eminent statesman and minis-
ter, the eldest son of Sir William Went-
worth, was b. in 1593, in London, was
educated at St. John's college, Cam-
bridge, and after having travelled, was
knighted, and made custos rotulorum
of the west riding of Yorkshire. In
1621 he was chosen one of the represent-
atives of the county of York. For a
few years he was one of the most active
friends of the popular cause ; stood prom-
inently forward as an advocate for the
petition of right ; and was even impris-
oned for remsing to contribute to a
forced loan. But his seeming patriotism
sprang rather from ha,tred of Bucking-
ham than from principle, and was nol
proof against corruption. In 1628 he
was gained over to the court. His apos-
tasy was paid for by the titles of baron
and viscount, and the offices of privjr
councillor and president of the North
In the latter capacity he acted with the
most arbitrary rigor. In 1632 he was
sent to Ireland as lord deputy. His
conduct there, during a government of
seven years, was that of a despot. It
would, however, be unjust to deny that
Ireland derived some benefits from his
administration. In 1639, on visiting
England, he obtained the garter, the
title of earl of Strafford, and the dignity
of lord-lieutenant. He demonstrated
his gratitude by violent counsels to the
infatuated Charles. But his downfall
was at hand. In 1640 he was impeached
by the commons, and was brought to
trial, March 22, 1641. He defended him-
self with an eloquence and dignity wor-
thy of a better cause. No moral doubt
could exist of his crimes, but the legal
proof was defective. In order to secure
their victim, the commons themselves
lost sight of justice, and resorted to a
bill of attainder. It was passed, and
Strafford, deserted by his sovereign, was
brought to the block, on the 12th of
May, 1641.
STRONG, Caleb, governor of Massa-
chusetts, was b. at Northampton in
1744, and graduated at Harvard college.
He pursued the profession of the law,
and established himself in his native
town. Taking an early and active part
in the revolutionary movements, he was
appointed in 1775 one of the committee
of safety, and in the following year a
member of the state legislature. He
was a member of the convention which
formed the constitution of the state, and
of that which formed the constitution of
the United States. Subsequently he
was senator to congress, and for 11
years at diff'erent periods, chief magis-
trate of Massachusetts. D. 1820.
STRUTT, Joseph, an engraver, anti-
C[uary, and miscellaneous writer, was b.
in 1749, at Springfield, in Sussex ; was
a pupil of Ryland, and a man of con-
siderable talent, produced "A Diction-
ary of Engravers," "Sports and Pas-
times of the Pec^le of England,"
•766
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[SUL
■' Dresses and Habits of the People of
England," "Kegal and Ecclesiastical
Antiquities of England," " Chronicle of
England," " Manners, Customs, &c., of
the Inhabitants of England," "Queen
Hoo Hall," "Ancient Time," and "The
Teat of Guilt." D. 1802.
STUART, Gilbert, an historian and
miscellaneous writer, was b. in 1742, at
Edinburgh, where also he was educated.
He studied jurisprudence, but became
an author by profession; sometimes
residing in London, and sometimes in
his native city. Stuart was a man of
genius, but of a most unamiable dispo-
sition. He wrote " The History of Scot-
land," " History of the Reformation in
Scotland," and other works ; contributed
to the " Monthly Review ;" and was
editor of the " Edinburgh Magazine and
Review." D. 1786. — Gilbert, a cele-
brated painter, was b. in Newport,
Rhode Island, in 1755. Soon after be-
coming of age, he went to England,
where he became the pupil of Mr. West.
He soon rose to eminence as a portrait
painter, and obtained a high reputation
both in England and Ireland. In 1794
he returned to his native country, chiefly
residing in Philadelphia and Washing-
ton, in the practice of his profession,
till about the year 1801, when he re-
moved to Boston. Mr. Stuart was not
only one of the first painters of his
time, but was also a very extraordinary
man out of his profession. D. 1828.
SUCKLING, Sir John, a poet and
courtier, was b. in 1609, at Whitton, in
Middlesex; served in Germany, under
Gustavus Adolphus ; acquired reputa-
tion as a wit and dramatist after his
return to England; raised a regiment
to serve against the Scotch, in 1639 ;
was obliged to retire to France, in con-
sequence of having participated in a
project to liberate the earl of Strafibrd ;
and d. there, in 1641. His poems have
obtained a place in the standard collec-
tions.
SULLIVAN, John, an officer in the
army of the American revolution, was
b. in Maine, and established himself in
the profession of law in New Hamp-
shire. Turning his attention to military
affairs, he received, in 1772, the com-
mission of major, and in 1775 that of
brigadier-general. The next year he
was sent to Canada, and on the death of
General Thomas, the command of the
army devolved on him. In this year he
was promoted to the rank of major-
general, and was soon after captured by
the British In the battle on Long Island.
He commanded a division of the army
at the battles of Trenton, Brandy wine,
and Germantown ; and was the sole
commander of an expedition to the
island of Newport, which failed through
want of co-operation from the French
fleet. In 1779 he commanded an expe-
dition against the Indians. He was
afterwards a member of congress, and
for three years president of New Hamp-
shire. In 1789 he was appointed a
judge of the district court, and con-
tinued in that office till his death, in
1795. — James, was b. at Berwick, Me.,
in 1744, and after passing the early part
of his life in agricultural pursuits,
adopted the profession of the law. He
took an early part in the revolutionary
struggle, and in 1775 was chosen a
member of the provincial congress. In
1776 he was appointed a judge of the
superior court. He was subsequently a
member of congress, a member of the
executive council, judge of probate, and
in 1790 was appointed attorney-general.
In 1807 he was elected governor of
Massachusetts, and again in the follow-
ing year, in the December of which he
died. He was the author of a " History
of Land Titles," a "History of the Dis-
trict of Maine," and an " Essay on
Banks." His rank at the bar was in
the very first class, and in his private
character he was distinguished for piety,
patriotism, and integrity.
SULLY, Maximilian de Bethttne,
duke of, a French warrior and states-
man, equally brave in the field and wise
in the council, was b. in 1560, at the
castle of Rosny. At an early age he
was placed about the person of the king
of Navarre, afterwards Henr^ IV., to
whom he ever continued to be strongly
attached. He narrowly escaped being
one of the victims of the massacre of
St. Bartholomew. In the majority of
the battles and sieges which occu^-red
during the struggle between Henry and
his enemies. Sully bore a conspicuous
part. He commanded the artillery at
the battle of Coutras, and had two hor-
ses killed under him, and was danger-
ously wounded at the battle of Ivry.
Though himself a zealous Calvinist, it
was he who advised the king to secure
the crown by conforming to the Catho-
lic religion. In 1597 he was placed at
the head of the finances, which were
then in the most dilapidated state ; and
by his prudent administration he at
once increased the revenue and light-
ened the burdens of the people. After
the death of Henry IV. Sully retired
byd]
CYCL0?^D1A OF BIOGRAPHY.
767
from public affairs, and d. 1641. His
"Memoirs," written by himself, are
highly interesting.
SUEREY, Henry Howakd, earl of,
eldest son of the duke of Norfolk, was
b. about 1515 ; studied at Christ-church,
Oxford ; travelled in France, Germany,
and Italy, in the last of which countries
he fell in love with the Geraldine whom
he celebrates in his verses ; was captain-
general of the army at Boulogne in 1546;
and fell a victim, on the scaffold, to the
tyranny of Henry VIII., in 1547. *' He
was," says Raleigh, "no less valiant
than learned, and of excellent hopes ;"
and "Warton considers him as " the first
English classical poet."
SUVAROFF; or SUW ARROW,
Prince Alexander, a celebrated Rus-
sian field-marshal, was b. in 1730, at
Suskoi, in the Ukraine, and was educa-
ted at the cadet school of St. Petersburg.
He distinguished himself during the
seven years' war; in Poland, in 1768,
against the Confederates ; in 1773,
against the Turks ; and in 1782, against
the Nogay Tartars. For these services
he was rewarded with the rank of gen-
eral-in-chief, the government of the
Crimea, the portrait of the empress set
in diamonds, and several Russian or-
ders. In the war against the Turks,
from 1787 to 1790, he gained the battle
of Rymnik, took Ismail by storm, and
obtained other important advantages.
In 1794 he defeated the Poles who were
struggling for freedom, and carried
Praga by assault. When Russia joined
the continental coalition, in 1799, he was
placed at the head of the combined army
in Italy, and, after ^several sanguinary
battles, he succeeded in wresting that
country from the French. He was less
successful in Switzerland, whence he.
was obliged to retreat. D. 1800.
SWEDENBORG, Emanuel, was the
son of the bishop of Skara, and was b.
1689, at Stockholm. He was not twenty
when he published a volume of Latin
Eoems. On returning from his travels
e was appointed assessor extraordinary
to the college of Mines, and, in 1719,
was ennobled. Of his many works on
mining, the principal is his " Opera
Philosophica et Mineralogica." In 1743
he imbibed a belief that he was admit-
ted to an intercourse with the invisible
world, and this belief he retained till his
decease, 1772. On this subject he pub-
lished several works, among which are
"Arcana Coelestis," " Heaven and Hell,"
"Divine Providence^" "True Christian
Religion," " Divine Love and Wisdom,"
&c. Swedenborg was no impostor, but
a learned and pious man, and his books
richly repay the most careful study.
SWIFT, Jonathan, a celebrated wri-
ter, was b. in 1667, at Dublin, and was
educated at Kilkenny school. Trinity
college, Dublin, and Hertford college,
Oxford. For some years he lived with
Sir William Temple as a companion, and
when that statesman died he left him a
legacy and his posthumous works.
From King William he entertained ex-
pectations of preferment, which were
disappointed. Having accompanied
Lord Berkeley, one of the lord justices
of Ireland, as chaplain, he obtained
from him the livings of Laracor and
Lathbeggan, on which he went to re-
side, and to which he invited the lady
whom he had celebrated under the
name of Stella. He eventually married
her, but would never acknowledge her
as his wife. His conduct to two other
ladies. Miss Waring and Miss Van-
homrigh, with whom he coquetted, was
equally devoid of proper feeling. In
1701 he took his doctor's degree, and
on the accession of Queen Anne he
visited England. In the course of the
nine ensuing years he published several
works, but it was not till 1710 that he
became active as a political writer. Hav-
ing gone over to the tories, and become
intimate with Harley and Bolingbroke,
he exerted himself strenuously in be-
half of his new allies. Among his
labors in this cause were, " The Exam-
iner," and " The Conduct of the Allies."
It was not, however, till 1713 that he
obtained preferment, and even then he
was frustrated in his hope of an En-
glish mitre, and received only the dean-
ery of St. Patrick. When he returned
to' Ireland he was exceedingly unpopu-
lar, but he lived to be the idol of the
Irish. Of the writings by which this
change was produced, " The Drapier's
Letters," published in 1724, stand fore-
most. In 1726 he gave " Gulliver's
Travels" to the world. As he advanced
in years he suffered from deafness and
fits of giddiness ; in 1739 his intellect
gave way, and he expired in October,
1745. — Zephaniah, a learned lawyer, was
graduated at Yale college, and establish-
ed himself in the legal profession, in
Windham, Conn. He was for 18 years
a judge of the superior court of that
state. Pie published a " Digest of the
Laws of Connecticut," on the model of
Blackstone. D. 1823.
SYDENHAM, Thomas, an eminent
physician, was b. in 1624, at Winford
7^
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[tal
Eagle, in Dorsetshire ; was educated at
Wadham college, Oxford, studied medi-
cine at Montpellier; and settled in
Westminster, where he deservedly at-
tained a high reputation. D. 1689. —
Floyer, an eminent Greel? scholar, was
b. in 1701, and was educated at Wad-
ham college, Oxford. In 1759 he began
a translation of the works of Plato, a
part of which he published; but the
want of patronage involved him in em-
barrassments ; he was thrown into pris-
on for a small debt which he had con-
tracted for his frugal meals ; and there
he perished in 1788. His fate gave rise
to the establishment of the literary fund.
— Charles William Poulett, Lord,
governor-general of Canada, was the
son of Mr. J. Poulett Thompson, a
London merchant, and b. 1798. When
about 20, he became resident in St.
Petersburg as the correspondent of
his father^ firm ; and, until his acces-
sion to public office in 1830, he con-
tinued to be connected with the mer-
cantile business. His political life
commenced in 1826, as member for
Dover ; but in 1830 being returned for
both Dover and Manchester, he gave
preference to the latter. On the forma-
tion of the reform cabinet, he was
appointed vice-president of the board
of trade and treasurer of the navy ; he
became president of the board of trade
In 1884 ; and, in 1889, succeeded Lord
Durham as governor-general in Canada.
Whilst riding near Kingston, Lord
Sydenham met with an accident by the
falling of his horse, and d. September
19, 1841.
SYLLA, Lucius Cornelius, a cele
brated Koman, was b. 137 e.g. After
having spent a part of his youth in
licentious pleasures, he distinguished
himself in Africa, under Marius ; in
Pontus, as commander-in-chief, and on
various other occasions. He rose to the
consulship in the forty-ninth year of
his age. He subsequently reduced
Greece, and vanquished Mithridates;
and, returning to Italy, overcame the
Marian party, and assumed the dicta-
torship. By his merciless edicts of
proscription he deluged Kome with
blood ; but, at the very moment when
no one dared to dispute his power, he
retired into private life. D. 78 b.o.
SZALKAI, Anthony, an Hungarian
poet, who is considered as the founder
of the dramatic literature of his coun-
try. He held an office in the house of
the archduke palatine, Alexander Leo-
pold, and d. 1804, at Buda. His " Pikko
Hertzog" was the first regular drama
composed in the Hungarian language.
He also wrote a travesty on the iEneid.
T.
TACITUS, Caius Cornelius, a Latin
historian, was b. about 56, and was of
an equestrian family. The place of his
birth is not known. He early culti-
vated poetry ; he became an advocate,
and he is supposed also to have borne
arms. He was successively quaestor,
sedile, and praetor, and in 97 attained the
rank of consul. Pliny the Younger was
his bosom friend, and Agricola was his
father-in-law. He is believed to have
d. about 135.
TALBOT, John, Lord, a famous war-
rior, was b. in 1373, at Blechmore, in
Shropshire ; obtained various successes
against the Irish, distinguished him-
self in France by his skill and valor
during the reigns of Henry V. and VI.,
for which he was rewarded by the earl-
doms of Slirewsbury, Wexford, and
Waterford ; and was killed at the battle
of Castillon, in 1453.
TALLIEN, John Lambert, one of
the most prominent characters in the
French revolution, was the son of a no-
bleman's porter ; was b. 1769, at Paris,
received a good education, and early in
life was successively clerk to an attor-
ney, and in a public office, and foreman
to a printing establishment. On the
breaking out of the revolution, he took
a violent part against the court, and he
gradually acquired considerable influ-
ence. As a member of the convention,
he voted for the death of the king, and
for a while he participated in all the
enormities of the Jacobins. At length,
however, he became more moderate,
and it was mainly to his courage and
eloquence that France was indebted for
the downfall of Eobespierre. He con-
tinued to be an active member of the
legislature till 1798, when he accom-
panied Bonaparte to Egypt. He enjoyed
a place under the consular and inspe-
rial governments ; remained unmolested
after the accession of Louis XVIII., and
d. 1820. V,
tat]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
TALMA, Francis Joseph, the great-
est of French actors, was b. 1763, at
Paris, and spent his childhood in Flan-
ders and England, where his father was
a demist. At the age of nine years he
was sent to France to be educated,
»v hence he returned to England. The
stage was early his delight, and he was
at one time on the point of appearing at
Driiry-lane. On his settling in France,
he for eighteen months followed the
profession of his father; but in 1787 he
came out upon the French theatre, in
the character of Seide. For some time,
however, he was kept in the back-
ground; but at length he attained the
highest rank as a tragedian. Talma also
accomplished in France a complete ref-
ormation of theatrical costume. D. 1826.
TAMERLANE, TIMUR LENC, or
TIMUR BEG, was b. 1836 a. d., in the
province of Kersch, the ancient Sog-
diana, where his father was the chief of
a tribe. He attained the sovereign au-
thority at Samarcand, 1370. He sub-
sequently conquered Persia, India,
Syria, and many other countries ; made
prisoner Bajazet, the Turkish sultan ;
and was on the point of invading China,
when he d. in 1405.
TANNAHILL, Robert, a Scottish
poet, was b. at Paisley, in 1774, and
ored a weaver. He read the works of
Burns with enthusiasm, and, like many
more of his countrymen, he burned to
emulate him, and though he fell immea-
surably short of his model, he pro-
duced some very delightful songs, and
other lyric effusions. D. 1810.
TASSIE, James, a modeller, was b.
in the first half of the eighteenth cen-
tury, near Glasgow, and was originally
a stone mason, but acquired, from Dr.
Quin, the art of imitatmg gems in col-
lored pastes, and was so successful that
he gained both reputation and fortune.
He likewise modelled in wax. D. 1799.
TASSO, Bernardo, an Italian poet,
was b. in 1493, at Bergamo ; was suc-
cessively in the service of the prinae of
Salerno and the dukes of Urbino and
Mantua ; and d. 1569. Of his poems
the principal is " Amadis de Gaul," in
a hundred cantos. — Torquato, one of
the greatest of the Italian poets, was
the son of Bernardo, and was b. 1544,
at Sorrento. He may almost be said to
have "lisped in numbers;" and at
twelve years of age he had acquired ex-
tensive knowledge. After having been
educated at Rome, he went to Padua, to
%tudy law, in coinplianee with the wishes
of his father. It wjus while he was
65
there, and in his eighteenth year, that
he published the poem of " Rinaldo."
In 1565 Duke Alphonso of Ferrara in-
vited him to his court, and with the
exception of the time occupied by a
journey to France, Tasso resided there
till 1577. During this period, besides
many minor pieces, he produced his
" Aminta," and completed the "Jeru-
salem Delivered." In 1577 he secretly
quitted Ferrara; having, it has been
supposed, incurred the anger of the
duKe by his passion for the Princess
Leonora of Este, his patron's sister.
He returned, however, but his intellects
being now in some degree affected, he
was ungenerously shut up in a mad-
house by Alphonso, where for seven
years he experienced the most unwor-
thy treatment. The remonstrances of
several Italian princes at length pro-
cured his release. In 1592 he settled
at Naples, and began to write a new
poem on the subject of his "Jerusalem."
This poem he finished to his own satis-
faction, but posterity has rrot ratified Ms
partiality for it. D. 1595.
TASSONI, Alexander, an Italian
poet, was b. 1565, at Modena ; was suc-
cessively in the service of several prin-
ces ; ana d. in 1635, counsellor to the
duke of Modena. He was a man of ex-
tensive literary and scientific knowledge,
and wrote various works ; but it is to
"The Rape of the Bucket," a heroi-
comic poem, that he owes his reputation.
TATE, Nahum, a poet, was b. in Dub-
lin, 1652, and was educated in the college
of his native city. On going to London
he assisted Dry den in some of his works ;
and succeeded Shadwell as poet laureate.
He altered Shakspeare's play of Lear,
and wrote several poems ; but he is best
known by the " Version of the Psalms,"
which he executed in conjunction with
Brady.
TAYLOR, Jeremy, a prelate and elo-
quent writer, the son of a barber ; was
b. 1613, at Cambridge; and was edu-
cated at the grammar school of his na-
tive place, and at Caius college. He
became chaplain to Archbishop Laud,
and subsequently to Charles L, and
obtained the rectory of Uppingham.
During the civil war he gained a sub-
sistence by keeping a school, till he was
interdicted from teaching. Lord Car-
bery then appointed him his chaplain,
and it was while he resided with that
nobleman that he wrote most of his
pieces. He was twice imprisoned by
the republican government. At the
restoration he was made bishop of Down
770
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[tay
and Connor; along with which see he
held that of Dromore, and the vice-
chancellorship of Trinity college, Dub-
lin. D. 1667. — Bkook, an eminent
mathematician, was b. 1685, at Edmon-
ton, in Middlesex ; was educated at St.
John's college, Cambridge ; became a
fellow and secretary of the Royal So-
ciety, to the "Transactions" of which
body he largely contributed; and d.
1781. Among his works are " Methodus
incrementorura," " New Principles of
Linear Perspective," and " Contemplatio
Philosophica." Taylor invented the
analytical formula which bears his name,
and which Lagrange has made the basis
of his theory of analytical functions. —
George, a signer of the declaration of
American independence, was b. in Ire-
land, 1716. Emigrating to America, he
became the proprietor of extensive iron
works at Durham, on the river Dela-
ware. He was for some years a rep-
resentative for Northampton county to
the provincial assembly, and in 1776
was elected to the continental congress.
D. 1781. — Jane, the daughter of an
artist in London, was b. in 1783, and
very early in life gave evident indica-
tions of poetic talent. Her first publica-
tion, "The Beggar Boy," appeared in
1804 ; and from tiaat time forward she con-
tinued to publish, occasionally, miscel-
laneous pieces iia verse. The principal
of these are, " Original Poems for Infant
Minds," and "Essays in Ehyme on
Morals and Manners." She also wrote
a prose tale, entitled "Display," which
met with much success. D. 1823. —
John, usually called the Water Poet,
from his being a waterman, was b. in
Gloucestershire, about 1580. In 1596 he
served in the fleet under the earl of Es-
sex, and was present at the attack upon
Cadiz. After liis return he plied on the
Thames, and was for many years col-
lector for the lieutenant of the Tower,
of his fees on the wines imported into
London. He also styled himself the
king's water poet, and the queen's
waterman. When the civil wars began
he retired to Oxford, where he kept a
public house, as he afterwards did near
Long Acre. At this place he manifested
his loyalty by assummg for a sign, the
" Crown in Mourning," which proving
offensive, he substituted his own por-
trait. D. 1654. — Thomas, a learned Gre-
cian, commonly termed the Platonist,
was b. in 1758, and placed, at 9 years
of age, at St. Paul's school, with a vi^ew
to orders; but be changed his mmd
when 15, and went to a relation, an
officer at the port of Sheerness. There
a celebrated dissenter instructed him in
the rudiments of Latin and Greek, and
he applied himself with indefatigable
ardor to the study of Greek, especially
the works of the Platonic sophist. Hav-
ing contracted an early love marriage,
he was compelled to become under-
usher in a school, and, subsequently,
clerk to a banker, for subsistence ; but
he still found time to pursue his early
studies. He afterwards gave public lec-
tures in Greek and on the Platonic wri-
ters, which introduced him to the favor
of the duke of Norfolk, who furnished
the funds for his great work, the excel
lent translation of Plato. His transla-
tions are very voluminous; the most
important are the works of Aristotle,
Plato, and Pausanias. D. 1835.— Wil-
liam, a distinguished critic, translator,
and litterateur^ was the only son of an
eminent merchant of Norwich, where
he was b. 1765. He was originally des-
tined for his father's business ; but his
early bias for literary pursuits proved
so strong, that his father gave way to
his inclinations, and after one or two
somewhat lengthened sojourns in France
and Germany, he gave himself up almost
entirely to the "cultivation of the Muses"
and of politics. He first became known
by a translation of Burger's " Lenore ;"
and stimulated by the success which
followed his first attempt, he made
various other translations from the same
author, and from time to time contribu-
ted specimens of other German poets to
different magazines and periodicals. In
1798 he formed an acquaintance with
Southey, which soon ripened into the
warmest friendship • and in 1802 he be-
came the editor of tne " Norwich Iris,"
which he made the organ of his pecuUar
political and religious opinions ; but he
soon abandoned this speculation, and
henceforth engaged in the business of
" reviewing," tor which he found a main
vent in the " Monthly Eeview," then
under the editorship of Dr. Griffiths.
Among his works should be mentioned
his " English Synonymes ;" and in 1830
he published a " Survey of German Po-
etry," consisting chiefly of his collected
translations, with explanatory notes.
D. 1836. — William Cooke, an eminent
writer on miscellaneous subjects, was b.
at Youghal, 1800. After prosecuting
his studies at the university of Dublin
with great distinction, he repaired to
the metropolis, and entered upon a lit-
erary career, which, for constancy of ap-
plication, and variety of subject, has
ten]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
^71
had few equals in modern times. He
was employed in 1846, by the British
government, to inquire into the system
of education on the Continent ; and he
was just on the eve of being placed in a
f)Osition on the establishment of the
ord-lieutenant of Ireland, to carry out
his views, when he was cut off by the
pestilence that ravaged Great Britain
and Ireland in 1849. Among his chief
works are, his " Manuals of Ancient
and Modern History," "Life and Times
of Sir Kobert Peel," "History of Ma-
hommedanism," "Revolutions and Ee-
markable Conspiracies of Europe;" and
his last, and perhaps his most important
work, " The History of the House of
Orleans," published only a few weeks
before his death, D. 1849. — Zaohaky,
president of the United States, was b.
m Virginia, 1786. His father, who had
fought at the side of Washington during
all the war of independence, at its con-
clusion settled in Kentucky, and con-
ducted his family to their forest-home,
where his son, amid the perils of savage
life, had ample opportunities of develop-
ing those military qualities of which he
afterwards gave so signal a proof. At
the outbreak of the war with England,
in 1807, he hastened to join the "army,
and was appointed to guard the banks
of the Wabash. In 1812, while in com-
mand of the garrison of Fort Henderson,
consisting only of fifty-two men, he was
suddenly attacked at midnight by a hos-
tile party, who succeeded in setting fire
to the fort. But Taylor, with his hand-
ful of men, extinguished the flames,
and forced the enemy to retreat. For
this exploit he was raised to the rank of
major. In the war against the Indians,
both in Florida and Arkansas, he passed
successively through all the grades of
his profession, till he reached the rank
of general. Nominated in 1846 to the
command of a corps of observa"tion on
the frontiers of Mexico, an attack of the
Mexicans gave him an opportunity of
crossing the Rio Grande, and of gaining
his first battle at Palo- Alto. The victo-
ries of Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, and
Buena-Vista proved him at once a val-
iant soldier and an able general, and
marked him out to tK e sunrages of his
coxintrymen for the presidency. Chosen
in Nov. 1848, he entered on his high
oflBce in March, 1849 : but he had only
filled the chair of Washington and Jef-
ferson for sixteen months, when he was
suddenly attacked by cholera, and d.
July, 1850.
TELL, William, one of the champions
of Swiss liberty, was b. in the latter part
of the 13th century, at Burglen, in the
canton of Uri. Some doubt exists as to
the truth of the story, that he was com-
pelled to shoot at an apple on the head
of his child, and that he shot the Aus-
trian governor Gessler ; but there is no
doubt that he contributed to emancipate
his country, and that he fought at the
battle of Morgarten. D. 1354.
TEMPLE, Sir William, an eminent
statesman and writer, was b. 1628, in
London, and was educated at Bishop
Stortford grammar school, and at Eman-
uel college, Cambridge ; Cudworth was
his college tutor. In his 19th year he
began his travels, in the course of which
he resided for two years in France, and
visited Flanders, Holland, and Gennany.
On his return he obtained a seat in the
Irish parliament. Charles II. employed
him as a diplomatist, in which capacity
Temple displayed abilities of no common
kind. He was twice dispatched on a
secret mission to the bishop of Munster ;
as envoy extraordinary to the Hague he
concluded within the short space of five
days the treaty of triple alliance ; he was
one of the negotiators at the congress of
Aix la Chapelle ; he-signed the peace of
1673 ; was appointed ambassador to the
Hague in 1674, and contributed to bring
about the marriage of the prince of
Orange with the Princess Mary; and
lastly, was one of the negotiators at
Nimeguen. In 1679 he was appointed
one of the king's new council, but was
soon displaced for his freedom of speech.
After this he retired into private life,
and never again took part in public
affairs. D. 1698.
TENCIN, Claijdine Alexandrina
GuERiN DE, a French writer, was b. in
1681, at Grenoble, and d. in 1749. She
was early bound by monastic vows, from
which she succeeded in obtaining her
release, and she subsequently spent
many years in political, and especially
in love intrigues ; in the course of which
she was imprisoned, unjustly, however,
on a charge of having murdered one of
her lovers, D'Alembert was her son,
At length she adopted a more regulai
mode of living, and her house became
the resort of wits and men of letters.
Of her novels, " The Count de Commin-
fes" is that which is most esteemed;
ut they all have great merit.
TENIERS, David, the elder, an emi-
nent painter, was b. in 1582, at Ant-
werp; studied under Rubens, and at
Rome under Elsheimer; and d. 1649.
His pictures of rural festivities, conver-
772
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[the
BatioDS, fairs, fortune-tellers, and similar
subjects, are usually of a small size, and
are much valued.— David, the younger,
a son of the foregoing, was b. in 1610, at
Brussels, and was instructed in painting
by his father, and by Adam Brouwer
and Rubens. In his youth such was his
facility of imitating the styles of various
masters that he was called the Proteus
and the Ape of Painting. He soon,
however, had the good sense to choose
nature as his model, and he rose into
high reputation. He was patronized by
the Archduke Leopold William, the king
of Spain, Christina of Sweden, and other
distinguished persouiiges. D. 1694.
TERENCE, or TEKENTIUS, Pub-
lics, a Latin comic writer, is believed
to have been a native of Carthage, and
to have been b. about 192 b. c. Being
taken a captive to Rome, he was sold to
Tereutius Lucanus, who gave him a good
education, and enfranchised him. He
was in his 25th year wlien he brought
out his first play. His talents acquired
for him illustrious friends, among whom
were Scipio and Laelius. He quitted
Eome when he was 35, and is supposed
to have perished at sea in a storm. Of
his admirable comedies only six are ex-
tant.
TERTULLIAN, Quintus Sbptmus
FiiOBENs, one of the most learned men
of the primitive church, was b. about 160,
at Carthage. Originally a bitter enemy
of the Christian faith, he was converted
by witnessing the firmness of the mar-
tyrs, became a priest, and was thence-
forth one of the most eloquent defenders
of the doctrines which he had despised.
Late in life he adopted the opinions of
the Montanists, and afterwards formed
a sect of his own. He d. about 245.
Among his works are, " An Apology for
the Christians," a "Treatise against the
Jews," and the five books against Mar-
cioja.
TETZEL, John, a Dominican monk of
the 16th century, was b. at Piern. Being
appointed, in 1517, to vend the indul-
gences issued by Pope Leo X., for the
completion of St. Peter's church at
Eome, he represented them as possess-
ing the virtue of pardoning all sins,
past, present, and future. This first
roused the indignation of Luther, and
may truly be said to have been the pri-
mary cause of the reformation. The
papal government, seeing the mischief
likely to accrue from the indiscieet zeal
and bigotry of Tetzel, so severely re-
buked him, that he is said to have died
of a broken heart, in 1519.
THALES, one of the seven sages of
Greece, was b. 639 b. c, at Miletus, in
Ionia, or, as some affirm, was a native
of Phenicia. He travelled in Egypt and
other countries, and d. in the 96th year
of his age. Thales was the founder of
the Ionian school of philosophy, and
was an admirable astronomer and ge-
ometrician. He was the first who accu-
rately calculated a solar eclipse.
THEMISTOCLES, an illustrious Athe-
nian, was b. 535 b. c, at Phreas. Licen-
tious in his youth, he was reclaimed
from his follies by the love of glory. He
bore a conspicuous part in the battle of
Marathon, and the trophies gained there
by Miltiades were a stimulus to the am-
bition of Themistocles. When, after
the banishment of his rival Aristides,
he acquired the management of the
Athenian affairs, he displayed splendid
talents. It was by his persuasion that
his countrymen were induced to confide
their safety to their navy, and to him
were the Greeks indebted for the glori-
ous victory of Salamis. He rebuilt the
walls of Athens, fortified the Pirseus,
and prevented the Spartans from gain-
ing an ascendency in the Amphictyonic
council. The popular tavor, however,
was at length withdrawn from him, and
he was banished for five years. Further
proceedings being meditated against
him, he sought an asylum at the court
of Artaxerxes, and was hospitably re-
ceived. He d. 470 b. c. Some attribute
his death to poison taken by himself,
rather than assist the Persian monarch
against Athens, while others affirm that
he died a natural death.
THEOBALD, Lewis, a dramatist and
commentator, was b. at Sittingbourne,
in Kent, and was brought up to his
father's profession, that of a lawyer, but
quitted it for literature. Having offend-
ed Pope, by editing a rival edition of
Shakspeare, that poet made him the
hero of tlie " Dunciad." Yet, in spite
of the wit of the satirist, Theobald is
not despicable as a commentator on the
bard of Avon. D. 1744.
THEOCRITUS, a celebrated Greek
Sastoral poet, was b. at Syracuse, and
ourished in the 3d century b. c. Ptol-
emy Philadelphus invited him to his
court, and treated him munificently. It
is said that he was strangled by Iliero,
tyrant of Syracuse, for having written
satires upon him, but there is little oi
rather no evidence in support of the
assertion.
THEODOSIUS, Flavius, surnamed
the Great, a Roman emperor, was b. in
THOJ
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
77S
846, in Spain. In his 18th year he de-
feated the barbarians, and drove them
across the Danube. Gratian rewarded
him with the purple, and the sway over
tne eastern provinces. In the course of
his reiorn Theodosius triumphed over
the Goths, and various other enemies
of the empire. He vanquished Arbo-
gaste, in 394. and added the western
provinces to his dominions. D. 395. —
II., surnamed the Younger, emperor of
the East, grandson of the great Theo-
dosius, was»b. 400, and succeeded to the
throne at the age of eight years. The
early part of his reign was marked by
some success against the Persians ; the
remainder of it was not fortunate. The
code which bears his name was formed
by his order, and was the work of seven
lawvers. D. 450.
THEOPHEASTUS, a celebrated Greek
philosopher, was b. 371 b. c, at Eresus,
in Lesbos. He was a disciple of Plato
and of Aristotle, the latter of whom he
succeeded, and with splendid success,
in the Lyceum. Twice he was persecu-
ted by his enemies, but in both in-
stances he eventually triumphed. Of
all his numerous works time has spared
only a "Treatise on Stones," parts of
his " Characters," and of a " History of
Animals," and some fragments quoted
by other authors.
THESPIS, a Greek poet, b. at Icaria,
in Attica, flourished 576 b. o. He is
considered as the inventor of tragedy,
from his having introduced actors in
addition to the chorus. His stage is
said to have been a cart, and the faces
of the performers were smeared with
"wine lees, or, according to Suidas, with
white lead and vermilion.
THEVENOT, John, a French travel-
ler, was b. in 1633, at Paris. His for-
tune enabling him to gratify his love
of travelling, he visited several parts of
Europe, and afterwards explored many
countries of the East. He d. in Persia,
in 1657, as he was returning from Hin-
dostan. His " Voyages and Travels"
■ hav6 been often reprinted.
THOMPSON, William, a poet and
divine, was b. at Brough, in Westmore-
land ; was educated at Queen's college,
Oxford, and d. about 1766, dean of
Raphoe, in Ireland. His poems have
been deservedly . admitted among the
collected works of the British poets.
His poem on " Sickness" contains many
fine passages, and his " Hymn to May''
breathes more of the spirit of Spenser
than most modern imitations of him.
He also wrote " Gondibert and Bertha,"
65*
a tragedy, and published an edition of
" Bishop Hall's Satires."
THOMSON, James, one of the most
popular of English poets, was the son
of a Scotch clergyman ; was b. 1700,
at Ednam, in Eoxburghshire ; and was
educated at Jedburgh and at Edin-
burgh. Eelinquishing his views in
the church, he removed to London,
where, in 1726, he published his "Win-
ter." The three other seasons appeared
in 1728, 1729, and 1780. During the
same period he also produced the tra-
gedy of "Sophonisba," the poem of
'' Britannia," and a poem on Sir Isaac
Newton. Among the friends whom he
gained by these splendid proofs of his
genius, was Lord Chancellor Talbot,
who chose him as a proper cora{^n-
ion to accompany his son on the grand
tour. Thomson was thus occupied for
three years, in the course of which he
visited most of the European courts.
After his return he was made secretary
of briefs by the chancellor, but the
death of his patron soon deprived him
of that place. For this loss, however,
he was indemnified by the office of sur-
veyor-general of the Leeward Islands,
and a pension from the prince of Wales.
His pen, meanwhile, was not idle. He
wrote the tragedies of "Agamemnon,"
" Edward and Eleonora," " Tancred and
Sigismunda," and " Coriolanus ;" the
masque of "Alfred," in conjunction
with Mallet; and the poems of "Lib-
erty," and " The Castle of Indolence."
D. 1748.
THOENHILL, Sir James, a painter,
was b. 1676, in Dorsetshire, and after
his return from his travels in Holland,
Flanders, and France, rose into consid-
erable reputation as an 'artist. He was
employed to paint the dome of St.
Paul's, the refectory and saloon at
Greenwich hospital, and some of the
apartments at Hampton-court. D. 1734.
THOENTON, Bonnel, a witty mis-
cellaneous writer and poet, was b. 1724,
in London ; was educated at Westmin-
ster school, and at Christ-church, Ox-
ford; took the degree of bachelor of
medicine, but never practised ; was in
habits of friendship with many of the
wits of that period; and d. 1768. The
'^Connoisseur" was the joint produc-
tion of him and Colman. He translated
a part of Plautus, and wrote a "Bur-
lesque Ode on St. Cecilia's Day," " The
Battle of the Wigs,'' and a variety of
humorous pieces. — Matthew, was b. in
Ireland, in 1714, and when about two or
I three years old his father emigrated to
774
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[tic
America, and finally settled in "Worces-
ter, Mass. He pursued the study of
medicine, and commenced the practice
of his profession in Londonderry, N.
H. In 1776 he was chosen a delegate to
the continental congress, and affixed his
name to the declaration of independ-
ence. He was afterwards chief justice
of the court of common pleaa, and judge
of the superior court of his adopted
state. D. 1803.
THOKWALDSEN, Albert, the great
Danish sculptor, was the son of a carver
on wood, but though the circumstances
of the parent were narrow, the boy,
having early shown great talent for
drawing, was gratuitously and well ed-
ucated at the Copenhagen academy of
arts. Here he studied so effectually that
he Obtained two gold medals and a trav-
elling studentship, which entitles the
fortunate competitor to a salary for three
years. Thus far fortunate, Thorwaldsen
proceeded to Kome, where he worked
with zeal and energy, but where he is
said to have been for some time so over-
whelmed by the magnificence of ancient
art, by wliich he saw himself surrounded,
as to have broken up not a few of his
earlier works as soon as they were com-
pleted. His Jason once finished, his
fortune was virtually made ; orders at
vast prices poured in upon him from all
parts, and the splendid works completed
by him from the commencement of 1800
to the close of 1837, place him in the first
rank of modern sculptors. His coun-
trymen were justly proud of him, and
honored him with a public funeral. D.
1844, aged 73.
THUCYDIDES, a Greek historian,
descended from the kings of Thrace,
was b. 469 b. q., at Athens. Having
failed to relieve Amphipolis, which was
besieged by the Lacedemonians, he was
banished by his countrymen, and he
retired into Thrace, where he had large
possessions. Nothing certain is known
of the remainder of his life, but he is
supposed to have d. about 400 b. o. As
an historian he ranks high among the
writers of ancient times.
THUELOE, John, a statesman and
political writer, was a native of Essex,
and b. in 1616. He was secretary of
state during the protectorate ; and
though immediately after the restora-
tion he was arrested on a charge of high
treason, yet such was Charles IL's opin-
ion of his talent and integrity, that he
afterwards often invited liim to take
part in his administration, which he
thought proper to decline. D. 1668.
His state papers have been published,
and form a very valuable collection.
THUKLOW, Edward, lord high chan-
cellor of Great Britain, was b. in 1732,
and was called to the bar in 1758. He
filled the offices of solicitor-general and
attorney-general, was chosen M.P. for
Tamworth, and became a warm and
powerful supporter of the ministry in
the house of commons. He retired irora
office in 1783, but resumed it again on
the dissolution of the coalition ministry,
and continued to hold the Meals under
the premiership of Mr. Pitt, till 1792.
D. 1806.
TIBERIUS, Claudius Drusus Nero,
a Roman emperor, was b. 34 b. c. at
Rome. During the reign of Augustus,
he was successful at the head of the ar-
mies in Spain, Armenia, Germany, and
other provinces, but, falling into dis
grace, he resided for some years, as an
exile, at Rhodes. He was, however,
restored to favor, and he was again vic-
torious as the leader of the legions in
Germany. On his accession to the
throne, his acts gave promise of a be-
neficent sovereign ; but he soon became
licentious and sanguinary, and, after a
reign of nearly twenty-three years, he
d. universally hated, at Misneum, 37.
TIBULLUS, AuLus Albius, a Latin
poet of an equestrian family, was b. at
Rome. He was the friend of Horace,
and of many other eminent cotempora-
ries, and is believed to have d. shortly
after Virgil. His four books of " Ele-
gies" have placed him at the head of
the elegiac poets.
TICKELL, Thomas, a poet, was b. in
1636, at Bridekirk, in Cumberland ; was
educated at Queen's college, Oxford ;
was the friend of Addison, who made
him under secretary of state ; was ap-
pointed, in 1724, secretary to the lords
justices in Ireland, and held that office
till his death, in 1740. His poems,
which have much sweetness and ele-
gance, form a part of the collected works
of the British poets. His translation of
the first book of the Iliad occasioned tlie
rupture between Pope and Addison. —
Richard, a grandson of the foregoing,
was b. at Bath ; obtained a pension and
a place in the stamp office, and was
killed, in 1793, by throwing himself, in
a fit of frenzy, from the window of his
apartments in Hampton-court palace.
He wrote two poems, "The Project,"
and " The Wreath of Fashion ;" « An-
ticipation," and other political pam-
phlets ; and the " Carnival of Venice,"
a comic opera.
tin]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
775
TIEDEMANN, Dietrich, an eminent
writer, was b. 1748, at Bremervorde, in
the duchy of Bremen, and d. 1803. His
grinci pal works are, "An Essay on the
'riijin of Languages," "System of the
Stoic Philosophy," an " Investigation
of Man," "The first Philosophers of
Greece," and " The Spirit of Speculative
Philosophy."
TIEDGE, Christopher Augustus, a
German elegiac poet, b. 1752 ; his chief
works are, "Urania," "The Echo, or
Alexis and Ida," "Denkmale der Zeit,"
&c. His latter years were passed at
Dresden. D. 1841.
TIEENEY, George, a distinguished
statesman and political writer, was b. in
London, 1756, and, in 1796, he was
elected M.P. for Southwark. He soon
proved himself an able debater, and was
one of the most formidable opponents
of Mr. Pitt. During a debate in the
year 1798, some words spoken in the
house were the cause of a duel between
him and Mr. Pitt. When Mr. Adding-
ton became minister, in 1802, he made
Mr. Tierney treasurer of the navy. In
1806, under the Grenville administra-
tion, he became president of the board
of control, but went out of office early in
the following year, on the resignation
of the ministry. On the formation of
the Canning ministry, he was appointed
to the mastership of the mint ; from
which he retired, with Lord Goderich,
in 1828, and d. 1830.
TILGHAM, William, an eminent
jurist, was b. 1756, in Talbot county, on
the eastern shore of Maryland. In 1772
he began the study of law in Philadel-
phia, but was not admitted to the prac-
tice of the profession till 1783. In 1788,
and for some successive years, he was
elected a representative to the legislature
of Maryland. In 1793 he returned to
Philadelphia, and pursued the practice
of the law in that city till 1801, when he
was appointed chief judge of the circuit
court of the United States for the third
circuit. After the abolition of this court,
he resumed his profession, and contin-
ued it till 1805, when he was appointed
president of the courts of common pleas
m the first district of Pennsylvania. In
the following year he was commissioned
as chief justice of the supreme court of
that state. D. 1827.
TILLI, John Tzerclaes, count de, a
celebrated German general, was b. at
Brussels, of an illustrious family, to-
wards the close of the 16th century.
Originally he was a Jesuit, but he quit-
ted that order to take arms. He first
signalized himself in Hungary against
the Turks. Subsequently he rose to
high command in the Bavarian service,
and next in the Imperial, and gained
several victories between 1620 and 1631 •
in which last j'^ear he eternally disgraced
himself by his cruelty at the storming
of Magdeburgh. Gustavus Adolphus
defeated him at Lutzen, in 1631, and
again at the passing of the Lech, in
1632, in which action Tilli was mortally
wounded.
TILLOCH, Alexander, was b. 1757,
at Glasgow, where he received a liberal
education. While resident at his native
Elace he invented stereotype printing;
ut, after having joined witn Mr. Foulia
to carry it on, and taken out a patent,
he had the mortification to find that the
process had been previously discovered
oy Ged. Settling ni London, he became
editor and one of the proprietors of the
"Star" newspaper, and, m 1797, he es-
tablished the " Philosophical Magazine."
D. Jan. 26, 1825. Tilloch made some
improvements on the steam-engine.
TILLOTSON, John, an eminent pre-
late, was b. 1630, at Sowerby, in York-
shire, and was educated at Clare hall,
Cambridge. He was of a Puritan family,
and was brought up in their religious
principles, but he conformed to the
church in 1662. Between that period
and 1669, he was, successively, curate
of Cheshunt, rector of Keddington,
preacher in Lincoln's Inn, lecturer at
St. Lawrence Jewry, and gained repu-
tation both as a preacher and a con-
troversialist. In 1670 he was Kiade a
prebendary, and, two years afterwards,
dean of Canterbury. In 1683 he attend-
ed Lord Russell on the scaffold, and la-
bored, but, of course, in vain, to draw
from him a declaration in favor of pas-
sive obedience. This blot in his charac-
ter is to be regretted. At the revolution,
he was appointed clerk of the closet to
his majesty, and, in the following year,
he exchanged his deanery for that of St.
Paul's. In 1691, after fruitless attempts
to avoid the honor, he accepted, with
unfeigned reluctance, the see of Canter-
bury, which was become vacant by the
deprivation of Sanoroft. This promo-
tion, however, he did not long survive,
as his decease took place in 1694. He
died poor, the copyright of his " Post-
humous Sermons," which sold for 2500
guineas, being all that his family inherit-
ed. His works form three folio volumes.
TIND AL, Matthew, a deistical writer,
was b. about 1657, at Beer Ferrers, in
Devonshire; was educaffed at Lincoln
Ttd
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
TOM
collei^e, Oxford, and obtained a teiiow-
Bhip in All Souls, and d. 1783. Among
his works are, " The Eights of the Chris-
tian Church Asserted," and "Christian-
ity as old as the Creation." — Nicholas,
nephew of the foregoing, was b. 1687, in
Devonshire ; was educated at Oxford ;
obtained various livings, and the chap-
lainship of Greenwich hospital ; and d.
1774. He wrote a continuation of Kapin,
translated Calmet and Cantemir, and
abridged Spence's "Polymetis."
TINTORETTO, a celebrated painter,
whose real name was James Kobusti,
was the son of a dyer, from which cir-
cumstance he derived his pictorial ap-
pellation. He was b. 1512, at Venice,
and was a pupil of Titian, who became
jealous of his talents, and dismissed
him from his school. He rose to high
reputation, and was employed by the
Venetian government to paint a picture
of the victory gained over the Turks in
1571. Most of his finest compositions
are at Venice, where he d. 1594.
TIRABOSCHI, Jerome, an Italian
writer, was b. 1731, at Bergamo, and d.
1794, counsellor and librarian to the
duke of Modena. Among his works
are, "Memoirs of Modenese Writers,"
and " Notices of Painters, Sciilptors,"
&c., but his great production is "The
History of Italian Literature."
TISSOT, Simon Andrew, an eminent
Swiss physician, was b. 1728, at Grancy,
in the Pays de Vaud ; studied medicine
at Montpellier ; and settled at Lausanne,
where he became celebrated, particularly
for hi% new method of treating the
small-pox ; was for three years medical
professor at Pavia; and d. 1797, at Lau-
sanne.
TITIAN, whose name was Tiziano
Vegelli, the greatest painter of the Ve-
netian school, was b. 1477 or 1480, at
Pieve de Cadore, in Friuli ; was a pupil
of Zuecati and Bellini ; and improved
his original style by observing the works
of Giorgione. He was patronized and
highly honored by Charles V., Philip II.,
and other princes. His powers contin-
ued undiminished till almost the latest
period of his existence, and, as he was
indefatigable in his art, and hved to the
age of nearly a hundred, his works are
numerous. They still retain their rank
among the highest efforts of pictorial
iskill. I), of the plague, 1576.
TITUS SABINUS VESPASIANUS,
Flavius, a Roman emperor, the son of
Vespasian, was b. 40. Afler having dis-
tinguished himself in arms, particularly
at the siege oPJerusalem, he ascended
the throne a. d. 79. His early licen-
tiousness inspired feais as to his future
conduct, but he discarded his vices, and
acted in such a manner as to be denom-
inated the delight of the human- race.
He was the father of his people. On
one occasion, having within the twenty-
four hours performed no act of kind-
ness, he exclaimed, " My friends, I have
lost a day !" He reigned little more
than two Vears.
TOBIN, John, a dramatic writer, was
b.*l770, at Sahsbury; was educated at
private schools at Southampton and
Bristol ; and was brought up as a solici-
tor. He had an irresistible propensity
to dramatic composition, and at the age
of twenty-four had written several plays ;
and he continued his labors till the close
of his existence. In his applications to
theatrical managers, howevei, ^^e was
uniformly unsuccessful ; little to the
credit of their judg'ment. It was not
till he was sinking into the grave from
consumption that his " Honey Moon"
was accepted, and he did not live to wit-
ness its success. D. 1804.
TOLAND, John, a deistical writer,
was b. in 1699, near Londonderry; was
originally a Catholic, but became a dis-
senter, and, lastly, a skeptic; was ed-
ucated at Glasgow, Edinburgh, and
Leyden; was employed in secret mis-
sions to the German courts ; and d.
1722. Among his works are, " Christi-
anity not Mysterious," " Nazarenus,"
" Pantheisticon," " Amyntor," " Tetra-
dymus," and " A Life of Milton."
TOMLINE, George, whose family
name was Prettyman, a prelate and
writer, was b. about 1750, at Bury St.
Edmund's, where his father was a
tradesman. He was educated at Bury
school, and at Pembroke hall, Cam-
bridge, and was senior wrangler in 1772.
Mr. Pitt, to whom he had been academ-
ical tutor, made him his private secre-
tary, gave him the living of Sudbury,
and a prebend of Westminster, and, in
1787, raised him to the see of Lincoln,
whence, in 1820, Dr. Tomline was trans-
lated to that of Winchester. D. 1827.
TOMPKINS, Daniel D., was the son
of Jonathan G. Tompkins, a revolution-
ary patriot, and was b. June 21st, 1774.
He received his education at Columbia
college, in the city of New York, and
graduated in 1795. He commenced the
practice of law in New York, and took
a prominent part in the great party
struggle which resulted in the elevation
of Mr. Jefferson to the presidency of the
United States. In 1803 Mr. Tompkins
tor]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
777
was appointed chief justice of the su-
gerior court of New York, which office
e filled with reputation to himself, and
to the approbation of the public. He
was elected governor of the state in
1807, and during a period of great polit-
ical excitement, was an active and up-
right chief magistrate. In 1817 he was
elected to the vice-presidency of the
United States, James Monroe at the
same time having been raised to the
presidency. In tliis honorable station
he served his country for two terms ;
and finally retired from public life, in
March, 1825. He d. suddenly, at his
residence, in Richmond county, Staten
Island, June 11th, 1825.
TONE, Theobald Wolfe, an Irish
revolutionary politician, and founder of
the " Society of United Irishmen," was
b. in Dublin, in 1763, and was bred to
the bar. In 1790 he published a pam-
phlet, the object of which was to expose
the mismanagement of the English gov-"
ernment regarding Ireland; and, in
1793, he established the society above
mentioned. He afterwards became in-
volved in a treasonable correspondence
with France, but made a sort of com-
promise with the British government,
and was allowed to withdraw himself.
He accordingly came to America in
1795, from whence he proceeded to
France in the following year. By his
persuasions, the French directory fitted
out an expedition, consisting of 17 sail
of the line, 13 frigates, &c., with 14,000
troops on board, and upwards of 40,000
stand of arms, besides artillery and war-
like stores. Tone was appointed chef
de brigade, under General Hoche, the
commander-in-chief. They set saiLDec.
15, 1796 ; but, before they had all reach-
ed their destination, (Bantry bay,) a
hurricane arose, in consequence of which
three ships of the line and a frigate only
remained together. This bold attempt
being thus frustrated by the elements,
the scattered ships made the best of
their way back to France, and Xone was
foiled in all his future endeavors to per-
suade the French government to under-
take another expedition on a large scale.
But he still persevered in those plans
which he conceived would lead to a sep-
aration of Ireland from Great Britain ;
and he at length embarked in one of
those petty armaments, the inefficiency
of which, he thought, perhaps, might
be remedied by his own courage and ex-
perience. He was taken Y>risoner in the
Hoche, after fighting bravely in a des-
♦>erate action, was tried by a military
commission, and sentenced to be hanged.
The execution of his sentence, however,
he avoided, by cutting his own throat in
prison, November 19, 1798.
TOOKE, John Horne, a politician
and philologist, who for many years was
known by his family name of Home,
was b. 1730, in Westminster ; was edu-
cated at Westminster and Eton schools,
and at St. John's college, Cambridge ;
and in 1760 was inducted to the chapelry
of New Brentford. The clerical profes-
sion, however, was little suited to his
habits and feelino^s, and he took an ac-
tive part in politics. The cause of
Wilkes he warmly espoused for a con-
siderable time, but at length they be-
came enemies. In 1771 he was attacked
by Junius, but he defended himself
with spirit and success against that for-
midable writer. Eesigning his living at
Brentford, he studied law at the Temple,
but his ecclesiastical character proved
an obstacle to his being admitted to the
bar. In 1775 he was sentenced to im-
prisonment on a charge of having libelled
the king's troops in America. Out of
this circumstance arose his Letter to
Dunning, which formed the basis of his
subsequent philological work, " The
Diversions of Purley," pubHshed in
1786. In 1790, and 1796, he stood, in-
effectually, as candidate for Westmin-
ster; and in 1794 he was one of the
persons who were tried at the Old Bailey,
and acquitted, on a charge of treason.
In 1801 he was returned to parliament
for Old Sarum ; but he sat only during
that session, a bill being passed to pre-
vent individuals in orders from sitting
in future. D. 1812.
TOPLADY, Augustus Montague, an
eminent Calvinistic divine, was b. in
1740, at Farnham, in Surrey ; was edu-
cated at Westminster school, and at
Trinity college, Dublin ; and d. 1778,
vicar of Broad Hembury, in Devonshire.
Toplady was a strenuous opponent of
Wesley,
TORQUEMADA, Thomas de, the
first inquisitor-general of Spain, a man
infamous for his barbarity, was b. in
1420 ; was a monk of the order of St.
Dominic ; became inquisitor-general in
1483 ; and d. in 1498. In the course of
sixteen years he gave to the flames no
less than 8,800 victims, besides execu-
ting nearly as many in effigv, condemn-
ing 90,000 to perpetual imprisonment
and other severe punishments, and ex-
pelline from Spain above 800,000 Jews.
TORRICELLI, Evangelista, a cel-
ebrated Italian geometrician, was b. in
778
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[trb
1608, at Modigliana, or, as some assert,
at Piancaldoli; began his education un-
der the Jesuits at Faenza, and completed
it at Kome ; was invited to Florence by
Galileo ; and succeeded that eminent
man as professor of mathematics. The
grand-duke also appointed him his
mathematician. D. 1647.
TOEEINGTON, George Byno, Vis-
count, a British admiral, was b. 1668, in
Kent ; became a rear-admiral in 1703 ;
and, during the reign of Queen Anne,
distinguished himself at the taking of
Gibraltar, the battle of Malaga, and the
relieving of Barcelona. In 1718 he de-
feated the Spanish fleet of Sicily ; in
1721 he was created a viscount; and
was afterwards appointed first lord of the
admiralty. D. 1733.
TOUSSAINT L'OUVERTUKE, a
negro of great talents, was b. in 1743, in
St. Dommgo. His early years were
spent in slavery on the estate of Count
Noe. When the blacks threw off the
yoke, the abilities and courage of Tous-
saint soon raised him to the highest
rank among them. By his wise meas-
ures he succeeded in expelling the En-
glish, reducing the Spanish part of the
island, and restoring peace and order in
the colony ; for which the central as-
sembly of St. Domingo raised him the
dignity of governor and president for
life. Anxious to recover so valuable a
possession, Bonaparte, in 1801, dis-
patched General Leclerc with a lar^e
army. A desperate contest ensued, m
■which Toussaint was overcome. He
was sent a prisoner to France, and d. in
the fort of Joux, 1803.
TRADESCANT, John, a Dutch nat-
uralist, who, after visiting various parts
of Europe, settled in England, estab-
lished at Lambeth a garden of exotics,
and was appointed gardener to Charles
I. He d. about 1652. — John, his son,
who d. in 1662, published, with the
title of " Museum Tradescantium," a
description of his father's collection of
curiosities. The flower called Trades-
cantia was brought from Virginia by
the latter.
TRAJAN, Marcus Ulpius CRiNirrs,
a Roman emperor, surnamed Optimcs,
was b. A. D. 52, at Italica, in Spain.
After having distinguished himself at
the head of the legions in Lower Ger-
many, he was, at the age of 42, adopted
by Nerva. On the death of that monarch,
A. D. 98, Trajan was invested with the
imperial purple. The adoption of Norva
and the choice of the senate were justi-
fied by the conduct of the emperor. Tu
his civil capacity he ruled for the wel-
fare of his people ; in his military char-
acter he sustamed the glory of Rome
by defeating the Dacians, Parthians,
Arabians, Armenians, and Persians.
The column which bears his name was
raised in the Roman capital to com-
memorate his victories. D. 117.
TRENCK, Frederic, baron de, a
Prussian officer, celebrated for his ad-
ventures, was b. 1726, at Koenigsber^,
and made such rapid progress in his
studies, that, at the age of 17, he was
presented to the king, as the most re-
markable student in the university.
Frederic rapidly advanced him in the
army, and manifested much regard for
him ; but the personal and mental ac-
complishments of Trenck having won
the neart of the Princess Amelia, the
monarch, her brother, resolved to punish
him. Trenck was confined at Glatz, but
contrived to escape. He then visited
the north of Europe, Austria, and Italy.
In 1758 he was seized at Dantzic, and
was conveyed to Magdebargh, where,
loaded with irons, he was incarcerated
for nearly ten years in a horrible dun-
geon. After his liberation he withdrew
to Vienna. He was subsequently a wine
merchant at Aix-la-Chapelle, and a cul-
tivator of his estate in Hungary. In
1791 he settled in France, and in 1794
he closed his eventful career under the
axe of the guillotine. He wrote his own
"Memoirs," and some other works of
considerable merit.
TRESHAM, Henry, a painter and
poet, was b. in Ireland, and imbibed the
Erinciples of art from West, of Dublin.
[e accompanied Lord Cawdor to Italy,
and resided for fourteen years in that
country. On his return to England he
became a royal academician. He wrote
three poems, " The Seasick Minstrel,"
" Rome at the close of the Eighteenth
Century," and " Britannicus to Bona-
parte." D. 1814.
TREVETT, Samuel R., a surgeon in
the army of the United States, was b. at
Marblehead, Massachusetts, in 1783, and
was graduated at Harvard college. After
studying the profession of medicine, he
commenced practice in Boston, but being
naturally of a chivalrous cast of char
acter, he sought and obtained an ap-
pointment in the medical department
of the navy. He was in the Constitution
during her cruise before the last war,
on board the United States when she
captured the Macedonian, and was in
the President when she was captured
by the British fleet. He distinguished
TRU]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
779
himself very much by his intrepid con-
duct when a passenger in the steamboat
Phoenix, which was burned on Lalte
Champlain, in September, 1819. After
the war he had been appointed surgeon
of the Navy Yard at Charlestown, and
in 1822 he was stationed as siirgeon on
board the sloop of war Peacock, bound
on a summer cruise to the West Indies.
He was seized with the yellow fever,
and d. at Norfolk in November of that
year.
TRIBONIAN, a celebrated juriscon-
sult, was b. about the beginning of the
sixth century, at Sida, in Pamphylia ;
obtained reputation at the bar, and rose,
through a succession of state offices, to
those of preetorian prefect and consul.
Justinian intrusted to him the superin-
tendence of the compiling of his new
code of laws. This task was begun in
530 and completed in 534. Tribonian,
whose rapacity and venality were at
least equal to his talents, d. about 547.
TRIMMER, Sarah, an active and in-
telligent female, the daughter of Kirby,
who wrote on Perspective, was b. in
1741, at Ipswich, and d. 1810.
TRISSINO, John George, an Italian
poet, was b. in 1478, at Vicenza ; was
educated at Rome and Mihui, und had
Chalcondyles for one of his tutors ; was
employed by Leo X. and his successor
Clement on various diplomatic missions ;
and d. in 1550. Among his works are,
" The Dt-liverance of Italy from the
Goths," an epic poem ; and the tragedy
of " Sophonisba.''
TROMP, Martix Herbertsox, a cel-
ebrated Dutch admiral, was b. 15i)7, at
Brill ; began his naval career at an early
age ; defeated the Spaniards in 1637 and
and 1639 ; fought with great gallantry
against the English, during the war
which began in 1652 ; and was killed in
an engagement in 1653. — Nicholas, his
Bon, who was b. 1629, and d. 1697, emu-
lated the fame of his father, particularly
in the four days' action in the Downs,
in 1666.
TROWBRIDGE, Edmund, a learned
jurist, was b. at Newton, in 1709, and
was graduated at Harvai d college. He
pursued the profession of the law, rose
to distinction, in 1749 was appointed
attorney-general, and a judge of the su-
preme jourt of Massachusetts in 1767.
In 1772 he resigned his seat on the
bench, and d. in retirement, in 1793.
TRUMBULL, John, the author of
" McFingal," was b. in Connecticut, in
1750, and was educated at Yale college,
where he entered at a very early age.
In 1772 he published the first part of
his poem, "The Progress of Dulnoss."
In the following year he was admitted
to the bar in Connecticut, and, removing
to Boston, continued his legal studies in
the office of John Adams. He returned
to his native state in 1774, and com-
menced practice at New Haven. The
first part of " McFingal" was published
at Philadelphia, in 1775 : the poem was
completed and published in 1782, at
Hartford, where the author at that time
lived. More than thirty editions of this
work have been printed. In 1739 he
was appointed state-attorney for the
county of Hartford, and in 1801 was ap-
pointed a judge of the superior court of
errors, and held this appointment till
1819. In 1825 he removed to Detroit,
where he d. 1831. — Jonathan, governor
of Connecticut, was b. at Lebanon, in
1710, and graduated at Harvard college
at the early age of 17. He early engaged
in public affairs, and served his native
colony in many important offices. In
1769 he was elected governor, which
office he discharged with great skill and
prudence for fourteen years, embracing
the whole period of the revolution. In
his official station he enjoyed the confi-
dence of Washington, and the other
sages and patriots of that eventful pe-
riod. D. 1785. — Jonathan, a son of the
preceding, was b. at Lebanon, 1740, and
was educated at Harvard college, where
he graduated in 1759. For several suc-
ceeding years he resided in his native
town ; but when the revolution com-
menced, he was found among the fore-
most in defence of his country's rights.
In 1775 he was appointed paymaster to
the northern department of the army,
and continued in that office until the
close of the campaign of 1783. He was
soon afterwards attached to the family
of Washington, in the capacity of secre-
tary and first aid. He enjoyed, in an
eminent degree, the confidence and
friendship of the commander-in-chief,
with whom he continued until the close
of the war. In 1789 he was a member
of congress, and for ten years repre-
sented his native state in that body, in
the house of representatives, of which
he was some years speaker, and in the
senate. In 1798 he was elected governor
of Connecticut, and filled that office
until his death, 1809. — John, a son of
the preceding, was b. at Lebanon, 1756,
and early in life served as an aid to Gen,
Washington. He was rapidly promoted,
but quitted the army in 1777, when h»
applied himself to paintinar visited Eu-
780
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[tur
rope to get the instructions of West, and
rose to the highest rank in liis profes-
sion. His great national pictures, some
of whftjh adorn the Capitol at Washing-
ton, and others are at Yale college, are
valuable historical njonuments. D. in
1843.
TEUXTON, Thomas, an officer in the
American navy, was b. on Long Island,
in 1755. In 1775 he commanded a ves-
sel, and distinguished himself by his
depredations on British commerce du-
ring the revolution. He subsequently
engaged in commerce, till the year 1794,
when he was appointed to the frigate
Constitution. In 1799 he captured the
French frigate L'Insurgente ; and in
the following year he obtained a victory
over the La Vengeance. On the close
of the French war he retired from the
navy, and d. at Philadelphia, in 1822.
TUCKER, Abraham, a metaphysical
writer, b. in 1705, in London, was the
son of a merchant, and was educated at
Bishop Stortford school, and Merton
college, Oxford. He studied for a while
at the Inner Temple, but was not called
to the bar. D. 1774. His great work
is, " The Light of Nature pursued," in
seven volumes octavo, of wliich the first
half was published by himself, under
the fictitious name of Edward Search. —
St. Geokge, an American lawyer and
statesman, distinguished by the title of
" The American Blackstone," was a
zealous promoter of the independence
of the United States, and bore a part in
its accomplishment, not only with his
pen, but his sword. D. 1828.
TUCKERMAN, Joseph, an eminent
philanthropist of Boston, who devoted
his life to the ministry of the poor, in
which he displayed equal benevolence
and judgment. D. 1840.
TUDOR, William, a man of letters,
was b. in the state of Massachusetts,
and was graduated at Harvard college
in 1796. He soon after visited Europe
and passed several years there. After
having been some time a member of the
legislature of his native state, he was
appointed, in 1823, consul at Lima, and
for the ports of Peru. In 1827 he was
appointed charge-d' affaires of the United
States at the court of Brazil. D. at Rio
dc Janeiro, 1830. Mr. Tudor was the
founder, and for two years the sole
editor of the " North American Review."
He was the author of "Letters on the
Eastern States," and a " Life of James
Otis," and left a number of volumes in
manuscript, nearly prepared for the
press.
TULL, Jethro, an agricultural writer,
was b. about 1680 ; studied at one or
the universities and* the Temple, and
was admitted a barrister ; but, on re-
turning from his travelsj he settled on
his estate, and devoted himself to agri-
culture. D. 1740.
TURENNE, Henrt de la Tour
D'AuvERONE, viscount de, a consum-
mate general, second son of the duke
of Bouillon, was b. in 1611, at Sedan ;
had from his childhood an irresistible
propensity to a military life; and was
initiated in the art of war by five years'
hard service under his uncles, Maurice
of Nassau and Prince Frederic Henry.
On his returning to France a regiment
was given to him. He displayed such
talent in Lorraine, Germany, Italy, and
Roussillon, that, anxious to fix him in
his interests, Mazarin gave him the
marshal's staff in 1644. tn 1645 he was
defeated at Mariendahl, but was soon
amply avenged by the victory of Nord-
lingen. During the war of the Fronde,
he at first espoused the cause of the
Erinces, and was beaten at Rhetel ;
ut, having rejoined the royal party, he
was more successful in the battles of
Gien and the suburb of St. Antoine.
In the war against the Spaniards, from
1654 to 1659, he gained the battle of the
Downs, and a variety of other advan-
tages. He now enjoyed some years of
repose, during which he abandoned the
fiiith of his fathers, and became a Cath-
olic. In the campaign of 1672 all the
other marshals .employed were placed
under his orders. Between that period
and 1675 he compelled the elector of
Brandenburg to sign a peace, gained the
battle of Sintzheim, and, by a movement
of the most masterly kind, expelled the
Imperialists from Alsace, and drove
them over the Rhine. He sullied his
glory, however, by his barbarous con-
uct in the Palatinate, which country
he utterly devastated by fire and sword.
In 1675 he was opposed, to Montecuculi,
and the game of war was never played
with greater skill than by the two gen-
erals. Turenne believed that he had at
length found a favorable opportunity of
attacking his enemy, when he was
killed, July 27, 1675, 'by a cannon-ball,
and the consequence of his death was
the immediate retreat of the French.
TURGOT, Anne Robert James, a
French statesman, was b. 1727, at Paris.
He studied at the Sorbonne, and was
intended for the church, but relinquish-
ed the clerical profession, and was made
master of requests. In 1761 he was ap-
t^t]
CrClpPJEDiA OF BIOGRAPHY.
781.
pointed intendant of Limoges, which
office he held for twelve years, greatly
to the advantage of the inhabitants of
the Limousin. In 1774 he was made
comptroller-general of the finances ; but
his benevolent views were thwarted by
intrigues, and he was removed in 1776.
He d. in 1781. His works form nine
volumes octavo.
TURNER, William, an English nat-
uralist of the 16th century, was b. at
Morphet, in Northumberland ; was edu-
cated at Pembroke hall, Cambridge ; and
d. in 1568, dean of Wells. He wrote,
among other things, " A History of
Plants," which is the earliest English
herbal. — Shakon, the well-known his-
torian of the An^lo-Saxons, was b. in
London, 1768. He was principally edu-
cated at Pentonville, and having chosen
the law for his profession, he was arti-
cled to an attorney in the Temple at the
age of 15. The death of his master be-
fore his articles of clerkship were ex-
pired left him free to decide on his
future career ; but at the suggestion of
an old client, who promised him sup-
port, he took up the business, and not-
withstanding the great amount of time
occupied by his literary pursuits, he
continued to conduct a large profes-
sional business, which he transmitted
to his family. His chief works, or rather
series of works, (for they were published
separately,) are, the " History of En-
gland from the earliest Period to the
Death of Elizabeth," and the " Sacred
History of the World ;" they have been
repeatedly reprinted, and may be now
said to form part of the standard litera-
ture of the country. Shortly before his
death he published a poem, entitled
" Richard III." D. 1847.— Daniel, a
commodore in the TJ. S. navy, who gave
gallant aid to Perry in the battle of Lake
Erie. The state of New York presented
him a sword in testimony of honor for
his services. D. 1850.
TWISS, RicHAKD, an English trav-
eller, was b. in 1747, at Rotterdam. He
was a man of fortune, and spent several
years in visiting various parts of the
Continent. He d." in 1821, at an advanced
age. Among his works are, "Travels
through Spain and Portugal," "A Tour
in Ireland," " A Trip to Paris in 1792,"
"Anecdotes of Chess," and "Miscel-
lanies." His illiberal attack on the na-
tives of Ireland drew on him a severe
literary chastisement from the Iris^
66
poet Preston. — Horace, a distinguished
member of the British parliament, and
a prolific writer, who held several polit-
ical appointments, and wrote the life of
Lord Eldon. He was vice-chancellor in
1844. D. 1849.
TYLER, RoYALL, a lawyer and mis-
cellaneous writer, was b. in Boston, and
graduated at Harvard college in 1776.
In 1790 he removed his residence to
Vermont, and soon distinguished him-
self in his profession of law. For six
years he was an associate judge of the
supreme court of that state, and for six
years more chief justice. He was the
author . of several dramatic nieces ot
considerable merit ; a novel called " The
Algerine Captive," and numerous pieces
in prose and verse published in the
" Farmer's Museum," when edited by
Dennie. In addition to these he pub-
lished two volumes, entitled "Vermont
Reports." D. 1825.
TYRT^US, a Greek poet, who flour-
ished about 684 b. c, is said to have
been a native of Miletus, and to have
settled at Athens. He was lame, and
blind of one eye. Defeated by the Mes-
senians, the Spartans applied for a gen-
eral to the Athenians, wno, in derision,
sent Tyrtseus, to them. The bard, how-
ever, so inspired the Spartans by his
warlike songs that they were victorious.
Some fragments of his battle strains are
extant.
TYTLER, William, an historical and
miscellaneous writer, was b. in 1711, at
Edinburgh, was educated at the gram-
mar school and university of his native
city, followed the profession of a soli-
citor, and d. 1792. His principal work
is " An Historical and Critical Inquiry
into the Evidence produced against
Mary, Queen of Scots." — Alexander
Eraser, son of the foregoing, was b. in
1747, at Edinburgh, in which city he
was educated. After having been pro-
fessor of universal history, at the uni-
versity, and deputy judge advocate for
Scotland, he was appointed a senator of
the college of justice in 1802, on which
occasion he took the title of Lord Wood-
houselee. In 1811 he was appointed a
commissioner of judiciary. Among his
works are, " Decisions of the Court of
Sessions," " A Treatise on Military
Law," "Elements of General History,"
" An Essay on Translation," " An Es-
say on the Life of Petrarch," and
" Memoirs of Lord Karnes." D. 1818.
7»3
CYCLOPEDIA OF lUOGRAPHY.
[VAI
u.
ULLOA, Don Anthont de, an able
Spanish naval officer and mathematician,
was b. 1716, at Seville, entered the navy
in 1733, and at the age of only 19 was
chosen as one of the scientific characters
who were appointed to measure a de-
gree of the meridian of Peru. He was
ten years a resident in South America.
After his return he rose to high rank in
the navy, and was employed in various
important offices by the government.
Spain is indebted to him for many im-
portant improvements. D. 1795. He
published his " Travels," and a physico-
historical work on South America.
ULPHILAS, or WUULFILAS, a
Gothic bishop, who flourished about
the middle of the 4th century. He
was deputed by the G-oths, in 377, to
obtain leave from the Emperor Valens
to settle in one of the Koman provinces.
His decease is supposed to have taken
f)lace in the following year. He trans-
ated the " Gospels," and some other
f)arts of the Scriptures, into the Gothic
anguage.
ULPIAN, DoMmus, an eminent Ro-
man civilian, was tutor to the Emperor
Alexander Severus, who made him his
secretary, and afterwards praetorian pre-
fect. Having disobliged the soldiery by
his reforms, Ulpian was murdered by
them in 228. Some fragments of his
works are extant.
UNDERHILL, John, one of the ear-
liest settlers of Massachusetts, was sent
by Sir Henry Vane to command the
troops at Say brook in 1637. He was
engaged in the expedition against the
Pequots, and displayed great valor and
enterprise. In 1641 he was elected gov-
ernor of Exeter Dover. Removing to
New York, he d. at Medford.
URFE, HoNORius d', a French writer,
was b. 1557, at Marseilles, distinguished
himself as a soldier durino^ the wars of
the league, and as a negotiator at Turin
and Venice, and d. in 1625. He is the
author of the romance of " Astrea,"
which was once exceedingly popular in
France, but is now completely forgotten.
— His brother, the count de Lyon, wrote
a volume of sonnets, with the title of
" Diana."
USHER, James, a divine and histo-
rian, was b. 1580, at Dublin, and was
educated at Trinity college, in that city.
In 1601, he took orders, m 1620 he was
made bishop of Meath, and, in 1624, was
raised to the archbishopric of Armagh.
The rebellion in Ireland drove him from
his see, and deprived him of every thing
but his library. To the cause of Charles
I. he was warmly attached. He d. in
1656, at Ryegate, in Surrey. Usher ia
the author of many learned works,
among which may be mentioned, " De
Ecclesiarum Christianarum Successione
et Statu," " Britannicarum Ecclesiarum
Antiquitates," " Annals of the Old and
New Testament," and "Chronologia
Sacra.
V.
VADE, John Joseph, a French writer
of broad farces and songs, was b. 1720,
at Ham, in Picardy. His career was cut
short, in 1757, hj the consequences of
the dissipation in which he had spent
his early youth. He was the first who
introduced on the stage the coarse but
emphatic slang language of the Parisian
mob.
VAILLANT, John Foi, a celebrated
French numismatist, was b. 1632, at
Beauvais, and was brought up as a phy-
sician. To the study of medals he was
first led by a farmer bringing him some
which he had found ; and he pursued it
eagerly and successfully. Employed by
Colbert to collect medals for the king's
cabinet, Vaillant made numerous visits
to Italy, Sicily, and Greece. In one of
his voyages, being pursued by an Al-
gerine pirate, he swallowed twenty
scarce gold medals, to save them from
the pursuers. D. 1706. — Sebastian, an
eminent botanist, b. 1669, at Vigny, near
Pontoise. Under his father, who was
an organist, he when a child acquired a
proficiency in music; but he quitted
music for the study of surgery. The
lectures of Tournefort, at Paris, revived
Vaillant's early predilection for botany,
and to that science he devoted himself.
D. 1722.
val]
CYCLOPAEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
78S
VALCKENAER, Louis Gaspar, one
of the most able of modern philologists
and critics, was b. 1715, at Leenwarden,
in Friesland, and studied at Franeker
and Leyden, at which latter university
he d. in 1785, professor of natural his-
tory, and of the Greek language and
antiquities. Among his works are edi-
tions of various classical productions.
His "Opuscula" were published in
1809.
VALDO, Peter, the founder of the
sect called the Vaudois, or Waldenaes,
was b. in the 12th century, at Vaux, in
Dauphiny, and acquired a considerable
fortune as a merchant at Lyons. The
sudden death of a friend produced such
an effect upon his mind, that he dis-
tributed all his property to the poor, and
began to translate the Bible, and explain
it to them. He also taught that the laity
had the same right as the clergy to
preach and administer the sacraments.
The general council of Lateran, in 1179,
condemned his doctrines, and he and
his followers were obliged to take refuge
in the mountains of Dauphiny and Pied-
mont, where, for a long period, they
were brutally persecuted. A remnant
of them still exists in Piedmont.
VALENS, Flavius, a Roman em-
peror, the son of Gratian, count of Af-
rica, was b. about 328, in Pannonia. In
364 he was admitted by his brother Va-
lentinian to a share in the imperial
authority, and he took the government
of the East. After having defeated the
Persians and Goths, he suffered the
latter to settle in Lower Moesia. They,
however, revolted, and Valens was de-
feated by them, in 878, near Adrianople.
A house, to which the wounded emperor
■was conveyed, was set on fire by the
victors, and he perished in the flames.
VALENTINE, Basil, an alchemist
and chemist, of whose life little is re-
corded, is said to have been b. 1394, at
Erfurth, and to have been a Benedictine
monk. The properties of antimony were
discovered by him. His " Currus Tri-
umph alis Antimonii" has been trans-
lated into English.
VALENTINIAN L, Flavius. a Eo-
man emperor, the eldest son of Count
Gratian, was b. in 321, in Pannonia;
was chosen successor to Jovian, in 364 ;
was victorious over the Alemani and the
Quadi, and d. 375. — II. Flavius, the
8on of the foregoing, was b. in 371,
Bucceeded to the empire in 875, with
his brother Gratian, and had Italy for
bis portion ; was dispossessed by Maxi-
mus, but was restored in 388, and was
found dead in his palace in 392, sup
posed to have been strangled by some
of his domestics. — III., Flavius Placi-
Dus, emperor of the West, was b. in
419, at Eavenna, and was assassinated
in 455, in revenge for his having dis-
honored the patrician Maximus, by in-
triguing with his wife.
VALERIAN, PuBLius Licinius, a Ro-
man emperor, was raised to the imperial
dignity m 254. After having reigned
seven years, he was defeated and taken
prisoner, near Edessa, by Sapor, king
of Persia. The imperial captive is said
to have been treated with the utmost
indignity by the victor, and to have
been at length flayed alive.
VALERIUS MAXIMUS, a Roman
historian, was b. in the reign of Augus-
tas. After having served in Asia, un-
der Sextus Pompey, he settled at Rome,
and withdrew from public affairs that
he might devote himself to literature.
He is the author of a valuable work,
"De Dictis Factisque Memorabilibus,"
which he dedicated to Tiberius; and
which was one of the first books that
was published after the invention of
printing.
VALLA, Laurence, one of the most
eminent philolo"-ists of the 15th century,
who contributed greatly to the diffusion
of classical literature, was b. in 1406, at
Rome; was a celebrated professor at
several Italian universities ; was liber-
ally patronized by Alphonso, king of
Aragon and Naples ; and d. in 1457.
Valla was of a contentious disposition,
and had several violent literary disputes
with Poggio and others. His' attack on
the pretensions of the holy see exposed
him to danger from the Inquisition.
One of his principal works is " A Trea-
tise on the Elegancies of the Latin Lan-
guage."
VALLISNIERI, Anthony, an Italian
naturalist, was b. 1661, at Tresilico, in
the duchy of Modena ; was appointed
professor of practical medicine at radua,
in 1700 ; and d. in that city in 1730.
VALMIKI, the oldest and most cele-
brated of the epic poets of India, is the
author of " Ray may ana," which narrates
the exploits of Rama against the giant
Ravanna. He is said to have existed at
a very remote period, and the stories
which are told of him are manifestly
fabulous. Two books of the Sanscrit
text of the Ramayana, with a literal ver-
sion, have been published by Carey and
Marshman.
VALPERGA DI CALUSO, Thoma:^
Descomtes Masino, an Italian mathema-
t84
CICLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
tician and author, was b. in 1737, at
Turin ; was for a whUe in the Maltese
naval service, and afterwards entered
the church. Settling at Turin, he be-
came professor of Greek and the orien-
tal languages in the university, and
president and director of one of the
classes of the academy of sciences and
literature. D. 1815.
VALPY, KicHAKD, an eminent clas-
sical scholar, was a native of Jersey,
and b. 1745, and completed his studies
at Oxford, having been appointed to
one of ihe scholarships founded in
Pembroke college for the natives of
Jersey and Guernsey. From Oxford
he removed first to Bury St. Edmund's,
and afterwards to Reading, where he
had been unanimously elected head-
master of the school founded by Henry
VII. D. 1836. — Edward, an eminent
scholar, brother of the preceding, was
educated at Trinity college, Cambridge,
and after having been assistant several
years in the s'jhool at Eeading, obtained
the mastership of the grammar school
at Norwich. He was rector of All
Saints, Thwaite, and vicar of St. Mary,
Walsham, Norfolk. He published
"Elegantiae Latinae" and other classical
works. D. 1832.
VALSALVA, Anthony Maria, a
celebrated Italian anatomist, was b. in
1666, at Imolaj was professor of anat-
omy in the university of Bologna, and
surgeon of the hospital of Incurables ;
and d. in 1723. Among the services
which he rendered to surgery are the
simplifying of many instruments, and
the abolition of the practice of cauteri-
zing the arteries of an amputated limb.
He had several eminent pupils, amoi^
whom was Morgagni. His prindp.l
work is the " Anatomy of the Ear,"
which was the result of sixteen years'
labor.
VALVASONE, Erasmus di, an Ital-
ian poet, was b. 1523, in Friuli ; resided
upon the lordship which belonged to
him and bore his name ; spent his time
in literature and in hunting, and d.
1593.
VANBRUGH, Sir John, a dramatist
and architect, of whom it was said that,
though he wanted grace he never
wanted wit, was b. about 1672, in Lon-
don. He was early in the army, but
does not appear to have remained in it
long. His first comedy " The Relapse,"
was produced in 1697. It was followed
by the " Provoked Wife" and " iEsop."
In 1707 he joined Betterton and Con-
greve in estvblishing the Haymarket
theatre, on which occasion he brought
out "The Confederacy." In 17«>4 he
was appointed clarencieux king-at-arms,
in 1714 he was knighted ; and soon af-
ter, was made comptroller of the board
of works and surveyor of Greenwich
hospital. Though his licentiousness as
a dramatist must be condemned, his
talent is undeniable. As an arcliitect
much ridicule has been cast on him by
ignorant or tasteless critics, but against
such puny attacks the splendid piles of
Blenheim and Castle Howard are alone
sufficient to defend his fame. D. 1726.
VANCOUVER, George, a British
navigator, was b. about 1750 ; entered
early into the naval service ; and served
as midshipman under Captain Cook, in
his seconci and third voyages. In 1790,
he was appointed to command an expe-
dition to explore the western coast of
North America, to ascertain whether
any communication by water exists be-
tween the Atlantic and the Pacific. On
this service, which he performed skil-
fully, he was five years employed. He
d. in 1798, when he had nearly com-
Eleted for the press the account of
is voyage.
VAiSTDERVELDE, William, called
the Old, a celebrated painter, was b. in
1610, at Leyden, and was bred to the
sea, but quitted it for painting. He
was invited to England, with his son,
by Charles II. ; lived there many years,
and d, in London in 1693. He excelled
in marine subjects and battles ; and
was so anxious to be correct in his rep-
resentations that he would sail, in a
light vessel, close to the fieets while
they were hotly engaged. — William,
called the Young, the son of the fore-
going, was b. in 1633, at Amsterdam ;
accompanied his father to England,
where his works became exceedingly
popular, and d. in 1707. He surpassed
even the elder Vandervelde in marine
painting. Walpole denominates him
the Raphael of this branch of art. —
Adrian, an admirable landscape paint-
er, was b. in 1639, at Amsterdam ; was
a pupil of Wynants ; and d. 1672.
Though landscape was the peculiar
department of Adrian, yet he was no
mean historical painter, and he drew
figures with sucn excellence that his
assistance was often sought for by his
own master, and by Ruysdael, Hob-
bema and others,
VANDERWERF, Adrian, an emi-
nent painter, was b. 1659, at Ambacht,
near Rotterdam ; was a pupil of Picolet
and Vandermeer ; was patronized by the
varJ
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHF.
785
Elector Palatine, for whom he executed
many of his best works ; and d. in 1718.
His small history pieces are much es-
teemed. — His brother, Peter, who was
b. at Kotterdam, in 1665, and d. in 1718,
acquired fame as a painter of portraits
ana conversation pieces.
VANDYKE, Sir Anthony, one of the
greatest of portrait painters, was b.
March 22, 1598-9, at Antwerp, and was
the son of a merchant. His mother dis-
tinguished herself as a flower painter.
Henry Van Balens and Eubens were his
tutors in the pictorial art; the latter,
with whom he was a favorite, cultivated
his talents with great care, and advised
him to visit Italy. After having resided
for some time at Rome, and other Italian
cities, Vandyke returned to Antwerp,
whence he passed over to England.
Charles I. was a liberal patron to him.
He knighted and pensioned him, and
obtained for him in marriage the daugh-
ter of Lord Gowrie, D. 1641. His works
are numerous, and are deservedly held
in the highest estimation.
VANE, Sir Henry, the younger, the
son of Sir Henry Vane, was b. 1612, and
was educated at Westminster school and
Magdalen hall, Oxford. Having imbibed
the principles of the Puritans, he emi-
grated to America, and was elected gov-
ernor of Massachusetts. Returning to
England, he was chosen member for
Hull, and, during the struggle between
the king and the parliament, he took an
active part on the side of the latter. He
had, however, no part in the trial or
death of Charles. To the authority of
Cromwell he was steadily hostile, and
after the death of the protector, he la-
bored strenuously to establish a repub-
lican government. He was executed for
high treason, in June, 1662, in violation
of justice, and of the king's plighted
word. Vane was a man of talent, and,
though he was an enthusiast in religion
and politics, there seems to be 'no valid
reason to doubt his sincerity.
VANINI, LxjctLius, a philosopher,
was b. 1585, at Taurosano, in the king-
dom of Naples ; studied philosophy and
tlieology at Kome : entered into tne eccle-
siastical state ; travelled in various parts
of Europe ; and was at last burnt, in 1619,
at Toulouse, on a charge of atheism,
which appears to have been unfounded.
He is the author of " Amphitheatrum
^ternae Providentiae," " De Admirandis
Naturae," " Dialogues," and other works.
VANLOO, John, a great painter, was
b. at Aix, in Provence, in 1684. He be-
came painter to the king of Sardinia, and
66*
realized a good fortune, which he lost in
the Mississippi scheme. He then went
to England, and was the fashionable
portrait painter of the day. D. 1746. —
Charles Andrew, his brother, whose
performances are to be found in the
churches of Paris, was also a celebrated
painter. D. 1765.
VAN SWIETEN, Gerard, an emi-
nent physician, was b. 1700, at Leyden ;
studied at the university of that city,
and of Louvain, and was a pupil of Boer-
haave ; became medical professor at Ley-
den, but lost his office in consequence
of being a Catholic ; and was invited to
Vienna, in 1745, by the empress, who
made him her principal physician, di-
rector-general of medicine in Austria,
imperial librarian, a professor, and a
baron. D. 1772.
VAN VITELLI, or VAN VITE,
Louis, a celebrated architect, the son of
a painter, was b. 1700, at Naples, and d.
at Caserta, in 1778. Among his great
and numerous works arc, the palace of
Caserta, the public buildings at the port
of Ancona, and the churches of St.
Francis and St. Dominic, at Urbino.
VAEEN, or VARENIUS, Bernard,
a geographer, was b. about the begin-
ning of the 17th century, at Amsterdam ;
followed the profession of a physician ;
and d. about 1680. He is the author of
a well-executed " System of Geography,"
on which Newton did not disdain to
comment ; and " A Description of Japan
and Siam."
VARGAS Y PONCE, Don Joseph, a
Spanish geographer and navigator, was
b. about 1755, at Cadiz or Seville ; as-
sisted Tofino in forming the " Atlas of
the Spanish Coast;" and d. in 1821, at
Madrid, a member of the cortes» He
wrote, among other works, " A Descrip-
tion of the Pity usee and Balearic Isles,"
and " A Relation of the last Voyage in
the Straits of Magellan."
VARRO, Marcus Terentius, who is
regarded as the most learned of the an-
cient Romans, was b. 116 b. c; studied
philosophy under Stilo and Antiochus
of Ascalon ; filled the offices of triumvir
and tribune of the people ; espoused the
cause of Pompey, but afterwards became
the friend of Csesar, who confided to him
the formation of a public library : nar-
rowly escaped proscription by the tu
umvirate ; and d. 27 b, c. He is said to
have written between four and five hun-
dred volumes, of which onlv a " Treatise
on Agriculture," part of a ""Treatise on
the Latin Language," and some frag-
ments, are extant.
786
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[VAU
VASARI, George, a Florentine artist
and author, was b. 1512, at Arezzo ; stud-
ied under Michael Angelo and other
freat masters; acquired a profound
nowledge of architecture as well as of
painting ; was employed by Cosmo I. to
superintend the public buildings which
he erected; and d. 1574. As a painter
he lias merit, but he is best known by
his valuable work, "The Lives of the
most excellent Painters, Sculptors, and
Architects."
VATER, John Severinus, an eminent
philologist, was b. 1771, at Altenburg,
in Saxony ; and d. 1826, professor of the
oriental languages at Halle, after having
filled the theological chair at Koenigs-
berg. He is the author of various works
on the Eastern tongues ; the " Continu-
ation of Adelung's Mithridates," "Syn-
chronistic Tables of Ecclesiastical His-
tory," and a " Universal and Clirono-
log'ieal History of the Christian Church."
"VATTEL, Emmerick, a celebrated
Swiss pubUcist, was b. 1714, at Couret,
in the principality of Neufchatel ; be-
came envoy from Saxony to Berne, and
afterwards privy councillor to Augustus
III. of Saxony ; and d. 1767. The work
on which his fame rests is, "The Law
of Nations, or Principles of Natural Law
applied to the Conduct and Affairs of
Nations and Sovereigns."
VAUBAN, Sebastian le Prestre de,
a French marshal, the greatest of military
engineers, was b. 1633, at Saint Leger
de Foucheret, in Burgundy. He first
served in the Spanish army, under
Cond^, but, being taken prisoner by the
French troops, Mazarin gave him a lieu-
tenancy. The sieges ot Ypres, Grave-
lines, and Oudenarde, in 1658, were his
first essays in the science of attack.
From* that period till the peace of Eys-
wiek he was incessantly employed, either
in erecting fortresses for the defence of
France, or in reducing those which be-
longed to her enemies ; and in both
cases his matchless skill was equally
displayed. In 170-3 he reluctantly ac-
cepted the marshal's staff. The siege
of Brisaeh was his last operation. D.
1707.
VAUCANSON, James de, an eminent
mechanist, was b. 1709, at Grenoble, and
d. 1782. Among his automatical per-
formances were a flute player, and a
pipe and tabor player. But even these
were surpassed by two ducks, which
dabbled with their beaks, ate grain, and
voided it after it had undergone a sort
of digestive process.
VAl'GHAN, Henby, a poet, b. 1621,
at Newton, in Brecknockshire. He
adopted the appellation of the Silurist,
wrote a variety of poems, chiefly devo-
tional, and d. 1695.— Thomas, his brother,
was an alchemist, on wliich occult sub-
jects he wrote some extravagant books,
under the name of Eugenius Philalethes.
D. 1666. — Sir John, a celebrated lawyer,
was b. in Cardiganshire, 1608. From
Christ-church college, Oxford, he re-
moved to the Inner Temple, where he
contracted an intimacy with Selden, who
made him one of his executors. During
the civil war he lived in retirement, but,
in 1668, he was made chief justice of
the common pleas. D. 1674. — Sir John,
one of the judges of the court of common
pleas. He was called to the bar in his
twenty-fourth year, and in seven years
more had so greatly distinguished him-
self that he was made a sergeant. He
gained this rank at this unusually early
age, it must be remembered, while Shep
perd. Best, and Lens were in the zenith
of their powers and reputation ; and he
maintained his position subsequently
with such opponents as Copley, (after-
wards Lord Lyndhurst,) Wilde, and
Denman. He was made a baron of the
exchequer in 1827, and, in 1884, he be-
came judge of the common pleas and a
privy councillor. In private he was as
amiable as in public ne was able. B.
1772; d. 1839. — William, an ingenious
Welsh poet, was b. in Caermarthenshire,
1577 ; and was the author of a variety
of miscellaneous poems, the principal of
which are, "De Sphserarum Ordine,"
"The Golden Grove Moralized," "The
Golden Fleece," &c. D. 1640.— George,
a graduate of Harvard college in 1696,
was the son of Major William Vaughan,
a wealthy merchant of Portsmouth, N.
H., who was noted for his public spirit,
and for the firmness with which he re-
sisted the claims of the proprietors of
that territory. After leaving college he
became the agent of the colony in En-
gland, and, in 1715, he succeeded Usher,
as lieutenant-governor of it. But giving
offence to the g vernor, the council, and
the assembly, 1 e was removed from of-
fice in 1717. D. 1724.
VAUVENARGUES, Luke de Cla-
piERS, marquis of, an eminent French
writer on moral philosophy, was b. 1715,
at Aix, in Provence, and entered the
army at the age of seventeen. The fa-
tigue which he endured in the retreat
from Prague, undermined his constitu-
tion, and the small-pox completed the
ruin of his health. To soothe his con-
tinual sufferings he resorted to medita-
VER
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHT.
787
tion and composition. Voltaire was one
of his warmest friends. The works of
Vauvcnargues form three volumes, and
consist of Thoughts, Eeflections, and
Maxims, Dialogues, Characters, &c. D.
1747.
VAUVILLIERS, John Francis, an
eminent hellenist, was b. 1737, at Paris ;
succeeded his father as Greek professor
at the university of that city, and d. in
1801, in Eussia, in which country he
had taken refuge, after bein^ condemned
to transportation, as a royalist, in 1797.
VEGA, Lopez dk la, a celebrated
Spanish poet, was b. at Madrid, in 1562.
After studying at Alcala, he entered
into the service of the duke of Alva, at
whose instance he wrote the heroic pas-
toral of " Arcadia." Soon after this he
married; but, on the loss of his wife,
he embarked in the Armada, prepared
for the invasion of England. In this
voyage he wrote a poem, called "Her-
mosura de Angelica," to which, when
published, he added the "Dragontea,"
an invective against Drake and Queen
Elizabeth. In 1590 he married a second
time, and again became a widower, on
which he entered the order of St. Fran-
cis. He still, however, cultivated poetry,
and scarcely a week passed without see-
ing a drama from his prolific muse.
Honors and wealth flowed in upon him,
and he was absolutely idolized by the
whole nation. At his death, which
happened in 1635, the highest honors
were paid to his remains, and all the
poets of the age vied in encomiastic
tributes to his memory.
VELASQUEZ, James Eodebick de
BiLVA Y, a celebrated Spanish painter,
was b. 1599, at Seville ; was a pupil of
Herrera the Elder and Pacheco ; was
patronized and highly esteemed by
Philip III. and IV.; and d. in 1660.
Among his greatest works are, "The
Expulsion of the Moors," " The Cruci-
fixion," "Joseph's Coat," and several
porti'aits.
VELDE, Charles Francis, van der,
a romance writer, who has been called
the German Sir Walter Scott, was b. at
Breslau, 1799. He began his career in
1809, by writing short pieces for the
journals ; was afterwards a dramatist,
in which he was not successful, and,
lastly, became a popular novelist. His
works form eighteen volumes. Among
them are, " Arwed Gyllenstierna," " The
Patricians," "The Anabaptists," "The
Hussites," "Christina and her Court,"
and Tales and Legends. D. 1824.
VENDOME, Louis Joseph, duke of
a great general, and a profligate man,
the grandson of Henry IV., was b. 1654,
and made his first campaign in 1672, at
the invasion of Holland. After having
distinguished himself in Flanders and
Italy, he was, in 1695, appointed to com-
mand the army in Catalonia, where he
reduced Barcelona with extraordinary
celerity. From Italy, where, in the war
of the succession, he was opposed to
Prince Eugene, he was recalled, in 1708,
to remedy the disasters which the inca-
pacity of Villeroi had occasioned in the
Netherlands. He failed, however, to
accomplish this, and was defeated at
Oudenarde. In 1709 he was sent to
Spain, where he gained the decisive vic-
tory of Villa Viciosa, and established
Philip on the throne. He d. suddenly
in 1712. Vendome possessed abilities,
but he was dirty in his habits, and de-
praved in his morals.
VENTUEI, John Baptist, an Italian
natural philosopher, was b. 1746, at Bi-
biano, in the duchy of Eeggio ; was suc-
cessively professor of metaphysics and
geometry at Eeggio, engineer and pro-
feUor of philosophy at Modena, member
of the legislative body of the Cisalpine
republic, professor of physics at Pavia,
and envoy from the kingdom of Italy to
Berne. Napoleon gave him the cross
of the legion of honor and of the iron
crown. Among his works are, "Com-
mentaries on the History and Theory of
Optics," " On the Origin and Progress
of Artillery," and "An Essay on the
Physico-Mathematical Works of Leon-
ardo da Vinci." D. 1822.
VERNET, Claudius Joseph, an em-
inent French painter, was b. in 1714, at
Avignon, and at the age of eighteen he
visited Eome, where he studied under
Fergioni. His voyage to Italy turned
his genius to marine painting, "in which
he acquired almost unrivalled reputa-
tion. After an absence of twenty-two
years he returned to France. On his
homeward passage a storm arose, during
which he ordered himself to be tied to
the mast, that he might make a faithful
sketch of the scene. On his return he
was employed by Louis XV. to delin-
eate the principal ports, a task which
occupied him for ten years. His de-
scendants have inherited his talents as
an artist. D. 1789.
VERNON, Edward, a British admi-
ral, descended from a Staffordshire fam-
ily, was b. in 1684, at Westminster, and
chose the naval profession, in opposition
to the wishes of his father, who was sec-
retary of state to William III. After
788
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT.
[vie
having served under Hopson, Kooke,
and other commanders, he rose, in 1739,
to the rank of vice-admiral of the bhie.
In that year he took the town of Porto
Bello, and destroyed the fortifications.
He was less fortunate in 1741, when, in
conjunction with Wentworth, he failed
at Carthagena. D. 1759.
VERROCHIO, Andrew, a sculptor,
was b. 1422, at Florence, and d. in 1488.
In bronze works he surpassed all his
cotemporaries. Among his chief pro-
ductions are, a " Christ and St. Thomas,"
and an equestrian statue of Bartholo-
mew CoUeoni. He was also an able
painter, and one of the best musicians
of his period. He invented the method
of taking the features in a plaster mould.
VERTUE, George, an able engraver,
was b. 1684, in Westminster; was ap-
prenticed to a plate engraver, and after-
wards worked for seven years under
Vandergucht. In 1709 he began busi-
ness for himself. He was patronized by
Sir Godfrey Kneller, the earls of Ox-
ford and Burlington, and the prince of
Wales. Among his engravings, which
amount to five hundred, are the he#te
for Rapin's "England," twelve heads
of distmguished poets, and portraits of
Archbishop Tillotson and George I. It
was principally from the materials col-
lected by Vertue, that Horace Walpole
drew his " Anecdotes of Painting." D.
1756.
VESALIUS, Andrew, an eminent
anatomist, was b. in 1514, at Brussels ;
was educated at Louvain and Paris, was
professor of anatomy at various Italian
universities ; and afterwards chief phy-
sician to Charles V. and Philip II. ; and
d. of hunger and fatigue, in 1563, in
Zante, on which island he had been
shipwrecked as he was returning from
a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Vesalius
displayed an extraordinary predilection
for the science of anatomy at a very
early period, and his treatise on " The
Formation of the Human Body" was
composed when he was only eighteen.
VESPASIAN, Tjtus Flavius, a Ro-
man emperor, was b. at Rieti, towards
the close of the reign of Augustus;
and, after having been sedile, prsetor,
commander of a legion, consul, and pro-
consul of Africa, and having distin-
guished himself in Germany, Britain,
and Palestine, was raised to the empire,
69. He reigned 10 years, and d. 79.
VESPUCCI, or VESPUCIUS, Ame-
rigo, an eminent navigator, was b. in
1451, at Florence; was liberally edu-
catea, and was brought up to commerce.
In 1490 he was sent by his father to
conduct his commercial affairs in Spain.
Stimulated, however, by the honor
which Columbus had acquired, Vespucci
quitted traffic, about 1499, to enter on
the career of discovery. He subse-
quently made several voyages in the
Spanish and Portuguese services, and
explored a considerable extent of the
South American coast. He d. in 1516.
By an act of flagrant injustice to Colum-
bus, the name of one who was only his
imitator was given to the new world.
VICCARS, John, a fanatical writer
during the commonwealth, was b. in
London, in 1582, and educated at Ox-
ford. His tirades against church and
king have the following quaint titles :
"God's Ark overtopping the World's
Waves," " The Burnmg Bush not con-
sumed," and "God in the Mount,"
which were afterwards published to-
gether, under the general title of the
"Parliamentary Chronicle." His rhap-
sodies were satirically alluded to by the
author of " Hudibras."
VICENTE, Gil, the earliest and most
eminent of the Portuguese comic poets,
was b. about 1480, at Guimaraens, or at
Barcellos ; studied jurisprudence at the
university of Lisbon ; became a popular
dramatist, and brought the drama of his
country to a much more perfect state,
and d. in 1577. His works were pub-
lished by his son ; but complete copies
of them are now unattainable.
VICQ D'AZYR, Felix, an able French
anatomist and physician, was b. 1748,
at Valogne, and lectured at Paris with
great success upon anatomy ; became
Erincipal physician to the queen. Among
is works are " A Treatise on Anatomy
and Physiology," "An Anatojnical
System of Quadrupeds," and "A Trea-
tise on the Curing of Horned Cattle."
The whole of his productions have been
collected in six volumes. D. 1794.
VIDA, Mark Jerome, one of the
most eminent of modern Latin poets.
was b. 1490, at Cremona; studied at
Padua, Bologna, and Mantua; was
raised to the bishopric of Alba b}' Clem-
ent VII. as a reward for having written
"The Christiad," and d. 1566. His
works form two quarto volumes. Among
them are "The Art of Poetry,"
"Chess," "The Christiad," "The Silk-
worm," " Hymns," and other poems.
VIEN, Joseph Mary, an eminent
French painter, was b. 1716, at Mont-
pellier; studied at Paris, under Natoire,
and at Rome ; was received a member
of the Academy, in 1745, and became
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
VTS]
Buccessively professor, rector, and di- j
rector ; and d, in 1809. Among his best
works are, "St. Denis preaching," a
"Sleeping Hermit," '*The Parting of
Hector and Andromache," and "Hector
exhorting Paris to arm himself." David
and Vincent were pupils of Vien. — Ma-
BiA, his wife, who d. 1805, aged seventy-
seven, was an excellent painter of birds,
shells, and flowers.
VIGEE, Louis William Beknabd
Stephen, a French poet and dramatist,
was b. 1755, at Paris, and d. in 1820,
reader to Louis XVIII. He is the au-
thor of many poems, a "Course of
Literature," delivered at the Athenaeum,
three comedies, and the " Pro and Con,"
a religious, moral, political, and literary
dialogue.
VIGNOLA, James, whose real name
was Baeozzio, a celebrated architect,
was b. 1507, at Vignola, in the Modenese
territory, and relinquished painting for
architecture. He constructed various
magnificent edifices at Bologna, Parma,
Perugia, and Kome; but his master-
piece is the Caprarola palace, and he
was intrusted with the management of
the works at St. Peter's after the death
of Michael Angelo. For the king of
Spain he drew the designs of the Escu-
rial ; and in this instance his plans were
preferred to those of twenty-two other
artists. D. 1573.
VILLANI, John, a celebrated Italian
historian, was b. before the close of the
13th century, at Florence, travelled on
various parts of the Continent; filled
several important offices in .his native
country, and d. of the plague in 1348.
His "History of Florence" was con-
tinued by his brother Matthew and his
nephew Philip, the latter of whom is
also the author of " Lives of Illustrious
Florentines."
VILLARET, Claudius, a French his-
torian, was b. about 1715, at Paris, and
was brought up to the bar, but quitted
It for literature, and then went upon the
stage, on which he remained till 1756.
He subsequently obtained a place in the
chamber of accounts, and was intrusted
with the arrangement of the archives of
that office — a task which led him to
examine into the sources of French his-
tory. In consequence of this, he was
employed to continue the work of
Velly, and he is allowed to have sur-
passed his predecessor. His portion of
the "History" extends from 1329 to
1469. His other productions are for-
fotten. D. 1766.
VILLAKS, Louis Heotob, marshal,
789
duke of, one of the most emi, sent of the
French generals, was b. in 1658, at
Moulins. He served his apprenticeship
to the art of war under Turenne, Conde,
Luxembourg, and Crequi. Soon after
the peace of Nimeguen, he was sent
ambassador to Vienna. In the war
which was terminated by the treaty of
Eyswick, he distinguished himself, and
particularly at the combat of Leuze, In
1699 he was again appointed ambassa-
dor at Vienna, and in this situation he
displayed infinite diplomatic skill. Du-
ring the war of the succession he was
commander-in-chief in various quarters,
and by numerous splendid achieve-
ments acqfiired a right to be considered
as one of the greatest generals of the
age. He closed, in 1732, his military
career, by the conquest of the Milanese
and the Mantuan. D. 1734. — Montfau-
coN DE, a French abbe, was b. 1635, in
the neighborhood of Toulouse; and
acquired great reputation at Paris as a
preacher, but was prohibited from
f)reaching in consequence of his pub-
ishing " The Count de Gabalis," which
his enemies pretended to be an irreli-
gious work. He was assassinated in
i675. The idea of the sylphid machin-
ery of the " Eape of the Lock" is bor-
rowed from the " Count de Gabalis."
VILLEHAEDOUIN, Geoffrey de,
a French chronicler, was b. in 1167, near
Arcis sur Aube ; held the office of mar-
shal of Champagne ; took a part in the
crusade of 1198, and was present at the
capture of Constantinof^le ; was appoint-
ed marshal of Eomania, and d. about
1213. He wrote a "History of the
Events from 1198 to 1207."
VILLEES, Charles Francis Do-
minic, a French writer, was b. in 1767,
at Boulay, in Lorraine ; served as a cap-
tain of artillery, but emigrated in 1792,
and joined the army of Conde ; subse-
quently abandoned military for literary
pursuits, settled in Germany, and be-
came professor of French literature at
Gottingen; and d. 1815. His principal
work is "An Essay on the Spirit and
Influence of the Eeformation brought
about by Luther."
VINCENT, William, an able critio
and divine, was b. 1789, in London,
was educated at Westminster school,
and at Trinity college, Cambridge, was
successively usher, second master, and
head master, of the former seminary,
and prebend and dean of Westminster,
and d. in 1815. His principal works
are, "The Commerce and Navigation of
the Ancients in the Indian Ocean,';
790
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[vol
"Sermons," "The Conjugation of the
Greek Verb," and " A Defence of Pub-
lic Education."
VINCI, Leonardo da, a celebrated
Italian painter, the natural son of a
notary, was b. in 1452, at a castle near
Florence, whence he derived his name.
To the personal gifts which he received
from nature were joined the advantages
of an excellent education, and he early
acquired an extensive knowledge of
mathematics and other branches of
science. Verocchio was his preceptor
in painting, and Da Vinci soon surpass-
ed him. In 1489 he was invited to
Milan, by Duke Louis Sforza, and he
resided there for many year^, acting at
once as engineer, mechanist, sculptor,
architect, and painter. During the
period of his abode there he executed
his great work, the " Last Supper,"
and formed the canal of Martesana. He
was subsequently employed at Florence
and at Eome. In 1515 he accepted an
invitation from Francis I. to visit France,
and he d. in that country in 1519. The
story that he expired in the arms of
Francis appears to be a fiction. Da
Vinci is tlie author of a " Treatise on
Painting," and of some unpublished
works.
VINEK, Charles, an English law
writer, was b. about 1680, at Aldershot,
in Hampshire, spent a considerable part
of his life in compiling the well-known
"General Abridgment of Law and
Equity," endowed several fellowships
and scholarships, and founded the law
professorship, at Oxford. D. 1756.
VIRGIL, or PuBLius Virgilius Maro,
the greatest of the Roman poets, was b.
70 B. c, at Andes, near Mantua, and
studied at Cremona, Milan, and Naples.
It appears to have been in his 80th year
that he first visited Rome. His object
was, to obtain restitution of his lands,
of which the soldiers of Octavius had
taken possession after the battle of Phi-
lippi. Through the interest of Varus
and PoUio he obtained from Augustus
the desired order; but, when he re-
turned with it, the military usurper
compelled him to save his life by swim-
ming over the Mincio. A second man-
date, however, had the wished-for effect.
The rest of his life was devoted to liter-
ature, and was cheered by the friendship
of Augustus, Maecenas, and all the other
eminent men of the age. The fame
which he acquired by his "Eclogues,"
and " The Georgics," he crowned by
"The ^neid," to which last work,
however, he did not live to put the
finishing touches. On nis return from
meeting Augustus, at Athens, he d. at
Brundusium, 19 b.o.
VISCONTI, John Baptist Anthont,
a learned Italian antiquary, was b. 1722,
at Vernazza, in the Genoese territory,
was educated at Rome, succeeded
Winckelman as commissary of antiqui-
ties there, had a large share in the for-
mation of the Pio-Clementine museum,
and d. in 1784. — Ennius Quirinus, the
eldest son of the foregoing, and more
than his equal in archaeological knowl-
edge, was D. 1751, at Rome, displayed
uncommon precocity of talent, was ap-
pointed conservator of the museum of
the capitol by Pius VI., was minister of
the home department, and subsequently
one of the consuls, of the short-lived
Roman republic, was in consequence
compelled to seek an asylum in France,
and became there a member of the in-
stitute, professor of archaeology, and
administrator of the museum. Among
his numerous works are, "The De-
scription of the Pio-Clementine Mu-
seum," "Grecian Iconography," and
" Roman Iconography." D. 1818.
VITELLIUS, Aulus, one of the most
contemptible of the Roman emperors,
was b. 15, at Rome, rose to greatness by
being subservient to the vices of his
imperial masters, was at the head of the
legions in Lower Germany when Galba
died, was raised to the throne by his
soldiers, and obtained full possession
of it on the fall of Otho ; and was put
to death, a. d. 69, after a dis;^aceful
reign of only eight months. His inor-
dinate gluttony was his least vice.
VITRUVIUS POLLIO, Marcus, a cel-
ebrated Romar^ writer on architecture,
is supposed to have been b. at Formal,
in Campania, to have flourished under
Julius Caesar and Augustus, and to
have lived to a very advanced age. He
wrote an able work, on " Architecture."
VOITURE, Vincent, a French wit
and poet, was the son of a wine mer-
chant, and was b. in 1598, at Amiens.
His manners and talents conciliated to
him the kindness of the great, and he
became a fiivorite at the hotel de Ram
bouillet and at court. Gaston, duke of
Orleans, was much attached to him, and
made him his master of the ceremonies.
Under the administration of Cardinal
Mazarin, Voiture was in the zenith of
his reputation, and enjoyed large pen-
sions, but women and gambling kept
him poor. In private life his character
was amiable. His best poem is an
" Epistle to the Prince of Conde." Hia
von]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
791
♦* Letters," •which were once considered
as inimitable, are now almost wholly
neglected.
vOLNEY, CoNSTANTiNE Fbancis
Chassebceuf, count de, an eminent
French writer, was b. in 1757, at Craon,
in Britany. He. was educated at An-
gers, and tor three years studied medi-
cine at Paris, but coming into possession
of a small estate he was enabled to in-
dulge his ardent desire of travelling.
He spent three years in Syria and Egypt,
and on his return published, in 1787,
his "Travels," which established his
reputation. He was elected a member
of the states-general, was confined for
ten months during the reign of terror,
was appointed professor of history at
the Normal school in 1794, and in 1795
made a voyage to the United States,
whence he did not return till 1798. Na-
poleon created him a senator and a
count. In all circumstances, however,
Volney was a friend of freedom. Among
his principal works are, "TheKuins,"
"Lectures on History," and "New
Eesearches on Ancient History." D,
1820.
VOLTA, Alexander, a celebrated ex-
perimental philosopher, who contributed
largely to the progress of science, was of
a noble family, and was b. 1745, at Como ;
was for 30 years professor of natural phi-
losophy at Pavia ; was made an Italian
count and senator by Napoleon ; and
was a member of many learned bodies.
Electricity was the first object to which
Volta turned his attention ; and he in-
vented the perpetual electrophorus and
the condenser. But the great invention
which immortalizes his name is the Vol-
taic pile, to which we are indebted for
80 many important philosophical and
chemical discoveries. D. 1826.
VOLTAIRE, Makie Fbancis Arouet
DB, the most universal of French wri-
ters, was b. Feb. 20, 1694, at Chatenay,
near Sceaux, and was educated with
great care at the Jesuits' college, Paris.
One of his tutors predicted that he
would be the Coryphaeus of deism in
France ; and the society which the
youthful poet frequented — elegant, but
irreligious — did not tend to falsify the
prediction. His father destined him for
the mfigistracy, but the literary propen-
sity of the son was unconquerable. In
his 22d year he was sent to the Bastille,
by the regent, on the unfounded sus-
picion of his being the author of a libel,
and while he was in prison he formed
the plan of " The Henriade," and com-
pleted the tragedy of " (Edipus." The
tragedy was represented in 1718 with
distinguished success. Two others, by
which it was succeeded, were less for-
tunate. A second unjust confinement
in the Bastille induced him to take up
his residence in England for three
years, where he was favorably received
by many illustrious characters, and ob-
tained a large subscription for "The
Henriade." In 1728 he returned to
France, and between that year and 1749
he produced his tragedies of " Zara,"
"Alzira," '* Mahomet," "Merope," and
mtmy other works ; was admitted into
die Prenck Academy ; and was appoint-
ed gentleman of the king's chamber in
ordinary, and historiographer of France.
In 1750 ne accepted the invitation of the
king of Prussia to Berlin. For a while
the sovereign and the poet were on the
most amicable terms ; but in 1753 their
friendship was broken, and Voltaire
(quitted the Prussian dominions. Paris,
in consequence of the intrigues of his
enemies, being no longer an eligible
abode for him, he lived for short peri-
ods at Geneva and other places, and at
length purchased an estate at Ferney, in
the Pays de Gex, on which he finally
settled. There, in possession of a large
fortune, and surrounded by friends, he
gave free scope to his indefatigable pen.
In April, 1778, he went once more to
Paris, after an absence of nearly 30
years. He was received with enthusi-
asm, his bust was crowned on the stage,
and was placed by the Academicians
next to that of Corneille ; but he did not
long enjoy these honors, for he expired
on the Both of May, and his death is
supposed to have been hastened by an
overdose of laudanum, which he took to
calm the pain occasioned by strangury,
and to procure sleep, of which he had
long been deprived. His collected works,
in the edition of Beaumarchais, form
70 volumes. " He was," says a French
author "one of our greatest poets; the
most brilliant, the most elegant, the
most fertile, of our prose writers. There
is not, in the literature of any country,
either in verse or in prose, an author
who has written on so many opposite
kinds of subjects, and has so constantly
displayed a superiority in all of them."
VONDEL, Justus Vanden, a Dutch
poet, was b. 1587, at Cologne, but hia
parents settled in Holland while he was
a child. He was by trade a hosier, but
he left business almost wholly to his
wife, that he might cultivate poetry,
and at length he obtained an office un-
der government. D. 1697.
T03
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT.
[WAK
VOSS, JoHx Hexkt, a German poet
and critic, was b. in 1751, at Sommers-
dorf, and was educated at Gottingen.
In 1775 he began to edit the " Almanac
of the Muses,^' and he conducted it till
1800. He was appointed rector of the
college of Ottendorf, in 1778, whence he
was removed to fill the same office at
Entin. At the latter place he remained
for 23 years. The grand-duke of Baden
invited him, in 1705, to Heidelberg.
Voss wrote "Louisa," a poem, " Idylls,"
*' Miscellaneous Poems," " Letters on
Mythology," and other works; and
translated Homer, Hesiod, Theocritus,
Virgil, Horace, and several other Greek
and'Eoman poets. D. 1826.
VOSSIUS, Gerakd John, an eminent
critic and philologist, was b. in 1577,
near Heidelberg; studied at Dort and
Ley den ; was removed from the profes-
sorship of rhetoric and chronology at
Leyden, in consequence of his favoring
the remonstrants ; obtained a prebend
in Canterbury cathedral, through the
influence of Laud, with^a dispensation
from residence in England ; and d. 1638,
firofessor of history at Amsterdam. —
SAAC, son of the foregoing, was b. 1618,
at Leyden, and acquired reputation by
publishing, at the age of 21, an edition
of the "Periplus of Scylax," with a
Latin version. and notes. After having
remained some time at Stockholm, to
which capital he was invited by Chris-
tina, and subsequently in his own coun-
try, he settled in England, in 1670, and
was made canon of Windsor. D. in
1688.
VOUET, Simon, a French painter, was
b. 1582, at Paris ; learned the rudiments
of art from his father, who was also a
painter; resided for several years in
Italy; was recalled by Louis Xtll., who
employed him in the Louvre and Lux-
embourg palaces ; and d. 1649. Lebrun,
Le Sueur, Mignard, and other eminent
artists, were his pupils.
w.
"WADHAM, Nicholas, the founder
of the college which bears his name at
Oxford, was b. about 1536, in Somerset-
shire, and was educated at Christ-church
college. D. 1610.
WAGHORN, Thomas, whose name
will be for ever associated with the
achievement of steam communication
between England and India, was b. at
Chatham, 1800. At 12 years of age he
was appointed a midshipman, and be-
fore he had completed his 17th year he
passed in navigation for lieutenant.
After a short cruise he volunteered for
the Arracan war, and having received
the command of the East India Compa-
ny's cutter, Matchless, and seen much
service by land and sea, he returned to
Calcutta in 1827. From this period he
turned his attention to the great project
he had had long secretly at heart — a
steam communication between England
and India ; and the ardor, perseverance,
and firmness with which he worked it
to completion, have gained him a name
among the benefactors of his race. D.
1850.
WAILLY, Charles de, an eminent
architect, was b. 1729, at Paris ; studied
his art under Blondel, Lejay, and Ser-
vandoni, and at Rome ; was a member
of the Institute, and the founder of the
society of the Friends of the Arts. His
principal works are, the Spinola palace
at Genoa, the mansion of Ormes in
Touraine, and the hotel of Argenson,
and the Odeon, at Paris. The Odeon
was the joint production of Wailly and
Peyre. T>. 1798.
WAKE, William, a learned and pious
prelate, was b. 1627, at Blanford, in Dor-
setshire, and was educated at Christ-
church, Oxford. After leaving college,
he was successively chaplain to the
British embassy at Paris, preacher at
Gray's Inn, king's chaplain to William
III., and deputy clerk of the closet,
rector of St. James's, Westminster, and
dean of Exeter. He also distinguished
himself as a controversalist against the
Catholics, particularly in reply to Bos-
suet, and had the rare merit of contro-
verting without acrimony. In 1705 he
was raised to the see of I^incoln, whence
in 1716 he was translated to Canterbury.
D. 1737.
WAKEFIELD, Gilbert, a scholar
and critic, was b. 1756, at Nottingham,
and was educated at Jesus college, Ox-
ford. After having been a curate at
Stockport, and also near Liverpool, he
quitted the church, and became classi-
cal tufor at the Warrington dissenting
academy. In 1790 he was appointed to
the same office in Hackney college, but
held it only a year. Being a warm friend
wal]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY
7as
to the Fiuuch revolution, and as warmly
hostile to the war against the republic,
he took a decided part in the angry-
politics of that disturbed period. In
1798 he was prosecuted for a " Reply to
the Bishop of Llandaff' s Address to the
People of Great Britain," and was sen-
tenced to an imprisonment of two. years
in Dorchester jail. During his captivity
a subscription amounting to £5000 was
raised for him. D. 1801, soon after his
liberation. Among his works are^ his
own "Memoirs," a translation of the
"New Testament," "Silva Critica," a
*' Reply to Paine's Age of Reason," and
editions of various classics, and of Pope's
Homer. — Peiscilla, well known by the
many ingenious works which she wrote
to promote juvenile improvement. She
was the original promoter of banks for
the savings of the poor, which are now
become so general. She resided for
many years at Tottenham, in Middlesex.
D. at Ipsvnch, 1832.
WALKER, Clement, a political wri-
ter of the 17th century, was b. at Cliffe,
in Dorsetshire ; was educated at Christ-
chMrch, Oxford ; and became M. P. for
Wells. Being a zealous Presbyterian,
he was violently hostile to the Indepen-
dents, against whom he published, in
1648, "A History of Independency." I^,e
also attacked the protector in a treatise
called " Cromwell's Slaughter House."
He was committed to the Tower, and d.
there in 1651. — Adam, an astronomical
lecturer and miscellaneous writer, was
b. 1781, in Westmoreland, and very
early displayed a turn for mechanics.
While following his father's business
of a -woollen manufacturer, he used to
amuse himself with making models of
mills. He was, in succession, an usher,
a mathematical teacher, a tradesman,
and the master of an academy ; and at
last became, and continued through life,
a highly popular lecturer on astronomy.
Among nis works are, " A System of
Familiar Philosophy," " Lectures on
Experimental Philosophy," " A Trea-
tise on Geography," and two "Tours."
D. 1821. — John, a lexicographer, was b.
in 1732, at Friern Barnet, in Hertford-
shire ; was, at first, master of an acad-
emy, and, subsequently, a lecturer on
elocution ; and d. 1807. His principal
works are, "A Pronouncing Dictionary,"
a " Rhyming Dictionary," " Elements
of Elocution," and a " Rhetorical Gram-
mar." — John, a physician and geograph-
ical writer, was b. 1759, at C«ckermouth,
and d. 1830. This singular character
passed through the various occupations
67
of engraver, smith, one of the crew of a
privateer, schoolmaster, and medical
practitioner. In the latter capacity he
contributed greatly to diflfuse vaccina-
tion, and at the time of his decease he
was at the head of the Vaccine institu-
tion. He published a " Gazetteer" and
** Atlas."
WALLACE, Sir William, a Scottish
Eatriot and hero, the younger son of Sir
[alcolm Wallace of Ellerslie, in Ren-
frewshire, was b. 1276. Indignant at
seeing his country enslaved by Edward
I. he resolved to undertake its libera-
tion. His success at the head of a small
band of followers induced many of the
barons to join him, and he gained a
splendid victory over Earl Warenne, at
Cambuskenneth. He was appointed
regent, but his elevation having excited
jealousy among the nobles, he resigned
the oflRce. The defeat of the Scots, at
Falkirk, compelled Wallace to resort to
his original system of predatory warfare,
and for seven years he continued to
harass the invaders; but, in 1305, he
was betrayed into the hands of Edward
by Sir John Monteith, and the monarch
stained his character by executing his
captive as a traitor.
WALLENSTEIN, Albebt Vences-
laus Eusebius, duke of Friedland, a
celebrated^ German general, was b. 1583,
in Bohemia, and began lite as page to
the margrave of Burgau, son of the
Archduke Ferdinand. After having
travelled over nearly the whole of Eu-
rope, he married a widow possessed of
immense riches, who left him a widower
at the end of four years. At the head
of a formidable army raised by him for
the service of the emperor, and paid
from his own resources and from un-
limited plunderj he, for several years,
distinguished himself by his successes
in Moravia, Bohengia, and Northern
Germany, and was rewarded with the
dukedoms of Mecklenburgh and Fried-
land. His enemies at length succeeded
in procuring his dismission, and he re-
tired to Prague, where he lived with all
the state of a sovereign. The progress
of Gustavus Adolphus conipelled the
emperor, in 1632, to place Wallenstein
again in command of his forces, with
almost regal authority. He foiled Gus-
tavus at Nuremberg, but was defeated
at Leipsic. At length he was accused
of treason, and his commission was re-
voked ; and, while he was meditating
projects of revenge, he was assassinated,
m 1634, by some of his own officers,
WALLER, Sir Willla.m, an eminent
Wi
CYCLOPAEDIA OJ BIOGRAPHY.
[WAL
parliamentary general, was b. in 1597
m Kent, and was educated at Magdalen
college and Hart hall, Oxford. On his
returning from serving as a volunteer in
Germany, against the emperor, he was
elected for Andover as a member of the
long parliament. He opposed the court,
and, on the breaking out of the war,
was made second in command under
the earl of Essex. He fought chiefly in
the west of England, and with varied
fortune. The self-denying ordinance
excluded him from service, and he be-
came so much an object of suspicion to
the republicans, that he was twice im-
prisoned. D. 1688. — Edmund, an ele-
gant poet, was b. in 1603, at Coleshill,
in Warwickshire, and was educated at
Eton, and at King's college, Cambridge.
In his 18th or 17th year he sat in parlia-
ment, and in his 18th he began to dis-
play his poetical talents. His already
large fortune he increased by a marriage
with a rich heiress, who soon left him a
widower, and he then unsuccessfully
paid court to Lady Dorothea Sidney,
the Sacharissa of his verses. In the
long parliament he was a moderate op-
ponent of the court, and he was one of
the commissioners appointed to treat
with the king at Oxford. He was either
already a secret royalist, or was con-
verted by his intercourse with the
monarch ; for, soon after his visit to
Oxford, he entered into a conspiracy
against the house of commons. It was
discovered; but Waller saved his life,
though at the expense of such cowardice,
treachery, and cunning, as thoroughly
disgraced him. He was fined ten thou-
Band pounds, and banished. Cromwell,
however, permitted him to return, and
treated him with favor ; and the grati-
tude of the poet was displayed by a
splendid panegyric, and, subsequently,
by the less questionable tribute of an
elegy on the death of the protector.
During the reigns of Charles II. and
James II. he was highly distinguished
at court, and was generally admired for
his abilities and his wit. D. 1687.
WALLIS, John, an eminent mathe-
matician and divine, was b. in 1616, at
Ashford, in Kent ; was educated at
Emanuel college, Cambridge ; obtained,
in 1648, the living of St. Gabriel, Fen-
church-street ; was chosen, in 1 649, Sa-
vilian professor of geometry at Oxford ;
was made keeper of the archives there,
in 1658 ; retained his offices at the res-
toration, and was appointed one of the
royal chaplains ; was one of the earliest
members of the Royal Society ; and d.
1703. Wallis haa consummate skill in
the art of deciphering, and his talents
were much called into use by the repub-
lican and succeeding regal goverments.
He was also one of the first who gave
the power of speech to the deaf and
dumb. As a mathematician his fame
8tan(Js high both in England and on
the Continent. His mathematical works
form three volumes, and his theological
a fourth.
WALN, Egbert, a miscellaneous wri-
ter, was b. in Philadelphia, and was
liberally educated, but adopted no pro-
fession. He was the author of "The
Hermit in Philadelphia," a satire ; " The
American Bards," a satire ; " Sisyphi
Opus, or Touches at the Times," a
"History of China," some of the lives
in the "Biography of the Signers of the
Declaration of Independence," a " Life
of Lafayette," and an account of the
" Quaker Hospital, at Frankfort, near
Philadelphia." D. 1824.
WALPOLE, Egbert, earl of Orford,
a statesman, was b. 1676, at Houghton,
his father's seat, in Norfolk, and was
educated at Eton, and at King's college,
Cambridge. He first sat in parliament,
in 1701, as member for Castle Eising:
but in the following year he was elected
for Lynn, which he thenceforth contin-
ued to represent. As a senator he soon
distinguished himself among the Whigs.
In 1708 he was appointed secretary at
war ; in 1709 treasurer of the navy ; and
in 1710 one of the managers of Sach-
everell's trial ; but, on the triumph of
the Tories, he lost his offices, and was
expelled the house, and committed to
the Tower, on an unproved cliarge of
breach of trust and corruption. The
accession of George I. restored the as-
cendency of Walpole's party, and he
was made paymaster of the forces, and,
subsequentlv, prime minister. Disputes
with his colleagues, however, inauced
him to resign, in 1717, and he remained
in opposition till 1720, when he once
more oecame paymaster of the forces.
On the retirement of Lord Sunderland,
Walpole was again raised to the high
situation of premier, and that situation
he retained lor two and twenty years, in
spite of incessant attacks from poUtical
enemies of splendid talents. To main-
tain peace was one of the main objects
of his administration. In 1742 he re-
signed, and was created earl of Orford.
D. 1745. — Horatio, Lord, brother of the
foregoing, was b. in 1678 ; held various
offices under the government ; was em-
ployed as ambassador to France and
war]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
795
Holland ; was created a peer in 1756 ;
and d. in 1757. He wrote an answer to
" Bolingbroke's Letters on History ;"
and some political pamphlets. — Horace,
earl of Orford, the younsjest son of Sir
Kobert, a man of varied and brilliant
talents, was b. 1718, and was ediicated
at Eton, and at King's college, Cam-
bridge. In 1741 he entered parliament
as member for Callington, and he after-
wards represented Castle Eising and
Lynn. He was a steady Whig and an
independent senator, but took no active
part in the business of the legislature ;
and in 1768 retired wholly from it. Lit-
erature and virtu were the great occu-
pations of his life ; and much of his ex-
istence was dedicated to embellishing
his villa at Strawberry hill, near Twick-
enham, and forming a collection there.
At that place he also established a pri-
vate press, and printed several works.
In 1791 he succeeded to the earldom ;
an accession of dignity which he would
have been glad to have avoided. D. 1797.
W ALSINGHAM, Sir Francis, an em-
inent statesman, was b. 1536, at Chisel-
hurst, in Kent. After having been
ambassador to France, he was, in 1573,
appointed one of the secretaries of state,
and was knighted. In 1581 he was a
second time sent to France, and in 1583
to Scotland. In the final proceedings
against Mary queen of Scots he acted a
conspicuous part. D. 1590.
WALTER, John, whose name is in-
separably connected with the gigantic
achievements of the press in modern
times, was the son of Mr. John Walter,
printer to the customs, and for many
years chief proprietor of the " Times"
newspaper. He was b. in 1773, and
having, on the completion of his educa-
tion, made himself acquainted with all
the technicalities and routine of a large
printing establishment, he, in 1803, be-
came a joint proprietor and exclusive
manager of the " Times ;" and from this
period, during the long course of 44
yeais, he devoted himself to the moral
and msfterial improvement of what has
been so jxistly termed " the fourth
estate" of the realm. D. 1847.
WAL'CON, IzAAK, was b. 1593, in
Stafford, and kept a linen-draper's shop
in London, first in the Royal Exchange,
and lastly in Fleet-street,' at the corner
of Chancery-lane. About 1643 he quit-
ted the metropolis, and he d. at Win-
chester in 1683. His " Complete Ander"
has long aftbrded delight not only to
those wno are fond of angling, but to
general readers of taste, and has passed
through numerous editions. His Lives
of Hooker, Sanderson, Wotton, Donne,
and Herbert exhibit him in a highly fa-
vorable light as a biographer. Words-
worth says of them,
" The feather whence the pen
Was shaped that traced the lives of these good men
Dropped from an angel's wing."
At a very advanced age Walton publish-
ed, under the name of Chalkhill, *' The-
almaandCIearchus, a Pastoral History."
— George, a signer of the declaration of
independence, was b. in Frederic coun-
ty, Virginia, about the year 1740. He
was early apprenticed to a carpenter, but
at the expiration of his apprenticeship
he removed to Georgia, and entered the
office of an attorney at law. In 1776 he
was elected to the continental congress.
At the siege of Savannah he was wound-
ed and taken prisoner, but was ex-
changed in September, 1779. In the
following month he was appointed gov-
ernor of'the state, and in the succeeding
January he was elected a member of
congress for two years.
WARBECK, Peter, or Perkin, an
individual whose real history has been
the subject of much speculation, made
his appearance in England, in the reign
of Henry VII., and assumed the char-
acter and title of Richard duke of York,
the younger son of Edward IV., sup-
?osed to have been murdered in the
ower, together with his brother, by
order of Richard III. Having been ac-
knowledged by Margaret, duchess of
Burgundy, as her nephew, he proceeded
to claim the crown of England, and,
landing in Cornwall, was joined by some
thousands of insurgents. He laid siege
to Exeter ; but, on the approach of the
royal army, he fled to Beaulieu abbey,
in Hampshire, which sanctuary he was
induced to quit, under the promise of a
pardon, and he was sent in custody to
the Tower of London. He was there
treated as an impostor, and eventually,
in 1499, was hanged, drawn, and quar-
tered. Henry VII.' published an alleged
confession of the captive, purporting
that he was the son of one Warbeck or
Osbeck, a converted Jew of Tournay ;
but many have asserted that he was an
illegitimate son of Edward IV.
W ARBURTON, William, an eminent
prelate and writer, was b. 1698, at New-
ark. After having been educated at
Oakham and Newark schools, he served
his clerkship to an attorney, and was
admitted to practice. Tiring, however,
of the law, he turned to the church, and
took deacon's orders in 1728. In 1726
796
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[war
he obtained the vicar^e of Greasley,
and in 1729 the rectory of Brant Brough-
ton. Between 1723 and 1729 he pub-
lished " Miscellaneous Translations,"
" An Inquiry into the Causes of Prod-
igies and Miracles," and " A Treatise
on the Legal Judicature of Chancery^"
These were preludes to his great works,
" The Alliance between Church and
State," which appeared in 1738, and the
first volume of his "Divine Legation,"
which was given to the world in 1738.
His " Vindication of Pope's Essay on
Man" acquired for him the fri-endship
of that poet. He rose successively to be
king's chaplain, prebend of Durham,
dean of Bristol, and bishop of Glouces-
ter ; to the last of these dignities he at-
tained in 1759. D. 1779.
WARD, Robert Plumeb, the well-
known author of " Tremaine," was b.
in London, 1765. He was called to the
bar by the society of the Inner Temple,
in 1790. For some years he went the
western circuit, spending his long vaca-
tions at the house of his elder and only
surviving brother in the Isle of Wight ;
and there he wrote his " Inquiry into the
Foundation and History of the Law of
Nations in Europe," &c., which was
published in 1795, and proved success-
lul both as 1 work of literature and as a
professional speculation. He was now
frequently employed in cases before the
privy council; and afterwards entered
Sarliament, and held office under Pitt,
•n the death of Mr. Pitt, 1806, he re-
tired into the country, and occupied
himself in rural pursuits ; but on the
formation of the Portland ministry, in
1807, he was made one of the lords of
the admiralty, exchanging this office in
1 811 for the clerkship of the oi'dnance,
which he held till 1823. He then
retired from parliament, and wrote
" Tremaine," wnich, though published
anonymously, produced a great sensa-
tion in literary circles, and became ex-
ceedingly popular. This was followed,
in 1827, by "De Vere," which was
hardly less successful ; and after some
years spent in retirement and on the
Continent, he returned to his literary
labors, and published successively his
" Illustrations of Human Life," " Pic-
tures of the World," " Historical Essay
on the Revolution of 1688," and " De
Clifford." D. 1846.
WARREN, Joseph, a patriot of the
revolution, was b. m Roxbury, near
Boston, 1741, and was graduated at
Harvard college in 1759. He pur-
sued the profession of medicine, and
soon after commencing th^ practice^
distinguished himself by his successful
treatment of the small pox. Early en-
t aging in politics, he obtained great in-
uence, and rendered efficient service
by his writings and addresses. He was
twice elected to deliver the oration in
commemoration of the massacre on
the fifth of March. In June, 1775, the
provincial congress of Massachusetts,
of which he was at this time president,
made him a major-general of their
forces. At the battle of Bunker hill he
fought as a volunteer, and was slain
within a few yards of the breastwork
as he was among the last slowly retiring
from it. He was a man of the most
generous and intrepid spirit, much ele-
gance of manners, and of commanding
eloquence. His loss was deeply felt
and regretted. In 1776 his remains
were removed from the battle-ground,
and interred in Boston. — James, was b.
at Plymouth in 1726, and was graduated
at Harvard college, in 1745. He took
an early and active part in the cause of
the colonies against the aggressions of
the mother country, was a member of
the general court, proposed the estab-
lishment of committees of correspond-
ence, and after the death of General
Warren, was appointed president of the
provincial congress. He was afterwards
appointed a major- general of the militia.
On the adoption of the constitution of
Masssachusetts, he was for many years
speaker of the house of representatives.
D. 1808. — Mercy, the wife of General
James, was the author of a valuable
" History of the American Revolution,"
"The Adulator," and "The Group,"
two political pieces before the revolu-
tion, and a volume of poems. D. 1814.
— John, a celebrated physician, was b.
in 1763, at Roxbury, IViass., and was
graduated at Harvard college. He de-
livered the first course of lectures on
anatomy, ever given in New England,
and was appointed professor on the
foundation of Dr. Hersey. Through
life, he enjoyed a very high reputation,
as a physician and anatomist. He d. in
1815.
WARTON, Joseph, a poet and critic,
was b. in 1722, at Dunsfold, in Surrey ;
was educated at Winchester school, and
at Oriel college, Oxford ; held at vari-
ous periods, the livings of Winslade,
Tam worth, Thorley, Easton, and Wick-
ham, and prebends of St. Paul's and
Winchester, and was head-master of
Winchester school from 1766 to 1793.
D. 1800. He wrote poems, and " Ad
was]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
t#
Essay on Pope," contributed to the
"Adventurer," translated the "Eclogues
and Georgics ;" and edited the works of
Dryden and Pope. — Thomas, a poet,
critic, and miscellaneous writer, brother
of the foregoing, was b. in 1728, at Bas-
singstoke ; and was educated at Win-
chester school, and at Trinity college,
Oxford. His first poetical work was
" The Triumph of Isis," the next, " The
Progress of Discontent." As a poet he
was much superior to his brother. In
1757 he was chosen poetry professor at
Oxford, in 1771 obtained the living of
Kiddington, in 1781 that of Hill Far-
rance; and in 1785 was appointed
Camden professor of history and poet
laureate. His principal works are,
poems, " Observations on the Faerie
Queen," and " The History of English
Poetry." Of the last work an elegant
and enlarged edition was published a
few years since bv Mr. Price. D. 1790.
WASHINGTON, Geobge, the illus-
trious founder of American independ-
ence, was b. 1782, in the county. of
Fairfax, in Virginia, where his father
was possessed of great landed property.
He was educated under the care of
a private tutor, and paid much atten-
tion to the study of mathematics and
engineering. He was first employed
officially by General Dinwiddle, in 1735,
in remonstrating to the French com-
mander on the Ohio for the infraction
of the treaty between the two nations.
He subsequently negotiated a treaty of
amity with the Indians on the back set-
tlements, and for his honorable services
received the thanks of the British gov-
ernment. In the unfortunate expedition
of General Braddock he served as aid-
de-camp, and on the fall of that brave
but rash commander, he conducted the
retreat to the corps under Colonel Dun-
bar in a manner that displayed great
military talent. He retired from the
service with the rank of colonel; but
while engaged in agriculture at his fa-
vorite seat of Mount Vernon, he was
elected senator in the national council
for Frederic county, and afterwards for
Fairfax. At the commencement of the
revolutionary war, he was selected as
the most proper person to take the
chief command of the provincial troops.
From the moment of taking upon him-
self this important office, in .June, 1775,
he employed the great powers of his
mind to his favorite object, and by his
prudence, his valor, and presence of
mind he deserved and obtained the
eonfidence and gratitude of his country,
and flnan^triumphed ovei all opposition.
The record of his services is the history
of the whole war. He joined the army
at Cambridge in July, 1755. On the
evacuation of Boston in March, 1776, he
proceeded to New York. The battle of
Long Island was fought on the 27th of
August, and the battle of White-plaina
on the 28th of October. On the 25th
of December he crossed the Delaware,
and soon gained the victories at Tren-
ton and Princeton. The battle of Bran-
dywinc was fought on September Hth,
1777 ; of Germantown, October 4th ; of
Monmouth, February 28th, 1778. In
1779 and 1780 he continued in the
vicinity of New York, and closed the
important military operations of the
war by the capture of Cornwallis, at
Yorktown, in 1781. When the inde-
pendence of his country was establish-
ed by the treaty of peace, Washington
resigned his high office to the congress,
and followed by the applause and the
grateful admiration of his fellow-citi-
zens, retired into private life. His high
character and services naturally entitled
him to the highest gifts his country
could bestow, and on the organization
of the government he was called upon
to be the first president of the states
which he had preserved and establish-
ed. -^It was a period of great difficulty
and danger. The unsubdued spirit of
liberty had been roused and kindled by
the revolution of France, and many
Americans were ea^er that the freedom
and equality whicn they themselves
enjoyed should be extended to the sub-
jects of the French monarch. Wash-
ington anticipated the plans of the
factious, and oy prudence and firmness
subdued insurrection, and silenced dis-
content, till the parties, which the in-
trigues of Genet, tlTe French envoy, had
roused to rebellion, were convinced of
the wildness of their measures and of
the wisdom of their governor. The
president completed, in 1795, the busi-
ness of his oflace by signing a commer-
cial treaty with Great Britain, and then
voluntarily resigned his power at a mo-
ment when all hands and all hearts were
imited again to confer upon him the
sovereignty of the country. Eestored
to the peaceful retirement of Mount
Vernon, he devoted himself to the pur-
suits of agriculture ; and though he
accepted the command of the army in
1798, it was merely to unite the affec-,
tions of his fellow-citizens to the gen-
eral good, and was on(5 more sacrifice to
his high sense of duty. D. after a
798
CYCLOP-^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[wAT
short illness on the 14th of December,
1799. — BusHKOD, an eminent judge, was
b. in Westmoreland county, Virginia,
and was educated at William and Mary's
college. He pursued the study of the
law in the office of Mr. Wilson, of Phil-
adelphia, and commenced its practice
with great success in his native county.
In 1781 he was a member of the house
of delegates of Virginia. He after-
wards removed to Alexandria, and
thence to Eichmond, where he pub-
lished two volumes of the decisions of
the supreme court of Virginia. In 1798
he was appointed an associate justice of
the supreme court of the United States,
and continued to hold this situation till
his death in November, 1829. He was
the fovorite nephewof President Wash-
ington, and was the devisee of Mount
Vernon.
WATERLAND, Daniel, a learned
divine and controversialist, was b. 1683,
at Wasely, in Lincolnshire, and was
educated at Lincoln free school, and at
Magdalen college, Cambridge, of the
last of which seminaries he became
master. He was also chancellor of
York, archdeacon of Middlesex, canon
of Windsor, and vicar of Twickenham.
Among his works are, " A History of
the Athanasian Creed," " Scripture
Vindicated," " A Defence of Christ's
Divinity," " A Review of the Doctrine
of the Eucharist," and "Remarks on
Dr. Clarke's Exposition of the Church
Catechism." D. 1740.
WATSON, Henby, a celebrated en-
gineer, the son of a grazier, was b. about
1737, at Holbeach, in Lincolnshire ; was
one of the most remarkable mathematical
contributors to the " Lady's Diary" at
the age of 16 ; completed his education
at the royal academy at Woolwich ; and
obtained a commissien in the corps of
engineers. He so much distinguished
himself at the sieges of Belleisle and the
Havanna, that Lord Clive took him to
Bengal, as chief engineer. Among the
works which Watson executed are the
fortifications of Fort William, and those
at Budge Budge and Melancholy Point.
D. 1786. — Richard, an eminent prelate
and writer, was b. 1737, at Haversham,
in Westmoreland. He commenced his
education under his father, who was
master of the free grammar school at his
native place, and he completed it at
Trinity college, Cambridge, where he
Btudied with unremitting application.
In 1764 he was chosen professor of chem-
istry, and, in 1771, regius professor of
divinity. In politics he was of the lib-
eral school, and he made a fnJl avowal of
his opinions in a sermon, called "The
Principles of the Revolution vindicated,"
which he preached before the university
in 1776, and which excited much com-
ment. In the same year he published
his " Apology for Christianity," in an-
swer to Gibbon. In 1782 he was made
bishop of Llandaff; but George HI.
having imbibed a prejudice against him,
he obtained no further promotion.
Among his other works are, "Chemical
Essays," " Apology for the Bible," and
his own " Memoirs." D. 1816.
WATT, James, a celebrated natural
philosopher and engineer, the son of a
tradesman, was b. 1736, at Greenock, in
Scotland, and began life as a mathemati-
cal instrument maker. In that capacity
he was employed by the university of
his native place from 1757 to 1763. It
was, in 1764, while he was engaged in
repairing the model of a steam-engine,
that the idea of improving the construc-
tion arose in his mind. His first dis-
covery was that of the mode of avoiding
the enormous loss of power occasioned,
by cooling the cylirTder; his next was
the substitution of the expansive power
of steam instead of the atmospheric pres-
sure. To these he subsequently added
many others, which brought the steam
engine to its present state of perfection.
In"l774 he entered into partnersliip with
Mr. Bolton, of Birmingham. His sub-
sequent life was cheered by extensive
fame and ample fortune. Among his
other inventions are a micrometer, a
copying machine, and a machine for
making drawings in perspective. Watt
possessed an extraordinary memory, a-
more than superficial acquaintance with
many sciences and arts, and a knowl-
edge of several modern languages. Some
of his chemical papers are printed in the
" Philosophical Transactions." D. 1819.
W ATTEAU, Anthony, a French art-
ist, was b. 1684, at Valenciennes. He
received little instruction, and began by
being a scene-painter at Paris, but his
admirable genius soon raised him above
that humble occupation. He gained the
prize of the Academy for a picture, and
thenceforth continued to increase in
fame. The engravings from his compo-
sitions, to the number of 563, form three
volumes. Comic conversations, move-
ments of armies, landscapes, and gro-
tesques, are his principal subiects. D.
1721.
WATTS, Isaac, a nonconformist di-
vine, b. 1674, at Southampton, and was
educated at the free school there, and
wkb]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
190
also at a dissenting academy in London.
In his 22d year he became tutor to the
son of Sir John Hartopp, and in 1702 he
succeeded Dr. Chauncey as minister of
a congregation in the metropohs. Nearly
the last forty years of liis blameless life
were spent in the family of his friend,
Sir Thomas Abney, at Stoke Ne wing-
ton. His theological and miscellaneous
works form six quarto volumes, and
many of them are still popular. — Jane,
an accomplished female, whose maiden
name was^"Waldie, was b. 1792, at Hen-
dersyde Park, in Roxburghshire ; dis-
played precocious talents ; acquired mu-
sic, French, Italian, Spanish, and Latin,
without assistance, and painting with
very little; gave proof of superior lit-
erary powers in her " Sketches of Italy,"
" Journal of a Tour in Flanders," and
many smaller pieces; and d. 1826.
WAYNE, Anthony, major-general in
the army of the United States, was b.
1745, in Chester county, Pennsylvania.
He entered the army as colonel, in 1775.
served under Gates, at Tieonderoga, ana
was promoted to the rank of brigadier-
general. He was engaged in the battles
of Brandy wine, Germantown, and Mon-
mouth, in 1779 captured the fortress at
Stony Point, and rendered other im-
portant services during the war. In
1787 he was a member of the Pennsyl-
vania convention which ratified the
constitution of the United States. In
1792 he succeeded St. Clair in the com-
mand of the western army, and gained
a complete victory at the battle of the
Miamis, in 1794. D. 1796.
WEBBE, Samuel, an eminent musi-
cian, particularly celebrated for his glees,
was b. 1740. His mother being left des-
titute, he was bound apprentice to a
cabinet-maker, but, when his term of
servitude expired, he abandoned his
trade, and gained a subsistence by copy-
ing music. By dint of incessant study
he became an excellent composer, and
also acquired several languages and ele-
gant accomplishments. He d. 1816.
His glees and part songs form three
volumes.
WEBBER, Samuel, president of Har-
vard college, was b. in Byfleld, Massa-
chusetts, and was educated at the
college of which he afterwards became
the head. He displayed an early fond-
ness for mathematics, and in 1789 be-
came professor of mathematics and
natural history. In 1806 he was raised
to the presidency of Harvard college,
and discharged the duties of this office
till his death, in 1810. He published.
in 1801, a system of mathematics, . in-
tended as a text-book for the university.
WEBER, Henrt William, an archae-
ologist and editor, was b. 1783, at St.
Petersburg, of German parents ; stud-
ied medicine at Edinburgh and at Jena ;
settled in Scotland, and devoted himself
to literary pursuits ; and d. in 1818, after
having for some time been disordered
in his intellect. Among his publica-
tions are, "Metrical Romances of the
Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth
The Battle of Flodden
Centuries,'
Field," a poem of the 16th century-
and editions of Ford and Beaumont and
Fletcher, of which the last two sub-
jected him to severe criticism. — CarIi
Maria von, one of the most eminent of
modern composers, was b. in 1786, at
Eutin, in Holstein, and was liberally
educated. To music he displayed the
warmest attachment at an early age.
His instructors in the science were Heu-
schel, Michael Haydn, Valesi, Kalcher,
and the Abbe Vogler, For a while,
however, he abandoned his favorite art
to practise that of lithography, but he
soon returned to it. His first operas
were " Das Waldmunehen," and "Peter
Schmpll," the first of which was pro-
duced in 1800. He made professional
tours through various parts of Germany,
and was, successively, chapel-master at
Breslau and at Carlsruhe, and conduc-
tor of the opera of Prague. In 1816 he
was invited to Dresden by the elector
of Saxony, to form a national opera, and
was appointed director of music to the
court. His "Freisehiitz" was brought
out in 1821, at Berlin, and rapidly be-
came popular throughout Europe. In
1826 he visited London, and brought
out the opera of "Oberon;" but his
health was now completely broken, and
he d. suddenly, on the 3d of June.
Weber left a prose work in manuscript,
called " Lives of Artists," which pos-
sesses considerable merit.
WEBSTER, Noah, was b. in West
Hartford, 1758. His ancestor, John
Webster, was one of the earliest En-
glish settlers in Hartford, and was
subsequently governor of Connecticut.
Noah, his father, and two more Web-
sters, were in the army on the occasion
of Burgoyne's expedition to Canada.
Restored to more peaceful pursuits, he
continued his studies, and m 1781 was
called to the bar. Though he had con-
siderable professional employment, his
active mind could not be satisfied with-
out diffusing some portion of its ener-
gies through the medium of the press,
atoo
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[we?
atid.he puoisned the "First Part of a
Grammatical Institute," "Sketches of
American PoHcy," and several other
works, and also established and con-
ducted a daily paper in New York. But
all these labors are comparatively?^ insiff-
niflcant when contrasted with his elab-
orate " English Dictionary," which,
notwithstanding it contains some very
serious mistakes on the subjects of ety-
mology and the analogy of languages, is
a stupendous monument of industiy.
D. 1843.
WEDGEWOOD, Josiah, an eminent
manufacturer of pottery, was b. 17S0.
He succeeded to the business of his
father, and, in 1760, began his improve-
ments in porcelain and earthenware.
Which have changed the current of trade
in those articles, and rendered England
an extensive exporting instead of an im-
porting country. He invented the ware
which bears the name of the queen, and
various other kinds. Wedgewood was
also the inventor of the pyrometer, and
the projector of the Grand Trunk canal.
D. 1796.
WEISSE, Christian Felix, a German
poet and dramatist, was b. 1726, at An-
naberg, in Saxony; was educated at
Altenberg and Leipsic ; established and
conducted two periodicals named the
"Library of Elegant Literature," and
"The Children's Friend," from which
latter work Berquin borrowed his plan
and part of his materials ; succeeded in
1790 to a good estate ; and d. 1804.
WELLS, William Charles, a physi-
cian, was b. 1758, at Charleston, in South
Carolina. His parents were Scotch, and
he was educated at Dumfries and Edin-
burgh, after which he returned to his
native province. Being a loyalist, he
quitted America at the close of the war,
and settled in London, where he d. in
1817. He is the author of "An Essay
on Single Vision with Two Eyes," and
of some valuable papers on the forma-
tion of dew, for wnich he received the
gold and silver medals of the Koyal
Society.
WERNER, Abraham Gottleib, one
of the most eminent of modern miner-
alogists, was b. in 1750, at Wehlau, in
Upper Lusatia. He studied at the min-
oralogical school of Freyberg, in Saxony,
and at Leipsic; and, in his 24th year,
he published an excellent treatise on
the " Characters of Minerals." In 1775
he was appointed lecturer on mineralogy
at Freyberg, and inspector of the cabi-
net of mines. His lectures soon extend-
ed his reputation throughout Europe.
Among his works a«>i " A New Theory
of Veins," with it» application to the
art of working mines; "Classification
and Distribution of Mountains," and a
translation of " Cronstadt's Mineralo-
gy." His system is now very generally
received. D. 1817. — Frederic Louis
Zaohariah, a German poet and drama
tist, was b. 1868, at Koenigsberg, in
Prussia; held for some years an em-
ployment under the Prussian govern-
ment ; abjured Protestantism, and went
to Vienna, where he became * popular
preacher, and d. 1823. Among his
works are, Confessions, Poems, and
Tragedies.
WESLEY, Samuel, a divine and poet,
was b. 1662, at Whitchurch, in Dorset-
shire : was educated at Exeter college,
Oxford; obtained the living of South
Ormesby, and subsequently the rectories
of Epworth and Wroot. He wrote a
volume of poems, with the title of
" Maggots ;" " The Life of Christ," in
verse; "The Histories of the Old and
New Testament," in verse ; " Elegies
on Queen Mary and Archbishop Tillot-
son ;" and " Dissertations on tne Book
of Job." D. 1735. — John, second son
of the foregoing, the founder of the sect
of the Methodists, was b. June 17, 1703,
at Epworth. He was educated at the
Charter house, and Christ-church, Ox-
ford, and was ordained in 1725. Natu-
rally of a serious disposition, he was
rendered still more so by the reading of
devotional treatises ; and, in conjunction
with his brother Charies and some
friends, he formed a religious society ;
to the members of which, with reference
to a sect of Roman physicians, his gay
fellow-collegians gave the name of
Methodists. In 1735, with Charles Wes-
ley and other missionaries, he went to
Georgia to convert the Indians ; but,
after a residence of less than two years
in the colony, during which he wan ex-
tremely unpopular, he returned to En-
gland. In 1738 he began those public
labors which ultimately produced such
a mighty effect, and in 1739 the first
meeting-house was built at Bristol. For
some time he acted in conjunction with
Whitefield, but the radical difference in
their tenets at length producjed a sepa-
ration. Over the sect which he had
founded, Wesley obtained an unbound-
ed influence ; and it mast be owned that
he earned it by his zeal and his unwea-
ried and astonishing exertions. Two
sermons he usually preached every day,
and often four or five. In the course of
his peregrinations he is said to have
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CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
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preached more than forty thousand ser-
mons, and to have travelled three hun-
dred thousand miles, or nearly fifteen
times the circumference of the globe !
On the 17th of February, 1791, he took
cold, after preaching at Lambeth. For
some days he struggled against an in-
creasing fever, and continued to preach
until the Wednesday following, when
he delivered his last sermon. From
that time he became daily weaker and
more lethargic. He d. on the 2d of
March, 1791, being in the 88th year of
his age, and the 65th of his ministry.
He published the "Christian Library;
or, Extracts and Abridgments, &c., from
various Writers ;" " The Arminian
Magazine ;" a monthly publication, now
continued under the title of " The Meth-
odist Magazine," &c., &c. — Charles, his
brother and fellow-laborer, was b. in
1708, at Epworth ; was educated at West-
minster school and at Christ-church;
and d. 1788. He wrote hymns, poems,
and sermons. — Samuel, a son of the lat-
ter, was a distinguished musician. D.
1837.
WEST, Gilbert, a poet and miscel-
laneous writer, was b. in 1706 ; was ed-
ucated at Eton and at^ Christ-church,
Oxford ; obtained, through the influence
of his friend Mr. Pitt, the offices of clerk
to the privy council, and treasurer of
Chelsea college ; and d. 1756. He wrote
goems ; and " Observations on the
;esurrection ;" and translated Pindar.
—Benjamin, an eminent painter, was b.
in 1738, at Springfield, near Philadel-
phia, of Quaker parents. At the age of
seven years he began to manifest his
pictorial talents by sketching with pen
and ink an infant sleeping in a cradle.
From some Indians he obtained red and
yellow, and his mother gave him a piece
of indigo; and as camel's-hair pencils
were wanting, he supplied the want by
clipping the fur of the cat. Improving,
as he advanced in years, he became a
portrait painter of considerable repute,
and produced some meritorious histori-
cal pictures. In his 22d year he visiJ;ed
Italy, where he remained for some time.
In 1763 he settled in England, where he
soon acquired reputation. Among his
?atron8 was Archbishop Drummond of
'ork, by whose means he was intro-
duced to George III., who immediately
gave him a commission to paint '* The
Death of Regulus," and continued ever
afterwards to employ him. In 1791 he
was chosen presiaent of the Eoyal Acad-
emy. Among his last, and perhaps his
best works, are, "Death on the Pale
Horse," and " Christ healing the Sick.'*
He d. March 18, 1820.
WESTALL, EicHARD, a draughtsman
and designer, b. 1765, was apprenticed
to an engraver in heraldry on silver,
&c. ; but his genius soared higher than
this humble department of the arts, and
having studied at the Royal Academy, in
1786 he commenced his splendid career,
imparting to his water-color paintings a-
brilliance and vigor before unknown.
About this time he formed a friendly
intercourse with Sir Tliomas Lawrence,
which continued through life. Mr.
Westall produced many excellent his-
torical paintings ; but he is best known
as the designer of BoydelFs superb edi-
tions of Milton and Shakspeare, and as
the illustrator of numerous other works.
D. 1836. — William, a younger brother
of the preceding, and like him an emi-
nent artist, was b. 1782. In early life he
accompanied Captain Flinders in his
voyage round the world, on his return
from which he illustrated Captain Flin-
ders' work, and opened an exhibition
in Brook-street, consisting of represent-
ations of the chief objects he had wit-
nessed when abroad. In 1813 he was
elected an associate of the Royal Acad-
emy. Among many works which he
published may be mentioned, " A Series
of Views of Picturesque and Romantic
Scenery in Madeira, the Cape of Good
Hope," &c., " Views of the Caves near
Ingleton, &c.. in Yorkshire," "Britan-
nia delineata," "Views in London and
its Environs ;" " Picturesque Tour of
the Thames," &c. D. 1850.
WETSTEIN, John James, a learned
Swiss, was b. in 169«, at Basle; was a
pupil of the younger Bernouilli ; enter-
ed the church, but was compelled by
persecution to quit his country ; settled
in Holland, where he became professor
of theology and ecclesiastical history at
Amsterdam ; and d. there in 1754.
Among his works is an edition of the
New Testament, with the various read-
ings which he collected from numerous
manuscripts.
WETHERELL, Sir Charles, a dis-
tinguished chancery lawyer, was the son
of the learned dean of Hereford, who
for more than half a century was master
of University college, Oxford. He was
b. 1770, received his education at Mag-
dalen college, and in 1794 was called to
the bar. In 1818 he obtained a seat in
parliament as member for Shaftesbury ;
and though he displayed much talent
and energy in debate, " his slovenly
attire, uncouth gestures, patchwork
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CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
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phraseology, fanciful illustrations, odd
theories, recondite allusions, and old-
fashioned jokes, tempted men to call
him a buffoon when tliey ought to have
admired his ingenuity, reverenced his
learning, and honored his consistency."
From 1820 to 1826 he represented the
city of Oxford ; subsequently he sat for
Plympton ; and in 1830 he was elected
for Boroughbridge, which was disfran-
chised by the reform act. In 1824 his
jnst ambition was gratified in being ap-
pointed solicitor-general, and receiving
the honor of kniglithood. Three years
afterwards he succeeded Sir John Cop-
ley as attorney-general, but on Mr. Can-
ning assuming the reins of government
he resigned. He again, however, came
into office in 1828, under the duke of
Wellington. In 1831 he was mobbed
for his anti-cathoUc bigotry. D. 1846.
WHARTON, Philip, duke of, whom
Pope has so admirably characterized in
his "Epistle on the Knowledge and
Characters of Men," was b. 1669, and
very early gave signs of those talents
which he afterwards displayed and dis-
graced. After having, during his trav-
els, accepted the title of duke from the
pretender, he returned to England, and
became a warm champion of the exist-
ing government. Having dissipated his
fortune, he changed his politics again,
retired to the Continent, intrigued with
the Stuarts, entered into the Spanish
service, and d. in indigence, in Spain, in
1731.
WHE ATON, Henry, was b. in Prov-
idence, 1785. He entered Brown uni-
versity in 1798, and graduated in 1802.
He studied law in4he office of Nathaniel
Searle, and in 1804, while yet a student
of law, he went to France, where he re-
sided a year and a half, engaged in the
study of the French language and lit-
erature ; and on his return to Rhode
Island he was admitted to the bar. In
1812 he removed to New York, and be-
came the editor of the " National
Advocate." In New York he was ap-
pointed judge of the marine court,
o,ontinuing in the practice of his pro-
fession as a chamber counsellor. He
was also elected a member of the legis-
lature, and was a prominent member of
the constitutional convention of 1820.
In 1815 he was appointed reporter of
the supreme court of the United States.
In 1827 he was appointed charge-d'af-
faires to Copenhagen. In 1886 he was
transferred to Berlin, and the year after
was raised to the rank of minister pleni-
potentiary. In Prussia his services were
long and eminent. On his retnn. home,
he accepted the chair of professor of
international law in Harvard univer^ity,
and was about to commence the duties
of the appointment when he was at-
tacked with the illness which resulted
in his death. Mr. Wheaton's principal
works are a " Treatise upon the Law of
Captures," " Elements of International
Law," "Sketch of the Law of Nations
from the Peace of Westphalia," an
" Essay on the Right of Search," twelve
volumes of "Reports," and a ^' Digest
of the Reports," the "Life of William
Pinckney," and a " History of the
Northmen." D. 1848.
WHEELOCK, John, was b. at Leba-
non, Connecticut, in 1754. During the
revolution he held the commission of
lieutenant-colonel, and obtained some
military reputation. In 1779 he became
president of Dartmouth college. New
Hampshire, and in 1782 visited Europe
to obtain contributions for that semi-
nary. He remained in that office for 36
years. D. 1817.
WHIPPLE, William, a signer of the
declaration of American independence,
was b. in Maine, 1730, and engaged in
commercial pursuits. He took an early
part in the controversy with Great
Britain, and in 1776 was sent as a dele-
gate from New Hampshire to the con-
tinental congress. He was afterwards
brigadier-general of the troops of that
state, and held several civil offices of
importance. D. 1785.
WHISTON, William, an eminent
divine and mathematician, was b. in
1667, at Norton, in Leicestershire, and
was educated at Tamworth school, and
at Clare hall, Cambridge. In 1698 he
obtained the living of Lowestoff, in Suf-
folk, which he resigned, in 1703, when
he succeeded Sir Isaac Newton in the
mathematical professorship at Cam-
bridge. At length he adopted Arian
principles, in consequence of which he
was expelled from the university in 1710,
lost his offices of professor and cate-
chetical lecturer, and was even pros-
ecuted as a heretic. Late in life he
became a Baptist. Among his works
are, " A Theory of the Earth," " Ser-
mons," "Primitive Christianity Re-
vived," and a translation of Josephus.
D. 1752.
WHITAKER, John, a divine, critic,
antiquary, and historian, was b. 1735, at
Manchester ; was educated at the free
school of that place, and at Corpus
Christi college, Oxford, and d. in 1808,
rector of Ruan Lanyhorne, in Cornwall.
WHi]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
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His principal works are, " The History of
Manchester," "A Vindication of Mary,
Qneen of Scots," "The Course of Han-
nibal over the Alps," "Criticisms on
Gibbon's History," "The Ancient Ca-
tliedral of Cornvvall " and "The Origin
of Government." He also contributed
largely to "The British Critic," and the
English and Antijacobin reviews.
WHITBY, Daniel, a learned divine,
was b. 1638, at Kushden, in Northamp-
tonshire, and was educated at Trinity
college, Oxford. Hjs controversial zeal
against the Catholics gained for him the
patronage of Bishop Ward, who gave
nim a prgbend of Salisbury, and the
rectory of St. Edmund in that city, with
the preceutorship. In his latter days
he became an Arian. His greatest work
is a "Paraphrase and Coinmentary on
the New Testament." D. 1726.
WHITE, Sir Thomas, a native of
Eeading, was b. 1492; acquired a for-
tune by trade in London, and served
the office of lord mayor ; was knighted
for his conduct in Wyatt's rebellion,
and d. in 1566. He was the founder of
St. John's college, Oxford, the patent
for which he obtained in 1557. — Thomas,
a divine, was b. in the 16th century, at
Bristol, and was educated at Magdalen
haU, Oxford. He obtained considerable
church preferment, among which were
a prebend of St. Paul's, and canonries
of Christ-church and Windsor ; and d.
in 1623. He founded Sion college, in
the metropolis, and an hospital at Bris-
tol, and was a benefactor to Magdiilen
college, Oxford. — Gilbert, a naturalist
and antiquary, was b. 1720, at Selborne,
in Hampshire ; and was educated at
Basingstoke school, and at Oriel col-
lege, Oxford. After having taken a
master's degree, and been senior proctor
of the university, he retired to reside on
his property in his native village ; nor
could he be tempted to quit it by the
offer of valuable church preferment.
He wrote the " Natural History and
Antiquities of Selborne," one of the
most amusing of books ; " The Natural-
ist's Calendar ;" and " Miscellaneous
Observations." D. 1798. — Joseph, an
eminent divine and oriental scholar, the
son of a weaver, was b. 1746, at Stroud,
in Gloucestershire, and received his
education at Gloucester school, and
Wadham college, Oxford. In 1755 he
was appointed Laudian professor of
Arabic, and in 1783 he ctelivered the
Bampton lecture. In the composition
of the lectures he was assisted by Dr.
Parr and Mr. Bad:;ock. He obtained a
prebend of Gloucester, and the rectory
of Melton, in Suffolk; and d. in 1814.
Among his works are, " jEgyptiaca."
" Diatessaron," and editions of the
Philoxenic Syrian versions of the four
Gospels, and of Griesbach's Greek Tes-
tament. — Henry Kirke, a poet, was b.
1785, at Nottingham, and was the son
of a butcher. His delicate health pro-
tected him from beings brought up to
his father's trade, and he was placed
with a stocking weaver, but was subse-
quently removed to an attorney's office.
He produced several prose and verse
compositions at an early tige, and de-
voted his leisure hours to reading, and
to the studjr of Greek and Latin. To
obtain a university education, for the
purpose of entering into the church,
was the main object of his wishes. By
the generositv of Mr. Wilberforce and
some other friends, he was at length
enabled to become a student at St.
John's college, Cambridge. His pro-
gress was rapid, but his intense appli-
cation destroyed the vital powers, and
he d. in 1806. He published " Clifton
Grove," with other poems ; and his
" Remains" were edited by Southey. —
Blanco, a miscellaneous vrriter, b. in
Spain, but the greater part of whosie life
was passed in England. He was a sin-
gularly sincere and earnest religious
inquirer, the friend of Channing, Cole-
ridge, Arnold, <fec., and whose memoirs,
in which the struggles of his mind are
unfolded, are of the deepest interest."
— William, b. at Philadelphia, in 1747,
was the first bishop of the Protest-
ant Episcopal church, who lived to a
venerable age. He was chaplain to the
congress of 1777, was mainly instru-
mental in framing the constitution of
the American church, compiled the
liturgy and the canons, and wrote sev-
eral able works, chiefly on religious top-
ics. D. 1836.
WHITEFIELD, Georoe, a celebrated
divine, the founder of the Calvinistio
Methodists, was b. 1714, at Gloucester,
where his father kept the Bell inn. He
was educated at the Crypt school of his
native city, and at Pembroke college,
Oxford. At the university he was one
of the members of the society formed
by Wesley, and inflicted on himself
many ascetic privations. He was or-
dained a deacon in 1736, and his pulpit
eloquence soon became highly popular.
In 1737 he sailed to Georgia, and he re-
mained in the colony for nearly .two
years. He returned to America in 1739,
made a tour through several of the
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CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[wio
pro vi aces, and resided in Georgia till
1741 ; and he subsequently made five
visits to that quarter of the globe. The
foundation of the orphan house was one
of the benefits which Whitefield con-
ferred on Georgia. In England he first
introduced, in 1739, the practice of
preaching in the open air, and the effect
of his oratory was astonishing. The
tabernacles in Moorfields and Totten-
ham-court road were erected by his fol-
lowers, and among his converts was the
countess of Huntingdon. In 1741 the
breach took place between him and
Wesley. D. Sept. 30, 1770, at Newbury-
port, in New England.
WHITEHEAD, George, one of the
early preachers among the Quakers, was
b. 1636, at Orton, in Westmoreland, and
was educated at Blenclow free school,
in Cumberland. At the age of 18 he
began to propagate those religious doc-
trines which he had embraced, and he
continued his labors in various parts of
England, in spite of the severest perse-
cution. After the revolution, his exer-
tions procured from the legislature the
admission of a Quaker's affirmation in-
stead of an oath. He d. generally re-
spected, in 1722-3. He wrote his own
Memoirs, and some other works. —
Paul, a poet, was b. 1710, in Holborn;
was apprenticed to a mercer, but quitted
trade to study law in the Temple ; ac-
quired considerable popularity as a sat-
irist ; was appointed deputy-treasurer
©f the exchequer ; and d. in 1774. He
wrote t"he " State Dunces," " Manners,"
"Honor," "The Gymnasiad," and other
poems. — William, a poet and di-amatist,
was b. 1715, at Cambridge, and was the
son of a baker. He was educated at
Winchester school, and at Clare hall,
Cambridge ; became travelling tutor to
Lord Nuneham and the earl ot Jersey's
son ; obtained the registrarship to the
order of the Bath ; and, on the death of
Gibber, was appointed poet laureate. He
d. in 1785. Among his works are the
tragedies of the " Roman Father" and
" Creusa ;" " The School of Lovers," a
comedy; "Poems," and some miscel-
laneous pieces.
WHITEHURST, John, an eminent
engineer, was b. 1713, at Congleton ;
was brought up to his father's business
of a watchmaker ; followed that business
at Derby, and also became celebrated
for constructing philosophical instru-
nients and hydraulic machines ; was ap-
pointed, in 1775, stamper of the money
weiglits in the mint ; and d. 1788. He
wrote an " Liquiry into the Original
State and Formation ol the Earth," " A
Treatise on Chimneys," " An Attempt
towards obtaining invariable Measures
of Length, Capacity, and Weight, from
the Mensuration of Time," and some
papers in the "Philosophical Transac-
tions."
WHITELOCKE, Bulstrode, was b.
1605, in London, and studied at Mer-
chant Tailors' school, St. John's col-
lege, Oxford, and the Middle Temple.
He was a member of the long parlia-
ment, and espoused the popular cause,
but was moderate ih his conduct. In
1648 he was appointed one of the coun-
cil of state, and in 1653 was sent on an
embassy to Sweden. He wcSte " Me-
morials of English Affairs," " Notes on
the King's Writ," " An Account of his
Swedish Embassy," and " Labors re-
membered in the Annals of Life." D. '
1676.
WHITGIFT, John, a prelate, was b.
1530, at Great Grimsby, in Lincolnshire ;
was educated at Queen's college, ana
Pembroke hall, Cambridge ; was, suc-
cessively, made Margaret professor of
divinity, queen's chaplain, master of
Pembroke hall and of Trinity college,
and dean of Lincoln. In 1577 he be-
came bishop of Worcester, and vice-
president of the Welsh marches, and,
in 1583, was translated into the arch-
bishopric of Canterbury. As primate,
he distinguished himself by persecuting
the Catholics and Puritans. D. 1603.
WHITTINGTON, Sir Richard, a
citizen and. mercer, and " thrice lord
mayor of London," was an extensive
benefactor to the metropolis, though the
marvellous stories connected with his
name are groundless fictions. His alms-
houses for thirteen poor men form an
intei-estiug object on Highgate hill, and
near them stands the famous stone which
commemorates his return to London at
the time the church bells so invitingly
recalled him, in tones which he was fain
to believe assured him of future civio
honors. His last mayoralty was in 1419.
WICKLIFF, WYCLIF'FE, or WIC-
LEF, John, a divine and ecclesiastical
reformer, who has been called " the
morning star of the reformation," was
b. in 1324, at a village of the same name
in Yorkshire. He studied at Queen's
and Merton colleges, Oxford, and early
distinguished himself by opposing the
mendicant friars, and by his proficiency
in school divinity and the works of
Aristotle. His exertions against the
friars were rewarded by the mastership
of Baliol college, and the wardenship of
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CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
805
Trinity. Of the latter he was deprived
by Archbishop Langham, and the sen-
tence was ratified by the pope. Having
gained the favor of John of Gaunt,
WickliflF was made king's chaplain, and
rector of Lutterworth. He now began
vigorously to attack papal usurpation
and the abuses of the church; nor did
he slacken his efforts till he ceased to
exist. The pope insisted on his being
brought to trial as a heretic, but he was
effectually protected by his patron, the
duke of Lancaster. His works are very
numerous. Among them are, " Tri-
alogus," "Wickliff's Wicket," and a
version of the Old and New Testament.
D. 1384.
WIELAND, Chbistopher Maktin, a
German writer, who rivals Voltaire in
universality of talent and literary fer-
tility, was b. in 1783, at Holtzheim, near
Biberach, in Suabia. He was educated
by his father, a clergyman, and comple-
ted his studies at Klosterbergen and
Tubingen. In his 13th year he began
to compose Latin and German verses.
His first published work was " The Na-
ture of Things," in six cantos, which
appeared in 1751. In the following year
he went to reside in Switzerland, whence
in 1760 he returned to Biberach, where
he was appointed to a municipal office.
His proauetions in prose and verse,
which rapidly succeeded each other,
raised him to the summit of literaiy
reputation. The elector of Mentz nomi-
nated him professor of philosophy and
belles lettres at Erfurt; and, m 1772,
the duchess dowager of Saxe Weimar
gave him the tuition of her two sons,
his original works form 42 volumes
quarto ; and he translated Lucian, Shak-
speare, Cicero's "Epistles," and Hor-
ace's "Satires." D. 1813.
WIFFEN, Jeremiah Holme, a cele-
brated Quaker poet, was b. 1792, and
brought up to the profession of a school-
master, in which he was for some years
engaged. The work on which his po-
etical fame mainly rests is a transla-
tion of Tasso, in which he adopted the
Spenserian stanza. Among his other
productions we must name "Aonian
Hours, and other Poems," also a trans-
lation of poems from the Spanish of De
la Vega, a series of stanzas illustrative
of the portraits at Woburn abbey, enti-
tled "The Eussells," and his able prose
work, " The History of the Eussell Fam-
ily," which he traces up to the heathen
chiefs three centuries before the time of
the conquering Kollo. D. 1886.
WILBEKFOKCE, William, a distin-
guished philanthropist, was b. 1759, at
Hull. He completed his education at
Cambridge, and there obtained the
friendship of Mr. Pitt. He was elected
M. P. for Hull, and the next year, 1787,
distinguished himself by his exertions
for the abolition of the slave trade,
which, after a long warfare and many
struggles, was finally decreed by the
British legislature, in 1807. He ap-
proved the principles of the French
revolution, as they exliibited themselves
at its commencement ; and, on the mo-
tion of M. Brissot, in August, 1792, was
voted the right of French citizenship.
But, in 1801, he denounced the designs
of Bonaparte, and supported all the
ministerial measures of vigorous oppo-
sition to France. In his exertions to
emancipate the hapless African from
the chains of slavery, Mr. Wilberforce
never relaxed, and he lived to see the
second reading of the "Emancipation
Act" carried by the house of commons-
He published a " Practical View of the
prevailing Religious Systems of Pro-
fessed Christians," and an "Apology
for the Christian Sabbath." D. 1838.
WILDE, EicHARD Henry, was b. in
Baltimore, but removed at an early age
to Augusta, Ga., in which state he was
admitted to the bar. The latter part of
his life was spent in New Orleans. He
was once attorney-general of Georgia,
and at the time of his death was pro-
fessor of law in the university of Louis-
iana. He was also distinguished in
public life. In 1815, when barely above
the constitutional age, he was elected to
congress. At the end of two years he
returned to his profession, but he was
again a member of congress in 1825,
and from 1827 to 1885. Mr. Wilde was
more generally known as an accom-
plished scholar. He published several
poetical effusions, which gained him
credit ; and his researches in Italian
literature, especially the work on the
" Love, Madness, and Imprisonment of
Tasso," have gained him a high place
among men of letters. D. 1847.
WILFOED, Francis, an eminent ori-
entalist, was b. about 1760, at Hanover ;
was for many years in the service of the
East India Company in Hindostan ; and
d. 1822. Many of his papers are print-
ed in the "Asiatic Eesearches."
WILKES, John, a celebrated political
character, was b. 1717, in Clerkenwell,
and was the son of a rich distiller. He
began his public career as member for
Aylesbury, and lieutenant-colonel of the
Buckinghamshire militia. By some pam-
S06
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[wn
phlets whicli he wrote against the Bute
administration, in 1762, he gained repu-
tation ; but it was to his periodical pa-
per, "Tlae North Briton," and especially
to No. 45 of it, that he was indebted for
his popularity. That number the gov-
ernment determined to prosecute, and,
accordingly, a general warrant was is-
sued against the author, printer, and
publisher. Wilkes contended that the
warrant was illegal ; obtained a decision
to that effect from the court of common
pleas, and large damages from the sec-
retary of state and his subordinate myr-
midons. Still bent on his ruin, the
ministiy renewed the prosecutioil in a
regular manner, and commenced anoth-
er for an obscene poem. He was also
dangerously wounded in a duel with
Mr. Martin, one of their partisans. Giv-
ing way to the storm, he retired to
France, upon which he was outlawed,
and expelled from his seat. In 1768,
being elected for Middlesex, he return-
ed, and was condemned to a fine of
£1000, and 22 months imprisonment,
and was subsequently expelled a second
time for a libel. Again he was chosen,
but, in utter contempt of all right, the
house declared him ineligible to sit in
that parliament, and seated Colonel
Luttrell, who had but a small number
of votes. This infamous vote was after-
wards expunged from the journals. In
1770 he was criosen an alderman of Lon-
don, in which capacity he set at defiance
the mandates of the house. In 1772 he
was sheriff; in 1774, lord mayor; and
in 1779 he became chamberlain of the
city. In 1775 he was once more sent to
parliament by Middlesex, and he was a
steady opponent to the American war.
D. 1797. Two collections of his corre-
spondence have been published.
WILKTE, Sir David, a painter of dis-
tinguished merit, was b. near Cupar, in
Fifeshire, in 1785, his father being a
minister of the Scotch church. In 1805
he went to London, and soon attracted
notice by the excellence of his earliest
efforts, his career of fame commencing
with his "Village Politicians," "Blind
Fiddler," "Kent Day," &c. His repu-
tation was now established, and in 1811
he was made a royal academician, from
which period he regularly produced, and
as regularly sold at increasing prices, his
most celebrated pictures, of which we
shall merely mention a few, as "Dis-
training for Eent," "The Penny Wed-
ding," " Bhnd Man's Buff," " The Vil-
lage Festival," "The Keading of the
will," and "Chelsea Pensioners Kead-
ing the Gazette of the Battle of Water-
loo." D. 1841.
WILKINS, John, a prelate and math-
ematician, was b. in 1614, at Fawsley, in
Northamptonshire, and was educated at
New Inn hall, and Magdalen hall, Ox-
ford. Having espoused the popular
cause, and bemg mai-ried to Cromwell's
sister, he was made warden of Wadham
college, and, by Kichard Cromwell, was
appointed master of Trinity college.
The restoration deprived him of these
preferments, but he soon obtained oth-
ers, and, in 1668, was raised to the bish-
opric of Chester. He d. in 1672. He
was the founder of that association
which afterwards became the Koyal So-
ciety. Besides his mathematical works,
reprinted in two volumes, he wrote an
"Essay towards a real Character and
Philosophical Language," and various
theological pieces.
WILKINSON, Jemima, a bold and
artful religious impostor, was b. in Cum-
berland, R. I., about the year 1753. Ke-
coverin^ suddenly from an apparent
suspension of life, in 1773, she gave out
that she had been raised from the dead,
and laid claim to supernatural power and
authority. Making a few proselytes, she
removed with them to the neighborhood
of Crooked Lake, N. Y., where she d. in
1819.
WILLAKD, Samuel, an eminent di-
vine, was b. in Massachusetts, and re-
ceived his education at Harvard college,
where he was graduated in 1650. He
was settled over the old south church
in Boston, and became the most cele-
brated among his cotemporaries in the
ministry. In 1701 he was made vice-
president of Harvard college, and con-
tinued in this office till his death, in
1707. He published a large number of
sermons, and a folio volume of divinity.
WILLIAMS, John, a divine and
statesman, was b. in 1582, at Abercon-
way, in Wales, and was educated at St.
John's college, Cambridge. After hav-
ing held several minor but valuable
Sreferments, he was made bishop of
lincoln, and keeper of the great seal, in
1621. Of the office of lord keeper he
was deprived by Charles I., on his ac-
cession. He was subsequently prosecu-
ted in the star-chamber, and sentenced
to a fine of £10,000, and imprisonment
in the Tower. The proceedings were,
however, rescinded in 1640, and in the
following year he was translated to the
see of York. During the civil war he
made an ineffectual a'ttempt to hold out
Conway castle against the parliament.
wil]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
8lrF
D. 1650. Williams was a strennous op-
ponent to Laud. — Sir Chaeles Han-
bury, a poet and diplomatist, was b. in
1709 ; was educated at Eton ; was for a
considerable period one of the members
for the county of Monmouth ; held the
paymastership of the marines ; was em-
ployed as ambassador to Dresden and
St. Petersburgi; and d. insane, in 1759.
His poems are spirited and witty, but
licentious. — David, a miscellaneous wri-
ter, was b. in 1738, in Cardiganshire^
was educated at a dissenting academy ;
and became a dissenting minister.
Changing to a deist, he opened a chapel
to diffuse his newly adopted opinions,
and for some time his hearers were nu-
merous. The subsequent part of his
life was dedicated to literary pursuits
and to private teaching. The Literary
Fund was founded by him. Among his
chief works are, " Lectures on the Prin-
ciples and Duties of Eeligion and Moral-
ity," " Lectures on Education," " Lec-
tures on Political Principles," and a
"History of Monmouthshire." ^ D. 1816.
— ^Helen Mabia, a poet and miscellane-
ous writer, was b. in 1762, in the north
of England, and was ushered into pub-
lic notice when she was 18, by Dr.
Kippis. Between 1782 and 1788 she
published " Edwin and Eltruda," a po-
em, " Peru," a poem, and other pieces,
which were afterwards collected m two
volumes. In 1790 she settled in Paris.
There she became intimate with the
most eminent of the Girondists, and, in
1794, was imprisoned, and nearly shared
their fate. She escaped, and took ref-
uge in Switzerland, but returned to the
French capital in 1796, where she con-
tinued to reside till her decease, 1827. —
KoGEB, one of the founders of Ehode
Island, was b. in Wales, in 1599, and
received his education at Oxford. He
was for some time a minister of the es-
tablished church, but dissenting, he re-
moved, in 1631, to New England, and
preached till 1636 at Salem and Ply-
mouth. Being banished from the colo-
ny on account of his religious opinions,
• he removed with several others to Ehode
Island, and laid the foundation of Provi-
dence. They there established the first
society in which was enjoyed perfect
liberty of conscience. For several years
Williams was president of the colony.
D. 1683. — Otho Holland, an officer in
the American army, was b. in Maryland,
in 1748, served in various capacities du-
ring the revolutionary war, and fought
at the battles of Guilford, Hobkirk's
hill, and the Eutaws. Before the dis-
banding of the army he was made
brigadier-general. For several years he
was collector at Baltimore. D. 1794.—
William, a signer of the declaration of
American independence, was b. at Leb-
anon, Conn., in 1731, and was educated
at Harvard college. From the univer-
sity he returned home, and for some
time devoted himself to the study of
theology. At an early period of the
revolution he embarked in the cause
of his country, and was a delegate from
his native state to the continental con-
gress. D. 1811.
WILLIAMSON, Hugh, an American
physician, was b. in Pennsylvania, in
1735, and received his education at the
college of Philadelphia ; but relinquish-
ed the clerical profession, for which he
had been intended, and turned his at-
tention first to mathematics, and subse-
quently to medicine. After visiting
Edinburgh and Leyden, at which latter
university he obtained the degree of
M. D., he returned and practised in
Philadelphia. He was one of the com-
mittee appointed by the American Phil-
osophical Society, 1769, to observe the
transit of Venus over the solar disc ;
and he attracted _ considerable attention
by his observations on the remarkable
comet which then made its appearance,
as he came to the conclusion that comets,
instead of being ignited masses, are in-
habited planets. He was appointed to
the medical staff of the revolutionary
army, and, at the restoration of peace,
he became a member of congress.
Among his chief works are, "The His-
tory of North Carolina," and " Obser-
vations on the Climate of America.^
D. 1819.
TVILLIS, Browne, an eminent anti-
quary, was b. in 1682, at Bland ford, in
Dorsetshire, studied at Westminster
school, and at Christ-church, Oxford ;
was elected M. P. for Buckinghamshire
in 1705 ; became a member of the society
of antiquaries in 1717, and d. in 1760.
Willis was a man of an eccentric char-
acter. Miss Talbot, who gives a ludic-
rous description of him, declares, that
" with one of the honestest hearts in
the world he has one o^ the oddest
heads that ever dropt out of the moon."
His principal works are, " Notitia Par-
liamentaria," " A Survey of the Cathe-
drals of England," "History of the
Mitred Parliamentary Abbeys," and " a
History of Buckingham." — Francis, a
physician, celebrated for his skill in
cases of insanity, was b. about 1718, in
Lincolnshire, and was educated at
808
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[wiir
Brazennose college, Oxford. He was
brought up to the church, and obtained
a college living in the metropolis ; but
subsequently took the degree of M. D.,
and practised as a physician. He re-
stored George III. to sanity, and was
amply rewarded by a parliamentary
grant. D. 1807.
WILLUGHBY, Francis, an eminent
naturalist, was b. 1635, in Lincolnshire,
and was educated at Trinity college,
Cambridge. Ray was his tutor, and
was subsequently his fellow-traveller
on the Continent, his frequent guest,
and his executor. In 1 662 he became a
member of the Royal Society. He d. in
1674. He wrote a Latin treatise on or-
nithology, another on ichthyology, and
some papers in the " Philosophical
Transactions." The treatises were edit-
ed, after Willughby's death, by Ray.
WILSON, Alexander, the celebrated
ornithologist, was b. at Paisley, Scot-
land, and came to Delaware in 1794.
Removing to Philadelphia he became
acquainted with Mr. Bartram, the nat-
uralist, and devoted himself to the cul-
tivation of natural history. His great
work is the " American Ornithology,"
splendidly executed, and very accurate
and comprehensive. He possessed con-
siderable taste for literature, and pub-
lished several small poems of much
beauty. D. 1813. — James, a signer of
the declaration of independence, was b.
in Scotland, about 1742. He was well
educated, and after completing his stud-
ies emigrated to America. Settling at
Philadelphia, he received an offer to
enter the office of Mr. John Dickinson
and pursue the study of the law. He
soon distinguished himself, and was
appointed a delegate to the continental
congress, where he continued from 1775
to 1777. He was a member of the con-
ventions which framed the constitution
of Pennsylvania and that of the United
States, and in 1789 was appointed one
of the judges of the supreme court of
the United States. In 1797 he was made
professor of law in the university of
Pennsylvania, and in this capacity de-
livered a course of lectures, afterwards
published. D. 1798. — Thomas, a prelate
eminent for piety, was b. 1663, at Bar-
ton,' in Cheshire. He was educated at
Trinity college, Dublin. The earl of
Derby, to whom he was chaplain, and
whose son he accompanied to the Con-
anent as tutor, nominated him in 1697,
bishop of the Isle of Man. He held
the see during fifty-eight years, and
though his annual income was only
three hundred pounds, he refused to
accept an English bishopric. Scanty as
were his means, he was benevolent to
the poor, built a new chapel at Castle-
ton, founded parochial libraries, and
introduced important improvements in
the agriculture of the island. D. 1755.
— Richard, a celebrated painter, was b.
1714, at Penegos, in Moig,gomery shire.
He received a liberal education, and,
having manifested a genius for painting
he was placed under an obscure por-
Urait painter named Wright. He him-
self began his career in the same branch
of art. On his visiting Italy, however,
he was advised by Zuccarelli to devote
himself to Ji.ndscape, and fortunately, he
followed that advice. His picture of
"Niobe" was exhibited in 1760, He
attained great reputation, but neverthe-
less, the latter part of his life was cloud-
ed by poverty. He d. in 1782. Fuseli
declares that " Wilson's taste was so
exquisite, and his eye so chaste, that
whatever came from" his easel bore the
stamp of elegance and truth."
WINCHESTER, Elhanan, an Amer-
ican divine, who visited England about
1788, attempted to found a Philadel-
phian society, and disseminated his
peculiar tenets by means of preaching,
and of a Philadelphian magazine. He
succeeded in establishing a sect called
Winchestarians, or Universalists, which
is still in existence. His distinguished
tenet was the ultimate redemption of all
mankind, and even of the devils. He
returned in 1792 to his native country.
Among his works are, " Lectures on
the Prophecies," " The Universal Res-
storation," and an heroic poem on
Christ.
WINCKELMAN, John Joachim, a
celebrated German antiquary, was b. in
1717, at Steindall, in Bradenburgh.
After having been professor of the
belles lettres at Seehausen, and libra-
rian to Count Bunau, he became a Cath-'
olic, and went to Rome, where the pope
appointed him president of antiquities,
and librarian of the Vatican. He was
murdered in 1768, at Trieste, while on •
his return from Germany to Italy. His
principal works are, *' A History of Art
amono: the Ancients," " Ancient ined-
ited Monuments," "Reflections on the
Imitation of the Productions of the
Greeks in Painting and Sculpture."
On " Allegory," and " Letters on Her-
culaneum."
WINDER, William H., an officer in
the American army, was b. in Mary-
land in 1775, was educated for the bar,
wnx]
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
809
and pursued his profession in Baltimore
with great success. In 1812 he received
a colonel's commission, was promoted
to the rank of brigadier-general, and
»erved with reputation during the war
with Great Britain. He commanded the
troops at the battle of Bladensburg. On
the declaration of peace he resumed the
practice of his profession. D. 1824.
WINDHAM, William, a statesman,
was h. in 1750, at Felbrig, in Norfolk,
and was educated at Eton, Glasgow,
and University college, Oxford. In
1782 he was elected M. P. for Norwich,
and for a short time secretarj^ to the
viceroy of Ireland. He contmued to
act with the Whigs till 1793, when he
adopted the sentiments of Burke ; and
in the following year, he was appointed
secretary at war, with a seat in the
cabinet. In 1801 he resigned. To the
Eeace of Amiens he was strenuously
ostile. During the brief possession
of power by the Whigs in 1806, he held
his former office, D. 1810.
WINGATE, Edwaed, a lawyer and
mathematician, was b. in 1593, in York-
shire, studied at Queen's college, Ox-
ford, and at Gray's Inn ; was sent to
France to instruct Henrietta Maria in
the English language ; took the popular
side in the civil war, and d. in 1656.
Amon^ his works are, " Natural and
Artificial Arithmetic," " The Exact
Surveyor," "Ludus Mathematicus,"
" Maxims of Reason," and " an Abridg-
ment of the Statutes."
WINSLOW, Edward, was b. in
Worcestershire, in 1594. He was among
the first settlers of New England, in
1620, and was repeatedly elected govern-
or of the colony they founded at Ply-
mouth. He went several times as an
agent to England, and in 1655 was ap-
pointed a commissioner to superintend
the expedition against the Spaniards in
the West Indies. D. near Jamaica in
the May of that year. — James Benignus,
a celebrated Danish anatomist, was b.
in 1669, at Odensee ; settled in France,
and in 1699 became a Catholic. In 1743
he succeeded Mr. Hunald as professor
of anatomy and physiology at the Eoyal
Botanic Garden. He d. in 1760. Win-
slow was a member of several learned
bodies. His principal work, which still
preserves its reputation undiminished,
18 "An Anatomical Exposition of the
Structure of the Human Body."
WINSOR, Frederic Albert, an en-
terprising projector, to whom the pub-
lic is indebted for the beautiful gas-
ight which now illuminates the streets,
68*
at the Lyceum, in the Strand, in 1803.
He afterwards lighted with gas the
walls of Carlton palace gardens, on the
king's birthday m 1807 ; and duri}ig
1809 and 1810, he lighted one side of
Pall Mall, from the house which he then
occupied in that street. He followed
up his object with great perseverance,
and at length obtained a charter of in-
corporation for a gas-light and coke
company. In consequence, however,
of some misunderstanding with the
parties with whom he was associated he
did not obtain his expected remunera-
tion. In 1815 he went to Paris, where
he also erected gas-works, and estab-
lished a company. D. 1880. .
WINSTANLEY, William, a literary
barber who wrote the "Lives of the
Poets," "Select Lives of England's
Historical Rarities," &c.
Worthi
D. about 1690.
WINTER, John William de, a
Dutch admiral, was b. in 1750. Having
been an active partisan in the revolution
which broke out in 1787, he was obliged
to take refuge in France, when the party
of the stadtholder prevailed. In France
he entered the army, served under Du-
mouriez and Pichegru, and in a short
time rose to the rank of general of
brigade. In 1795, when Picliegru in-
vaded Holland, De Winter returned to
his country, where the states-general
made him vice-admiral and commander
of the naval forces at Texel. Here,
with 29 vessels, of which 16 were ships
of the line, he was completely defeated
by Duncan, Oct. 7, 1797. D. 1812.—
Peter von, an eminent German musi-
cian, b. at Manheim, in 1754, and at the
age of 10 years was appointed a mem-
ber of the orchestra of the elector. He
composed a variety of operas, oratorios,
and other pieces of vocal and instru-
mental music, many of which possess
very considerable merit. D. 1825.
WINTHROP, John, first governor
of Massachusetts, was b. at Groton,
England, in 1587. He arrived with the
colonists in Salem in 1630, having a
commission as their governor, and held
this office, with the exception of six or
seven years, till his death in 1649. He
kept a minute journal of the affairs of
the colony, which has been published,
and possesses much value. — John, son
of the foregoing, was b. in England,
1605, and received his education at
Cambridge. He came to Massachusetts
in 1633, and subsequently visiting En-
gland, returned and established a oolo«
810
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[WOL
ny at Saybi jok, Conn. In 1657 he was
chosen governor of that colony, and
remained so till his death in 1676. He
was distinguished for his love of natural
philosophy, and was one of the found-
ers of the Koyal Society of London. —
James, a man of letters, was b. at Cam-
bridge, Mass., in 1752, and was grad-
uated at Harvard college. He was for
twenty years librarian of that institu-
tion. His acquirements in the exact
sciences, the ancient and modern lan-
guages, and in biblical and polite litera-
ture were extensive. D. 1821.
WIRT, William, an eminent advocate
and essavist, b. at Bladensburg, Md.,
1772, and studied law in Leesburg, Va.,
where he was admitted to the bar, in
1792. He was appointed chancellor of
the eastern district of Virginia in 1802,
and district attorney in 1816. The part
he took in the famous trial of Aaron
Burr gave him his greatest distinction
as an eloquent pleader. His " Letters
of the British Spy," first published in a
Eichmond paper; the "Old Bachelor,"
and a "Life of Patrick Henry;" the
latter, written in a highly florid style,
enjoyed great popularity in their day.
D. 1835.
WISHART, Georqe, a Scotch martyr,
was b. at the commencement of the 16th
century. Little is known of his early
life; but he is said to have embraced
the Protestant faith while travelling in
Germany ; to have resided for some
years at Cambridge ; and to have taught
at Benet college. In 1544 he returned
to his native land, and exerted himself
zealously in preaching the doctrines of
the Reformation. In 1546 he was seized
by Cardinal Beaton, was brought to trial,
and was mercilessly condemned to the
flames.
WISTAR, Caspar, a celebrated physi-
cian, was b. in Philadelphia, 1761. He
studied medicine under Dr. John Red-
man, and completed his professional
course at the schools in London and
Edinburgh. Returning in 1787 to his
native city, he soon distinguished him-
self in his profession, and in 1789 was
elected professor of chemistry in the col-
lege of Philadelphia. In 1782 he became
adjunct professor of a' latomy, midwifery,
and surgery, with Dr. Shippen ; and on
the decease of that gentleman, in 1808,
sole professor. His acquirements in
professional knowledge were very ex-
tensive, and he obtained much pop-
ularity as a lecturer. D. 1818.
WITHER, George, a poet, was b.
1588, at Bentworth in Hamoshire, and
was educated at Magdalen college, Ox-
ford. He studied law at Lincoln's Inn,
but did not practise. In 1613 he was
committed to prison for his satires,
called " Abuses Stript and Whipt." In
the civil war he espoused the popular
cause, and rose to the rank of major-
general. After the restoration he was
again incarcerated for his writings, and
remained for more than three years in
durance. He d. in 1667. Of his numer-
ous works many are hasty and incorrect,
but in his "Shepherds Hunting," and
some of his other pieces, there is much
of genuine poetry.
WITHERSPOON, John, a signer of
the declaration of independence, was b.
in Scotland, 1722, and was educated at
the university of Edinburgh. He stud-
ied divinity, and became one of the most
influential and distinguished of the Scot-
tish clergy. Being induced to accept the
E residency of the college at Princeton,
e removed to New Jersey with his
family in 1768. In 1776 he was ap-
pointed a delegate to the continental
congress, and retained a seat there du-
ring the war. On the return of peace
he resumed his duties at the college.
D. 1794.
WODHULL, Michael, a poet, was b.
1740, atThenford, in Northamptonshire;
was educated at Winchester school, and
at Brazennose college, Oxford ; lived on
his paternal estate, and amused his lei-
sure hours with literature ; and d. in
1816. He wrote poems, which have a
considerable portion of merit ; and trans-
lated the tragedies of Euripides.
WOLCOTT, John, a poet, better
known by the name of Peter Pindar,
was b. 1738, at Dodbrook, in Devon-
shire; was educated at private semi-
naries ; and was apprenticed to his
uncle, an apothecary at Truro, who ulti-
mately left him the bulk of his property.
Having taken a degree, he accompanied
Sir William Trelawney to the govern-
ment of Jamaica, as physician. While
residing in that island "he took orders,
and was presented to a living. On
his return to England he settled at
Truro, whence he removed to Helstone.
It was while he was living in Cornwall
that he drew from obscurity the painter
Opie ; and in 1780 he went'with him to
settle in London. Wolcott's first publi-
cation, " An Epistle to the Reviewers,"
appeared in 1778. After his arrival in
the metropolis, his productions rapidly
succeeded eacli other, and were highly
popular. Among .his most finished
works are, "Lyric Odes to the Koyal
wol]
CYCLOPJB^^A OF BIOGRAPHY.
811
Academicians," and "The Lousiad."
In the decline of life he becanae blind,
and he d. January 14, 1819. — Oliver,
governor of Connecticut, was b. 1727,
and received his education at Yale col-
lege. He served as captain in the French
war, and studied medicine though he
never practised. He was a delegate to
the congress of 1776, signed the declara-
tion of independence and the articles of
confederation, and remained a member
till 1785. In 1785 he was elected deputy
governor, and was re-elected till 1796,
when he was made governor. D. 1797.
WOLF, Fbederio Augustus, an emi-
nent German philologist, was b. 1759,
at Haynrode, in Holstein ; was educated
at Gottingen ; was appointed professor,
in 1783, at the university of Halle, where
he remained for twenty-three years ; had
a considerable share in founding and
organizing the new university at Berlin,
in 1808, and became professor of it ; and
d. in 1824. He edited, and added notes
and dissertations to, many Greek and
Eoman classics; and wrote "A History
of Eoman Literature," and other works.
"WOLFE, James, a celebrated gen-
eral, the son of a lieutenant-general, was
b. 1726, at Westerham, in Kent, and
distinguished himself, before he was 20,
at the battle of Laffeldt. He increased
his reputation so much by his conduct
at Minden and Louisburgh, that Pitt
selected him to command the expedition
against Quebec. Wolfe overcame all
obstacles, scaled the heights of Abra-
ham, and compelled the enemy to risk
the province on the issue of a battle. In
the moment of victory he fell, mortally
wounded. Cries of " They run !" struck
his ear. Eousing himself^from the faint-
ness of death, he inquired, " Who run ?"
and being told that it was the French,
he exclaimed, "Thank God, then I die
contented !" and immediately expired.
D. 1759. — Charles, an Irish divine and
poet, was b. 1791, at Dublin ; was edu-
cated at Trinity college, Dublin; ob-
tained the curacy of Ballyclog, which he
exchanged for that of Castle Caulfield ;
and d. of consumption, in February,
1823. He wrote the well-known " Ode
on the Death of Sir John Moore," be-
ginning with, " Not a drum was heard ;"
and the praise which, after his decease,
was bestowed upon that piece, induced
his friends to publish a volume of his
"Remains."
WOLFIUS, Christian, an eminent
German mathematician and philosopher,
who filled the professor's chair in the
MiiverBKj of Halle, and was eventually
created a baron of the empire. His
principal works are, " Elementa Mathe-
seos Universae," "A System of Philos-
ophy," and a "Treatise on the Law of
Nature and Nations." — John Christo-
pher, a divine and philologist, b. in
1683. He was author of many works
on Hebrew and Greek literature, and
bequeathed a vast collection of rabbini-
cal and oriental books to the public
library at Hamburgh, where he d. in
1739.-— Jerome, an eminent critic and
classical scholar, who d. at Augsburg,
in 1580. — John, an historical and mis-
cellaneous writer, who was employed as
a diplomatist, and at his death, in 1600,
was governor of Mindelsheira.
WOLLASTON, William, an ethical
and theological writer, was b. 1659, at
Cotton Clanford, in Stafibrdshire ; was
edxicated at Sidney college, Cambridge ;
took orders ; but obtained an indepen-
dence which turned his views from
church preferment; and d. 1724. His
principal work is, " The Keligion of Na-
ture Delineated." — William Hyde, a
physician and experimental philosopher,
the great-grandson of the foregoing, was
b. 1766, and was educated at Caius col-
lege, Cambridge. Fortunately for the
interests of science, his want of patron-
age as a physician, at Bury St. Edmunds
and London, induced him to give up the
medical profession in disgust, and de-
vote himself to scientific pursuits. The
result was that he became one of the
most eminent chemists and experimen-
talists of modern times. Among his
discoveries are the two metals, palladium
and rhodium, and the method of render-
ing platina malleable, by the last of
whicn he is said to have gained thirty
thousand pounds. Among his inven-
tions are, a sliding scale of chemical
equivalents, a goniometer, and the cam-
era lucida. His papers in the " Philo-
sophical Transactions" are numerous.
D. 1828.
WOLSEY, Thomas, Cardinal, an emi-
nent prelate and statesman, the son of a
butcher, was b. 1471, at Ipswich. He
was educated at Magdalen college, Ox-
ford. His first preferment of import-
ance was that of chaplain to Henry VII.,
who gave him the deanery of Lincoln, as
a reward for his expeditious execution
of some diplomatic business. Being
introduced to Henry VIII. by Fox.
bishop of Winchester, he made a rapid
progress in the royal favor, till at length
he reached the highest pitch of power to
which a subject can aspire. He lived in
princely state; and his train consisted
S12
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[woo
of eight hundred persons, of whom
many were knights and gentlemen.
Charles V. and Irancis I. were suitors
for his influence with his master, and
bought it by pensions and professions
of respect. His great ambition was, to
fill the papal chair, but in this he was
disappointed. At length his capricious
sovereign became his enemy. The con-
duct of Wolsey relative to the divorce
from Catharine of Aragon was the first
cause of offence. In 1529 he was de-
prived of the seals, a part of his property
wiis seized, and he was impeached. A
full pardon, however was granted to
him, and in 1530 he retired to Cawwood
castle. There, in the autumn of that
year, he was again arrested, on a charge
of high treason, and he d. at Leicester,
on his way to London, on the 28th of
November. He founded a collegiate
school at Ipswich, and the college of
Christ-church, and several lectureships,
at Oxford.
WOOD, Anthont, a biographer and
antiquary, was b. 1632 at Oxford, and
was educated at Merton college. The
perusal of some works on heraldry, and
of Dugdale's " Warwickshire," inspired
in him a taste for antiquarian lore. His
"History and Antiquities of Oxford,"
which was translated into Latin by Dr.
Fell, appeared in 1774, and his " Athe-
nse Oxonienses" was published in 1691.
An attack upon Lord Clarendon, in the
last of these works, subjected him to a
sentence of expulsion, and his Jacobiti-
eaJ prejudices rendered him an object
of hatred to the Whig party. D. 1695.
— ^KoBERT, a scholar and a man of taste,
was b. in 1716, at Riverstown, in the
Irish county of Meath ; made the tour
of Greece, Egypt, and Palestine, in
1751 ; was appointed under-secretary of
State in 1759 ; and d. 1771. He wrote a
"Description of the Kuins of Balbec,"
" The Euins of Palmyra," and an " Es-
say on the Life and Writings of Ho-
mer."
WOODBURY, Levi, was b. at Fran-
eestown, N. H., about the year 1790,
was graduated at Dartmouth college in
1809, and was admitted to the bar in
1812. In 1816 he was appointed secre-
tary of state, and at the commencement
of the next year a judge of the superior
court. In 1819 he removed to Ports-
mouth ; he was elected governor in
1882- He was elected to the United
States senate, in which body he served
from 1824 to 1831. In the spring of
1831 he was appointed secretary of the
Bavy by Geaeral Jackson. After hold-
ing that office for several years, ne was
nominated to the post of secretary of
the treasury, by General Jackson, aftel
the rejection of Mr. Taney, by the sen-
ate. He left the cabinet at the end of
Mr. Van Buren's administration, in
1841, after having belonged to it about
10 years. He was immediately elected
to the United States senate, by the 'le-
gislature of New Hampshire, - and re-
mained there ^ until he was appointed
one of the justices of the supreme
court, by President Polk, who had pre-
viously offered him the office of minis-
ter to England. D. 1851.
WOODDESON, Richard, an eminent
civilian, was b. in 1745, at Kingston, in
Surrey ; was educated at Kingston gram-
mar school, and at Pembroke and Mag-
dalen colleges, Oxford ; was chosen
Vinerian professor, on the resignation
of Sir Robert Chambers ; and d. 1822.
He wrote " Elements of Jurisprudence,"
" A Systematic View of the Laws of En-
gland," and a " Brief Vindication of the
Rights of the British Legislature," in
reply to Mr. Reeves.
WOODFALL, a printer and parlia-
mentary reporter, was b. about 1745,
and was the son of a printer who was
proprietor of " The Daily Advertiser."
He was brought up to his father's occu-
pation, but was so fond of the stage
that for a short time he was an actor,
and, to the close of his life, never missed
being present at the coming out of a
new piece. He was successivelv editor
of "The London Packet," and "The
Morning Chronicle," and editor and
owner of the "Diary," Woodfall had
an astonishingly retentive memory, and
was the first who gave a fall and imme-
diate detail of the proceedings of the
legislature. D, 1803.
WOODHOUSE, Robert, an eminent
mathematician ; was educated at Cam-
bridge ; was Plumian professor in 1822,
and keeper of the observatory in 1824.
He wrote " The Principles of Analytical
Calculation," a " Treatise on Trigonom-
etry," a "Treatise on Isoperimetrical
Problems," an " Elementary Treatise
on Plane Astronomy," and several pa-
pers in the "Philosophical Transac-
tions," D. 1757.
WOOLSTON, TnoMiVs, a deistical
writer, was b. 1669, at Northampton,
and was educated at Sidney college,
Cambridge. The perusal of the wri-
tings of Origen gave him a fondness for
allegorizing, and his first work, "The
Old Apology for the Truth of the Chris-
Religion revived," was meant to
tian
wot]
CYCLOP-iEDiA OF BIOGRAPHY.
§l»
prove that the actiona of Moses were
typical of Christ and the church. He
gradually became a deist, and at length
his "Six Discourses on Miracles," and
his "Defence of the Discourses,"
brought upon him a prosecution for
blasphemy, and he was fined and im-
prisoned. D. within the rules of the
King's Bench, in 1732.
WORCESTER, Edwaed Somerset,
marquis of, a man of highly inventive
talents, was b. about 1697 ; was employ-
ed, when earl of Glamorgan, by Charles
I. to negotiate with the Irish Catholics •
and d. m 1667. In 1663 he published
his curious pamphlet called " The Scant-
lings of One Hundred Inventions."
Among those inventions is the steam-
engine, though described, like all the
rest of the articles, in a somewhat enig-
matical manner. He afterwards put
forth a tract, which he called "An Ex-
act and True Definition of the most
stupendous Water-commanding En-
gine." Walpole, who was ignorant
upon the subject, calls him " a Kintastic
mechanic," and some later writers have
endeavored to depreciate his merit;
but the feasibility of many of his pro-
jects has been amply proved. — Noah,
an eminent divine of Massachusetts,
whose devotion to the cause of peace
acquired for him the name of the Apos-
tle of Peace. He was the secretary of
the first peace society, and by his
"Calm Review of the Custonf of War,"
and other works, he succeeded in at-
tracting a large share of public atten-
tion to the subject. Dr. Channing, in
his " Sermon on the Philanthropist,"
makes a beautiful allusion to his life.
D. 1837.
WORDSWORTH, William, was b.
at Cockermouth, in Cumberland, April
7th, 1770. He received the rudiments
of his mental culture at Hawkshead
school, and in the year 1787 was entered
at St. John's college, Cambridge. Hav-
ing completed his studies and taken his
academical degree, he made the tour of
France and Switzerland, at a period
when the revolution in France had at-
tained its grand crisis ; and its influence
upon the fiery imagination and sensitive
mind of Wordsworth was no less forci-
ble than that produced upon those of
his friends and frequent companions,
Coleridge, Southey, and Lloyd. The
earnest thoughts that had been genera-
ted by his continued meditations upon
this theme found an utterance in his
^^Descriptive Sketches" and " Evening
Walk," both of which made their ap-
pearance in 1793. In 1797 he had con-
ceived a plan for the regeneration of
English poetry. In 1798 he published,
in conjunction with . Coleridge, a collec-
tion of " Lyrical Ballads." The majori-
ty of these productions were from his
own pen. This book, so far from ma-
king converts to Wordsworth's peculiar
way of thinking, met everywhere with
the bitterest contempt and ridicule.
Still many of his readers sympathized
with his views, and through their en-
couragement he was induced to publish
two other volumes of poetry in 1807.
In 1814 appeared his great work, "The
Excursion.^' Several works followed
this, among which may be mentioned
" The White Doe of Rylstone ;" and in
1842 appeared a volume containing sev-
eral poems written in the poet's early
youth, accompanied by others written
m his old age. In 1843 he succeeded
his friend Southey as poet-laureate.
For many years Wordsworth enjoyed
the privilege of receiving that guerdon
of love and admiration, while living,
which are too frequently only scattered
like garlands upon the tomb of genius.
Thousands of his admirers made a pil-
grimage to the poet's sanctuary, Rydal
Mount; and not a few crossed over from
other lands to catch a glimpse of that
great man who has filled the world with
is fame. D. 1850. His noble autobio-
graphical poem, "The Prelude, or the
Growth of a Poet's Mind," was a post-
humous publication.
WORMIUS, Olaxjs, an able Danish
physician and antiauary, was b. in 1588,
at Aarhusen, in Jutland; studied at
Marpurg, Strasburgh, and Basle; was
successively professor of belles lettres,
Greek literature, and physic, at Copen-
hagen, and was made a canon or the
cathedral of Lunden by Christiern IV.,
as a reward for his medical services.
D. 1654.
WOTTON, Sir Henry, a diplomatist
and miscellaneous writer, was b. in
1568, at Broughton hall, in Kent, and
was educated at Winchester school, and
at New college and Queen's college, Ox-
ford. After having visited France,
Germany, and Italy, he was appointed
secretary to the earl of Essex, whom he
accompanied on his expedition against
the Spaniards, and into Ireland, On the
fall_ of that nobleman, Wotton went to
reside at Florence. James I. employed
him as ambassador at Venice, and on
various missions to Italian and German
princes. He was made provost of Eton
college in 1624. He wrote "Elements
814
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHr.
[WRI
of Architecture," " The State of Chris-
tendom," and " Keliquise Wottonianee."
Some of his poems are spirited and ele-
gant. D. 1639.
WOULFE, Peter, an eminent chem-
ist, who d. 1805. His character was
marked by great eccentricity. He was
a firm believer in alchemy. His apart-
ments were so filled with f unlaces, and
the articles of a laboratory that his fire-
side was not easily reached. He break-
fasted at four in the morning ; and his
mode of curing any serious indisposi-
tion was to take a place in the mail to
Edinburgh, and immediately return
from that city. He invented an appa-
ratus for experiments on gases; and
contributed several papers to the " Phil-
osophical Transactions."
W OUVERMANS, Philip, an eminent
artist, the son of an indififerent histori-
cal painter, was b. in 1620, at Haerlem,
and was a pupil of Wynants ; but much
improved himself by an indefatigable
study of nature. Great as was his
merit, he was so poorly patronized as to
be always in narrow circumstances ;
and, before his death, he ordered a box
filled with his designs to be bnrned,
that his son might not be allured to
embrace "so uncertain and miserable a
profession." D. 1668.
WRAGG, William, was b. in South
Carolina, in 1714, and was educated in
England, where he studied law and en-
tered upon its practice. Not long after-
wards he returned to his native coun-
try, in 1573 was made one of the king's
council for the province, and in 1769
was offered the seat of chief justice,
which he declined. When the revolu-
tion commenced he maintained a con-
scientious opposition to the measures of
the colonies, and determined to return
to England. He embarked for that
country and was wrecked in a violent
storm on the coast of Holland, in Sep-
tember, 1777. A monument is erected
to his memory in Westminster abbey.
W RAX ALL, Sir Nathaniel WiLLLor,
baronet, an eminent traveller and his-
torical writer, was b. at Bristol, in 1751.
He entered into the civil service of the
East India Company, and in 1771 acted
as judge-advocate and paymaster of the
forces for 'the presidency of Bombay.
Next year he returned to England, and
then travelled on the Continent-, visiting
almost every country from Nsvples to
Lapland. He published several "Tours,"
the " History of the House of Valois,"
" Memoirs of the Courts of Berlin, Dres-
den, Warsaw, and Vienna," " The His-
tory of France," &c. In 1813 he was
created a baronet ; and, in 1815, he
published his last work, " Historical
Memoirs of his Own Time." In these
memoirs, which contain a fund of anec-
dote, was a libel on Count Woronzow,
the Russian ambassador, for which Sir
Nathaniel was sentenced to a fine and
six months' imprisonment. D. at Dover,
while on his way to Naples, in 1831.
WREN, Sir Christopher, a celebrated
architect and mathematician, son of the
dean of Windsor, was b. 1632, at East
Knoyle, in Wiltshire, and was educated
at Wadham college, Oxford. His math-
ematical talents were precociously mani-
fested ; in his 13th year he invented an
astronomical instrument and a pneu-
matic machine ; and at 15 he wrote " A
New System of Spherical Trigonom-
etry." He was one of the earliest mem-
bers of the philosophical society at Ox-
ford, which afterwards ripened into the
Royal Society. In 1657 he was chosen
Gresham professor of astronomy, and
in 1661 Savilian professor at Oxford.
During this period he made many curi-
ous discoveries in astronomy, natural
philosophy, and other sciences, it was
in 1663 that his architectural talents
were first called into action, when he
was commissioned to prepare designs
for the restoration of St. Paul's cathe-
dral. The fire of London, however,
sooi^ opened to him a wider sphere.
Between 1668 and 1718, he built St.
Paul's, (which was begun in 1675,) the
Monument, the hospitals of Chelsea and
Greenwich, various edifices at Oxford
and Cambridge, Winchester castle, the
new part of Hampton court, and nearly
sixty churches. In 1680 he was chosen
president of the Royal Society. In 1718
Eolitical intrigue unworthily deprived
im of the surveyor-generalship of his
majesty's works, which he had held
during half a century. D. 1723.
WRIGHT, Edward, a mathematician,
was b. at Garveston, in Norfolk, in the
latter end of the 16th century; was edu-
cated at Caius college, Cambridge ; ac-
companied the earl of Cumberland in
his voyages ; and was appointed mathe-
matical lecturer to the East India Com-
pany. The true method of dividing the
meridian line was first discovered by
him. He wrote " The Correction of
certain Errors in Navigation," and
" The Haven finding Art." D. 1615.—
Joseph, an eminent painter, commonly
known as Wright of Derby, was b. in
that town, in 1734, and was a pupil of
Hudson, after which he studied in Italy,
wyn]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
815
On returning to England he resided for
two years at Bath, and then settled at
Derby, where he d. 1797. He displayed
no common talents in portrait, land-
scape, and historical painting. Among
his principal works are, " The Eruption
of Vesuvius," "The Head of UUeswater
Lake," " The Dead Soldier," "The De-
struction of the Floating Batteries at
Gibraltar," " Bel shazzar's Feast," "Hero
and Leander," and "The Lady in Co-
mus." — Silas, was b. at Amherst, Mass.,
on the 24th of May, 1796, was guiiduated
at Middlebury college, 1815, and a few
years afterwards was admitted to the
bar in the state of New York. In 1825
he was elected to the senate of the state,
where he soon distinguished himself
for sagacity and talent. The next year
he was chosen a member of congress.
In 1829 he was made comptroller of the
state ; and, in 1833, a senator of the
United States. His position there was
early assumed, and long maintained
with the utmost integrity and power.
D. 1847.
WYAT, Sir Thomas, a statesman and
poet, was b. in 1503, at Allington, in
Kent ; was educated at St. John's col-
lege, Cambridge, and at Oxford ; was a
favorite of Henry VIII. ;_ was employed
on various diplomatic missions ; and d.
in 1541. His poems have very consid-
erable merit, and were printed with
those of his friend, the accomplished
earl of Surrey.
WYATT, James, an eminent architect,
was b. about 1748, at Burton, in Stafford-
shire ; studied architecture and painting
at Kome ; succeeded Sir William Cham-
bers as surveyor of the board of works ;
was for a while president of the Koyal
Academy; and was killed, September
5, 1818, by the overturning of a carriage.
Among his works are, the Pantheon,
Kew palace, Fonthill abbey, various
improvements at Windsor, Westmin-
ster, and Salisbury, and the wings
to the duke of Devonshire's villa
at Chiswick. — ^K. J., an accomplished
sculptor, was b. in 1795, in Oxford-
street, London, where his father, Ed-
ward Wyatt, was then settled. At an
early age he was articled to Charles
Kossi, for the term of seven years ; and
during that term his services at the
Koyal Academy were so successfully
prosecuted, as to entitle him to the
award of two medals upon different oc-
casions. At the time Wyatt was under
the tuition of Kossi, he executed a mon-
ument in the church of Esher, in mem-
ory of Mrs. Hughes, and another in the
chapel at St. John's Wood. When
Canova visited England, he became so
far interested in Wyatt, as at once to
promise him his protection and the per-
mission to work in his studio at Kome.
Thither he proceeded in the early part
of the year 1821, after having spent
some time in Paris under the celebrated
Italian sculptor Bozio ; and so devotedly
did he prosecute the labors of his pro-
fession, that only once in this lengthened
term of nearly 30 years did he revisit
his native country, and that occasion
was in the year 1841, when he was
honored by the queen with a commis-
sion for his statue of Penelope, which
in Rome was considered the best of his
works. His group of " Ino and the In-
fant Bacchus," a statue of " Glycera,"
"Musidora," a statue; two statues of
Nymphs, and " Penelope," a charming
statue, the property of her majesty, are
all works of hisrh merit. D, 1850.
WYCHERLEY, William, a wit and
dramatist, was b. about 1640, at Cleve
in Shropshire. He studied at Queen's
college, Oxford, and the Middle Temple,
but paid little attention to law. His
" Love in a Wood," which was acted
in 1672, gave him popularity, and he
became a favorite of Charles II. and the
duke of Buckingham. His marriage
with the countess of Drogheda, how-
ever, deprived him of the smiles of the
sovereign, and her jealousy imbittered
his existence. After her death, the suc-
cession to her property involved him in
lawsuits, and he spent several years in
6 risen, till he was released by James II.
[e d. in 1715. He wrote, besides the
comedy already mentioned, " The Gen-
tleman Dancing Master," " The Country
Wife," "The Plain Dealer," "Poems,"
and some pieces which were published
after his decease.
WYNDHAM, Sir William, a cele-
brated statesman, was a native of Somer-
setshire, and b. in 1687. Having been
elected M. P. for the county, he soon
became conspicuous as one of the ablest
senators in the house. He was appointed
secretary of war, and afterwards chan-
cellor of the exchequer ; but being dis-
placed on the death of Queen Anne, he
took a leading part in opposition, and
signalized himself by his defence of the
duke of Ormond and the earls of Ox-
ford and Strafford, when impeached by
the commons. He was committed to
the Tower in 1715, on the charge of
being concerned in the rebellion of the
earl of Mar, but was never brought to
trial. D. 1740.— Chakles, his eldest
ei6
CV^CLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[XYL
Bon, became earl of Egremont, and d. in
1763.
WYTHE, Georoe, a signer of the
declaration of American independence,
was b. in Virginia, in 1726. His early
course was dissipated, but at the age of
80 he reformed, turned his attention to
literature, studied law and commenced
its practice. At the breaking out of the
revolution he was a distinguished leader
of the popular party. He was for some
time speaKer of the house of burgesses,
and in 1775 was elected a member of
congress. He was one of the committee
to revise the laws of Virginia in 1776,
and had a principal share in preparing
the code adopted in 1779. Soon after
he was appointed one of the three judges
of the high court of chancery, and sub-
sequently sole counsellor. He was a
member of the convention of Virginia
to consider the constitution of the United
States. His death, which was attributed
to poison, took place in 1806.
WYTTENBACH, Daniel, a learned
philologist, was b. 1746, at Berne ; stud-
ied at Marburg, and at Gottingen, under
Heyne ; and became professor of phi-
losophy and literature at the Eemon-
strants' college at Amsterdam. He was
subsequently appointed philosophical
Jrofessor at the institution called the
Uustrious Athenaeum, in the same city ;
and, in 1799, he succeeded Euhnken at
Leyden. D. 1820. He published an
edition of the moral works of Plutarch.
X.
XAVIER, St. Fbanois, denominated
the Apostle of the Indies, was b. 1506,
at the castle of Xavier, in Navarre ;
studied at Paris ; became one of the
first and most zealous disciples of Igna-
tius Loyola; was sent to the East by
John III. of Portugal, to propagate the
gospel ; performed his mission in Hin-
dostan, the Moluccas, and Japan; and
was on the point of landing m China,
when he d. 1552.
XENOCRATES, a Greek philosopher,
was b. 406 b. c, at Chalcedon ; was a
disciple of Plato ; succeeded Speusippus
in the Platonic school ; and d. about 314
B. 0. Such was his command over his
passions, that the beautiful Phyrne in
vain endeavored to rouse them, though
she had confidently wagered upon her
success. His works are lost, with the
exception of a "Treatise on Death."
XENOPH ANES, a Greek philosopher,
was b. in the 7th century b. c, at Colo-
ghon, in Asia Minor : settled at Elea in
is 18th year; and d. there at the age
of more than 100. He founded the
Eleatic sect, and his doctrines were de-
livered in verse.
XENOPHON, a celebrated philos-
opher, historian, arid general, a native
of Athens, was b. about 445 b. c, and
was a disciple of Socrates. After having
borne arms at the battle of Delium, and
in the Peloponnesian war, he became
one of the body of Greek auxiliaries,
who fought on the side of the younger
Cyrus against Artaxerxes. When the
Grecian leaders were treacherously slain,
after the battle of Cunaxa, the arduous
task of conducting the retreat was in-
trusted to Xenophon, and he performed
it with consummate skill. Subsequently
he served under the banners of Thrace
and of Lacedsemon. D. at Corinth, 860
'XIMENES DE CISNEEOS, Cardinal
FeanciSj an eminent Spanish statesman,
was b. in 1437, at Torrelaguna, in Old
Castile, and was educated at Alcala and
Salamanca. After having filled various
benefices, he became a monk of the
Franciscan order, and obtained great
reputation as a preacher. In his 66th
year, Queen Isabella made him her con-
fessor, and, two years afterwards, he
was raised to the archbishopric of Toledo.
It was not, however, till he received the
express injunction of the pope that he
would accept the archiepiscopal dignity,
and he continued to preserve the austere
habits of a Franciscan. He subsequently
became prime minister, and a cardinal,
and Ferdinand, on his death-bed, ap-
gointed him regent till the arrival of
harles V. D. 1517.
XYLANDER, William, a learned
critic, whose real name was Holtze-
MANN, was b. 1532, at Augsburgh ; dis-
played a profound knowledge of the
classics at an early age ; was chosen
Greek professor at Heidelberg, in 1558 ^
and d. 1576.
yod]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGKAPHY.
817
Y.
YALDEN, Thomas, a divine and
poet was b. 1671, at Exeter ; was edu-
cated at Magdalen college, Oxford ;
obtained, suceesv'sively, the livings of
Willoughby, Chalton, and Clanfleld,
and the preachership of Bridewell hos-
pital ; was implicated with Bishop At-
terbury, but was soon released, and d.
in 1736. His poems have been admitted
into the collected works of the British
poets.
YATES, Frederic Henry, a popu-
lar and versatile actor, first made his
appearance on the stage in a piece called
" The Actor of AU Work," in 1817. In
the following year he was engaged at
Covent-garden, subsequently may be
said to have performed in every line of
character from Shakspeare's tragedy to
the broadest farce, and it was not easy
to decide whether his pathos or his
humor were most admirable. As
manager of the Adelphi theatre his
taste and skill were also universally al-
lowed. D. 1842. — KicHARD, a comic ac-
tor, who for many years was a public
favorite in Fondlewife, in the "Old
Bachelor," and similar characters. D.
1796. — Anna Maria, his wife, was a
tragic actress of great ability ; and on
the death of Mrs. Gibber, in 1765, she
for a time became the unrivalled heroine
of the stage. D. 1787.
YEAESLEY, Anne, a writer of
poems, novels, and dramas, was b.
about 1756, at Bristol, and was origin-
ally a niilkwoman. Some of her verses
obtained for her the patronage of Miss
Hannah More, under whose auspices a
volume of her productions was pub-
lished by subscription in 1785. The
{jrofits enabled her to open a circulating
ibrary at the Hot Wells. Among her
works are, " Poems," " Earl Godwyn,"
a tragedy, and " The Koyal Captives,"
a romance. D. 1806.
YOKK, Frederic, duke of, second
6on of George III., was b. in 1763, at
Buckingham-house, Westminster. In
1784 he received the title which he bore
till the end of his life, and in 1787 he
took his seat in the upper house. He
narrowly escaped death in 1789, in a
duel with Colonel Lenox. In 1791 he
married the eldest daugliter of the king
of Prussia. He was placed at the head
of the British army in Flanders in 1793,
and, after alternate success, was expelled
69
from that country by the Fiench. Nor
was he more fortunate in 1799, when he
was employed in Holland, he being un-
der the necessity of signing a disad-
vantageous convention. His office of
commander-in-chief, to which he was
appointed in 1795, he resigned in 1809,
in consequence of the charges which
were brought against him by Colonel
Wardle. He was, however, reinstated
by the prince-regent, and held it till his
decease, on the 5th of January, 1827.
It is but justice to say that he adminis-
tered it in a manner which was highly
beneficial to the army.
YOUNG, Edward, a poet and miscel-
laneous writer, was b. 1681, or, accord-
ing to some, in 1679, at Upham, in
Hants, and was educated at Winchester
school, and at New college, Oxford. He
was designed for the law, and took his
degree of doctor, but he at length chose
the clerical profession, and, in 1728,
was ordained, and appointed chaplain
to the kin^. His poetical reputation he
had alreaay established by the poems
of " The Last Day," " The Force of Re-
ligion," and " The Love of Fame," and
the tragedies of " The Eevenge," and
"Busiris." In 1730 he obtamed the
living of Welwyn, and though for sev-
eral years he (to use his own words)
" besieged court favor," he received no
further church promotion. His " Night
Thoughts" are supposed to have been
prompted by the death of his wife
whom he lost in 1741. He d. in 1755.
His poetical and prose works form four
vols. — Arthur, an eminent agricultural
writer, was b. 1741, at Bradfield, in
Suffolk. He was apprenticed to a wine
merchant, at Lynn, in Norfolk; but
quitted that business to engage in farm-
ing. In furtherance of his wish to
improve the husbandry of his country,
he not only made innumerable experi-
ments on his own land, but also trav-
elled over the greatest part of the
British islands, and in France, Spain,
and Italy. In 1770 he published his
*' Farmer's Calendar," which became a
popular work; and in 1774 he estab-
lished " The Annals of Agriculture."
On the establishment of the board of
agriculture he was appointed secretary,
an office which he held till his decease
in 1820. Among his principal works,
besides those already mentioned, are
818
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[zEN
his "Tours in England, Ireland, and
France." — Matthew, a mathematician
and divine, was b. 1750, in the county
of Koacommon ; was educated at Trin-
ity college, Dublin, at which, in 1786,
he became professor of philosophy ;
was raised to the see of Clonfert by
Marquis Cornwallis, and d. in 1800. He
wrote "An Essay on Sounds," "An
Analysis of the Principles of Natural
Philosophy," and "The Method of
prime and ultimate Katios." — Sir Wil-
liam, a miscellaneous writer, was b. in
1750, at Charlton-house, near Canter-
bury, was educated at Eton, Clare-hall,
Cambridge, and University college, Ox-
ford ; was M. P. for St. Mawes, in 1783,
and d. 1815, governor of Tobago. His
principal works are, "The History of
Athens," and " The West India Com-
mon Place Book." — Thomas, an eminent
philosopher and physician, a nephew of
Dr. Brocklesby, was b. 1774, was edu-
cated at Gottiiigen and Edinburgh, and
was physician to St. George's hospital,
and foreign secretary to the Koyal So-
ciety. Besides contributing a great
number of valuable papers to the sup-
plement to the " Encyclopa3dia Brit^n-
nica," and to many scientific periodicals,
he wrote several works, of which the
chief are, " A Course of Lectures on
Natural Philosophy," "An Introduc-
tion to Medical Literature," a " Practical
and Historical Treatise on Consumptive
Disease," and " Elementary Illustration
of the Celestial Mechanics of La Place."
To Dr. Young belongs the merit, which
has been claimed for M. CharapoUion,
of having discovered the means of de-
ciphering the Egyptian hieroglyphics.
D. 1827.
YJR3ILANTI, Prince Alexander, son
of Demetrius, hospodar of Wallachia, in
1802, accompanied his father when he
took refuge m Kussia. He entered into
the Russian army, attained the rank of
major-general, and was made aid-de-
camp to the emperor. When the Greek
revolution broke out he was chosen to
hoist the standard of freedom in Walla-
chia and Moldavia. He was, however,
routed by the Turks, and was forced to
fly into Austria, where he was long held
captive in the fortress of Mongatz. D.
I at Vienna, 1821.
1 YRIARTE, Don Thomas de, an emi-
I nent Spanish poet, was b. about 1760, at
I TeneritFe ; studied at Madrid ; held office
: under government, and was made edi-
tor of the " Madrid Mercury." Of his
works, which form eight volumes, the
principal are, "Comedies," "Music,"
a poem, "Literary Fables," "Moral
Epistles," and "Miscellanies." D. in
1 1791.
z.
ZABAGLIA, Nicholas, an architect,
was b. 1674j at Rome, and d. there in
1750. His first occupation was that of a
carpenter at the Vatican ; but the vari-
ous masterly mechanical engines which
he invented, and the abiUties which he
displayed, caused him to be appointed
architect of St. Peter's. Zabao'lia is the
inventor of the method by which fresco
paintings are transferred from the plas-
ter on which they were originally execu-
ted.
ZACCARIA, Francis Anthony, a
Jesuit, was b. 1714, at Venice ; succeed-
ed Muratori as librarian at Modena ; re-
tired to Rome after the dissolution of
his order; and d. there, in 1795, pro-
fessor of ecclesiastical history at the
Sapienza college. Of his 106 printed
works, the most important are, "Lit-
erary History of Italy," "Literary An-
nals of Italy," " Anecdotes of the
Middle Ages," and " Numismatic Insti-
tutions."
ZACHARIA, Justus Frederic Wil-
liam, a German poet, was b. 1726, at
Frankenhausen, in Thurin^ia ; was edu-
cated at Leipsic ; was appointed profes-
sor of poetry in the Caroline college, at
Brunswick ; and d. 1777. His poems —
among the best of which are, "Phae-
ton," " The Four Parts of the Day,"
and " Woman in the Four Stages of her
Life" — form nine volumes octavo.
ZARCO, John Gonzales, a Portu-
guese navigator of the 15th century. He
discovered, in 1417 and 1419, the islands
of Porto Santo and Madeira. In 1421
he was made governor of a part of the
latter island, and founded Funchal.
Zarco is said to have introduced the use
of artillery in ships.
ZENDRINI, Beknard, an eminent
Italian mathematician, but especially
celebrated for his skill in hydraulics,
was b. in 1679, at Saviore; studied at
Padua ; and settled at Venice as a phy-
sician. His profound knowledge of th«
«in]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT.
819
subject caused him to be appointed chief
hydraulic engineer at Ferrara, and the
same office, with the superintendence of
all the waters, rivers, and ports, was
afterwards conferred on him by the Ve-
netian republic. He was also employed
by the Austrian government and the
republic of Lucca. Many works of
freat importance were executed by him.
). 1747.
ZENO, or Elba, a philosopher, was
b. about 463 b. o., at Elea, in Magna
Grsecia, and was a disciple of Parme-
nides. The invention of dialectics is
ascribed to him. His native city having
fallen under the dominion of a despot,
he endeavored to deliver it, but failed ;
and, being put to the torture, he is said
to have bitten off his tongue, and spit it
into the face of ftie tyrant. — The founder
of the sect of the Stoics, was b. about
362 B. c, at Citium, in the isle of Cyprus,
and quitted mercantile pursuits to be-
come a philosopher. After having re-
ceived the lessons of Crates, Stilpo,
Xenocrates, and Polemon, he himself
opened a school of philosophy in the
Stoa, or painted portico, whence his
followers were called Stoics. He taught
for nearly fifty years; was highly re-
spected by the Athenians ; and d'. 264
B. 0. — Nicholas and Anthony, two
brothers, natives of Venice, who, about
1388, are believed to have discovered the
Feroe islands, Greenland, and New-
foundland. Their voyages were first
published, in 1588, by Mercolini. —
Apostolo, an eminent Italian writer,
was b. in 1668, at Venice. In 1691 he
founded the academy " degli Animosi,"
and in 1710 he began "The Literary
.Journal," of which the first 20 volumes
are from his pen ; the remainder being
the composition of his brother. Having
obtained reputation by his dramatic
compositions, Charles VI., in 1718, in-
vited him to Vienna, and appointed him
his^ historiographer and laureate. Zeno
resided for eleven years at the imperial
court, and produced nearly forty pieces.
He returned to his own country in 1781,
apd d. in 1750. His theatrical compx)-
sitions form ten volumes ; and his Let-
ters, and other prose compositions, near-
ly twenty.
ZENO'BIA, Septima, queen of Palmy-
ra, was descended from the Ptolemies,
and her mind was cultivated by the les-
sons of Longinus. After the death of
Odenatus, in whose labors of war and
government she had participated, she
assumed the title of Queen of the East,
pushed her conquests in various direc-
phy-
as b.
tions, and rendered Palmyra one of the
most splendid of oriental cities. Aure-
Uan made war against her, and, after
having gained two battles, laid siege to
Palmyra. She was taken while attempt-
ing to escape ; was carried to Koirre to
grace his triumph ; and d. there, in pri-
vate life, about 800.
ZEUXIS, a celebrated painter of an-
tiquity, is believed to have been b. about
497 B. 0., and to have d. about 400 b. o.
He was a native of Heraclea, but of
which of the cities bearing that name is
not known, though it is supposed to be
the Heraclea of Magna Grsecia. He
brought to perfection the management
of light and shade. Of his own merit he
had a sufficiently lofty idea ; for, having
become rich, h« gave away his pictures,
on the ground that no price was equal
to their worth.
ZIMMERMAN, John George, a
sician and miscellaneous writer, was
1728, at Brugg, in the canton of Berne ;
studied medicine under Haller in Got-
tingen ; practised for some years at his
native place ; was appointed, in 1768,
chief physician to the king of England
at Hanover; attended Frederic of Prus-
sia on his death-bed ; was a violent lit-
erary opponent of the Illuminati and the
French revolutionists ; and d., in 1795,
a victim to hypochondriac disease.
Among his works are, " A Treatise on
Solitude," (once highly popular ;) " An
Essay on National Pride ;" and " A
Treatise on the Experience of Medicine."
— Eberhard Augustus William von, a
German naturalist, was b. at Weltzen,
1743 ; studied at Gottingen and Leyden ;
and obtained the professorship of natu-
ral philosophy at the Caroline college at
Brunswick. His first work was a trea-
tise on the " Analysis of Curves ;" and
in 1777 he published " Specimen Zoo-
logiae," the outline of his " Geographi-
cal History of Man and Quadrupeds."
He visited England three times, and
printed there, in 1787, his " Political Sur-
vey of the Present State of Europe ;''
and he subsequently employed his pen
in opposing the revolutionary statesmen
of France ; for which he was ennobled
by the Emperor Leopold II. After
this he published several geographical
works, one of the best of which was
a *' General Survey of France and of
the United States of America." D. in
1815.
ZINCKE, Christian Frederic, a Ger-
man painter, was b. about 1684, at Dres-
den ; studied under Boit ; settled iii
England in his 22d year ; became justly
820
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[zuc
celebrated for the beauty of his enamel
portraits : and d. in 1767.
ZINZENDORF, Nicholas Louis,
Count, the restorer of the Moravian
sect, was b. in 1700, at Dresden ; wa.s a
8on.of the elector of Saxony's chamber-
lain ; and studied at Halle and Witten-
berg. He early manifested an enthusi-
astic turn of mind with respect to
religious concerns. In 1721, having
given an asylum on his estate to some
of the persecuted Moravian brethren, he
espoused their doctrines, and became
the head of their church. To spread
those doctrines, and procure toleration
for the professors of them, he travelled
over a large part of Europe, visited En-
gland, and even made two voyages to
America. He d. in 1760. The Moravi-
ans, and their head, were long the sub-
ject of many gross calumnies, from
which, however, their meritorious con-
duct has amply vindicated them.
ZISCA, John, a celebrated Bohemian
warrior, was b. about 1380, of a noble
family. His real name was Tkochznow,
but he received the appellation of Zisca,
or one-eyed, after having lost an eye in
battle. When the Hussites rose in arms
to oppose the succession of Sigismund
to the crown of Bohemia, they placed
Zisca at their head, and he justified their
jhoice by numerous victories over the
enemy. Though he lost his other eje
during the contest, he compelled Sigis-
mund to submit to humiliating terms of
peace. D. 1424.
ZOEGA, Georoe, an eminent Danish
archaeologist, was b. 1755, at Dahler,
in Jutland ; was educated at Altona and
Gottingen ; resided for many years at
Bome, as consul for Denmark, and was
much esteemed by Pius VI., and d, in
1809. Among his works are, " A Trea-
tise de Origine et Usu Obeliscorum ;"
" Numi ^gyptii ;" and the " Ancient
Basso Eelievocs of Rome."
ZOLLIKOFFER, George Joachim, a
Swiss divine, was b. 1730, at St. Gall;
was educated at Bremen and Utrecht ;
was, successively, a minister in the Pays
de Vaud, the Grisons, and at Leipsic ;
and d. in 1798. Of his "Sermons,"
which form fifteen volumes, a part have
been translated into English.
ZOROASTER, an ancient philosopher,
of whose history little or nothing that is
authentic is known. There are supposed
to have been several of the name. The
most celebrated, however, the Zerdusht
of the Persians, is believed to have been
the reformer of the Magian system of
religion, and the author of the Zenda-
vesta, which contains the doctrines that
he taught. Irreconcilable differences
exist among the learned as to the time
in which he flourished. Volney fixes
his birth 1250 b. c.
ZOUCH, Richard, a distinguished
civilian, was b. about 1590, at Anstey, in
Wiltshire ; was educated at Winchester
school, and at New college, Oxford ; be-
came regius professor of law at Oxford,
principal of St. Alban's hall, warden or
the cinque ports, and judge of the admi-
ralty; and d. in 1660. His numerous
works in civil, military, and maritime
jurisprudence, all of them in Latin, are
still esteemed. — ^Thomas, a divine and
biographer, was b. 1737, at Sandal, in
Yorkshire; was educated at Trinity
college, Cambridge; and d. in 1806,
rector of Scrayingham, Snd prebendary
of Durham. Late in life the bishopric
of Carlisle was offered to him, but he
refused it. Among his works are, mem-
oirs of Sir P. Sidney, of Dean Sudbury,
and of Sir George Wheler ; " An Inquiry
into the Prophetic Character of the Ro-
mans," and " The Crucifixion," a Sea-
tonian prize poem.
ZSCHOKkE, Heinrich, whose name
occupies an important place in the annals
of German literature and Swiss history,
was b. at Magdeburg, 1771. He com
menced life as a strolling player, but
afterwards found means to study phi-
losophy and divinity at Frankfort-on-
the-OJer; and, after many years of
travels and varied adventures, he de-
voted himself to the education of youth,
and fixed his residence in Switzerland,
in 1792. Here he rendered great politi-
cal services to his adopted country ; and
for more than forty years sent forth, at
intervals, from his peaceful retreat at-
Aarau, various works of philosophy,
history, criticism, and fiction ; display-
ing at once the versatility of his acquire-
ments, his fertile imagination, and a
power and felicity of expression attained
by few. His checkered life had given
him a deep insight into the springs of
human action; and few writers have
more largely contributed to entertain
and improve their fellow-men. His
chief productions are, "Miscellen fiir
die neueste Weltkunde," " History of
S witzerland, ' ' ' ' Bilder aus der Sehweitz,"
" Das Goldmacherdorf," " Stunden der
Andacht," &c. His works have been
collected in forty volumes, including his
autobiography, and tales, which have
been translated into English. D. in
1848.
ZUCCARELLI, Fbanois, a celebrated
«wi]
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
821
Italian painter, b. at Florence, 1710. He
went to England about 1752, and met
with such encouragement, that he saved
a handsome independence, and returned
to his own country, whore he d. 1788.
ZUCCHERO, Taddeo, an eminent
Italian painter, b. at Urbino, in 1529,
who attained to great proficiency in the
art, and d. in his 27th year. — Fbedebico.
his younger brother, b. 1543, resided
several years in England, where he
grew into high repute, and painted the
portrait of Queen Elizabeth. Previous
to his going to that country he had
given great offence to Pope Gregory
XIII. by caricaturing several distin-
guished persons connected with the
papal court ; but his friends in England
succeeded in restoring him to favor at
Kome; and, on his return, he estab-
lished an academy of painting in th^
city, which he continued to superintend
till his death, in 1609.
ZUMBO, G-AETANo Julius, a celebra-
ted modeller in wax, was b. 1656, at Sy-
racuse, in Sicily; and d. at Paris, m
1701. For the grand duke of Tuscany
he executed, in colored wax, several
admirable works. The most celebrated
of these bears the name of the "Putre-
faction." It exhibits five figures — a dy-
ing person, a dead body, a corpse in a
state of incipient corruption, one half
corrupted, and another m the last stage
ot corruption and a prey to worms. His
masterpieces, a Nativity and a Descent
from tne Cross, are at Genoa.
ZUEITA, Jebom, a Spanish historian,
was b. 1512, at Saragossa, and, after
69*
having been employed in various
at home, and on a mission to Germany,
was appointed historiographer of Ara-
gon. He d. in 1581. His greatest work
is "Annals of the Crown of Aragon,"
in seven folio volumes.
ZWINGLI, or ZUINGLIUS, Ulrio,
one of the most enlightened and tolerant
of the Protestant reformers, was b.
in 1484, at Wildhaus, in Switzerland,
and was educated at Basle, Berne, and
Vienna. On his return to Basle, he was
appointed a classical teacher when he
was only 18. In 1506 he took the de-
gree of M.A., and was chosen minister
of Glaris. In 1512 and 1515 he accom-
panied the auxiliary Swiss troops to
Italy, and was present at the disastrous
battle of Marignan; a circumstance
which inspired or increased his abhor-
rence of all war except that which is
undertaken for the defence of ournative
land. In 1516 he was made preacher at
Einseidlen, and it was at that period
that he entered upon the career of ec-
clesiastical reformation. In 1518 he
became rector of Zurich. Steadily but
prudently he pursued his course of
reform, and, in 1524, had the gratifica-
tion of seeing his doctrines adopted by
the great council of Zurich. His in-
fluence among the Swiss Protestants
continued to be powerful during the
remainder of his life. In 1531, war
having broken out between the CathoUo
and Protestant cantons, Zuinglius was
ordered by the senate to accompany the
troopsj and was unfortunately slam in
the skirmish at Cappel.
f !•'■!
SUPPLEMENT,
1851-1865.
A.
ABBAS, Pacha, a grandson of Me-
hemit Ali, was bom 1813, and became
viceroy of Egypt in 1848. He directed
the attention of his people toward agri-
cultural industry, released them from the
pressure of severe taxation, and removed,
as far as possible, all restrictions on free
internal trade. He expended large sums
in making a carriage road across the
desert to Suez, in improving the Nile
navigation, and in constructing a railroad
from Cairo to Alexandria. D. 1854.
ABDUL MEDJID, Khan, sultan of
Turkey, b. 1822; d. 1861.
A'BECKE I T. Gilbert Abbott, a
popular English writer. His first suc-
cessful literary venture was a comic
paper called " Figaro in London." He
was called to the bar in 1841. but con-
tinued to employ a portion of his leisure
in writing for the press. He wrote the
"Comic Blackstone" and "Comic
History of England," and was a constant
contributor to " Punch," as well as to
some of the London daily journals. In
1849 he was appointed one of the metro-
politan police magistrates, which office
he held until his death. D. 1856.
ABERT, John J., many years chief of
the United States corps of engineers, b.
1790 ; d. 1863. He entered the military
academy as a cadet in 1808, and remained
until 1811. In 1814, while employed in
the war-office, he volunteered for the
defence of the capital, and in Nov. 1814
was appointed topographical engineer,
with the rank of major. In 1824 he was
brevetted lieutenant-colonel, and in 1829
was placed at the head of the topograph-
ical bureau. When the present corps of
topographical engineers \rsLS organized,
under the act of congress of 1838, he
was appointed its colonel and chief ;
a position which he held until Sept.
1861, when incapacity for further service
necessitated his resignation.
ADAIR, Sir Robkkt, a British diplo-
matist whose services date in the time
of Fox and Canning. He was the last
1
surviving friend of Charles James Fox.
B. 1763 ; d. 1855.
ADAM, Sir Charles, a British
admiral, and governor of Greenwich
Hospital. D. 1853.
ADAMS, Charles, the historian of
" The Patriot War," b. 1787; d. at Bur-
lington, Vt, 1361. — Charles Baker,
an American naturalist, b. 1814. He
conducted the geological survey of Ver-
mont in 1845. His favorite department
was the study of the molluscas, concern-
ing which he published many valuable
papers. D. 1853. — Francis, a Scottish
physician, translator of Greek medical
writers, b. 1797; d. 1861. He translated
the writings of Paulus JEgineta, a phy-
sician of the sixth or seventh century,
and afterwards of Hippocrates and Are-
tseus.
ADAMSON, John, an English author.
He wrote a memoir of Camoens, and
published two volumes on the history,
antiquities, and literature of Portugal.
Portuguese literature was his particular
study. B. 1787; d. 1855.
AIKINS, Arthur, an English writer
and scientific man, b. 1773 ; d. 1854. He
was the author of the " Manual of
Mineralogy " and " A Dictionary of
Chemistry and Mineralogy."
AKERS, Benjamin Paul, an Ameri-
can sculptor, b. near Portland, Me., 1825,
was in the first instance a printer, but
was attracted by the sight of Chantrey's
statue of Washington to the study of
the art in which he afterwards excelled.
He opened a studio in Portland in 1849,
and amongst those whose busts he
modelled was Henry W. Longfellow. He
visited Italy in 185i-2, and on his return
executed a statue of " Benjamin in
Egv'pt." During the next three years
he was extensively employed upon busts
of public men, including Edward Everett,
Gen. Houston, and Judge McLean. In
1855 he again visited Europe, and during
a three years' residence in Rome executed
a model of " Una and the Lion," a statue
CYCLOP^aCDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[amh
of St. Elizabeth of Hungaiy, the " Dead
Pearl-diver," and an ideal head of Mil-
ton. He returned to the United States,
but was induced by impaired health to
revisit Rome in 1859, where he made a
small clay model of a statue of Commo-
dore M. C. Perry. He came back to
Portland in 1860, suffering under con-
sumption, and removed to Philadelphia,
where he d. 1862.
ALAMAN, Lucas, a Mexican states-
man, a member of Santa Anna's cabinet,
and the author of many of his most
despotic measures. A stanch monarch-
ist, Alaman endeavored to extricate
Mexico from chaos by suppressing every
form of freedom and rendering the execu-
tive absolute. He proposed the abolition
of the liberty of the press, the restoration
of the power and the confiscated property
of the Jesuits, the imposition of heavy
taxes upon a people already impover-
ished, and the adoption of a foreign
policy inimical to the United States.
His measures undoubtedly contributed
to the excitement which culminated in
the revolution of 1855, a few months
previous to which event he died.
ALBERT, Francis Augustus
Charles Emanuel., Duke of Saxony,
Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and
prince consort of the Queen of Great
Britain, was bom at Rosenau in 1819.
He was educated under the Consisto-
rial Councillor Florschiitz and at the
university of Bonn. In 1838 he visited
England with his father, and two
years afterwards was married to Queen
Victoria at St. James's Palace. As
prince consort, he played with rare dis-
cretion the difficult and elevated part
assigned to him. He avoided all connec-
tion with politics, but took a warm
interest in social questions, and devoted
himself to various pursuits which gave
him a high character amongst all parties.
He was a man of refined taste, and an
accomplished musician and draughts-
man. He paid great attention to agri-
culture and had a model farm near
Windsor, in the management of which
he availed himself of every scientific
appliance and improvement. As head
of the fine arts commission and chairman
of the council of the Great Exhibition
of 1851, his services were invaluable.
He held a large number of official posi-
tions, and was a patron of art and
literature. D. 1861.
ALEXANDER, Archibald, D. D.,
an eminent Presbyterian divine, b. in
Virginia, 1772, was licensed as a preacher
in 1791, and spent some years in itinerant
missionary service in his native state.
In 1798 he accepted the presidency of
Hampden Sidney College, which he left
about nine veal's aftenvards to become
pastor of a church in Philadelphia. The
theological seminary at Princeton was
established in 1811,* and Dr. Alexander
was elected as its first professor, having
in his sole charge the various branches
of theological education. He was, how-
ever, gradually relieved by the appoint-
ment of other professors, the depart-
ment of polemic and pastoral theology
being finally assigned as his special
charge, and to this he devoted his atten-
tion until his death. He was a volumi-
nous writer, and published numerous
works on theological subjects. D. 1851. —
James Waddell, D. D , eldest son of the
preceding, distinguished as a clergj^mai)
and scholar, b. 1804 ; d. 1859. He held
a professorship for somp time in the theo-
logical seminary at Princeton, and after-
wards became pastor of the Fifth AvenuQ
church in New York. His published
works are numerous and popular. —
Joseph Addison, D. D., third son of Dr.
Archibald Alexander, was b. 1809, and
graduated at the college of New Jersey in
1826. In 1830 he was appointed adjunct
professor of ancient languages in that
institution, which post he resigned in
18^33 ; and in 1838 he was elected to a
professorship in the Princeton theological
seminary. ' He was an excellent linguist,
and published several commentaries
upon portions of the Scriptures. D. 1860.
— Colonel of the royal engineers. He
constructed the English field works
before SebastopoL D. of apoplexy in
his tent, 1854.
ALEXANDRE, A., a famous writer
on chess, born in Germany about 1773 ;
d. in Paris in 1851.
ALLEN, Joseph W., an English land-
scape painter, b. 1803 ; d. 1852. —
David Oliver, author of a " Histoiy
of India," and for 26 years an Amen-
can missionary in that coimtry. He
was b. in Barre, IMass., 1800 "; grad-
uated at Amherst college, 1823, and
prepared for the ministry at Andover
theological seminary. He was ordained
in 1827, and forthwith embarked as a
missionary for^ Calcutta, whence he pro-
ceeded to Bombay. He superintended
the printing establishment in Bombay
some years, and supervised several publi-
cations in the Mahratta language, in-
cluding an edition of the Scriptures. D.
1863.
AMHERST, William Pitt, ambassa-
dor extraordinary of England to China
AND
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
3
in 18 IG, and aftenvard governor-general
of India. B. 1773 ; d. 1857.
AMMEN, Fkikdrich August von,
a distinguished medical writer, b. at
Gottingen, 1799 ; d. at Dresden, 1861.
AMPfiRE, ifjfAN Jacques Antoine,
a French wrifar, traveller, and member
of the Institute, was b. at Lyons, 1800.
At an early age he was one of the princi-
pal contributors to the " Revue Fran-
9aise," established by Guizot, in opposi-
tion to the government. In 1837 he
obtained the chair of French Literature
at the college of France. Amongst his
separate works are, the " History of
Poetrj'," " The Literary History of
France before the 12th Century," and
" The History of French Literature of the
Middle Ages." His tours in Germany,
Italy, Egypt, and on this continent sxip-
plied him with observations which his
extensive erudition and general knowl-
edge enabled him to work up into arti-
cles for the " Revue des Deux Mondes."
His contributions have been collected and
published under the title, " Littdrature
et Voyages." D. 1864.
ANCELOT, Jacques Arsene Fran-
cois PoLYCARPE, a French dramatist,
whom Louis Philippe rewarded with a
pension for the tragedy "Louis IX." His
pension terminated with the reign of his
patron. In 1849 he took up the copy-
right question, and was instrumental in
negotiating some of the treaties con-
cluded by France in relation thereto. B.
1794; d. 1854.
ANDERSON, George B., b. in Wil-
mington, N. C, 1834, graduated at West
Point in 1852, became a first lieutenant in
the 2d dragoons in 1855, and adjutant in
1858. He resigned his commission,
April 25, 1861. and, having entered the
Confederate service, was appointed a
brigadier-general. In this capacity he
commanded the North Carolina coast
defences, and led a brigade at the battle
of Antietam, where he was mortally
wounded. D. 1862. — Isaac, a Presby-
terian divine, b. in Rockbridge county,
Virginia, 1780; d. in Maryville, Ten-
nessee, 1857. He received a license to
preach from the Union Presbytery in
1802, but for some years relied upon his
farm and the products of school teaching
for his income. Inspired by the example
of Whitfield, he engaged in missionary
labor tluroughout a large part of Ten-
nessee. When settled as the pastor of a
church in Maryville, he directed his
attention to the necessity of facilitating
the studies of young men desirous of
entering the ministry ; and after encoun-
tering many obstacles, he succeeded in
establishing the Western theological
seminary, which has since risen to im-
portance.
ANDERSSON, Charles John, an
African explorer, b. in Sweden in the
first part of the present century, d. in
Southern Africa in 1856. In 1849 he
visited England, taking with him a
collection of living animals and speci-
mens which he had obtained during
numerous hunting excursions in his
native country. His object was to dis-
pose of these with the view of procuring
the means of gratifying his pa.<5sion for
new explorations and adventures. He
had already made some progress towards
this end, when he met an Englishman
named Galton, who was about making a
journey to Southern Africa, and invited
Andersson to accompany him at his ex-
pense. Andersson accepted the offer,
and, in company with his friend, sailed
from England in the early part of 1850.
During the greater part of the next four
years he was engaged in exploring the
wilds of Southern Africa, meeting with
many startling adventures. He visited
lake Ngami, then recently discovered,
penetrating thither by a route previously
considered impracticable, and explored
for some distance the river Tioghe, which
flows into the lake from the north.
Returning to England, he published a
book giving an account of his discov-
eries; but his love of adventure soon led
him to return to the scene of his former
exploits. Having visited lake Ngami
and the Tioghe a second time, he started
in company with an Englishman, Mr.
Green, to make a journey in an easterly
direction from that neighborhood, and
had already visited a region never before
trodden by the foot of a European, when
on one of his hunting excursions he was
attacked and crushed to death by a
wounded elephant.
ANDRAL, Gabriel, an eminent phy-
sician of Paris, and professor of general
pathology and therapeutics in the medi-
cal academy. His investigations ren-
dered important service to medical
science, in acknowledgment of which he
was, in 1842, elected member of the
Institute of France. Many of his works
have been translated into German and
other languages. B. 1797 ; d. 1853.
ANDREWS, Ebenezer S., b. at
Boston, 1766; d. 1851. He served an
apprenticeship with Isaiah Thomas,
printer and bookseller, Worcester, and
in 1788 commenced business with him in
Boston. Success led them to establish
CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[APP
branches of their business at Baltimore
and Albany. They published the works
of Noah Webster and Kev. Dr. Morse,
and the " Massachusetts Magazine."
ANGELL, Joseph Kixnicuit, b. at
Providence, R. I., 1794, graduated at
Brown University, 1813, studied law and
established himself in the practice at
Providence. He edited the " United
States Law Intelligencer " from 1829 to
1831, and was the first reporter of the
decisions of the supreme court of Rhode
Island. In connection with Samuel
(afterwards chief justice) Ames, he
published the " Treatise on Corpora-
tions" ; and he afterwards published
treatises on " Common Carriers," the
" Law of Insurance," " Limitation of
Actions," " Tide-waters," and " Water-
courses," all of which are highly esteem-
ed by the profession. D. at Boston,
1857.
ANGELO, Henry, a colonel in the
British service, organized a sword drill
for the navy, invented a bayonet drill
for infantry, and introduced a drill exer-
cise for the sabre, which the Duke of
Wellington made aJi army regulation.
B. 1780; d. 1852.
ANGLESEY, Henry William Pa-
get, Marquis of, a British general. B.
1768. He commenced his military career
by raising a regiment, at his own expense,
among his father's tenantry, with which
he served under the Uuke of York in
Flanders. In 1808 he attained the rank
of major-general, and distinguished him-
self in the retreat of Sir John Moore,
which ended in the battle of Corunna.
During the Peninsular War he com-
manded the heavy brigade under Wel-
lington, and at Waterloo headed the ter-
rible cavalry charge that annihilated the
French cuirassiers. In this action he
lost a leg. In consideration of his ser-
vices he was made Marquis of Anglesey.
In 1827 he was appointed master of the
ordnance, and in 1828 viceroy of Ireland.
The latter office he retained onl}'- one
year, but he was reinstated in 1840, and
held the otiice for three A-ears. In 1846
he was again made master of the ord-
nance, and in 1847 was raised to the rank
of field marshal. D. 1854.
ANSON, George, commander-in-
chief of the British forces in India, d. at
Kurnaul, 1857. He served in the Scotch
fusileer guards at Waterloo.
ANTHON, John, an American jurist,
author of an " Analysis of Blackstone's
Commentaries," "Nisi Prius Reports,"
and other legal works, b. 1784. He was
the second son of Geo. C. Anthon, an
eminent physician of New York, and
graduated with honor at Columbia col-
lege in 1801. After studying law in the
office of Mr. Hopkins, he' was admitted
to practice in the supreme court of the
state. He commanded a company of
militia during the war of 1812, and on
the return of peace resumed his profes-
sional labors. He was one of the found-
ers of the New York Law Institute. In
1861 he received the degree of LL. D.
from Columbia college. D. 1863.—
Henry, D. D., a minister of the Prot-
estant Episcopal Church, brother of
John Anthon, b. in New York, 1792 ; d.
1861.
APPLETON, James, b. in Ipswich,
Mass., 1785; d. 1862. He was a colonel
of the militia force in 1812, and at the
close of the war held the rank of briga-
dier-general. — Samuel, a wealthy mer-
chant of Boston, Mass., remarkable for
his philanthropy. B. 1776; d. 1853.
He founded a professorship of natural
philosophy at Dartmouth coDege, with
a gift of S10,000; and placed $200,000
in the hands of his executors to be ap-
plied to "scientific, literary, religious,
and charitable purposes." — Nathan, a
brother, and for many years a mercantile
partner of the preceding, distinguished
for wealth, enterprise, and public spirit.
D. in Boston, 1861. — William, a
younger brother, also a successful mer-
chant, and a man of much influence, d.
in 1862. He was twice elected to repre-
sent Massachusetts in congress. — John,
b. in Beverly, Mass., 1815 ; d. in Portland,
Me., 1864. He commenced the practice
of the law in 1837, and in the winter
of 1838-9 assumed the editorship of the
Avffus, a democratic journal published
at Portland, which he conducted some
years, during a part of the time holding
a local office. In 1845, on the invitation
of Mr. Bancroft, the secretary' of the
navy, he became chief clerk of the
navj^ department; subsequently suc-
ceeding Mr. Trist as chief clerk of the
state department. In 1848 he was ap-
pointed, by President Polk, charge
d'affaires of' the United States to Bolivia.
On his return from that mission he re-
sumed the practice of law at Portland,
in partnership with Nathan Clifford, now
one of the judges of the supreme court
of the United States ; but in Sept. 1850
was elected, from the Portland dis-
trict, a member of the thirty-second
congress. In 1855 he joined Mr. Bu-
chanan, at London, as secretary of le-
gation. In 1857 he was appointed as-
sistant secretary of state ; and in May,
ARl]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
1860, he was appointed minister to
Russia, whence he returned to die.
ARAGO, Francois, the astronomer
of France, and one of the most illustrious
men of science of the age, was b. at
Estagel, in the south of France, in 1786.
At an early age he was placed at a public
school at Toulouse, from which he re-
moved to become a candidate for a schol-
arship at the polytechnic school of
Paris. Having passed the recjuired ex-
amination with honor, !fc entered upon
his studies in 1804, and rapidly rose to
distinction. He left the polytechnic to
join the staff of the observatory at Paris,
and shortly after this appointment he
proceeded with M. Biot to Spain, there
to measure an arc of the meridian. While
engaged in this undertaking, war broke
out between France and Spain, and,
under pretence that the fires which he
made on the mountain tops as signals to
his associates, were intended to enlighten
the march of the French troops, he was
seized and put into prison ; but escaping
after a brief confinement, he reached
the port of Algiers, and after enduring
many hardships, and encountering many
dangers both by sea and land, he was
safely landed in France, in 1809. On
reaching Paris, as a reward for his zeal,
he was elected, at the age of 23, a mem-
ber of the Academy of Sciences, in the
place of Lalande. He was appointed
about the same time a professor of the
Ecole Poly technique ; and now may be
said to have commenced that eminent
scientific career which he pursued with
undiminished vigor to within a few days
of his death. His determination of the
diameters of the planets, afterwards
adopted by Laplace, the discovery of
colored polarization, and that of magni-
tude by rotation, are only specimens of
his contributions to scientific literature ;
but the subjects in which he gained the
highest distinction are magnetic and
rotatory polarization, magnetism by the
action of currents, and magnetism by
rotation. To him the world owes the in-
vention of the polariscope. In 1830 he
was nominated director of the observa-
tory of the bureau des longitudes ; and
he succeeded Fourier, whose eloge he
pronounced, as perpetual secretary of the
Academy of Sciences. The " Annuaire
des Longitudes " was under his direc-
tion; and he founded, in conjunction
with Gay-Lussac, the " Recueil des An-
nales de Physique et de Chimie." As a
politician, often occupying a conspicuous
position, Arago was earnest, simple-
minded, and consistent. When a youth,
1*
he avowed his republican principles, by
refusing to subscribe to the constitution
of the empire. After the revolution of
1830, which placed Louis Philippe on the
throne, he occupied a distinguished place
in the chamber of deputies. In 1848,
on the downfall of the monarchy, he was
named a member of the provisional
government, and. as minister of war
and marine, he succeeded in obtaining
the adhesion of the whole of that impor-
tant service to the republic: but after
the social outbreak of Jime, 1848, which
ended in the temporary dictatorship of
General Cavaignac, he finished his po-
litical career. He was ready to renounce
his hardly earned position at the observ-
ator}"^ rather than take the new oath to
Louis Bonaparte, after the coup-d'etat of
December, 1851; but the government
consented to forego the exaction. D.
1853. — Jacques Etienne Victor,
brother of the preceding, a dramatic
writer and journalist, was b. at Estagel
in 1790, and d. at Paris, 1855.
ARBUCKLE, Matthew, brevet brig-
adier-general in the LFnited States army,
b. in Virginia, d. in Fort Smith, Arkansas,
1851, in command of the 7th military
department, after 30 years of frontier
service.
ARCHER, Branch T., a physician,
b. in Vii'ginia, 1790, and professionally
educated at Philadelphia, removed to
Texas in 1831, and became one of the
prominent actors in the events that pre-
ceded and followed her revolution. He
presided over the assembly known as the
Consultation of Texas, in November,
1835, and was elected by that body one
of the commissioners, with Stephen F.
Austin and William H. Wharton, to pro-
ceed to the United States, and present
the cause and condition of Texas to the
people of the Union, and solicit aid froln
them in the struggle for independence.
Upon his return, he was elected a mem-
ber of the first congress, and was speaker
of the house of representatives. He
was secretary of war from 1839 to 1842,
under President Lamar's administration,
at the close of which, in 1842, in conse-
quence of broken health, he retired to
private life. D. in Brazoria county,
Texas, 1856. — Wit^liam S., a Virginia
legislator; representative in congress
from 1820 to 1835, and senator from 1841
to 1847. B. 1789 ; d. 1855.
ARISTA, Mariano, b. of Spanish
parents in Mexico, 1802, entered the
army as a cadet at the age of 11, and
figured prominently during the struggles,
turmoil, and revolutions through which
^
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[arn
his native country has passed. Espousing
the cause of Mexican independence, he
served with distinction in the war with
Spain. After the overthrow of the
Mexican empire and tlie establishment
of the federal system, he became an
active leader of "the Yorkinos, a body of
political freemasons, organized to coun-
teract the intrigues of other lodges. He
joined Santa Anna in the revolt against
Pedraza, and aided in elevating Guerrero
to power. He was rewarded by promotion
to the grade of lieutenant-colonel, and yet
again to the brevet of general of brigade.
Santa Anna, on obtaining the presidency,
placed him second in command of the
army. When the revolt in favor of
church privileges broke out in Michoacan,
Arista accompanied Santa Anna, but the
fonner, during the march, joined the
movement of Duran, and proclaimed
Santa Anna dictator. Their plans were
frustrated by the refusal of Santa Anna,
and his return to the city of Mexico.
Duran and Arista followed ; assaulted the
city and were repulsed ; and then, retir-
ing, fortified themselves at G'ianajuato.
Attacked by Santa Anr^, tney capitu-
lated, and Arista was driven from Mexico.
He sought refuge in the United States,
and remained here about a year and a
half. A decree of amnesty restored him
to his military status, and in 1836 he
again entered the service of the Mexican
government, continuing actively em-
ployed, now against French invaders,
anon against insurgents, and always
with more or less distinction. Upon the
breaking out of the war between Mexico
and the United States, Arista exerted
himself unsuccessfully to put the eastern
frontier in a condition for effective de-
fence. He commanded at the battles of
Palo Alto and Resaco de Guerrero. In
1848, President Herrera appointed him
minister of war, and in the fall of 1850
he was elected president of the republic.
The measures he deemed essential to the
restoration of the country to strength
and solvency were not sustained by
congress, and the revolt at Mazatlan,
followed hy the proclamation of Santa
Anna at Guadalajara, having brought
matters to a crisis, Arista vacated his
position in Jan. 1853, delivering the
government into the hands of the presid-
ing judge of the supreme court. Arista
retired to his farm, but, being formally
banished, he proceeded to Europe, and
died in Spain on the 9th of August, 1855,
betng the day on which the usurper of
his seat fled from the city of Mexico.
At his own request, his heart was carried
to Mexico, whither his remains were
taken in 1857; the government of Al-
varez declaring, by a special decree, that
he had " merited well of his country,"
and otherwise heaping honors on his
raemors'.
ARLINCOURT, Victor, Viscount d',
a French poet and novelist, commenced
his literary career with an allegory flat-
tering the vanity of Napoleon. The res-
toration of the Bourbons found him the
flatterer of Loiffs XVHI., who showed
himself less susceptible of poetic praise
than Napoleon had been. Arlincourt
tried the drama, but unsuccessfully. The
revolution of 1830 again brought him to
the surface, this time with political satires,
under the guise of historical novels. In
1848 he became avowedly political, and
calumnious attacks upon the leaders of
the revolution led to his prosecution and
conviction for libel. The remainder of
his days was passed in retirement. B.
1789 ; d. 1856.
ARMANSPER, Joseph Louis, Count
von, b. in Lower Bavaria, 1787. He oc-
cupied various positions of trust and in-
fluence in Bavaria, participating in the
Congress of Vienna, and in 1825 presid-
ing over the chamber of deputies. On
the accession of King Louis he was
made secretary of the treasury and of
foreign affairs, and in this position as-
sisted in organizing the German Zoll-
verein. His hostility to the Catholics
brought him into collision with the king,
and he retired into private life. He was
restored to favor, however, and was made
president of the regency instituted over
Greece during the minority of King
Otho, ruling almost absolutely from 1833
to 1837. Becoming unpopular, he was
dismissed, and leaving Athens in 1837,
retired to his estates in Bavaria, where
he d. 1853.
ARMELLINI, Cart^o, an Italian pa-
triot, b. 1776. After the flight of the pope
to Gaetain 1848, Armellini was chosen a
member of the triumvirate by whom the
affairs of the Roman republic were ad-
ministered during its brief existence.
On its subversion he retired to Brussels,
where he d. 1863.
ARMISTEAD, Lewis A., a brigadier-
general in the Confederate service, b. in
Virginia, killed at Gettysburg, 1863. He
was educated at West Point, and made an
honorable record in the battles of Con-
treras, Churubusco, Molino del Rey, and
Chapultepec.
ARNAUD, Marshal de St., bom at
Paris, of humble parentage, in 1801, dis-
tinguished himself in the French wars in
atk]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
Algeria, and was for a time governor of
Constantine. On his return to France,
he was appointed commander of the sec-
ond division of the army of Paris, and
minister of war. He was subsequently
appointed coinmander-in-cliief of the
French forces in the Crimea, where he
was attacked by cholera, and died on
the voyage to Constantinople, 1854.
ARNDT, Eknst Moritz, a German
poet, historian, journalist, patriot, and
statesman, b. 1769 ; d. in Bonn, 1859.
ARNOLD, Lemuel A., governor of
Rhode Island in 1831 and 1832, and rep-
resentative in congress from 1845 to
1847. B. at St. Johnsburj^, Vermont,
1792; d. 1852. — Thomas Kerchever,
author of numerous text-books for the
study of ancient and modern languages,
which have been extensively used in
English and American schools, was b.
1800. He was a clergyman of the Eiig-
lish church, and an occasional T^Titer on
religious questions. D. 1853.
ARNOTT, Dr. Archibald, a Scotch
physician, b. 1771, entered the British
army as a surgeon, took part in the ex-
peditions to Egypt, Calabria, and Hol-
land, and in the Peninsular campaign,
and retired from active service in 1826.
He was attached to the 20th regiment
of foot, stationed at St. Helena, where
his professional services were called in
aid of Napoleon, on whom he became a
regular medical attendant. He stood bj"-
the bedside of the emperor in his last
moments, and held his right hand when
be died. One of the emperor's last acts
was to present a gold snuff-box to Dr.
Arnott, on which with his dying hand he
had inscribed the letter N. The doctor
was also liberally remembered in Napo-
leon's will; and the British government,
to mark its approbation of his conduct,
granted him £500. He published an
account of the death and post-mortem
appearance of Napoleon. D. 1855.
ARTHUR, Richard, a vice-admiral
in the British navy, which he entered as
a captain's servant. B. 1778 ; d. 1854.
ASHBY, Turner, b. in Fauquier
county, Va.,«1824, was a farmer and politi-
cian when the civil war broke out. He
then espoused the Confederate cause,
raised a regiment of cavalry, and served
with Gen. T. J. Jackson in "the Shenan-
doah valley. He was appointed a briga-
dier-general in May, 1862, and on the 6th
June was killed in an engagement near
Harrisonburg, Va.
AS HER, Adolphus, b. in Germany,
lived several years in England, and
wrote several works in the English
language. After a brief residence at St.
Petersburg, h? settled as a bookseller at
Berlin, and became eminent in the busi-
ness. D. 1853.
ASTER, Ernest Ludwig, l*. jr Dres-
den, 1778, served in the Saxon and -iho *a
the Russian army. Joining the Prussian
service in 1815, his skill as a mathema-
tician and tactician, and his familiarity
with the military systems of Europe,
soon led to promotion, and he became
major-general and inspector-general of
the Prussian fortifications. The fortifi-
cation of Coblentz and Ehrenbreitstein
was effected under his guidance, and he
was appointed commandant of these
fortresses. Was made general in 1842,
and d. at Berlin in 1855. — Karl Hein-
RiCH, brother of the preceding, b. 1782,
d. 1855, earned fame as a writer on mili-
tarv subjects.
ASTROS, Paul Therese David d',
cardinal archbishop of Toulouse and
Narbonne, b. 1772 ; d. 1851.
ATHERTON, Charles Humphrey,
b. at Amherst, N. H., 1773, was a repre-
sentative in congress from 1815 to 1817,
and long stood at the head of the bar
in Hillsborough county. D. 1853. —
Charles G., son of the preceding, b.
1804, was many years a member of the
New Hampshire legislature, and for
some time, speaker of the house. In
1837 he took his seat at Washington as
a member of the house of representa-
tives, and in the following year intro-
duced a series of resolutions affirming
the sovereignty of states in the matter
of slavery, condemning the abolition
agitation as unconstitutional, and declar-
ing that no action should be taken on
any petition designed to further abolition
views, or to promote interference with
slaveiy by federal authority in any
shape. The resolutions were carried, and
formed the basis of the 21st rule of the
next congress, by which anti-slavery
petitions Avere laid on the table as a
matter of course. The rule remained in
force until 1845, two years previous to
which Mr. Atherton liad been elected to
the senate. He acted uniformly with the
democratic partv, and d. 1853.
ATKINSON, Thomas Witlam,
distinguished as a traveller among the
Siberian tribes and the dependencies of
China, was b. in Yorkshire, England,
1799. In 1846, with the approval and
under the protection of the Russian
authorities, he commenced his journey
ings in regions until then unknown to
European travellers. He afterwards pub-
lished a " Narrative of Seven Years' Ex'
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bai
plorations and Adventures in Siberia,
Mongolia, the Kirghis Steppes, Chinese
Tartary, and part of Central Asia,'' and
also " Travels in the Regions of the
Upper and Lower Amoor," illustrating
botli from his own sketch-book. D.
1861.
ATTERBORN, Peter Daniel Ama-
DEUs, a Swedish poet and distinguished
professor at the universitv of Upsal, b.
1790; d. 1855.
ATTWOOD, Thomas, originator of
the Birmingham political union, one of
the most powerful agencies in carrying
the English reform bill ; and founder of
the Birmingham school of currency
economists — advocates of paper money
as opposed to the principle of Sir Robert
Peel's bill. B. 1783; d. 1856.
AUFFENBERG, Joseph von, baron,
a prolific German dramatist, b. 1798 ; d.
1857.
AUGUR, Hezekiah, b. at New
Haven, Conn., 1791, obtained reputation
as a sculptor, — " Jephthah and his
Daughter" being the best known of his
works. He was also the inventor of the
carding machine. D. 1858.
AUPICK, Jacques, a French general,
senator, and diplomatist, b. 1789 ; d. 1857.
AYRTON, WibLiAM, b. 1777, an
English writer on music, was editor of the
" Harmonicon " from 1823 to 1833, wrote
the musical articles and biography in the
"Penny Cyclopaidia," from 1833 to 1844
edited the " Sacred Minstrelsy " and the
"Musical Libraiy," and wrote some of
the musical notices in " Knight's Picto-
rial Edition of Shakspeare." D. in
London, 1858.
B.
BAGBY, Arthur P., b. in Virginia,
1794, removed to Alabama in 1818, where
he was successively member of the legis-
lature, speaker of the house, governor,
and senator in congress. He was min-
ister to Russia, 1849-53, and d. in Mo-'
bile, 1858.
BAGOT, Richard, b. 1782, was con-
secrated bishop of Oxford in 1829 ; and
in 1845 succeeded Bishop Law in the see
of Bath and Wells. His bishopric is
memorable for the cessation of " Tracts
for the Times," in obedience to his
mandate as bishop of Oxford. During
the latter years of his life he was subject
to mental aberration. D. 1854.
BAILEY, Gamaliel, an American
journalist, b. in. New Jersey, 1807,
studied medicine in Philadelphia, and
took his degree in 1828. He began his
career in journalism, as editor of the
" Methodist Protestant," in Baltimore.
In 1831 he removed to Cincinnati, and
was appointed physician to the cholera
hospital. In 1836 he joined James
G. Birney in conducting the " Cincinnati
Philanthropist," the first anti-slavery
newspaper published in the West, of
which he afterwards became sole editor.
This paper, in 1847, was merged in the
*' National Era," published at Washing-
ton, which was owned and edited by
Dr. Bailey for many years. He was a
man of great cultivation and refinement,
moderation, firmness, and courage. Both
in Cincinnati and in Washington re-
peated attempts were made to destroy
his paper by^ mob violence, but he was
never intimidated or driven from h^^
post. D. 1859, on board the steamer
Arago, on his passage to Havre. —
Jacob Whitman, an eminent microsco-
pist and algologist, b. in Massachusetts,
1806, was educated at West Point, served
six years as a lieutenant in the United
States army, and in 1839 was appointed
professor of chemistry, botany, and
mineralogy in the West Point military
academy, "which office he filled until his
death. His chief claim for scientific
distinction rests upon his investigations
with the microscope. His observations,
recorded with great care, and illustrated
by his own pencil, together with com-
plete and admirabh'^ arranged collections
of specimens, and all his scientific books
and papers, he bequeathed to the Boston
Society of Natural History. D. 1857. —
Guilford D., colonel United States
service, b. in New York, 1834, killed at
the battle of the Seven Pines, 1862.
He graduated at West Point in 1826, and
being in Texas during the early stages of
the secession movement, he refused to be
included in Gen. Twiggs's surrender in
1861. He raised a volunteer regiment
in New Jersey, and at the time of his
death was chief of artillery in Gen.
Casey's division.
BAINE, A. C, a lawyer by profession,
but known as the author of a work en-
titled " Divine Faith and Natural Rea-
son," written and published after his
change from Presbyterian ism to Cathol-
RAL.]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.*
9
icism. B. at Raleigh, N. C, 1810; d. in
Nevada, 1863.
BAIRD, Robert, D. D., a Presby-
terian minister and author, b. in Fayette
county. Pa., 1798 ; d. suddenly at Yonkers,
N. Y., 186"3. He pursued his theological
studies at Princeton, and was licensed as
a preacher in 1822. In 1827 he connected
himself with the American bible societ}',
and subsequently with the missionary
society of New Jersey; and in 1829 be-
came agent of the American Sunday
school union. He visited Europe in
1835, and for eight years devoted him-
self to the promotion of Protestantism in
southern Europe, and of temperance re-
form in Great Britain and elsewhere. He
visited Europe twice subsequently: in
1846, to attend the meeting of the Evan-
gelical Alliance in London, and the
World's Temperance Convention in
Stockholm ; and in 1862, when he upheld
the cause of the Union with great effect
in London and other cities. His most
widely known publication is " A View
of Religion in America," issued in Scot-
land in 1842, and which obtained a
wide circulation in continental Europe.
Among his other works are a " History
of the Temperance Societies," " Protes-
tantism in Italy," a ' History of the
Albigenses, Waldenses, and Vaudois,"
and a " Visit to Northern Europe."
BAKER, Edward D.,b. in England;
d. at Leesburg, Va., Oct. 21, 1861. His
father Avas a weaver, and, having been
brought to the United States when verv
young, was left an orphan in Philadel-
phia. In his nineteenth year he removed
to Illinois, where he studied law, and
soon acquired a good position at the bar.
After serving in the Illinois legislature
for two years, he resigned, and in 1846
went to Mexico as a colonel of volun-
teers, acquitting himself with credit at
Cerro Gordo. He was a representative
in congress from Illinois, from 1849 to
1851. In 1852 he settled in San Fran-
cisco, devoting himself to his profession,
but subsequently removed to Oregon,
which state he represented as a senator
in congress, taking his seat in March
1861. On the outbreak of the rebellion he
entered enthusiastically into the struggle
for the Union, — raismg the California
regiment mainly in Philadelphia. While
leading his men in battle, he was shot
from his horse and killed.
BALDWIN, Roger Sherman, who
has been pronounced " the ablest lawyer
that Connecticut has ever produced' in
any part of her history," was b. in New
Haven, 1793; his father being a descend-
ant of a Puritan emigrant, and his
mother the daughter of Roger Sherman.
He graduated with high honors at Yale
college in 1811; studied law under
Judges Reeve and Gould at Litchfield;
and in 1814 was admitted to the bar.
He commenced practice in his native
city, and soon attained a high rank in
his profession. In 1837 he was elected
to the state senate, reelected in 1838,
and chosen president pro tern, of that
body. In 1840 and 1841 he was a rep-
resentative in the general assembly,
and in the latter year was associated
with J. Q. Adams in the argument before
the supreme court of the United States,
in the case of the Africans of the Amis-
tad. In 1844 and 1845 he was governor
of the state, and in 1847 was elected to
the United States senate by the legis-
lature of Connecticut, serving until 1851.
He subsequently engaged in his profes-
sional duties. He was a member of the
peace congress of 1861, and d. 1863.
BALFOUR, Rev. Walter, b. in
Scotland, 1776, and educated as a Pres-
byterian ; emigrated to the United States
at the age of 20, and was very popular
as a preacher. At about the age of 30
he became a Baptist, and continued a
preacher in the Baptist church until
1819, when he became a Universalist
from reading Professor Stuart's let-
ters to Dr. Channiiig. He wrote and
preached zealously in behalf of the opin-
ions he had espoused. Some of the
standard works of the denomination are
from his pen. D. 1852.
BALLOU, HosEA, a distinguished
Universalist clergyman, was b. in Rich-
mond, N. H., 1771. He was the son of
a Baptist minister, and was brought up
in the faith of that sect, but embraced
the doctrines of Universalism soon after
he became old enough to think for him-
self. He began to preach at the age of
21 ; was first settled in Dana, Mass., then
in Barnard, Vt., then in Portsmouth,
N. H., then in Salem, Mass., whenc# he
removed to Boston (1817), where he con-
tinued to reside until his death. He es-
tablished the " Universalist Magazine "
and the " Universalist Expositor," and
was a voluminous writer. He united
more persons in marriage than any other
minister in the country, and preached
over 10,000 sermons. D. 1852. — Rev.
HosEA, D. D., a relative of the preced-
ing, and himself for several years editor
of the " Universalist Quarterly Review,"
b. in Mass. ; d. 1861. He was eminent as
a preacher and writer, and was president
of Tufts college, Medford, Mass., the
10
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[BAU
chief collegiate institution of his denom-
ination. — SuLi.ivAN, major of the 2d
Rhode Island regiment of volunteers, b.
1829; killed at the battle of Bull Run,
1861.
BANGS, Nathan, D. D., author of a
" History of the Methodist Episcopal
Ciiurch," and for many years an eminent
minister of the Methodist church in the
United States, b. in Stratford, Conn.,
1788; d. 1862. He commenced his minis-
terial career in 1801, and, besides his
labors as a preacher, served the bod}'
with which he was connected in various
capacities. At one time he edited the
"Christian Advocate and Journal," and
at another, the *' Methodist Quarterly Re-
view."
BANKS, Thomas Chuistopher, a
writer on the genealogy of the British
peerage. B. 1760 ; d. 1854.
BARBER, Charles, an artist, and
president of the Liverpool academy. D.
1854.
BARBOUR, John S., an influential
member of the Virginia legislature, and
member of congress from that state
from 1823 to 1833. B. 1790 ; d. 1855.
BARCLAY, Captain, a famous pe-
destrian; d. 1854.
BARKER, James N., a versatile
writer, b. in Philadelphia; d. in Wash-
ington, 1858. He gained the rank of
major in the Avar of 1812; and for a num-
ber of years was a contributor to dramatic
and poetical literature.
BARKSDALE, William, brigadier-
general in the Confederate service, b. in
Rutherford county, Tenn., 1821; killed at
Gettysburg, 1863!! He was a successful
lawyer, a prominent democratic politi-
cian in Mississippi, and a representative in
congress from 1853 to 1860. He resigned
his seat to join the secessionist movement,
and served in the Confederate army from
the commencement-of the conflict.
BARLOW, Peter, mathematical pro-
fessor at the Woolwich miiitarj'- academy,
and^uthor of an " Essay on Magnetism,"
and of a trftatise on the " Theory of
Number," b. 1777; d. 1862. His dis-
covery of the means of correcting the
local attractions on the compasses of
ships secured for him great distinction.
BARRON, James, commodore in the
United States navy, d. at Norfolk, Va.,
April 21, 1851, aged 82. He commenced
his naval career as a youth under his
father, who held the rank of " Commodore
of all the armed vessels of the Common-
wealth of Virginia" during the revo-
lutionary war, and until the disbanding
cf the state navv. He was afterwards
in private service until the formation o{
the Federal navy in 1798, when he re-
ceived the commission of lieutenant, and
served Avith credit under Commodore
Barry in the brief Avar with France. In
1799 he was promoted to the highest grade
in the navy, and ordered to the Mediter-
ranean, where he distinguished himself
as a scientificseamanand efficient officer
He was in active service afloat, with
short respite, imtil 1807, when he com-
manded the Chesapeake at the time of
her encounter with the P>ritish frigath
Leopard, since which time he had not
been on sea-dut}'. In 1820 he fought a
duel with Commodore Decatur, in which
the latter was mortally wounded.
BARRUNDIA, Jose, minister to the
United States from Honduras, made him-
self favorably known by his enlightened
efforts to adA'ance the civilization and
welfare of Central America. B. 1784.
d. in New York, 1854.
BARRY, Sir Charles, an eminent
architect, b. 1795, was articled at an
early age to a firm in Lambeth. On com-
pleting his term, he travelled in Italy,
Greece, and other countries, studying
carefully the architecture of each, and
returning to England with an evident bias
in faA'or of Italian. In his subsequent
works he employed sometimes Grecian
and Italian forms, but gradually acquired
a preference for Gothic. Among the
numerous buildings of which he was the
architect, the new palace of Westminster
is that by which his name will be most
Avidely known. D. 1860.
BARTLETT, William Hknky, an
English artist and author, b. 1809; d. at
sea, 1854. He furnished the drawings
and a portion of the letter-press of 19
large 4to A'olumes, containing about 1000
plates, illustrating the scenery of Eng-
land, Ireland, Switzerland, "^America,
Egypt, &c.
BARTOW, General in the Confederate
armv; killed at Bull Run, 1861.
BATTHYANYI, Kasimir, Count, a
Hungarian statesman, b. 1807. He was
one of the prominent champions of Hun-
garian independence. After having offi-
ciated as governor of various provinces,
he became minister of foreign affairs
under the administration of Kossuth, and
subsequently shared his exile in Turkey.
In 1851 he repaired to Paris, from which
place he addressed a series of letters to
the " London Times," reflecting rather
severely upon Kossuth's character as a
statesman and patriot. D. in Paris, 1854.
BAUR, Ferdinand Christian, a
German scholar and theologian, b. at
n K d]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
II
Tubingen, 1792 ; d. 1861. He became pro-
fessor of evangelical theology in 1826, and
is considered the founder of the Tiibingen
school, which has been described as a
'' modified rationalism." He was a vo-
luminous writer, but the work by which
he is most widely known is the " His-
torical Manual of Christian Dogmas."
BAYARD, George D., b. in New
York, was killed in the attack on Fred-
ericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.' He
graduated at West Point in 1856, entered
the 1st cavalry as 2d lieutenant, and in
1861 became captain in the 4th cavalry.
He took command of the 1st Pennsylvania
volunteer cavalry, and in April, 1862,
was commissioned brigadier-general of
volunteers. He served in the army corps
of Gen. McDowell, was ixnder Gen. Pope
in Virginia, and fell whilst attached to
the command of Gen. Franklin.
BAYLY, Thomas Henky, b. in Ac-
comac county, Va., 1810, graduated at
the university of that state, and was
admitted to the bar in 1830. For several
successive years he was a member of the
general assembly of Virginia; he was
next judge of the circuit superior court
of law; and in 1844 was elected repre-
sentative in congress, remaining a mem-
ber from that time until his death in
1856. He was for a time chairman of the
house committee of ways and means.
He lived and died on the same spot
where his ancestors from England landed
in 1666, and where they established the
family home.
BEAUFORT, Henuy Somerset, Duke
of, b. 1792 ; d. 1854. He served con-
spicuously in the Peninsular war.
BEAUMONT, William, an American
surgeon, who earned distinction by dis-
coveries relating to the laws of diges-
tion, the result of a series of remarkable
physiological experiments upon Alexis
St.' Martin, a Canadian. Dr. Beaumont,
whilst a surgeon in the United States
army, stationed at Michillimackinac,
Michigan, in 1822, was called to attend
St. Martin, a youth in the service of the
American fur company, who had been
accidentally shot; the charge of a musket
having entered his left side, fracturing
two ribs, lacerating the lungs, and enter-
ing the stomach. Long-continued care
restored him to health ; an opening into
his stomach remaining, through which
its entire action was observable. In 1825
Dr. Beaumont commenced the experi-
ments, which he continued at intervals
during many years ; and his published
narrative has been recognized by the
medical world as a valuable contribution
to the knowledge of the human stomach,
its secretions and operations. B. 1796;
d. at St. Louis, 1853.
BEAZLEY, Samuel, an English archi-
tect and author, d. 1851, in his 66th year.
He built a great many theatres, and
wrote numerous farces and burlettas, and
two novels, one of which, " The Rou^,"
had quite a reputation. He wrote the
English libretto of " La Somnambula,"
and of some other operas.
BECK, John Brodhead, an American
physician, b. 1794, graduated at Colum-
bia college, commenced the practice
of medicine in New York in 1817, and
soon rose to distinction. In 1826 he was
appointed professor of materia medica
and botany in the college of physi-
cians and surgeons ; but he subsequently
exchanged the chair of botany for that
of medical jurisprudence, which de-
partment, together with that of materia
medica, he continued to hold until bis
death. He assisted his brother, T.
Romeyn Beck, in the preparation of his
great work on " Medical Jurisprudence."
D. 1851. — Lewis C, an American
naturalist, b. 1800; d. 1853. He published
works on chemistry, botany, and other
branches of natural science. At the time
of his death he was professor of chemistry
in the Albany medical college. — Theo-
dore RoMEYM, an American physician,
author of a valuable treatise on the
" Elements of JVIedical Jurisprudence,"
was b. 1791 at Schenectady, N. Y. In
1815 he was appointed professor of the
institutes of medicine in the college of
physicians and surgeons of the western
district of N. Y., and two years after-
wards, still retaining his professorship,
he became principal of the Albany acad-
emy. In 1849 he became the editor of
the " American Journal of Insanity,"
and continued in charge of it for four
years. He was earnest in the promotion
of all philanthropic enterprises. D. 1855.
BECKWITH, John Charles, major-
general in the British armv, distin-
guished himself under Welhngton in
Portugal and Spain, and at Waterloo.
An incident directed his attention to the
sufferings of the Waldenses, and in 1827
he visited Piedmont to mature plans for
their improvement. He made his home
at Torre, in the valley of Piedmont and
thenceforward labored with a rare pnilan-
thropy for the benefit of the people in
whom he had become so deeply inter-
ested. B. 1790 ; d. 1862.
BEDINGER, Henry, was a representa-
tive in congress from Virginia from 1845
to 1849 ; and from 1853 to 1858 was United
n
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bem
States minister to Denmark, where he
negotiated the treaty which settled the
vexed question of tlie Sound dues. D.
1858.
BEE, Barnard E., b. in Charleston,
S. C, was killed at the battle of Bull Run,
July 21st, 18G1. He graduated at the
United States military academy: was
promoted for gallantry at Cerro' Gordo ;
was bre vetted captain"^ after the battle of
Chapultepec; and in 1857-8 served in
Utah as acting lieutenant-colonel of vol-
unteers. He resigned his commission in
the United States amiy, March 3, 1861,
and became brigadier-general in the
Confederate army.
BEECHER, Lyman, D. D., an eminent
American clergyman, and the father of
the family of whom the Rev. Henry-
Ward Beecher and Mrs. Stowe are two
notable members, was b. in New Haven,
1775. He graduated at Yale college in
1793, and in 1799 was ordained minister
of the Presbyterian church at East
Hampton, Long Island. In 1810 he
became pastor of the first Congrega-
tional church, Litchfield, Conn., where
he remained until 1826. He then re-
moved to Boston, as pastor of the
Hanover Street church, and during
nearly seven years' labor there he obtain-
ed distinction by his vigor as a controver-
sialist and his zeal as a preacher. In
1832 he accepted the presidency of the
Lane theological seminary at Cincin-
nati, in which position he remained for
nineteen years, during part of the period
ofliciating as pastor of a Presbyterian
church. He returned to Boston in 1851,
retaining much of the power as a preacher
which had through life distinguished
him. In 1855 he was attacked by
paralysis, and soon afterward removed to
Brooklyn, X. Y., where he d. Jan. 10,
1863. Many of his sermons and addresses
have been published ; and since his
death an autobiograpln^, with selections
from his Avorks, has appeared, under the
editorial supervision of his son. Rev.
Charles Beecher.
BEECHEY, Fkkdkrick William,
entered the British navy in 1806, at the
early age of ten years, and was with the
British force at New Orleans in 1813-14.
He made four Arctic voyages, the first in
1818, under Commander Franklin. For
three years from 1825 he was engaged
in a voyage of discovery in the Pacific,
a narrative of which he published. In
1854 he was made rear-admiral, and
filled the oflice of president of the Geo-
graphical Society, when he d. in 1856, in
his 61st year.
BELKNAP, William G-, an Amer-
ican officer, b. at Newburgh, N. Y.,
1794, entered the army as lieutenant in
1813, and distinguished himself in the
attack on Fort Erie. He was brevetted
for gallant service during the Florida
war, and in the Mexican war for his gal-
lantry in the battles of 8th and 9th of
May, 1846. He served at Buena Vista,
and received a sword from his fellow-
townsmen, and the brevet of bri^dier-
feneral for his bravery. D. in Upper
'exas, 1851.
BELL, Luther V., a distinguished
physician, b. in Francestown, N. H.,
1806 ; d. 1862. He published several pro-
fessional works, and was a recognized
authority in regard to the treatment of
the insane. For nearly 20 years he was
the superintendent of the McLean insane
asylum at Somerville, Mass. ; and at the
time of his death he was medical direc-
tor of Gen. Hooker's division of the
army of the Potomac.
BELLOT, Joseph Ren6, a French
naval lieutenant, was b. in Paris, 1826,
entered the service at an early age, dis-
tinguished himself on various occasions,
and ranked as an ofticer of the highest
promise. In the spring of 1851 'he ob-
tained permission to take part as a vol-
unteer in the expedition then fitting out
in England to search for Sir John Frank-
lin. He sailed as second in command
of Lady Franklin's vessel, the Prince
Albert, which left Aberdeen in May,
1851, and returned in the following year.
An important result of this expedition
was the discovery of a strait separating
Somerset Land from Boothian Felix,
which was named Bellot Strait. On his
return to France, Bellot urged his govern-
ment to fit out an expedition to the Polar
Seas ; but without waiting for a decision,
he sailed a second time for those regions
with Capt. Inglefield, in the Phoenix. In
August, 1853, while leading a party over
the ice from Beechey Island to Sir Ed-
ward Belcher's squadron in Wellington
Channel, he was carried out to sea on an
ice-floe during a violent gale, slipped
from the ice, and perished. He had en-
deared himself to all his companions by
his noble and chivalrous qualities, and
his name will ever be remembered in the
annals of Arctic adventure.
BEM, Josef, b. in Galicia, 1795,
was brought up for the army, and served
with the French in the campaign of 1812
against Russia. On the reconstruction
of the duchy of Warsaw, in 1815, Bem
reentered the Polish service, but the tyr-
aun^-^ of the Archduke Constantme soon
ben]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
IS
drove him from it in disgust. On the
outbreak of the revolution in 1830, Bern
was appointed major of artillery, gained
high honor, and rose to the rank of gen-
eral. He subsequently lived in exile,
chiefly in France and England, always
laboring for the cause of Poland, and
often amid the greatest difficulties and
privations, teaching languages for very
scanty pay both in Oxford/ and London.
From this situation the promised reforms
in Galicia recalled him to his native
country, and involved him in the war of
independence in Hungary. Within four
months he was the tenant of a pauper
hospital in England, and the triumphant
leader of a victorious army in Transyl-
vania. When he took command of the
array, it consisted of but 12,500 men, of
whom only one half were in a tit state to
undertake a campaign. With this force, in
three months' time, he drove an Austrian
army of 100,000 men, together with
10,000 Russians, across the frontier, and
compelled them to seek refuge in Wal-
lachia. On the defeat of the Hungarian
arms Bern sought refuge in Turkey, and
became a convert to Islamism. He died
of a fever at Aleppo, in 1851.
BENJAMIN, Park, a prolific con-
tributor to American periodical literature,
was b. in British Guiana in 1809, but
was sent to this country at an early age
by his father, a New-England merchant.
After studying at Harvard, and graduat-
ing at I'rinity college, Hartford, he ap-
plied himself to law, and commenced its
practice in Boston in 1832. But his in-
clinations attracted him to literature,
and he was editorially connected, in suc-
cession, with the '' New England Maga-
zine," the "American Monthly Maga-
zine," the "New Yorker," and the
" New World." He was a frecjuent con-
tributor, in prose and verse, to other
journals, and later in life appeared as a
public lecturer. D. 1864.
BENTON, Thomas Hart, an Amer-
ican statesman, was b. in North Carolina,
1782, studied law, and in 1811 com-
menced the practice of his profession at
Nashville, Tenn. During the war of
1812 he raised a regiment of volunteers,
and in 1815 he was appointed lieutenant-
co.onel in the regular army. At the
close of the war he removed to St. Louis,
where he edited a newspaper and took
an active part in politics; and on the
admission of Missouri into the Union
he was elected one of the first senators
from the new state. He took his seat in
the senate in 1821, and served continu-
ously in that position for 30 years. He
2
had great readiness and skill as a debater,
and wielded a commanding influence.
He was a firm supporter of the adminis-
trations of Jackson and Van Buren.
Throughout the long controversy relat-
ing to the United States Bank, he was
the main stay of his party in the senate.
He addressed himself to a consideration
of the whole question of finance, and did
much to consolidate public sentiment in
favor of the sub-treasury system, which
was eventually adopted. It was from
the financial policy which he thus enun-
ciated that he derived the sobriquet of
"Old Bullion." Upon the question re-
lating to the Oregon boundary, the an-
nexation of Texas, the Mexican war,
and other important matters, he took a
leading and mfluential part. He was a
bitter personal enemy of Mr. Calhoun,
and a life-long opponent of the nullifica-
tion doctrines of that statesman. Al-
though from a slave state, he opposed
the slavery extremists in the controversies
excited by the " Wilmot proviso " ; and
when instructions were sent to him by
the legislature of Missouri, based upon
certain resolutions introduced in the
senate by Mr. Calhoun, Mr. Benton
denounced the instructions as not being
expressive of the sense of the people,
and as designed to produce a separation
of the states. Through the opposition
excited by this bold course, he failed of
a reelection, and his senatorial career
ended in 1850. Determined to appeal
directly to the people, he announced
himself as a candidate for the house of
representatives, and in 1852, after a
thorough canvass, was elected over all
competitors. In the session that fol-
lowed, he opposed the Kansas-Nebraska
bill in a memorable speech, and pursued
a course so distasteful to his old oppo-
nents, who had acquired ascendency in
Missouri, that, at the election in 1854, they
again succeeded in defeating him. In
1856 he consented to become a candidate
for governor, and once more canvassed
the state with his accustomed energy;
and though he failed of his election by
a few votes, he produced a gratifying
reaction in the disunion sentiment that
was then making headway in the state
In 1856 he voted for Buchanan, in oppo
sition to his own son-in-law, Fremont, be-
lieving that the former would restore the
principfes of Jackson's administration, —
an expectation in which he was bitterly
disappointed. After his defeat in 1856
he ceased to take an active part in pohtics,
and devoted himself with wonderful in-
dustry to literary pursuits. He com-
u
CYCLOP-SJDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[ber
pleted his " Thirty Years' View," a con-
nected narrative of the working of the
government during the period of his
senatorial career, and then entered upon
the laborious task of condensing the
debates of congress, in which work he
was occupied upon his death-bed. D. in
Washington, 1858.
BERANGER, Jean Pierre de, a
great lyric poet, b. at Paris in 1780 ; d.
1857. To his grandfather, who was a
tailor living in the Rue Montorgueil, and
an aunt by the father's side, he was in-
debted for" his early nurture and educa-
tion. When he was ten years of age he
went to reside at Peronne, in Picardy,
with his aunt, and here he led for some
time an indolent and unsettled life, try-
ing several occupations, including that
of a pot-boy, and settling in none, till he
was at last apprenticed to a printer in
the town, and from this period gave him-
self up to literary pursuits. In 1795 his
father took him to Paris, where he wanted
his assistance in certain banking opera-
tions in which he was engaged ; but in
1798 the bank failed, and Beranger bade
adieu to tinancial operations forever.
During the period that followed he pro-
duced his best songs ; but embittered by
disappointment and hopeless of success,
he collected all the poems he had written
and sent them to Lucien Bonaparte, the
brother of the first consul, who was
known to be a liberal patron of literature,
and in this instance did not belie his
reputation. With .the assistance thus
rendered, Beranger soon found employ-
ment for his pen. In 1805-1806 he as-
sisted in editing Landon's " Annales de
Mus^e," and in 1809 he was attached to
the university with the small salary of
1200 francs, which, however, sufficed for
all his wants. Meanwhile he went on
cultivating the Muses, and delighting all
who knew him with the songs, chiefly
amatory, which he then composed. In
1815 he first came before the world as an
author, though many of the poems then
printed had been circulated in manu-
script, and the sensation produced by this
first publication was immense. France
hailed in Beranger a poet who was not
only able to sing of love and wine as
none since Anacreon had ever sung of
them before, but who gave the noblest
and most heart-stirring expressioi} to that
sense of blighted glory and humbled
pride which then smouldered in the
breast of the whole people. His second
series of songs, published in 1821, cost
him his place and three months' imprison-
ment in St. Pelagic; and for his third
series, published in 1828, he was con-
demned to nine months' imprisonment
in La Force, and a fine of 10,000 francs.
But the fine was paid by the poet's ad-
mirers, while, from behind his prison-
bars, Beranger kept up so deadly a fire
on the government that he contributed
more eftfectually to destroy it than all the
blows of the heroes of the " Three Glori-
ous Days." After the election of Louis
Philippe to the throne, he declined tc
accept of any reward for his services,
and retired first to Passy, next to Fon-
tainebleau, and finally to Tours, where he
completed wh{\t he called his " M^moires
Chantants," by the publication of his
fourth series of songs. At the revolution
of February, 1848, Beranger was elected
to the constituent assembly, but he
soon resigned, and finally retired from
political life. His last years were solaced
by the kindness of friends, who admired
in him the straightforward honorable
man as well as the national poet.
BERESFORD, John George, Lord,
Protestant archbishop of Armagh, and
chancellor of the university of Dublin,
b. 1773; d. 1862. He was the second
son of the first Marquis of Waterford. —
William Carr, Viscount, a British gen-
eral, b. in Ireland, 1768. He entered
the army at the age of 16, became
major-general while serving in Portugal
in 1808, fought all through the Pen-
insular war and took part in the vic-
tories of Salamanca, Vittoria, Bayonne,
Orches, and Toulouse. In 1823 he was
advanced to the dignity of viscount,
and afterwards became successively lieu-
tenant-general of the ordnance, general
of the army, and master-general of the
ordnance. His military efficiency con-
sisted chiefly in his successful reorgan-
ization of the Portuguese troops. D.
1854.
BERRY, Hiram George, major-gen-
eral of volunteers in the United States
service, b. in Maine, 1824, killed at the
battle of Chancellorsville, 1863. At the
commencement of the civil war he en-
tered the service as colonel of the 4th
Maine volunteers, and having distin-
guished himself in several engagements,
was made brigadier-general in April,
1862. He shared the most arduous duties
in the battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks,
Centreville, Manassas, and Fredericks-
burg; and in January, 1863, was ap-
pointed major-general. He was killed
while leading his brigade in one of the
many desperate bayonet charges which
marked the struggle at Chancellorsville.
BERTHOLD, Arnold Adolph, a
ittL]
CYCLOPiGmA OF BIOGRAPHY.
15
German naturalist, professor at Gottin-
gen, and author of several works on
natural history. B. 1803; d. 1861.
BERRIENJ John Macpherson, an
American lawyer and statesman, was b.
in New Jersey, 1781. He was admitted
to the bar in Georgia, where he soon at-
tained eminence in his profession ; and in
1810, after having served for some months
as solicitor of the eastern district, he
was appointed to a seat on the bench.
He officiated in this«,pacity until 1822,
when he became a member of the Georgia
senate, from which he was transferred,
in 1824, to the senate of the United
States. He was appointed United States
attornej^-general by Piesident Jackson
in 1829, and held that office until 1831,
when he resumed the practice of his pro-
fession in Savannah. In 1840 he was
again elected to the national senate, where
he continued to represent his state for
the ensuing twelve years, taking a prom-
inent part in all the exciting debates
which arose during that period. He
ranked high as an orator, and left a rep-
utation for eminent ability as a public
man. D. at Savannah, 1856.
BETHAM, Sir William, b. 1779; d.
1853 ; was remarkable for his labors in
genealogy, heraldry, and other subjects
of antiquarian research. He published
many works, and devoted much atten-
tion to the antiquities of Ireland and the
Celtic tongue.
BETHUNE, George W., a distin-
fuished clergyman, was b., 1805, in New
ork, and in 1826 entered the Presby-
terian ministr}'^, but shortly afterwards
transferred his relations to that of the
Dutch Reformed church. He was first
settled in Rhinebeck, whence, in a few
years, he removed to Utica, and in 1834
accepted a pastorate in Philadelphia. In
1849 he became the minister of a church
in Brooklyn, where he remained about
10 years, resigning his office on account
of ill health, and making a visit to Eu-
rope for the fourth time. On his return
he became associate pastor of the church
in 21st street. New York ; but his health
again failing, he sailed for Europe, and
had reached Florence a short time before
his death. Dr. Bethune attained con-
siderable distinction as an author, both
in prose and verse. D. at Florence, Italy,
1862.
BEXFIELD, William Richard, ah
English doctor in music, composer of
" Israel Restored " ; b. 1824; d. 1853.
BIBB, George M., b. in Virginia,
1772, grq^uated at Princeton college.
Having settled in Kentucky, he served in
the legislature of that state, and was for
three successive terms its chief justice;
was chancellor of the chancery court of
Louisville, senator in congress from
1811 to 1814, and again from 1829 to
1835, and in 1844 was appointed secre-
tary of the treasurv by President Tvler.
D. 1859.
BIBBY, Thomas, a classical scholar
and book collector, noted for his eccen-
tricities; b. in Kilkenny, Ireland, 1799;
d. there, 1863. When very young he
distinguished himself at Trinity college,
Dublin, by his attainments as a classi
cal scholar and in various branches of
science. The peculiarities of his charac-
ter were a bar to advancement, and were
made a pretext, by relatives, for confine-
ment in a private lunatic asylum. On
obtaining his release, he went into ab-
solute seclusion, which he maintained for
the rest of his life, denying himself many
of the necessaries of life, although pos-
sessed of fortune, and rarely leaving his
house except to attend church or to add
to his accumulation of books. He pub-
lished " Gerald of Kildare " and " Silken
Thomas," two dramatic poems.
BICKERSTETH, Edward, an Eng-
lish clergyman, b. 1786. After practising
for some years as a solicitor in Norwich,
he became interested in religious move-
ments, and in 1815 was ordained a deacon
in the Anglican church. During the
next 15 years he was the secretary of the
church missionary society. In 1830 he
became rector of Walton, in Hertford-
shire, where he spent the remainder of
his life. His publications are numerous,
consisting chiefly of devotional treatises
and sermons. D. 1851. — Henry, Lord
Langdale, brother of the preceding, b.
1783, graduated at Cambridge in 1805,
was admitted to the bar in 1811, rose to
eminence in the equitv'^ courts, and in
1836 was elevated to the peerage as Lord
Langdale, and created a privy councillor.
D. 1851.
BILLAULT, Auguste Adolphe
Marie, a'French advocate and senator,
b. at Vannes in 1805. After studying
law at Rennes, he settled at Names, and
rose rapidly to reputation and practice as
an advocate. In 1837 he was elected
to the chamber of deputies by three con-
stituencies, of which he chose that of
Ancenis. At first he followed M. Thiers,
and filled the office of under-secretary of
state. Afterwards, aided by M. Dufaure,
he undertook a moderate though pro-
gressive opposition, but was conciliated
by an offer of the law business ' of the
Duke d' Aumale, the most wealthy prince
16
CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT.
[bis
of the Orleans family. When the revolu-
tion of February, 1848, occurred, he as-
pired to a place in the government ; and
having been elected representative for
the Loire Inferieure, he took his place in
the ranks of the democratic party. When
Louis Napoleon seized the dictatorship
of France, M. Billault became his pres-
ident of the corps l(^'gislatif, and in 1854
accepted the appointment of minister of
the interior. He was a commander and
grand officer of the Legion of Honor. D.
1863.
BINGHAM, Kinsley S., b. in Onon-
daga county. New York, 1808; d. in
Michigan, 1861. He was long a prom-
inent member of the Michigan legisla-
ture ; served that state in both branches
of congress, and was elected governor
of the state in 1854 and 1856.
BIRD, GoLDiNG, an English naturalist,
b. 1815, was educated for the medical
profession, but abandoned his practice
to follow his favorite studies. D. 1854.
— Robert M., author of " Calavar," the
"Infidel," "Nick of the Woods," and
other successful books ; was a physician
by profession, and practised in Philadel-
phia. He is best known bv his tragedy
of " The Gladiator," written for Mr. Ed-
win Forrest. He was for some time editor
of the " North American Gazette." B. in
Delaware, 1803 ; d. at Philadelphia, 1854.
— Rev. Charles Smith, a minister of
the English church, and author of numer-
ous controversial works. B. 1795; d.
1862.
BIRNEY, James G., an American
politician, was b. in Kentucky, 1792, and
in early life established himself as a
lawyer in Alabama. Becoming interested
in the question of slavery, he at first
advocated the colonization scheme ; but
in 1834, having returned to Kentucky,
he came out in favor of immediate eman-
cipation, at the same time emancipating
all his own slaves. Finding it impos-
sible to disseminate his views through
the press in his native state, he removed
to Cincinnati, and there published a pa-
per called " The Philanthropist," which,
after encountering violent opposition,
became a powerful instrument in forming
public opinion. In 1836 he went to
New York as secretary of the American
anti-slavery society, "to the objects of
which he continued to devote himself for
many years. Through his exertions a
political organization, called the Liberty
party, based upon the single idea of
operating against slavery under the con-
stitution, was formed in the northern
states ; and in the elections of 1840 and
1844 he was the candidate of this party
for the presidency. D. at Perth Amboj^
New Jersfey, 1857. — David Bell,
major-general United States service, and
the son of the preceding, was b. in
Huntsville, Alabama, 1825. He accom-
panied his father to Cincinnati, and
engaged in mercantile pursuits; transfer-
ring his home to Philadelphia in 1848,
and there commencing the practice of
law. In 18G1 he raised the 23d regiment
of Pennsylvania "^^tinteers, and in De-
cember of that yea^ras assigned to the
command of a brigade. In February,
1862, having been promoted to the rank
of brigadier-general, he took the com-
mand of a brigade in the army of the
Potomac, and rendered conspicuous ser-
vice at Williamsburg, in Pope's cam-
paign in Northern Virginia, at the second
battle of Bull Run, at Fredericksburg,
and Chancellorsville. He was promoted
to the rank of major-general, and com-
manded the third army corps at Gettys-
burg after the wounding of General
Sickles. He was subsequently transfer-
red to the command of the 10th corps of
Butler's army of the James, and partici-
pated in the operations south of the
James river. There he contracted fever,
which necessitated his removal, and he
d. at Philadelphia, October, 1864. [
BIRT, Jean Baptiste, a French;
savant, b. 1774, author of numerous
scientific works. He was learned in all
branches of science, but distinguished
himself especially in optics. He was a
companion of Arago in measuring an
arc of the meridian. D. 1862.
BISHOP, Sir Henry Rowley, an
eminent modern English composer, b.
1786 ; d. 1855. In 1806 some pieces
which he wrote for the ballet of " Tamer-
lane and Bajazet" brought him into
favorable notice ; but his first original
composition of note was the " Circassian
Bride," which was received with great
enthusiasm on its first appearance at
Drury Lane in 1809, though the whole of
the music perished in the conflagration
that destroyed that theatre the day after
its perforaiance. His reputation obtained,
for him the office of composer and
director of the music of Covent Garden
theatre in 1810; and, during the four-
teen years that he held it, he produced
nearly sixty pieces of greater or less im-
portance, many of which, such as " The
Vintagers," "Guy Mannering," "The
Miller and his Men," still keep posses-
sion of the English stage. In 1826, after
the success of Weber's " Oberon " at
Covent Garden, he wrote " Allhdin " for
bod]
CYCLOP-EMA OF BIOGRAPHT.
17
the rival house, but this composition was
received with such coldness by the pub-
lic that he thenceforward withdrew from
the theatre ; but during the next thirty
years he gave to the world numerous
songs, glees, and other vocal pieces,
many of which enjoy even greater poj)-
ularity than his larger and more ambi-
tious performances. He also contributed
to several publications, especially the
" Melodies of Various Nations," the later
volumes of Moore's " Irish Songs," and
the " Scottish Melodies," published by
Mr. George Thomson, the friend of Burns.
For a short period he was professor of
music in the University of Edinburgh.
Soon after Victoria's accession to the
throne he was knighted, and at the time
of his death he held the chair of music
in the University of Oxford. His last
days were clouded with disease as well
as by pecuniary difficulties. — George,
an English asti'onomer, b. 1784; d. 1861.
BISSELL, William H., b. in Coopers-
town, N. Y., 1811, began life as a physi-
cian, practised law in Illinois, command-
ed a regiment of volunteers in the Mexi-
can war, was elected to congress in
1849, served two terms, and in 1856 was
chosen governor of Illinois by the repub-
lican party. D. 1860.
BLACK, John, long editor of the
London " Morning Chronicle," was the
son of a Scottish cottager, and worked his
way to literarv celebritv under no ordi-
nary difficulties. B. 1783 ; d. 1855.
BLACKFORD, Isaac, senior justice
of the court of claims, d. in Washington,
1859, aged 64. He was a native of New
Jersey, but in early life removed to
Indiana. He was a judge of the supreme
court of that state from 1818 to 1852,
and published eight volumes of reports
of its decisions.
BLAKE, Rev. John Lauris, D. D.,
an Episcopal clergyman, author of a
text-book of natural philosophy and
astronomy, of a biographical dictionary,
and of " The Farm and Fireside." B.
1788; d. in Orange, N. J., 1857.
BLANQUI, Jerome, Adolphe, a
distinguished writer on political econo-
my, b. at Nice, 1854. His most impor-
tant work, " Histoire de Veconomie poli-
tique en Europe depuis les ancient
jusqu' a nos jours,'' ^ was published in
1837. In 1846-48 he sat as a member
of the chamber of deputies from Bor-
deaux. D. 1854.
BLENKER, Louis, brigadier-general
of United States volunteers, b. in the
Grand Duchv of Hesse Darmstadt, 1812 ;
d. in New Jersey, 1863. Actively con-
2*
nected with the revolutionary movements
of his native country in 1 849, he came to
this country when despotism regained its
sway, and settled on a farm in Rockland
county, N. Y. The outbreak of the civil
war found him engaged in commercial
pursuits in the city of New York; but
these he abandoned to raise the 8th regi-
ment of N. Y. volunteers, with which,
in May 1861, he proceeded to Washing-
ton, with the rank of colonel. He was
soon afterward placed in command of a
brigade attached to Gen. McDowell's
army, and in the following August he
was commissioned a brigadier-general.
He took part in the battle of Cross Keys
in June 1862, but saw little further active
duty. He was mustered out of service
about seven months before his death.
BLIGHT, William, a British rear-
admiral, b. 1785 ; d. 1862.
BLOMFIELD, Charles James, b.
1786, was made bishop of London in
1828, and occupied that position for 28
years. He was author and editor of
various works on classical and theologi-
cal subjects. In parliament he took a
leading part in the maintenance of high-
church principles. D. 1857.
BOCHSA, Robert Nicholas
Charles, a distinguished musician and
composer, b. in France, 1789. When
but 7 years old he performed in public
on the pianoforte. At the age of 16 he
began to study the harp, upon which
instrument he soon acquired a preemi
nence which he never ceased to maintain.
Napoleon I. appointed him first harpist
at his private concerts ; and he held the
same position with Louis XVIII., on the
restoration of the Bourbons. In 1817 he
went to England, where he pursued a
successful career for more than 30 years,
and became professor of the harp at the
royal academy of music. In 1847 he
came to the United States with Madame
Anna Bishop, with whom he made many
musical tours, and whom he finally
accompanied to Australia, where he d.,
1856.
BODISCO, Alexander, for a long
time Russian minister in the United
States, b. 1779, early entered the civil
service of his country in the department
of foreign affairs. He was attached to
that part of the imperial chancery which
accompanied Alexander in his campaigns,
was next made private secretary to
Count Suchtelen, impei'ial commissioner
to conclude the convention with Sweden,
and also attended Suchtelen during the
campaigns of 1813-14, and at the congress
of Vienna. Upon the appointment of
18
CYCLOPS. DI A OF BIOGRAPHY.
[boo
Suchtelen as ambassador at Stockholm, I
Bodisco became his secretary of legation, '
and, upon his death, temporarily filled
his place as charge ft affaires. From this
post he was transferred to the same
oflSce at Washington, where he d., 1854,
after holding the position 17 years. He
was married to a lady of Georgetown,
D. C.
BONAPARTE, Jerome, the youngest
brother of Napoleon I., was b. at Ajac-
cio, 1784. On Napoleon becoming first
consul, he removed Jerome from college
and placed him in the naval service.
When hostilities broke out between
France and England, in 1803, Jerome
cruised off the West India Islands.
Forced to quit that station, he came to
the United States, where he married
Miss Elizabeth Paterson, the daughter of
a Baltimore merchant. The marriage
was a misalliance in the estimation of
his brother, and Jerome's wife was for-
bidden to enter France. Under this in-
terdict she proceeded to England, where
she gave birth to a son, Jerome Napo-
leon Bonaparte. Napoleon, on becom-
ing Emperor, caused the marriage to be
annulled by a decree of the council of
state. The pope, however, refused to
ratify the divorce. As Jerome made no
figure at sea, Napoleon transferred him
from the naval to the military service,
and in 1807 he entered the army with
the rank of general. In the same year
he married Fred^rique Catherine, daugh-
ter of the king of Wiirtemberg; some
time after. Napoleon I. erected Westpha-
lia into a kingdom, and created Jerome
king. Compelled to abandon his terri-
tories on the abdication of Napoleon, he
lived in exile until the return from Elba,
when he repaired to Paris and dis-
tinguished himself at Waterloo. After
the final abdication of his brother, he
lived chiefly at Trieste, where he pur-
chased a palace, until Louis Napoleon
became ruler of France. Jerome was
then recalled to Paris, and was created a
marshal of France. D. 1860. — Charles,
Prince of Canino, the eldest sonof Lucien
Bonaparte, b. 1803; d. 1857. He was
the author of a work on American
ornithology and on the " Zoology of
Europe." In 1848 he was elected presi-
dent of the Roman constituent assembly.
— Lenaide Charlotte Julie, a daugh-
ter of Joseph, b. in Paris, 1804; married,
1822, to Charles Lucien Jules Lannat
Bonaparte, Prince of Canino. D. in
Naples, 1854.
BOND, William Cranch, an Ameri-
can astronomer, b. in Portland, Me.
1789. Having gained a high reputation
at his private observatory in Dorchester,
Mass., he was made director of the ob-
servatory at Cambridge, in 1839. His
labors there, in connection with his son's,
have added largely to our knowledge of
astronomy, and 0Dser\'ers are. indebted
to his practical skill for several inven-
tions of great value in the mechanism
for recording observations. D. 1859.
BONPLAND, Aim6, a naturalist, fel-
low-traveller with Humboldt, and the
author of several botanical works. B.
1774; d. in Paraguay, 1858.
BOOLE, George, professor of mathe-
matics in Queen's college, Cork, b. in
the city of Lincoln, England, 1816; d.
at Ballintemple, near Cork, 1864. He
was eminently self-taught, and dis-
tinguished as one of the ablest mathe-
maticians of the day. The publication
of an essay from his pen, " On the Mathe-
matical Analysis of Logic," procured for
him the bronze and gold medals of the
Royal Society ; and after his appointment
to the professor's chair, the university of
Dublin conferred on him the honorary
degree of LL. D., and subsequently the
university of Oxford that of D. C L. His
principal work is " An Investigation into
the Laws of Thought," which has been
pronounced " by far the most successful
attempt that has ever been made to re-
duce the process of general reasoning to
mathematical formulae."
BOOTH, Junius Brutus, an English
tragedian, b. in London, 1796. He made
his debut at Covent Garden theatre in
1814, as Richard III. with so much suc-
cess that he was regarded as the rival of
Edmund Kean, then just rising into
fame. The managers of Drurj^ Lane
theatre induced him to act there in the
same plays with Kean ; and when, after
a few nights, he reappeared at Covent
Garden, the audience broke out against
him in a riot which drove him for a time
from the London stage. In 1821 he made
his first appearance in the United States,
and from that time until the close of his
life he acted repeatedly in every theatre
in the country; and in spite of certain
irregular habits, which sometimes inter-
fered with the fulfilment of his engage-
ments, he enjoyed a popularity which
few actors have acquired. During the
latter part of his life he resided with his
family at Baltimore, making occasional
professional excursions to other cities.
He had just returned from a lucrative
tour to California when he d. on the pas-
sage from New Orleans to Cincinnati,
1852. He is most cldsely identified with'
bra]
CYCLOP-iEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
19
the part of Richard. His other favorite
personations were lago, Shylock, Ham-
let, Sir Giles Overreach, and Sir Edward
Mortimer.
BORLAND, Solon, a brigadier-
general in the Confederate service, b. in
Virginia; d. in Texas, 1864. He was a
t^eiiator in congress from 1848 to 1853,
and represented the United States as
minister to Central America under Presi-
dent Pierce.
BORRER, William, an English
botanist, and one of the authors of a
work on " British Lichens," b. 1782; d.
1862.
BOSQUET, Marshal, commander
of the first division of the French army
of the Crimea, was b. at Pau, in the de-
partment of the Lower Pyrenees, 1810.
He served with distinction in Algeria,
and figured in the Crimea wherever
fighting was going forward. He was
wounded in the capture of the MalakofF,
and on his return to France was treated
with high distinction. D. 1861.
BOUGARS, Theodore Xavier
Thomas, Count de, b. in France, 1792 ;
d. in New York, 1862. He formerly held
high rank in the French army, and com-
manded a regiment of New York vol-
unteers in the Mexican war.
BOULIGNY, John Edmond, b. in
New Orleans, of Creole descent, in 1824,
was a representative of Louisiana in the
36th congress, and remained steadfast
to the Union after his State had been
committed by its secession leaders to the
rebeljion. D. in Washington, 1864.
BOURDON, Pierre L. M., a French
mathematician, b. 1799, author of trea-
tises on Algebra and Arithmetic, and
other books in popular use. D. in Paris,
1854.
BOUVIER, John, an American jurist
of French birth, b. 1787. He emigrated to
this country in his 15th year, and settled
in Philadelphia, where he was admitted
to the bar in 1818, and in 1838 was made
associate judge of the court of criminal
se.ssions. He wrote several law-b®oks,
the most important of which is the
" Institutes of American Law." D.
1851.
BOWEN, John S., major-general in
the Confederate army, b. in Georgia, and
educated at West Point; d^. in Raymond,
Miss., 1863.
BOXER, Edward, an English admi-
ral, d. 1855.
BOYD, Linn, b. in Nashville. Tenn.,
1800; d. in Kentucky, 1859. He served
several sessions in the Kentucky- legisla-
ture; represented that state in congress
70
from 1835 to 1837, from 1839 to 1847, and
fi-om 1847 to 1855 ; during his last term
occupying the chair of speaker of the
house. — James, b. at Paisley, Scotland,
1795, originally devoted himself to the
study of medicine. Renouncing this
profession, he addressed himself to the-
ology, and in 1822 became a preacher
of the gospel. In turn, he abandoned
preaching, and accepted the classical
mastership of the high-school of Edin-
burgh. While occupying this position
he labored assiduously and successfully
in the field of classicarand general editor-
ship. D. 1856.
BRADISH, Luther, b. in Cumming-
ton, Mass., 1783; d. at Newport, R. I.,
1863. He studied law in New York, Avas
several times elected to the New York
legislature, was lieutenant-governor of
the state, and in 1842 the unsuccessful
candidate of the whig party for govern-
or. He was assistant United States treas-
urer at New York under President Fill-
more, and during the late years of his
life took an active interest in various
philanthropic movements.
BRADLEY, Charles W., a Chinese
scholar, and United States consul to
China under President Pierce, d. 1865.
He was formerly secretary of state of
Connecticut.
BRADY, Hugh, an American officer,
b. in Pennsylvania, 1768, entered the
army as ensign in 1792, and served
under Wayne in his famous Indian cam-
paign after the defeat of St. Clair.
Retiring soon after, he was recommis-
sioned by Mr. Jefterson in 1808. In 1812
he was appointed colonel, and distin-
guished himself at Lundy's Lane and at
Chippewa, where he headed his regiment
and was severely wounded. In 1825 he
was placed in command of the military
department at Detroit, Mich., where he
d., 1851. He contributed largely to pre-
serving peace on the frontier durmg the
patriot disturbances in Canada.
BRAHAM, John, a celebrated singer,
b. in London, 1774 ; d. 1850. His parents,
who were Jews, died when he was still
a child, but he was confided to the care
of Leoni, an Italian singer of celebrity,
and made his debut as a public singer
before he had attained his eleventh year,
when, from the quality and compass of
his voice, he was enabled to sing several
bravura songs that had been written for
Madame Mara. In 1794 he appeared at
Bath at some concerts that took place
under the direction of M. Rauzzini, who,
appreciating his talent, gave him musical
instruction for three years. In 1796 he
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bri
•was engaged for Drurj' Lane theatre, and
his debui in an opera called " Mahmoud "
Avas so successful that in the year follow-
ing he Avas engaged for the Italian opera
house. Hoping, however, to achieve a
reputation more permanent than could
be obtained by any other course, he re-
solved to visit Italy, and there to com-
plete his musical education. On his
return to England he made his debut at
Covent Garden in 1801. This is the
point from which may be dated that
triumphant career, during which he
created a constant furort. Mr. Braham
was also renowned as a composer. Not
only did he write several of the most
lar songs, but he composed a tolera-
)ly long list of entire operas, as they
were called in their time, though, accord-
ing to present notions, they were merely
dramas interspersed with occasional
songs. The only vocation which Mr.
Braham tried without success was that
of manager of the St. James's theatre,
London, which he built as an opera
house, and which was first opened in
1836.
BRANCH, Lawrence 0. B., a
general in the Confederate army, b. in
North Carolina in 1820, was killed at the
battle of Antietam, Sept. 1862. He was
a lawyer by profession, and was a repre-
sentative in the 34th, 35th, and 36th con-
gresses. — John, an influential citizen
of North Carolina, b. in that state, 1782 ;
d. 1863. He graduated at the univer-
sity of North Carolina in 1801, and after
studying and practising law, was in 1811
elected a state senator, being reelected
every year until 1817. He was then
elected governor of the state; again
entered the state senate in 1822 ; served
in the United States senate from 1823 to
1829 ; and was in the latter year appointed
secretary of the navy bv President Jack-
son. In 1831 he was elected to a seat in
congress as representative, in 1834 was
again elected to the state senate, and in
1843 was appointed governor of the terri-
tor}'^ of Florida: after which he retired
to private life.
BRAVO, Nicolas, a Mexican gen-
eral and statesman, b. 1792, was the
son of Leonardo Bravo, who died heroi-
cally in the service of his country in
its struggle for independence. Nicolas
held a command in the revolutionary
armj', and soon after the capture of hi's
father by the Spaniards, 200 Spanish
prisoners, some of them of high rank,
fell into his hands. He thereupon sent
a flag of truee to the Spanish viceroy,
offering to liberate his own prisoners, if
the viceroy would send his father as a
prisoner to Spain, instead of executing
him. The proposal came too late,
Leonardo having died of prison fever;
but Nicolas at once, with the greatest
magnanimity, released all his prisoners,
assigning as' a reason that he wished to
free himself from the temptation of a
terrible revenge. He served throughout
the war against Spain, and in 1817 was
taken by the viceroy Apodaca and im-
prisoned in the city of Mexico until the
general amnesty granted by Ferdinand
VII. When Iturbide established the in-
dependence of Mexico in 1821, he was
supported by Bravo; but when in the
following year he proclaimed himself
emperor. Bravo opposed and aided in
deposing him. Bravo became a member
of the provisional government, and in
1824, when the federal constitution took
effect, he was elected to be vice-presi-
dent until 1829. In 1827 he headed an
unsuccessful revolt against the govern-
ment, and was banished to Guatemala
for six years. President Bustamente re-
called him in 1830, and gave him an im-
portant military command. In 1839,
during a short period, he was charged
with the supreme administration of the
government; and again from October
1842 to March 1843 he was substituted
by Santa Anna, during his absence, as
dictator at the head of the army. For
the last time he held executive power as
temporary president in 1846, when he
was deposed by a revolution. He ser\'ed
in the war with the United States, and
participated in the battle of Cerro Gordo.
D. 1854.
BRAYLEY, Edward Wedlake, an
antiquarian and miscellaneous writer,
was b. in Lambeth, England, 1773; d.
1854.
BRENTON, Samuel, b. in Kentucky,
1809, was a minister from the age of 20
until 1848, when he Avas appointed regis-
ter of the Fort Wayne land-office. He
was a member of congress from Indiana
in 1851 and again in 1855. From 1853
to 1855 he was president of Fort Wayne
college. D. 1857.
BRISBANE, General Sir Thomas
Macdougall, b. 1773, was governor of
New South .Wales from 1821 to 1826.
He established the observatory at Para-
matta, the result of which is the Bris-
bane catalogue of southern stars. His
name was on the British army-list sixty-
seven vears. D. 1860.
BRITTON, John, an English anti-
quarian, b. 1771, was the author and com-
piler of "Architectural* Antiquities of
BRO]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
21
England," and numerous other valuable
and richly illustrated architectural and
topographical works. He published in
1847 an " Essay on the Authorship of
the Letters of Junius," in which he en-
deavored to prove that Junius was Col.
Barr6. D. in London, 1857.
BROCKEDON, William, an author,
artist, and inventor, b. in Devonshire,
England, 1787 ; d. 1854. " Italy, Classi-
cal and Picturesque," and "Egypt and
Nubia," are his best known works.
BRODERICK, David Colbketh, b.
in Washington, D. C, 1819, was the son
of an Irish stone-cutter. The family re-
moved to New Yoi'k during his infancy,
where, about the age of 18, he was left
without relations, his parents and only
brother having died. His generous
heart and open hand soon attracted to
him devoted friends, and his energetic
character and strong will enabled him to
acquire a large political influence. In
1846 he was a democratic candidate for
congress from New York city, but was
defeated. In 1850, having removed to
California, he was elected to the senate
of that state, of which body he was
chosen president. In 1856 he was sent
to the United States senate, and took his
seat in March, 1857. When the attempt
was made to force the Lecompton con-
stitution upon the people of Kansas, he
took sides Avith the republicans and anti-
Lecompton democrats against the meas-
ure, and denounced its authors and sup-
porters. His freedom of speech and fear-
lessness of character gave oftence to the
pro-slavery party, which at that time
domineered over California ; and on his
return home, at the close of the session,
they assailed him with bitter personal
abuse, which he was not slow to retort.
The result was a challenge from Judge
Terry, a notorious duellist, and « duel,
in which Broderick received a mortal
wound. D. 1859.
BRODERIP, William John, b. in
Bristol, England, studied law, and was
called to the bar in 1817. He edited a
work on " Sewers," and was associate
editor of several volumes of law reports
(Broderip and Bingham). For 34
years he held the office of police magis-
trate. He was a devoted student of
natural history, and published many
articles on that subject. He wrote the
zoological articles for the " English
Cj'clopedia." D. in London, 1859.
BRODHEAD, Thornton F., colonel
of the 1st Michigan cavalry, wounded at
the second battle of Bull Run; d. 1862.
He was b. in New Hampshire in 1822,
and was a lawyer by profession. He had
a high reputation for soldierly qualities,
having served with distinction in the
Mexican war as an officer of the 15th
United States infantry.
BRODIE, Sir Benjamin Collins,
bart., an eminent English surgeon, pro-
fessor of the medico-chirurgical society,
and president of the royal college of
surgeons, b. 1783; d. 1862. His practice
is said to have yielded an average in-
come of $60,000 'per year for nearly 40
years. He was a skilful operator and a
profound anatomist. He published " Lec-
tures on Diseases of the Urinar}' Organs,"
" Observations, Pathological and Surgi-
cal, on Diseases of the Joints," " Physio-
logical Researches," and "Physiologi-
cal Inquiries."
BROKE, Charles Acton, com-
mander in the British navy, was the son
of Admiral Broke, who cojnmanded the
Shannon in the action with the Chesa-
peake. D. 1855.
BRONSON, Greene C, a prominent
lawyer and politician, b. in Oneida, N.
Y., about 1798; d. at Saratoga, 1863.
He resided many years at Utica, where
he enjoyed a lucrative practice and a
high professional reputation. He was
elected to the state assembly in 1822,
and from 1829 to 1836 filled the office of
attorney-general. He was then, succes-
sively, puisne judge of the supreme
court of judicature, chief justice of the
supreme court, and one of the j udges of
the com-t of appeals. Removing to New
York, he lost heavily by speculation, and
in 1853 accepted the position of col-
lector of the port, from which, how-
ever, he was removed in the following
year. From 1859 until his death he was
counsel for the city corporation. He was
an influential member of the democratic
party, and was the " Hard Shell " candi-
date for governor in 1855. — Daviu, b.
in Maine, 1799, represented the Nor-
ridgewock district of that state in con-
gress from 1841 to 1843, and for many
years afterward was judge of the supreme
judicial court. D. 1863.
BRONTE, Charlotte, an English
novelist, b. 1816. She was a daughter
of Rev. Patrick Bronte, who, at the time
of her birth, was curate of Ihornton
church, and in 1820 became vicar of
Haworth. His wife died in the following
year, leaving Charlotte and five other
children, four of whom were girls, in the
sole care of their father, a kind-hearted
but eccentric religionist, whose narrow
means and peculiarities of temper, com-
bined with his isolated position, cut them
n
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[bro
off from the ordinarj' delights of child-
hood, except such as the}'- could find
among themselves, and forced from them
a precocious development of thoughtful-
ness and self-reliance. In 1824 Char-
lotte and three of her sisters were placed
at a boarding-school. Hard fare, severe
discipline, and bad management ren-
dered them all unhappy. The situation —
a place called Cowan's Bridge — proved
sickly. The two elder sisters were taken
home with impaired health, and both of
them died in the summer of 1825. With
an impression of her bitter experience at
this place that sunk deep into her heart,
Charlotte, accompanied by her younger
sister Emily, returned home in the en-
suing autumn. She was now the oldest
of the children, and she devoted herself
assiduously to the care of the family until
the winter of 1831, when she was again
put to school at a place called Roe Head.
Here she passed two years; and in 1835
she reentered the school as a teacher,
in which vocation she labored with all
her might, until failing health forced her
to give up her situation. Again she spent
a short and happy season at home, ful-
filling all the duties of a daughter and
elder sister; but, determined to make her
own way in the world, she went forth
once more in the year 1839, and for
two years undertook the hard and un-
congenial occupation of governess. Her
next plan was that she and her two sis-
ters should open an independent school.
With this view Charlotte and Emily went
to a school at Brussels, to qualify them-
selves for the task. They were induced to
prolong their stay and take part in the
teaching; Charlotte remained there two
years, and returned with new and varied
acquirements. Arrangements were now
made for opening the proposed school;
but the three sisters met with so little
encouragement beyond good wishes, that
they at last gave' up the project in de-
spair. During this period and thenceforth
the sisters remained at home, dividing
their time between household cares and
literary labors. In 1846 they put forth
a volume of poems, under the names of
*' Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell." It
met little favor. Making a new effort to
gain the public ear, they each wrote a
Erose tale. These were " The Professor,"
y Charlotte; " Wuthering Heights," by
Einily ; and "Agnes Grey," by Anne: the
oames assumed in the volume of poems
being still retained. The two latter
found a publisher ; the first was every-
where refused. Under the weight of all
this discouragement, Charlotte composed
her novel of " Jane EjTe," which was
published in 1847. Its success was
triumphant, .and the reputation of the
author, whose real name was yet un-
known, was established at once on a
firm footing. But this great success
was followed by as great afflictions.
Charlotte's sister Emily died in Decem-
ber, 1848 ; and in less "than six months,
Anne, the youngest of this remarkable
trio, was also laid in the grave. On the
publication of " Shirley," Charlotte
Bronte's second novel, in 1849, the se-
cret of the authorship transpired, and
Charlotte took her place among the lit-
erary stars of the time. In 1854 she be-
came the wife of Rev. Mr. Nicholls, her
father's curate. The newly married
pair lived happily at the parsonage, and
Charlotte's careworn life seemed to have
reached a season of rest and joy. But it
was near its close. She d. at'Haworth,
1855.
BROOKE, Fkajjcis J., for 30 years
judge of the court of appeals of Virginia,
b. near Fredericksburgh, Va., 1763. In
1780 he entered the patriot arm}"^ as a lieu-
tenant, and served till the close of the
war. He was admitted to practise law
in 1788. After serving in the state legis-
lature for several years, he was elected,
in 1804, a judge of the general court ; and
in 1811, of the court of appeals, to which
he was reelected in 1831 under the re-
vised constitution. D. 1851. — Gkokge
M., an American officer, entered the
army from Virginia, in 1808, as first
lieutenant, and d. at San Antonio, Texas,
in command of the 8th military depart-
ment, 1851. He Avas four times brevetted
for meritorious services, — the last time in
1848, as major-general, for his conduct in
the prosecution of the war with Mexico.
BROOKS, P14KSTON S., b. in South
Carolina, 1819, was elected to the legis-
lature in 1844; commanded a company
in the Palmetto regiment in the Mexican
war; and in 1853 was sent to congress.
In May, 1856, he made an assault upon
senator Sumner, of Massachusetts, while
that gentleman was writing at his desk
in the senate chamber. A majority of
the house of representatives having voted
for his expulsion, on account of this
affair, Mr. Brooks resigned his seat; but
his constituents having approved his
conduct, he was reelected to congress by
a unanimous vote. He d. suddenly in
Washington, 1857.
BROWN, John, the leader of an
attack upon Harper's Ferry, Va., was b.
in Connecticut about 1799. On the
settlement of Kansas, Brown removed
BRO]
CYCLOPvEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
thither, and, having settled at Osawato-
raie, became an active and fearless parti-
san leader of the free state forces during
the blood}' and desolating straggle in
1856-7. In 1858 he conceived a plan for
carrying war into the slave-holding
states, and with this view met a number
of confederates in secret convention at
Chatham, Canada, where a plan for in-
augurating an emancipation war was
resolved upon, and a constitution formed
for the provisional government of the
states in which the contemplated insur-
rection might gain hold. Brown was
named commander-in-chief, and in this
capacity issued several military com-
missions to his followers. On the night
of Sunday, Oct. 16th, 1859, Brown and
21 followers suddenly entered Harper's
Ferry, seized and occupied the armory
buildings, and captured several govern-
ment officers and workmen, with some
of the principal inhabitants of the place.
On the next day several conflicts occurred,
Brown losing some of his adherents, and
they, on the other hand, killing some
of the residents, including the mayor.
Eventually, Brown and those who re-
mained with him, together with his
prisoners and a few slaves who had joined
him, retreated into the fire-engine house,
within the armory enclosure, and there
resisted several attacks, with loss of life
on both sides. Meanwhile, a body of
United States troops arrived, with two
pieces of artillen^, under command of
Colonel Lee ; and on Tuesday morning.
Brown having refused to surrender, the
door of the building was battered down,
and a hand-to-hand fight ensued. Brown
was cut down by a sabre-stroke, after
being wounded several times with bay-
onets, and all of his companions were
killed or wounded except two, who were
taken without injury. He was indicted,
and tried before the county court for
treason and murder, and being found
guilty was hanged, Dec. 2, 1859. — James,
b. in Acton, Mass., 1800, commenced his
business career as assistant in the Cam-
bridge university bookstore, and ended it
as a partner in the widely known pub-
lishing firm of Little, Brown, & Co., of
Boston. A thorough bibliographer, he
exercised great influence as a publisher;
and his taste, energy, and enterprise con-
tributed largely to" improvement in the
mechanical execution and appearance of
American books, and especially of law
books. He was a student of natural
history, and bequeathed to the Boston
natural history society a valuable collec-
tion of works on ornithology. D. in
Watertown, Mass., 1855. — Aaron V.,
b. in Virginia, 1795 ; d. in Washington,
1859. He graduated at Chapel Hill
university in 1814, and in 1815 removed
with his parents to Tennessee, where he
devoted himself to the study of law : and
when admitted to practice, became a
partner of the late James K. Polk, in
Giles county, serving, in the mean time,
for a number of years in the legislature
of Tennessee. In 1839 he was elected a
member of congress, and reelected in
1841 and 1843. On his retirement from
congress, in 1845, he was elected gov-
ernor of Tennessee. * His last official posi-
tion was that of postmaster-general in
the cabinet of President Buchanan.
Among the measures which marked his
administration of postal affairs, may be
mentioned the establishment of a new
and shorter oceanic communication to
California, by Tehuantepec, of the great
overland mail from Memphis and St.
Louis to San Francisco, and another
across the continent, via Salt Lake. His
principal political speeches were pub-
lished in a collected form in 1854. He
took an active part in the southern con-
vention held at Nashville in 1850, ano
was the author of the " Tennessee Plat-
form." — Robert, an English botanist,
b. 1773. He was the botanist of an
expedition to Australia in 1801, and
returned to England in 1805 with a rich
collection of specimens. He was ap-
pointed conservator of the library and
botanical collections of Sir Joseph Banks,
which were eventually deposited in the
British museum; and in 1827 he was
appointed keeper of the botanical depart-
ment of that institution, which position
he held until his death. In 1849 he was
elected president of the Linnaian society.
Vegetable physiology is indebted to hi"m
for several important discoveries. D.
in. London, 1858.— Samukl, a Scottish
chemist and poet, b. at Haddington,
1817, entered the university of Edinburgh
as a student of medicine in 1832, and
graduated with distinguished honor.
He began his public career in 1840, by
delivering a course of lectures on the
philosophy of the sciences. Pursuing
his favorite study of chemistry, in which
he had conceived some original theories,
he devoted himself for years, with un-
remitting toil, to experiments in hi»
laboratory. His apparent success in
sonae elaborate processes for transmuting
metals almost led to the belief that the
dreams of alchemy were about to be
realized. In 1849 he delivered in Edin-
burgh a series of lectures on the histoiy
24
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bru
of chemist^^^ In the following year he
published the " Tragedy of Galileo."
His lectures and essays embrace a great
variety of subjects. Some of his papers
entitle him to a high place among philo-
sophical thinkers. His prose and verse
are almost equally marked by the mix-
ture of poetic feeling and calm reasoning.
The fascination of his conversation and
personal character gained him the friend-
ship of some of the highest literary per-
sons of the age. D. in Edinburgh, 1856.
— Gould, an American grammarian, b.
in Rhode Island, 1791, was a teacher by
profession, and published his " Institutes
of Grammar " -to supply a deficiency in
the text-books used by his pupils. The
success of this work led him to prepare
" The Gi-ammar of English Grammars,''
published in 1851, a comprehensive and
masterly treatise by which its author
will long be remembered. D. 1857.
BROWNELL, Charles Clarence,
a native of Connecticut, d. in Egypt,
1862, while engaged with the Petherick
expedition in search of the sources of the
Nile. — Thomas Church, right reverend,
presiding bishop of the protestant episco-
pal church in the United States, b. in
VVestport, Mass., 1779; d. at Hartford,
1865. He entered Providence college,
now Brown university, in 1800, and
graduated at the Schenectady Union
college in 1804. He remained several
years connected with the latter institu-
tion, successively, as tutor in Latin and
Greek, as professor of belles-lettres and
moral philosophy, and as professor of
chemistry and mineralogy. In 1813 he
exchanged the congregational for the
episcopal church, and in 1816 was ordain-
ed by bishop Hobart. Retaining his
professorship in Union college, he com-
menced his ministerial career as a mis-
sionary in Schenectady and the vicinity.
He became assistant minister of Trinity
church, N. Y., in 1818, and in the fol-
lowing year was elected bishop of Con-
necticut. He was the founder of Trin-
ity college, Hartford, and was for some
years its president. He contributed
largely to the current theological litera-
ture of the time, and published " The
Family Prayer Book," and a voluminous
compilation" entitled "Religion of the
Heart and Life."
. BROWNING, Elizabeth Barrett,
an English poetess, was b. in London,
1809, of a family in affluent circumstan-
ces. She was educated with great care,
and at a very early age began to write
for periodical publications. In 1826 she
oublished her first volume of poems, and
during the ensuing twelve years three
more volumes from her pen were given
to the public. In these as well as in the
" Drama of Exile," a subsequent work,
the subjects treated were of a nature to
call forth the highest powers of mind;
and the boldness and vigor displayed
by Miss Barrett in grappling with such
themes, indicated a remarkable degree
of literary ability. About the time of
the publication of the last-mentioned
work her health was seriously impaired
by the rupture of a blood-vessel, and for
a long time she was in a critical condi-
tion. For the sake of the climate she
was taken to Torquay, and while there
her nervous system received a fearful
shock from the' death by drowning of a
beloved brother, who perished within
sight of the house where she was resid-
ing. Removed by slow stages to her
home in London, her life for many years
was that of a confirmed invalid. She
sought relief from pain in abstruse stud-
ies, embodying the fruits of her research
in new productions from her own pen.
The first collected edition of her poems
was published in 1844. In 1846, her
health having somewhat improved, she
became the wife of Robert Browning.
Soon after this event Mr. and Mrs.
Browning removed to Florence, where
they resided for the most part until her
death. Italy, and the affairs of Italy, in
which she took the deepest interest,
inspired some of the finest of her later
poems. " Aurora Leigh," a narrative
poem of English life, was her last ex-
tended effort. D. in Florence, 1861.
BRUAT, Armand Joseph, a French
admiral, b. 1796. He was appointed in
1845 governor of the Marquesas, and
soon after governor of all the French
establishments in Oceanica. He was
second in command of the Black-Sea
squadron in 1854, and took an active part
in the first bombardment of Sebastopol.
He succeeded admiral Hamelin in the
command of the squadron. D. 1855.
BRUCK, Baron de, an Austrian
financier, b. 1799; d. 1860. He was
appointed minister of finance at Vienna
in 1855, and held the office until the day
preceding his death. Suspected of com-
plicity in extensive frauds connected
with his office, he was removed, and then
committed suicide.
BRUNEL, IsAMBARi) Kingdom, an
eminent English engineer, was b. m 1806,
while his father, the constructor of the
Thames tunnel, was engaged in erecting
the great block-factory in Portsmouth
dockyard. From the' earliest age he
BUC]
CYCLOPAEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
25
showed not merely high mechanical and
scientific abilit}', with unwearied industry
and devotion to his profession, but a love
of art which is exhibited in all his works.
Various as these are, they have all the
common characteristic of size and gran-
deur in design. Having taken an active
part with his father in the construction
of the Thames tunnel, he was engaged,
after the stoppage of that work, in build-
ing docks at Sunderland and Bristol. At
the latter place he was engaged as
engineer of the line of railroad known as
the Great Western. On this line, follow-
ing out his ruling idea, he introduced
wliat is called the broad gauge^ which
has been made the subject of vehement
controversy. As an effort of engineer-
ing, however, the Great Western rail-
road is remarkable for the magnificence
of its works as well as for the speed and
security of its locomotion. The South
Devon and Cornish railways are not less
conspicuous specimens of his wonderful
mechanical powers ; and the failure of
the atmospheric principle, as applied to
the South Devon railway, never shook
his belief that it would be hereafter
employed with success. Communication
with the United States, as directly con-
nected with the Great Western railroad,
suggested the idea of the steamship
Great Western, to which he gave double
the power and tonnage of anj' vessel
then in existence. His next work, the
Great Britain, was more than double the
size of the Great Western, and showed
conclusively, on the rocks of Dundrum
' ay, that ships of very large size can
with safety be built only of iron. To
him also is owing the introduction and
general adoption by British shipbuilders
of the screw, as a method of propulsion
in place of the paddle-w^heel. Having
carried out this principle with success,
he proceeded to work out the idea which
found its realization in the Great Eastern.
This idea was that long voyages could
only be made economically and speedily
by steamers capable of carrying coal for
the whole outward voyage, and also for
the return voyage, in cases where a supply I
could not easily be obtained at the out- {
port This ship was the last great eftbrt
of his life. Long and intense exertion
had impaired his strength, which failed
altogether under his last efforts for the
completion of the Great Eastern ; and the
life of this great engineer, who was not
less estimable for his private worth than
eminent for his scientific powers, was
closed prematurely in 1859.
BUCH, Leopold von, a German
geologist, pronounced by Humboldt " the
greatest geologist of the age," was b.
at Stolpe in Brandenburg, 1774. His
life was one continued round of observa-
tion, travel, and investigation. He pub-
lished the results of his researches in
numerous learned works, in which he
advanced many important theories. D.
in Berlin, 1853.
BUCHAN, Peter, a Scottish antiqua-
rian, distinguished for his researches in
ballad poetrv, d. 1854.
BUCHAJJAN, Thomas McKean,
lieutenant - commander United States
navy, b. in Pennsylvania; killed on the
gunboat Calhoun,' at Bayou TSche, La.,
1863.
BUCKINGHAM, James Silk, an
English traveller, lecturer, and writer,
was b. at Flushing, 1784. In his youth
he followed the sea, and after engaging
in various adventurous enterprises, he
took command of a ship in the service of
the Imaum of Muscat. Being ordered to
convoy slave-ships, he threw up his com-
mission, and established a newspaper at
Calcutta. The freedom of his animad-
versions on public affairs offended the
authorities, in consequence of which he
returned to England, where he employed
himself as a journalist, with varying suc-
cess. He published his Arabian trav-
els in numerous volumes, and became
a popular lecturer on political and social
questions. He found time for European
travel, which furnished him material for
several volumes. In 1832 he was elected
to parliament, where he retained his seat
until 1837. Soon after his retirement he
made a lecturing tour to America, and
published his observations in nine octavo
volumes. He afterwards resumed his oc-
cupation as a lecturer and writer, and
continued to be an earnest advocate of
temperance and other social reforms. D.
in London, 1855. — Joseph Tinker, a
New -England journalist, b. in Wind-
ham, Conn., 1799, began life as a print-
er, published a monthly magazine in
1806, and afterwards established and
edited successivelj'', '' The New Eng-
land Galaxy," " The New England Mag-
azine," and "The Boston Courier," the
first number of which last-named paper
appeared in 1824. He retired irom the
editorship of the " Courier " in 1848. D.
in Cambridge, 1861.
BUCK LAND, William, a geologist
and clergyman of the church of England,
b, in 1784, received his early education
at Winchester, and entered Corpus
Christi college, Oxford, in 1801. From
an early age he had shown a great pre-
m
CrCLOPiKDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[bun
dilection for natural science, and on his
being appointed to the readership of
mineralogv and geology in Oxford uni-
versity, his profound knowledge of the
subject, joined to his powers of exposi-
tion, awakened an interest for the pur-
suits of science, in contradistinction to
those of literature. His first work was
the " Vindiciae Geologies;," published in
1820, in which he showed the harmony
that prevails between nature and revela-
tion ; and the year following he made the
discovery of the remains of animals in the
caves at Kirk dale, which formed the basis
of his work entitled "Reliqui* Dilu-
vianae; or. Observations on Organic Re-
mains attesting the Action of an Univer-
sal Deluge." From this period his pen
was occupied with geological subjects;
and his disquisitions not only displayed
great powers of observation and un-
wearied industry, but many of the gen-
eral conclusions at which he arrived
hence became part and parcel of the great
laws of geological science. His " Geology
and Mineralogy," which formed one of
the Bridgewater treatises, has become a
standard work. In 1825 he was appointed
to the living of Stoke St. Charity, in
Hampshire, and also became a canon of
Christ church; and twenty years later
he was nominated dean of Westminster
by the late Sir Robert Peel. His zeal
for science suflFered no abatement, how^-
ever; he continued to take an interest in
all questions involving social ameliora-
tion; but in 1850 his intellect gave way,
and from that period till his death, in
1856, he remained in a state of mental
weakness.
BUCKLE, Henry Thomas, an Eng-
lish author, b. at Lee, 1822, was intended
by his parents for a mercantile career,
and after receiving an excellent educa-
tion, entered a commercial house. In
his eighteenth year his father died, leav-
ing him a large fortune, and he imme-
diately gave up commerce for literature,
in 1857 he published the first volume of
his "History of Civilization," embracing
only a part of the introduction to a vast
work that the author had undertaken.
It showed an extent of attainments and
a breadth of generalization which at-
tracted universal attention. The second
volume appeared in 1861. The plan that
Buckle conceived was based on the idea
that he was to live to the age of three
score and ten; but his early death left
his work a splendid fragment. D. at
Damascus, 1862, while travelling in the
east for his health.
BUFORD, John, a distinguished
cavalry officer in the United States ser-
vice, b. in Kentucky, 1825; d. at Wash-
ington, 1863. He graduated at West
Point, in 1848, and received a commis-
sion in the 1st dragoons, from which
he was promoted to the rank of major
in the inspector-general's corps. In 1862
he was appointed a brigadier -general,
serving in Virginia, under Gen. Popo,
and on Gen. McClellan's staff a( Antie-
tam. He commanded the reserve caval-
ry brigade, under Gen. Stoneman, and
exhibited great gallantry and skill at
Gettysburg, and in other engagements
in which cavalry took a part. He was
next assigned to the command of the
cavalry in the army of the Cumberland,
but was prostrated by typhoid fever, the
product of toil and exposure. On his
death-bed he received a major-general's
commission.
BULLARD, Henry Adams, b. in
Groton, Mass., 1788, was educated at
Harvard college, and while studying the
law in Philadelphia, became aid and sec-
retar}-- of General Toledo, who was organ-
izing an expedition to revolutionize New
Mexico. In 1813 he accompanied the
general and his recruits to Natchitoches,
whence they entered the Mexican terri-
tory, but were repulsed by the Spanish
forces. Young BuUard managed to
reach Natchitoches, where he commenced
the practice of his profession. In 1822
he was made a judge of the district
court, and in 1831 was elected to con-
gress from the western district of Louisi-
ana, and reelected the following session.
In 1834 he was made judge of the su-
preme bench, and so continued till he
was displaced by the new constitution,
in 1840, and returned to practice in New
v/rleans. In 1847 he was appointed pro-
t\ ssor of the civil law, in the law school
(> Louisiana. In 1850 he was again
elected to congress. D. 1851.
BUNSEN, Christian Charles
JosiAs, chevalier, b. at Korbach, in the
principality of Waldeck, 1791 ; d. at Bonn,
1860. He was educated at Marburg, aiter-
wards at Gottingen, where, in 1811, he
was admitted into the gymnasium, and,
in 1813, published an essay, "DeJure
Atheniensium Htereditario, ' which at-
tracted great attention. In 1815 he be-
came acquainted with Niebuhr at Ber-
lin ; and after a stay in Paris, where he
studied Oriental languages under Silves-
tre de Sacy, he went to Rome, where
Niebuhr, the Prussian minister, procured
for him the post of secretary of embassy.
On Niebuhr' s retirement, in 1824, he
was appointed charge d'affaires^ and
«ur]
CYCLOPJ5DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
27
afterwards minister, by Frederick III., to
whom he had recommended himself by
his great theological learning. After a
sojourn of twelve years in Rome, he was
?entas Prussian minister, first to Switzer-
land, and then to England. But his
eminence as a scholar and writer has
eclipsed his political character and ser-
vices. His writings are numerous and
elaborate, but they have met with much
hostile criticism. He labored with un-
wearied diligence in theology, historv,
and archaeological research. Among his
chief works are the " Church of the Fu-
ture," " Hippolytus and his Age,"
" Christianity aiid Mankind, their Be-
ginnings and Prospects," and " The
Place of Egypt in the History of the
World." On some of these and other
works he was constantly engaged at
Heidelberg, where he chiefly resided
from the year 1854 until his death.
BURGESS, Tristam, an American
statesman, was b. in Rochester, Mass.,
1770. He had few advantages of early
education, but was a great reader, and
devoted himself earnestly to self-im-
provement. At 21 he entered the
Wrentham academy, and by teach-
ing school in the winter months, he ac-
quired the means of continuing his
studies until he was fitted for college.
He graduated at Rhode" Island college
(now Brown university) in 1793, and in
175)9 was admitted to the bar. He soon
gained a high reputation and an exten-
sive practice. In 1811 he was elected
to the state legislature, by the federal
partj;^and in 1815 he was made chief
j ustice' The triumph of the republicans
having removed him fi-om this post in
the ensuing year, he became professor of
oratory and belles-lettres in lirown uni-
versity, which place he filled until his
election as a representative to congress,
in 1825. His great excellence as a de-
bater, the characteristics of which were
fervid eloquence and withering sarcasm,
combined with clear reasoning power,
soon placed him in the first rank of the
public men of the day. He served for
five successive terms, during which he
took a leading part in discussing the im-
portant measures that were brought for-
ward. He opposed with vehemence the
compromise tariff bill of Mr. Clay; and
this opposition, doubtless, caused his de-
feat in 1835, — the democratic-republican
party having gained the ascendency in
iHiode Island. He never again took
part in public affairs, but cultivated his
farm, near Providence, until his death,
"■which occurred in 185 J. ^r^ ^
BURMEISTER, Hermann, a Ger-
man naturalist, b. at Stralsund, 1807.
He was for many years an instructor in
the gymnasium of Cologne. In 1842 he
became professor of zoology in the uni-
versity of Halle. His published works
are numerous and important. D. 1859.
BURNAP, Geokgk Washington, a
unitarian clergyman, b. in Meirimac, N.
H., 1802, graduated at Harvard college
in 1824, was ordained pastor of the first
independent church in Baltimore, 1828,
and continued its pastor until his death.
In 1849 he received the degree of D. D.
from Harvard college. He was a volu-
minous writer on theological and doc-
trinal subjects, and a frequent contrib-.
utor to periodicals. D. in Philadelphia,
1859.
BURNET, Jacob, one of the founders
of the city of Cincinnati, was b. at
Newark, N. J., 1770. He was admitted
to the bar in 1796, and soon after settled
in Cincinnati, then a village of 500 in-
habitants. He gained high rank as a
law} er, was a member of the territorial
government of Ohio for 4 years, and
after its admission into the union was
several times elected to the state assem-
bly. In 1821 he was appointed judge of
the supreme court of Ohio, and in 1828 he
was elected United States senator. He
was a man of great influence and public
spirit, and took a leading part in scientific
and benevolent enterprises. He pub-
lished in 1847 an instructive volume of
" Notes on the Northwestern Territory."
D. 1853. .
BURTON, William Evans, an Eng-
lish comedian, b. in London, 1804.
Intended for the church, he received a
classical education, and at an early age
edited a magazine. His success in
amateur theatricals led him to become a
professional actor. He gained also quite
a reputation as a dramatic author. In
1834 he came to the United States, where
he continued to reside until his death,
and was widely and favourably known
as a manager, actor, and author. In
Philadelphia he erected the National
theatre, and in 1837 started the " Gentle-
man's Magazine." He was proprietor
of the opera house in New Yorl^, which
was burned in 1841. In 1847 he opened
a theatre in Palmo's opera house, which
he managed for nearly 10 years. In
1856 he purchased the Metropolitan,
afterwards known as Burton's Theatre, in
Broadway. He had great ability as an
actor, excelling especially in low comedy.
He had a very full Sliakspearean library.
>>f his iiterarv works the best known is
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[byr
Erobably his " Cyclopedia of Wit and
[umon" D. in New Yorlc, 1860.
BUKY, Lady Charlotte, daughter
of the duke of Argyle, authoress of
" Marriage in High Life," " Memoirs of
a Peeress," " The Divorced," and other
novels, b. 1775 ; d. 1861.
BUSH, Geokge, an American theolo-
gian, was b. in Norwich, Vt., 1796,
graduated at Dartmouth college, 1818,
was ordained in the Presbyterian church,
and was for four vears a missionary in
Indiana. In 1831 he was elected pro- j
fessor of Hebrew and Oriental literature |
in the university of New York. Within
the next four years he published a " Life
of Mohammed," a " Treatise on the
Millennium," and a volume of " Scriptu-
ral Illustrations " ; and in 1840 he began
the issue of a series of commentaries on
the Old Testament. He edited in 1844
the " Hierophant," a monthly magazine ;
and in the same year he published his
" Anastasis," in which he opposed that
view of the resurrection which implies a
reconstruction of the material body.
This work attracted much attention, and
he answered tiie many attacks which
were made upon it in a treatise entitled
the " Kesurrection of Christ." In 1845
he connected himself with the Sweden-
borgiau church, translated from the
Latin the diary of Swedenborg, and
afterwards in numerous addresses and
short treatises, and as the editor of the
" New Church Repository," labored to
develop and maintain the principles of
that philosopher. In 1847 he published
a work on the higher philosophy of
mesmerism. Personally he was dis-
tinguished for his simple manners, and
the geniality and kindness of his dis-
position. He was a man of marked
character, and of as distinctly' marked
personal appearance. D. 1859.
BUST AMEN IE, Anastasie, a Mex-
ican soldier and statesman, was b. in
Guadalajara, 1782. He began life as a
physician, but when the revolution of
1810 broke out he entered on a military
career in the service of the Spanish
government. Disgusted at length with
the cruelties of tlife Spaniards, he joined
the patriots and fought in the republican
ranks. "He sustained the plan of inde-
pendence proposed b}' Iturbide in 1821,
and was promoted by him to the rank of
general of division, and made command-
ant-general of the ititerior provinces. In
1829 he was called to the vice-presidency
of the republic. He took part against
the president Guerrero in the following
year, and was charged with the execu-
tive power until August, 1832. Being
succeeded in the presidency by Pedraza,
he took command of the army, and was
soon after overthrown and banished by
Santa Anna. He went to France, but
on the outbreak of the Texan revolution
returned to Mexico, and in 1837 was
again elected to the presidency, which
he held, except during a short interval,
until 1841 , when he was again overthrown
by Santa Anna. He fled to Europe, but
upon the fall of Santa Anna, in 1845,
again returned to Mexico, and gave his
services to his country in many offices
until his death. He was one of the most
honorable of the public men of Mexico.
D. 1851.
BUTLER, Andrew Pickens, b. in
Edgefield district, S. C, 1796, graduated
at South Carolina college in 1817, and
soon attained distinction as a lawyer and
politician. In 1824 he was elected to
the legislature, where he took a promi-
nent part, and in 1833 he was made a
judge of the court of common pleas,
from which position he was subsequently
transferred to the supreme bench of the
state. He held this office until 1846,
when he was elected to the U^nited States
senate, where he was continued by re-
election until his death. He was made
chairman of the judiciary committee,
and took a conspicuous 'part in the
debates, especially upon all subjects
affecting the peculiar interests /)f the
South. His last speech was in reply to
Mr. Sumner and in defence of South
Carolina. D. 1857. — Benjamin F., b.
in Kinderhook, N. Y., studied law
with Martin Van Buren, and commenced
practice as his partner. He served in
the state assembly, and was one of the
revisers of the New York statutes.
During part of Jackson's administration
he was attorney-general, and was after-
wards, for a tinie. United States district
attorney in New York. Worn out by
overwork in his profession, he sailed for
lEurope in October, 1858, hoping to
recover his health, but d. in Paris shortly
after his arrival.
BYRON, Lady Noel, Baroness
Wentworth, the widow of Lord Byron, b.
1793; d. in London, 1860.
cam]
CYCLOP-EDIA OF BIOORAPHY.
c.
CABET, Etienxe, leader of the
French communists, or Icariens, was b. at
Dijon, 1788. He adopted the profession
of the law, and in 181(5 defended General
VeaiLx, who, in conjunction with some
others, was tried for conspiracy' against
the restored Bourbons. I'he ardor with
which Cabet defended his client drew
upon him the suspicion of the authorities,
and subsequently he quitted Dijon for
Palis. On the fall of the elder Bourbons
lie was appointed procureur-general for
Corsica. One of his first acts, on arriving
in Corsica, was to denounce the constitu-
tion of July; and he was immediately
recalled. On his return to Paris he threw
himself into the ranks of the opposition,
and became a conspicuous member of the
chamber of deputies. He established a
democratic newspaper, and in 1834 was
grosecuted for alleged libels on Louis
hilippe, and condemned to two years'
imprisonment. Escaping to England, he
remained there until the amnesty of
1839 permitted his return to Paris. In
1842 he enunciated his communistic
opinions; his " Voyage en Icarie," pub-
lished in that year, attracting great at-
tention among the Parisian workmen.
Having procured a tract of land in Texas,
a portion of his followers left France to
found a community, and Cabet subse-
quently joined them. In his journey
through this country, he heard of the
expulsion of the Mormons from Nauvoo,
and in 1850 he and his disciples removed
to that city, where for a time they lived
harmoniously and prosperously. Dissen-
sions arose, however, in the midst of
which Cabet was made the subject of
harsh aspersions. He d. in St. Louis,
1856.
CADY, Daniel, b. 1772, was for 50
years one of the leading lawyers of the
state of New York. In his 75th year he
was elected a judge of the supreme court,
but resigned in 1855. He continued to
practise his profession until struck with
blindness in April, 1859, and he d. in the
following October.
CALDWELL, Charles, an American
physician, b. in Caswell county, N. C,
1772. He studied medicine in Philadel-
phia, and practised there with much
success during the prevalence of the
yellow fever in 1793. In 1816 he filled
Ihe chair of natural history in the uni-
versity of Pennsylvania. He afterwards
removed to Lexington, Ky., and took
the chair of medicine in the Transyl-
vania university. He left this position
in 1837 to establish a medical school in
Louisville, over which he presided for
the next 12 years. He had great celeb-
rity as a medical writer and teacher,
and published some valuable biographi-
cal and literarv works. D. in Louisville,
1853.
CALHOUN, John, notorious for his
agency in the attempt to make Kansas a
slave state, d. at St. Joseph, Mo., 1859.
He was appointed surveyor-general of
Kansas by President Pierce, and was
president of the Lecompton convention.
CALVERT, Charles B., an eminent
agriculturist, b. in Prince George county,
Md., 1808 ; d. 1864. He served in the
Maryland legislature, and in the 37th
congress ; but his title to distinction rests
upon his labors for the improvement of
agriculture, and especially the introduc-
tion and raising of superior breeds of
CAMPBELL, John, lord chancellor
of England, was b. at Springfield, Scot-
land, 1781, educated at the university of
St. Andrews, entered as a student at
Lincoln's Inn in 1800, and called to
the bar in 1806. He won a prominent
place as an advocate, and in the midst
of a large practice found time to publish
a valuable series of reports; but his
whig politics were so distasteful to Lord
Eldon that he did not receive the appoint-
ment of king's counsel till 1827. In 1830
he was elected member of parliament;
in 1832 he became solicitor-general; in
1834, attorney-general and member of
parliament for Edinburgh, which he
continued to represent until 1841, when
he became lord chancellor of Ireland
and a British peer. The fall of the
Melbourne cabinet in that year left him
at leisure to indulge in literary pursuits,
as the fruits of which he presented to the
world the " Lives of the Lord Chan-
cellors and Keepers of the Great Seal,"
and the " Lives of the Chief Justices."
The return of the liberal party to power
in 1846 gave him the post of chancellor
of the duchy of Lancaster, and a seat in
the Rusself cabinet. F'ive years after-
wards, on the retirement of Lord Den-
man, he became lord chief justice of
England. He held this position until the
fall of the Derby government in 1859,
30
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[CAS
when Lord Palmerston removed him
from the queen's bench to the woolsack.
As a constitutional lawyer Lord Camp-
bell had no superior; as a judge, his
decisions were characterized by sound
legal knowledge and acute discrimina-
tion. 1). 18G2. — 8111 John, a British
major-general, killed in the assault on
the Kedan, 1855. — Siu Colin, after-
wards Lord Clyde, was b. at Glasgow,
and in 1808 joined the British army.
He served in the expedition to Portugal
and Walcheren, and shared the fortunes
of Sir John Moore in the Peninsula.
He also served for a brief period in the
war with the United States. In 1842 he
commanded a regiment in the expedition
to China. The Indian mutiny brought
him ijito greater prominence. He was a
brigadier-general in the Punjaub cam-
f)aign, and achieved distinction at Cliil-
ianwallah. He gained fresh laurels in
the Crimea, distinguishing himself par-
ticularly at the Alma and at Balaklava.
The revolt of the Sepoys recalled him to
the east, this time in the capacity of
commander-in-chief of the Indian army.
Courage, coolness, and precision were
his chief characteristics as a soldier. D.
1863.
CAMBRELING, Churchill C, b. in
North Carolina, 1786 ; d. at West Neck,
Long Island, 1862. At an early day he
engaged, with John Jacob Astor, in mer-
cantile pursuits. Subsequently he di-
rected his attention to politics, and from
1821 to 1839 was a representative in
congress fi-om New York. As chairman
of the committee of commerce, he pro-
duced various reports of great value; one,
on commerce and navigation, having been
republished in London, besides running
through several editions in this countrv.
CAMERON, James, colonel of the
79th Highland regiment of New York,
tbrmerlv a Pennsylvania editor, b. 1801;
killed at Bull Run, 1861.
CANNING, Chaklks John, viscount,
a British statesman, son of the celebrated
George Canning, was b. at Brompton,
18 12. He graduated at Oxford with high
honor, entered parliament in 1836, and
took othce in the cabinet of Sir Robert
Peel, in 1841. In 1852 he became post-
master-general, with a seat in the cabi-
net under the Aberdeen administra-
tion. In 1855 he succeeded the marquis
of Dalhousie as governor - general of
India. He had hardly got seated in his
otfice when the Sepoy rebellion broke
out; and he was as much censured for
his leniency at the beginning of the out-
break as for his severity afterward. He
devoted all his energies to the suppres-
sion of the insurrection by the military
power, and then to pacificatory measures
for the reestablishment of order. He
retired from office early in 1862, and d.
soon after his return to England.
CAPEL, SiK Thomas Bladon, a
British admiral, who commanded the
squadron which blockaded New London
in the war of 1812. D. 1853, aged 77.
CAPUA, Charles Ferdinand, prince
of, the son of Francis I., king of the Two
Sicilies, and brother of Ferdinand IL, b.
1812 ; d. at Turin, 1862.
CARBUCCIA, General, a distin-
guished French archaeologist, and one of
the commanders of the French army in
the East; d. 1854.
CAREY'^, John L., a political econo-
mist, and successively editor of the
" Baltimore American " and "New Or-
leans Crescent." I). 1852.
CARLETON, Henry, formerly judge
of the supreme court of Louisiana, and
author of a volume on " Libertv and Ne-
cessity." b. in Virginia, 1783 ; d. 1863. He
graduated at Y^ale college, and for many
years held a distinguished position in the
bar of New Orleans.
CARLOS, Makia Isidor, pretender
to the crown of Spain, was a son of
Charles IV., b. 1788. In 1833, when his
brother Ferdinand died, Don Carlos pro-
claimed himself king. Maria Christina,
the regent, branded him as a rebel, and
concluded with Britain, France, and Por-
tugal the so-called quadi'uple alliance,
the effect of which was to exclude Carlos
and Miguel, the champions of absolutism,
from Spain and Portugal. Carlos suc-
ceeded in kindling a civil war in the
northern provinces of Spain, which raged
for several- years, but in 1839 he was
driven from"^the Spanish territory. He
passed the rest of his life in exile, and d.
in Trieste, 1855.
CARROLL, Sir William Fare-
brothek, a distinguished officer of the
British navy, b. 1785; d. 1862. During
his naval career he was 67 times in
action upon sea and land.
CASS, Thomas, b. in Framley, Ire-
land, 1821, but from early infancy a
resident of Boston, Mass., distinguished
himself as the colonel of the Massachu-
setts 9th regiment, a gallant body of
Irish citizens who were among the' first
to respond to the call of the government
for volunteers in the suppression of the
great rebellion. He d. in July, 1862,
from a wound received while bravely
leading his men in one of the battles be-
fore Richmond.
0»8j
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
31
CASSEL, John, a London publisher,
eminent for his successful efforts to pro-
vide the working classes of England with
a sound and healthy literature. He
originated the " Popular Educator," a
publication fairly exemplifying the enter-
prises with which he sought to promote
the intelligence and virtue of his readers,
and the title of which describes his own
character as a business man. His publi-
cations extended to almost every branch
of human knowledge, and combined ex-
cellence of form with an unprecedented
lowness of price. He was essentially a
selt^ducated and self-made man. B. in
Manchester, 1817 ; d. in London, 1865.
CASTANOS, General, duke of
Baylen, a distinguished Spanish soldier,
and one of the most conspicuous o( the
commanders who acted with Wellington
against Napoleon during the peninsular
• war. B. 1757 : d. 1852.
CATHCART, Sir George, a British
general, b. in London, 1794. He served
as aide-de-camp to Wellington at Water-
loo. In 1837 he was placed in command
of the British forces south of the St. Law-
rence, in Canada, and subsequently as-
sumed the governorship and command of
the army at the Cape of (iood Hope.
Appointed to tlie 4th division in the
Crimea, he fell at the battle oi" Inkerman,
1854.
CAVAIGNAC, Louis Eugene, a
French general, was b. in Paris, 1802,
and, after a thorough military education
at the polytechnic school, entered the
army as lieutenant, 1827. He served
many years with distinction, a great part
of the time being passed in Africa, where
he signalized hnnself by his courage and
coolness ; attained the rank of brigadier-
general; and, linally (1848), was made
governor-general of Algeria, and pro-
moted to the rank of general of division.
The same year, having been elected to
the constituent assembly, he returned to
Paris, where he arrived two days after
the disturbances of May 15, and was im-
mediately appointed minister of war.
During the siege of Paris, in the fol-
lowing June, the national assembly ap-
pointed him dictator, and on his res-
ignation of that trust, when quiet was
restored, unanimously elected him chief
of the executive power. When the pres-
idential election came on, he was the
candidate of the middle-class republicans ;
but was defeated by Louis Napoleon by
an immense majority. On the coup d'etat
of 1851 he was arrested and throWn into
prison. After his release he lived in re-
tirement at his country seat, refusing to
take the oath of allegiance to the emperor
for the sake of an}' public office. D. sud-
denly, 1857.
CAVOUR, Count Camille db-, a
Sardinian statesman, was b. at Turin,
1809. He first became known in public
life as one of the founders of "// Eisorgi-
mento,'' a journal of liberal politics, estab-
lished in 1847. He entered the Sardinian
chamber of deputies in 1849, and sub-
sequently succeeded Santa Rosa as min-
ister of commerce and agriculture. In
1851 he was also intrusted with the
" Ministry of Finance " ; and in 1852 he
succeeded the Marquis d'Azeglio as
president of the council. During this
period of his administration he intro-
duced free-trade principles into the com-
mercial code of Sardinia, and by favor-
able treaties extended the traffic of the
kingdom with foreign countries. In
1855 he brought about the accession of
Piedmont to the Anglo-French alliance,
and dispatched Sardinian troops to share
in the Crimean expedition. He took an
active part in the peace conferences at
Paris, and there called the attention of
the great European powers to the cause
of Italy. He concluded the alliance, in
1859, between France and Sardinia for
the deliverance of the Peninsula from
the domination of Austria; and in July
of that year, in consequence of the
French emperor's sudden termination of
the campaign against Austria, he re-
signed his office. In January, 18G0, he
again assumed the presidency of the
council, and was placed at the head
of the department of foreign affairs, as
well as of the interior. His masterly
management secured the recognition of
the principle of Italian unity; and in
March, 1862, he presented to a new par-
liament a bill constituting the new mon-
archy, under the title of the kingdom of
Italy. His acknowledged patriotism did
not shield him from an attack in parlia-
ment by Garibaldi, Avho bitterly opposed
some of Cavour's measures. Garibaldi
subsequently sought a reconciliation,
through the king. Cavour's health, al-
ready impaired hy extraordinary labor,
suffered severely under the excitement
of an attack from such a quarter, and
in May he was seized with apoplexy. A
second attack was followed by prostra-
tion, from which he did not rally. D.
June 6, 1862.
CESARE, GiUESEPPE, an Italian his-
torian, b. in Naples, 1783 ; d. 1856. For
several years he edited a periodical en-
titled "// ProgressoJ''' He wrote a history
of the Lombard league. But his most
32
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[CHE
important production is his " StoHa di
Manfredi re di Sicilia e di Puylia,^^ which
appeared in 1837.
CHAMBERS, David, b. in Allen-
toun, Penn., 1780: d. at Zanesville, O.,
186+ . Tn 1794 he was employed as a
confidential express to carry despatches
from General Henry Lee to President
Washington, during the whiskey insur-
rection; in 1796 he was placed in the
office of the "Aurora" newspaper, to
learn the printer's trade ; and after spend-
ing the sixteen subsequent years on a
farm in Virginia, he removed to Zanes-
ville, 0., where he conducted a news-
paper, and was elected state printer.
When the seat of government was re-
moved to Columbus, he was appointed
secretary of the senate ; during the years
1812 and 1813 he was aide-de-camp to
General Cass ; and was a representative
in congress, from Ohio, from 1821 to
1823. He subsequently served a number
of years in the state legislature of Ohio ;
was speaker in 1844, and was a member
of the constitutional convention of 1851.
— John, b. in New Jersey, 1779, re-
moved at an early age to Kentucky, and
commenced the practice of law in Mason
county. He was a volunteer aide-de-
camp to General Harrison at the battle
of the Thames in 1813. On the elevation
of the latter to the presidency in 1840, he
was appointed governor of Iowa, and
while occupying this office he exhibited
ability and prudence in his treatment
of the Indians, and the settlement of
aboriginal quarrels. Under President
Taylor he was appointed commissioner
to negotiate with the Sioux Indians in
Minnesota. He was also a member of
congress, first in 1828, and afterward
from 1836 to 1840. D. near Paris, Ky.,
1852.
CHANNING, Edward Tyrrel, b.
in Newport, R. I., 1790, commenced the
practice of the law in Boston, and was an
early and a frequent contributor to the
" North American Review." In 1819 he
received the honorary degree of A. M.
from Harvard college, and in the same
year was appointed Boylston professor of
rhetoric and oratorv, which office he held
32 years, the coliege conferring upon
him the degree of LL. D. in 1847. D.
1856.
CHARLES III., Duke of Parma, b.
1823, succeeded to the throne in 1849;
on the 26th March, 1854, was stabbed in
the streets of Turin; and d. on the
following day.
CHARLON, John James, a distin-
guished English painter, chiefly of land-
scapes and marine pictures. D. at an
advanced age, 1854.
CHASE, Philander, D. D., a protes-
tant bishop, b. in Cornish, N. H., 1775,
graduated at Dartmouth college, studied
theology in Albany, and was ordained in
New York in 1798. After spending
several vears in missionary labors in
western New York and in New Orleans,
he became rector of Christ church in
Hartford, Conn. In 1817 he went to
Ohio, where he set about enlarging and
establishing the episcopal church ; and in
1819 he was consecrated as bishop of the
diocese embracing that st^te. In 1823
he visited England to solicit donations
towards founding a college and theologi-
cal seminary in Ohio. With the means
thus obtained he purchased 8000 acres of
land, giving the names of two English
noblemen. Gambler and Kcnyon, to the
site and the college thereby established.
He resigned his jurisdiction in 1831, and
removed to Michigan. In 1835 he was
chosen bishop of the new diocese of
Illinois. He visited England again in
behalf of Christian education ; and Jubilee
college, in Peoria county. III., where
he spent the remainder of his life, was
founded in 1838 through his exertions.
D. 1852.
CH£RI, Rose Maria Cizos, a suc-
cessful French actress, b. 1824 ; d. 1861.
CHETHAM-STRODE, Sir Edward,
a British admiral, distinguished by his
services at Genoa, Toulon, Danzig, and
Algiers. B. 1775; d. 1862.
CHE rWOOD, John J., an eminent
lawyer of New Jersey, and an active
promoter of the great railroad enterprises
of that state. B. 1800; d. 1861.
CHEVES, Langdon, an American
statesman, b. at Rocky River, S. C,
1776; studied law, attained eminence in
his profession, and at early age became a
leading member of the general assembly
of his state, to which he was elected from
the city of Charleston. From 1811 to
1816 he was a representative in congress,
where he displayed great ability, and
held the position of speaker of the house
during the second session of the 13th
congress. Declining a reelection after
the close of the war, he was chosen one of
the judges of the superior courts of South
Carolina. In 1819 he was made president
of the bank of the United States, then on
the verge of failure, and by his judicious
management during the next three
years restored its affairs to a healthj
condilSon. On his resignation of this
office he became chief commissioner
under the treaty of (jrhent, and after
cla]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
33
executing his duties in that capacity, he
declined to accept any further public
trust, but devoted himsielf to the care of
his plantation. As early as 1830 he
declared himself in favor of a southern
confederacy. He was a delegate to the
Nashville convention in 1850, and a
member of the South Carolina conven-
tion of 1852, D. at Columbia, S. C,
1857.
CHICKERING, Jesse, b. 1798, an
American statistician. He studied theol-
ogy, and afterwards medicine, which he
practised in Boston for 10 years; but
his studious habits not agreeing with
the active life of a physician, he retired
from the profession and devoted himself
to statistics. He published works on
the " Population of Massachusetts," on
" Immigration into the United States, ''
and numerous valuable reports and
articles. D. 1855. — Jonas, an American
mechanic, celebrated for his skill and
enterprise in the manufacture and im-
firovement of pianofortes, was b. at New
pswich, N. H., 1798 ; and d. at Boston,
1853.
CHILDS, Thomas, brevet brigadier-
general, and a distinguished officer in
the United States army. D. 1853.
C HO ATE, RuFUS, an American advo-
cate, b. in Essex, Mass., 1799, graduated
at Dartmouth college, 1819, and for one
year remained attached to the college in
the capacity of tutor. He then studied
a few months in the Cambridge law
school, and afterwards went to Washing-
ton, where he was for about a year in the
office of William Wirt. Having returned
to the north and completed his profes-
sional studies, he was admitted to the
bar in 1824, and began to practise law in
Danvers. Mass., but soon removed to
Salem. His success was marked, and
he rapidly acquired a brilliant reputa-
tion. He was elected to the legislature,
and served one year in each branch.
With this exception, he was devoted
wholly to his professional labors until
1832, when he accepted a nomination for
congress, and was elected to the house
of representatives. After serving accept-
ably for one term, he declined a reelec-
tion, removed to Boston, and took rank
at once among the leaders of the bar.
For the next eight years he toiled assidu-
ously, winning a succession of forensic
triumphs. In 1841 he was elected to the
United States senate in place of Mr.
Webster, who hiid entered the cabinet.
At the close of his term, in 1845, he re-
sumed his labors at the bar, from which
he was never again diverted except by
the occasional delivery of a public
address. He was a member of the state
constitutional convention in 1853, and
was for some years one of the regents of
the Smithsonian institution. In politics
he was a whig of the old school, and
when that party ceased to exist, he never
entered heartily into any new political
organization. His fears of a dissolution
of the Union led him to oppose the
republican party, even to the extent of
advocating the election of James Bu-
chanan. Worn down by over-work, he
embarked for Europe in July, 1859, hoping
to restore his shattered health; but, his
strength failing rapidl}', he was obliged
to leave the steamer at Halifax, where he
d. soon after his arrival.
CHOULES, John Overton, D. D., a
baptist clerg3^man, b. in Bristol, Eng-
land, 1801, came to America in 1824; was
principal of an academy about two years;
and afterwards was the pastor of churches
in Rhode Island, New York, and Massa-
chusetts. He was author and editor of
several volumes — principally historical
works. D. in New York, 1856.
CHRZANOWSKI, Adalbert, a
Polish general, b. in the palatinate of
Cracow, 1789; d. at Paris, 1861. He was
educated in the military school at War-
saw, and served in the French artillery
under Napoleon. Returning to Poland,
he joined the army then being organized,
and was for several years attached to the
staff of the Russian general D'Auveray.
In 1828-29 he served in the Turkish
campaign on the staff of General Die-
bitsch. In 1830, being at W^arsaw, he
participated in the patriotic rising of his
countrymen, was intrusted with the com-
mand of the fortress of Modlin, and was
chief of the staff of Skiyznecki, the
Polish generalissimo. He took part in
all the principal conflicts, and was made
general of division, in consideration of
the energy and judgment he had dis-
played. As governor of Warsaw he was
suspected by the Poles of treason to their
cause, and certainly he resided there un-
molested, after the entry of the Russians
into that city. He went to Paris, but the
Polish exiles shunned him, and he re-
mained in obscurity until 1849, when
the king of Sardinia invited him to
undertake the reorganization of the
Piedmontese army. Here he was again
suspected of treachery, more particu-
larly in connection with the defeat at
Novara. He returned to Paris in 1850,
and was not afterwards employed.
CLARK, William Tiehney, an
English, civil engineer of distinguished
84
CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[CLA
merit. He devoted much attention- to
the construction of suspension bridges;
the Pesth bridge being one of the monu-
ments of his genius. D. 1852, aged 69.
CLAY, Henhy, an American states-
man, b. in Hanover county, Va., 1777.
His father, a baptist clergyman, died
in 1782, leaving but scanty means
for the support of his family, and Mr.
Clay was inured from necessity to a life
of labor. Having received a common-
school education, he became at aii early
age a copyist in the office of the clerk
of the court of chancery at Richmond.
While here, he attracted the notice of
the eminent Chancellor Wythe, through
M'hose advice and direction'his education
was greatly improved; and in 1796 he
entered the office of Attorney-General
Brooke, and devoted himself to the
study of the law. He was licensed as an
attorney in 1797, and commenced the
practice of his profession at Lexington,
Ky., where he took a high position.
He began his political career about the
same time, by taking an active part in
the election of delegates to frame a new
state constitution, contending, though
unsuccessfully, for the gradual abolition
of slavery. In 1803 he was elected to
the legislature ; and in 1806 he was ap-
pointed to fill an unexpired term in the
United States senate. In 1807 he was
again elected to the legislature, of which
he was chosen speaker. His course
here brought him into collision with
Mr. Humphrey ^larshall, whom he was
Erovoked to challenge,- and Avith whom
e fought a duel. At the session of
1809-10, Mr. Clay again appeared in the
United States senate, having been elected
to fill a vacancy for 2 years, caused by
resignation; and during this period he
distinguished himself by several brilliant
speeches. In 1811 he was sent to the
house of representatives, of which body
he was immediately chosen speaker.
He was a warm advocate of the war with
Great Britain, and throughout that crisis
sustained ]Mr. Madison's war measures
with great zeal. In 1814 he was ap-
pointed one of the commissioners to
negotiate the treaty of peace at Ghent.
Returning home in 181-5, he was again
sent to congress, and Avas again elected
speaker. He retained this position by
reelection till 1821. During the year 1818
he made memorable speeches in favor
of recognizing the independence of the
South-American republics. In the same
year he advocated a national system of
niternal improvements. In the session
of 1819-20 he exerted himself for .the pro-
tection of A merican industry ; and thia
was followed by equally important ser-
vices in adjusting the Missouri com-
promise. After the settlement of these
great questions, he withdrew from con-
gress in order to attend to his private
affairs. In 1823 he returned to congress,
and was again chosen speaker by a large
majority. During this session he
warmly seconded the efforts of Mr.
Webster, in behalf of the recognition of
the independence of Greece. In the ex-
citing contest for the presidency, Avhich
took place in 1824, Mr. Clay was a can-
didate, and received a small vote. The
choice between the two highest candi-
dates, Jackson and Adams, having de-
volved upon the house of representatives,
Mr. Clay, as speaker, gave the casting
vote in favor of John Quincy Adams,
during whose administration he held the
office of secretary' of state. For the ac-
ceptance of this office he was subjected
to much reproach from the democratic
party, on the assumption that it was the
consideration of a bargain made by Mr.
Adams to secure his vote. This slan-
der was thoroughly refuted, and is now
admitted to have been wholly unwar-
ranted. It served, however, as a con-
tinual text for abuse by Mr. Clay's oppo-
nents; and the attacks made upon him
by Mr. John Randolph led to a hostile
nieeting with that person, which happily
terminated Avithout bloodshed. In 1831
Mr. Clay Avas again sent to the senate,
and in 1832 was a candidate for the
presidency, but was defeated by General
Jackson. During the session of 1833,
when the tariff question was agitating
the whole nation to an alarming extent,
he brought forward his celebrated com-
promise bill, which, after a hard struggle.
Avas passed. Soon after its passage he
made a tour of the middle and eastern
states, and was greeted with demonstra-
tions of welcome and admiration. He
remained in the senate until 1842, when
he resigned his seat, and took, as he sup-
posed, his final leave in a speech of great
beauty. Throughout the whole of the
administrationsv of Jackson and Van
Buren, he contended fiercely but openly
against what he conceived to be execu-
tive usurpation and corruption. His
speeches upon the important measures
which were agitated during this period,
form some of the most stirring passages
in the political history of the country.
In 1839 his name was again prominent
among the whig candidates for the pres-
idency; but Gen. Harrison having re-
ceived the nomination, Mr. Clay gave
CLE]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
35
him a cordial support. Upon the election
of a whig administration, he endeavored
to cany through his system of domestic
policy, but was thwarted in his efforts by
the vetoes of President Tyler. In 1844
he was the whig nominee for the presi-
dency. Defeated by Mr. Polk, the
democratic candidate^ he remained in
retirement until after the election of
General Taylor, when, in 1849, he again
took his seat in the senate. Here, dur-
ing the famous session of 1849-50, he de-
voted all his remaining energies to secure
the passage of the series of measures
known as the compromise acts. His
efforts during this session weakened
his strength and hastened his death. As
his disease was gaining the mastery, he
sought for relief m a visit to Havana and
to New Orleans, but with no permanent
benefit. At the commencement of the ses-
sion of J-851-52 he came to Washington,
but was unable to participate in the ac-
tive duties of the senate. . Sensible of his
failing health, he sent in his resignation,
to take effect on the 6th of September,
1852. But he was not to see that day. He
d. on the 29th of June, amid the scenes of
his proudest and most glorious triumphs.
— James B., a son of the distinguished
statesman, b. in Washington in 1817,
received his classical education at Tran-
sylvania university, in Kentucky, and
at the age of 15 went to Bostonj where
he spent two years in a counting-house
From Boston he removed to Missouri,
and settled upon a farm, and when 21
years of age he returned to Kentucky.
After spending two years in the manu-
facturing business, he graduated at the
law school of Lexington, and practised
law, as the partner of his father, until
1849. During that year President Tay-
lor appointed him '^ chnr<je d' ajfaires to
Lisbon. In 1851 he again took up his
residence in Missouri, but returned to
Kentucky in 1853, when he became the
proprietor of Ashland. He was elected
to congress in 1857, serving one term,
and on the committee of foreign rela-
tions. He was also a member of the
peace convention of 1861, held in Wash-
ington. Soon after the commencement
of the civil war, however, he retired to
Canada, a voluntary exile; and d. in
Montreal, Jan. 26, 1864.
CLAYTON, John M., an eminent
statesman, b. in Delaware in 1796, was
educated at Yale college, studied law,
and commenced practice, in 1818, in his
native state. He soon attained distinc-
tion, and was appointed to several local
off ces, and in ISSfe was chosen a member
of the United States senate. He re-
signed in December, 1836, but was again
elected in 1845, and Remained senator
till appointed secretary of state by Gen.
Taylor. Whilst in this office, he nego-
tiated the treaty with Sir Henry Bulwer,
commonly known as the Clayton-Bulwer
treaty. Resigning on the death of Tay-
lor, he was for a third time elected to
the senate, and took his seat in March,
1851, where he vindicated, with great
ability and eloquence, the principles of
his famous treaty. He was a great
reader, thinker, and talker, with remark-
able power of concentrating his faculties
on the subject immediately occupying
his attention. His senatorial bearing
was dignified and conciliatory, and he
spoke with energy and effect. He was
long a trusted and popular leader in the
whig party. 1). 1856. — Thomas, b.
1778, was a member of the lower house
of congress, from Delaware, from 1815 to
1817, and of the senate from 1823 to
1826, and again from 1837 to 1847. He
was at different times a member of the
Delaware legislature, chief justice of the
court of common pleas, and chief justice
of the superior court. D. 1854.
CLEAVELAND, Pakkek, LL. D.,
author of a treatise on mineralog}'- and
geology, b. in Massachusetts, 1780 ; d. in
Brunswick, Me., 1858. From 1805 until
his death, he was professor of natural
philosophy, chemistry, and mineralogy in
Bowdoin college ; during the earlier part
of the period officiating also as professor
of mathematics.
CLEBURNE, Pathiok R., major-
general in the confederate service, b. at
Queenstown, Ireland, 1828, killed in bat-
tle at Franklin, Tenn., Nov. 1864. His
earliest military experiences were as a
private in the British army, from which
he purchased his discharge in 1847. He
then came to the United States, and,
settling at Helena, Ark., studied law
with the Hon. T. B. Hanly, chief jus-
tice of that state. The outbreak of civil
war, in 1861, found him successfully en-
gaged in the practice of his profession.
He joined the confederate ranks as a
private, but was elected captain of his
company, and aided in wresting the
Little l^ock arsenal from the United
States. A few months later he became
colonel, and having been transferred to
Bowling Green, Ky., was placed in com-
mand of a brigade of Gen. Hardee's ili-
vision. In March, 1862, Cleburne was
commissioned a brigadier-general, and
performed a conspicuous part in the
battle of Shiloh. He was also engaged in
36
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[cob
the battle of Farmington, and having
led two brigades into Kentucky, was
wounded in the battle of Richmond.
He was with Gen. Bragg at tlie battle of
Perrvville, where he had two horses shot
under him. and was himself again
wounded. In Dec. J 862 he took the
command of a division in Hardee's 0017)8,
with the rank of major-general, and
served in the battle of Murfreesboro'.
He was in the battle of Chickamauga, in
1863, and repulsed Gen. Sherman at
Mission Ridge, and Gen. Hooker at
Ringold Gap. He was in the field, at the
head of his old division, during the At-
lanta campaign, and covered Hood's de-
feated army at Jonesboro', Ga., in Aug.
1864, subsequently moving north with
Hood, and investing Dalton. He met
death in the hottest part of the conflict
at Franklin.
CLINTON, Henry Fynks, an emi-
nent scholar, and the learned author of
the " Fasti Hellenici," and the " Fasti
Romani," was b. in London, 1781, and
d. 1852. He was also the author of
" An Epitome of the Civil and Literary
Chronology of Greece," from the earliest
account to the death of Augustus.
CLONCURRY, Valentine Browne
Lawless, Lord, of Cloncurry, in Ireland,
b. 1773, and educated for the bar. A
member of the society of united Irish-
men, he was arrested in 1798, on a
charge of treason, but after several ex-
aminations before the privy council was
liberated. He was again arrested in
1799, and did not regain his freedom till
1801. having in the mean time, by the
death of his father, inherited the family
title. He remained at variance with
the English government till 1821, when
he became reconciled to George IV., and
after a time took his seat as a sworn
member of the privv council. D. 1853. I
CLOUGH, Arthur Hugh, b. in |
Liverpool, 1819; while studying at Ox- 1
ford, wrote a " Long Vacation Pastoral," '
describing the adventures of an Oxford }
in the highlands of Scotland, which was
republished in this coiintry. In 1848-9 |
he was in Italy, actively sympathizing |
with the liberals of that country in their {
resistance to French domination at Rome ; 1
his impressions being afterwards em-
bodied in " Amours de Voyage," a story
in verse, which he contributed to the
" Atlantic Monthly." He next became i
{>rofessor of the English language and
iterature at University college, London,
but resigned the appointment, and,^ emi-
grating to the United States, settled as a
teacher, at Cambridge, Mass., where he
wrote for the " North American Review,"
and revised Dryden's translation of Plu-
tarch's "Lives." The offer of a good
official position induced him to return to
England, but his health subsequently
became impaired, and he d. in Florence,
1861. In addition to the works named,
he published " Mari Magno," a series
of tales.
COBB. Williamson R. W., b. in
Ray county, Tenn., 1807, removed at
a very early age to Alabama, became
a farmer, and in 1845 commenced his
public career as a member of the state
legislature. From 1847 to 1860 he was a
representative of his adopted state in
congress, where he was chairman of im-
portant committees. He identified him-
self with the secession movement, and d.
1864.
COBDEN, Richard, one of England's
great men, b. 1804; d. 1865. His father
was a tenant farmer at Midhurst, Sussex,
and the boy left home at an early age to
fill a situation in a London warehouse.
Being steady and industrious, and gain-
ing a thorough knowledge of the busi-
ness, he worked his way into the esteem
of his employers. As an aid to mental
expansion, he had great faith in foreign
travel, and contriving to connect busi-
ness with intellectual- improvement, he
made a tour of the United States, and
traversed a considerable portion of Eu-
rope. He was energetic and anxious to
rise, and seeing a good prospect before
him, he entered into business on his own
account in Lancashire. Being fortunate
enough to produce a new style of printed
fabrics, more tasteful and elegant than
any supplied by his rivals in the trade,
he became a prosperous man. A pam-
phlet from hjs pen, entitled " England,
Ireland, and America," and another on
" Russia," drew attention to his literary
qualifications. He entered boldly into the
question of free trade, and was one of the
originators and most untiring speakers
of the anti-corn law league. He was
returned to the house of commons, in
1841, as member for Stockport, and at
once took an influential position amongst
debaters. Sir R. Peel acknowledged
that his measure of 1846, which practi-
cally affirmed the justice of the views
upheld by Mr. Cobden, was in no small
degree attributable to the " unadorned
eloquence" of the cotton -printer. The
corn laws repealed, ^Ir. Cobden was pre-
sented with a testimonial of $350,000 for
his services to free trade; and having
retired from business, he purchased an
estate in his native place, where he
col]
CYCLOPiEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
37
resided until his death. He was elected
member for the west riding of Yorkshire
in 1847, and represented that constitu-
ency for some years, finally retiring
utider the impression that his reelection
would not be secure. In 1857, after
•pposing Lord Palmerston's Chinese
policy, and driving that minister to a
dissolution, he was started as a candi-
date for the representation of Hudders-
field and defeated, but was immediately
after elected for Rochdale. In 1859 he
travelled extensively in the United
States; and, during" his absence. Lord
Derby's ministry having been over-
thrown, Lord Palmerston proposed that
he should accept office, but he refused.
In 1860 he visited Paris, at the request
of Louis Napoleon, to discuss informally
changes in the commercial legislation
of France ; and subsequently acted as
British commissioner in arranging the
details of the commercial treaty, which
owed its origin in a great measure to
himself. On questions of foreign policy,
he maintained the doctrine of non-inter-
vention, and braved the displeasure of
his countrymen by the persistent advo-
cacy of peace principles and measures.
From the first moment of civil war in
this country, he pronounced in favor of
flie union, and during the four years'
conflict his voice was ever foremost in
vindicating the cause and policy of the
north, and in pointing out the perils of
the course which Britain, under the guise
of" neutrality," has pursued. Although
not dangerously ill, he absented himself
from parliament during the early part of
the session of 1865. Despite a severe
bronchial affection, however, he hastened
to London to speak on the Canadian
defence bill, and to vindicate the govern-
ment of the United States from the mis-
trust with which the old-worljj rulers
profess to regard it. The journey and
the effort accelerated his death, which
occurred with unexpected suddenness on
the 2d of April.
COCKBURN, Henry Dundas, a
Scotch jurist, b. 1779, distinguished him-
self as an advocate, became solicitor-
general, and in 18-34 was raised to the
bench as one of the lords of session,
when he took the title of Lord Cock-
bum. He was a contributor to the
''Edinburgh Review," and published a
life of his friend Lord Jeffrey, and an
interesting volume of memorials. D.
1854. — Sir George, a British admiral,
b. 1772. His greatest achievement was
the attack on Washington, D. C, in the
war of 1812, in which he burned the
capitol and the public buildings. D.
1853.
COCKE, Philip St. George, a gen-
eral in the confederate army, b. in Vir-
ginia ; d. Dec. 1861. He shot himself at
his residence in Powhatan county, but
whether by accident or design is not
known.
COCKERELL, Charles Robert, a
distinguished architect, b. in London,
1788. Early in life he spent several
years of study 'among the remains of
classic architecture in Asia Minor, Sicily,
Athens, Rome, Pompeii, and elsewhere.
In 1811-12 he and others excavated the
ruins of the temple of Jupiter at ^gina.
and of Apollo at Phygaleia. Subse-
quently, the capitol and forum of Rome,
and other buildings of antiquity, employ-
ed his talents as an architectural draughts-
man. In 1829 he was elected associate
of the royal academy ; in 1839, R. A. ;
and in 1840, professor of architecture. In
1841 he was chosen one of the eight
," Associes etrangers " of the academy of
the institute of France; and in 1843, one
of the ten "members of merit" of the
academy of St. Luke's at Rome; besides
being also member of the academies of
Munich, Berlin, and Berne. He remained
an adherent of classic architecture as the
style to be imitated in the nineteenth
century, but he nevertheless executed
designs more than once in Gothic. D.
1863.
COCKTON, Henry, an English
writer, author of "Valentine Vox," and
other contributions to light literature.
B. 1808; d. 1853.
CODRINGTON, Sir Edward, admi-
ral in the British service, b. 1770; d.
1851. He served in the battle of I'rafal-
gar, but his name is chiefly known as
chief commander in the action of Nava-
rino, where the naval forces of the pacha
of Egypt were annihilated by the com-
bined squadrons of Great Britain. France,
and Russia.
COLBURN, Henry, an eminent Lon-
don publisher, proprietor of the " New
Monthly Magazine." the " Court Jour-
nal," and other periodicals. D. 1855.
COLERIDGE, Sara, b. at Keswick,
1803, the only daughter of Samuel Taylor
Coleridge, and the inheritor of much of
his genius, d. 1852. She married her
cousin, Henry Nelson Coleridge, and
assisted him in . editing her father's
works. Her romance of " Phantaomion "
indicates the possession of a high degree
of imaginative power.
COLQUHOUN, James, b. 1780, son of
the celebrated writer Patrick Colquhoun,
m
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[com
was distinguished as a diplomatist and
writer on the civil law. D. 1855.
COLQUITT, Wamer T., b. in
Virginia, 1799, studied law in Georgia,
and practised with great success in the
courts of that state. He was elected
judge in 1826. In 1838 he was sent to
congress as a member of the house, and
in 1842 was elected United States sena-
tor. He supported the Polk administra-
tion, opposed the Wilmot proviso, and
took an active part in the Nashville con-
vention. D. in Macon, Ga., 1855.
COLT, Samuel, the inventor of the
revolver now universallv known, b. at
Hartford, Conn., 1814 ; d. 1862. In his
boyhood he had an aversion to the re-
straints of school, preferring the work-
shops of his father, who was a manufac-
turer of woollen, cotton, and silk goods;
and in his fourteenth year running away,
and shipping as a boy before the mast on
a ship bound for the East Indies. On
his return he passed through a brief
apprenticeship in his father's factory, in
the dyeing and bleaching department,
of which he acquired a knowledge of
practical chemistry. In his 18th year,
with a scanty education and a superfi-
cial knowledge of chemistry, he set forth
as a lecturer on that science, visiting
nearly all the chief places in the United
States and the British provinces, with a
success mainl}- attributable to his skill
as an experimenter. He first conceived
the idea of the great invention with which
his name is associated while at sea;
and the money acquired by his lectures
enabled him to improve the models he
had made. When 21 years of age he
took out his first patent for revolving
fire-arms, first in England and France,
and afterward in the United States. He
succeeded in organizing a company,
called the Patent Arms Company, for
the manufacture of his revolver, and the
business was proceeded with at Pat-
terson, N. J., in 18:35. All efforts to in-
duc©' the adoption of the invention by
the government were for a time unsuc-
cessful. It first came into favor with
officers of the army during the Florida
war, but the demand for it ceased at the
conclusion of Indian hostilities. The
Patterson company suspended in 1842,
and the manufacture of repeating fire-
arms was not resumed until after the
commencement of the INIexican war,
when General Taylor sought a supply.
Colt entered into a small contract with
the government, and having incorpo-
rated into his model improvements sug-
gested by experience, temporarily hired
an armory at Whitneyville, near New
Haven. Other orders followed, and he
then commenced business on his own
account at Hartford, on a scale which
grew until it attained gigantic propor-
tions. In 1852 he planned the erection
of the armory, which, before his death, had*
no equal in extent, or in respect of the
perfection of its machinery. This estab-
lishment was erected on a large tract
of meadow land, within the corporate
limits of Hartford ; a huge embankment
being constructed to keep out the floods
to which the land was periodically ex-
posed. Here he built an armory, ' with
accommodation for the manufacture of
1000 fire-arms per day; workshops for
the manufacture of machinery for making
these fire-arms elsewhere; warerooms,
offices, and numerous dwellings for his
employes. The total expenditure on the
grounds and buildings has been comput-
ed at upwards of $2,500,000. When his
invention had become tlioroughly known,
Mr. Colt visited Europe and entered into
large contracts with several European
governments, more particularly those of
Great Britain and Russia.
COLTON, Rev. Calvin, author of
the " Life and Times of Henry Clay," of
a work on political economy, and of
several political pamphlets. He was bf
at Longmeadow, Mass., 1812, and was
for some years pastor of a congregational
church, afterwards becoming an episco-
palian minister. In 1852 he was ap-
pointed a professor in Trinity college,
Hartford, Conn. At the time of his
death — which occurred in Savannah,
Ga., 1857 — he was editing a collection of
the speeches of Henry Clay. — Walter,
b. in Rutland, Vt., 1797; entered the
United States navy as chaplain, in
1830. On the breaking out of the Mexi-
can war be was detached from the frig-
ate Congress by Commodore Stockton,
and appointed alcalde of Monterey, in
California, to which office he was after-
wards elected by the people. He also
officiated as judge of admiralty during
the war. He was author of several
popular works, of which " Deck and
Port," and " Three Years in California,"
are still republished. D. 1851.
COMBE, Geokge, an eminent phre-
nologist and author, b. at Edinburgh,
1788 ; d. 1858. After pursuing his studies
at the high school and university of his
native city, he was articled to a lawyer,
and passed as Avriter to the signet in
1812. In 1816 he became a convert to
the views of Dr. Spurzheim, who was
then on a visit to Edinburgh, and in the
com]
CYCLOPiEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
39
course of three years had so familiarized
himself with the subject that he published
" Essays "on Phrenolog}^," which after-
wards expanded into his " System of
Phrenology " ; and in 1824 he founded the
" Phrenological Journal," as the means
of promulgating his views. In 1828 he
gave to the world his ablest work, " The
Constitution of Man," which excited the
liveliest controversy at the time of its
appearance, but the validity of the main
principles on which it is based has now
been generally recognized. During all
this period, and for some time afterwards,
Mr. C/ombe had followed his professional
pursuits; but in 1837 he addicted him-
self exclusively to literature, visited the
United States and Germany, and, though
himself in delicate health, devoted his
whole time to the promulgation of his
moral, social, and philosophical views, by
means of lectures and the press. Besides
publishing his "Notes on America," in
1841, his " Notes on the Reformation in
Germany," in 1846? " The Lite" of his
brother. Dr. Andrew Combe, and various
other works, Mr. Combe was a frequent
writer on monetary science ; and his con-
tributions to the " Scotsman " newspaper
on this and kindred subjects gave him
as high a rank as a political economist as
he had before enjoyed as a phrenologist
and philosopher.
COMER, Thomas, a musician and
actor, b. in Bath, England, 1790, made
his debut on the London stage in 1818.
In 1827 he came to this country, and for
two years resided in New York, where
he appeared successfully in English opera.
He then became musical director of the
Tremont theatre, in Boston ; and in that
city, connected from time to time with
various theatrical establishments, he con-
tinued to reside until his death. He
ranked high as a musical performer and
composer, and was much esteemed for his
social qualities. D. 1862.
COMONFOR T, Ygnacio, a Mexican
soldier and politician, b. 1812. Educated
in the Jesuit college of Puebla, he entered
the Mexican army in 18-32, and attached
himself to the liberal party, of which he
thenceforward was an active leader. He
was prefect and military governor of
Tlapa in 1834. In 1842 and 1846 he
was elected to the Mexican congress,
which was on both occasions summarily
dissolved by Santa Anna. In the revolu-
tion which followed, Comonfort played a
conspicuous part. He was dismissed
from office in 1853, on the return of Santa
Anna to power, and joined Alvarez in
the revolutionary movement, which, in
1855, drove Santa Anna from the country.
In December of that year, Comonfort
became provisional president, but en-
countered the hostility of the church
and conservative party, arrayed in insur-
rection. In the armed contests which
ensued, he was again and again suc-
cessful; and in Nov. 1857 he was pro-
claimed constitutional president. With-
in a month, his enemies triumphed; Gen.
Zuloaga was appointed provisional presi-
dent, and Comonfort was an exile, fleeing
for his life. He reached the United States
in safety, and soon proceeded to Europe.
In 1859 he returned to Mexico and joined
Juarez, by whom .he was made chief
commander of the Mexican troops on
the invasion of their countrj^ by the
French. In Nov. 1863 he was mur-
dered while on his way to San Louis
Potosi.
COMSTOCK, John Lee, b. m Con-
necticut 1789, a physician by profession,
was the compiler of numerous valuable
school-books. His "Natural Philos-
ophy " had a sale of 300,000 copies, and
was republished in England and in Ger-
many. L^. at Hartford, 1858.
COMTE. AuGusTE, the founder of the
system of " Positive Philosophy," b. at
Montpelier in 1795; d. 1857. He was
educated at Paris, in the polytechnic
school, where he distinguished himself by
his love of speculation, and his dissatisfac-
tion with the existing philosophic schools
and actual social condition of his country.
On leaving college he became acquainted
with the celebrated Saint-Simon, and
being attracted by his personal character,
and charmed by the originality of his
views, he joined the band of brilliant
disciples which the genius and ambition
of that distinguished social reformer
gathered around him. On the death of
its founder, in 1825, Comte deserted the
Saint-Simonian school, to found one of
his own ; and during the next 20 years
devoted himself to the elaboration of an
original system of scientific thought —
since known as the " Positive Philos-
ophy." The great text-book of his sys-
tem, entitled " Cours de Philosophic Posi-
tive," extending to six volumes, gradu-
ally appeared at intervals between the
years 1830 and 1842. During this time he
led a quiet, scientific life, as professor
of mathematics in the Ecole Polytech-
nique ; and almost immediately after the
conclusion of his great work publi^ed
two popular treatises connected with the
subject of his chair, one on analytical
geometry, the other on astronomy, both
of which were successful. In 1844 he
40
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[coo
issued an outline and defence of his
system in a single volume, entitled " Dis-
cours sur 1' Ensemble du Positivisme."
Whatever may be thought of the posi-
tive philosophy, either as to the perfec-
tion of the parts or as to its completeness
as a whole, it cannot be denied that to
Comte belongs the honor of being the
first who grasped the true principle for
the coordination of the sciences ; that, in
an age of vast speculative and scientific
activity, he first rose from the empirical
classification of facts to a genuine science
of principles. Even his assailants con-
cede that he possessed great general force
of intellect, rare speculative power, and
that he reaches the happiest generaliza-
tions in every branch of science he under-
takes to expound. A condensed trans-
lation of Comte's great work has been
published in England by Miss Martineau.
CONANT, Hannah Chaplin, a con-
tributor to American periodical literature,
authoress of a " Histor}' of English Bible
Translation," and translator from the
German of Neander's and other theologi-
cal works. She was the daughter of the
Rev. Jeremiah Chaplin, formerly presi-
dent of the Waterville college, Me., and
the wife of the Rev. Thomas J. Conant,
an Orientalist and biblical scholar. D.
1865.
CONDER, JosiAH, was b. in London,
1789, and at an early age manifested
literary taste and power. In 1814 he
became proprietor and editor of the
" Eclectic Review," which he conducted
successfully during 23 years. He com-
piled the "Modern Traveller," and in
1832 assumed the editorship of the " Pa-
triot" newspaper, then and long after-
ward the organ of the English congre-
gationalists. D. 1855.
CONE, Rev. Spencer H., D. D.,
originally an actor ; exchanged the mimic
stage for the editorship of a Baltimore
daily paper in 1811, and in 1823 be-
came pastor of a church in New York,
where he continued until his death, in
1855.
CONINGTON, Francis Thirkill,
author of a " Handbook of Chemical
Analysis," and scientific examiner in the
miiversity of Oxford, b. 1828; d. 1863.
CONRAD, Robert T., an American
writer, b. in Philadelphia, 1810, was ad-
mitted to the bar at an early age, and for
some years was connected editorially
with the newspaper press. He resumed
the practice of the law in 1834, and the
next year was appointed recorder of the
recorder's court, and subsequently judge
«if the court of sessions. While on the
bench he wrote the tragedy of " Aylmere "
for Mr. Edwin Forrest. After returning
to the bar he edited " Graham's Maga-
zine," wrote leading articles for the
"North American," and held the office
of mayor of Philadelphia. He published
a volume of poems in 1852. D. 1858.
CONYBEARE, William Daniel, an
English divine, dean of Llandaff, b. 1787»
was principally distinguished for his
attainments and researches in geology,
on which subject he contributed some
valuable papers. He d. 1857. — His son,
W. J. CoNYBEARE, was a prominent
clergyman ot the broad church party of
the English church, and wrote various
essays and sermons that attracted much
attention. D. 1857.
COOK, Henry F., a confederate
brigadier-general, b. in Mississippi ; killed
in Virginia, 1863. He served in the
Mexican war, and distinguished himself at
Monterey.
COO'KE, George Wingrove, an
English author and journalist, b. 1814.
He was the correspondent of the " London
Times " during the war with China which
resulted in the taking of Canton; and
distinguished himself by the conscien-
tious accuracy and literary finish of his
letters, which have been republished in a
collected form^ under the title, " China
and Lower Bengal." Of his other works,
the " History of Party " is best known.
D. 1865.
COOPER, James Fenimore, an
American novelist, b. 1789 in Burlington,
N. J. In his first year he was removed
with the family to Cooperstown, N. Y.,
where his father had been for some time
a large land-owner. At 13 he entered
Yale college, where he remained only
three years, leaving it to enter the United
States navy as a common sailor. He
was six years in the naval service, and
was promoted to the ranks of midship-
man and of lieutenant. In 1811 he
married and removed to Mamaroneck,
Westchester county, where he began his
career as an author by the publication of
a novel of English "life, entitled " Pre-
caution." It was not successful. Three
years afterwards the " Spy " appeared,
and established at once a reputation
which it was difficult to increase. After
an interval of two years, " The Pioneers "
followed, written, as he said, " exclusively
to please himself." It was not so stirring
as the " Spy," and not so popular, but it
has perhaps greater artistic merit. " The
Pilot " next brought itself into immediate
comparison and competition with Scott's
" Pirate," and not to Cooper's disadvan-
cou]
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
41
tage. The Edinburgh Review conceded
to him the empire of the sea. " Lionel
Lincoln " was less successful; but, after a
brief interval," The Last of the Mohicans "
more than regained for him the ground he
had lost. Next came the " Red Rover,"
the best of his sea - tales, and " The
Prairie," in 1828. About this time he
went to Europe with his family, and re-
mained till 1833. His residence there
gave rise to several publications for the
admonition and rebuke of his country-
men, which added nothing to his reputa-
tion, and materially damaged his home
popularity. For several years he was a
standing subject of ridicule and abuse
with the press, till he compelled it to
treat him with decency, by the most re-
markable series of suits for libel on record.
In the midst of these litigations he pro-
duced the "Pathfinder," one of his most
finished works. A series of tales founded
on the anti-rent troubles in the state of
New York succeeded, but failed to ex-
cite much interest. Between 1842 and
1850 he published no fewer than eleven
novels, which exhibit nt) decline of the
inventive faculty, or of constructive skill,
though none of "^them attained the popu-
larity of some of his earlier works. His
only historical production is a "Naval
History of the United States," which is
the best work on the subject, though it
lacks the interest which his pen imparted
to his fictions. Cooper was a fine-look-
ing man, with marked faults and noble
elements of character, prej udiced, haughty,
and overbearing, but generous, and never
intentionally unjust. His works have
been translated into several European
languages, and have become a permanent
portion of American literature. A beauti-
ful edition of them in 32 volumes, with
illustrations, has since been published in
New York. D. at Cooperstown, Sept.
14, 1851. — Edward S., an eminent
surgeon, professor and president of the
medical department of the university of
the Pacific, b. in Somerville county, 0.,
1821; d. in San Francisco, 1862. — James,
b. in Frederick county, Md., 1810; d.
1863. He was admitted to the Pennsyl-
vania bar in 1834; was elected a repre-
sentative in congress, from Pennsylvania,
in 1838, and reelected in 1840 ; in 1843 he
was elected to the state legislature, and
reelected in 1844, 1846, and 1848, serving
in 1847 as speaker; in 1848 he was ap-
pointed attorney-general of Pennsylvania,
and in 1849 was chosen a senator in con-
gress for the term of six years. During his
service in congress his health was feeble,
%nd on his return to Pennsylvania he
settled in Philadelphia. He subsequently
removed to Maryland, and on the out-
break of the civil war he was appointed
brigadier-general, and took command
of the Maryland volunteers. While in
command of Camp Chase, 0., he was
attacked with the illness which proved
fatal. — Bkansby, a distinguished Eng-
lish surgeon, nephew of Sir Astley
Cooper. B. 1792; d. 1853.
CORCORAN, Michael, who first
came into public notice as colonel of the
69th regiment of New York state militia,
was b. at Carrowkeel, Sligo county, Ire-
land, 1827. He came to the United
States in 1849. On the call for troops by
the federal government in April, 1861, he
took the field with his regiment, and was
engaged in the battle of Bull Run, where
he was wounded and taken prisoner. He
was imprisoned at Richmond, Charleston,
Columbia, and Salisbury, but, although
treated with uncommon harshness, he
rejected an offer for his liberation, tendered
with the condition that he should not
again take up arms against the seceded
states. In August, 1862, he was ex-
changed, and was immediately appointed
a brigadier-general of volunteers, his
commission dating from the battle of
Bull Run. He then applied himself to
the organization of an Irish legion, which
took part in the battles of the Nansemond
river, and Suffolk, in April, 1863, and
checked the advance of the enemy upon
Norfolk. In August, 1863, the 'legion
joined the army of the Potomac; and in
the following December General Corcoran
was killed by a fall from a horse.
CORR, M. Erin, the son of an ex-
patriated Irishman, b. at Brussels, 1803 ;
d. at Paris, 18G2. He was a member of
the royal academy of Belgium, and as
an engraver enjoyed a European reputa-
tion.
COTTENHAM, Charles Christo-
pher Pepys, earl of, lord high chancel-
lor of England from 1836 to 1841, and
again appointed in 1846. B. 1781 ; d. 1851.
He was of the family of the author
of the celebrated diary of the times of
Charles II.
COTTLE, Joseph, a bookseller whose
name is familiar in literature as that of
the early friend of Coleridge, and the
author of an interesting volume of rec-
ollections. B. 1774; d. 1853.
COUCH, Richard Quillar, an Eng-
lish surgeon and savant, b. in Cornwall,
1816 ; d. 1863. He cultivated a taste for
marine zoology, and conducted elaborate
observations on obscure points of natural
history ; and contributed papers on these
42
CTCLOPAJDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[CRI
subjects to scientific societies. He was
also a geologist, reporting largely on the
progress of geology in the mineral dis-
trict in which he pursued his profession.
His papers on the diseases and mortal-
ity of miners have been translated into
French.
COX, David, the greatest of the
English water-color landscape-painters,
d. 1859.
CRABB, Gkorge, an English bar-
rister and philologist, b. 1778, was a
teacher in his youth, and studied in
Germany. He graduated at Oxford at
the age of 43, and was 51 years old when
he was admitted to the bar. He wrote a
'• History of English Law." He is most
generally known by his treatise on
^English Synonyms." D. 1854.
CRANCH, William, an American
jurist, b. in Weymouth, Mass., 1769,
graduated at Harvard college, 1787,
and was admitted to the bar in 1790.
After practising for three years in the
courts of Massachusetts and New Hamp-
shire, he removed to the District of
Columbia, where he passed the re-
mainder of his life. In 1800 he was ap-
Eointed one of the commissioners of pub-
c buildings, and in 1801 was appointed,
by President Adams, one of the assistant
judges of the circuit court for the district,
of which court, in 1805, he was appointed
chief justice. He published nine volumes
of reports of the decisions of the United
States supreme court, and six volumes
of the decisions of his own court. He
ranked very high as a jurist and as a
man. D. 1855.
CRAVEN, Tunis Augustus Mac-
DONOUGH, commander United States
navy, b. in New Hampshire, entered the
service as midshipman in 1829, and
was for many years actively employed
in the coast survey. In Sept. 1861 he
was sent to Europe, in command of the
screw-sloop Tuscarora, to cruise for con-
federate privateers, and continued in this
service until the summer of 1863. Eai'ly
in the following year he was placed in
command of the Ericsson monitor Te-
cumseh, in which he served in the James
river. He was next ordered to join
Admiral Farragut, and was killed by the
explosion of the torpedo which destroyed
the Tecumseh while attempting the pas-
sage of the Mobile forts, Aug., 1864.
CRAWFORD, Thomas, an American
sculptor, was b. in New York, 1814. He
exhibited at an early age a remarkable
taste for art, in which he was encouraged
by his father, who caused him to be
thoroughly instructed in drawing and
carving, and in modelling in clay. In
1834 he went to Italy, and was at Rome
as a student, where he fortunately gained
admittance to the studio of Thorwald-
sen, and enjoyed his instruction and
friendship. In 1839, having previously
executed numerous busts and a few
original pieces, he designed his " Orphe-
us," now in the Boston athenaeum, the
work which first established his reputa-
tion. His studio in Rome soon became
a favorite resort of strangers. He was
very felicitous in modelling from life.
One of the most characteristic of his
works of this class is the bust of Josiah
Quincy, executed for the library of Har-
vard liniversity. Of his ideal busts, the
"Sappho" and "Vesta" are good ex-
amples. His scriptural compositions are
remarkable for the spirit and dignity of
their treatment. Among the noblest of
his works are his bronze statue of Beet-
hoven, in the Boston music hall, and the
bronze equestrian statue of Washington,
at the capitol in Richmond, Va. He suf-
fered for the last years of his life from a
malignant tumor or cancer of the eye,
which nearly deprived him of sight, and
caused him . to renounce his art entirely,
leaving many works unfinished. He
was removed to Paris, and afterwards
to London, for the benefit of medical
treatment, and d. in London, 1857, after
an intensely painful illness.
CREUZER, George Frederic, a
German philologist and antiquary, b.
1771 ; d. in Heidelberg, 1858. His liter-
ary fame rests chiefly on his " Sjinbolics
and Mythology of the Ancient Nations,"
published in 1840. He was the author
of several other works of great learning
and research.
CRIGHTON, Rev. Andreav, a Scottish
divine, many years editor of the " Edin-
burgh Advertiser." D. 1855.
CRITTENDEN, John J., a dis-
tinguished American statesman, b. in
Woodford county, Kentucky, 1786 ; d. at
Louisville, July 25, 1863. During the
war of 1812, he served as major under
General Hopkins in his expedition, and
was aide-de-camp to Governor Shelby at
the battle of the Thames. After adopting
the profession of law, he served a number
of years in the state legislature, and was
chosen speaker of the house ; he entered
congress as a member of the senate, from
Kentucky, in 1817, serving then but two
years. From 1819 to 1835 he continued
in the practice of his profession, residing
principally at Frankfort, and again occa-
sionallv representing his county in the
state legislature. In 1835 he was again
cus]
CYCLOPiGDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
43
elected to the United States senate, and
continued to serve in that body until
March, 1841, when he was appointed
attorney-general by President Harrison.
In Sept. 1841 he resigned, with the other
members of the cabinet, except Mr.
Webster, and retired to private life, from
which, however, he was soon called by
the legislature, to resume his seat in the
United States senate, in 1842. He was
also elected a senator for another term
of six years, from March, 1843, but, in
1848, having received the Whig nomina-
tion for governor of Kentucky, he re-
tired from the senate, and was elected
to that office, which he held until his ap-
pointment as attorney-general by Presi-
dent Fillmore. He was a fitlh time elected
to the United States senate in 1855, for
the term ending in 1861, and was, when
he retired, the oldest member of that
body. He also sat as a representative in
the 37th congress.
CROKER, John Wilson, a British
statesman and author, b. in Ireland, 1780,
was educated at Trinity college, Dublin,
and called to the Irish bar in 1802. In
1807 he entered parliament, where he held
a seat, with little intermission, till 1832,
and became a leading member on the
tory side. From 1809 to 1830 he was
secretary to the admiralty, and in 1828
he was sworn a privy councillor. From
his youth he devoted his leisure to litera-
ture, and displayed great ability, espe-
cially as a satirical writer. He was one
of the founders of the " Quarterly Re-
view," and a frequent contributor to its
columns. After the passage of the reform
bill, to which he was bitterly opposed,
he retired from public life, and was
known only as an author and reviewer.
His caustic political articles, and his
slashing literary criticisms, often dictated
by his prejudices, gained him many
enemies. He was himself severely criti-
cized by Macaulay and by D'lsraeli, upon
both of whom he retorted with all his
powers of sarcasm. D. 1857. — Thomas
Ckofton, an Irish author, b. in Cork,
1798; published collections of Irish
legends and songs, and contributed
frequently to " Fraser's," the " New
Monthly," and other magazines. D. in
London, 1854.
CROLY, George, a British clergy-
man and author, b. in Dublin, 1780, was
for many years rector of a parish in
London, and was an eloquent and im-
pressive preacher. Besides some interest-
ing works on professional subjects, his
writings comprise satires, h-rics, dramas,
tales, and critical articles of a high
72
character. His tragedy of "Catiline,"
published in 1822, though not produced
upon the stage, is an admirable specimen
of the unacted drama. His comedy of
'' Pride shall have a Fall " was played
with great success at Covent Garden
theatre in 1824. The most popular of
his tales is " Salathiel, " founded on the
legend of the Wandering Jew. He edited
the works of Pope and of Jeremy Taylor,
and made some valuable contributions to
historical and biographical literature. D.
1862.
CROWE, Rev. Frederick, b. in
Belgium; d. in New York, 1858. He
labored for 13 years in the dissemination
of the scriptures in Spanish America, and
was the author of a valuable historical
work on Central America.
CROWELL, William, D. D., b. at
Hudson, N. Y., 1804, was an accomplished
clergyman of the episcopal church, and
wrote some lyrical poems of much beauty
in commemoration of the church observ- .
ances. He was a rector, successively, of
Christchurch, Boston; of St. Peter's, at
Auburn, N. Y. ; and of the church of the
Advent, in Boston. D. 1851.
CROWNINSHIELD, Benjamin W.,
made secretary of the navy under Presi-
dent Madison in 1814 ; resigned in 1818.
He was a merchant of Salem, Mass., and
represented that district in congress from
1823 tiU 1831. D. in 1851, aged 77.
CUBITT, Sir William, a civil engi-
neer, for many years connected with
great public works in England, b. 1785 ;
d. 1861. He was knighted for his services
in superintending the construction of the
Crystal Palace, in London, in 1851.
CUNNINGHAM, Rev. J. W., an Eng-
lish poet and theologian, author of " A
World without Souls," b. 1780; d, 1861.
CURRY, Otway, lawyer, editor, and
poet, b. 1803; d. in Marysville, O., 1855.
CURTIS, Dr. Thomas, editor of the
"Encyclopaedia Metropolitana," and the
"London Encyclopaedia," b. 1788; d.
1859. He was one of the victims of the
burning of the steamer North Carolina,
in Chesapeake Bay, being at the time a
resident of Limestone Springs, S. C. —
Edward, a lawyer and politician, b. in
Vermont; d. in New York, 1856. He
was representative in congress from 1837
to 1841, and was appointed collector of
New York by President Harrison. He
was an intimate friend of Daniel Web-
ster.
CUSTIS, George Washington
Parke, the adopted son of George
Washington, b. in Maryland, 1781, was
brought up at Mount Vernon, and re-
44
CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[DAL
mained a member of Washington's family
until 1802, when he went to reside at
Arlington, an estate of 1000 acres in the
neighborhood of Washington. He erect-
ed the mansion known as Arlington
house, and devoted his life to literary and
agricultural pursuits. His father, John
Parke Custis, from whom he inherited
his estate, was a son of Mrs. Washington
by her first husband, and an aide-de-
camp to General Washington at the siege
of Yorktown. D. at Arlington house,
1857.
CZARTORISKI, Adam Jeezy, a
Polish patriot, b. 1770, was sent to St.
Petersburg, in 1795, as a hostage for the
fidelity of his family, and there became
intimate with the grand duke Alexan-
der, afterwards emperor, through whose
influence he was employed in the di-
plomatic service of the Russian govern-
ment, — a position in which he was en-
abled for many years to benefit his
native country. He left the service of
the emperor on the creation of the duchy
of Warsaw, in 1807, and lived in retire-
ment till 1813, when he was appointed
by Alexander senator palatine of the
new kingdom of Poland, in which capa-
city he was the advocate of liberal
ideas. On the outbreak of the revolu-
tion, in 1830, he was called to preside
over the provisional government ; and he
convoked the diet which proclaimed the
independence of Poland in 1831, and
made him president of the national gov-
ernment. He resigned this dignity to
serve as a private soldier in the ranks of
the army; and after the fall of Warsaw,
(Sept. 1831,) he shared the fate of the
Polish emigration in France. He was
excluded from the amnesty, and his
estates in the Russian Polish provinces
were confiscated. In 1848 he issued a
proclamation calling upon the represent-
atives of Germany and France to unite
for the restoration of Poland. He re-
tained his estates in the Austrian Polish
provinces ; and being the choice of the
monarchical party in the Polish emigra-
tion, he sustained his position by a munifi-
cence which made his hotel in Paris a
place of refuge for his sufi"ering com-
patriots. D. 1860.
D.
DACRES, James Richard, a vice-
admiral of the British navy. He com-
manded the Guerri^re in her action with
the United States ship Constitution in
1812. For the surrender of his ship he
was tried by a court-martial, but was
honorably acquitted. D. 1853.
DAGGETT, David, b. in Massachu-
setts, 1764; was admitted to the bar in
New Haven, Conn., in 1786. He acquired
an expensive practice, was chosen to the
legislature several times, and in 1813
was elected to the United States senate,
where he served one term, at the close
of which he resumed the duties of his
profession m his adopted state. In 1826
he was chosen judge of the supreme
court, and in 1832 was made chief jus-
tice of the Connecticut supreme court,
retiring, by limitation of age, in 1834.
He was an accomplished lawyer, and a
man of great ability. D. 1851.
DAGUERRE, Louis J. M., inventor
of the daguerrotype, was b. af Cor-
meille, France, 1789. He commenced his
career as a scene-painter in Paris, and,
while engaged in painting panoramas,
conceived the idea of brightening the
effect of such views by throwing colored
lights and shadows upon them, so as to
represent the various changes of the day
and season. This invention, called the
diorama, was perfected in 1822, and for
many years Daguerre was employed in
preparing pictures for exhibition. In
1838 he succeeded in fixing upon me-
tallic plates distinct impressions of the
images thrown upon them by the lens of
the camera, a process on which, in con-
nection with Niepce, he had been expneri-
menting for many years. This invention,
now known as the daguerrotype, was
annoimced in 1839, and excited a pro-
found interest. Daguerre was made an
officer of the legion of honor, and an
annuity of 6000 francs was bestowed
upon him on condition that his process
should be made public. To the end of
his life he continued to labor in the im-
provement of his invention, and left two
works on the subject. He d. in 1851.
DAHL, JoHAN Christian Clausen, a
celebrated Norwegian landscape-painter,
b. 1788; d. in Dresden, 1857.
DALHOUSIE, James Andrew
Brown Ramsay, Marquis of, b. 1812.
He was governor-general of India during
the last Sikh war, and to his policy
Britain owes the annexation of the
Punjaub, of Pegu, Bezar, Nagpore, and
day]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
45
Oude. He returned to England in shat-
tered health in 1856, and d. 1860.
DANBY, Francis, one of the finest of
English historical painters, b. 1793; d.
1861.
DANDOLO, Count Emilio, an Italian
patriot, soldier, and man of letters, d.
in Milan, 1859. He published travels in
Egypt, in Soudan, and in Palestine.
DANIEL, Peter Vail, b. in Stafford
county, Va., 1785, studied law at Rich-
mond, and was admitted to the bar in 1808.
He was twice chosen a member of the
house of delegates, and trom 1812 to
1835 held the office of privy councillor,
being a portion of the time lieutenant-
governor and ex officio president of the
council. In 1836 he was appointed
judge of the federal district court, and in
1841 was made a judge of the supreme
court of the United States. D. 1860.
DANIELS, John M., a native of Vir-
ginia, proprietor and editor of the " Rich-
mond Examiner," and one of the most
pungent and vigorous writers in the
South. He was minister to Sardinia
under Presidents Pierce and Buchanan.
D. 1865.
DARBY, William, a geographer and
statistician, b. in Pennsylvania, 1775; d.
in Washington, 1854.
DARLINGTON, William, a learned
American botanist, b. in Chester county,
Penn., 1782; d. 1863. He wrote largely
on botany and kindred subjects, and
his devotion to science received a grate-
ful recognition from naturalists and
scientific societies in the United States
and in Europe. Apart from science, he
was an active and a sagacious man of
business, and filled many positions of
trust and emolument in his native state.
DAVID, Pierre Jean, a French
sculptor, commonly called David d' An-
gers, b. in Angers, 1789, was a pupil,
though not a relative, of the famous
painter of the same name. In 1811 he
gained the first prize for sculpture from
the academy of the fine arts, and with it
a pension enabling him to finish his edu-
cation in Italy. After passing five years
at Rome he visited London ; and on his
return to Paris established his reputation
by his statue of Cond^, which is now at
Versailles. His subsequent works, which
are very numerous and widely distrib-
uted, embrace a great variety of sub-
jects, including medals, busts, and stat-
ues of celebrities of all countries. The
mausoleum of Bozzaris, at Missolonghi,
presented by him as a token of his sym-
pathy with the (Jrecian struggles for in-
dependence, is one of his best productions.
He was an ardent republican in politics,
and represented the people of his native
department in the constituent assembly
of 1848. After the coup d'etat of Louis
Napoleon he was proscribed, and spent
three years in exile, during which time
he visited Greece. He d. at Paris, 1856,
and his funeral was attended by a large
crowd of eminent men.
DA VIES, Griffith, b. in Wales, 1788,
acquired a high reputation as an actuary.
D. in London, 1855.
DAVIS, John W., commissioner to
China under President Polk, and gov-
ernor of Oregon under President Pierce,
was b. 1799. He sat in the house of
representatives of Indiana several years,
and as a member of congress from that
state from 1835 to 1837, from 1839 to
1841,. and from 1843 to 1847. Dur-
ing the last term he was speaker of the
house. D. 1859. — John, was b. in North-
borough, Mass., 1787, and graduated at
Yale college in 1812. He entered the
profession of law, and established himself
in its practice at Worcester, Mass. He
was distinguished in early life as an
active and zealous member of the federal
party. Upon the breaking up of old
party lines, during the presidency of
Monroe, he became a member oC the
national republican party. By this party
he was elected a representative to con-
gress in 1825, and, by successive reelec-
tions, held the office until 1834. Here he
distinguished himself by his familiarity
with financial and commercial questions,
and took part in the tariff debate of 1828.
In 1833 he was the candidate of the
national republican party for governor of
Massachusetts, and was elected by the
legislature, — Hon. J. Q. Adams and Hon.
Marcus Morton being the opposing can-
didates. In 1834 he was elected gov-
ernor by a majority of about 17,000. In
1835 he succeeded the Hon. Nathaniel
Silsbee as United States senator. In
1840 he was again elected governor by
a large majority, and was reelected the
following year. In 1845 he was elected
by the legislature to fill the vacancy made
in the United States senate by the death
of Hon. Isaac C. Bates, and remained in
that body until 1853, when he declined a
reelection. Upon news of his death, the
legislature of Massachusetts, which was
in session, adopted resolutions in honor
of his memory and of his great public
services, and a committee attended the
funeral services at his burial. D. 1854.
DAY, Thomas, son of Rev. Jeremiah
Day, was b. at Washington, Conn.,
1777, graduated at Yale college, and in
46
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[del
1799 was admitted to the practice of the
law in Hartford, where he resided until
his death in 1855. He was twice elected
secretary of the state of Connecticut, and
for a series of years was associate judge,
and then judge of the Hartford county
court. From 1805 to 1853 he reported
the decisions of the supreme court of the
state, and also edited several English law
works.
DAYTON, William L., b. in Somer-
set county, N. J., 1807, graduated at
Princeton college in 1825, was admitted
to the bar in 1830, and, after serving a
term in the state senate, was appointed a
justice of the superior court of the state.
He sat in the senate of the United States
from 1812 to 1851; and from 1857 to
1861 he was attorney-general of New
Jersey. President Lincoln appointed him
minister to France, and he d. in Paris,
1864.
DEARBORN, Henry A. S., b. in New
Hampshire, 1783, was educated to the
bar, and was made collector of the port
of Boston, Mass., by Madison, and held
the office till 1829. Near the commence-
ment of the war of 1812 he was brigadier
of the militia, and had command of the
troops in Boston harbor. He held several
elective places of trust under the state
government, and represented the Norfolk
district in congress ti'om 1831 to 1833.
He was passionately fond of horticulture
and agriculture, and interested himself in
the establishment of rural cemeteries,
Avriting much on all these subjects. He
was the author of a work on the com-
merce of the Black Sea, a biography
of Commodore Bainbridge, and one of
his father, General H. Dearborn, em-
bodying his journals of the revolutionary
war. D. 1851.
DE BIELKE, Rodolph, an eminent
Danish diplomatist; d. 1858.
DECAMPS, Alexandre Gabriel,
one of the most celebrated painters of the
modern French school, b. 1803; d. in
Paris, 1860.
DEHAVEN, Edwin J., commander
of the Grinnell expedition to the arctic
regions, b. in Pennsylvania, in 1819,
entered the United States navy as a mid-
shipman in 1829, and passed his examina-
tion in 1835. He served in the Wilkes'
exploring expedition to the antarctic
regions, 1839 to 1842 ; and for his gallantry
and skill on trying occasions was pro-
moted to a lieutenancy. From 1843 to
1848 he was on duty in the Mediter-
ranean, the Pacific, and the Gulf of Mex-
ico. During the next 18 months he
was attached to the Washington observa-
tory, where his scientific attainments
found scope in the construction of the
ocean charts, with which Maurj^'s name
has been more especially connected. He
was selected to command the first expe-
dition, fitted out at the expense of Mr.
Henrv Grinnell, to search for Sir John
Franklin, and sailed from New York in
May, 1850, with two brigs, the Advance,
of 140, and the Rescue, of 90 tons ; and
the published narrative of the cruise is
amongst the most interesting contribu-
tions to the records of arctic observation
and adventure. The expedition was ab-
sent 16 months, and soon after its return
Lieutenant Dehaven was placed in com-
mand of the schooner Arago, and' em-
ployed in the coast survey of the Gulf
of Mexico. In 1857 the effects of the
arctic snows upon his vision assumed a
form which obliged him to retire from
active duty, and from that period until
his death he remained on the retired list.
D. 1865.
DE LA BECHE, Sir Henry
Thomas, a geologist, and founder of the
London museum of practical geology.
D. 1855.
DELACROIX, Ferdinand Victor
Eugene, a French painter, and the ad-
mitted chief of the romantic school, was
b. near Paris in 1798. He received a
liberal education, and at the age of 18
entered the atelier of the classic painter
Pierre Guerin, who had already for pu-
pils Gericault and Ary Scheffer. These
pupils abandoned the traditions of their
instructor, and became declared parti-
sans of the romantic school. His princi-
pal pictures are " The Massacre of Scio,"
" Dante and Virgil in the Inferno," " Al-
gerine Women," " The Jewish Wed-
ding." The artistic merits of Delacroix
are a subject of controversy; but though
not likely permanently to hold the high
rank his admirers claim for him, he un-
doubtedly possessed superior power, and
his influence upon contemporary French
art was great, and in many respects
beneficial. D. 1863.
DELANCEY, Right Rev. William
H., protestant bishop of the diocese of
western New York, b. in Westchester
county, N. Y^, 1797; d. 1865. He grad-
uated at Y^ale college in 1817, was or-
dained in 1820, and was elected bishop
in 1838.
DELANE, William Frederick
Augustus, for many years manager of
the " London Times " newspaper, b.
1793; d. 1857.
DE LA ROCHE, Paul, one of the
most distinguished painters of the modem
dil]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
47
French school, was a successful teacher
of the art, and at one time his studio was
the most frequented of any in Paris.
Among his most celebrated pictures are
"The Children of Edward," and "The
Death of Queen Elizabeth," both of
which are in the Luxembourg gallery.
For the last 19 years of his life he de-
clined to exhibit his pictures, and lived in
entire seclusion. D. 1856, in his 60th year.
DEMBINSKI, Henki, a Polish pa-
triot and soldier, and commander-in-
chief under KoHsuth in Hungary, b. in
the palatinate of Cracow in 1784; d. in
exile, in Paris, 1864.
DEMPSTER, John, D. D., one of the
founders and professors of the Biblical
institute at Concord, N. H., and of a sim-
ilar institution at Evanston, III. J3. in
Florida, N. Y., 1794; d. 1863.
DENMAN, Thomas, Lord, b. in Lon-
don, 1779, was chief justice of the king's
bench from 1832 to 1850, performing the
frmctions of the high office with rare in-
dependence of character. As a politician,
prior to his elevation to the bench, he was
a consistent advocate of popular rights as
understood by the party of whom Brough-
am was the recognized leader. D. 1854.
DENNISTOUN, James, an historical
writer and amateur of art, distinguished
by his acquaintance with the history and
^literature of Scotland. D. 1855.
DE QUINCEY, Thomas, b. in 1785,
was educated at the Manchester grammar
school and the university of Oxford. In
early youth he became an opium-eater,
and by this habit ruined his fortune and
impaired an intellect which \yould, in all
probability, have secured for him a more
enduring reputation than that which he
has achieved by desultory contributions
to periodical literature. From straitened
circumstances he began, when about 40
years of age, to contribute to the " Lon-
don Magazine " his " Confessions of an
Opium-eater," a work remarkable for ex-
uberant although ill-regulated imagina-
tion, and still more so for an excessive
self-contemplation and minute analysis
of his own mental condition and feelings,
— characteristics clearly traceable to the
habit in which he indulged. He con-
tinued thenceforth to work at a great
variety of subjects. In 1832 he went to
Scotland, and there lived, not only ad-
mired but esteemed by the few who were
admitted to his society, till his death,
which took place at Edinburgh, 1859.
His essays have been republished by a
Boston firm, and have won a more ex-
tended appreciation in the United States
than they ever enjoyed in Britain.
DERBISHIRE, Stewart, one of the
earliest of the class of writers whom, the
"war correspondence" of recent years
has multiplied indefinitely. Starting in
life an officer in the British army, and
afterward practising as a barrister in
London, he went to Spain, at the com-
mencement of the constitutional war, as
the correspondent of a London journal.
Besides acquitting himself well as a ready
and graphic writer, he distinguished him-
self by bravery as a volunteer in sevenil
hotly contested engagements, eliciting
honorable mention by both Spanish and
English commanders. The mission of
the earl of Durham to Canada brought
Mr. Derbishire to that province, where he
rendered essential service to the cause
of liberal government. He finally re-
ceived the appointment of " Queen's
Printer " in the province, an easy and
lucrative position, which he held until his
death, in 1863.
DE ROS, John Frederick Fitz-
gerald, a British rear-admiral, author
of "Travels in the United States," b.
1804: d. 1861.
DESPRETZ, Cesar Mansu^te, a
French scientific author, b. at Lessin^s,
1789 ; d. at Paris, 1863. His early studies
were confined to chemistry, of which he
was the teacher at the polytechnic school ;
but he subsequently applied himself to
physical science, and more especially to
investigations relating to the phenomena
of heat and its effect in changing the
forms and conditions of different bodies.
He was elected to the academy of sciences
as the successor of Savart; and was a
member of the institute of France, and
professor of physics to the faculty of
sciences. He published a " Treatise on
Chemistry," and a " Treatise on Element-
ary Physics," in addition to many con-
tributions to scientific journals.
DEVRIENT, Wilhelmina Schroe-
DER, a singer and actress, famous in the
German theatres, b. 1805; d. 1860.
DE WOLF, John, formerly professor
of chemistrv in Brown university, Provi-
dence, R. L, b. 1786 ; d. 1862.
DICK, Thomas, D. D., a Scottish
theologian, author of the " Christian
Philosopher," and other works, b. 1773:
d. 1857.
DICKERSON, Mahlon, b. in New
Jersey, 1770, was successively judge of
the supreme court of that state, governor,
and United States senator. He joined
the cabinet of President Jackson iii 1834,
as secretary of the navy, and retained the
position until 1838. D. 1853.
DILLWYN, L. W., a Welsh naturalist,
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[dow
and the reputed father of English botany,
b. 1778; d. 1855.
DOD, Charles Roger, a London
journalist, and the originator of the " Par-
liamentary Companion," and works re-
lating to the peerage, baronetage, and
knightage of Great Britain. B. 1793 ; d.
3855.
DOHENY, Michael, a member of
the " Young Ireland" party in 1848, and
one of the many orators of whom that
party then could boast, d. in Brooklyn,
N. Y., 1862. On his arrival in this coun-
try he applied himself to the practice of
the law, and for a time was also con-
nected with journalism in New York.
DONALDSON, John William, D.D.,
b. 1812, was educated in the London uni-
versity, and graduated at Cambridge,
where his classical acquirements gained
him distinction. Within live years after
taking his degreeJie published his " New
Cratylus," the first of a series of works
which raised him to high eminence in the
science of philology. After holding for a
short time a fellowship at Trinity college,
he became master of King Edward's
school, in the town of Bury St. Ed-
mund's. Several years later he re-
signed this post, and devoted himself al-
together to scholarship and biblical criti-
cism, in both of which he exhibited the
highest powers, while the peculiar views
which in both he enunciated were met
by much controversy. As a grammarian
and linguist his reputation is unques-
tioned; his theological works, especially
"Jashar," written in Latin, incurred
severe condemnation from many who
appreciated his great learning. He
next undertook the compilation of a
Greek lexicon; but his strength failed
under incessant exertion, and he d. in
1861.
D'ORSAY, Count, a leader of Eu-
ropean fashion, and also an accomplished
painter and sculptor, b. 1798 ; d. in Paris,
1852.
DOST MOHAMMED, Khan, emir of
Cabul, b. 1785 ; d. 1863.
DOTY, James Duane, governor of
Utah, b. m New York, 1799; d. at Salt
Lake city, 1865. He removed to the
yVest in early life, and was appointed
district judge of the then Northwest
territory. Subsequently, he represented
Wisconsin as a delegate in congress, and
also tilled the gubernatorial chair of that
territory prior to its admission as a state.
He went to Utah, in 1861, as superin-
tendent of Indian affairs, and two years
later was appointed to the office he held
at the time of his death.
DOUGLAS, Stephen Arnold, an
American statesman, b. at Brandon, Vt.,
1813. He lost his father while an infant,
and his mother being left in destitute
circumstances, he entered a cabinet shop
at Middlebury, in his native state, for the
purpose of learning the trade. After
remaining there for several months, he
returned to Brandon, where he continued
for a year at the same calling, but his
health obliged him to abandon it, and he
became a studeirt in the academy. His
mother having married a second time, he
followed her to Canandaigua. in the state
of New York. Here he pursued the study
of the law until his removal to Cleve-
land, O., in 1831. From Cleveland he
went still farther west, and finally settled
in Jacksonville, 111. He was at first
employed as clerk to an auctioneer, and
afterwards kept school, devoting all the
time he could spare to the study of the
law. In 1834 he was admitted to "the bar-
soon obtained a lucrative practice, and
was elected attorney-general of the state.
In 1837 he was appointed by President
Van Buren register of the land-office, at
Springfield, 111. He afterwards practised
his profession, and. m 1840, was elected
secretary of state, and the following
year judge of the supreme court. Ibis
ofiice he resigned, after sitting upon the
bench for two years, in consequence of •
ill health. In" 1843 he was elected to
congress, and continued a member of the
lower house for four years. In 1847 he
was elected to the senate of the United
States, where he distinguished himself as
a debater. He was chairman of the com-
mittee on territories, and having adopted
the doctrine of " squatter sovereignty,"
took a prominent part, in the angry con-
tests respecting slavery in the territories,
which preceded the secession movement.
In 1860 .he was nominated to the presi-
dency by a section of the democratic party,
but was defeated. He d. June 3, 1861. —
Sir Hovpard, a general in the British
service, author of an essay " On the Con-
struction of Military Bridges," and "A
Treatise on Naval Gunnery," b. in
Hampshire. 1776; d. 1861. From 1823
to 1829 he was governor of New Bruns-
wick, and was equally eminent as a
soldier, a politician, and a man of sci-
ence.
DOWNES, John, commodore United
States navy, b. in Canton, Mass., 1785,
entered the navy in 3802, and was in
active service diu-ing the war of 1812.
He was a lieutenant on board the Essex,
with Commodore Porter, in his conflict
at Valparaiso, in 1814, with two British
DUP]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
49
vessels, the frigate Phoebe and the sloop-
of-war Cherub. In 1817-18 he com-
manded the Macedonian and other ships
in the Pacific, when Lord Cochran com-
manded the Chilian fleet. In 1831 he
commanded the frigate Potomac, and
bombarded the town of Quallah Battoo,
on the coast of Sumatra, in reprisal for
injuries done to American seamen by
Malay pirates. His sea-service covered a
period exceeding 24 years. D. 1854.
DRAKE, Daniel, M. D., author of a
work on the diseases of the Valley of
North America, and otherwise eminent
in the annals of western medicine. B.
1785 ; d. in Cincinnati, 1852.
DRUMMOND, Sir Gordon, a British
officer, who saw much service in the
American war of 1812, and commanded
in the action near the falls of Niagara,
where he was severely wounded. D.
1854, aged 83.
DUFOUR, Leon, a French naturalist,
and a voluminous contributor to the lit-
erature of natural science. His micro-
scopic examinations of the insect world
gained for him especial distinction, and
furnished material for an extended series
of papers from his pen. B. 1780; d.
1865.
DUGGAN, Peter Paul, an American
artist, b. in New York, and for some
years a resident of London. D. in Paris,
18^1.
DUMERIL, Andre Marie Con-
stant, a French naturalist, and author
of works on natural history. B. 1774;
d. in Paris, 1860.
DUNBAR, George, author of a Greek
lexicon, and professor of Greek in the
universitv of Edinburgh. B. 1774; d.
1851.
DUNCAN, Johnson K., brigadier-
general in the confederate service, d.
1863. He entered West Point from
Pennsylvania in 1845. and served in the
United States artillery until 1855, when
he resigned. In 1861 he joined the con-
federate cause with a colonel's commis-
sion, but rose to a brigadier-generalship,
and was in command at forts Jackson
and St. Philip when they were bombard-
ed by United States vessels. — Philip
BuRY^, an English miscellaneous writer,
and for many years keeper of the Ashmo-
lean museum at Oxford, in which posi-
tion he labored successfully, and with
rare unselfishness, to promote the study
of natural science. B. 1772; d. 1863.
DUNDAS, Sir James W. Deans,
admiral in the British service, and in 1852
commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean
and Black Sea fleet. B. 1786 ; d. 1862.
— Sir Richard Saunders, a British
vice-admiral, b. 1802; d. 1861. In 1855
he was commander-in-chief of the Baltic
fleet, and in that capacity attacked and
captured Sweaborg.
DUNDONALD, Thomas Cochrane,
earl of, was b. 1775, and entered the
British navy at an early age. Ability
and courage, displayed on many occa-
sions, earned for him brilliant honors;
but of these he was summarily stripped
by the admiralty, on a false charge of
having, in 1814. spread a report that
Napoleon had fallen, in order to influence
the funds. It was not until 1847 that
he was reinstated in his rank in the
British service. D. 1860.
DUPONT, (De l'Eure.) Jacques
Charles, chief of the provisional govern-
ment of France in 1848, was b. in the
department of Eux, 1767. He was called
to Paris on the occurrence of the revolu-
tion of 1830, when he became minister
of justice. The reaction under Louis
Philippe deprived him of this position,
and he then identified himself with the
opposition in the chamber of representa-
tives. After the revolution of h ebruary,
1848, he was proposed by Lamartine as
head of the government, and was uni-
versally approved in that capacity. D.
1855. — Samuel Francis, rear-admiral
United States navv, was b. at Bergen,
N. J., 1803. In 1815 he was commis-
sioned midshipman, and two years after-
ward made his first cruise in the Frank-
lin, under Commodore Stewart. In 1836,
having attained to the grade of lieuten-
ant, he was placed in command of
the Warren, which was at the time at-
tached to the squadron in the West
Indies. When the Mexican war broke
out, he was commander of the frigate
Congress, in which capacity, and as com-
mander of the sloop of war Cyane, he
distinguished himself on several occa-
sions off" the California coast. He was
promoted to a captaincy in 1856, and in
1857-58 he commanded the steam-frigate
Minnesota in the China waters. Early in
1861 he was placed in command of" the
Philadelphia navy yard, but was soon
after summoned to more active duties.
As commander of the South Atlantic
blockading squadron, he conducted the
naval attack upon Port Royal, defeating
the rebel fleet under Tatnall, securing
possession of fort Walker, and reestablish-
ing national authority at that important
point. The brilliancy and success of his
attack upon fortifications of great strength
aroused the world to a sense of the naval
power of the republic, and called forth
50
CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGKAPHT.
[ell
the formal thanks of congress. In March,
1862, he undertook an expedition against
Fernandina, Flor., which he captured
with the assistance of a land force. In
the following August he was made rear-
admiral. He made an unsuccessful
attack on Charleston in April, 1863,
and then arrived at the conclusion —
sustained by subsequent experience — as
to the insufficiency of a purely naval
attack upon that city. Two months later
he was relieved from duty, and thence-
forward he remained " awaiting orders "
until his death, which occurred in
June, 1865. His reputation was that of a
brave and chivalrous sailor.
DUYCKINCK, George Long, a New
York litterateur, b. 1822; d. 1863. He
was one of the editors of " The Literarv
World" from 1848 to 1853; and of the
"Cyclopaedia of American Literature."
His separate publications include biogra-
phies of George Herbert, Bishop Ken,
Latimer, and Jeremy Taylor.
DVV ARRIS, Siu FoRTUJSATUs, known
to lawyers by his treatise on " Statutes,
their Rules of Construction, and the Proper
Boundaries of Legislation and Judicial
Interpretation." B. 1787; d. 1860.
DWIGIIT, Rev. Harrisou Gray
Otis, an American missionary, who la-
bored nearly 30 years at Constantinople,
b. in Conway, Mass., 1803; killed by an
accident on the Northern Vermont rail-
road, 1862. He was the author of " Chris-
tianity brought Home from the East,"
and other works. — Mary Anke, author-
ess of a work on Grecian and Roman
mythology, and editor of an abridg-
ment of Lange's " History of Painting."
B. in Northampton, Mass., 1806 ; d. in
Morrisania, N. Y., 1858.
E.
EGERTON, Francis, earl of Elles-
mere, b. 1800; d. 1857. He adorned
his rank by a taste for literature and a
liberal patronage of the tine arts, and
published poems and sketches of travel.
EGG, Augustus Leopold, a painter,
b. in London in 1810, exhibited at the
academy in 1838, and ten yeare afterward
was elected an associate. He was an
admirable illustrator of Shakspeare and
Le Sage, to some of whose lighter fancies
he has given a charm beyond the reach
of written description. Among his chief
works are"Le Diable Boiteux," "The
Victim," "Gil Bias exchanging Rings
with Camilla," "Katharine and Petru-
chio," and " Buckingham rebuffed." A
more important work is " Peter the Great
seeing Catherine for the first time " ; a
picture which the artist excelled by two
other works of a more recent date ; one,
"The Life and Death of Buckingham,"
the other a " Triology," without a title.
D. 1863.
EGLINTON, Archibald William
Montgomerie, earl of, known in connec-
tion with the revival on his estate in
Scotland, on a scale of great magnifi-
cence, of the tournament of the middle
ages. B. 1812; d. 1861.
ELCHINGEN, Due D', the younger
son of Marshal Ney, and the inheritor of
his father's title, d. at Gallipoli, on his
way to take a command in the East,
1854.
ELGIN and KINCARDINE, the earl
[ of, b. 1811, was the representative in the
male line of the Scottish house of Bruce,
and the son of the nobleman who enriched
the art treasures of England by his collec-
tion of sculpture, generally known as
the "Elgin marbles." In 1842 he was
appointed governor of Jamaica, where he
remained until 1846, when he was trans-
ferred to Canada as governor-general.
In 1857 he went to China as ambassador
extraoixlinarv, and after arranging se-
rious difficulties between the European
and native population, procured a treaty
which gave Britain freer access to China
than had been enjoyed before. Viola-
tions of the treaty led to his return to the
East, where he d. 1863.
ELLET, Charles, an American engi-
neer, author of a pamphlet on " Coast
and Harbor Defences," and many other
papers relating to professional subjects,
was b. at Penn's 5lanor, on the Dela-
ware, 1810. Amongst the works con-
structed under his direction are the
suspension bridge across the Schuylkill,
at Fairraount ; the first supension bridge
across the Niagara; and the first at
Wheeling, Va. He was engaged on the
Baltimore and Ohio and the Readirg
railroads, and other important enterprises.
Being at Washington when the civil war
commenced, he prepared a plan for the
use of steam - vessels as rams in naval
warfare, but the navy department declined
his propositions. Ihey were, however,
entertained by the secretary of war; and
emb]
CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
51
Mr. Ellet, having been commissioned as
colonel of engmeers, in a short time con-
verted several light-draught river steam-
ers into rams, by building bulk-heads of
heavy timbers around their machinery,
and by strengthening their bows with
timbers internally, and a sheating of iron
bars externally. VVith this fleet he bore a
gallant part in the naval battle off Mem-
phis, June 4, 186'2, disabling aiid sinking
several of the enemy's vessels. In the
midst of the conflict he was struck by a
musket-ball above the knee, and d.*^ at
Cairo, June 21. — Charles Rivers, son
of the preceding, b. in Philadelphia, 1841 ;
d. 1863. When the civil war commenced
he was studying for the medical profes-
sion, but accompanied his father to the
west in the spring of 1862, and com-
manded one of the rams at the action off"
Memphis. After his father's death, he
was placed in command of the Mississippi
marine brigade, and distinguished him-
self by many dashing exploits with the
ram Queen of the West, rendering essen-
tial service to General Grant during and
after the siege of Vicksburg. His death
was occasioned by exposure to the noxious
miasma of the river.
ELLIOT, William, a South Carolina
poet, author of " Fiasco," a tragedy, b.
1789; d. 1863. He was senator in the
state legislature in 1832, but resigned
when instructed by his constituents to
vote for the nullification of the tariff
law. When the movement for secession
began, he opposed it unflinchingly in a
series of letters over the signature
" Agricola." He was a frequent contrib-
utor to the southern press on agricul-
tural and sporting topics. — Sir Henry
Miles, author of a " Bibliographical
Index to the Historians of Mohammedan
India, and a Glossary." B. 1809 ; d. 1854.
ELLIS, John Willis, governor of
North Carolina, and one of the most
active promoters of secession in that
state, b. 1820; d. 1861. Prior to his
election as governor, he was a judge of
the superior courts of law and equity.
On the 2d January, 1861, he took posses-
sion of Fort Macon at Beaufort, of the
United States works at Wilmington, and
of the United States arsenal at Fayette-
ville ; and on the 20th April the United
States mint at Charlotte was seized under
his orders.
ELLSWORTH, Henry L., son of
Hon. Oliver Ellsworth, of Windsor, Conn.,
b. 1791; d. in New Haven, 1858. After
graduating at Yale college, studying law,
and practising in Windsor and Haitford,
he was appointed by General Jackson
72*
commissioner among the Indian tribes
south and west of Arkansas. About
two years later he was appointed com-
missioner of patents of the United States.
While in this office he gave special atten-
tion to the agricultural interests of the
country, and published valuable reports
on these subjects. After about ten years
he left the patent-office, and established
himself at Lafayette, Ind., in the settle-
ment and cultivation of extensive tracts
of land, — his intelligent enterprise contrib-
uting materially to the improvement of
the agriculture' of the state. — Ephraim
Elmer, the originator of the Zouave
drill and organization in the United
States, b. in Saratoga county, N. Y.,
1837, was killed at Alexandria, Va., 1861.
He organized the first Zouave corps in
Chicago, where he was studying law,
and after the installation of President Lin-
coln received a lieutenant's commission,
preparatory to his employment in the
war department. The outbreak of civil
war changed his purposes. Proceeding
to New York, he organized a Zouave
regiment from the members of the
fire department, and within five weeks
from the commencement of his task, he
marched at the head of his regiment to
Alexandria. Here he tore down a seces-
sion flag which was flying over a hotel,
and was shot by the proprietor of the
house. The murderer was killed imme-
diately afterward by Francis E. Brownell,
one of Ellsworth's companions. '
ELMES, James, an English architect
and author, b. 1783; d. 1862. He was
largely employed on the periodical press
of London, and among his separate pub-
lications are " Memoirs of the Life and
Works of Sir Christopher Wren," " Horae
VaciviB," and " Thomas Clarkson, a
Monograph."
ELPHINSTONE, Mountstuart, au-
thor of a " History of India," and dis-
tinguished for his civil services in British
India, b. 1778; d. 1859.
ELTON, Sir Charles Abraham, an
English poet of some distinction, b. 1779 ;
d. 1853. His " Translation of Hesiod,"
his " Specimens of Classic Poets," in
three volumes, and " History of the Ro-
man Emperors," display varied learning
and sound taste. He was also the author
of " Boyhood, and other Poems." But
of original poetry his best-known piece is
" The Brothers," suggested by the mel-
ancholy loss of his two eldest sons, who
were dVowned.
EMBURY, Mrs. Emma C, a daughter
of Dr. J. R. Manley, of New York, and
authoress of " Guido, and other Poems,"
$2
CYCLOP/EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
" Glimpses of Home Life," and other
works. D. 1863.
EMMONS, Ebenezer, a distinguished
geologist, b. in Middlefield, Mass., 1798.
He adopted the profession of medicine,
and acquired the reputation of a success-
ful practitioner. He was, however, an
ardent student of the natural sciences,
and, in 1833, was chosen professor of nat-
ural history in Williams college, Mass.,
— a position which led him to assist in
the survey, and to prepare a report on
the quadrupeds of that state. He was
subsequently employed upon the geolog-
ical survey of New York, — his reports
forming several volumes of the series to
which the authorities of the state have
properly attached the highest importance.
Facts acquired during the progress of
this extended work gradually induced
him to doubt the completeness of the the-
ory then entertained by American zool-
ogists in regard to the older fossiliferous
works of the continent ; and ultimately
he promulgated a system known as the
" Taconic," which, though at first bit-
terly assailed, now ranks among the ad-
mitted truths of geological science. Pre-
viously American writers, adopting the
nomenclature of the English classifica-
tion, grouped the oldest series of strati-
fied fossiliferous rocks, found in the state
of New York, into a system entitled the
" Silurian " ; the " Potsdam sandstone,"
the lowest member of the series, being
considered as representing, with its fossils,
the epoch when animal life first appeared.
Dr. Emmons's investigations brought him
to the conclusion that there is an enor-
mously thick series of rocks beneath the
oldest part of the silurian system, indi-
cating an epoch of time far beyond the
Silurian era, and revealing a period of
animal life much more remote than any
before known. The reception accorded
to the discovery was discreditable to the
spirit of Dr. Emmons's scientific contem-
poraries. They derided the product of
Ills researches, and treated him as an in-
novator whom it was desirable to put
down for the sake of their boiTOwed
theory. But j ustice, though tardy, came
at last. The geological survey of Canada
demonstrated the soundness of his views
touching the ante-silurian strata; and,
still later, geologists in Sweden and Bo-
hemia brought to light the similarity of
their primordial formations and fossils
with those discovered by Dr. Emmons in
New York. Meanwhile he had been en-
gaged to conduct the geological survey
of North Carolina, where he rendered
'lu'ther service to the science to which he
had devoted his energy and talent. He
d. at New Brunswick, N. C, 1863.
EMPSON, William, professor of law
at the East India college, and at the
time of his death editor of the '' Edin-
burgh Review." D. 1852.
ERNEST AUGUSTUS, king of Han-
over, duke of Cumberland, &c., was the
fifth son of George HI., and was b. in
1771. As duke of Cumberland, he was one
of the most odious of the English tories,
because the most unrelenting in his hos-
tility to liberal principles and measures.
He succeeded to the throne of Hanover
in 1827, and at once signalized his reign
by abolishing the constitution, which, four
years before, had been granted by his
predecessor, and by the adoption of other
measures equally harsh and despotic. D.
1851.
ERSKINE, David Montague, eldest
son of the celebrated Lord Erskine, b.
1777. In 1800 he married a daughter of
the late General John Cadwallader, of
Philadelphia, and in 1806 was appointed
envoy and minister to the United States.
He succeeded to the i)eerage in 1823, and
d. 1855.
ESPY, James P., author of a theory
of storms, and for some time in the em-
ploy of the United States government as
a meteorologist. B. 1785 ; d. 1860.
ESTCOURT, Majok-Ge>'eral James
BucKNALL, died of cholera before Sebas-
topol, 1855. He accompanied the expe-
dition to the Euphrates in 1835.
EVANS, Arthur Benoni, a profound
classical scholar and author, was b. in
Berkshire, England, 1781. He was at
once a linguist, naturalist, numismatist,
musician, mechanic, anatomist, artist,
and divine. D. 1855.
EVERETT, Edward, distinguished
alike as a scholar, an orator, and a states-
man, was b. in Dorchester, Mass., 1794.
He received his early education at Bos-
ton, entered Harvard college in 1807, and
in 1811 graduated with the highest honors,
undecided as to a pursuit for life. After
leaving college, he accepted the post of
tutor, and, having turned his attention
to theology, in 1813 succeeded the Rev.
J. S. Buckminster in the pastorate of the
Brattle-Street church in Boston. Al-
though less than twenty years of age,
and with a singularly juvenile appear-
ance, he soon acquired celebrity m the
pulpit. He added to his clerical repu-
tation by publishing a " Defence of Chris-
tianity," abounding with indications of
biblical and philological learning, and
with references to German writers whose
names were then all but unknown in this
kyr]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
5S
country. In 1814 he was invited to ac-
cept the new professorship of Greek liter-
ature in Harvard college, with permission
to visit Europe. He accepted the office,
and, before entering on its duties, pro-
ceeded to England, and thence to Got-
tingen, in order to study the German lan-
guage and literature, and methods of in-
struction. Having visited Paris, Rome,
Greece, and Turkey, he returned to the
United States, after an absence of five
years, and entered forthwith upon the
duties of his professorship. To his lec-
tures as professor, he added Sunday dis-
courses in the college chap>el ; and by his
efforts imparted a marked impulse to the
studies of the university. In 1820 he
became editor of " The North American
Review," which, under his management,
rose to a circulation and an influence
which it had previously failed to acquire.
He continued his editorship of this peri-
odical until 1824, in which year he de-
livered the annual oration before the Phi-
Beta-Kappa Society at Cambridge, Mass.,
in the presence of an immense audience,
including Gen. Lafayette, then on a visit
to this country. This was the first of a
series of orations and addresses delivered
by Mr. Everett on public occasions of
almost every kind during a quarter of a
century, and afterwards republished in a
collected form. Up to 1824 he had ab-
stained from any active participation in
politics, but was then elected to congress
by the constituency of Middlesex, ^lass.,
without solicitation on his part. He |
served 10 years in the house of represent-
atives, being all the time a member of \
the committee on foreign affairs, and for
a period its chairman. His whole con-
gressional career was one of work and
usefulness, and his influence in the house
was proportionately great. He retired
from congress in 1835, and was for four
successive years chosen governor of Mas-
sachusetts, being defeated by the demo-
cratic candidate, in 1839,by a single vote.
In 1841 he was appointed by President
Harrison to represent the United States
at the English court; a position which he
filled for five years, with honor to himself
and his government. During this official
residence in England, the university of
Oxford conferred upon him the degree
of D. C. L. On returning to this coun-
try, in 1845, he was chosen president of
Harvard college, and retained the office
until 1849, when ill health compelled him
to resign. His administration of the office
scarcely realized the expectations of his
friends ; for though preeminently qualified
for it in many respects, his lack of every-
thing like personal magnetism deprived
him of the sympathies of the students,
while his excessive sensitiveness exposed
him to annoyances from which a less
formal habit would have been exempt.
On the death of Mr. Webster, in 1852, he
was appointed secretary of state by Pres-
ident Fillmore, and held the office until
the advent of the Pierce administration.
In 1853 he took his seat in the United
States senate, but resigned the post in
the following year, under the advice of
his physician. He subsequently varied
the quiet life of a scholar by the deliverv
of various orations, all worthy of his
rhetorical fame; and by efforts for the
collection of a fund for the purchase of
Mount Vernon, for which purpose he
realized upwards of $100,000. He also
wrote a memoir of Daniel Webster, whose
collected writings he edited. In 1860 he
was nominated a candidate for the vice-
presidency of the United States, with Jphn
Bell for the presidency, but Avas defeated.
In the deplorable conflict which has since
been waged, Mr. Everett did not for an
instant hesitate as to his course. At the
outset he pronounced decidedly and un-
qualifiedly for the Union, and through
all subsequent stages he never wavered
in his allegiance to the cause of the
national government; on every occasion
aiding it by his personal influence, his
voice, and his pen, — so obliterating all
remembrance of former political differ-
ences, and strengthening liis hold upon
the affections of his countrymen. He
d. of apoplexy, at his residence in Bos-
ton, Jan. 15, 1865. — Horace, lawyer
and statesman, b. in Vennont, represent-
ed a congressional district of that state
from 1829 to 1843 Avith an ability which
gave him high reputation. He was
a successful jury advocate. D. 1851,
aged 71.
EYRE, Sir William, major-general,
at one time commander of the British
forces in Canada, and one of the heroes
of the Crimean war, d. 1859.
54
CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
fFBL
F.
FABER, George Stanley, a writer
on prophecy, b. in England, 1774 ; d. 1855.
FAKNHAM, Eliza W., Mrs., a phi-
lanthropist, who for years employed her-
self in labors to reform criminal and
vicious women, and more recently pro-
moted and managed plans for aiding and
protecting women emigrating to the
western states. Her maiden name was
Burhans, and she was b. in Albany county,
N. Y., 1815. Amidst her active labors
she found leisure to write " Life in PraiHe
Land," " California, In-doors and Out,"
and " My Early Days " ; and also to edit
Sampson's " Criminal Jurisprudence."
D. 1864.
FAKNSWORTH, Elon J., brigadier-
general in the United States volunteer
service, b. in Livingston county, Mich.,
1835 ; killed at Gettysburg, 1863.
FARRAR, John, b. in Lincoln, Mass.,
1779, graduated at Cambridge in 1803,
was appointed Greek tutor in Harvard
college in 1805, and Hollis professor of
mathematics and natural philosophy in
1807. In 1818 he published " Elenients
of Algebra," translated from the French
of Lacroix, which was succeeded in the
nine following years by eleven other
works, translated from Legendre, Biot,
Bezout, and others, on different subjects
of mathematics and physics. These
treatises were adopted for the course of
instruction, not only at Cambridge, but
at the United States military academy,
and other principal institutions of learn-
ing throughout the country; and, though
since partly superseded in the progress
of science, they introduced that very-
taste and knowledge which now require
n more elaborate apparatus. He con-
tributed several articles on scientific sub-
jects to the early numbers of the " North
American Review," and was long olfi-
cially connected with the American
Academy. He received the degree of
LL. D. from Bowdoin College. D. 1853.
FAUCHER, Leon, a French writer,
eminent as a political economist, b. at
Limoges, 1803; d. at Marseilles, 1854.
He received his education at the college
of Toulouse, where he attained great dis-
tinction. He began his career by tuition,
and went to Paris in 1825, where he en-
tered upon a connection with the press.
The revolution of 1830 opened to him the
editorship of "Le Temps." He subse-
quently became editor of the " Courrier
Franpais," and in 1838 began to con-
tribute to the " Revue des Deux Mondes "
a series of papers on financial questions,
which have given him high rank among
the political economists of his age. In
the last years of Louis Philippe's reign
he sat as deputy for Rheims, entered
keenly into the political contests which
then raged in parliament, and ardently
opposed M. Guizot. When that minis-
ter's hostility to reform led to the over-
throw of the monarchy in 1848, M.
Faucher obtained a seat in the national
assembly, and became, for a short period,
minister of the interior during the pres-
idency of Louis Napoleon. After the
coup d'etat of Dec. 1851, he was offered
the post of senator; but he refused to
serve the despotic government then es-
tablished, and retired from public life.
FELIX, Elisa Rachel, a French
actress, remarkable for tragic power, was
the second daughter of a Jew pedler, and
was b. at the Swiss village of Munf, 1820.
For 10 years after her birth, the family
pursued their wanderings through Switz-
erland and Germany, and then settled
at Lyons. The eldest child sang at the
cafes to the accompaniment of an old
guitar ; and little Rachel collected the
small guerdon, which formed the sisters'
contribution to the general expenses. In
1830 the family removed to Paris, where
Rachel sang with her sister at the places
of public resort on the Boulevards. On
one of these occasions the little minstrels
arrested the attention of M. Choron,
founder of the royal institution for the
study of sacred music, who made arrange-
ments for including them among his
pupils, and charged himself with the
future fortunes of Rachel Felix. Choron
discovered, however, that her sonorous
organ Avas better suited for declamatory
than for musical expression, and he trans-
ferred her as a scholar to M. St. Aulare,
a dramatic instructor. Under his tuition
she learned rapidly, and, in 1836, was ad-
mitted to the Conservatoire, joining the
class conducted by Michelot. In 1837
she made her dehut at the f/ymnuse un-
der the name which she made famous in
" La Vend^ene," written expressly for
the display of her powers. Her effort
made little or no sensation, and the " Ven-
deene " was withdrawn. After studying
further under Samson, the veteran actor
and author, she appeared at the Theatre
flb]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
55
Fran^ais, in 1838, as Camille, in " Les
Horaces " ; startling the Parisian critics
by the exhibition of a tragic genius equal
to the finest inspirations of a Raucourt or
a Duchesnois, combined with originality
in the manner of its development. Dur-
ing the winter of 1838 she acted, in ad-
dition to the part which made her repu-
tation, those of Emihe, in " Cinna," Her-
mione, Amenade, in " Tancr^de," Eriphile
in " Iphigenie," and Aulide and Monime,
in " Mithridate." To these she afterward
added the Roxane of Bajazet, which,
with Pauline, in " Polyeucte," and the
" Ph6d^re," may be numbered among
her most wonderful impersonations in
the classic drama. With every fresh rep-
resentation, her power over "the public
seemed to increase, and the life of the
young Jewess has been described as a
continued ovation, in which all classes
combined to do her honor. Gradually
Mdlle^Rachel formed a distinct repertoire^
from the works of the modem school of
dramatic writers, becoming familiar to
the public as Mademoiselle de Belle Isle,
Diane, Louise de Liguerolles, Adrienne
Lecouvreur, Lady TartutFe, and other
parts. But her greatest successes were
achieved in parts in which she appeared
as the interpreter of the genius of a past
age, rather than of that in which she
Uved. Mdlle. Rachel d. in 1858 ; ill health
having for some time previous compelled
her to abandon her professional avocations.
FELTON, Cornelius Conway, an
eminent Greek scholar, and one of the
most distinguished professors of Harvard
college, b. at West Newbury, Mass., 1807 ;
d. 1862. He was elected college profes-
sor of Greek in 1832, and, in 1834, was
appointed Eliot professor of Greek liter-
ature, which position he held until his
elevation to the presidency of the institu-
tion in 1860. He visited Europe twice —
in 1853 and 1858 ; devoting his attention
principally to Greece, its monuments of
art and glory, its ancient literature, and
its modern institutions. Besides publish-
ing manv works connected with Grecian
history, language, and literature, he con-
tributed a life of Gen. Eaton to Sparks's
" American Biography," and numerous
articles to the " North American Review,"
the " Christian Examiner," and the
"American Cyclopaedia."
FERDINAND, duke of Genoa, younger
brother of Victor Emanuel, b. 1822 ; d.
1855.
FERGUSON, Sir Adam, a friend of
Sir Walter Scott, and a man of note in
the literary circles of his day. D. 1855,
aiied 86.
FERRIER, Susan, who d. at Edin-
burgh, 1854, was the authoress of " Mar-
riage," and other novBls, all characterized
by the fidelity and dry humor with which
they portray characters and scenes of
common life. Writing at first anony-
mously, she was greeted by the author
of " Waverley " as " a sister shadow."
FIELD, George, memorable for his
successful application of chemistry to the
arts, d. 1854. He was author of " Chro-
matics," " Outlines of Analogical Philos-
ophy," and other works.
FIELDING, Copley Vandyke, an
English artist, remarkable for the beauty
of his marine subjects and landscapes.
B. 1797 ; d. 1854.
FINDEN, William, a celebrated Eng-
lish engraver, b. 1787 ; d. 1852.
FINLAISON, John, an English act-
uary, author of " New Tables of Life
Annuities," b. 1784; d. 1860.
FINLEY, Rev. James B., author of
" Sketches of Pioneer Methodism," and
" Prison Life," was a methodist preacher,
who labored long and zealously in Ohio.
B. 1780 ; d. 1857.
FISHER, Elwood, a secessionist be-
fore secession, and originator and prin-
cipal editor of the " Southern Press," a
journal established at Washington in
1850. B. 1808; d. at Nashville, Tenn.,
1862. — Redwood, joumaUst, and writer
on political economy and statistics, b. in
Philadelphia, 1783; d. 1856. For some
years he was engaged in that citj' as a
merchant.
FITZ, Henry, the inventor of a
method of perfecting object-glasses for-
refracting telescopes, b. in Newburvport,
Mass., 1808 ; d. in New York, 1863"; He
was originally a printer, but for many
years preceding his death had been en-
gaged as a telescope- maker; and the
excellence of his instruments secured the
favor of astronomers in various parts of
the world.
FITZGERALD, Thomas H., served
with distinction in the war of 1812, un-
der General Harrison, and, in 1848 and
1849, was a senator in congress from
Michigan imder the appointment of the
governor. D. 1855.
FITZ WILLIAM, Fanny Elizabeth,
a popular actress, wife of a well-known
delineator of Irish characters. D. 1854.
FLETCHER, G., a Wesleyan minister,
who was born on 2d Feb. 1747, at Clar-
brouf, in Nottinghamshire, d. 1855, at
the age of 108 years. He spent 83 years
of his life in active pursuits. He was 21
years a farmer ; 26 years in the army ; was
at the battle of Bunker Hill, and followed
^
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[for
Abercrombie into Egypt. He then en-
tered the West India^ dock company's
service, whei'e he continued 36 years,
when he retired on their bounty, still pre-
serving, up to within six months of his
decease, astonishing activity both of mind
and body ; often travelling great dis-
tances by rail, and preaching two or
three times a day for the objects of char-
ity and benevolence.
'FLOY, James, D. D., a minister of the
methodist episcopal church, b. in New
York, 1806; d. 1863. In 1838 he was
censured by the governing body of his
church for having attended an anti-
slavery convention at Utica ; and as a
delegate to the quadrennial general con-
ference he was the leader of the anti-
slavery party. He was a frequent writer
in the " Methodist Quarterly Review,"
and, in 1856, editor of the " National
Magazine."
ELOYD, John Buchanan, secretary
of war in President Buchanan's adminis-
tration, and a prominent secessionist, b.
in Virginia, 1805; d. 1863. A lawyer
by profession, he sat for a time in the
state legislature, and, in 1853, was gov-
ernor of the state. As secretary of war
he was privy to the plans of the leaders
of secession, and public opinion charges
him with abusing his official powers and
opportunities to promote plans for the
overthrow of the national government.
The wholesale transfer of arms and am-
munition from northern to southern ar-
senals in 1860, and the dispersal of the
army in remote localities, are the facts up-
-on which this opinion mainly rests. He
resigned his seat in the cabinet when Mr.
Buchanan refused to withdraw the United
States troops from Charleston harbor. An
abstraction of bonds, to a large amount,
took place during his term of office, and
was made the ground of an indictment
against him by the grand jury of the
District of Columbia, but he had left
Washington, and a trial did not take
place. He took a position as brigadier-
general in the confederate army, but
without achieving a single success.
FOCKEDEY, M., the only one of
the deputies of the Nord to the conven-
tion who voted against the execution of
Louis XVI. D. at Lille, 1853, aged 96.
FONTAINE, Louis, a French archi-
tect; d. 1854. '
FOOTE, Andrew Hutx. rear-admiral,
b. in New Haven, 1806, entered the
United States navy as acting midship-
man in 1822, and made his first cruise in
the squadron which in the following
year operated Against pirates in the
West Indies. In 1838 he accompanied
Com'hiodore Read in his voyage of cir-
cumnavigation, as first lieutenant of the
sloop John Adams, and was engaged in
the attack upon the pirates of Sumatra.
From 1849 to 1852 he was attached to
the African squadron, and as commander
of the brig Perry was vigilant in his
efforts to suppress the slave-trade. He
was promoted to be a commander in
1852, and in 1850 sailed in the sloop
Portsmouth for the China station. One
of his boats having been fired upon by
the forts at Canton, he attacked the
largest, and having effected a breach in
its walls, carried the Avork by assault.
He then attacked and carried in succes-
sion three other forts, all being granite
structures, and mounting in the aggre-
gate 176 guns. In 1861 he was com-
missioned a captain, and appointed flag-
officer of the flotilla fitting out against
the confederates in the western \j^aters.
In Feb. 1862 he attacked, with seven
gunboats, fort Henry, on the Tennessee
river, and compelled an unconditional
surrender. A few days afterwards he
attacked fort Donelson, but was obliged
to haul off the fleet in consequence of
injuries experienced by the Louisville
and the flag-ship St. Louis. In this
engagement Foote was wounded in the
ankle He nevertheless operated at va-
rious points on the Mississippi, and in
the siege of Island No. 10. His wound,
still unhealed, necessitated temporary
absence. On recovering his health he
was placed in charge of the bureau of
equipment and recruiting, under the new
organization of the navy, with the rank
of rear-admiral. He d. June 26, 1863,
while preparing to relieve Admiral Du-
pont in command of the South Atlantic
blockading squadron.
FORBES, SiK John, a distinguished
physician, one of the editors of the Lon-
don " Cyclopaedia of Practical Medicine,"
and of the " British and Foreign Medi-
cal Review," b. 1787: d. 186L He in-
troduced to English practitioners the dis-
covery of auscultation, having translated
Laennec's treatise in 1821, and three
years afterward published a work from
his own pen on the subject. — Edwakd,
professor of natural history in the imi-
versity of Edinburgh, b. in the Isle of
Man, 1815; d. 1854. The British gov-
ernment, in 1841, appointed him natural-
ist to the Beacon on its surveying expe-
dition to the Mediterranean, and opera-
tions conducted while thus engaged gave
rise to his theories on the natiu-e and dis-
tribution of submarine life in reference
fra]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT.
57
to geological changes. He subsequently
became professor of botany in King's
college, London ; then secretary and cu-
rator to the geological society; then
paleontologist to the government school
of mines; finally succeeding Professor
Jameson in the chair which he occupied
at the period of his death. His lectures
and works placed him in the front rank
as one of the most philosophic natui-alists
of the time.
FORD, Richard, a distinguished
author and connoisseur, was b. in Lon-
don, 1796, graduated at Oxford, and
called to the bar in 1819, though he
never practised his profession. After
several years spent in foreign travel, and
a lengthened sojourn in Spain, he gave
himself up to his literary tastes, con-
tributing chiefly to the " Quarterly Re-
view" essays on politics, literature, and
art. Though possessed of varied ac-
quirements, Spain and everything con-
nected with it were his favorite subjects;
and his "Hand-book of Spain," first
published in 1845, has taken its place
among the best books of travel, humor,
and history in the English language.
His " Gatherings in Spain," a kind of
popular abridgment of the larger work,
was published in 1848, and, like its pred-
ecessor, attained great success. D. 1858.
FORREST, Robert, a self-taught
Scottish sculptor, d. 1853.
FORWARD, Walter, secretary of
the treasury of the United States under
President Tyler, and author of an able
report which contributed to the enact-
ment of the tariff of 1842, was b. in Con-
necticut, and removed in 1803 to Pitts-
burg, Penn., where he studied and prac-
tised law for 20 years, when he went into
political life, and was sent to congress.
He was appointed by President Taylor
minister to Denmark. D. 1852.
FOURDRINIER, Henry, celebrated
for the improvements he applied to the
manufacture of paper, b. in London,
1766; d. 1855.
FOWLER, Richard, a London phy-
sician and author, b. 1765 ; d. 1863. He
was in Paris during the first revolution,
and was intimate with Mirabeau and
other leading actors in the terrible strug-
gle. He returned to England with his
attachment to liberal principles undi-
minished, and remained a fi'iend of prog-
ress throughout life. He was an active
member of the British association for the
advancement of science. His published
works include " Experiments and Obser-
vations on Animal Electricity," besides
a number of essays on " Belief," " Popu-
lation, and the Causes which promote or
obstruct it," the " Influence of Man's
Instinct on his Intellectual and Moral
Powers," and cognate subjects.
FOX, William .Johnston, an elo-
quent speaker, a well-known English re-
former, and for several years a represent-
ative of Oldham in the house of com-
mons, was b. 1786. His father was a poor
Norwich weaver, and the son, who early
evinced signs of talent, was sent by the
church to a congregational college to be
educated for the ministry. After leaving
college he entered the ministry, but soon
found himself unable to conform even to
the non-conformists. For a time he joined
the unitarians, but these again he left be-
hind, and took an independent position as
lecturer in a chapel in Finsbury, London.
Here his eloquence attracted an audience
remarkable for its intellectual character,
and including many of the most dis-
tinguished men in England. While
preaching in Finsbur}^ he employed his
pen actively on the liberal side of poli-
tics, editing the " Monthly Repository,"
which he established, and contributing
to the "Westminster Review," and the
newspaper press. The agitation for the
repeal of the com laws called him to the
platform as co-laborer with Bright and
Cobden. Guizot, in his life of Peel, has
honored some of the speeches delivered
by Fox with selections, as the most
finished examples of oratory which that
conflict produced. D. 1863.
FRANCIS, Rev. Convers, D.D.,
" Parkman Professorof Pulpit Eloquence
and the Pastoral Care" in Harvard col-
lege, and author of various discourses,
sketches, and memoirs. B. in West
Cambridge, Mass., 1796 ; d. 1863.
FRANKLIN, Sir John, b. in Lincoln-
shire, England, 1786, entered the
British navy in 1800, and served in the
action of Trafalgar. He served after-
ward on various stations, the last of
which was the coast of the United States
during the war of 1812-15. He com-
manded the boats of the Bedford in a
fight with the American gun-boats at New
Orleans, one of which he boarded affd
captured. He was Avounded in the
action, and for his gallantry was made a
lieutenant. His first voyage to the Arc-
tic ocean was in 1818; his second ex-
tended from 1819 to 1822; the third from
1823 to 1827. He then served his gov-
ernment in other capacities, the most
notable of which was the governorship
of Tasmania, where he continued until
1843. On his return to England he was
appointed to the command of another
58
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[fry
expedition tc discover the northwest
passage. It consisted of the ships Ere-
bus and Terror, which sailed from the
Thames on the 19th of May, 1845, with
instructions directing Sir John Franklin
to proceed through Lancaster Sound and
Barrow's Straits to Cape Walker, and
thence, if possible, to Behring's Straits ;
at the same time, in case of circumstances
rendering this course impossible, he had
full liberty to try any other passage.
The voyage as far as Baffin's Bay was
prosperous; and the ships were seen, with
all well on board, moored to an iceberg
. in the middle of that bay, and about 200
miles from the entrance of Lancaster
Sound. This was on the 26th of Julv of
the same year. What subsequently oc-
curred long remained a subject of conjec-
ture. McClintock's expedition, however,
which sailed from England in 1857, and
returned in 1859, brought records which
were found in a cairn on King William's
Land. From these it is known that the
Erebus and Terror were encompassed
with ice on the 12th Sept., 1846, about
12 miles north of Cape Felix; that they
there passed the winter of 1846-7; that
in May, 1847, all on board were Avell ;
that Sir John Franklin died on the 11th
of the following month, between which
period and April 22, 1848, eight o^her
officers and twelve men also died ; mat
the survivors, 105 in number, left the ships
on the day last mentioned, and three days
afterward arrived at the cairn, where they
deposited the document embodying these
statements. Their intention was to start
immediately for the Great Fish River;
but of their subsequent movements, or
their fate, nothing positive is known.
FRAZER, James Baillie, a dis-
tinguished traveller and novelist, was b.
in Invernessshire in 1783. In 1820 he
published " A Tour through the Snowy
Range of the Himalaya Mountains " ; in
1825, " A Narrative of a Journey into
Khorassan, in the years 1821 and 1822,
including an Account of the Countries to
the Northeast of Persia"; and, in 1826,
" gravels and Adventures in the Persian
Provinces." In 1828, like his contem-
porary, Mr. Morier, he described the life
and manners of the Persians in a tictitious
narrative, " The Kuzzilbash, a Tale of
Khorassan." In 1838 appeared his work,
" A Winter Journey from Constantinople
to Teheran, with Travels through various
Parts of Persia." He wrote, also, "A
History of Persia," and a Scottish storv,
" The Highland Smugglers." D. 1856.
FREDERICK VIIL, king of Den-
mark, the son of Christian VIII. and the
Princess Charlotte Frederike of Meck-
lenburg-Schwerin, b. in Copenhagen in
1808, ascended the throne m 1848, and
d. at his palace in South Jutland, 1863.
FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, king of
Saxony, b. 1797, succeeded his uncle
1836, and was killed by an accident
which overturned his carriage, 1854.
FRELINGHUYSEN, Theoboke, b. in
Millstown, N. J., 1787; d. 1862. He was
attorney-general of his native state from
1818 to 1829, and one of its senators in
congress from 1829 to 1835. From 1839
to 1850 he was chancellor of the univer-
sity of New York; and while filling
this position was the candidate of the
whig party for vice-president upon the
ticket with Henry Clay. In 1850 he was
elected president of Rutgers college,
where he officiated imtil his death. He
was an earnest and exemplary Chris-
tian, and was intimately associated with
the various religious and philanthropic
movements of his time.
FROST, John, LL. D., author of a
" Pictorial History of the United States,"
and compiler of an almost endless num-
ber of school-books, was b. in Kenne-
bunk. Me., 1800, and d. in Philadelphia,
1859.
FRY, William Henry, a musical
composer and journalist, b. in Philadel-
phia about 1814; d. at Santa Cruz, Dec.
1864. His education was completed at
a catholic college in Maryland, and at an
early age he exhibited the musical talent
which afterwards won for him honorable
distinction. Four overtures, performed
by the philharmonic society of his native
city, were his tirst orchestral composi-
tions; and in 1845 he produced the
opera of " Leonora." From 1846 to
1852 he resided in Europe, studying art,
and maintaining a brilliant correspond-
ence with the " New York Tribune,"
with which he remained connected until
his death. On his return to this country,
in 1852, he delivered a series of lectures
on the history of music, introducing
symphonies of his own composition. He
also composed a " Stabat Mater," which
was produced at New York in 1855. His
culture, fertility, and enthusiasm were
brought into play as a journalist, and
rendered him a prominent memher of
a corps in many respects distinguished.
He was an ardent politician, of the
school represented by the " Iribune,"
and more than once made his mark as
an orator in election campaigns. For
years preceding his death he was the
Victim of consumption, the ravages of
which, however, long failed to abate his
gar]
CYCLOP-iEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
50
intellectual power, or to lessen his in-
terest in the cherished pursuits of his
life. — Joseph Rekse, brother of the
preceding, and, like him, an accomplished
scholar and enthusiastic student of the
literature of music, d. 1865. He was a
member of a banking firm, but amidst
the pressure of ordinary business found
time to translate and adapt Bellini's
opera of " Norma," and to produce the
libretto of the operas of " Notre Dame "
and "Leonora."
FULLER. Arthur B., a unitarian
clergyman, b. at Cambridgeport, Mass.,
1824, joined the 16th regiment Massachu-
setts volunteers as chaplain early in the
war, and was killed while crossing the
Rappahannock, Dec. 1862. He was a
brother of Margaret Fuller, Marchioness
D'Ossoli, and edited her works.
G.
GADSDEN, James, United States
minister to Mexico under President
Pierce, and through whose agency the
" Gadsden purchase" was effected, was
b. in Charleston, 1788, and, after graduat-
ing at Yale college, entered public life at
an early age. He served in the war of
1812, and with General Jackson in the
Seminole war. D. 1858.
GALES, Joseph, an eminent journal-
ist, was b. near Sheffield, England, 1786,
and came to this country, at the age of
seven, with his father, who was a book-
seller at Sheffield, and publisher of a
newspaper called "The Sheffield Reg-
ister." Having published in this jour-
nal articles too liberal for the tory gov-
ernment of the day, Mr. Gales was com-
pelled to fly to the United States, settling
lirst in Philadelphia and afterwards at
Raleigh, N. G. Joseph Gales was educat-
ed at the university of North Carolina,
and in 1807 settled in Washington. In
1810 he became the sole proprietor of the
'• National Intelligencer," then a tri-
weekly. In 1812 his brother-in-laAv,
William W. Seaton, became his partner,
and in 181.3 thev began to issue the " In-
telligencer " daily, and so continued until
his death. He occasionally reported the
debates in congress before congressional
reporting attained to the system upon
which it has of late years been conducted.
As a writer he was distinguished by great
force and clearness, and b}^ a courtesj'^
which won for him the esteem of his po-
litical opponents. D. 1860.
GALLAUDET, Thomas H., was b. at
Philadelphia, Pa., 1787. In 1800 the
family removed to Hartford. Conn., and
he graduated at Yale college in 1805.
Soon after leaving college he engaged in
the study of law at Hartford. In 1808
he was chosen tutor in Yale college, and
he continued in this office until 1810.
After this he was for a short time engaged
in mercantile business, but in 1811 he
devoted himself to the study of theology,
and in 1814 he was licensed to preach.
His labors were now directed into a new
field, and, becoming interested in the
subject of instructing deaf mutes, he
engaged as a pioneer in this work of
benevolence, and to it he devoted a large
part of his life. In 1815 he went to
Europe, in order to learn the best method
of instruction. Having accomplished
this object, he returned in August of the
year follo-wing, and in April, 1817, the
asylum for the deaf and dumb was
opened in Hartford. This was the first
public institution of the kind in this
country. In consequence of impaired
health, he resigned his place as principal
of the asylum in the year 1830, continu-
ing still to be one of its directors, and
never ceasing to take an interest in its
affairs. After a short respite frofli his
laborious occupations, he employed him-
self in the preparation of various works
designed to aid in the education of the
young, and he engaged in numerous
undertakings of Christian philanthropy.
In June, 1838, he commenced his labors
as chaplain of the Connecticut Retreat
for the Insane, at Hartford ; and he dis-
charged the duties of this office up to his
last illness. D. 1851.
GARDNER, William, an English
writer on music and the fine arts. B.
1764; d. 1854.,
• GARESCHE, Julids P., colonel
United States service, and chief of Major-
General Rosecrans's staff, b. in Cuba, of
American parents, 1821 ; killed while on
duty, Dec. 31, 1862.
GARNETT, Robert Selden, b. in
Essex county, Va.. 1822, was graduated
at West Point, and in 1843-4 was assistant
instructor in infantry tactics. He was
aide-de-camp to General Wool, and after-
ward to General Taylor, distinguishing
himself in the battles of Palo Alto and
Resaca de la Palma, and being brevetted
a captain for gallantry at Monterey, and
a major at Buena Vista. Other promo-
60
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[GIL
tions followed, and in 1856-7-8 he served
on the Pacific coast, and in operations
against the Indians in Washington terri-
tory. On the outbreak of the civil war
he resigned his commission, and, having
joined the confederates, was appointed
by the Richmond authorities adjutant-
general of the army of Virginia, and
commander of their forces in the western
part of that state. His troops were de-
feated at Rich mountain, and whilst
attempting to escape he was killed at
Carrick's Ford, July 14, 1861.— Richard
B., b. in Virginia, and from 1841 to 1861
an officer in the United States army.
He resigned at the commencement of the
civil war, and joined the confederates
with the rank of colonel. He was after-
ward made brigadier-general, and was
killed at Gettysburg, 1863.
GAVIN, Heotoh, a physician and
zealous promoter of sanitary reform in
England. His best known works are in
connection with the inquiries he con-
ducted into the causes of disease in the
densely populated towns of the north of
England, during the last visitation of
cholera. D. at Balaklava, 1855.
GERARD, Jules, the hero of the well-
known work '' Le Tueur de Leons," was
drowned in the river Jong, in Africa,
December, 1864. He was b. in 1817, and
having volunteered for the Algerine cam-
paign in 1841, there entered upon the
adventurous life which made him king
amongst lion-killers. He rose to the
rank of sub-lieutenant in the French
army, and received the decoration of the
legion of honor. — Maurice Stephen,
a French general, Avho took part in all
the great battles of the empire, d. in
Paris, 1852, senior marshal of France.
GIBBS, JOSIAH WiLLARD, LL. D.,
professor of sacred literature in the Yale
theological seminary, and distinguished
as a philologist, b. in Salem, Mass., 1790;
d. 1861. Besides contributing to scien-
tific and critical periodicals, he translated
Storr's " Historical Sense of the NeW
Testament," and Gesenius's " Hebrew
Lexicon of the Old Testament," and
published" Philological Studies," " Latin
Analvst," and other works.
GfBSOX, John B., son of colonel
George Gibson, a distinguished officer of
the revolutionary war, who fell in a con-
flict with the Indians in 1791. B. in
Carlisle, Pa., 1780, he was admitted to
the bar in 1803 ; was sent twice to the
state legislature ; in 1812 was appointed
judge in northern Pennsylvania; and in
1818 was elevated to the' supreme bench.
He became chief justice in 1827, and
held the office until 1851, when the elec-
tive principle was applied to the judi-
ciary. He Avas then elected to the
supreme bench by the democratic party,
for nine vears, biit d. 1853.
GID DINGS, Joshua Reed, b. in
Bradford county, Penn., 1795; d. in
Montreal, 1864. His parents were among
the first settlers in the Western Reserve,
O., and his education was necessarily
very limited. He served for a short time
as a soldier in the war of 1812, and in
1817 commenced the study of the law-
He was admitted to the bar in 1820, and
eight years afterward was elected to con-
gress, which he entered an avowed aboli-
tionist. From the outset he made him-
self conspicuous by a constant and un-
yielding opposition to slavery, neglecting
no opportunity of presenting his views,
and from time to time embodying them
in resolutions, which created great ex-
citement. In 1842, having introduced a
series of resolutions in reference to the
Creole case, he was formally censured by
the house, on the motion of Mr. Botts oif
Virginia. Mr. Giddings resigned his
seat, with the view of appealing to his
constituents, by whom he was immedia-
tely reelected' In 1843 he joined Mr.
Adams in an address to the people of the
United States against the annexation of
Texas, declaring that its consummation
" by any act or proceeding of the federal
government, or any of its departments,
would be identical with dissolution." In
party politics he acted with the whigs
until 1848, when he refused to support
General Taylor, and acted with the free-
soil party, with whom he remained allied.
He retired from congress in 1859, having
served in that body 21 years. President
Lincoln appointed him consul-general to
Canada, and he occupied that position at
the period of his death, which occurred
suddenly while playing at billiards. In
1843 he published a series of political
essays, and in 1858, " The Exiles of
Florida."
GILBART, James William, an emi-
nent authority on banking, b. in London
in 1794, was' for several years clerk in
London and provincial banks. About
1828 he became manager of a branch of
the Provincial bank of Ireland, from
which position he withdrew to assume
the management of the London and
Westminister bank, a joint-stock institu-
tion, which, under his direction, rose to
great prosperity and influence. He pub
lished "A Practical Treatise on Bank-
ing," "The History and Principles of
Banking," " Banking and the Currency,"
GLi]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
61
*' The Logic of Banking," and a *' His-
tory of Banking in America." D. 1863.
GILBER T, Sir Walter Raleigh, a
British general, served for 50 years in the
Indian army, passed through much ser-
vice, and fixed public attention on him-
self as a first-rate commander on the Sut-
lej, Punjab. D. 1853, aged 63.
GILLIS, J.-VMES, captain United States
navy, superintendent of the Washington
observatory, eminent as an astronomer,
and as the author of a notable develop-
ment of scientific instrumental art in the
United States. In 1838 he organized the
first working observatory in this country,
and in 1842 planned a naval observatory,
the construction of which under his super-
intendence was completed in 1845. Four
years afterward he proceeded to Chili on
a scientific mission; remaining there
three years, and making a series of
astronomical observations now being
published by the United States govern-
ment. In 1858 and 1860 he visited Peru
and Washington territory, respectively,
to report the total eclipses which occurred
in those years. In 1801, when lieutenant-
Maury joined the confederates, Captain
Gillis was placed in charge of the
observatory at Washington, where his
attainments and industry heightened his
reputation. He d. suddenlv, 1865.
GILMAN, Rev. Samuel, D. D.,
pastor of the unitarian church in Charles-
ton, S. C, b. in Gloucester, Mass., 1791;
d. 1858. He contributed largely to pe-
riodicals on a wide range of subjects,
from profound discussions to sparkling
essays, some of which have been repub-
lished under the title, " Contributions to
American Literature."
GILPIN, Henry D., an emiftent
lawyer, and in 1840 attornev-general of
the United States, was b. iii 1801. He
compiled " Opinions of the Attorneys-
General," and published a volume of
reports, besides engaging in other liter-
ary labors, as essayist, biographer, and
translator. D. 1860.
G10BP:RTI, Vincenzo, an Italian
patriot, statesman, and writer, was b. at
Turin in 1801. In 1825 he was ordained
priest, and soon afterwards was appointed
court chaplain at Turin. Banished in
1833, without any formal process, on
account of his liberal tendencies, the re-
maining 19 or 20 years of his life were
spent chiefly in exile. After remaining a
few years in France, he began to teach
philosophy in a private seminary at
Brussels. His first writings were philo-
sophical, viz., " La Teorica del Sovranna-
turale," published in 1837 ; the " Introdu-
zione alio Studio di Filosofia, ' in 1840,
following out the subject of the former
treatise, and combating the principles of
Kant and Victor Cousin in favor of the
old Catholicism of St. Thomas Aquinas
and St. Buonaventura ; three volumes
more in 1842, entitled " Errori Filosofi-
ci di Antonio Rasmini"; and then the
treatise " Del Bello e del Buono," on the
principles, respectively, of taste and
morals. In 1843 appeared the most cele-
brated of his works, " Primato," in which
the moral and civil preeminence of Italy
over all the naiions of the earth is set
forth; and the success of which was
exemplified in the Italian frenzy for the
reforms of Pius IX. and the enthu-
siasm that led to the revolution of 1848.
In that year Gioberti was recalled to his
native country amid popular acclamation.
On the proclamation of the Sardinian
constitution he was elected deputy for
Turin, took an active part in all the great
political questions then agitating Europe,
and finally became prime minister of
Sardinia. ' But his hopes for Italy were
soon blighted. In 1849 he returned into
voluntary exile, and spent his last years
in Paris in writing his " Rinnovamento
Civile," — the final manifesto of the
great statesman and philosopher. He d.
1852, and his remains received an honored
interment in his native city.
GIRARDIN, Madame de, formerly
Mdlle. Delphine Gay, celebrated among
the literati of France for her poems and
other popular works, b. 1803; d. 1855.
She was the wife of Emile de Girardin,
and frequently wrote for the " Presse."
GLADDEJ^, Adley H., a confederate
brigadier-general, b. in South Carolina,
was mortally wounded at the battle of
Shiloh, April 6, 1862, and d. soon after-
ward. He served with distinction as
major of the Palmetto regiment of South
Carolina volunteers in the Mexican war.
GLIDDON, George R., b. in Eng-
land, succeeded his father as American
consul in Egypt, and while there explored
the archaeological remains of the country
with a diligence that enabled him to
make valuable contributions to learning,
both by lectures and writings. An essay
on the production of cotton in the Val-
ley of the Nile, directed attention to
the fitness of that region for a product
which has since been cultivated there
with advantage. The most notable of his
works, however, was one entitled " Types
of Mankind," prepared in conjunction
with Dr. Nott, of Mobile, in which the
doctrine of the unity of the human race
is combated with ingenuity and force.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[GBA
He was subsequently connected with the
Honduras inter-oceanic railroad com-
pany, and d. in Panama, 1857.
(Goodrich, chauncey allen,
editor of " Select British Eloquence,"
and compiler of Greek and Latin educa-
tional works, was b. in New Haven,
Conn., in 1790. He was a professor in
Yale college during the greater part of
his life, and a lexicographer of recognized
ability. In 1847 his revised edition of
" Webster's Dictionary " appeared; and
in 1859 he published a supplement,
enriched with a copious collection of
synonyms. D. 1860. — Samuel Gris-
woLD, universally known as " Peter Par-
ley," was b. in Ridgefield, Conn., 1793.
Ill 1 824 he established himself in business
in Hartford, Conn., but soon removed to
Boston. From 1828 to 1842 he edited
"The Token." From 1827 to 1857 he
published tales under the name of " Peter
Parley." He was the author of many
volumes and historical and geographical
school-books. In 1838 he published a
volume of poems, and another in 1851.
In 1857 he published his " Recollections
of a Lifetime ; or, Men and Things that
I have seen;" in which he says of
himself, " I stand before the public as the
author and editor of about 170 volumes,
of which 116 bear the name of ' Peter
Parley.' Of these about 7,000,000 of
volumes have been sold, and now (1857)
about 300,000 are sold annually." He
was at one time a member of the senate
of Massachusetts, and was consul at Paris
during Mr. Fillmore's administration.
D. 1860. — Rev. Charles A., a congre-
gational minister, author of a " Bible
History of Prayer," "Great Events of
American History," " Universal Trav-
eller," and other works, b. 1790; d.
1862. He was a brother of S. G. Good-
rich, and was associated with him in the
preparation of part of the " Peter Parley "
SBrics.
GOODYEAR, Charles, the inventor
of the art of vulcanizing India-rubber, b.
in New Haven, Conn, 1800; d, 1860.
GORE, Mrs. Catherine Frances,
a writer of fiction, b. in London, 1800; d.
in 1861. She succeeded in depicting
scenes from daily life, as in her " Women
as They are," " Mothers and Daughters,"
and many similar works. In " Hun-
garian Tales" she portrayed the habits
and customs of Hungary. As a gentle
satirist, her " Cecil," " The Woman of
the World," and " The Sketch-Book of
Fashion," may be named. In 1823 she
was married to an officer of the life
guards, and became a widow in 1846.
For some time previous to her death, Mrs.
Gore was deprived of sight.
GORTSCHAKOFF, Prince Michael,
a Russian general, b. in 1795, came into
notice as an officer of artillery in the war
between Russia and Turkey in 1828-1829,
In the subsequent campaign against
Poland he commanded the artillery, and
had 70 guns under his orders in the battle
of Ostrolenka. In 1846 he was named
military governor of Warsaw ; and ' in
1852 he visited London to represent the
Russian army at the funeral of the Duke
of Wellington. In the following year he
was appointed to command the army for
the occupation of the Danubian princi-
palities, which gave occasion to the
Crimean war. In that war he distin-
guished himself not more on the field
than in the defence of Sebastopol. He
was subsequently appointed governor of
Poland; and in this office he died at
Warsaw, 1861.
GOULBURN, Henry, many years a
member of the British parliament, and
chancellor of the exchequer under the
Duke of Wellington, and subsequently
under Sir Robert Peel. B. 1789 ; d. 1856.
GOURGAUD, Baron, a French gen-
eral, engaged at Waterloo and other great
battles of Napoleon, and who attended
the ex-emperor to St. Helena. B. 1783;
d. 1852.
GRAHAM, Sir James Robert
George, an English statesman, with
great administrative talents, b. 1792. He
entered public life an ultra-liberal, and
soon made himself felt by his powers of
sarcasm, and his industry as a pamphlet-
eer. In 1834 he letl the reform party, and
joined the tories in the battle respecting
the established church in Ireland ; in more
recent years adhering to Sir Robert Peel's
free -trade measure, but retiring from
office on the defeat of the Irish coercion
bill. His official career was disgraced by
an abuse of power as postmaster-general.
The tragic fate of the brothers Bandiera
induced Mazzini to suspect that his letters
had been opened in the London post-office,
and their secrets betrayed. By an adroit
stratagepi, suspicion was converted into
conviction ; and the odium of espionage
was fixed upon Sir James Graham. D.
1861.
GRATTAN, Thomas Colley, a popu-
lar novelist, was b. in Dublin, 1796. Dis- ^
tantly connected with the Irish orator,
Henry Grattan, he was set apart for the
legal profession, but he abandoned the
law in search of military glory. He
never saw military service, however, and,
having married, settled in the south of
gke]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
63
France as an author, producing " High-
ways and Bye Ways," and romances
and tales in rapid succession. In 1839
he was appointed British consul at Boston,
where he remained until 1853. A pam-
phlet from his pen in support of the British
pretensions on the northeastern boundary
question attracted attention. D. 1864.
GKAUL, Carl, a German scholar,
author of *' Travels in the East," and
translator of oriental poems. He was
professor of missionary knowledge at
Erlangen, where he d., 1864.
GRAY, Francis Galley, an early
and trequent contributor to the " North
American Review," and author of a
pamphlet entitled " Prison Discipline in
America," being a strong argument and
appeal against the system of solitary im-
prisonment. B. in Salem, Mass., 1790,
he was the son of a well-known mer-
chant, William Gray; and having in-
herited ample wealth, he devoted his ac-
quirements and leisure to various literary
and scientific societies. He represented
Boston in the state legislature, was six
years state senator, and, in 1839, a mem-
ber of the executive council. D. 1856.
GRAYSON, John Breckinridge,
b. in Kentucky, 1807, was graduated at
West Point in 1826, and thenceforward
served in the army of the United States
until July 1, 1861, when he resigned, and
was appointed a brigadier-general in the
confederate army. He was chief of 'com-
missariat to the army of Gen. Scott in
Mexico, and received brevet promotions
for gallantry at Contreras, Churubusco,
and Chapultepec. D. 1862.
GREEN, Thomas J., a general in the
confederate army, b. 1801; d. in North
Carolina, 1863. "He took a leading part
in the Texan war of independence, was a
member of the Texan congress, and the
leader and historian of the Mier expedi-
tion. During a residence in California
he was elected a state senator, and was
major-general of the militia. — Joseph
Henry, an English surgeon, the associate
of Sir Astley Cooper in the lectureship on
anatomy and physiology at St. Thomas's
hospital, and the successor of Sir Ben-
j amin Brodie as a member of the court
of examiners. He published lectures
entitled, respectively, " Vital Dynamics "
and "Mental Dynamics." B. 1791; d.
1863.
GREENLEAF, Simon, LL. D., was
b. in Newburyport, Mass., 1783. His
father was a captain in the revolutionary
army, and on his mother's side he was
connected with the family; of the late
Chief Justice Parsons. While he was yet
quite young, his father removed to Maine,
and when he was eighteen years old he
entered, as a law student, the office of
Ezekiel Whitman, of New Gloucester,
where he remained three years. In 1806
he married, and began the practice of the
law in Standish, Me., whence, after a
residence of six months, he removed to
Gray, where he remained twelve years.
In 1818 he removed to Portland. In
1820, upon Maine's becoming a state, and
the establishment of the supreme court,
he was appointed reporter of its decisions.
He held that office until 1832, when he
was superseded by a political opponent.
He remained in Portland one year after-
wards, and in 1833, upon the death of
Professor Ashmun, he was appointed
Royall professor of law in the Dane law
school, which office he held until 1846,
when he was transferred to the Dane
professorship, then vacant by the death
of Judge Story. He held this professor-
ship but two years, when, in 1848, his
failing strength becoming unequal to its
labors, he resigned the place. Before re-
moving to Cambridge, Mr. Greenleaf
was an author of law books. Besides
his Reports, nine volumes in number, he
published, in 1821, a volume of Overruled
Cases; in 1842, the first volume of his
work on Evidence; in 1846, the second
volume, and in 1853, the third and con-
cluding volume. In 1846 he published
an annotated edition of Cruise's Digest
of Real Law. Healsopublished''An Ex-
amination of the Testimony of the Four
Evangelists by the Rules of Evidence
administered in the Courts of Justice, with
an Account of the Trial of Jesus " ; and
other works. He was once elected to the
Maine legislature, but there devoted him-
self chiefly to amendments of the statute
law of the state. D. 1855.
GREENOUGH, George Bellas, the
first president of the geological society
of London, b. 1777 ; d. 1854. The in-
heritor of an ample fortune, he employed
his time, money, and talents to promote
the study of geology and phj^sical geog-
raphy. — Horatio, an American sculp-
tor, b. in Boston in 1805, graduated at
Harvard college in 1825, and soon after
left for Italy. He rapidly rose to emi-
nence by the excellence of his portrait
busts, his group of sleeping cherubs, exe-
cuted for Cooper the novelist in 1829, his
" Medora," the angel "Abdiel," and other
ideal works. In 1833 he commenced his
colossal Washington, which occupied him
for 10 years. He returned home in 1851,
and d. at Boston in 1853.
GREGG, John, confederate brigadier-
64
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[gun
general, b. in Alabama, 1828 ; killed in
battle in Virginia, Oct. 1864.
GREGORY, William, Dr., an accom-
plished chemist, the author of several
treatises, and professor of chemistry in
the university of Edinburgh, d. 1858.
GRIFFIN, George, an eminent mem-
ber of the New York bar, and author of
two theological works, " The Sufferings
of our Saviour," and " The Evidences
of Christianity." B. 1778; d. 1860.
GRIMALDI, Stagey, author of" Ori-
gines Genealogicae," and other antiqiia-
rian works, and an English barrister of
some distinction. B. 1791; d. 1863.
GRIMKE, Frederick, author of-
" Considerations upon the Nature and
Tendencv of* Free Institutions," b. at
Charleston, S. C, 1791; d. in Chilli-
cothe, O., 1863. He filled positions
upon the Ohio bench: first as presiding
judge of a circuit court of common pleas;
afterwards as judge of the supreme court.
GRIMM, Jacob Ludwig, historiog-
rapher, the elder of the " Brothers
Grimm," whose names are associated with
the popular literature of Gennany, was
b. at Hanau, 1785. After studying for
some time for the legal profession, he
turned his attention to literar}'^ pursuits,
and eventually became librarian at Wil-
helmshohe in Westphalia. His next ap-
pointment was at Cassel, whence he went
to Gottingen, where he was elected one
of the professors of the university. On
account of his protest against the abro-
gation of the fundamental law in Han-
over, upon the accession of the late king,
he was deprived of his office and banished
from the kingdom. He returned to Cas-
sel, and in 1841 went to Berlin, where he
became active as a member of the acad-
emy of sciences, and in connection with
the university. Here he published many
works relating to the history and archaeol-
ogy of Germany, with others relating to
the characteristics of his countrymen. Of
his philosophical investigations it may be
said that they were directed to setting
forth the intellectual life of the German
people, as manifested in their language,
their mediaeval laws and beliefs, their
customs and poetry, both in themselves
and in their relations to other nations.
He also edited a collection of Spanish
romances, and a number of the produc-
tions of the middle ages. D. 1863. —
Ludwig Emil, a brother of the preced-
ing, professor of painting in the academy
at Cassel, and an engraver of great merit;
b. 1790; d. 1863.
GRISWOLD, RuFus Wilmot, an
American author and editor, was origi-
nally a printer, but became a preacher in
the baptist church. Literature, how-
ever, attracted him from the pulpit, and
he was associated with the editorship of
literary periodicals in Boston, New York,
and Philadelphia. He edited several
separate works, the principal of which
are. "Poets and Poetry of America,"
"Prose Writers of America," "Female
Poets of America," " Sacred Poets of
England and America," and " The Poets
and Poetry of England in the Nineteenth
Century." He also published " Curiosi-
ties of American Literature," as an ap-
pendix to Disraeli's great work, and
" The Republican Court ; or, American
Society in the Days of Washington." He
was b. in Rutland county, Vt., 1815; and
d. in New York, 1857.
GROTEFEND, Dr. George Freder-
ick, distinguished as an antiquary and a
scholar, was a native of Hanover, and d.
there in 1853. He was the author of
many profound treatises on various
branches of philologj'-; but his chief title
to fame rests on his being the first to de-
cipher the Persepolitan cuneiform in-
scriptions, which have proved so fertile
in their results in the hands of Botta,
Hincks, Layard, Rawlinson, and other
eminent scholars.
GR,UND, Francis J., a well-known
contributor to the American press, b. in
Germany about 1803 ; d. in Philadelphia,
1863. He was an excellent linguist, writ-
ing English as though it were his native
tongue, and corresponding with French
and German journals as well as with lead-
ing papers of Baltimore, New Orleans, and
other cities. He adhered to the demo-
cratic party, and received a foreign ap-
pointment from President Buchanan.
On his return to this country, he edited
the Philadelphia "Age." He was the
author of a work on "The Americans;
their Moral, Social, and Political Rela-
tions," published in 1837.
GUEST, Sir John, one of the largest
ironmasters in the world, who, by his
OAvn skill and industry, raised to the
greatest prosperity a most important
branch of British trade, and accumulated
a colossal fortune. D. 1852.
GUNNISON, Captain J. W., corps of
topographical engineers. United States
army, was massacred b^ a party of
Utah Indians on the Sevier river, 1853.
Captain Gunnison graduated with dis-
tinguished honor at West Point in 1837,
and was assigned, as a second lieutenant,
to the second regiment of artillery. Upon
the organization of the corps of topo-
graphical engineers in 1838, he was
GWl]
cyclop-«:dia of biography.
m
transferred to that corps and continued a
member of it until his death. He bore
an honorable part in the Seminole war,
was engaged for some time in improving
the inland navigation along the coast of
Florida, and for about ten years was em-
E loved in the survey of the northwestern
ikes and the improvement of the har-
bors. In the j'-ears 1849 and 1850 he
was associated with Captain Stansbury,
of the corps of topographical engineers,
in the survey of the great Salt Lake
region, and made an able report thereon.
When in charge of one of the surveys
authorized by congress, for the deter-
mination of the best railroad route across
to the Pacific, he met with his untimely
fate.
GURNEY, Rev. John Hampden, son
of Sir John Gumey, b. 1802; d. 1862.
He was a clergyman of the church of Eng-
land, and the author of psalm and hymn
books, besides an endless catalogue of
published sermons and lectures.
GUTZLAFF, Dr. Charles, a well-
known Chinese scholar, traveller, and
missionary, was b. in Stettin, Prussia,
1803. In early life he was remarkable
for an ardent love of learning, joined to
an adventurous spirit; and having re-
solved to devote himself to missionary
labor in foreign parts, he volunteered to
go to the Dutch settlements in the East,
under the auspices of the Netherlands
missionary society. Before proceeding
thither he went to England, where he
became acquainted with many friends
of missions, and especially with Dr.
Morrison, then on a visit to that country
after a long residence in China. This
meeting with Dr. Morrison gave GutzlatF
a strong bias toward China as his ulti-
mate field of labor. In 1823 he pro-
ceeded to Singapore, and such was his
aptitude for languages, that, before he
had been there two years, he was able to
converse fluently in five eastern lan-
guages, and to read and write as many
more. In August, 1828, in company with
Mr. Tomlin, an English missionary, Dr.
Gutzlaff set out to visit the kingdom of
Siam. They remained for six months
at Bankok. Early in 1830 he returned
alone to Siam, and in the spring of the
following year made his first voyage to
China. At Bankok he became natural-
ized as a subject of the celestial empire,
by adoption into a particular clan or
family. Having assumed a Chinese
name, and wearing the Chinese dress,
and conforming to their customs, he
visited, along with the crew of the junk
m which he sailed, a large tract of the
coast without any molestation. After a
six months' voyage he reached Macao
safely in Dec. "l831, when he had the
satisfaction of being welcomed by his
friend Dr. Morrison. In February of the
following year he was appointed surgeon
and interpreter to an expedition that was
sent out by the East India company to
survey the coasts and obtain information
as to the ports where commerce might be
established. They returned to Macao
early in September. In little more than
a month he started on a third voyage, as
far as Teensin and Mantchou Tartary.
Of these three voyages he published, in
1834, "A Journal of Three Voyages
along the Coast of China, in 1831, 1832,
and 1833," containing much information,
and full of the author's personal adven-
tures. He afterwards published two
other works, "A History of China," and
" China Opened," the last of which con-
tains the most comprehensive and cor-
rect account yet given in English popu-
lar literature of the topography, history,
customs, laws, and literature of the celes-
tial empire. In 1834 he was appointed
interpreter to the British superintendency,
and subsequently secretary to the pleni-
potentiary, secretary to the government of
Hong Kong, and superintendent of trade
in China, which ofiices he held at the time
of his death. In 1849 he revisited Eu-
rope, but returned to his post at Victoria
in the following year, and was actively
engaged there until a fortnight before his
death, which took place in 1851.
GUYOX, General, Khurchid Pasha, a
daring and skilful military officer. When
scarcely 16 he joined the British legion
in Portugal. After its disbandment he
entered the Austrian army and served
several years in an hussar regiment,
when he married, and quitted the service.
When the Hungarian war broke out he
was appointed by the Hungarian ministrj'
to the command of a battalion, and dis-
tinguished himself by a succession of the
most brilliant exploits. At the end of
the war he was taken into the Turkish
army as lieutenant-general, with the rank
of pasha, but refused to change his re-
ligion. -' D. at Constantinople in 1856, as
it was supposed by poison, the victim of
female jealousy.
GWILT, Joseph, an eminent practi-
cal architect, and the author and editor
of manv works relating to his profession.
He was b. in London 1784, and d. 1863.
His principal publications are, " Rudi-
ments of Architecture," and an " Ency-
clopaedia of Architecture ; " and his edi-
torial labors included notes to Sir W.
66
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[hal
Chambers's " Treatise on the Decorative
bart of Civil Architecture," and Peter
Nicholson's " Principles of Architecture."
GWIN, William, commander Unit-
ed States navy, b. in Columbus, Ind.,
1831, entered the service, as a midship-
man, in 1847. When the war broke out,
in 1861, he was on duty as lieutenant
in the Mediterranean squadron, but was
ordered home, and assigned to the Cam-
bridge on blockading duty on the Atlan-
tic coast. In Jan. 1862, he was placed in
command of the gun-boat Tyler, of the
Western tlotilla, and took part in the
battles of Fort Henry, Fort Donelson and
Shiloh. In July, 1862, he was made a
lieutenant-commander. He added to his
already brilliant reputation in the expe-
dition up the Yazoo river, to meet the
confederate ram Arkansas ; and was
mortally wounded in the attack of the
Benton upon Haines's Bluff, Jan. 3, 1863.
H.
HACKLEMAN, Pleasant A., b. in
Indiana ; on the outbreak of the civil war
entered the United States service as
colonel of the 16th Indiana volunteers,
with whom he served in Virginia and
Marv'land, until the expiration of their
twelVe months' term. He was then ap-
pointed a brigadier-general of volunteers,
and assigned to the command of Gen.
Grant hi the southwest. Killed at the
battle of Corinth, Oct. 4, 1862.
HALDANE, James Alexander, b.
at Dundee, 1768, distinguished himself
by the devotion with which he applied
himself to plans of Christian usefulness.
Retiring from the naval profession with a
moderate fortune, he became a zealous
evangelical laborer, at first occupying
himself with itinerant preaching in the
villages around Edinburgh, and after-
wards making successive tours through-
out Scotland, opening Sunday schools,
and with the aid of his brother, Robert
Haldane, multiplying places of worship.
Eventually he accepted the office of pas-
tor in the tabernacle, Edinburgh; and in
that capacity he exercised, without any
emolument, all the public and private
duties of a minister with unbroken fidel-
ity and zeal for a period of 50 years. D.
1851.
HALE, Benjamin, D. D., author of
" Scriptural Illustrations of the Liturgy,"
and other works, b. in Newbur_ypbrt,
Mass., 1797; d. 1863. —.Tames T., a law-
yer and politician, judge in the 20th
judicial district of Pennsylvania, and
representative in congress from that state
from 1859 to his death. B. 1810 ; d. 1863.
— Nathan, editor of the " Boston Adver-
tiser," and one of the originators of the
"North American Review," and the
" Christian Examiner," b. in West
Hampton, Mass., 1784; d. 1863. He
served in the state legislature, and in two
constitutional conventions ; and was the
first president of the Boston and Worces-
ter railroad.
HALEVY, Jacques Elte Fromen-
TAL, a popular musical composer, b. in
Paris, 1800; d. at Nice, 1862. He was
the favorite pupil of Cherubini, was sent
to Rome by the French academy to com-
plete his professional studies, and in
1854 was elected perpetual secretary of the
French academy of fine arts. He com-
posed many operas, some of which were
brought out with success in every capital
of Europe.
HALL, Baynard, D. D., b. in Phila-
delphia, 1798, passed through his theo-
logical studies at the Princeton seminary,
and for many years was active and in-
fluential as a jpreacher and in the work
of education. .He wrote largely and well,
and d. in Brooklvn, 1863. — Marshall,
M. I)., an Englfsh physician, and the
author of works on, as well of as important
discoveries in, the practice of medicine,
b. 1791. He visited the United States in
1853-4, as a lecturer. His last effort in
the cause of science was the discovery of
the method of restoring asphyxiated per-
sons. D. 1858.
HALL AM, Henry, one of the most
distinguished modem authors, was b. in
1778. He was one of the earliest con-
tributors to the "Edinburgh Review; "
but the vast extent of his learning and
research was unknown till 1818, when he
published his "View of the State of
Europe during the Middle Ages." In
1828 he pubHshed "The Constitutional
History of England," Avhich may in some
respects be considered a sequel to the
preceding, and which Lord Macaulay has
pronounced to be " the most impartial
: book" that was ever written; and in
! 1837 and 1839 he gave to the world his
" Introduction to the Literature of Europe
in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seven-
teeth Centuries," which confirmed the
har]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
67
substantial reputation he had already
gained both in Europe and America.
The last years of Mr. Hallam's life were
spent in* superintending various new
editions of his works as they were called
for hv the public. D. 1859.*
H.\LLE IT, Benjamin F., b. at Barn-
staple, Mass., 1798, graduated at Brown
university in 1816, and was admitted to
the practice of the law. His energies
and talents were, however, directed to
politics, and for many years he was
one of the most prominent and influen-
tial partisans in the state, — first as a
member of the anti-masonic party, after-
wards of the democratic party. He
was the author of the Cincinnati
platform of 1856. D. 1862.
HAMEL, Dr. Joseph, a learned
Russian, b. 1788; d. in London, 1862.
He wrote a history of the steam-engine
and of the electric telegraph, and was a
member of the imperial academy of
sciences, St. Petersburg.
HAMILTON, Sir William, bart, pro-
fessor of logic and metaphysics in the
university of Edinburgh, b. 1788. He
was called to the Scottish bar in 1813. In
1821 he was appointed professor of his-
tory in the university of Edinburgh, and
in 1836, professor of logic and metaphys-
ics. In 1852 he published a volume of
essays under the title of " Discussions in
Philosophy, Literature, Education, and
University Reform." He was engaged
some years upon an edition of Dugald
Stewart's works, the first volume of
which appeared in 1854. D. 1856. —
James, b. in South Carolina, 1792, served
with honor in the war of 1812; then
applied himself to the practice of the law
in Charleston; then sat in the state legis-
lature; and from 1822 to 1829 was a
representative in congress, where he was
the stanch champion of free trade and
of the South Carolina interpretation of
southern rights. On the passage of the
tariff bill of 1828, he urged upon his state
an armed resistance thereto. In 1828 he
was elected governor, and in that capa-
city' recommended to the legislature the
passing of the nullification act, by which
the state was placed at issue with the
federal government. His successor.
Governor Hayne, appointed him com-
mander-in-chief of the troops raised for
the defence of the state. He afterwards
took an active interest in the affairs of
Texas, was her representative to Eng-
land and France, and her advocate when
the question of admission into the union
came up for action. He lost his life by
a collision between the steamboats Galves-
73
ton and Opelousas, near the coast of
Texas, Oct. 15, 1857.
HAMMER-PURGSTALL, Joseph,
baron von, b. at Gartz, in Styria, 1774;
d. 1856. In 1796 he became private
secretary to the Baron de Jenisch, then
attached to the Austrian foreign office.
In 1799 he was sent as dragoman to Con-
stantinople, whence he was transferred to
Egj'pt, and employed as interpreter to
the English army in Sir Ralph Aber-
crombie's campaign, and was subsequent-
ly Austrian consul in Moldavia. His
whole life was devoted to Oriental litera-
ture, and besides contributing papers,
philological and historical, to many litera-
rary journals, he published numerous
independent works, of which his " His-
tory of the Assassins " and " History of
the Ottoman Empire" may be considered
the chief.
HAMMOND, Jabez D., lawyer,
legislator, and author, d. in Cherry
Valley, N. Y., 1855. He served in con-
gress, 1815-1817 ; and in the state senate
until 1821. In 1838 he was county
judge; and in 1845 succeeded Mr. Van
Buren as a regent of the university of New
York. He was the author of the " Life
and Times of Silas Wright," the "Polit-
ical History of New York," and sev-
eral other works. — James H., b. in
South Carolina, 1807, adopted the pro-
fession of law, edited the " Southern
Times," and from 1835 to 1837 was a
representative in congress. In 1842 he
was elected governor of South Carolina,
and on the expiration of his term of
office retired to his plantation on the
Savannah river, where for several years
he devoted himself to literary and agri-
cultural pursuits. In 1857 he was elected
to the United States senate, but resigned
after the passage of the ordinance of
secession by his state in Dec. 1860. D.
1864.
HARCOURT, OcTAvious Vernon, a
British admiral, b. 1793; d. 1863. He
entered the navy in 1806, and was
engaged in active service about 30 years.
HARDING, George Perfect, an
artist, famous for his copies of historical
subjects. D. 1854. — Duffield J., an
eminent English painter in water-colors,
b. 1798; d. 1863.
HARDINGE, Sir Henry, a British
general, b. 1785, entered the army at an
early age, and served with great distinc-
tion in the peninsular war. At the battle
of Ligny he lost his left hand. In 1826
he entered parliament, and was soon af-
ter made secretary of war, to which post,
after serving from 1830 as secretary of^
&$
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[hav
Ireland, he returned, and held it till ap-
pointed governor-general of India in
1844. In 1852 he succeeded Wellington
as commander-in-chief, and in 1855 was
advanced to the rank of field marshal.
D. 1856.
HARE, Charles Julius, a clergyman
of the church of England, whose tender-
ness, courage, philosophy, and piety,
rendered him one of the most notable and
most eminently useful men of his time.
A powerful and eloquent preacher, fear-
less in the discussion of public questions,
the charges delivered to his clergy as
archdeacon of Lewes uniformly attracted
great attention. As an author, few of
his contemporaries equalled him in the
extent, variety, and accuracy of his
knowledge, — m his acquaintance with
every form of opinion that prevailed
throughout Europe, and especially with
the researches and speculations of the
great German writers in philosophy,
theology, history, and general literature.
His earliest appearances as an author
were in his translation of the German
romances and tales of Foique and Tieck.
And, in conjunction with Thirlwall,
bishop of St. David's, he had the merit
of introducing the English-speaking
public to an acquaintance with the labors
of Niebuhr in the tield of ancient Roman
history. Minutely familiar with German
speculation in tlie department of theol-
ogy, perhaps no person has exercised a
greater influence than Archdeacon Hare
in stimulating the ardor with Avhich the
works of the great German critics are
now read and studied in a language other
than that in which they wrote. A man
of independent thought, he was noted for
several eccentricities, one of which was
his adoption, on principle, of a strange,
but, as he thought, right etymologv of
the English. Thus, he wrote preac/it for
preached, and publisht for published, and
adhered to this mode of spelling in all
matters, grave or gay, secular or sacred.
B. 1795; d. 1855. — Robert, a distin-
guished chemist, the inventor of the com-
pound blowpipe, the author of several
brilliant discoveries, especially in electro-
galvanism, and in later life a disciple of
spiritualism; b. 1781; d. in Philadelphia,
1858.
HARLEY, John Pritt, a comedian
of high rank, who made his first appear-
ance on the EngUsh stage in 1815. B.
1790; d. 1858.
HARRIS, John, D. D., principal of
New College, London, and author of
" Mammon," " The Great Teacher," and
other religious works. B. 1802; d. 1856.
— Thaddeus William, M. D., b. in
Dorchester, Mass., 1795, was the son of
Rev. Dr. Harris, and a naturalist of high
repute. In 1831 he was chosen librarian
of Harvard college, and held the otfice
until his death, in 1856. He was a
learned botanist, but it was as an ento-
mologist that he acquired distinction
amongst naturalists. His "' Treatise on
some of the Insects of New England
which are injurious to Vegetation," is
recognized as a permanent contribution
to science. He Avas, moreover, an anti-
quarian, though known only by the fruits
of occasional investigations. D. 1856.
— Thomas L., b. in Norwich, Conn.,
1816; d. at Springfield. III.. 1858. Hav-
ing studied law, and been admitted to
practise in the eastern states, he removed
to Illinois in 1842. At the commence-
ment of the war with Mexico, he raised
and commanded a company, and joined
the fourth regiment of Illinois volunteers.
He was afterwards elected major of the
regiment, and, owing to the sicknes-s of
his superior officers, was chief in com-
mand during most of the campaign. He
was at the taking of Vera Cruz, and
served in the navy battery with a de-
tachment during the day of its terrible
fire ; was also at Cerro Gordo, and after
the wounding of General Shields took
command of the regiment, and was
honorably mentioned in government
despatches, for placing a twenty-four
pounder battering cannon on the heights
of Cerro Gordo during the night pre-
ceding the battle. While absent in the
army, in 1846, he was elected a senator in
the Illinois legislature, and in 1848 was
chosen a representative in congress,
serving through the thirty-first, and be-
ing reelected to the thirty-fifth congress.
HART, Joseph C. author of" Marian
Coffin." and other works, and American
consul at Santa Cruz, Canary Islands;
d. there, 1855.
HARVEY, Louis P., governor of
Wisconsin, b. at East Haddam, Conn.,
1820; was drowned while en route with
supplies for the wounded after the battle
of Shiloh, 1862. He removed to Wis-
consin in 1840 ; was a teacher, and after-
ward an editor at Kenosha; served in the
state senate from 1855 to 1857; was
elected secretary of state, and, in 1861,
governor. — Sir John, a British oflacer,
lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, d.
1852.
HAVELOCK, Sir Henky. major-
general in the British army, rendered
eminent by his services in the field in
India, was b. at Bishopwearmouth in
haw]
CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
1795, and received his first appointment
a month after the battle of Waterloo.
He embarked for India in 182-3, and in
the following year served in the first
Burmese war. * In 1838, having been a
subaltern 23 years, he was promoted to a
company, and soon afterward accom-
panied the army collected for the inva-
sion of Atfghanistan, on the staff of Sir
Willoughby Cotton. He was subsequent-
ly placed on the staff of General Elphin-
s"tone in the Punjaub, as Persian inter-
preter. When Cabul was blockaded by
the eastern Ghilzies, Havelock joined Sir
K. Sale, was present at the forcing of the
Khoord Cabul Pass, atid commanded the
column by whom Mahomet Akbar was
compelled to raise the siege of Jellalabad.
In 1843, with the rank of lieutenant-colo-
nel, he entered into the Sikh war, and at
the close of the Sutlej campaign was
made deputy adjutant-general. In 1857
he was sent to the Allahabad as briga-
dier-general, and defeated the Mahratta
leader, Nena Sahib, for which he was
rewarded with a major-generalship.
Havelock d. 1857, leaving the reputa-
tion of an earnest Christian as well as
that of a valorous soldier.
HAVILAND, John, an eminent archi-
tect. He was b. in England in 1792,
studied with Elmes, and commenced his
career in Russia. Preferring liberty to
royal patronage, he came to this country
warmly recommended by John Quincy
Adams, then minister at St. Petersburg,
He constructed, from his own designs,
many public works in this country. He
paid particular attention to the construc-
tion of jails and prisons, especially those
on the separate system. D. in Washing-
ton, D. C, 1852.
HAWKER, Pkter, lieutenant-colonel
in the British army, but more particularly
eminent in the sporting world, d. 1853.
He made many valuable improvements
in fire-arms, and was the author of " In-
structions to Young Sportsmen in all
that relates to Guns and Shooting."
HAWTHORNE, Nathaniel, a popu-
lar American author, b. at Salem, Mass.,
1804. He was left fatherless at an early
age, and his education suffered from
feeble health. His studies were com-
pleted at Bo-wdoin college, where he
graduated in 1825. The chronic grief
which the death of her husband inflicted
upon his mother seems to have tinged his
own youthful character, and to have
rendered him prone to seclusion for some
time after he had reached manhood. His
first literary production was a romance,
published anonymously at Boston in
1832, and followed in 1837 by his " Twice-
Told Tales," of which he gave a second
series in 1842. These had already ap-
peared in serial publications, and the re-
ception accorded to their reissue was
hardly worthy of his subsequent fame.
Mr. Longfellow, however, praised them
in the " North American Review " ; and
another critic of not less celebrity char-
acterized them as " full of glancing wit,
of tender satire, of exquisite natural de-
scription, of subtle and strange analysis
of human life, darkly passionate and
weird." In 1838 he was appointed a
weigher and ganger in the Boston cus-
tom-house; but being an adherent of the
democratic party, he was removed, on
the advent of President Harrison's ad-
ministration, in 1841. He next joined
the Brook Farm community, at West
Roxbury, Mass., where, with its other
inmates, he appears to have experienced
sufficient disappointment to reconcile him
to the old ways of the outside Avorld. In
1843, having married, he went to reside
in the village of Concord, and tenanted
the Old Manse, from whose windows the
minister of the parish observed the conflict
between his friends and the British troops
on the 19th April, 1775. Here he passed
three years, and of his personal history
at this time he has given some delight-
ful glimpses in the introduction to
"Mosses from an old Manse," a collec-
tion of tales and sketches. In 1846 he
was appointed surveyor of the port of
Salem by President Polk, and the his-
torical associations of the quiet and ven-
erable place furnished materials for the
most graphic and satirical efforts of his
pen. His ancient opponents, the whigs,
regained supremacy in 1849, and Mr.
HaAvthorne again passed into retirement,
this time, however, seeking a residence
amidst the hills of Berkshire. In 1850
he pubhshed "The Scarlet Letter," a
romance of deep interest, written with
extraordinary power. His " House of the
Seven Gables " appeared in 1851; and in
the following year " The Blithedale
Romance," wherein he reproduces his
experiences of his old and affectionately
remembered home at Brook Farm.
About the same time he removed to Con-
cord, the residence of his ft-iend, Franklin
Pierce, then the democratic candidate for
the presidency. Mr. Hawthorne so far
entered into the campaign as to publish
a life of Mr. Pierce, who rewarded his
biographer with the office of consul at
Liverpool, which he held until 1857. In
a work entitled " Our Old Home," he
describes his impressions of England and
70
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGUAPHY.
[hei
her people. After travelling on the con-
tinent of Europe, he returned to the
United States, and d. at Plymouth, N. H.,
in May, 18G4. Besides the works al-
ready named he published " True Stories
from History and Biography," and other
minor productions.
HAWTREY, Edward Craven, pro-
vost of Eton college, England, an accom-
plished scholar, and remarkable as a
translator. His " // T/'i/oy/io " contains
translations of poems in Greek, Italian,
and German. B. 1789 ; d. 1862.
HAYDN, Joseph, author of " Diction-
ary of Dates," " The Book of Dignities,"
and other standard works of literature.
D. in London, 1856.
HAYES, Catherine, a celebrated
vocalist, was b. in Limerick, 1820. Her
taste for music and talent for its acquire-
ment were early displayed, and she was
placed as a pupil with Signor Sapio, a
teacher of music in Dublin. She after-
wards studied under Viardot Garcia at
Paris, and Ronconi at Milan. Her first
appearance was at Marseilles, in " I Puri-
tani," in 1845, where her success was so
great that no one knew her to be a debu-
tante. Engaged for La Scala, at ^Nlilan,
the beauty of her voice and the purity
and simplicity of her style at once com-
manded success. At Venice, Rome,
Florence, and Genoa, she was equally
successful. In 1849 she appeared at the
Italian Opera, London, and at the close
of the season sang in the " Messiah,"
with an eelat that established a reputation
as an interpreter of sacred music not
second to that she had earned upon the
stage. She accepted an engagement in
the United States in 1851, and after per-
forming in all our great cities, proceeded
to California and South America, and
thence to Australia and India. She re-
turned to London in 1855, and to the
United States in 1856. Subsequently
she was married in London, to William
Avery Bushnell, of New York, who had
had the management of her affairs for
some years, and her public appearances
then became less frequent. D. 1861.
Perhaps Miss Haj'^es never had a rival in
rendering with deep sensibility, mourn-
ful pathos, and heart-speaking expres-
sion, the melodies of her native country.
HAYNAU, Julius J. von, an Austrian
general noted for his cruelty to the Hun-
garians in 1849. B. 1786 ; d. at Vienna,
1853.
HAYS, Alexander, brigadier-general
United States volunteers, b. at Pittsburg,
1823. He graduated at West Point in
1844, and received a commission in the |
United States infantry. He gained a
reputation for gallantry in the Mexican
war, on his return from which he applied
himself to business pursuits. In 1861 he
raised a regiment of volunteers, and was
commissioned colonel of the 63rd Penn-
sylvania infantry. He fought at Seven
Pines and Fair Oaks, and in May, 1862,
was nominated for a brevet of major in
the United States army. He distin-
guished himself in subsequent engage-
ments, and in September, 1862, was pro-
moted to the rank he held at his death.
He shared in the battle of Fredericks-
burg, was wounded at Chancellorsville,
served at Gettysburg, and commanded
the second brigade in Grant's battles in
the Wilderness. In one of these he was
killed, May, 1864.
HEAD,'^SiR George, elder brother of
Sir Francis Bond Head, author and com-
missariat officer; d. 1855.
HEG, Hans C, colonel of United
States volunteers, and acting brigadier-
general, b. 1829 ; killed at Chickamauga,
1863. He was a native of Norway, and
at an early age came to the United States
with his father, who settled in Wisconsin.
In 1859 he was elected to the office of
commissioner of prisons of that state.
He entered the United States service, in
1861, as major of the 4th Wisconsin
militia, and in Sept. of the same year be-
came colonel of the 15th Wisconsin volun-
teer infantry, with whom he served
under generals Pope, Buell, and Rose-
crans. In April, 1863, he was placed in
command of a brigade in the army of the
Cumberland, and took part in the move-
ments of the 20tli corps in Tennessee,
finally falling at the head of his men.
HEINE, Heiniuoh, a celebrated Ger-
man writer, b. in Diisseldorf, 1799 ; d. in
Paris, 1856. His first work, Gedlchie,
afterwards published as " Youthful Sor-
rows," appeared in Berlin in 1822; a
series of poems suggested by an early
disappointment in love". About the same
time he published two plays, Almansor
and Eadcliff, with the Lyrisches Jnter-
mezzo. In 1825 he received the degree
of doctor of law at Guttingen. Having
removed to Hamburg he published the
Harzreise, the first part of his RtisehUder.
a work which excited an extraordinary
sensation throughout Germany. In 1827
he went to Munich to edit^ with Dr.
Lindner, the PoUtische Annalen, return-
ing to Berlin in 1829. The liberality of
his views, and the free exercise of his re-
markable powers of sarcasm and invec-
tive, brought down upon him the hostility
of the Prussian authorities, and to escape
hkr]
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
71
prosecution in 1831 he went to Paris,
where he acquired great influence as an
author, and acquired the reputation of
heing the wittiest French writer since
Voltaire. His contributions to the Ger-
man press strengthened his hold upon
the opinions of the German people, and
made him more formidable than ever to
the despotisms he assailed. His " History
of Modern Literature in Gennany " ap-
peared in 183-3, followed by L' AUemagne,
a work characterized by relentless sar-
casm and the recklessness of its attacks.
This book, it has been said, " produced a
perfect storm of fury in Germany," while
in France its effect was in no small de-
gree to arrest the current of romanticism.
In 1847 Heine was attacked by a painful
spinal complaint, from which he suffered
almost without intermission until his
death. Anguish did not check his pen,
however, for he continued to write ener-
getically as before, and without any per-
ceptible weakening of the qualities which
had secured him distinction. Notwith-
standing the defiant tone of his writings,
their infidelity and occasional licentious-
ness, and their indifference to the feelings
of his contemporaries and the memory of
literary friends, his private life exhibited
affection and rare sympathy for suffering.
Towards the close of his life he passed
from absolute unbelief to theism, mingled
with a fondness for the reading of the
Bible; but, by his own request, all re-
ligious rites were omitted at his funeral.
HELM, Benjamin Hardin, confeder-
ate brigadier-general, b. in Kentucky,
educated at West Point, and for a short
period an officer of the United States
dragoons. He served under General
Bragg at Shiloh, and commanded a di-
vision at Stone river and Chickamauga,
being killed in the latter battle, Sept.
1863.
HENDERSON, J. Pincknev, b. in
North Carolina, 1808, emigrated to
Texas in 1836, and was forthwith ap-
pointed attorney-general of that republic
by President Houston. In 1837 he be-
came secretary of state, and soon after-
wards proceeded to England and France
as minister plenipotentiary, with author-
ity to solicit the recognition of the inde-
pendence of Texas. In 1838 he made a
commercial arrangement with England,
and in 1839 a commercial treaty with
France. In 1844 he was appointed a
special minister to the United States,
which mission resulted in the annexation
of Texas. In 1845 he was a member
of the convention which framed the con-
stitution of the state of Texas. In Nov.
of the same year he was elected governor
of the state; and when the Mexican Avar
broke out, in 1846, he took command in
person of the volunteer troops called for
by General Taylor, served six months as
major-general," and distinguished him-
self at the battle of Monterey, subse-
quently receiving from congress, for his
services, a vote of thanks, and a sword
valued at $1500. In 1857 he was elected
a senator in congress, and d. in Wash-
ington in the following year.
HENSHAW, David, appointed sec-
retary' of the navy of the United States
by President Tyler, but rejected by the
senate, was b. in Massachusetts, and was a
man of uncommon energy, and a political
writer of much force and spirit. He was
a frequent contributor to the " Boston
Statesman," and his articles attracted
much attention. D. 1852, aged 62. —
Joshua Sidney, a native of Boston, was
for some time professor of mathematics
in the United States navy, after which
he was admitted to the practice of the
law, and settled in Utica. He published
a " Manual of Consuls," " Around the
World," and other works. His original
name was Belcher, which was changed
bv the legislature of Pennsylvania. B.
1811; d. 1859.
HENTZ, Mrs. Caroline Lee, author-
ess of " Ernest Linwood," and other
novels, and a well-known contributor to
periodicals, b. in Lancaster, Mass. ; d. in
Florida, 1856.
HERBERT, Henry William, a
popular writer, b. in London, 1807, was
educated at Eton and Cambridge. In
1830 a pecuniary reverse suddenly re-
duced him from affluence to poverty,
and he sought to retrieve his fortune in
the United States. On his arrival in
this country, and for eight years after-
ward, he officiated as Greek teacher in a
classical school. During this period, in
addition to his classical studies, he
turned his attention to authorship, edit-
ing the " American Monthlv Magazine,"
from 1833 to 1836, besides writing for
other periodicals. In 1835 he published
" The Brothers " ; in 1837, " Oliver Crom-
well "; in 1842, a third historical novel,
" Marmaduke WyviU " ; and, in 1846,
" The Roman Traitor," a romance found-
ed on Catiline's conspiracy. In 1848 he
published a poetical translation of the
"Prometheus" and "Agamemnon" of
^schylus. He is most widely known as
" Frank Forester." under which nom de
plume he was the author of many sport-
ing sketches^ in addition to two text-
books of sporting and natural history,
72
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[hil
the " Field Sports," and the " Fish and
Fishing" of North America, both of
which were eminently successful. A
"Treatise on the Horse" is his most
elaborate production. He committed
suicide in New York, 1858.
HEKKICK, Edwakd Claudius, many
years otficially connected with Yale col-
lege, and author of valuable contribu-
tions to the " American Journal of
Science," b. in New Haven, 1811; d.
1862. Amongst the most noticeable of
his writings were papers on meteoric
showers, and on the " Hessian Fly and its
Parasites." His attainments in entomol-
ogy, meteorology, and astronomy were
considerable, and as a bibliographer and
local historian he enjoyed a high repu-
tation.
HERRIES, John Charles, an Eng-
lish politician, and member of various
tory administrations, d. 1855.
illCKS, Thomas H., governor of
Maryland from 1858 to 1862, and sena-
tor, from that state in congress in the
place of the late James A. Pearce, d. in
Washington, 1865.
HILOKE I'H, Samuel Prescott, a
writer on geology, palaeontology, and
meteorology in "Silliman's Journal of
Science," and author of works relating
to the early settlement of the northAvest
territory, b. in Methuen, Mass., 1783 ; d.
1863. He was educated a physician, and
removed to Ohio in 1806, settling at
Marietta in 1808, and continuing his pro-
fession there until his death. He formed
and classified a valuable cabinet of natu-
ral history, and an extensive scientific
library, both of which he donated to
Marietta college. — Richard, an Ameri-
can journalist and author, b. in Deer-
field, Mass., 1807, received his education
in an academy of Avhich his father, a
congregational clergyman,was preceptor.
He graduated at Harvard in 1826, and
was admitted to the practice of the law
in 1830. About this time he contributed
various articles to Boston periodicals, and
in 1832 he became a political writer for
the Boston "Atlas," then an influential
journal, with which he remained con-
nected until 1834. Impaired health led
him to seek a southern climate, and while
residing in Florida he wrote an anti-
slavery novel entitled " Archy Moore,"
afterwards enlarged and republished as
"The White Slave." On his return to
Boston he translated from the French of
Dumont Bentham's " Theory of Legisla-
tion/' to which succeeded a "Histor}'
of Banks," written with^the view of
promoting the system of free banking,
with security to bill-holders, which has
since been adopted in several states.
Resuming his connection with the
"Atlas," he earnestly advocated the
election of General Harrison to the presi-
dency. In 1840 he published " Despotism
in America," a work discussing the
slavery question in its various aspects :
and also contributed freely to the theolog-
ical controversy then being waged in
Massachusetts. He resided three years
in British Guiana, where he labored' as a
journalist, and where he wrote his
" Theory of Morals," pubhshed at Boston
in 1844. In 1853 his " Theory of Politics ' '
appeared. His most important work,
however, is a " History of the United
States " from the earliest colonial settle-
ments to the end of Monroe's tirst pres-
idential term, — a plain, unambitious,
chronological narrative, useful for refer-
ence, though not always entirely trust-
worthy as to facts, but meagre and un-
interesting in style. In 1855 he wrote a
volume entitled " Japan as it was and is."
For several years he was editorially attach-
ed to the New York " Tribune," whose
columns bore evidence of his unflagging
industry and his unabated love of politi-
cal controversy. On the accession of Mr.
Lincoln to the presidency, Mr. Hildreth
accepted the consulship at Trieste. His
health had for some time previously been
precai-ious, and he was compelled to retire
from the office early in 1864. Death had
even then set its seal upon him, and after
a lingering illness he d. in the city of
Florence, July 11th, 1865.
HILL, Isaac, was b. in Massachu-
setts, 1788. In 1798 his parents re-
moved to Ashburnham, Mass., where
they had purchased a small farm. In
1802 he was apprenticed to Joseph Gush-
ing, who had just commenced the publi-
cation of the " Amherst Cabinet." Upon
the expiration of his apprenticeship, in
1809, he went to Concord, New Hamp-
shire, and purchased the " American
Patriot," and on the 18th of April, 1809, as
editor and publisher, he issued the first
number of the " New Hampshire Pa-
triot." Mr. Hill, while editor of the
" Patriot," was twice chosen clerk of the
state senate, was once elected a repre-
sentative from the town of Concord, and
was elected to the state senate in 1820,
1821, 1822, and 1827. In 1828 he was
the democratic republican candidate for
United States senator, and received the
votes of the members of his party, but
the opposition had a majority in the
legislature, and Governor Samuel Bell
was elected. In 1829, soon after General
hoa]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
73
Jackson entered upon the duties of the
presidency, he appointed Mr. Hill second
comptroller of the treasury; and he en-
tered upon the duties of that office on the
21st of March in that year. Mr. Hill held
the office of comptrolfer until April, 1830,
when his nomination was rejected by the
senate. He returned to New Hampshire,
and at the next session of the legislature
was elected to the United States senate
for six years. He remained in that body
about five years, when, in 1836, having
been elected governor of New Hampshire
by a majorit}' of nearly 9000 votes, he
resigned the senatorship to enter upon
the office of chief magistrate of his state.
He was reiil 'cted governor in 1837, and
again in 18j8 ; and in June, 1839, retired
to private life. In 1840 he was appointed
by President Van Buren to the office of
sub-treasurer at Boston, which he held
until removed in March, 1841. He also
held for many years the office of pension
agent. D. in Washington, 1851. —
Nicholas, a distinguished lawyer of
New York, state reporter from 1840 to
1845, and one of the authors of '' Notes
to Phillips's Evidence." B. 1806 ; d. 1859.
— Ambuose Powell, major-general in
the confederate service, b. in Culpepper
county, Va., 1826. He graduated at
West Point in 1847, and joined the first
artillery, in which he continued until
March, 1801. He then resigned, and was
made colonel of the 13th Virginia in-
fantry, which he commanded at Manas-
sas. In May, 1862, he commanded a
brigade at the battle of Williamsburg,
and was soon afterward promoted to a
major-generalship. He was engaged in
the seven days' battles before Richmond,
and took part in the battle of Antietam.
As commander of the 3d corps of the con-
federate army he distinguished himself
at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. He
occupied an important part in the con-
federate position before Petersburg, and
was killed in one of the closing battles
of the war, April 1, 1865.
HILLHOUSE, Augustus Lucas, b. in
New Haven, Conn., 1791; after graduat-
ing at Yale, went to France, in 1815,
laboring under infirm health, and there
engaged in literary pursuits. He trans-
lated into English Michaux's '' North
American Svlva." D. near Paris, 1859.
HINCK^, Rev. Thomas D., profes-
sor of Hebrew and oriental languages in
the Belfast academy, b. 1787; d. 1857.
HINRICHS, Hermann Friedrich
WiLHELM, professor of philosophv at
Halle, b. in the grand duchv of Olden-
burg, 1794; d. in Thuringia,'l86].
HITCHCOCK, Edward, D. D.,
LL. D., long identified with Amherst col-
lege, and ah author of high repute in the
domains ol" science and theology, b. in
Deerfield, Mass., 1793. After being
principal of an academy and pastor of a
congregational church, in 1825 he be-
came professor of chemistry and natural
history in Amherst college, and held this
position until 1845, when he was made
president of the college and professor of
natural theology and geology. At dif-
ferent periods he was engaged as state
geologist of Massachusetts, of Vermont,
and of the first district of New York. His
scientific publications embrace " Geology
of the Connecticut Valley," " Reports on
the Geology of Massachusetts," " Illustra-
tions of Surface Geology," " Elementary
(ieology," and the " Ichnology of New
England." His " Religion of Geology
and its Connected Sciences'* holds a high
rank in the literature of natural theology.
Amongst his works on practical religion
are a "Memoir of Mary Lyon," "A
Wreath for the Tomb," and " Lectures
on the peculiar Phenomena of the Four
Seasons." He was a strenuous advocate
of total abstinence, and wrote two or
three works in its support. D. 1864.
HOAR, Samuel, LL. D., b. in Lin-
coln, Mass., 1778, was admitted to the
bar in 1805, and having opened an
office in Concord, Mass., soon attained to
professional position. He was a member
of the convention for revising the state
constitution in 1820, state senator in
1825 and 1833, member of the executive
council in 1845 and 1846, representative
in the legislature of the state in 1850, and
representative in congress from 1835 to
1837. In 1844 he was appointed agent,
under a resolve of the legislature of Mas-
sachusetts, to proceed to South Carolina
and aid the colored citizens of Massa-
chusetts, imprisoned by the authority of
South Carolina, by testing in the courts
of the United States the constitutionality
of the act of the legislature of South
Carolina, authorizing the imprisonment
of colored persons who should enter that
state. On his arrival in South Carolina,
and making known the object of his mis-
sion, it was considered an unwarranta-
ble interference with the state's rights.
There was great excitement in Charles-
ton, and he was expelled from that city
by the citizens, Dec. 5, 1844, the legisla-
ture having passed resolutions on that
day authorizing the governor to expel
him. In 1812 he married Sarah Sher-
man, youngest daughter of Roger Sher-
man of Connecticut. D, 1856.
74
CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[HOU
HODGSON", Francis, a scholar and
man of letters, and an intimate friend of
Lord Byron. D. 1852, aged 72. He was
the author of a successful translation of
Juvenal.
HOFFMAN, Ogden, an eminent
nid prius lawyer, in early life entered
the United States navy, and served as
midshipman through the war of 1812.
When peace was declared he resigned
and entered upon the study of the law.
On being admitted to the bar he prac-
tised in Goshen, Orange county, until
1826, when he removed to the "city of
New York, and speedily worked his way
to distinction. In 1828 he was a repre-
sentative in the state legislature. He
held the office of district attorney for the
city, and also United States district at-
torney for the southern district of New
York. In 1853 he was elected attorney-
general. D. 1856.
HOGAN, John, an eminent Irish
sculptor, b. 1801 ; d. 1858.
HOLMAN, James, popularly known
as " The Blind Traveller," was b. in
1791, and entered the British navy when
very young. He was constantly afloat
till 1810, when he was obliged to leave
the naval service by an illness which
ended in the total deprivation of sight,
and which resulted from the anxious dis-
charge of his professional duties; he was
soon afterwards appointed a naval knight
of Windsor. But the al most monastic se -
elusion of that foundation was ill suited
for his active mind, and in spite of his
severe -infirmity he determined to under-
take travels in all parts of the globe.
His first journey, made in the years
1819, 1820, and 1821, was through
France, Italy, and Switzerland, the parts
of Germany bordering on the Rhine, Hol-
land, and the Netherlands. He pub-
lished a narrative of his travels on that
occasion. He next travelled through
Russia, Siberia, Poland, Austria, Saxony,
Prussia, and Hanover, in 1822, 1823, and
1824, and while passing through the Rus-
sian territories, he was suspected by the
government to be a spy, and was con-
ducted as a state prisoner from the east-
era parts of Siberia to the frontier. His
Russian travels were published in two
volumes. In 1834 he published his prin-
cipal work, recording a still wider reach
of travel and inquiry, entitled a *•' Voy-
age Round the World," in four volumes.
This publication embraced the journals
of a vast route, including Africa, Asia,
Australasia, and America, traversed be-
tween the years 1827 and 1832. His last
journeys were made through Spain, Por- |
tugal, Wallachia, Moldavia, and Monte-
negro, Syria, and Turkey, and his last
employment Avas in preparing for the
press iiis tinal journals. D. 1857.
HOOPER, William Hulme, lieuten-
ant British navy, author of " Ten Months
amongst the Tents of the Tuski," and
" Incidents of a Boat Expedition to the
Mackenzie River," b. 1828; d. 1854, from
the eft'ects of exposure and privation ex-
perienced during four years' Arctic ser-
vice in search of Sir John Franklin.
HOPE, Sir Henky, a British admiral,
b. 1787; d. 1863. He entered the navy
in 1798; and in 1815 commanded the
Endymion 40-gun frigate in the engage-
ment with the United States ship Presi-
dent, which he took as a prize to Eng-
land.
HOPKINS, JosiAH, D. D., a presby,
terian clergyman, author of a theologi-
cal text-book, entitled "The Christian
Institute," b. in Pittsford, Vt., 1786; d.
1862.
HORNE, Thomas Hartvveix, author
of '• An Introduction to the Critical
Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scrip-
tures," was for many years a bam'sters'
clerk in London, pursuing knowledge
under difficulties, and eking out a
scanty living by literar}' labor in his
leisure hours. In his youth he struggled
with skepticism, and in his 20th year
published " A Brief View of the Neces-
sity and Trtith of the Christian Religion,"
the result of his own inquiries into the
authenticity and inspiration of the
Scriptures. This early etfort was the
fomidation of the great work by which
he became as widely known in the
United States as in England, and which
has been translated into most of the
languages <>f Europe and several of those
of India. When 39 years of age he
was ordained a clergyman of the church
of England, and at a later date received
the degree of D. D. from the university
of Pennsvlvania. B. 1780; d. 1862.
HOUSTON, Samuel, b. in Rock-
bridge county, Va., 1793; d. in Hunters-
ville, Tex., 1863. His early years were
passed amidst poverty and hardship ; his
father having died, and his mother having
removed with her family to Tennessee.
The pui-suits of frontier life brought
young Houston into contact with the
Clierokee Indians, with whom he re-
mained several years. Returning to
border civilization, he served in a coun-
try store, and, despite his own scanty
education, imdertook a school. In 1813
he enlisted in the army, and served under
General Jackson in "the war with the
hug]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
75
Creek Indians. He distinguished him-
self on several occasions, and at the con-
clusion of the war had risen to the rank
of lieutenant, but soon resigned his com-
mission, and commenced the study of
law at Nashville. He was, in 1823,
elected to congress, and continued a
member of that body until, in 1827, he
became governor of Tennessee. In 182!),
before the expiration of his gnbcrnatorial
terra, he resigned his office, and went to
take up his abode among the Cherokees
in Arkansas. His wanderings led him
to Texas, where he obtained a seat as a
delegate in the convention called to form
a constitution previous to its admission
into the Mexican union. Ihe constitu-
tion drawn up by the convention was
rejected by Santa' Anna, who called upon
the Texans to surrender their arms.
They determined upon a resistance; a
militia was organized, and Austin, the
Ibunder of the colony, was elected,
commander-in-chief, in which office he
was shortly after succeeded by General
Houston. He conducted the war with
vigor, and finally brought it to a success-
ful termination by the battle of San
Jacinto, which was fought in April, 1836.
In May, 1836, he signed a treaty, acknowl-
edging the independence of Texas, and
in October of the same year he was in-
augurated the first president of the re-
public. At the end of his term of office
he became a member of the Texas con-
gress. In 1841 he was again elevated
to the presidential chair. In 1840 Texas
became one of the states of the union,
and General Houston was elected to the
senate, of which body he remained a
member until the close of the thirty-fifth
congress. He was afterwards elected
governor of Texas.
HOWARD, George William Fred-
EUiCK, Earl of Carlisle, b. 1802. For
many years he occupied a prominent
place in the house of commons as Lord
Morpeth; was chief secretary for Ireland
under Lord Melbourne, and more re-
centl}^ lord-lieutenant of Ireland. He
travelled in the East, and published his
impressions under the title, " Diary in
Turkish and Greek Waters " ; and having
visited the United States, lectured on
the subject to societies of mechanics. He
was a hearty friend of the north as against
the Richmond confederacy, and labored
earnestly to counteract the intrigues of
southern sympathizers in England. D.
1864 ^
H 'WELL, Joshua B., brigadier-gen-
eral of United States volunteers, com-
manding a brigade in Major-General
73*
Terry's division before Petersburg, was
killed by a fall from his horse, Sept. 1864.
He was "born toward the close of the last
century.
HUBBARD, .losEPiT Stillmax, pro-
fessor of mathematics in the United
States navy, performing duty in the naval
observatory at Washington, and an as-
tronomer of no ordinarv reputation, b. in
New Haven, Conn., 1823; d. 1863. He
was an extensive contributor to the
"Astronomical Journal." — Samuel
Dickinson, b. at Middletown, Conn.,
1799, although educated for the law, en-
tered business life as a manufacturer. He
served as a representative in the 29th and
30th congress. In 1852 he was appointed
postmaster-general, and held the office
until the close of President Fillmore's
administration. D. 1855.
HUC, Evakiste Regis, the Abb^,
labored as a missionary in China, and in
that capacity penetrated into the heart,
of the Chinese empire. In 1852 he pub-
lished " Travels in Tartary, Thibet, and
China " ; and he also wrote in other forms
concerning Christianity in China, and
the peculiarities of the Chinese people.
B. 1814; d. 1800.
HUGER, Daniel Elliott, for nearly
half a century honorably identified with
the public service of South Carolina, as a
member of the state legislature, judge,
and United States senator, d. 1854.
HUGHES, John, D. D., b. in Ireland
in 1798, came to the United States in
1817, and for a brief term served with a
fiorist, to learn the art of gardening. He
next entered a catholic seminary at Em-
mitsburg, Md., and having been ordained
a priest in 1825, settled in Philadelphia.
In 1830 he carried on a controversy with
the Rev. John Breckinridge on the
question, — " Is the protestant religion
the religion of Christ?" The matter
was afterwards collected into a volume
which attracted wide attention. In 1832
he founded St. John's church in Phila-
delphia, and became its rector. In 1834
he renewed the discussion with Mr.
Breckinridge orally, the question on this
occasion taking the fonn, — " Is the
Roman Catholic religion, in any or in all*
its principles and doctrines, inimical to
civil or religious liberty ? " He was next
appointed coadjutor bishop of New York,
having been consecrated in 1838 ; and in
the following year was made adminis-
trator of the diocese. On the death of
Bishop Dubois, in 1842, he succeeded to
the full dignit}' of bishop, and he forth-
with applied himself to a reform in the
tenure of church property and the adjust-
u
CYCLOPyEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[nuN
ment of church debts in his diocese. To
obtain pecuniary aid in the same connec-
tion, he visited France, Austria, and
Italy, in 1839. On his return he took up
the work of catholic education, organiz-
ing St. John's college at Fordham, N. Y.,
and du-ecting a powerful agitation for
the modification of the common-school
system. He held the tirst diocesan
synod of New York in 1842 : ai>d in 1845
revisited Europe to obtain the services of
Jesuits, brothers of the Christian schools,
and sisters of mercy. In 1847 the sees
of Albany and Buffalo were erected, and
in 1850 New York was raised to the dig-
nity of an archiepiscopal see, the arch-
bishop proceeding to Rome to receive the
pallium at the hands of the pope. The
first provincial council of New 1 ork was
held in 1854. Subsequently the arch-
bishop became involved in a controversy
with Mr. Erastus Brooks, a member of
the state senate and one of the editors
of the New York " Express," growing
out of the question of church property.
The letters on both sides were collected
by the archbishop and republished in a
volume, with an introduction from his
pen. In 1858 he laid the corner-stone
of a cathedral in the city of New York,
and to the last labored persistently in the
interest of his church. D. 1864.
HULSEMANN, John George, chev-
alier de, Austrian minister at Washing-
ton, was b. at Stade in Hanover, educated
at Gottingen, and for several years editor
of a journal at Vienna. He came to the
United States in 1841 as chai'ge d'affaires,
and afterward became resident minister,
in which position he remained until
obliged bv ill health to return to Europe
in 1863. 'D. 1864.
HUMBOLDT, Frederick Henry
Alexander, Baron, b. at Berlin in 1769,
was educated for employment in the di-
rection of the government mines, suc-
cessively, at Gottingen, Frankfort-on-the
Oder, at Hamburg, and at the mining
school at Freiberg. He was appointed
assessor to the mining board in 1792,
subsequently exchanging the post for
that of a director of the works at Bay- |
^reuth. These duties he abandoned in
1795, to devote himself to those pursuits ;
in whicli he won so much renown. Hav-
ing acquired considerable acquaintance
with the different countries of Europe,
he sailed in 1799, in company with Bon-
pland, for South America. After explor-
ing the extensive territory which now
forms the state of Venezuela, they crossed
the steppes of Calobozo, and embarked
on the Orinoco, proceeding to the ex-
treme Spanish port. Fort St. Carlos ; re-
turning to Cumana, after having trav-
elled thousands of miles over a trackless
wilderness. Having explored nearly all
that was interesting in South America,
Humboldt returned to Europe in 1804,
and commenced a series of colossal pub-
lications in nearly every depai-tment of
science. In 1829 he explored Siberia
and the Caspian Sea. The work by
which Humboldt is most widely known
in the United States is his " Cosmos,"
the basis of the book being a series of
lectures delivered in Paris and Berlin.
" Cosmos " was designed by its illustrious
author to be an educational medium, to
develop in the people an appreciation of
nature. D. 1859.
HUME, Joseph, b. at Montrose in
1777, was the son of a master mariner,
and was left fatherless at an early age.
His mother, the mistress of a little shop,
apprenticed him to a surgeon-apothecary.
In 1796 he was admitted to the college
of surgeons at Edinburgh; and having
obtained a professional appointment in
the service of the East India company,
he left for the East at the commencement
of the Mahratta war. In India he mas-
tered the native languages, and acted as
interpreter of Persian to the army, being
at the same time postmaster, paymaster,
and commissariat olHcer. These multi-
farious occupations enabled him to re-
turn to England, in 1808, with a well-
earned fortune. In 1812 he bought a
seat in parliament, which he lost almost
immediately by a dissolution. Six years
afterward he was more fairly elected, and
— with a brief intermission — he con-
tinued a member of the house of com-
mons, until his death in 1855. His public
services as an economist are well known.
His dogged perseverance and inflexible
principles enabled him, j^ear after year, to
be the means of lopping off items of ex-
penditure. The blue books and parlia-
mentaiy papers of a quarter of a century
may be regarded as a monument of his
amazing industry, and of his victories
over innumerable abuses.
HUMPHREY, Heman, D. D., presi-
dent of Amherst college, author of a
" Tour in France," " Sketches of the
History of Revivals," " Domestic Edu-
cation," " Letters to a Son in the Minis-
try," and other works, b. in Connecticut,
1779; d. 1861.
HUNT, Edward B., an officer in the
United States service, b. in Livingston
county, N. Y., 1822. After fillii!^ the
position of principal assistant professor
of civil and military engineering at West
IRV}
CYCLOPiEDIA OF BlOaRAPHY.
77
Point, he became the assistant of Profes-
sor Bache in the coast-survey bureau,
where he remained until 18o5. He was
next engaged in engineering opera-
tions on the Atlantic coast, being for
tive years employed in the construc-
tion of defensive works at Key West. In
1862 he was appointed chief engineer of
the 5th army corps, but was soon after-
ward appointed to special service by the
navy department, to superintend the con-
struction of a submarine battery of which
he was the inventor. While engaged in
this task he received an injury from the
premature discharge of a shell, from the
effects of Avhich he d., 1863. — Fueeman,
founder of the " Merchants' Magazine,"
and author of " Lives of American Mer-
chants," b. in Quincy, Mass., 1804, d. in
New York, 1858. " His early literary
labors were in connection with Boston
periodicals, and with " fhe Traveller," a
miscellany which he established in New
York in 1831. — Fkederick Knight, a
London journalist, for some years editor
of the "Daily News," b. 1814; d. 1854.
— Tames Henry Leigh, essayist, jour-
nalist, and poet, was b. in Middlesex,
1784. At the age of tifteen he entered
the office of one of his brothers, an at-
torney, removing thence to a situation in
the war-office. While thus employed
he contributed to various periodicals,
writing more especially theatrical criti-
cisms. In 1808 he became, with a brother,
joint editor and proprietor of the " Ex-
aminer " newspaper. Under their man-
agement, the "Examiner" was thrice
subjected to govemment prosecution;
twice was the journal acquitted; but on
the third occasion, having been guilty of
describing the prince regent as " an
Adonis of fifty," — the brothers Hunt
were amerced in a penalty of £500, and
two years' imprisonment. One of the
fruits of the imprisonment was the well-
known story of " Rimini." In 1822
Leigh Hunt joined Shelley and Byron in
the management of the " Liberal," but
Shelley's death and a rupture with Byron
soon led to the abandoninent of the ven-
ture. Tiienceforward Hunt eschewed
politics, and addressed himself to general
literature, his later years being rendered
comfortable by a pension granted by the
British government. D. 1859. — Wil-
liam, painter in water-colors, was b. in
London, 1790. He first exhibited as an
artist in 1824, and his originality at once
secured him a high position. He was
not only a masterly artist, but a poet ;
the objects he painted being " seen and
felt by him as they exist, and conveyed
by a mystery of art" which critics have
inefi^ectually attempted to explain. Rus-
kin has spoken of him as among the
greatest in a school rife with great
colorists. D. 1864.
I.
INGERSOLL, Charles J., author
of a " History of the Second American
War with* Great Britain," and other
works, was b. in Philadelphia, 1782, and
d. 1862. He was a representative in
congress from 1813 to 1815, and from
1841 to 1847. He was appointed by Pres-
ident Polk minister to France, but failed
to obtain confirmation by the senate.
INGHAM, Charles" C, an Ameri-
can portrait-painter, b. 1797 ; d. in New
York, 1863.
INGRAM, Herbert, founder and pro-
prietor of the " Illustrated London News,"
and member of the British parliament,
b. 183 V, was drowned in Lake Michigan,
1860.
ION, Jacob Bond, a South Carolina
statesman, b. 1782, entered the United
States array, in 1811, as captain of the
first regiment of artillery, and served
until 1815. He was afterwards appointed
to the command of the fortifications at
Charleston and Savannah. He was an
influential member of the South Carolina
senate, and for some years its president,
and took an important part in the con-
vention of 1832, by which the ordinance
of nullification was passed. D. 1859.
IRVING, Washington, b. in New
York, 1783, was the youngest son of
William Irving, a descendant of an
Orkney family, his mother being an
Englishwoman. An ordinary school
education terminated in Irving's 16th
year, and he then commenced tihe study
of the law. In 1802 he contributed to
the "Morning Chronicle" newspaper a
series of papers upon the theatres, man-
ners, and local events of the town, over
the signature of Jonathan Oldstyle.
Symptoms of a pulmonary affection led
Irving, in 1804, to seek relief in the
south of Europe, where he visited Genoa,
78
CYCLOPvEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[IVE
Messina, Naples, and Rome. Thence he
passed through Switzerland to Paris,
Flanders, Holland, and linally to Eng-
land; returning to New York and re-
suming his law-studies in 1806. All his
inclinations, however, were in the direc-
tion of a literary life, and he never prac-
tised law. In conjunction with James
K. Paulding and his elder brother Wil-
liam, he projected " Salmagundi," a
serial publication, which was continued
during a year, and was highly popular.
" Knickerbocker's History of New York "
followed about two years afterward, and
became an immediate favorite with eveiy
lover of genuine humor. In 1810 he
wrote a biografhical sketch of Thomas
Campbell, which secured him the friend-
ship of that author. Meanwhile Irving
had joined two of his brothers as a silent
partner in mercantile pursuits. But he
continued his literary labors, and in 1813
-14 edited the " Analectic Magazine " in
Philadelphia. In 1814 he became aide-
de-camp and military secretary, Avith the
title of colonel, on the staff of Gov. Tom-
kins. On the termination of the war he
proceeded again to Europe, and remained
there 17 years. The first year or two of
his stay in England passed in travel, rural
wanderings, and pleasant social inter-
course, amongst others, with Walter
Scott. The failure of the New Y^ork firm
of which he was a member deprived Ir-
ving of his property, and threw him upon
his literary resources for support. Ihe
" Sketch-Book " was the earliest product
of his labor, and brought him profit and
distinction. The winter of 1820 he spent
in Paris, where he enjoyed the intimacy
of Thomas Moore. " Bracebridge Hall "
appeared in 1821, Murray having paid
1000 guineas for the copyright without
seeing the manuscript. Irving next
visited Dresden, and in 1824 published
the "Tales of a Traveller." In 1825
Alexander H. Everett, United States
minister to Spain, commissioned Irving
to translate the documents relating to
Columbus just collected by Navarrette.
The " History of the Life and Voyages
of Christopher Columbus" was the
result, followed by the " Voyages and
Discoveries of the Companions of Colum-
bus." During his residence in Spain
Irving also gathered the material which
he embodied in the " Chronicle of the
Conquest of Granada." the " Alhambra,"
" Legends of the Conquest of Spain,"
and " Mahomet and his Successors." He
had returned to England in 1829, having
received the appointment of secretary of
legation to the American embassy at
London. In 1831 the university ot
Oxford conferred on him the degree of
LL. D., and in the following year he re-
turned to New York, where he was en-
tertained at a public dinner under the
presidency of Chancellor Kent. In the
summer of the same year he accompanied
Commissioner Ellsworth on his journey
to remove the Indian tribes across the
Mississippi, and aajuired a strong interest
in the adventurous life of the West.
" A Tour on the Prairies " appeared in
1835, "Astoria" in 1836, and in 1837
" Adventures of Captain Bonneville in
the Rocky Mountains and the Far West."
In 1841 he wrote a Life of jSIargaret Mil-
ler Davidson, to accompany an edition
of her poetical remains. In 1842 he was
appointed minister to Spain, which post
he filled four years. On his return he
published, in a separate form, " Oliver
Goldsmith, a l>iography," which had
been prefixed to a Paris edition of that
author's works. In 1848-50 he revised
an edition of his works, published by Mr.
G. P. Putnam. His last and largest
work, the "Life of Washington," was
completed in 1859. Irving's latter days
were passed serenely and happily at
Smmyside, his home, near Tarrvtown,
surrounded by a genial circle of relatives
and friends. He was never married, in
consequence of the death of the young
lady — Miss Hofiman — whom he loved,
and whose well-worn bible lay on a table
at his bedside when he died. He d. sud-
denly, from disease of the heart, Nov.
28, 1859.
ISABEY, I. B., a French miniature-
painter, d. in Paris in 1855, ajjed 88, the
last survivor of the famous school of art
to which he belonged.
ITUKBIDE, Madame Huatk de,
ex-empress of Mexico, b. about 1790 ; d. at
Philadelphia, 1861. Her husband, Angus-
tin de Iturbide, the first emperor of
Mexico of European descent, was execut-
ed by the Mexican government in 1824,
from which time his widow resided in the
United States.
IVES, Eli, an eminent American phy-
sician, professor of materia medica, and
afterward professor of the theory and
practice of medicine in Y'ale college, b.
in New Haven, 1779 ; d. 1861.
J ah]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
79
JACKSON, Thomas Jonathak, more
generally known as "Stonewall" Jack-
son, a lieutenant-general in the confeder-
ate service, b. in Lewis county, Va., 1826.
He graduated at West Point in 1846,
served in Mexico with Magruder's bat-
tery, was brevetted captain for gallantry
at Contreras and Churubusco, and major
at Chapultepec. In 1852 he resigned in
consequence of ill health, and became a
professor in the military institute at Lex-
ington. Va., marrying, and attaching
himself to the presbyterian church, of
which he became a zealous elder. Thus
he remained until his state declared itself
out of the Union, when he resumed his
military career with the rank of colonel
in the army of Virginia. His first move-
ment was upon Harper's Ferrv, which he
occupied April 18, 1801. At Martinsburg,
July 2, he was attacked and compelled to
retreat by the union forces under General
Patterson. He participated in the battle
of Bull Run as brigadier-general, and was
with the main army of the confederates
at Centreville during the winter of 1861-
62. On March 23, near Winchester, he
encountered unsuccessfully the troops
under General Shields; the circum-
stance that he and his forces were de-
scribed by another as having " Stood
like a stone wall" in the conflict, giv-
ing rise to the appellatioft by which he
was afterwards distinguished. His sub-
sequent movements against Generals
Banks, McDowell, and Shields, secured
for him a reputation as a bold, dashing,
and withal successful soldier. Alter
taking part in the series of battles which
for the time relieved Richmond and closed
the Chickahominy campaign, he led the
advance of General Lee's army as it
moved north against General Pope, and
having repeatedly defeated him, crossed
the Potomac into Maryland and occupied
Frederick; recrossed and captured Har-
per's Ferry, with 11,000 union prisoners,
and having joined Lee's main body, bore
a prominent part in the battle of Antie-
tam. During the winter of 1862 Jackson
held com land of the right wing of the con-
federate army stationed near Fredericks-
burg, having meanwhile been promoted
to a lieutenant-generalship. On the 2d
Maj'-. 1863, he made an impetuous charge
upon the 11th federal corps under General
Howard, routing them completely and
forcing them toward Chancellorsville.
Darkness arrested the contest, and Jack-
son, who had been in the foremost posi-
tion, turned with his staff toward his
own lines. A South Carolina regiment,
mistaking the cavalcadt for union cavalry,
fired a sudden volley, and Jackson fell
fi'om his horse, wounded in both arms. He
d. on the 10th May, and was honored with
a public funeral in Richmond. — Con-
rad Fkgek, brigadier-general of volun-
teers in the United States army, b. in
Pennsylvania, killed at Fredericksburg,
Va., Dec. 13, 1862. He entered the war
as colonel of the 9th Pennsylvanian re-
serves in 1861, and in July, 1862, took
command of the brigade previously under
General Ord, in General McCall's divis-
ion. — James S., another union officer,
with the rank of brigadier-general of
volunteers, b. in Kentuckv, 1822; killed
at Perryville, Oct. 8, 1862. He was a
lawyer "by profession, but served in the
Kentuckj^ cavalry in the Mexican war. —
Claibokne F.,"b. in Fleming county,
Ky., 1807, settled in Missouri, and be-
came one of its most prominent politi-
cians, wielding great influence in the
state legislature, taking an active part in
the organization of the banking system,
and filling the office of bank commis-
sioner. He was elected governor in 1860,
and employed all the means at his com-
mand to plunge the state into secession.
In July, 1861, having left the capital oa
the approach of General Lyon with
United States troops, he was deposed by
the state convention. He became general
in the confederate army, and d. at Little
Rock, Ark., 1862. — Charles, justice
of the supreme court of Massachusetts
from 1813 to 1823, was b. in Newbu-
ryport, 1775, and admitted to practice
in Essex county in 1796. In 1832 he
was placed at the head of the commis-
sion to revise the statutes of the common-
wealth, and was a member of the cor-
poration of Harvard college fi-om 1825 to
1834. D. 1855.
JAHN, Frkdehick Ludwig, the in-
ventor of the modern system of gymnas-
tics, was b. in Pomerania, 1778, and
went to Berlin in 1809. The French
were then masters of Germany, and
Jahn, who was a teacher in a private in-
stitution, established his first gymnasium
in 1811, as a covert means of nourishing
patriotic feelings amongst his country-
men. To him the affiliated societies of
" Turners " owe their paternity. D.
1852.
CYCLOPAEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[JEL
JAMES, G. P. R., one of the most
prolific of modern novelists, was b. in
London, Some of his earliest literary
efforts were seen by Washington Irving,
who advised him to aim at something-
higher. The novel of " Richelieu" was
the result of this encouragement. Pub-
lished in 1828, it met at once Avith sig-
nal success. During the succeeding 20
3'^ears his pen was constantly at work in
this division of the literary' tield, all his
novels belonging too obN^iousiy to one
class — and that a mediocre one — to call
for enumeration. In 1852 he became
British consul at Norfolk, Va., where he
remained some years. In 1858 he was
appointed consul at Venice, and d. there,
1860. — John Angkli., author of many
popular religious works, and pastor of a
congregational church at Birmingham,
England, b. 1784; d. 1859. — Charles
T., b. in West Greenwich, R. I., 1806; d.
1862. Having turned his attention to
mechanics as connected with the cotton
interest, he wrote a series of papers on
the culture and manufacture of cotton in
the south. He was a senator in congress
from 1851 to 1857 from Rhode Island. He
subsequently invented a rifle-cannon, and
met his death from the explosion of a
shell of his own invention.
JAMESON, Mks. Anna, an eminent
art critic, b. in Dublin, 1796 ; d. in Eng-
land, 1860. Her " Loves of the Poets,"
" Lives of celebrated Female Sovereigns,"
" Characteristics of Women," " Sacred
and Legendary Art," and " Common-
place Book of Thoughts, Memories, and
Fancies," are amongst the most impor-
tant of her labors. Her maiden name
was Murphy. — Robekt, mineralogist
and geologist, b. at Leith, 1773; d. 1854.
He was for many years editor of the
"Edinburgh Joui-nal," a periodical de-
voted to natural history and science, and
was a fellow of several of the learned
societies of the United States. — Chaklks
Davis, brigadier-general of volunteers
in the United States army, b. in Gor-
ham. Me , 1827 ; d. in 1862 of camp-
fever, contracted on the peninsula of
Virginia. He joined the service as colonel
of the 2d Maine volunteers in May, 1861,
and was promoted to the rank he held at
the time of his death as a recognition of
his gallantry at Bull Run. In 1861 and
1862 he was the candidate of the " war
democrats" of Maine for the office of
governor of that state.
JARVIS, Rev. S. Farmer, D. D., b.
at Middletown, 1787, an episcopalian
minister. Ardently devoted to the in-
terests of the church, he was ordained
deacon and priest of his native place
by his father, the Right Rev. Abraham
Jarvis, D. D., the then bishop of the
diocese. In 1811 he was appointed rec-
tor of St. Michael's, in the diocese of New
York, and in 1813 rector of St. James's
church. New York. He resigned his
charge in 1819 and became professor of
biblical learning in the general theolog-
ical seminary. Subsequently he was
elected rector of St. Paul's, Boston, which
appointment he held more than seven
years, and then went to Europe, where
he remained several years, collecting ma-
terials to aid him in the works he was
projecting for the benefit of the church.
On his return, in 1835, he became rector
of Christchurch, Middletown, and while
in that office he received from the general
convention of 1838 the appointment of
" Historiographer of the Church." He
prepared an ecclesiastical history of the
church, a portion of which has been pub-
lished. D. 1851.
JAY, William, the second son of
John Jay, b. in New York, 1789 ; d. in
Bedford, Westchester county, 1858.
Educated at Yale college, he studied law
at Albany, but was induced by weak
health to retiu-n to the country and aid
in the management of his father's estate,
which, at his death in 1839, he inherited.
Soon after 1812 he was appointed first
judge in Westchester county, which
office he held until 1843. He was an
early and efficient advocate of the Amer-
ican Bible society, and was one of its
vice-presidents. He was also a warm
advocate of Sunday-schools, of the peace
movement, temperance, and African col-
onization, and wrote and published much
on all these subjects. He Avas also in cor-
respondence with anti-slavery leaders,
and sympathized generally with every
philanthropic niovement of his day. He
published the life and writings of his
father.
JELLACHICH, Joseph, Baron von,
marshal in the Austrian service and Ban
of Croatia, was b. 1801, and having been
educated in the military academy at
Vienna, entered the Austrian army in
1819. Long engaged in the bloody war-
fare carried on upon the Bosnian frontier,
he acquired great influence over the
people of Croatia. And when, in 1848,
the Hungarians began their struggle for
national independence, he induced the
Croats to send an embassy to Vienna to
declare their readiness to pour out their
blood in defending Austrian supremacy.
The proposal of the Croats was seized
with eagerness by the court at Vienna.
JOHj
CYCLOPJEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
81
and Jellachich returned Ban, or com-
mander-in-chief of the Croat forces. It
is now notorious that the deputies who
waited on the enipcrur at Vienna were
Jellaehich's own purchased instruments.
Ban Jellacliich collected his anny,and had
40,000 men, exclusive of a considerable
force from the Austrian regulars, besides
arms and ammunition sufficient for every
purpose. He fought a battle near Siotok
and retreated ; and during the night he
withdrew his troops to fight again, in a
most treacherous manner. His courage,
however, did not fail, and he remained
ill the field until Gorgei's surrender and
the subjugation of Hungary; ilaynau
being, part of the time, his commander-
in-chief. In 185.3, when a dispute arose
between Austria and Montenegro, the
Ban was appointed commander of the
corps of observation on the Danube. D.
1859.
J ENIFER, Daniel, a prominent mem-
ber of the Maryland legislature, a repre-
sentative in congress from 1831 to 1833,
and from 1835 to 1841; and minister to
Austria under presidents Harrison and
'Jyler. D. 1855.
'JERROLD, Douglas, b. in London,
1803. His father was manager of the
theatres of Sheerness and Southend, but
his own bojMsh prefereiices took a
nautical turn. A midshipman's com-
mii^sion, and a little active service, soon
obliterated the preference, and taught
him that his physical strength was un-
equal to the pursuit. Retiring from the
sea, he was apprenticed to a printer, and
the cacoethes scribendi soon developed it-
self. His first attempts were at dramatic
criticism, and were so successful as to
lead to his transfer from Uie duties of
compositor to those of literary assistant
on the Monitor. At 18 he commenced
writing for the stage, farce succeeding
farce with great rapidity. His " Black-
eyed Susan " was produced at the Surrey
theatre with unbounded success: it re-
trieved the fortunes of EUiston, the
manager of the Surrey, and gave T. P.
Cooke independence. " The Mutiny at
the Nore " 'bllowed, and others which it
were need! .ss to enumerate. Transcend-
ing all these efforts, at length appeared
his "Rent-Day," suggested by Wilkie's
celebrated picture. His success as a
dramatic author led Jerrold to become,
with Hammond, joint lessee of the Strand
theatre, and the enterprise yielded a sub-
stantial reward. Becoming ambitious,
the}' exchanged the modest Strand for
the pretentious Drury Lane, and the prof-
its of the former were speedily absorbed
by the losses of the latter. Jerrold tlien
entered the field of general literature,
and contributed some of the most effect-
ive sketches to " I'he Heads of the
People, ' a serial at the time in course of
publication. When Punch was started he
was absent fi'om England, but on his re-
turn he became one of its most constant
and most brilliant contributors. His
early contributions to Punch were signed
" Q," and among them was one on the
custom of blessing colors for the army,
which the society of friends reprinted for
general distribution. "The Story of a
Feather," " The Caudle Lectures," and
" PuncWs Letters to his Son," will keep
green the memory of Jerrold' s connec-
tion with that periodical. Notwithstand-
ing his success as a writer, the ventures
undertaken by Jerrold on his own ac-
count were pecuniary failures. The
JUuminated Magazine, the Shilling Maga^
zine, and his Weekly Newspaper, all of
them come within this category. He
afterward became editor of Lloyd's News-
paper, which, under his management, at-
tained a large circulation. His views of
social ethics and of political questions were
on the side of the many and against the
few. He abhorred the cant which con-
tributes so much to respectability in Eng-
land, and waged a bitter wai-fare upon
the shams and wrongs which enter so
largely into its government. He d. 1857,
in the full vigor of his powers. His
literary friends presented a testimonial to
his widow in the form of an annuity, the
result of various performances for her
benefit.
JESSUP, Thomas S., brevet major-
general United States army, b. in Vir-
ginia, 1790, entered the army in 1808,
and served with distinction in the war of
1812. D. 1860.
JOHNSTON, James, F. W., a popu-
lar writer on chemistry and some of the
allied subjects, b. at Paisley, Scotland,
1786 ; d. 1855. The best known of his
works is the " Chemistry of Common
Life." — Geokge, a physician at Ber-
wick-on-Tweed, a voluminous writer on
zoology, conchology, and botany. D.
1855. -^ Albert Sydney, a confederate
general, b. in Mason county, Ky., 1803,
graduated at West Point in 1826, served
in the Black Hawk war, and in 1836
entered the Texan army, in which he
rapidly rose to distinction. In 1846 he
commanded a volunteer Texan regiment
in Mexico, and served as inspector-
general at the siege of Slonterey. In
1857 he directed the expedition against
the Mormons, and commanded the dis-
82
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[kea
trict of Utah until I860, when he was
removed to San Francisco and placed in
command of the department of the Pa-
cific. When the civil war broke out in
1861, he Joined the confederates, and was
appointed commander-in-chief of the con-
federate army of the west. He was
killed in the battle of Shiloh, April 6,
1862.
JOMARD, Edme Francois, a French
writer on geography, archixjology and
education, b. 1777; d. 1862. He intro-
duced the Lancasterian system of educa-
tion into France, and was director of the
Institut des Ef/yptiens, formed for the
education of young Egyptians sent by
Mehemit Ali to study in Paris.
JONES, Roger, brevet major-general,
adjutant-general of the United States
army. He commenced his military
career in 1809, as a lieutenant of marines,
which commission he held at the out-
break of the war of 1812 with Great
Britain, when he was appointed a cap-
tain of artillery in the army. His services
in the campaigns of 1813 and 1814 on the
Niagara frontier, and his gallantry as a
major of the staff in the conflicts of
Chippewa. Lundy's Lane,, and the sortie
of Fort Erie, won for him the respect and
admiration of his brother officers, and the
approbation of the government. He was
raised, in 1825, to the post of adjutant-
general, which he held at his decease. D.
1852. — John N., brigadier -general con-
federate sersnce, was b. in Virginia. 1820,
and after being educated at West Point,
entered the United States army. In 1845
he was appointed as&istant instructor of
infantry tactics at West Point, but sub-
sequently rej oined the army. He resigned
in 1861," and accepted a commission in
the confederate army, in which he rose to
the rank of brigadier-general. He was
killed in battle in Virginia, May, 1864.
JUDD, Sylvester, Rev., "author of
j '' Margaret, a New-England Tale," and
I other works, was b. at Westhampton,
Mass., 1813, graduated at Yale, studied
theology at Cambridge, and settled as
pastor of a unitarian church at Augusta,
Me., where he d., 1853.
JUDSON, Mrs. Emily, (Emily Chub-
buck), widow of Adoniram Judson, the
well-known baptist missionary to Burmah.
As Fanny Forrester she had considerable
celebrity as a writer. D. 1854.
JULLIEN, M., a popular musical com-
poser and conductor, b. in France, 1812,
performed on the violin in concerts at the
age of five, and after directing concerts in
Paris, in 1839 went to London, Avhere for
15 years he was a celebrity. He visited
this country in 1856, and gave a series of
monster concerts in the principal cities.
Subsequently he experienced pecuniary
reverses, and d. in a lunatic asylum near
London, 1860.
\
K.
KANE, Elisha Kent, honorably
known in connection with Arctic explora-
tions, was a son of Judge Kane, and was
b. in Philadelphia in 1822, graduated at
the university of Virginia, studied medi-
cine in the university of Pennsylvania,
where he graduated in 1843; was soon
appointed surgeon to the American mis-
sion to China, and travelled extensively
in the East and in Egypt, and traversed
Greece on foot ; served next on the west-
ern coast of Africa, was in the Mexican
war, and was then in the coast-survey ;
went as senior surgeon to the first Ameri-
can expedition in search of Sir John
Franklin, and published on his return a
narrative of the expedition, and soon
started in command of the second expedi-
tion, which will ever be the noblest monu-
ment to his memory. His constitution
yielded to the exposure and hardships he
had encountered, and he d. in Havana,
Cuba, Feb. 16, 1857. His death elicited
expressions of sympathetic mourning
from all parts ; and many cities in the
United States passed resolutions honor-
ing his memory.
KEARNY, Philip, major-general of
volunteers in the United States army, b.
in New York, 1815, and educated for the
law ; in 1837 joined the first dragoons with
a commission as second lieutenant. Being
sent to France to study and report upon
the French cavaliy tactics, he entered the
polytechnic school, fought in Algeria as
a volunteer in the ranks of the ilinssetirs
(PA/rique, and returned to this country
with the cross of the legion of honor. He
served with the rank of captain under
General Scott in Mexico, distinguishing
himself at Contreras and Churubusco,
and winning additional laurels, but losing
his left arm in the attack upon the capital.
His next service was in California, where
he commanded an expedition against the
Indians of the Columbia river. He re-
cyclop^:dia op biography.
83
signed his commission in 1851, and again
went to Europe; serving as volunteer aid
on the staff of a French general during
the Italian war of 1858, and receiving
from the Emperor Napoleon a second
decoration of the legion of honor. He
returned to the United States immedi-
ately after the battle of Bull Run, and
having been appointed brigadier-general
of volunteers, was placed in command of
a New Jersey brigade in General Frank-
lin's division. He served through the
Chickahominy campaign in command
of a division in General Heiutzelman's
army corps, and on July 4, 1862, was
commissioned major-general. After Gen-
eral McClellan's retreat to the James
river, Kearney's division was engaged in
various battles between the Rappahan-
nock and Washington, and in one of
these, near Chantilly, Va., he was killed,
Sept. 1, 18(52.
KEATING, John, a native of France,
b. 1760, was an officer in the service of
Louis XVI., on the death of whom he
came to the United States, with a num-
ber of families of the French noblesse
and the military, and founded the colony
known as " The Asylum," near I'owanda,
Penn. He was the grandson of Jefti-ies
Keating, who raised a troop of horse
during the siege of Limerick. D. 1856.
KEIM, William H., a brigadier-
general in the United States service, b.
1813 ; d. 1862. He entered service in the
civil war with the position of major-
general conferred by Governor Curtiu of
Pennsylvania, and at the outset was in
General Patterson's division on the upper
Potomac. He joined McClellan's divis-
ion as a brigadier-general in the fall of
1861 , and commanded a brigade composed
principally of Pennsvlvania regiments.
KEISER, Dii., formerly head of the
medical staff of the German army, pro-
fessor in the university of Jena, and an
extensive contributor to German litera-
ture. B. 1779 ; d. 1862.
KEITT, .T.AWRENCE M., b. in South
Carolina, 18^^ 1; d. in battle in Virginia,
1864. From 1853 to 1860 he was a rep-
resentative in congress, resigning in De-
cembei of the latter year to take part
in the secession movement then at work
in his native state. He was an active
promoter of the ordinance of secession,
and was afterwards elected to the con-
federate congress.
KEMBL.E, Charles, the last surviv-
ing brother of a distinguished family of
actors, b. in South Wales, 1775 ; d. 1854.
He possessed remarkable powers as a
tomedian, and acted the subsidiary
characters of the drama with great effect.
Miss Fanny Kemble, afterward Mrs.
Butler, is his elder daughter. — John
Mitchell, an eminent Anglo-Saxon
scholar and archaeologist, and the eldest
son of Charles Kemble, was b. 1806. In
1826 he entered at Trinity college, Cam-
bridge, and there graduated B. A. and
M. A., at the same time acquiring emi-
nence as a speaker at the " Union," a
literary society of which lennyson,
Charles Buller, Maurice, Sterling, and
Trench were members. Soon after leav-
ing college, he, with other Englishmen,
was induced by General Torrijos to
engage in an enteiprise for the deliver-
ance of Spain from the tyranny of Ferdi-
nand, reimposed upon the nation by the
Bourbons. The plot was betrayed to the
Spanish government, and Torrijos and
several of his friends were shot. By an
accident Kemble M'as prevented from
landing in Spain, and thus escaped the
fate of his comrades. He next resided in
Germany, where he became an intimate
friend and disciple of the celebrated
Jacob Grimm. Returning to England,
Kemble was appointed editor of the
" British and Foreign Review," during
the management of which he produced
his " Saxons in England," a work mainly
founded on a collection of documents
relating to the Saxon period, which he
had amassed from various sources. A
great archaeological work, the ''Horae
Ferales," for which he found materials
amongst the ancient sepulchres of Ger-
many and England, was left by Mr.
Kemble unfinished, his death occurring
suddenlv in Dublin, 1857.
KEMENY,^ Baron, one of the most
celebrated officers of the Hungarian war
of independence, afterwards chief to the
Hungarian committee in England. D. in
London, 1852, aged 63.
KENRICK, Francis Patrick, D. D.,
an eminent catholic controversialist and
biblical critic, b. in Dublin, 1797. After
receiving a classical education in Ireland,
he proceeded to Rome to study for the
church, and in 1821 was ordained a priest.
He came to the United States in the same
year, and for nine years officiated as the
head of an ecclesiastical seminary at
Bardstown, Ky. In 1830 he was con-
secrated bishop of Arath, and coadjutor
to bishop Conwell, of Philadelphia. On
the death of the latter, in 1842, Dr. Ken-
rick became his successor. In 1851 he
was transferred to the archiepiscopal see
of Baltimore, and in 1859 received from
the pope " the primacy of honor," con-
ferring upon him and his successors pre-
84
CYCLOPAEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[kin
cedence over other catholic prelates in
the United States. He was the author
of many controversial works, all of them
remarkable for learning and power ; and
also of two treatises on dogmatic the-
ology, '• Theologia Dogmatica " and
" Theologia Moralis," which are exten-
sively used as text-books. At the time of
his death he was engaged upon a revised
English version of the scriptures, a large
part of which has been published. D. in
Baltimore, 1863.
KENT, Victoria Maria Louisa,
Duchess of, the mother of»Queen Victoria,
b. in Saxe-Coburg, 1786; d. near Wind-
sor, 1861. She was married twice; first
to the Prince of Leiningen, who d. in
1814, and in 1818 to Edward, Duke of
Kent, fourth son of George III. — Wil-
liam, an American jurist, son of Chan-
cellor Kent, b. 1802; d. 1861.
KESTNEK, Chevalier, author of a
volume on pamting and of different
essays on the tine arts. At one time
Hanoverian minister at the court of
Rome. D. at Rome, 1853.
KETTELL, Samuel, b. in Newbury-
port, Mass., 1800, early engaged in literary
pursuits, and was an assistant of Mr.
Goodrich in preparing the '' Peter Parley "
books. A self-educated man, he became
an accomplished linguist, and translated
one of the Parley volumes into modern
Greek. He was for some time a contrib-
utor to the " Boston Courier," and on
the retirement of Mr. Buckingham, in
1848, he assumed the editorship of that
journal. He was representative from
Boston in the state legislature in 1851-52 ;
and d. in Maiden, Mass., 1855.
KIDD, John, professor at Oxford,
England, author of one of the '* Bridge-
water Treatises," and of works on medi-
cine, mineralogy, and geology. B. 1775 ;
d. 1857.
KILVP:RT, Rev. Francis, an English
clergyman, author of " Memoirs of the
Life and Writings of Bishop Hurd." B.
1793; d. 1863.
KING, William, the first governor of
Maine, and one who figured conspicu-
ously in the political relations of the state,
wash, in Scarborough in 1768, and was
a brother of Hon. Rufus King. He
removed to Bath :ibout the commence-
ment of the present century. His name
is identified most intimately with all that
relates to the separation from Massa-
chusetts, and the adoption of the state
constitution. D. 1852. — Philip Par-
ker, rear-admiral, was b. at Norfolk Isl-
and, of which his father was then gov-
3mor, and entered the British navy in
1807. He served in several eocpeditions,
among which was a survej- of the coasts
of Australia in 1817, the results of which
are contained in a work which, with an
accompanying atlas, he compiled. In
1825 he was employed to survey the
southern coast of America, from the
entrance of the Rio Plata round to
Chiloe, and of Terra del Fuego, and in
1832 published a volume entitled " Sail-
ing Directions to the Coasts of Eastern
and Western Patagonia," &c. On retir-
ing from active service, in 1830, he went
back to Australia and d. there, 1856. —
Thomas Starr, — author of " The
White Hills, their Legends, Landscapes,
and Poetry," and a distinguished unita-
i rian clergyman, b. in New York, 1824.
His father, the Rev. F. F. King, a uni-
versalist minister, d. early, and at the
age of 12 the son entered upon employ-
ment to assist in the family's mainte-
nance. He devoted his leisure hours to
study, and after preaching in Woburu
and Charlestown, became pastor of the
unitarian church in Hollis street, Boston,
with which he was connected from 1848
to 1860. In the latter year, being invited
I by the unitarians of San Francisco to be
I their minister, he removed to that city.
i Apart from his pulpit efibrts, he enjoyed
i great popularity as a lecturer. 1). 1864.
— T. ButlerJ long prominent in the
politics and in connection with the inter-
nal improvements of Georgia, was b. in
Hampden, Mass., 1804, and, after study-
ing law, removed to Georgia in 1823 and
became a planter. He sat several years
in the state senate, and was thrice elected
a representative to congress. He also
took an active part in the Milledgeville
convention in 1833, and in the Macon
railroad convention in 1836. He resided
some time in California, but on his return
to Georgia was again elected a state
senator. He identified himself with the
secession authorities at an early stage of
the civil war, and went to Europe as a
I commissioner. D. in Georgia, 1864. —
I William, R., many years a senator in
! congress from Alabama, during a part of
i which he officiated as president pro tern. ;
i minister to France; and elected vice-pres-
I ident of the United States in 1852. He
I was b. in North Carolina in 1786, but
removed to Alabama, and devoted him-
self to planting. At the time of his
election as vice-president his health was
I feeble, and when the period of the in-
auguration aiTived he was in Cuba,
where the oath of office was administered
I by the United States consul. He re-
i turned fo Alabama, and d. 1853.
kol]
CTCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
85
KINGSLEf, James L., was b. in
Windham, Conn., 1778. He graduated
at Yale collej^e in 1799. He returned to
the college as tutor in 1801, and for half
a century was one of the prominent in-
structors in that institution. In 1805 he
was chosen professor of languages and
ecclesiastical history. In 1831 he relin-
quished instruction in Greek, on the ap-
pointment of Professor Woolsey, and he
ceased to teach Hebrew about the year
1836. . After that period his department
was limited to the Latin language and
literature. He was also the librarian of
the college from 1805 to 1824. In 1851 he
resigned his official connection with the
college, but consented to retain his title
as professor emeritus. He was a scholar
of extensive, varied, and exact learning,
and as a writer distinguished for accuracy,
terseness, and force. Many important
papers on subjects of literary and classi-
cal criticism were published by him in
the reviews and other periodical works.
D. 1852.
KIRK, Edwakd N., brigadier-general
United States service, b. in Ohio, wound-
ed in the battle of Stone river, d. 1863.
He commanded a brigade at Shiloh and
Corinth.
KITTO, John, a theological writer,
whose labors and researches have con-
tributed largely to the diffusion of bibli-
cal literature, was b. at Plymouth. Eng-
land, and received little more than the
bare rudiments of education. An acci-
dent during his boyhood deprived him of
his hearing, and so shattered his nervous
system as to unfit him for the manual
labors of his father's trade, — that of a
jobbing mason. A long confinement
developed a taste for reading, and event-
ually the idea sprung up in his mind
that the taste for books might be turned
to account as a means of support. His
reading was chiefly, though not exclu-
sively, direct 1 to sacred literature, and
after two extensive fours which he was
enabled to make through northern Europe
and western Asia, — where the observance
of manners and customs analogous to
those described in the scriptures interest-
ed and iuir>-Pssed him, — he returned to
England, resolved to use the literary
materials he had amassed for the illustra-
tion of the sacred volume. The " Picto-
rial Bible '' was the first work he attempt-
ed, and its success secured him ready
employment from booksellers in other
compilations of a similar natui*e. " The
Pictorial History of Palestine " and " The
Court of Persia" were amongst the next
products of his labor, which he continued
with untiring assiduity, rarely contenting
himself with less than fourteen hours of
literary work. In conjunction with sev-
eral coadjutors, he next projected and
edited " The Cyclopaedia of Biblical
Literature "' and " The Journal of Sacred
Literature " ; following these with the
"•Daily Illustrations of the Bible," —
a compilation distinguished by skilful-
ness of arrangement and simplicity of
style, and bringing together a vast fund
of information relating to sacred history,
biography, geography, and antiquities.
His rare attainments in theology earned
for him the degree of doctor in divinity,
and a pension of $500 was granted to him
by the British government. His labors
proved too much for his strength, and a
Eainful neuralgic afl'ection incapacitated
im for literary exertion for a couple of
years. With a view to the restoration
of his health he removed to Cannstadt, in
Germany, and there d. in 1855.
KNOWLES, James Sheridan,
dramatist and author, b. at Cork. 1794;
d. 1862. A passion for the drama was
manifested at a very early age. On his
removal to London, he obtained an in-
troduction to William Hazlitt, of whom
he was afterward accustomed to speak as
his mental sire, and through whom he
made the acquaintance of many literary
men. After a residence of fourteen years,
he exchanged London for Dublin, and in
the latter city made his debut as an actor.
The effort was not successful, and for a
time the stage was abandoned. At Bel-
fast he opened an academy as a teacher
of grammar and elocution, and while
thus employed produced the dramas on
which his celebrity principally rests.
Having been made the recipient of a
pension of $1000, his pen lapsed into
idleness. Yet later in life he turned
from dramas to theology, from the stage
to the pulpit, identifying himself zeal-
ously with the baptist church.
KOLOWRAT, LiEBSTENSKY Franz
Anton, Duke of, b. in Prague, 1778; d.
1861. He held an influential position in
Bohemia, and in 1826 was called to the
counsels of the Austrian empire. He
founded the Bohemian national museum
at Prague, and bequeathed to it a large
and valuable library, with an endow-
ment.
KOLTES, John A., b. in Rhenish
Prussia, in 1823, came to this country in
1846, and served in the Mexican war.
In 1861 he raised a German regiment and
took the field in support of the Union.
He was killed at the battle of Gainesville,
Va., 1862, being at the time an acting
m
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT.
[lam
brigadier-general in General Steinwehr's
division.
KOWER, the Maharanee Jendan,
the favorite wife of Runjeet Singli,
Maharajah of Lahore, — at one time the
most powerful sultana in Asia, — b. about
1780; d. in exile in England, 1863.
KOZMIAN, Andreas Edouard, the
Polish translator of Shakspeare, d. in
Galicia, 1864.
KRAITSIR, Dr. Charles, a Hunga-
rian philologist, b. 1804, was educated in
the university of Pesth; and having
taken part in the Polish revolution, was
exiled, and came to the United States in
1833. He became professor of modem
languages in the university of Virginia,
and published some treatises on philol-
ogy. D. 1860.
KRASINSKI, Count Valerian, a
Polish diplomatist and historical writer,
exiled from his country ; d. at Edinburgh,
1855.
KUYLER, Franz Theodore, pro-
fessor of the history of art in the royal
academy, Berlin, b. at Stettin, 1808: d.
1858.
LABLACHE, Louis, a lyric comedian,
b. 1792. He made his debut in England
in 1830, and for many years reigned
supreme on the stage of the Italian opera.
D. in Naples, 1858.
LACORDAIRE, Jean Baptiste
Henri, an eloquent catholic priest, long
the most celebrated preacher in Paris, b.
in the department of Cote d'Or, France,
1802. In his youth he went through a
course of law studies at Dijon, and was
then an avowed sceptic. He was admitted
to the bar in 1822, and practised in Paris
until 1824, when he entered the theolog-
ical seminarj-- of St. Sulpice. He was
ordained to the priesthood in 1827, and
in 1830 became the associate of Lamen-
nais and Montalembert in the publication
of "ZMwemV." When the pope, Greg-
ory XVI., in 1832, issued an encyclical
letter denouncing the principles pro-
pounded in this journal, Lacordaire
bowed to the authority of the church,
and devoted himself to preaching at
Notre Dame. In 1840 he entered the con-
vent of Minerva, and took the Domini-
can habit, in the following year resuming
his place in the pulpit of Notre Dame,
where with white robe and shaven head
he enchained crowded assemblages, in-
cluding the most eminent men in Paris.
His liberal political views adhered to him,
and when the revolution of 1848 occurred
he was elected to the constituent assem-
bly, and ranged himself with the most
decided republicans. He seems to have
found the alliance distasteful, for he soon
resigned. Political allusions, however,
were introduced into his discourses, and
in 1853 led to his temporary retirement
from Notre Dame. In the following A^ear
he retired permanently, and assumed the
direction of the college of Sorreze. In
1860 he was elected to the academy of
France as the successor of M. de Tocque-
ville. D. 1861.
LAMAR, Mirabeau B., the second
president of the republic of Texas, and
subsequently United States minister to
Central America ; d. 1859.
LAMENNAIS, Hugues Felicite
Robert de, one of the most extraordi-
nary men of his time, was b. at St. Malo
in 1782. He entered the catholic priest-
hood with extreme ultramontane views.
Soon after Napoleon had concluded the
" Concordat " with the pope, he pubhsh-
ed his " Reflections on the State of the
Church," which gave great offence to
the imperial government, and was sup-
pressed. In 1811 he became teacher of
mathematics in the chief school of St.
Malo. Here he wrote his " Tradition
de I'Eglise." He hailed the restoration
of the Bourbons with satisfaction in
1814, and during the "Hundred Days "
he escaped to England. After the fall
of Napoleon in 1815, he returned to
France; and in 1817 he published the
first volume of his " Essai sur I'lndift'^r-
ence en mati^re de Religion." Soon af-
terwards he became connected with the
" Conservateur," a royalist journal; and
after his return from a journey to Rome,
he published, in 1825, his "Religion con-
sider(!'e dans ses Rapports avec I'Ordre
civil et politique," in which he contended
that the pope should be placed, as in the
middle ages, at the head of all temporal
and spiritual matters. For proclaiming
these doctrines he was brought to trial,
and condemned to pay a small fine. A
change now came over him. Without
abandoning his ultramontane views, ho
became a strenuous advocate for the sep-
aration of church and state. These
opinions were set forth with great power
in his "Progrfes de la Revolution," pub-
LAN]
CYCLOP^WA or BIOGRAPHY.
87
lished in 1829, which foretold the revo-
lution that placed Louis Philippe on the
throne in 1830; and in conjunction with
M. Montalembert and the Abb6 Lacor-
daire, he then started the " Avenir," with
the view of effecting a holy alliance be-
tween the catholic church and democracy.
But these sentiments found no echo at
Rome ; and after a short period passed in
negotiating, and in a visit to the pope,
the "Avenir" was discontinued. M.
Lamennais then quitted Paris for some
time; and in 1834 he sent forth the
"Paroles d'un Croyant," in which he
threw off his allegiance to the pope, who,
in return, issued an encyclical letter, in
■which it was formally condemned. Vari-
ous works of a similar tendency ema-
nated from his fertile pen. In 1840 he
was condemned to a year's imprisonment,
and a fine of 2000 francs, for a publica-
tion entitled " Le Pays et le Gouverne-
ment," in which king Louis Philippe, his
ministers, and the parliament were as-
sailed. The next few years were occu-
pied with the preparation of his " Esquisse
d'une Philosophie," of which four volumes
have appeared. After the revolution of
1848, he was elected a member of the
constituent and legislative assemblies;
and on the coup cVetat, he retired into
private life. Towards the close of 1853
he was attacked )Sy a fatal disorder ; and
strong efforts were"^ made b}" his friends to
induce him to be reconciled to the church,
but in vain. He died on January 27,
1854, and in compliance with his will, his
remains were cast into the common grave
of the poor, no funeral ceremonies being
performed over them.
LANDER, Frederick William, b.
in Salem, Mass., 1822, was educated as a
civil engineer, and for several years prac-
tised his profession in his native state.
He was empi '^ed by the federal govern-
ment on severa.^ important occasions, in-
eluding a survey to determine the prac-
ticability of a railroad route to the Pacific
along the northern boundary of the
United States. From a second survey
of the same nature, organized at his own
expense, he alone of all the party engaged
returned alive. Subsequently he sur-
veyed and constructed the central over-
land wagon rotite to the Pacific, explor-
ing passes in the Wahsatch mountains
until then unknown, and gaining a deci-
sive victory over the Pah Ute Indians, by
whom he and his party were attacked.
At the commencement of the civil war in
1861, he ofl^red his services to the national
government, and was employed on several
secret missions in the southern states.
He served as a volunteer aid on the staff
of Gen. McClellan, and distinguished
himself by coolness and courage in the
capture of Philippi and the battle of Rich
Mountain. In July he was appointed
a brigadier-general Of volunteers, and
served with great efficiency at various
points on the Upper Potomac. At Ed-
ward's Ferry he was wounded in the leg,
but before the wound was healed reported
for duty, and was placed in command of
Gen. Kelley's forces at Ronmey. From
this period to the end of February, 1862,
despite debility resulting from his wound,
he performed much arduous work with
daring and skill, and by a succession of
dashing and impetuous charges strength-
ening the attachment of his troops, and
eliciting a special letter of thanks from
the war department. Ill health now com-
pelled him to apply for a respite from
active duty. Pending compliance with
his request, he prepared for a midnight
surprise upon the enemy ; but the exer-
tion proved too much for his enfeebled
frame, and on the 2d March, 1862, he d.
suddenly of congestion of the brain. His
death was made the subject of a deserv-
edly eulogistic special order issued to the
army of the Potomac by Gen. McClellan.
LANDOR, Walter Savage, an Eng-
lish poet and litterateur, author of " Im-
aginary Conversations," started life with
an ample private fortune. In 1806 he
sold large estates which he had inherited,
and in 1808 raised, at his oAvn expense, a
body of troops, with whom he joined
Blake, the viceroy of Gallicia. For his
services to Spain he received the thanks
of the supreme junta. He married in
1811, and retired to Italy. More recently
he returned to England, and made Bath
his home ; all the time maintaining in-
timate relations with the leaders of Eu-
ropean liberalism, and using his means
to further their cause. Events of a pain-
ful though private nature led to his final
abandonment of England, and he d. in
Italy, 1864.
LANDSEER, John, a celebrated en-
graver, b. in London, 1761. His best
works at an early period were vignettes ;
and indeed these have been rarely if ever
surpassed. A quarrel with the royal
academy on the question of admittaig
Engravers to the rank and title of royal
academicians, largely alienated him from
the profession. Of his productions after-
wards nothing of importance remains to
be recorded, except the " Antiquities of
Dacca," a work chiefly of illustration, of
which the name sufficiently denotes the
character. His literaiy and antiquarian
88
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[law
productions consist of " Observations on
the Engraved Gems brought from Bab-
j^lon to England by Abraham Lockett,
Esq., considered with reference to Early
Scripture History," and " Sabaean Re-
searches," founded also on remains
brought from Babylon by Captain
Lockett. D. 1852.
LANG, Oliver, an eminent ship-
builder, and the first to design a steam
vessel for the English navy. D. at Wool-
wich, 1853.
LANGDALE, Lord Henry Bicker-
STETH, a celebrated English lawver, b.
1783; d. 1851.
LANSDOWNE, Henry Petty Fitz
Maurice, Marquis of, an English states-
man, of the whig party, b. 1780, entered
parliament in 1802, and succeeded Pitt
as chancellor of the exchequer in 1806.
He was home secretary, 1827 ; and lord
president of the council at three differ-
ent periods. For many years, he was
leader of the whig party in the house of
lords. D. 1863.
LARDNER, Dionysius, Dr., was b. in
Wexford, Ireland, and in 1817 gradu-
ated at Trinity college, Dublin. He re-
mained at the university ten years, and
published treatises on mathematics, and
on the steam-engine, and wrote various
scientific articles. In 1827 he was elected
professor of natural philosophy and as-
tronomy in the London university. He
held the office only a short -period, and
then devoted himself to the publication
of the " Cabinet Cyclopasdia." In 1840
he visited the United States, where he
lectured with great success. He returned
to Europe in 1845. His last important
work was the " Museum of Science and
Art." D. 1859.
LAKNED, Benjamin Franklin,
paymaster-general of the United States
army, with the rank of colonel, b. in
Massachusetts, 1791 ; d. 1862. He entered
the army, as an ensign in an infantry reg-
iment, in 1813, and in the following year
distinguished himself in the defence of
Fort Erie. — William Augustus, pro-
fessor of rhetoric and English literature
in Yale college, and a contributor to
tlie " New Englander," b. in Thompson,
Conn., 1806 ; d. of apoplexy in 1862. He
prepared and printed, but did not pub-
lish, an edition of the " Oration of Demos-
thenes on the Crown," with notes.
LAROCHE, Benjamin, French trans-
lator of Shakspeare and Byron, b. 1798 ;
d. 1852.
LA VALET TE, Elie A. F., rear-ad-
miral United States navy, b. in Virginia;
d. at Philadelphia, 1862.
LAWRENCE, Cornelius Van Wyck,
a prominent banker of New York, and
formerly an active politician, b. 1791; d.
1861. — Abbott, the fifth son of Samuel
Lawrence, was b. in Groton, Mass., 1792.
Having enjoyed such advantages of
education as the district schools of that
time and the Groton (now Lawrence)
academy afforded, he came to Boston,
and in 1808 entered his brother Amos's
store as clerk. In 1814 he fonned a part-
nership with his brother, under the firm
of A. and A. Lawrence. The first year
of the partnership proving unsuccessful,
Mr. Lawrence had serious thoughts of
entering the army, but returning peace
bringing back a vigorous revival of the
commercial and industrial interests of the
country, he relinquished the idea. The
firm entered largely into the importing
business, and he went several times to
Europe as the importing agent of the finn.
Upon the establishment of the tarifl', Mr.
Lawrence and his associates turned their
energy to the building up of American
manufactures. He was one of the seven
delegates from his state to the Harrisburg
convention of 1827, and until his death
he aided, by his money, advice, and ex-
perience, this great department of Amer-
ican labor. The city of Lawrence, pro-
jected by him, perpetuates alike his name
and the memory of his deeds. His views
upon these subjects are illustrated in a
series of letters addressed to the Hon.
Wm. C. Rives of Virginia, and published
in one of the Richmond papers in 1846.
In 1834 he was elected to congress and
served the term. He declined a reelec-
tion, but consented, in 1839, to be a can-
didate to fill the vacancy caused by the
resignation of Richard Fletcher; Avas
elected, and took his seat in the house in
December of that year. In 1842 he was
appointed a commissioner on the part of
Massachusetts to arrange the northeast-
em boundary question, and rendered
most efficient service. In 1849 he was
invited by General Taylor to take a seat
in his cabinet. He declined the offer, but
accepted the appointment of minister to
Great Britain. D. 1855. — Amos, brother
of Abbott Lawrence, and for many years
his partner in business, was a prosperous
merchant, and acquired a large fortune,
which he distributed with unsurpassed
generosity. His unostentatious charities
amounted in a few years to several hun-
dred thousand dollars. B. 1775; d. 1852.
LAWS ON, Henry, an EngUsh savmit.
b. 1774; d. 1855. In 1846 he published
" The Arrangement of an Observatory
for Practical Astronomy and Meteori 1-
,E8]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
89
ogy," and in the following year a "His-
tory of the New Planets."
LEAKE, William Martin, b. 1777;
d. 1860. He commenced his career in
the British army, but soon afterward de-
voted himself to the illustration of Greek
topography and antiquities. These sub-
jects he treated with great learning and
accuracy in his "Researches in Greece,"
published in 1814, and in his " To-
pography of Athens," and " Joui-nal of a
War in Asia Minor," published in 1821
and 1824. These works were followed
by " Travels in Northern Greece," "Pel-
oponnesiaca," and " Numismatica Hel-
leiiica."
LEE, Harriet, the author of the
" Canterbuiy Tales," anA other works of
great literary merit, d. near Bristol, 1851,
at the age of 95. — Samuel, a great mas-
ter of biblical and oriental literature, and
regius professor of Hebrew in the uni-
versity of Cambridge, was originally a
carpenter. A record of his studies and
advancement exhibits remarkable perse-
verance in self-education under embar-
rassing circumstances, rewarded at last
by the highest success in the career
marked out for himself. He edited the
scriptures in the Arabic, Persian, and
Malay languages. B. 1783; d. 1852.—
William L. was b. at Sandy Hill, N. Y.,
1821. He graduated at Norwich uni-
versity in 1841, and was for one year
supermtendent of the military academy
in Portsmouth, Va. ; studied law at the
Dane law school in Cambridge, and in
1844 began to practise law in Troy,
N. Y. His health failed him and he
sailed for Oregon, on the way touching
at Honolulu, where he was persuaded to
remain^ He was at once appointed to a
high judicial position, and on the reor-
ganization of 'he judiciary, after the
adoption of the constitution of 1852, he
was made chief-justice and chancellor.
He was a member of the privy council,
and in 1851 was speaker of the legisla-
tive assembly. He was one of the three
commissioners to draft the new constitu-
tion, and the civil and penal codes were
chiefly prepared by him. In 1855 he
was envoy extraordinary and minister
plenipotentiary from the Sandwich Isl-
ands to the United States. D. in Hono-
lulu, 1857.
LEECH, John, an artist, whose weekly
contributions to Punch earned for him a
world-wide celebrity, was b. in London,
1816, and d. 1864. "He succeeded in hit-
ting the most salient points of the inci-
dents he illustrated, and his likenesses
are so well sketched as at once to suggest
the subject of his pencil in all possible
peculiarities. He published, in a col-
lected fox-m, some hundreds of his
sketches, entitled " Pictures of Life and
Character," forming an ample fund of
humor.
LESLIE, Charles Robert, artist and
author, was b. of American parents in
London, 1794. In 1799 his father left
England and settled in Philadelphia,
where the young painter was educated.
He returned to England in 1811, where
he received instruction from West and
Allston, both American - born artists.
Leslie was elected associate of the
academy in 1821 ; R. A., in 1826. Seven
years afterward he was appointed by the
United States government professor of
drawing to the military academy at
West Point, which post he resigned after
a few months' trial, and returned finally
to England, where he soon secured a high
position as the most poetic of painters,
and the one most truly progressive in his
excellence. His art was as refined as it
was unconventional. Of Shakspeare he
was the only imaginative illustrator of
his time. His scenes from " Don
Quixote" exhibit qualities kindred to
those of the text. Sterne, Fielding,
Smollett, and other congenial authors,
he adequately put on canvas, often in
language more refined than their own.
Leslie's earliest works included histori-
cal and religious themes, " Saul and the
Witch of Endor " being one. Among
his more successful early pictures were,
" Sir Roger de Coverley," " Anne Page
and Slender," and " May-day in the
Reign of Queen Elizabeth." All these
are universally known in their engraved
form. In " Martha and Mary," and '' The
Pharisee and the Publican," he dis-
played a capacity for treating religious
subjects with deep feeling and in an
original style. A favorite subject with
him was the story of Lady Jane Grey.
His pictures from domestic life are unap-
proachable in sweetness of feeling and of
art. Among his more important por-
trait-pieces are " Sir Walter Scott,"
"Coronation of the Queen," and the
" Christening of the Princess Royal."
In 1844 he executed one of the frescos
from " Comus," for Prince Albert, in the
Buckingham. palace summer-house. Les-
lie was a lover of literature, and keenly
relished the great authors of the last cen-
tur}'^, whom he delighted to reproduce on
canvas. In 1845 he produced a "Life"
of his friend Constable, a genidne and
unatfected piece of biography. He was
professor of painting at the academy from
^
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[lin
1848 to 1851 ; and his lectures have been
published, with additions, as a "Hand-
Book for Young Painters." D. 1859.
LEWIS, SiK George Coknewall,
an English statesman and author, b.
1806 ; d. 18G3. He was educated at Eton
and Oxford, and in 1831 was called to
the bar. In 1847 he entered the house
of commons, and he remained a mem-
ber of it until his death, with the excep-
tion of three years, during which he
lacked a constituency. He was secretary
of the board of control in 1847, secretary
to the treasury in 1850 ; became chancel-
lor of the exchequer, under Lord Palmer-
ston, in 1855, and secretaxy for the home
department in 1859. On the outbreak
of the civil war in this country, in 1861,
he was one of the tirst to avow his sym-
pathy with the cause of the Union. For
a short time he was editor of the " Edin-
burgh Review," and was well known as
a classical scholar and writer on historical
and allied subjects. His most important
work is an " Enquiry into the Credibility
of Early Roman History."
LICHTENSTEIN, Martin Charles
Henry, professor of natural history in
the university of Berlin, and a dis-
tinguished physician, b. 1780 ; d. in Den-
mark, 1857.
LINCOLN, Abraham, sixteenth presi-
dent of the United States, was b. in Har-
din county, Ky., Feb. 12th, 1809. His
frandfather removed from Virginia to
Kentucky in 1782, and was soon after-
ward killed by Indians. Thomas Lin-
coln, Abraham's father, migrated with
his family, in 1816, to Spencer county,
Ind., where Abraham labored on a farm
for ten years; his schooling being con-
fined to intervals so brief that in the ag-
gregate it did not exceed 12 months.
At 19 he was a hired hand on a Missis-
sippi flat-boat, trading between St. Louis
and New Orleans. In 1830 he accom-
panied his father to a new home in Macon
county, 111., where he assisted in building
a log-house and in splitting rails to fence
the first field. In 1831 he engaged in the
construction of a flat-boat and in its
navigation to New Orleans, working so
much to the satisfaction of his employer
that on his return he was placed in
charge of a mill and store at New Salem,
Menard county. 111. In the Black Hawk
war he joined a company of volunteers,
was elected their captain, and served
through the campaign. At its close he
was nominated by the Avhigs of his dis-
trict a candidate for the state legislature,
but without success. He next kept a
country store, and then became postmas-
ter of New Salem. Here he commenced
the study of law, for a time also doing
the work of an assistant surveyor. In
1834 his whig friends elected him a
member of the legislature. In 1836
and 1840 he was reelected, and by his
course acquired popularity and influence.
He was chairman of the finance commit-
tee, and in connection with his col-
league from Sangamon county, wrote a
notable protest against the passage of
resolutions protecting slavery in Illinois;
atfirming the injustice and inexpediency
of the institution, but declaring that
congress had no power to interfei-e with
it. Meanwhile he had been licensed to
practise law, and had removed his resi-
dence to Spring^eld, the capital of the
state. In 1844 he canvassed Illinois and
part of Indiana for Henry Clay, and in
1846 was elected a representative in con-
gress from the central district of Illinois.
He took his seat in Dec. 1847, and
in his congressional career supported the
Wilraot proviso, voted for the reception
of anti-slaverj^ petitions, urged inquiry
into the constitutionality of slaver\' in
the District of Columbia, and affirmed the
expediency of abolishing the slave-trade
there ; and, finally, submitted a plan for
the abolition of slavery in the district and
for the compensation of slave-owners.
He supported a protective tariff, favored
the reduction of the price of public lands,
opposed the annexation of Texas and
the Mexican war; but voted for the war-
loan bill and for resolutions prohibiting
slavery in the territory to be acquired
from Mexico. In 1849 he was a candi-
date for the United States senate, but
was defeated. On retiring from congress
he resumed the practice of his profession
at Springfield, but reappeared in the
political arena on the repeal of the Mis-
souri compromise, and did much to secure
the defeat of General Shields, and the
election of Judge Trumbull to the senate
in his place. Mr. Lincoln was now
thoroughly identified with the republican
party, and was pressed as a candidate for
the Vice-presidency upon the national
convention which nominated Fremont
and Dayton in 1856. In 1858 his party
unanimously nominated him for the
United States senate in opposition to Mr.
Douglas. The two candidates traversed
the state simultaneously, speaking at the
same place on the same day, and Mr.
Lincoln's speeches in this canvass first
gained for him a national reputation.
He avowed himself adverse to the uncon-
ditional repeal of the fugitive-slave law,
and refused to pledge himself against the
LtN]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
91
admission of any more slave states into
the Union, if the people of any new state
chose to adopt a slave constitution. Some
of his utterances, read in the light of sub-
sequent events, sound prophetic. " I
believe," he said, " this government can-
not endure permanently half slave and
half free. I do not expect the Union to be
dissolved; I do not expect the house
to fall; but I do expect it will cease
to be divided." Although Mr. Lin-
coln had a majority over his opponent
on the popular vote, he was defeated in
the legislature. In May, 1860, he was
nominated for the presidency by the re-
publican national convention assembled
at Chicago, and was elected. His popu-
lar vote, with three other candidates in
the field, was 1,857,610 ; and his vote in
the electoral college 180, against 143 for
all others. His election was the signal
for the movements which southern poli-
ticians had threatened. The brief ad-
dresses he delivered at various points of
his journey from Spruigfield eastward,
did not indicate an appreciation of the
gravity of the crisis. He anticipated
ttle difficulty, and congratidated his
hearers that "nobody was hurt." On
his arrival at Philadelphia, Feb. 21st,
1861, he was informed of a plan for his
assassination during his passage through
the streets of Baltimore. He spoke at
Harrisburg on the next day, and having
returned privately to Philadelphia, lett
by the regular night train for Washing-
ton, where he arrived on the morning of
the 23d. His inaugural address was can-
did and conciliatory. He declared that
he had no purpose, " directly or indi-
rectly, to interfere with the institution of
slavery wher it exists" ; but he left no
room to suppose that secession would be
tolerated. His. peaceful overtures were
of no avail. Fort Sumter, in Charleston
harbor, was bombarded and compelled
to surrender. On the 15th of April, Presi-
dent Lincoln issued his first proclama-
tion calling out 75,000 of the militia, and
convening an extra session of congress.
By other proclamations he declared the
blockade of all the ports of the United
States south of the Chesapeake, increased
the regular army and navy, and called for
500,000 volunteers to serve during three
years. These measures were promptly
ratified by congress. His desire still was
to restore peace and unity, without inter-
fering with the institution of slavery.
Hence his modification of the order of
General Fremont for the emancipation of
the slaves of rebels in Missouri, and his
repudiation of the sunilar order of Gen-
74
eral Hunter in regard to South Carolina,
Georgia, and Florida, with the reserva-
tion to himself of the right to take such
a step, as commander-in-chief, when it
should become a military necessity. He
held, further, that compensation should
attend emancipation. Events did not
allow Mr. Lincoln long to halt upon the
subject. On Sept. 22, 1862, he issued
a preliminary proclamation, setting forth
his purpose to emancipate all slaves in
states, or parts of states, which should
remain in insurrection on the first of the
ensuing January. This radical change of
policy he justified as a military measure.
With regard to Kentucky, Maryland,
Missouri, and such portions of Tennessee,
Louisiana, and West Virginia, as were
loyal or under the control of the Union
forces, it had been Mr. Lincoln's desire
that they should adopt some plan of
gradual emancipation; and accordingly,
on the 6th of March, 1862, he recom-
mended to congress the passage of a reso-
lution pledging the pecuniary aid of the
national government to any state adopt-
ing a system of gradual and compensated
emancipation. He afterward urged this
measure upon members from the border
slave states, and renewed it in his mes-
sage of Dec. 3, 1862. These proceedings
served to prepare the public naind for
the emancipation proclamation of Jan.
1st, 1863. In letters published during
this year he defended the conscription
law, the principle of military arrests in
time of civil war, and the employment
of colored regiments then being raised.
In the summer of 1864 attempts were in-
efiectually made to induce him to modify
his policy on the slavery question; but
he persisted in holding " the integrity of
the whole Union and the abandonment
of slavery" an essential condition of
any negotiation looking toward peace.
How generally the people of the loyal
states shared this determination was
proved by the majority with which Mr.
Lincoln was reelected to the presidency
in Nov., 1864. In his message to con-
gress in December he renewed his recom-
mendation for the passage of a consti-
tutional amendment forever prohibiting
slavery within the United States, and the
popular will foimd a reflex in the decision
of congress in favor of the measure. In
January, 1865, overtures for peace were
received, and Mr. Seward, secretary of
state, was ordered to Fortress Monroe to
meet commissioners appointed by Mr.
Jeft'erson Davis. On that occasion the
instructions dictated by Mr. Lincoln em-
bodied three conditions as indispensable
92
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[log
to peace: 1. The territorial integrity of
the Union ; 2. No abandonment or mod-
ification of executive or congressional
action on the subject of slavery; 3. No
armistice. Subject to these terms, Mr.
Lincoln was so earnestly desirous of
peace, that he followed Mr. Seward on
the mission, and was present with him
at a conference with the Kichmond com-
missioners in Hampton Roads. The ef-
fort, though bootless, and undertaken at
the risk of displeasing a section of his
own party, vindicated Mr. Lincoln's po-
sition, and greatly increased his moral
influence in the north. The effect was
heightened by the tone and style of the
brief address delivered by Mr. Lincoln
on his second inauguration, March, 1865.
A few weeks later, when the strategy of
General Grant had restored Richmond to
the Union, and President Lincoln tempo-
rarily occupied the mansion which Mr.
Jefferson Davis had hastily abandoned,
the same firmness, mingled with the same
conciliatory spirit, was exhibited. The
terms on which General Lee surrendered
were dictated by General Grant in con-
formity with Mr. Lincoln's instructions;
and he made no secret of his intention to
afford the confederate leaders an oppor-
tunity to leave the country. He was not
permitted, however, to witness the final
triumph of the war he conducted, or of
the policy he inaugurated in the interest
of j ustice and humanity. He lived to hear
only the earliest echoes of the nation's
joy. While sitting in a private box at
Ford's theatre, Washington, with Mrs.
Lincoln and some friends, on the night of
Friday, April 14, 1865, an assassin en-
tered and shot him in the back of the
head; at the same instant leaping upon
the stage from the box, brandishing a
knife and exclaiming, " Sic semper tyran-
7«s," and escaping from the rear of the
building. The president was conveyed
in a state of syncope to a neighboring
house, where he lingered, totally insen-
sible, until a few minutes after seven on
the following morning. The murderer
was recognized as J. Wilkes Booth, an
actor; and it was subsequently ascer-
tained that the horrible deed was but one
feature of a scheme for the concurrent
destruction of the president, the vice-
president, the secretary .of state, and
General Grant. Besides the president,
Mr. Seward alone suffered, and he not
mortally. The death of Mr. Lincoln, at
such a time and under such circum-
stances, appalled the country'. Business
was for several days suspended. A
poignant sorrow pervaded all classes, and
manifested itself in a thousand ways.
They who deemed themselves con-
stramed to oppose particular measures of
his administration, now joined his party
supporters in bearing testimony to the
inflexible honesty of his purpose' and the
gentleness of his nature. It was felt
that though greater statesmen and abler
men have passed away, to him belongs
the credit of having cautiously but ju-
diciously adapted his measures to the
needs and temper of the times. His re-
mains were conveyed to Springfield, 111.,
for interment, amidst memorable evi-
dences of mourning along the entire route.
LINDSAY, James B., a remarkable
linguist, a native of Scotland, b. 1800 ; d.
1862. He published the Lord's Prayer
and the Creed in 50 different languages,
and at the time of his death had nearly
completed a polyglot dictionary of equal
GX.t6nt.
LINGARD, De. John, the Roman
catholic historian of England, b. in Win-
chester, 1771; d. 1851. Learned and
conscientious, he lived in illustrious
humility, preferring the quiet prosecu-
tion of his studies and duties to the honor
of a cardinal's hat.
LIS TON, Mrs., formerly Miss Tyrer,
widow of the well-known John Listen,
and a meritorious comic actress, d. 1854.
LITTLE, Henry, a confederate brig-
adier-general, b. in Mississippi, 1818;
killed in battle, 1862. He was fonnerly
an oflScer in the United States army, and
at the commencement of the civil war
commanded the post of Albuquerque in
New Mexico. — Jacob, for many years a
leading operator on the New York stock
exchange, b. in Mass., 1797; d. 1865.
LOCKE, John, b. in Fryeburg, Me.,
1792, studied medicine, and having re-
ceived the degree of M. D. at Yale col-
lege in 1819, was for a time a surgeon in
the United States navy. After conduct-
ing schools in Kentucky and Cincinnati,
in 1836 he was appointed professor of
chemistry in the medical college of Ohio.
He was a zealoxis geologist, and was con-
nected with the geological surveys of
Ohio and of the mineral region of "^ Lake
Superior. His name is especially associ-
ated with magnetical researches and the
"magneto-astronomical clock." D. 1856.
LOCKHART, John Gibson, the son
of a Glasgow minister, and the son-in-
law and biographer of Sir Walter Scott,
b. 1794. Educated at Glasgow and Ox-
ford, he went to Germany to study its
literature, and soon became a professional
author. He was one of the earliest, most
active, and most sarcastic of the writers
lyn]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
93
in " Blackwood's Magazine," and was
considered responsible for much of the
unscrupulous bitterness which character-
ized its palmy days. In 1819 he pub-
lished anonymously " Peter's Letters to
his Kinsfolk." He next collected his
spirited versions of Spanish ballads, and
then produced, in succession, his novels,
" Valerius," " Reginald Dal ton," " Adam
Blair," and '' Matthew Wald." He as-
sumed the editorship of the " Quarterly
Review" in 1826, and retained it until
1853, when ill health compelled his retire-
ment. His " Life of Scott " appeared in
the interim. A visit to Italy failed to
restore his health, and he d. at Abbots-
ford in 1854.
LONDONDERRY, Charles Wil-
liam, Marquis of, author of a history
of the Peninsular war, in which he served
with distinction, d. 1854.
LONGWOHTH, Nicholas, an Ohio
vine -grower, b. in New Jersey, 1782.
Having studied law, he removed to Ohio
in 1803, and settled at Cincinnati, then a
little village. The practice of his profes-
sion enabled him to acquire real estate,
which the groAvth of Cincinnati invested
with enormous value. In 1828 he with-
drew from law and applied himself to the
culture of the grape, with a view to the
production of wine. He at first attempted
the acclimation of foreign vines without
success; and after experimenting with
native grapes, he fixed upon the Catawba
and Isabella as the varieties best fitted
for wine in the climate and soil of southern
Ohio. He gradually became a wine
manufacturer on a large scale, and secured
for his wines tb' first place in the list of
Ajnerican products. 1). 1863.
LOUDON, Jane Webb, the authoress
of many works on botany and floricul-
ture, b. near Birmingham in 1800; d.
1858. Obliged to depend on her own
exertions for support, in 1826 she went to
London and wrote " The Mummy," a
work of fiction which not only secured
the young authoress a name, but by
various scientific improvements men-
tioned in it as having taken place in the
year 2126 (the period in which the story
was laid) attracted the attention of the
well-known botanist, Mr. Loudon, and
led to an acquaintance which ended in
their marriage. During the first years
of her married life, Mrs. Loudon assisted
her husband in his various publications,
but wrote but little on her own account;
when, however, the whole profit of her
husband's publications was absorbed in
paying the debt of the " Arboretum et
Fr'uticetum Britannicum," which he had
published on his own account, Mrs. Lou-
don once more put forth her energy and
talents, and for many years supported her
family entirely by her own writings. Her
works were chiefly on botanical subjects,
the principal being " The Ladies' 1 lower
Garden," in six quarto volumes; "The
Amateur Gardener's Calendar," " The
Ladies' Country Companion," " Botany
for Ladies," *•' Gardening for Ladies,"
"British Wild Flowers," and "The
Ladies' Companion to the Flower Gar-
den."
LOVE JOY, Owen, b. in Maine, 1811,
exchanged preaching for politics, and ac-
quired celebrity by the vehemence with
which he denounced slavery as a repre-
sentative of Illinois at Washington, where
he served from the 35th to the 38th con-
gress. D. 1864.
LOVELACE, Ada Augusta, Coun-
tess of, only child of Lord Byron, — " sole
daughter of my house and heart," — b.
1815; d. 1852. She inherited neither
poetical genius nor poetical taste, mathe-
matics and metaphysics being her favorite
studies. She married the Earl of Love-
lace (originally Lord King) in 1835; and
in their issue the lineage of Locke and
Byron is united.
LUCAS, Frederick, a Roman catho-
lic polemical writer of masterly ability;
founder and editor of the London " Tab-
let " ; and representative of Meath in the
house of commons, died in his 43d year,
1855. He was educated a member of the
society of friends, and was, by marriage,
a relative of John Bright. — Samuel,
brother of the preceding, b. 1811 ; d. 1865.
He was managing proprietor and editor
of the " Star," a London daily journal,
radical in its home politics, and especially
endeared to Americans by the earnest-
ness with which it sustained the northern
states and the Union from the inception
of the civil war. Through life Mr. Lucas
was a consistent advocate of political re-
form, and a zealous co - worker in all
movements for social amelioration. He
was a member of the society of friends ;
and his death is represented as having
been hastened by the loss of his friend,
Mr. Cobden. .
LUTTRELL, Henry, a famous wit
and epigrammatist, many years distin-
guished in London literary society, and
the author of a " Letter to Julia," and
other light verses, d. 1851, aged 86.
LYNDHURST, John Singletok
Copley, Lord, b. at Boston, 1772; d. in
London, 1863. When a child, he was
taken to England by his father, a painter,
now best known by his " Death of Lord
94
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[mac
Chatham " m the Vernon gallery. After
Ereliminary studies, he went "to Cam-
ridge, where he obtained high honors.
In 1804 he was admitted to the English
bar, and for some time travelled the mid-
land circuit without any special success.
Some political trials brought him into
notice, and he entered the house of com-
mons, under tory auspices, in 1818. As
solicitor-general he was engaged in the
trial of Queen Caroline, was subsequent-
ly attorney-general, and in 1827 became
lord chancellor during the administration
of Lord Canning. On the retirement of
his party from government, he was ap-
pointed chief baron of the exchequer by
its successors. He again became lord
chancellor under Sir R. Peel, but after
the break-up of the Peel government in
1846, he did not hold office. As a politi-
cian. Lord Lyndhurst adhered to toryism
to the last, and was among the most un-
relenting of its exponents. As a chancery
judge he was highly spoken of by all
parties, and as an orator he had few to
equal him among the peers. His last ap-
pearance of any note as an orator was in
1860, when, although eighty-eight years
of age, he spoke with great clearness and
force of argument.
LYON, Nathaniel, brigadier-general
of volunteers in the United States army,
b. at Ashford, Conn., 1819, graduated at
West Point, and served with honor in the
Florida war, throughout the Mexican cam-
paign, and at various posts on the west-
ern ftontier. After the outbreak of hos-
tilities in 1861, — having gained the full
rank of captain, — he was placed in com-
mand of the arsenal of St. Louis, Mo.,
and played a conspicuous part in the
early troubles of that state. To his energy
and judgment may be attributed the frus-
tration of the plans of Gov. Jackson, who,
with Gen. Sterling Price, the commander
of the state militia, resisted the acts per-
formed by Capt. Lyon under national
authority, and called for a large body of
militia to " repel the invasion of the state."
Captain Lyon — now brigadier-general
of volunteers — took possession of Jeffer-
son city with the state archives, and fol-
lowed Jackson and Price with the militia,
to Booneville, where he defeated them on
the 17th June, 1861. On August 1, he met
and defeated a body of confederates un-
der command of Gen. McCulloch. The
latter, however, was soon afterward re-
inforced by Price, and their combined
forces threatened the position then held
by Gen. Lyon in S. W. Missouri. A
battle ensued at Wilson's Creek, on the
10th August, in which he was killed.
LYONS, Lord Edmund, an English
diplomatist and commander of the British
fleet during the Crimean war, b. 1790 ; d.
1858.
LYTLE, William Haines, b. at Cin-
cinnati, 1826, served with distinction in
the Mexican war, at the conclusion of
which he applied himself to the practice
of law in his native city. In 1861 he ac-
cepted the colonelcy of the 10th Ohio
volunteers, and took part in the battle of
Rich Mountain. He commanded a brigade
at Carnifax Ferry, where he was wounded.
After his recovery he assumed the com-
mand of tlie Bardstown camp of instruc-
tion. He next commanded the 17th
brigade under Gen. Mitchell, and was
again wounded at Perryville, where he
was taken prisoner. Early in 1863 he
was appointed brigadier-general of vol-
unteers, and served under Gen. Rose-
crans until killed at Chickamauga, Sept.,
1863.
M.
MACAULAY, Thomas Babington,
b.in Leicestershire in 1800, was the son
of Zachary Macaulay, well known as the
coadjutor of Clarkson and Wilberforce in
their exertions against the slave-trade.
Educated at Cambridge, he soon began
to acquire distinction; gaining the chan-
cellor's medal for a poem entitled " Pom-
peii," in 1819, and for another poem in
1821. He graduated in 1825, and in the
same year contributed his essay on Milton
to the" " Edinburgh Review." In 1826
he was called to the bar, and in 1830 en-
tered parliament, shortly afterward be-
coming secretary to the board of control
for India, and bearing a conspicuous part
in the debates on the reform bdl. In 1834
he accepted a seat in the supreme council
of Calcutta, and during a three years'
residence in India applied himself to the
preparation of a new code of law, the
virtue of which, in deference to native
prejudices, has remained untried. In
1847 the liberality of his views on the
Maynooth question brought upon him
the indignation of presbyterian Edin-
MAl]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
95
burgh, and the orator and statesman was
deprived of his seat in the house of com-
mons. Other constituencies were eager
to secure the honor of his service, but he
withdrew from politicial life, and con-
secrated his energies to historic studies.
His contributions to the " Edinburgh "
closed with an essay on Chatham. The
fruit of more continuous hibor appeared
in 1849, in the publication of the first in-
stalment of the '" History of England."
Honors were now showered upon him.
The university of Glasgow elected him
its lord rector; he was appointed profess-
or of ancient history in the royal acad-
emy; Prussia conferred upon him its
order of merit; and Edinburgh, repent-
ant of its intolerance and narrow-mind-
edness, restored him to parliament. The
third and fourth volumes of his history
appeared in 1854, and subsequently he
took farewell of parliamentary life ; retir- .
ing to give exclusive attention to the
completion of the task he had assigned
himself, — "to write the history of Eng-
land from the accession of James II.
down to a time which is within the
memory of men still living." The task,
however, was left unfinished. He d.
1859, in London, with the style and title
of Baron Rothley, having been created a
peer of the realm in consideration of
literary and political sei-vices.
MACGILLIVRAY, William, a Scot-
tish naturalist, d. ]852.
MACKAY, Charles, an eminent
Scotch actor, whose liailie Nicol- Jarvie
elicited from Sir Walter Scott the praise
that the. part : ,-ned made for him and
he for the part, b. 1787; d. 1857.
MACKENZIE, Charles Kenneth,
a London litterateur, and in early life
aid-de-camp and military secretary to
the Duke of Wellington. B. 1788; d. in
New York, 1862. — William Lyon, the
leader of the Upper Canada rebellion in
1837, was b. in Dundee, Scotland, 1794,
and was brought up to the trade of a
weaver. About 1825 he emigrated to
Canada, and entered into business as a
storekeeper, in which for years he pros-
pored. He then became an active poli-
tician ^ published and edited a newspaper
in opposition to the tory theory and prac-
tice of colonial administration, and after
a time was elected to the legislature of
the sparsely peopled colony. The preva-
lence of flagrant corruption, the unscru-
pulous exercise of his prerogative by Sir
F. B. Head, the governor, and the indif-
ference of the colonial office to the appeals
and remonstrances of Canadians, were
fruitful causes of discontent ; and Macken-
zie, in his double character of member of
parliament and newspaper editor, strenu-
ously exerted himself to foster the feel-
ing. His efforts, and those of his co-
patriots, resulted in the insurrection of
Dec. 1837. A few days, however, sufficed
for the defeat and dispersion of the insur-
gents ; Mackenzie, after many narrow es-
capes, managing to reach the United
States side of the Niagara. Here he was
joined by sympathizers from both sides
of the line, with whose aid he maintained
a position of hostility on Navy Island, in
the Niagara river. This camp was
broken up through the exertions of
General Scott, and Mackenzie was tried
at Rochester for a breach of the neutrality
laws, found guilty, and sentenced to 12
months' imprisonment. On regaining
his liberty he became connected with the
press. For several years afterward he
resided in New York, where he was em-
ployed as a writer for the " Tribune," oc-
casionally visiting Washington and Al-
bany as a correspondent for that journal.
He published several political pamphlets.
One of these, compiled from papers to
which he had access as an employe in the
New York custom-house, created much
excitement, and subjected him to severe
censure for- an alleged abuse of official
position. On the proclamation of an am-
nesty, in 1849, he returned to Canada,
and having regained a seat in the pro-
vincial legislature, entered afresh into
political warfare. He retired from par-
liament about 1859, but continued for
some time to publish a weekly political
sheet. He d. in Toronto, 1861.
MACLEAN, Sir George, a (^s-
tinguished British officer connected with
the commissariat service, b. 1795; d.
1861.
MAGINNIS, John, a New Orleans
journalist, connected, successively, with
the "Picayune," the "Delta," and the
" True Delta," the last-named having
been commenced by him in 1849. He
was b. in Dromore, Ireland, 1814, and d.
1863.
MAI, Angelo, Cardinal, chief libra-
rian of the Vatican, and memorable for
his discoveries of lost portions of the
classics. He made the discoveries when
he was keeper of the Ambrosian library
at Milan, in 1814, and they were pub-
lished in a collected form in the years
1825 to 1838. B. 1782; d. 1854.
MAINZER, Dr. Joseph, originator of
the system for popularizing instruction in
music, was b. at Treves, 1801. He
studied under Kinck, organist to the
Grand Duke of Darmstadt, scholar of
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[man
Kittel, the last pupil of Sebastian Bach.
He afterwards proceeded to [Munich and
Vienna, where he exercised himself under
the two celebrated composers, the Cheva-
lier Seyfried and the Abbe Stadler. At
Rome he was admitted to the school of
the Abbe Baini, the director of the pontif-
ical chapel. On his return to his native
place he turned his attention to the de-
velopment of his new system of teaching
music, which he had long before con-
ceived, and which now began to attract
attention in Germany. In 1830 he went
to Paris, where he soon found a field for
his plan of teaching and popularizing
music; but the police became jealous of
his ascendency, and invited him to close
his singing-school in the I'lace de I'Estra-
pade, — an invitation which he was not
free to refuse. During his residence in
Paris, Mainzer was a regular contributor
to the "Revue des Deux Mondes," the
" Revue du Nord," "La Balance," pub-
lished by Boerne, and for six years he
was the redacteur of the musical depart-
ment of the " National." He was also
the Paris correspondent of the " Musical
Gazette " of Leipsic. In 1844 he went
t» England, where he found an ample
field for his scheme of teaching singing
to the masses ; and in 1848 he took up his
abode in Manchester, where he labored
till his .death, in 1851.
MALMSTROM, B. Elis, a Swedish
poet and writer, b. 1816; d. 1865. His
earliest appearance as a poet was in 1840,
when, under the title of " Angelica," he
published a collection of elegies, for which
he had been awarded a prize by the Swed-
ish academy. His most ambitious effort
is "Ariadne," an epic, which, however,
enjoyed less favor than his miscellaneous
poems. The latter have passed through
several editions, and are distinguished by
thoughtfulness, grace, and purity. He
was also the author of some historical es-
says and other critical productions.
MANBY, George William, captain
in the British army, the inventor of ap-
paratus for saving lives in cases of ship-
wreck, d. 1854.
MANGUM, Willie P., b. in Orange
county, N. C, 1792; d. 1861. He studied
law, rose to eminence in his profession,
entered into politics, and was elected to
the house of commons in 1818. In 1819
he was elected a judge of the superior
court, and from 1823 to 1826 served as a
representative in congress. He was
elected a United States senator in 1831,
reelected in 1841, and for a third term m
1848, serving, on one occasion, as presi-
dent pro tern, of that body. In 1837 he
received 11 electoral votes for president
of the United States ; and, during the
administration of President Tyler, was
president of the United States senate.
MANIN, Daniel, an Italian patriot,
b. 1804. Educated at Padua, he became
a student of jurisprudence, a translator
of the Roman law. and an assailant of
the treachery and despotism exercised
by Austria toward his native country.
Avoiding secret societies, and always
zealously supporting order, he imparted
immense moral force to the demand he
urged for a separate government for
Venice and Lombardy, a revision of
codes, an annual budget, freedom of wor-
ship, and freedom of the press. When
the revolution of 1848 broke out he was
in prison ; and, liberated by a decision of
the tribunal, he was placed" at the head of
affairs, and a month afterward was pro-
_ claimed dictator of the republic. To his
genius and spirit the resistance of Venice
through a year's siege by Austria was
mainly attributable ; and when capitula-
tion became inevitable, he retired to
France, where he d. 1857.
MANN, Horace, LL. D., an eminent
educational reformer, b. in Franklin,
Mass., 1796, graduated at Brown univer-
sity, and then labored there for some
time as tutor and librarian. He after-
wards practised as a lawyer in Norfolk
county, Mass., and in Boston. Elected
to the state senate, he labored strenuously
and successfully to mature the system of
education and charitable institutions ; and
in 1835 was appointed one of the com-
missioners to superintend the publication
of the revised statutes of the state. He
was for 12 years secretary of the board
of education of Massachusetts, and his
annual reports are an enduring monu-
ment to his fame. The great cause of
common-school education in the United
States is indebted to no man more than
to him. In 1848 he was elected to suc-
ceed John Quincy Adams in congress,
and served as representative there until
1853, when he was appointed president
of Antioch college. In that capacity he
officiated with the self-sacrificing zeal
which had been one of the characteristics
of his life ; dying at Yellow Springs, O.,
1859.
MANSFIELD, Joseph King Fenno,
brigadier-general in the United States
army, b. m New Haven, Conn., 1803,
was graduated at West Point in 1822,
and appointed second lieutenant in the
engineer corps. From that time until
1838 he was engaged in various capaci-
ties upon government works, attaining to
mat]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
97
a captaincy in the latter year. He was
chief-engineer under General Taylor in
the Mexican war, in the course of which
his gallantry was rewarded with promo-
tion to a colonelcy. In May, 1861, he
was commissioned a brigadier-general,
and was placed in command of the de-
partment of Washington, and for a brief
time of the department of Virginia. He
was afterward assigned, successively, to
Cape Hatteras, Camp Hamilton, New-
port News, and Suflfblk, Va. He was
summoned to Washington as a member
of the court of inquiry into the circum-
stances of the second battle of Bull Run ;
but prefering active service, he was
ordered to report to General McClellan,
and placed in command of the corps pre-
viously under General Banks. General
Mansfield took part in the battle of An-
tietam, Sept. 17, 1862, and was mortally
wounded at the head of his troops.
MANTELL, Gideon Algernon, au-
thor of " The Wonders of Geology,"'
" Thoughts on a Pebble," and other
geological works, b. 1790 ; d. in London,
1852.
M ARCHI, Padke, an eminent archaeol-
ogist, and keeper of the Kircherian mu-
seum in Rome, d. 1800.
MARCY, William Larned, a states-
man and diplomatist, b. in 1786 in Stur-
bridge, Worcester county, Mass., grad-
uated at Brown university in 1808, and
after teaching school in Newport, R. I.,
studied law and commenced practice in
Troy, N. Y. He was appointed recorder
of that city in 1" .j, was made state comp-
troller in 1823, and removed to Albany.
In 1829 he was appointed judge of the
supreme court of the state, and was chosen
senator in congress in 1831, was elected
governor of New York in 1832, and re-
elected in 1834. He was secretary of war
from 1845 to 1849, during Mr. Polk's ad-
ministration, and secretary of state from
1853 to 1857, in the Pierce administration.
Integrity distinguished him in every of-
fice, and his administration of the state
department was marked by hard work,
and great judgment and ability. He d.
suddenlv at Ballston Spa, N. Y., July 4,
1857.
MARIA DA GLORIA, Queen of Por-
tugal, b. 1819 ; d. 1853. She was daugh-
ter of the emperor of Brazil, Pedro I.
and on the death of her grandfather,
John VI., was designated successor to
the crown of Portugal by virtue of the
act of renunciation executed by Pedro.
Don Miguel, however, usurped the throne,
and her accession, in 1833, was secured
only after war. Her reign was a con-
tinual scene of intrigues at court, and of
discontent rising into rebellion through-
out the country.
MARIA ADELAIDE, Queen of Sar-
dinia, daughter of the Archduke Reignier
of Austria, b. 1822: d. 18-55. — Theresa,
queen-dowager of Sardinia, daughter of
tlie Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, b.
1801; d. 1855.
MARMONT, Marshal, Duke of
Ragusa, b. 1774; d. in 1852 at Venice,
where he had lived in exile since the
dethronement of Charles X., at which
time he was commandant of Paris.
MARRAST, Armand, a leading jour-
nalist of France. He played a conspicu-
ous part in the revalution of Feb. 1848,
when he was chosen maji-or of Paris and
a member of the provisional government.
He was the author of the French con-
stitution of 1848. D. 1852.
MARSHALL, Thomas F., judge of
the Louisville circuit court, and a repre-
sentative in congress from Kentucky from
1841 to 1843. B. 1801; d. 1864.
MARTIN, John, an English painter,
endowed with original genius and imag-
inative power, b. 1789; d. 1854. The
greatest of his paintings are the " Fall
of Babylon," " Macbeth," " Belshaz-
zar'-s Feast," the "'Fall of Nineveh,"
and '' Pandemonium." Martin stands
amongst painters as Dante or Milton
stands amongst poets, — mystic grandeur
and supernatural terror contrasting with
exquisite touches of nature's loveliness.
MASON, J. L., one of the most skilful
officers of the United States engineer
corps, was b. in Providence, R. I., and
educated at West Point. He served
under General Scott in Mexico, and was
bre vetted major and afterwards lieut.-
colonel for gallant conduct. Appointed by
President Pierce to superintend the con-
struction of the fortifications at San Fran-
cisco, he contracted fever while crossing
the isthmus, and d. 1853. — John Y., b.
in Virginia, 1795; d. in Paris, 1859. Af-
ter officiating as a district-court judge,
he was elected to congress in 1831, and
served till 1837. He was secretary of the
na\'y under President Tyler; attorney-
general and secretary of the navy under
President Polk ; and minister to France
under presidents Pierce and Buchanan.
MATTHEW, Theobald, Rev., the
apostle of temperance, b. in Tipperary,
1796, was ordained at Dublin, and soon
began to labor as a missionary at Cork.
His special labors in the temperance cause
commenced in 1839, and by these he con-
ferred incalculable benefit on the Irish
people ; many of whom believed for a time
98
CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[mcl
that he possessed superhuman power, not
only to save them from the evils conse-
quent upon intemperate habits, but that
l;e could heal the sick, restore siglit to tlie
blind, and grant absolution for mortal
sins. D. 1856.
MAUBOURG, the Countess Anastasie
DE i^A ToUK, daughter of the Marquis de
Lafayette, b. in Paris, 1777; d. at Turin,
1863. She remained with her father dur-
ing his captivity in the citadel of Olmutz,
and on her return to France married the
Count of Tour-Marbourg.
MAY, William, commander United
States na\-y, b. 1815; d. 1861. He en-
tered the navy in 1831, and was engaged
in the exploring expedition to the South
Sea. During the Mexican war he was
the executive officer of the brig Porpoise,
and was severely wounded at the capture
of Tobasco.
McCLUNEY, William J., commodore
United States navy, entered the service in
1812, and was an acting lieutenant on the
Wasp during the engagement between
that vessel and the British ship Frolic.
He received his commission as command-
er in 1839, and in 1851 was commis-
sioned as captain. In 1853 he was ap-
pointed to the command of the Powhatan,
attached to the East India squadron under
Commodore Perry, and returned in 1856
with a reputation for gallantry and tact.
From 1858 to 1860 he commanded the
home squadron. D. in Brooklyn, 1864.
McCOOK, Robert L., b. in Jefterson
county, Ohio, 1837, adopted the law as a
profession, but entered the United States
service in 1861 as colonel of the 9th Ohio
volunteers. He served in Western Vir-
ginia and in S. E. Kentucky, and in
March, 1861, was made brigadier-general
of volunteers. He commanded a divis-
ion in Thomas's corps of Buell's army,
and was murdered by guerillas, while
lying sick in an ambulance, near Salem,
Ala., Aug. 5, 1862.
McCORD, D. J., a South Carolina
lawyer of considerable repute, one of the
authors of Nott and McCord's reports,
and the successor of Dr. Cooper as editor
of the statutes at large of that state. D.
1855.
McCULLOCH, John Ramsay, a vo-
luminous compiler of statistics and writer
on political economy, was b. in Wigtown-
shire in 1789, and was for several years a
contributor to the Edinburgh press. In
1828 he left Scotland to become professor
of political economy in the university ©f
London. In 1838 the British govern-
ment appointed him to a sinecure office,
and subsequently granted him a pension
of $1000 for literary services. His best
known works are a " Dictionary of Com-
merce and Commercial Navigation," and
a "Dictionary of G<iography," both of
which are valuable for reference. He
edited " The Wealth of Nations," and his
" Principles of Political Economy " are
held in high repute by the advocates of
free trade. D. 1 864. — Ben., b. in Ruth-
erford county, Tenn., 1814, removed to
Texas, and distinguished himself on vari-
ous occasions in the Mexican war. He
was appointed marshal of Texas by Pres-
ident Pierce, and a commissioner to adjust
the difficulties with the Monlions in Utah
by President Buchanan. He threw him-
self zealously into the secession move-
ment, and in June, 1801, was appointed a
brigadier-general of the forces of Arkan-
sas. He led a corps of Arkansas, Louis-
iana, and Texas tTOops into Missouri,
and was killed in the battle of Pea Ridge,
March 7, 1862.
McGRIGOR, Sir James, b. 1772, en-
tered the British army as surgeon in 1793,
and passed 55 years in active service,
during 35 of which he was director-gen-
eral of the army medical department. He
was with the army in Egypt during the
outbreak of the plague, an account of
which he published in 1804, entitled,
" Medical Sketches of the Expedition to
Egypt from India." He afterwards pub-
lislied a " Sketch of the Medical History
of the British Armies " during the Penin-
sular war. D. 1858.
McKEAN, W^illiam W., commodore
United States navy, b. in Pennsylvania,
1801, was the son of Judge McKean, and
entered the service in 1814. He com-
manded a schooner in Porter's squadron
in 1823-24, and was actively engaged in
suppressing piracy on the coast of Cuba
and among the islands of the bay. He was
frequently employed upon special service,
and commanded "the screw-steamer Niag-
ara, which conveyed the Japanese ambas-
sadors to their home. For a brief period
he commanded the West Gulf blockading
squadron. His connection with the service
extended over nearly half a century, and
his active emplovment over more than
thirty years. D.'^1865.
McLANE, I.1OUIS, served in the United
States navy as a midshipman under
Decatur ; studied law, and was admitted
to the bar; represented Delaware in con-
gress ; was for two years minister to Eng-
land under President Jackson ; and, suc-
cessively, secretary of the treasurv and
secretary of state'. While the Oregon
negotiations were pending, he again ac-
cepted the mission to England. On re-
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CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT.
99
tiring from active political life,he officiated
as president of the Baltimore and Ohio
R. K. Co. B. at Smyrna, Del., 1786; d. in
Baltimore, 1857.
McLEAN, John, a distinguished Amer-
ican lawyer and statesman, b. in Morris
county. New Jersey, 1785; d. in Cin-
cinnati, 1861. During his childhood his
father emigrated with his family to Vir-
ginia, whence he removed to Kentucky,
and finally settled in the stjite of Ohio.
Here the son received a scanty education ;
and, having determined to pursue the
legal profession, he engaged at the age
of 18 to write in the clerk's office at
Cincinnati, in order to maintain himself,
by devoting a portion of his time to that
labor, while engaged in his studies. In
1807 he was admitted to the bar, and en-
tered upon the practice of the law at
Lebanon, Ohio. In 1812 he became a
candidate to represent his district in con-
gress, and was elected by a large ma-
jority. He professed the political prin-
ciples of the democratic party, being an
ardent supporter of the war and of Presi-
dent Madison's administration. In 1814
he was again elected to congress by a
unanimous vote, a circumstance of rare
occurrence, and remained a member of
the house of representatives until 1816,
when — the legislature of Ohio having
elected him a judge of the supreme court
of the state — he resigned his seat in con-
gress at the close of the session. He re-
mained six years upon the supreme bench
of Ohio. In 1 , he was appointed com-
missioner of the general land-office by
President Monroe ; and in 1823 he became
postmaster-general. In 1829 he was ap-
pointed by President Jackson a justice of
the United States supreme court.
McLEOD, Xavier Donald, b. in
New Yorlv, 1821, graduated at Columbia
college, aud in 1845 entered the ministry
of the episcopal church. He visited
Europe, 1850-52, and whilst there became
a convert to the catholic church. On his
return to the United States he became a
contributor to various periodicals; some
of his poems which appeared in " Put-
nam's Monthly " and the " Knickerbocker
]\Iagazine " exhibiting much talent. He
also published a "Life of Sir Walter
Scott," and several works of fiction. Re-
moving to the West, he was for a time
connected with the press of St. Louis, and
afterward held the professorship of rhetoric
and belles-lettres at the catholic college
near Cincinnati. Eventually he was ad-
mitted to the priesthood, and was killed
by a railroad accident whilst on an errand
Qf mercy. D. 1865.
74*
McNAB, Siu Allan Napier, bart., a
Canadian politician, who earned knight-
hood by the seizure and destruction of the
Caroline, an American steamer used by
the Mackenzie insurgents in 1837. He
was several times a member of the provin-
cial cabinet, and in 1858 had a baronetcy
conferred upon him. B. 1798; d. 1862.
McPHEKSON, James B., major-gen-
eral United States volunteers and brig-
adier-general of the regular army, b. in
Sandusky, Ohio, 1828, graduated at the
head of his class at West Point, and en-
tered the United States army with a brevet
rank of second lieutenant of engineers.
He became an assistant instructor of
practical engineering at the military acad-
emy, and in the autumn of 1854 was ap-
pointed assistant engineer on the defences
of New York harbor. He was subse-
quently employed in a similar capacity
on other government works, and was en-
gaged as chief of engineers on the Pacific
coast when the civil war broke out. In
August, 1861, he was placed in charge of
the fortifications of Boston harbor, and in
the following November became aid-de-
camp to Gen. Halleck in the department
of the west, with the rank of lieut.-colonel.
He was chief-engineer of the expeditions
against Forts Henry and Donelson, and
was made brevet major of engineers; re-
maining with Gen. Grant after the reduc-
tion of these works. For sers'ices at Shiloh
he was nominated lieutenant-colonel of
engineers. The engineering works during
the siege of Corinth were under his direc-
tion. In May, 1862, he was promoted to
the rank of brigadier-general of volun-
teers, and the various military railroads
in the department of West Tennessee
were placed under his management. He
again distinguished himself at the battle
of Corinth, and having been promoted to
the rank of major-general of volunteers,
was assigned to the command of the Union
forces at Bolivar, Tenn. He served with
Gen. Grant in other important engage-
ments, and Avas highly commended by
that general for his skill and gallantry
during the siege of Vicksburg. When Gen.
Grant was placed in command of the
United States armies, Gen. McPherson
took the command of the army and de-
partment of the Tennessee. He was killed
in battle before Atlanta, July, 1864.
MEADE, Right Rev. William, D.D.,
bishop of the protestant episcopal church
in Virginia, author of " Family Prayer,"
"Lectures on the Pastoral Office,'*^ and
other works on doctrinal questions and
local church history. B. 1789 ; d. 1862.
MEANS, Isaac II., ex-governor of
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CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPPTY.
[mil
South Carolina and colonel in the con-
federate army, killed in battle, 1862.
MELLONI, Macedonia, a celebrated
natural philosopher, director of the me-
teorological observatory on Mount Vesu-
vius, d. 1854, aged 53.
MELVILLE, ViscoUxNT, first lord of
the British admiralty from 1812 to 1827,
and again under the administration of
Wellington, b. in 1771 : d. 1851.
MERCER, Charlks Fp:nt*>n, b. in
Fredericksburg, Va., 1778; d. 1858. In
his 20th year, when an invasion by the
French was deemed imminent, he offered
his services to General Washington, and
received from him a commission as first
lieutenant of cavalry, and soon after that
of captain, which he declined. In 1803,
after spending a year in Europe, he re-
turned and practised law. From 1810 to
1817 he was a member of the general as-
sembly of Virginia. In 1811 he was
again called to military duty by the
federal government; and in 1813 was ap-
pointed aid to the governor, and rose to
the rank of brigadier-general of militia,
having command of the forces at Norfolk.
In 1816, as chairman of the committee on
finance, in the legislature, he devoted his
time to the promotion of internal im-
provements, and was chief supporter of
the plan for the construction of the Chesa-
peake and Ohio canal. He was a mem-
ber of congress from 1817 to 1840. In
1853 he visited Europe from philan-
thropic motives, at his own expense, and
used his efiorts for the entire abolition of
the African slave-trade, conferring with
the chief executive oflicers of most of
the kingdoms of Europe on the subject.
ME8SAR0S, Lazarus, a Hungarian
general and patriot, b. 1796, was a mem-
ber of the Hungarian academy of sciences
and Hungarian minister of war in 1848.
He was confined in Kutaia from August,
1849, to May, 1851, and on his release went
to England, remaining there two years,
and then coming to the United States.
In 1858 he returned to England, and d.
there in the same year.
METCALFE, Thomas, b. in Virginia,
1780, served in the war of 1812, and in
1813 commanded with distinguished
gallantry a company of infantry at the
battle of Fort Meigs. He was a member
of the Kentucky legislature for many
years, a representative in congress from
that state, 1819-29; then governor of
Kentucky until 1833. In 1834 he served
in the state senate ; and in 1848 was ap-
pointed to fill Mr. Crittenden's unexpired
term in the United States senate. D.
1855.
MEYERBEER, Giacomo, a German
composer, b. at Berlin, 1794, studied at
Darmstadt under Volger. His earliest
dramatic piece, " Jephthah's Daughter,"
was not successful on its first perform-
ance; nor did "The Two Caliphs,"
brought out at Vienna, receive more en-
couragement. Meyerbeer now discovered
that he was working upon a mistaken
principle, and repaired to Italy to study
melody. His first successful work,
"Romilda e Constanza," was perfonned
at Padua in 1818; and after that time his
reputation steadily increased. " Les
Huguenots," '• Le Prophete," " L'Etoile
du Nord," " Le Pardon de Plcermel,"
and " Robert le Diable," are the operas
bv which he is best known. D. 1864.
'MILES, Dixon H., b. in Marvland,
1803, graduated at West Point in"" 1824,
and by meritorious conduct obtained
rapid promotion in the United States
army. He distinguished himself in the
Mexican war, and in 1848 was appointed
civil and military governor of Jalapa.
He adhered to the Union cause in 1861,
and had charge of the 5th division at the
battle of Bull Run. He was in command
of Harper's Ferry in Sept., 1862, and hav-
ing failed to obtain re enforcements, sur-
rendered the post, with about 14,000 men
and a large quantity of arms and military
stores. He was mortally wounded by a
shell after the surrender had taken place.
MILLER, James, b. in Peterborough,
N. H., entered the United States army
in 1810, and distinguished himself in the
battles of Chippewa, Bridgewater, and
Lundy's Lane. At the last-named bat-
tle he gave the answer, " I '11 try, sir,"
when asked if he could take an impor-
tant position held by the English troops.
He was subsequently governor of Arkan-
sas and collector of the port of Salem.
D. 1851. — James, colonel of the 81st
regiment of Pennsylvania volunteers,
killed before Richmond, 1862. He served
under General Scott in Mexico, and for
his gallantry was promoted to a cap-
taincy. — Hugh, editor of the Edinburgh
Witness, and celebrated as a geologist
and fine descriptive writer, exemplified
in his career the power of genius in
overcoming the most formidable ob-
stacles. Left fatherless in cliildhood, the
education he received was that of the
peasantry of Scotland; and at an early
age he was sent to earn his bread at the
craft of a mason. Hard manual labor
did not prevent him from pursuing the
work of self-cultivation, and when in his
27th year he published a volume of
poems, without, however, achieving
mit]
CYCLOPAEDIA or BIOGRAPHY.
101
much poetical reputation. " Scenes and
Legends of the North of Scotland,"
formed liis first prose work, and indi-
cated the possession of the peculiar talent
w-hich he afterwards employed with gi-eat
success. An appointment conferred upon
him in a Cromarty bank removed him from
the drudgery on wliich his sustenance
had hitherto depended, and increased his
facilities for literary culture. Entering
zealously into the conflict which resulted
in the secession of what was known as
the evangelical section of the church of
Scotland, he was chosen to be intrusted
with the free-church organ, then about to
be started in Edinburgh — the Witness,
tlirough the columns of which he for
several years exerted a wide influence on
the ecclesiastical and educational events
of Scotland. Geological investigations
now occupied his leisure, and in 1840 his
discoveries in the old red sandstone were
first made known by Sir Roderick, then
Mr. Murchison. The publication of the
"Old Red Sandstone" followed, and
confirmed his celebrity as a discoverer
and writer. His subsequent works were,
" First Impressions of England and its
People," "Footprints of the Creator,"
and " The Testimony of the Rocks."
Over-exertion of the brain gradually im-
paired the strength of a frame originally
powerful; his reason tottered, and in a
paroxysm of insanitv he committed sui-
cide. B. 1802; d. 1856.
MITCHELL, Nahum, a prominent citi-
zen of Massachusetts, b. J 769; d. sud-
denly, Aug. 1, 1853, while attending the
first celebration of the embarkation of
the pilgrims at Ueltl Haven. He was,
successively, a representative in the
general court of the state, representative
in congress, state senator, one of the gov-
ernor's council, judge of the circuit court
of common pleas, and chief justice. He
contributed a volume to local history, and
compiled and publisiied the " Bridge-
water Collection " of sacred music. — Sir
Thomas Livingston, surveyor-general
of New South Wales, and the inventor
of the " Boomerang Propeller " for steam-
vessels, b. 1792; d. 1855. — Ormsby
Macknight, eminent as an astronomer,
and author of " Planetary and Stellar
Worlds," and " Popular Astronomy," b.
in. Union county, Ky., 1810. He com-
menced life at an early age as clerk
in a store in Ohio, and in 1825 was
appointed to a cadetship in West Point.
He graduated in 1829, and for two years
thereafter was assistant professor of
mathematics. He afterward studied law,
and entered upon its practice in Cincin-
, nati. In 1834 he became professor of
I mathematics, philosophy, and astronomy,
in Cincinnati college, and in 1845 suc-
ceeded in establishing an observatory in
that city. Without resigning his position
in Ohio, in 1859, he accepted the direc-
1 torship of the Uudlej' observatory at
; Albany, N. Y., and succeeded in greatly
I improving its apparatus. In Aug., 1861,
he abandoned his scientific pursuits, and
threw his influence into the Union scale.
I He accepted a commission as brigadier-
general of volunteers, and served in the
department of the Ohio, under the com-
' mand of Major-general Buell. For his
services in this connection he was ap-
■ pointed a major-general. In Sept., 1862,
he was appointed commander of the de-
partment of the south, and in the follow-
ing month d. of yellow fever at Beaufort,
S. C. — Rev. Elisha, D- D., professor of
chemistrv-, mineralogy, and geology, in
the university of North Carolina, and a
frequent contributor on scientific subjects
to the American " Journal of Science."
He was b. in Connecticut, and graduated
at Yale college in 1812. He was killed
in Yancey county, N. C, J857, having
fallen over a precipice on Caney River,
while engaged in making scientific obser-
vations.
MIT FORD, Mary Russell, than
whom none has better depicted English
rural life in its most genial aspects, was
b. at Alresford, in Hampshire, in 1789.
Her father. Dr. Russell Mitford, was an
impulsive and warm-hearted man, who
fostered the premature capacity displayed
by his daughter by all the appliances
that wealth and taste could furnish ; but
his irregularities and extravagance fre-
quently plunged him into great difficul-
ties, which his daughter shared and bore
in the most unrepining spirit. When
she was about 10 years of age, she gained
a lottery prize of ^£20,000, which her
father soon ran through. After spending
some time at a boarding-school in Lon-
don, she returned to her father, who in
the meanwhile had settled near Reading.
Yielding to a strong impulse of literary
enthusiasm, she soon appeared as the
author of some miscellaneous poems,
which attracted considerable attention;
and these were followed by various
others ; but as yet she had only written
for amusement; and it was only when
the extravagant habits of her father
rendered it necessary, that she thought
of turning her talents to some account.
In the '' Annuals " she found at once a fer-
tile and a remunerative field for her labors ;
but it was not till the series of rural pictures
102
CYCTLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[mon
which she had written for the " Lady's
Magazine ' ' were collected into the vol-
ume entitled " Our Village," in 1832,
that her fame was established. From
this period her little cottage in Berkshire
became a place of literary pilgrimage,
not only to her fellow-countrymen, but
for lovers of literature, both from the con-
tinent and the United States. In 1842
she received a pension from the British
government. Meanwhile she continued
to prosecute her literary pursuits with
equal industry and ability. As early as
1823 she had published the striking
tragedy of "Julian," which, however, is
better fitted for the study than the stage ;
and she next produced " Foscari,"
"Charles I.," and '' Rienzi," all of them
highly intellectual compositions, though
the last only has proved successful on the
stage. After some years spent in seclu-
sion, she again, and when she was deep
in the vale of years, came before the
world as an author, her last productions
being a collected edition of her works,
"Atherton. a Tale," and "Recollections
of a Literary Life." D. 1855. — Rev.
John, a poet, and editor of the works of
Grav, Milton, and Dryden, d. 1859.
MITZKIEVITCH, Adam, a Polish
poet and professor of the Sclavonic lan-
guage in the college of France. D. 1855.
MOIR, David Macbeth, the " Delta "
of " Blackwood's Magazine," b. 1798; d.
at Dumfries, Scotland, 1851. His " Au-
tobiography of Mansie VVauch " is well
known as a separate work on both sides
of the Atlantic.
MOLE, Louis Mathieu, Count, a
French statesman, descended from the
old noblesse, made his advent into public
life as the author of " Essais de Morale et
de Politique," which attracted the atten-
tion of the first Napoleon, and led to
official employment, rising higher and
higher so long as the empire lasted. Dur-
ing the hundred days he became one of
Napoleon's peers, and resumed his old
functions of director-general of bridges
and roads, which he continued to exercise
imder the second restoration. When
Louis Philippe became king, he appointed
M. Mole foreign minister, and at a later
period prime minister. On the outbreak
of the revolution in 1848, he retired; re-
appearing prominently only once again,
and then as auditor to the council of state
during the presidencv of Louis Napoleon.
B. 1780; d. of apopliexv, 1855.
MOLESWORTH, Sik William, an
English statesman of the highest type,
who devoted great attention to the colonies
of Great Britain, and cherished plans fitted
to prepare them for liberation and in-
dependence. B. in London in 1810, he
entered the house of commons in 1832,
representing at different periods a division
of Cornwall, Leeds, and Southwark, and
always working with the advanced wing
of the reform party. Appointed secretary
of state for the colonies, he seemed at last
to have realized the object of his laborious
life, when death put an end to his use-
fulness, Oct. 22, 1855. To the politician
he added the character of tlie ])hilosopher
and man of letters, editing and publish-
ing at his own cost the works of Hobbes
in English and Latin.
MONSON, Hon. William John, a
writer on archaeological and anficjuarian
subjects, and author of a book of travel.
B. in Tanjore, India, 1796; d. in London,
1862.
MONTAGU, Basil, editor of Lord
Bacon's works, and author of his life, b.
1770; d. 1851. He was the natural son
of the Earl of Sandwich, by whom he
was educated for the bar.
MONTANELLI, Giuseppe, an Ital-
ian scholar and patriot, b. in Tuscany,
1813; d. 1862. As a boy, he displayed
talent as an organist and musical com-
poser. He studied law, and at 18 ob-
tained the degree of doctor of laws. At
23 he published a volume of poems, in
which genius and culture were strongly
manifested. At 27 he was chosen pro-
fessor of Tuscan and commercial law in-
the university of Pisa ; and while occupy-
ing this chair, he published " a Philo-
sophical Introduction to the Study of
Commercial Law," and other works on
subjects connected with the study of the
law. In 1844 he organized the " Italian
Brothers," a secret republican association,
aiming at " the elevation and moral im-
provement of the individual " as the pre-
cursor of " the regeneration of the na-
tion " ; and in the following year he
originated a journal entitled "Italy," to
propagate the liberal principles of the
brotherhood. When the revolution of
1848 broke out he organized the univer-
sity legion, composed of his fellow-pro-
fessors and the students; and having
joined the Tuscan contingent, he en-
countered the Austrians under Radetzki,
and being severely Avounded, was taken
prisoner on the field of Mantua. On re-
gaining his freedom he returned to Tus-
cany, and was appointed by the grand
duke governor of Livourna, then in a
state of insurrection. His administration
of affair.', was successful, and he next be-
came chief of a new ministry. Provoked
by the treachery of the grand duke, the
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CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
103
people were with difficulty restrained
from a fresh rising, and in 1849 he fled.
Montanelli, Mazzini, and Guerrazzi
formed the triumvirate chosen by the
people to carry on the government. The
restoration of the grand duke necessitated
the exile of Montanelli, and for some
years he resided in Paris, where he vrrote
tragedies for Ristori, and also his '' Kecol-
lections." Still later, he incurred the
displeasure of Italian liberals by the ad-
vocacy of a confederation of states as
opposed to the united kingdom of Italy.
MONTEZ, Lola, Countess of Lands-
feld, b. in Limerick, 1824; d. in New
York, 1861. She married when very
young, but her husband — an officer
named James — treated her cruelly, and
she left him. She appeared as a dancer
in Paris in 1840, and was for a time the
mistress of Dujarrier, editor of the
" Presse." Transferred to the stage at
Munich, she became the favorite of king
Louis of Bavaria ; acquiring over him a
remarkable influence, and using it as a
partisan in the politics of the country. In
1846 the king conferred upon her the title
of countess of Landsfeld, but her in-
trigues provoked resistance, and she was
obliged to leave the country. Returning
to England she married a Mr. Heald, and,
being threatened with prosecution for
bigamy, fled to Spain. In 1850 both her
husbands died, and she reappeared in
England. In 1852 she came to the
United States and performed as a dancer,
and also in a dramatic piece designed to
embody her own version of her adven-
tures in Bavaria. She subsequently went
to Australia and England, coming again
to the United States in 1859, and lectur-
ing on trivial subjects. For several
months previous to her decease, she suf-
fered from paralysis.
MONTGOMERY, James, a poet whose
genius was made subordinate to devotion,
was born of Moravian parents in Ayr-
shire, Scotland, 1771. Commencing life
behind the counter of a miscellaneous
store, in 1782 he entered the employment
of Mr. Gales, of Sheffield, —father of the
late Joseph Gales of the Washington
'•National Intelligencer," — then pro-
prietor and editor of the " Sheffield Reg-
ister." ^yith politics too liberal for the
time, Mr. Gales found it convenient to
quit England, and Montgomery assumed
the editorship of the journal, which he
renamed the "Iris." Always moderate
and conciliatory, he was nevertheless
twice prosecuted and imprisoned by the
torv government of the day. He retained
the editorship of the " Iris " till 1840,
when he retired with a government pen-
sion. His larger poems are, " The Wan-
derer in Switzerland," " The West In-
dies," " The World before the Flood,"
'■ Greenland," and " The Pelican Island."
As a prose writer he has not left any
shining mark. D. 1854. — Robert,
author of the " Omnipresence of the
Deity," and surnamed by irreverent
satirists " Satan Montgomery," was an
English episcopal minister, with some
reputation as a pulpit orator. D. 1856.
MONTHOLON, Count, one of Napo-
leon Bonaparte's generals, distinguished
for his fidelity to his commander in every
phase of his fortunes. After the battle
of Waterloo, together with his wife and
children, he shared voluntarily the em-
peror's exile at St. Helena. B. 1779 ; d.
1853.
MOORE, Thomas, b. in Dublin in
1780, early evinced the tastes and capa-
bilities which afterward rendered him
one of the most popular poets of his time.
His parents were catholics, as he always
professed to be ; and family intimacy with
many of the United Irishmen impressed
upon his boyish mind a vivid sense of the
suflferings and wrongs of Ireland. He
was a student at Trinity college when
disaffection sought vent in rebellion, but
though he wrote anonymously in its favor,
his mother's influence restrained him
from implicating himself more deeply.
He went to London, in 1798, to study for
the bar. His poetical aspirations, how-
ever, soon made the law subordinate, and
he gave to the world a translation of An-
acreon, following with the " Poems of
Thomas Little," and another volume still
more obnoxious to propriety. A severe
but just criticism of these amatory pro-
ductions appeared in the " Edinburgh
Review," and led to an abortive duel be-
tween Moore and Jeffrey. His reputation
as a song-writer, his musical accomplish-
ments, and his general companionable
qualities opened to Moore the road to
aristocratic society ; and in 1804 the pat-
ronage of Lord Moira procured for him a
registrarship in Bermuda. The position
involved him in pecuniary embarrass-
ments, from which he honorably extri-
cated himself out of the products of his
literary labors. Thenceforward he was
professionally a man of letters, residing
principally at Sloperton, near Devizes,
and basking in the favor of the whig
aristocracy. Lord Melbourne granted
him a pension of $1500 in 18-35, and in
1850, when his health was broken, other
$500 were granted to Mrs. Moore. He
d. in 1852. The " Irish Melodies " are
104
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[mor
the most exquisite of his poems; as
" Lalla Kookh " is the most ambitious.
His most witty eftbrts are found in the
political satires through which, from time
to time, he served his whig friends. As
a prose writer Moore never gained a rep-
utation for more than good taste and
care.
MOREHEAD, James T., a prominent
lawyer in Kentucky ; lieutenant-govern-
or and governor of that state; and a
member of the United States senate
from 1841 to 1847. B. 1796 ; d. 1854.
MORGAN, John Minter, a philan-
thropic co-laborer of Robert Owen, but
differing from him in the recognition of
religious principles as the basis of social
and industrial reform. Morgan wrote
" The Revolt of the Bees," " The Christian
Commonwealth," and other works, and
labored strenuously in behalf of projects
which were never realized. He was b. and
d. in London, 1783 — 1854. — Lady Syd-
ney, known in early life as Miss Owenson,
the authoress of " The Wild Irish Girl,"
and other fictions, and in later years by
her sketches of France, Italy, and Ireland,
b. 1783; d. 1859.- Chakles W., com-
modore United States navy, b. 1790 ; d.
1853. He entered the navy in 1808, served
gallantly in the action between the Con-
stitution and the Guerriere, and twice
commanded the United States naval force
in the Mediterranean. — John H., a noted
confederate soldier, b. inKentuck}^, 1826.
In 1861 he abandoned a manufacturing
business in Avhich he was engaged, and,
throwing himself into the confederate
ranks, raised a body of horsemen, at the
head of whom he conducted a series of
guerrilla operations in Missouri and Ken-
tucky. For these he was commissioned
colonel, and afterward brigadier-general.
He joined the forces of Gen. Bragg in
Tennessee, and resumed his operations as
a raider south of the Cumberland. His
most extensive raid extended into Ken-
tucky, Indiana, and Ohio ; and in the last-
named state he and many of his followers
were captured. He escaped from prison
in Nov., 1863, and having again reached
the confederate lines was restored to a
command including Western Virginia
and Eastern Kentucky. He was next
attached to the cavalry force operating
for the defence of Atlanta, and, in a raid
designed to interrupt Gen. Sherman's
communications, was killed, Sept., 1864.
MORLOT, Francis Nicholas Made-
leine, archbishop of Paris, the successor
of the murdered Archbishop Sibour, and
a writer on theological topics. He was
b. at Langres in 1795, and studied in the
ecclesiastical college of Dijon. In 1839
he was made bishop of Orleans, and in
1842 archbishop of Tours. He was created
cardinal in 1853. D. 1862.
MORNY, the Duke dk, whose preco-
cious intelligence led Talleyrand to say,
" This little gentleman will be a minister
some day," was b. in Paris, 3811, and
was the son of Queen Hortense by Count
Flahaut. He was therefore half-brother
to Napoleon III. In his 21st year he re-
ceived a commission in a regiment of
lancers. He served with distmction in
Africa, under the late Duke of Orleans,
and, under the command of Gen. Chau-
garnier, took part in the campaign of
Moscara and the first campaign of Con-
stantine, in the latter of which he was
Avounded. Retiring from the army in
1838, and being possessed of independent
means, he devoted himself to industrial
anu economical questions, buying a large
manufactory for the production of sugar
from beet-root. In 1842 he was returned
to the chamber of deputies by the electors
of Puy-de-Dome. After the revolution
of 1848 he at first kept aloof from poli-
tics, but in 1 849 he was again returned by
his former constituency to the legisla-
tive assembly, when he at once identified
himself with the policy of Louis Napoleon.
During the coup d'etat he was one of the
few who were in the confidence of the
emperor. He was appointed on the same
day (Dec. 2. 1851) minister of the in-
terior, which position he resigned in
January, 1852, on the question of the con-
fiscation of the Orieans property. In
1854 he was appointed president of the
covjys legislatif. He represented France
at the court of Russia during the corona-
tion of Alexander II., and married at the
same time a Russian princess. In 1858
he was made member of the privy council.
The Duke de Morny was as successful
on the bourse as in politics. He Avas in
the confidence of his imperial relative in
all things, and the information he thus
acquired he turned to profitable account.
He has, indeed, been described as " a job-
ber of the first magnitude." From a
man of very moderate means he rapidly
rose to be one of the richest men of Eu-
rope. His liberality, however, kept pace
with his riches. And he was, withal, a
graceful man, a great wit, the lion of
French society, the idol of his fair coun-
trywomen, and a devoted adherent of the
empire. D. 1865.
MORRIS, Henry W., commodore
United States navy, and grandson of
Gouvemeur Morris, d. in New York, 1805 ;
d. 1863. He entered the navj' as mid-
mot]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
105
shipman in 1819, but did not receive his
commission as captain until 1856. In
Jan., 1862, he assumed command of the
steam sloop-of-war Pensacola, vvhiclx
joined the blockading squadron in the
Gulf of Mexico, and performed an impor-
tant part in the attacks upon Forts Jack-
son and St. Philip, and upon the Chal-
mette batteries. — George P., a lyric
poet and journalist, b. in Philadelphia,
1802. In his boyhood he contributed
verses and sketches to New York jour-
nab, and in 1823 he assisted in starting
the ''New York Mirror,'' with which he
continued associated until its discon-
tinuance in 1842. In the following year
he joined N. P. "Willis in the publication
of the "New MiiTor," and in 1844 com-
menced the " Evening Mirror." Some
time after he issued the "' National Press,"
a weekly journal, which in 1846 was met-
amorphosed into the " Home Journal,"
of which he remained one of the editors
until his death. Mr. Morris's reputation
rests, however, less upon his newspaper
enterprises than upon his songs and
poems. His poems have been published
in a collected form, and have gone
through many editions; and not a few of
his songs are allied to melodies not likely
to be forgotten. His " Woodman, spare
that free," " We were Boys Together,"
" l^and-ho!" "My Mother's Bible," and
" I he Origin of Yankee Doodle," would
alone be sufficient to keep his memory
fresh in the hearts of multitudes. Among
his other productions are the libretto of
" The Maid of Saxony," " The Deserted
Bride, and other Poems," a volume of
prose sketches, and a voknne of selected
American songs. D. 1864. — (Jharles,
commodore United States navy, was b.
in Woodstock, Conn., in 1784, entered
the navy as midshipman in 1799, and
was from that time distinguished for his
professional enthusiasm and aspirations.
In the war with the Barbary States he
showed in several instances the intrepid-
ity, energy, and judgment which charac-
terized his after-life. He was a volunteer
to aid Decatur in the destruction of the
Philadelphia, and was the first upon her
deck. On the breaking out of the war
of 1812 he was a lieutenant, and was the
executive officer of the Constitution in
1812, in her memorable escape, after a
chase of sixty hours, from the British
squadron, and also when she, during the
same season, captured the Guerriere. In
this action he was shot through the body
by a musket-ball. In Sept., 1813, for
special services, he was promoted to the
••ank of post-captain over the heads of
some of his seniors, his commission dat-
ing from the day of the surrender of the
Guerriere. In that year he took command
of the Adams sloop-of-war, was disabled
by a storm, ran into Penobscot Bay and
up the river for repairs, and being at-
tacked by a superior force, destroyed
his vessel. After the conclusion of the
war he was employed in important com-
mands at sea and on shore. He was
the captain of the Brandywine, which
carried Lafayette to France in 1825, and
afterwards commanded squadrons on the
Bi'azil and Mediterranean stations. His
last sea-service was his cruise in the
Delaware, in 1844; and from that time he
was almost constantly at the head of
some one of the bureaus of the navy de-
partment at Washington. At the time
of his death (1856), lie was chief of the
bureau of hydrography and repairs.
MO rT, Valentine, the most eminent
surgeon in America, b. at Glen Cove,
L. I., 1785; d. in New York, April 26,
1865. He received the degree of M. D.
at Columbia college in 18J6, and after
studying two years in London under
Astley Cooper, Abernethy, and Cline,
proceeded to Edinburgh, where he re-
mained a year. On his return to the
United States, in 1809, he became profess-
or of surgery in Columbia college, and
so remained until 1813, when he assumed
the same professional position in the col-
lege of physicians and surgeons. From
1826 to 1830 he was connected with the
Rutgers medical college ; thence returning
to the college of physicians and surgeons.
He originated the university medical col-
lege, and was its professor of surgery and
relative anatomy. His rare sagacity in
the diagnosis of disease, and his extraor-
dinary skill in surgery, established for
him a fame as great in Europe as that
which he enjoyed in this country. Ast-
ley Cooper said of him, "He has per-
formed more of the great operations than
any man living, or that ever did live."
His original operations as a surgeon, in-
deed, challenged the admiration of the
professional world. " As early as 1818,"
a writer has remarked, " Dr. Mott placed
a ligature around the bracheocephalic
trunk, or arteria innominata, only two
inches from the heart, for aneurism of the
right subclavian arter}', for the first time in
the history of surgery." " He exsected
the entire right clavicle for malignant
disease of that bone, where it was neces-
sary to apply 40 ligatures ; an operation
whjch Dr. Mott himself asserts to be the
most dangerous and difficult that can
be performed upon the human body."
106
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[mus
*He was the first to tie the primitive
iliac artery for aneurism. He has tied
the common carotid 46 times, cut for
stone 168 times, and amputated nearly
1000 limbs. He early introduced his
original operation for immobility of the
lower jaw, and succeeded after many
eminent surgeons had failed. In 1821 he
performed the first operation for osteo-
sarcoma of the lower jaw. He was the
first surgeon who removed the lower jaw
for necrosis.'' No professor ever won
more completely the esteem of his pupils,
or enjoyed more universally the regard
of the members of the profession he so
eminently adorned. He published a
translation of " Valpean's Operative Sur-
gery," in four vols., and contributed
many papers to the scientific journals of
this country and Europe. In private life
he was distinguished for integrity and
benevolence.
MUGGE, Theodore, a voluminous
novelist, and founder and editor of the
"National Zeitung," b. in Berlin, 1806;
d. 18G1.
MULLER, Jean, Dr., a German
physiologist and anatomist, b. 1801; d.
1858. — Hiekonymus, a German scholar
and writer on education, b. 1785 ; d. 1861.
MULREADY, William, a painter, b.
at Ennis, Ireland, 1786 ; d. near London,
1863. In his 15th year he entered the
royal academy as a student. His pict-
ures at first were small, and it was not
until 1815, when he exhibited his " Idle
Boys," that his position was assured; its
merits being recognized by his election
as an associate of the academy. In 1816
his " Fight Interrupted " secured his
elevation to the rank of R. A. He never
relaxed in his efforts or in his studies,
even when an acknowledged master of
his art. His works are exceedingly
numerous, although of late years he ap-
peared only ou rare occasions before the
public. Engrossed as he was in perfect-
ing his powers of expression, a very
simple range of subject throughout suf-
ficed. The strife and humors of school-
boy life, or of the village, supplied ma-
terials in later as in earlier years. A
sketch from nature of "A Street Preach-
er" he made in 1809; a finished drawing
of the same, in 1822. Pictures finished in
1830 (" The Dog of two Minds"), or in
1840 ("Fair June"), were commenced
20 or 30 years before ; graduallj'^ ripening
under his hands. In 1840 he executed
20 designs for an illustrated edition of
the " Vicar of Wakefield " ; and from
this source were subsequentl}^ derived
many of his finest pictures. In 1848 an
exhibition of his works was formed at
the London society of arts, and the pub-
lic and private galleries of England are
rich in examples of his genius.
MUNDT, Theodore, a prolific Ger-
man writer, for a time professor at Bres-
lau, and subsequentlv librarian of the
university of Berlin, b. 1808; d. 1861.
MUNDY, Sir George, admiral in the
British service, b. 1777; d. 1861. He
distinguished himself in the battles of
St. Vincent and the Nile.
MURDOCK, James, D.D., studied
theology under Dr. Dwight, and in 1802
was ordained pastor of the church at
Princeton, Mass. He was successively
professor of Greek and Latin in the uni-
versity of Vermont, and professor of
sacred rhetoric and ecclesiastical history
in the theological seminary at Andover,
Mass., whence he removed to New Haven.
Amongst his works are, a translation of
Mosheim's " Ecclesiastical History," a
version of the New Testament from the
Syriac Peshito, a translation of Muen-
scher's Dogmatic History, and " Sketch-
es of Modern Philosophy " B. at West-
brook, Conn., 1776; d. in Mississippi,
1856.
MURE, William, who held a high
reputation amongst European scholars,
was b. 1799, and w^as educated at West-
minster and the university of Edinburgh.
He studied subsequently in Germany.
His chief work, " A Critical History of
the Language and Literature of Ancient
Greece," was left unfinished; but the
several portions of it, on the epic and
lyric poets, and the historians, may be
regarded as separate works. The first
two volumes are almost wholly devoted
to an examination of the fliad and
Odyssey, in which he endeavors to
prove the essential unity of both these
poems, together with the identity of their
authorship. D. 1860.
MURRAY, Daniel, catholic arch-
bishop of Dublin, b. 1768 ; d. 1852.
MUSPRATT, Susan Cushman,
known before her marriage as an accom-
plished actress, and the sister of Char-
lotte Cushman, b. in Boston, Mass., 1822;
d. near Liverpool, 1859.
NES]
CYGLOPJSDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
107
N.
NACHIMOFF, Admihal, commander
of the Russian fleet when the Turkish
ships were destroyed at Sinope, in 1853.
Killed at Sebastopol, 1855.
NAPIER, Sir Chaklks James, lieu-
tenant-general in the British army, was b.
in 1782. His first laurels were won under
Sir John Moore in the Peninsular war,
AV'here he was made prisoner during the
retreat on Corunna. He afterward fought
under Wellington in some of the severest
actions in the Peninsula. Appointed
governor of Cephalonia, he joined Lord
Byron in drawing up a plan for securing
the independence of Greece; winning the
gratitude of the Cephalonians, but being
snubbed by the authorities he served. In
1841 he went to India, as commander of
the Bombay army, and at once applied
himself to the reform of abuses with an
energv that incurred the displeasure of
the l^ast India monopoly, and the au-
thorities under its influence. In 184.3 he
entered upon a campaign in Aflghanis-
tan, achieving great victories at Aleeanee
and Hyderabad, and adding Scinde to
the conquered territories of Britain. As
governor of Scinde he carried into eifect
many salutary reforms. The scheme of
conquest was completed by the battles
of Ferozeshah and Sobraon, and in 1847
he returned to Fngland. The occurrence
of another Sikh war, in 1849, led him
back to India, but only for a brief period.
He d. near Portsmouth, 1852. — Sir
Georgk Thomas, a younger brother of
the preceding, served in the Peninsula,
and as governor of the Cape of Good
Hope. D. 18.55. — Sir William Fran-
cis Patrick, another brother, general
and historian, b. 1785; d. 1800. — Sir
Charles, vice-admiral, commander of
the Baltic fleet during the Russian war.
The glory he had won in Egypt, Syria,
and Spain, faded before Cronstadt ; the
sole products of this his last command
having been the blockade and the affair
of Bomarsund. B. 178?] ; d. 1860.
NELSON, William, b. at Maysville,
Kv., 1825, was shot in a personal quar-
rel by brigadier-general J. C. Davis, at
Louisville, 1882. He entered the United
States navy in 1840, and in 1861 was de-
tailed, with the rank of lieutenant-com-
mander, to command the gun-boats on the
Ohio river. Being transferred to the
department of the secretary of war, he
was appointed brigadier -general, and
subsequently major-general of United
States volunteers, and served with effi-
ciency in Eastern Kentucky, and about
Corinth, Miss. — Wolfred^ a leader of
the Lower Canadian insurrection in 1837,
was the son of an English commissariat
officer, and was b. at Montreal toward
the close of the last century. He com-
menced the practice of the medical pro-
fession in 1811, and served as surgeon
during the war with the United States.
In 1827 he entered the field of colonial
politics, and soon identified himself
closely with the party struggling against
the petty tyranny which prevailed under
the sanction of the colonial office. Popu-
lar discontent found vent in the partial
and imperfectly organized rebellion of
1837, and Dr."^ Nelson commanded the
small armed force which encountered,
and for the time defeated, the govern-
ment forces at St. Denis on the Richelieu
river. He was, however, speedily com-
pelled to seek safety in flight, and being
captured near the frontier, was taken to
Montreal, and there tried, and banished
to Bermuda. On his release he settled
at Plattsburgh, N. Y., where he practised
his profession until permitted to return
to Canada. Being there, he was elected
to the provincial parliament, fi*om which
he retired to accept the office of inspector
of prisons, which he held until his death
in 1863.
NESSELRODE, Count, a Russian
diplomatist and statesman, was b. of
German parents in Livonia, about 1770.
His father was the ambassador who ne-
gotiated the marriage between the eccen-
tric Paul and a princess of Wiirtemberg;
and young Nesselrode, having been edu-
cated at the Imperial military college of
St. Petersburg, received a commission in
the guards from the empress Catherine.
When Paul ascended the throne he
appointed Nesselrode one of his aid-de-
camps; but the latter soon showed the
bent of his disposition by entering into
the diplomatic service. His first occupa-
tion was that of attache to the Prussian
court. In 1807 he was connected with
the embassy to Paris, and subsequently
took j)art in the various events which
transpired till the fall of Napoleon, in
1814; suiting his policy to the various
changes with a dexterity which added
to his influence at home and abroad.
When Napoleon was branded as the
common enemy, and the congress as-
sembled at Vienna, Nesselrode appeared
108
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[NIC
in the Austrian capital as Russian pleni-
potentiary, and exercised his diplomatic
skill to procure the partition of Poland,
and the annexation of a great part of
Saxony to Prussia. From that date to
185G he was the servant of successive
czars, with the office of minister of
foreign affairs. After nearly 60 years of
labor in the service of the "state, during
which he yielded, willow-like, to every
storm, he is said to have become aft ob-
ject of suspicion to his sovereign and to
the heads of both the great parties in
Russia. He was suspected by the czar
of retaining his long-cherished predi-
lections in favor of France; and while
the German party blamed him for the
Crimean war, the Muscovites expressed
their indignation at his supposed good-
will towards the allied powers. He re-
tired from public life in 1856; visited
Paris in 1857, and d. 1862.
NEWCASri.E, Heney Pelham
Clinton, Duke of, b. 1811. He was
chief secretary for Ireland in 1846 ; war
minister during the earlier campaigns in
the Crimea; and, finally, secretary of
state for the colonies. He visited the
United States as directot of the move-
ments of the Prince of Wales. D. 1864.
NEWCOMB, Harvey, D.D., editor
of various religious journals, and author
of the " Cyclopiedia of Missions," and a
great number of smaller works, b. in
Thettbrd, Vt., 1803; d. in Brooklyn,
1863. His ministerial services were in
connection Avith the congregational
church in Massachusetts and Pennsyl-
vania.
NICHOL, John Pkingle, author of
" The Architecture of the Heavens,"
" The Solar System," and other works,
and professor of astronomy in the uni-
versitv of Glasgow, b. 1804 ; d. 1859.
NICHOLAS, (NicoLAi Pavlovitch)
Emperor of Russia, b. 1796; d. suddenly
of paralysis of the lungs, 1855. The
death of his brother and predecessor on
the throne, Alexander, Nov. 30, 1825,
proved the signal for a wide-spread revolt,
at the head of which were many officers
of distinction, who, having served with
the Russian army in Germany, had ac-
quired ideas of constitutional govern-
ment. The conspiracy extended from
St. Petersburg to Kief; and in the capi-
tal the populace were supported by the
guards, under pretence of supporting
Prince Constantine, who had long before
resigned the crown in favor of Alexander.
It was under these circumstances that
Nicholas ascended the throne. His per-
sonal daring, and the terrible use he made
of his cannon in the streets of St. Peters-
burg, overcame his rebellious subjects;
and he was crowned with unusual pomp
in 1826. The affairs of Greece then
occupied the attention of the Western
powers, resulting in the treaty of Lon-
don, 1827, between England, France,
and Russia. Simultaneously war had
proceeded between Russia and Persia,
and the victorious arms of Paskievitch
extended the Russian frontier to the
Arras. In 1828 Nicholas declared war
against Turkey, for alleged violations of
the treaty of Bucharest, and in the fol-
lowing year obtained the treaty of Ad-
rianople, surrendering to Russia the Cir-
cassian coast of the Black Sea. The
struggle of the Poles for liberty next oc-
cupied the attention of the czar ; it lasted
from Nov., 1830, to Oct., 1831, when the
wreck of the patriot army surrendered to
RUdiger and Paskievitch. Scarcely had
this cruel conflict terminated when the
revolt of the Pasha of Egypt against the
Grand Sultan led Nicholas to send an
expedition to the Bosphorus. The treaty
of Unkiar Skelessi followed (July, 1832),
the effect of Avhich was to close the Dar-
danelles against the fleets of Europe.
Although these events produced compli-
cations of no ordinary difficulty amongst
the Western powers, bringing Britain and
France to the verge of war, and causing
the operations of Britain against Mehe-
met Ali in Syria, the career of Nicholas
presented no' point demanding mention
until the outbreak of the revolutionary
flame which involved the greater part
of Europe in 1848. The peril of the
house of Hapsburg afforded a pretext for '
interference ; and in July, 1848, the Rus-
sian troops were marched into Hungary,
where Bem and Dembiiiski at the head
of 20,000 Poles had joined the Magyars.
The surrender of Gorgey to the Russian
General Riidiger, on the 11th of August,
blasted the hopes of the Hungarians, and
relieved the czar from the presence of a
constitutional government in close prox-
imity with his dominions. In 1852 Nich-
olas asserted the right of Russia to the
protectorate of the Greek church through-
out Turkey ; and in support of the claim
part of the Russian army was ordered to-
wards Moldavia. Two divisions crossed
the Pruth in July, 1853, the interim hav-
ing been occupied by the mission of #
Prince MenschikofF to Constantinople,
and the naval demonsti-ations on the part
of England and France in Besika Bay.
The war in the Crimea followed, during
the progress of which Nicholas breathed
his last. The temper and policy of
NUO]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGBAPHY.
109
Nicholas were alike imperial ; he moved
among his courtiers and subjects with
the stern, haughty bearing of a demi-god,
or a hero of the ancient world ; all his de-
signs tending to the advancement of the
glory of his country and the improvement
of his people, so far as these are com-
patible with absolute government.
NICHOLS, John Bowykr, the son
of a well-known literary biographer of
the last century, and himself for a long
time publisher and editor of " The Gen-
tleman's Magazine," b. in London, 1779;
d. 1863. He edited many works, and
was an industrious writer of literary me-
moirs. — Rev. IcHABOD, D. D., author
of a work on " Natural Theology," was
a graduate of Harvard college, and hav-
ing studied theology, settled in Portland,
Me., in 1809, and continued there until
1855, when he removed to Cambridge.
He was b. hi Portsmouth, N. H., 1784,
and d. in Cambridge, 1859. He left a
work, entitled " Hours with the Evan-
gelists," nearly ready for publication.
NICOL, William^ a lecturer on nat4
ural philosophy, d. in Edinburgh, 1851,
aged 83. His name is associated with
the invention of the single image prism
of the calcareous spar, known to the
scientific world as Nicol's prism.
NICOLLINI, Giovanni Battista,
an eminent sculptor, b. near Pisa, 1782;
d. 1861. The most widely known of his
statues are, " Arnold of Brescia," " Ludo-
vicus the Moor," " Eilippo Strozzi," and
" Rosa Munda."
NIEMANS, Baron von, a learned
traveller, d. in Cairo, 1858. He was on
the eve of a journey into the interior of
Africa, to ascertain the fate of Dr. Vogel.
NILES, John M., one of the founders,
and long a principal editor of the " Hart-
ford Times," senator in congress trom
1835 to 1839, postmaster-general in Mr.
Van Buren's administration, and again
senator from 1842 to 1848. B. 1788;
d. 1856.
NITZCH, Gregory Wilhelm, a
German philologist, b. 1790; d. 1861.
NOAH,. MoKDECAi Mannasseh, for
more than 30 years connected with the
New York press, b. in Philadelphia in
1785. In his youth he was apprenticed
to a mechanical business, which he soon
abandoned to study law, and follow polit-
ical and literary pursuits. In 1813 he
was appointed United States consul to
Morocco. The vessel in which he took
passage to enter upon the duties of his
office was taken by the British, and after
•several weeks' detention in England, he
was permitted to proceed to the place of
his appointment. On his return, in 1816,
he settled in New York, and became a
proprietor and editor of the "National
Advocate," a democratic journal, which
he left on his election as sheriff of
the city and county. He subsequently
established the "Enquirer," which was
merged in the "Courier." When that
journal joined the whigs, Noah estab-
lished " The Evening Star," which he
edited for many years with great success.
It finally declined in circulation and was
merged in other journals. D. 1851.
NORMANBY', Constantine Henry
Phipps, Marquis of, b. 1797; d. 1863.
He was governor of Jamaica when the
emancipation of the slaves was effected,
was lord-lieutenant of Ireland from 1835
to 1839, and, successively, secretary for
the colonies and home secretary-. In
1846 he was ambassador to Paris, and in
that capacity recognized the provisional
government of 1848. He remained in
Paris until after the coup d'etat and the
elevation of Louis Napoleon to the im-
perial thi-one, officially favoring both
events. He wrote " A Year of Hevolu-
tion," being his Parisian experience of
1848-9; and several novels, now almost
forgotten.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Algernon
Percy, Duke of, b. 1792 ; d. 1865. He
entered the British navy in 1809, rose to
the rank of captain in 1815, and was ap-
pointed admiral on the reserved list in
1862. In politics he adhered to the tory
party, but rarely acted in public life.
NO RTON, Andrews, a man of letters
and biblical critic, b. in Hingham, Mass.,
in 1786, graduated in 1804 at Harvard
college, Cambridge, where he was after-
wards tutor, teacher of theology from 1813
to 1819, Dexter professor of sacred liter-
ature fram 1819 to 1830, and librarian
from 1813 to 182*1. Dr. Norton was a
profound scholar, and for talent, acquire.-
ments, and influence, one of the most re-
markable men in New England. He was
the author of several theological works,
the principal one being, "Evidences of
the Genuineness of the Gospels." In his
publications he supported the views of
the Unitarians. ■ He also wrote verses of
a devotional cast and of great beauty
and sweetness. I). 1853.
NOV'ELLO, Vincent, a popular Eng-
lish musical composer, b. 1781 ; d. 1861.
NLIGENT, Marshal, a soldier in the
Austrian ser\ ice more than 60 years, and
the recipient of honors from successive
emperors B. in Ireland, 1777; d. at
Croatia, Austria, 1862.
116
CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[o'co
NUTTAL, Thomas, b. in England,
1786, was brought up a printer, and came
to the United States in early life. Here
he studied botany and geology, and pub-
lished the *' Genera of North American
Plants," "The Birds of the United
States," and other works. From 1822 to
1834 he was professor of botany in Har-
vard college. He travelled in California,
and published several papers on the shells
and plants found there. He returned to
England to enjoy an estate devised to
him on condition that he should reside
on it, and d. 1859.
o.
O'BRIEN, William Smith, an Irish
patriot, descended from the ancient kings
of Munster, was b. at Dromoland, 1803.
He was educated at Han-ow and Cam-
bridge, and having inherited a fortune
from his mother, entered parliament, in
1830, as member for Ennis, and afterwards
for Limerick. Though connected with
aristocratic families, he joined O'Connell
in demanding a repeal of the union as
the only remed}^ for Irish grievances.
But O'Oonnell and O'Brien differed on
an essential point : the former believed in
the efficacy of moral force, while the lat-
ter contended that nothing could be ex-
torted from the British government ex-
cept by demonstrations of physical power.
The Young Ireland party, of which
O'Brien was the leader, Avas gaining
ground steadily Avhen the French revolu-
tion of 1848 broke out. He proceeded to
Paris ; was received with sympathy by the
provisional government, and returned im-
pressed with the conviction that Ireland
would be supported bv France in separat-
ing from England. The Earl of Claren-
don, then lord lieutenant, at once sus-
pended the habeas corpus act, and placed
the disaffected districts under martial law.
O'Brien held on his way firmly, review-
ing assemblages of peasantry ,"^ and pro-
nouncing insurrection inevitable. He led
an attack upon a police station at Bal-
lingarr}'^, July 29, 1848, and in the follow-
ing September was arrested on a charge
of high treasen. He was found guilty
and condemned to death, but tlve penalty
was commuted to transportation for life,
and that again was mitigated in 1856.
On his return to Ireland, O'Brien ab-
stained from active participation in polit-
ical affairs, although he avowedly cher-
ished his old opinions as to the wrongs
of his native country and their remedy.
D. 1864. — FiTZ James, a poet and bril-
liant writer, b. in Ireland, 1829; came to
the United States about 1850 ; enlisted in
the 7th regiment, N. Y. state militia,
April, 1861 ; in Jan., 1862, was appointed
upon the staff of Gen. Lander; and in the
following month received a wound in a
skirmish in Virginia from the effects of
which he died-
O'CONNELL, Maurice, eldest son
of Daniel O'Connell, called to the Irish
bar in 1827, entered parliament for Clare
in 1831, and d. 1853. — John, third son
of Daniel O'Connell, and the editor of
the "Life and Speeches" of his father.
B. in 1810, he entered the house of com-
mons in 1832, and published two volumes
of " Parliamentary Recollections and
Experiences." D. 1858.
O'CONNOR, Arthur, General, was a
prominent actor in the Irish rebellion of
1798, and after that event went to France,
where the first consul appointed him
general of division. In 1809 he married
the daughter of Condorcet, niece on her
mother's side to Marshal Grouchy, and
in 1834 purchased from the heirs of Mira-
beau the chateau of Bignon, where bed.,
1852. — Feargus, nephew of the preced-
ing, b. in 1796, at Dargan castle, county
Meath. He obtained a seat in the house
of commons, in 1832, as a supporter of
Daniel O'Connell, but subsequently ad-
dressed himself to the working classes of
England, and became the leader of the
chartist movement. In 1847 he was
elected to parliament by the chartists of
Nottingham, and as proprietor and edi-
tor of the " Northern Star" set afoot the
movement which resulted in the famous
petition for the charter, and the formi-
dable popular gathering in London in
1848. He originated a land scheme, with
the view of facilitating the acquisition of
small freehold allotments, but it totally
fiiiled, and involved him in unmerited
disgrace. Calumny and embarrassment
overturned the balance of his reason, and
he was finalh' consigned to a private
asylum at Chiswick, where he d., 1855.
Although violent in his politics, he Avas
honest in his intentions, and so far from
mercenary that his devotion to the cause
he espoused left him a beggar. The rem-
nant of his followers expressed their sense
of his disinterestedness in the motto dis-
o»t]
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
Ill
played at his funeral, — " He lived and
died for us."
OERSTED, Hans Christian, the
discoverer of electro-magnetism, b. at
Rudkjoking, in Denmark, 1777; d. 1851.
When twelve years of age, he became
assistant to his father, who was an apothe-
cary; but in 1794 he entered the uni-
versity of Copenhagen, where he soon dis-
tinguisiied himself by the closeness of his
application to study, and his originality of
thought. In 1801 he left Copenhagen on a
tour through Germany, France, and Hol-
land ; and in 1806 he was appointed to the
chair of natural philosophy in Copenha-
gen, where he labored assiduously till his
death. In 1820 his labors were crowned
by his discovery of electro-magnetism.
Renown and honorable testimonials were
then showered upon him from every side.
Many learned societies elected him as
their member; the royal society of Eng-
land sent him the Copley medal, and the
institute of France, as an extraordinary
acknowledgment, presented him with one
of the mathematical class prizes, worth
3000 francs. In 1836 he visited England ;
and at the meeting of the British associa-
tion, held at Southampton in that year,
Sir John Herschel, in reference to his dis-
covery, used these words : — "' The electric
telegraph, and other wonders of modern
science, were but mere effervescences from
the surface of this deep recondite dis-
covery, which Oersted had liberated, and
which was yet to burst with all its mighty
force upon the world. If I were to char-
ac t erize by any figure the advantage of
Oersted to science, I would regard him
as a fertilizing shower descending from
heaven, which brought forth a new crop,
delightful to the eye, ana pleasing to the
heart." How this prophetic anticipation
has been realized all the world knows.
On his return to Copenhagen, he con-
tinued to labor in his scientific pursuits,
varied with excursions into the regions
of politics and "literature.
OKEN, LoKENz, an eminent German
physiologist, successively professor of
natural history at Jena, Munich, and
Zurich. The work on which his reputa-
tion mainly rests is his " Physio-philos-
ophy " (which has been translated by
the Ray society), and which is remark-
able for proclaiming the law of unity that
Eervades the composition of all animal
odies, — a theory that in the hands of
Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, in France, and
of Owen, in England, has since been
prolific in gigantic results. B. 1778; d.
1851.
OLIN, Rev. Stephen, D. D., LL. D.,
born in Vermont, graduated at Middle-
bury college; was an eloquent preacher
connected with the methodist episcopal
church, and a professor in Franklin col-
lege, Georgia; in 1833 he was elected
president of Randolph college, Macon,
Geo., and subsequently president of the
Wesleyan university at Middletown. He
published ''Travels in the East," and va-
rious lectures and discourses. D. 1851.
ONDERDONK, Right Rev. Benja-
min Treadwell, protestant bishop of
the diocese of Eastern New York, b. in
New York, 1791 ; d. 1861. He was elected
to the episcopate in 1830, but was sus-
pended from the exercise of his episcopal
functions, in 1845, in consequence of
charges affecting his clerical character
and reputation.
O'NEILL, John Bruce Richard,
Viscount and Baron, b. 1780; d. 1855.
He was the last of the hereditary chiefs
of Ulster.
OPIE, Amelia, an English authoress,
b. 1771; d. 1853. The daughter of Dr.
Alderson, of Norwich, she was married to
John Opie, an eminent historical painter,
in 1784, and survived him nearly half a
century. Her works have been chiefly
admired for their simplicity and genial
feeling.
ORFILA, Matthew Joseph Bona^
VENTURA, a distinguished toxicologist, b.
at Mahon, in Minorca, studied at Valencia
and Barcelona, in 1807 repaired to Paris,
where he remained until his death in
1853. Having graduated in medicine, he
for some years supported himself by pub-
lic lectures, and in 1823 was appointed to
the chair of chemistry. During the reign
of Louis Philippe, M. Orfila was made
dean of the faculty of medicine ; but after
the revolution of February, 1848, the pro-
visional government revoked his func-
tions. His scientific reputation may be
said to have commenced with ' his
" Treatise on Poisons ; or, General Toxi-
cology " ; but there is scarcely a depart-
ment "^of medical jurisprudence which he
has not profoundly investigated, and the
treatises which he has published on these
and analogous subjects have given him
a world-wide reputation.
ORLOFF, Alexei Feodorewitch,
Prince, a Russian general and statesman,
an illegitimate son of Duke Feodor Orloff,
b. 1787; d. 1861.
ORMOND, John Butler, Marquis of,
a distinguished contributor to the belles-
lettres, b. in Dublin, 1808 ; d. 1854.
ORTON, Reginald, an English sur-
geon and writer on medical subjects, and
the author of expeiiments in inducing
112
CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[pal
spontaneous generation by means of elec-
tricity. B. 1810 ; d. 1862.
OfEY, Right Rev. James Hewey,
bishop of the protestant episcopal church
in Tennessee, and known throughout the
Southwest as " The Good Bishop." • B. in
Virginia, 1799; d. at Memphis, 1863.
OWEN, Robert, an English social
reformer, b. 1771 : d. 1858. He entered
early upon commercial life, and at the
age of 18 became partner in a cotton-
mill. In 1801 he married the daughter
of David Dale, a Glasgow manufacturer,
and the proprietor of a large cotton
factory in New Lanark, Scotland, of
which Owen became the manager.
Here he introduced various reforms,
which, without lessening the profits of the
enterprise, improved the condition and
added greatly to the prosperit}'- of the
working people employed. It was here,
and under Owen's direction, that the tirst
infant school was established. After a
time the factory ceased to be successful,
and Owen's connection with it termi-
nated. Possessed of a large fortune,
mainly derived from his father-in-law,
he entered upon his career as a social re-
former, promulgating, in 1812, his " New
Views of Society." His views in rela-
tion to the formation of human character
and belief brought him into antagonism
with the religious bodies, and excited
hostility to plans for improving the posi-
tion of the industrial classes by an ap-
plication of the cooperative principle.
In 182-3 he came to the United States for
the purpose of establishing, at his own
cost, a society formed on his theory of
modified communism. He bought from
Rapp the settlement of New Harmony, in
Indiana, embracing .30,000 acres of land
and dwellings for 2000 persons ; but the
experiment proved a failure. In 1827 he
returned to England, where other but
smaller experiments of a similar nature
ended in loss and disappointment. In
1828 he went to Mexico, on the invitation
of the government, to carry out his ex-
periment there, but effected nothing.
He returned to England with faith in his
principles and plans unshaken by events,
and for many years labored iii various
ways to promulgate his views and apply
them in practice. In his old age, deism
culminated in spiritualism, *and he pub-
lished several conversations purporting
to have been held with Benjamin Frank-
lin and other persons. — David Dale,
son of the preceding, b. in Lanarkshire,
Scotland, 1807; d. in New Harmony, Ind.,
I860. A student of geology and other
branches of natural science, he received
the degree of M. D. from the Ohio medi-
cal college in 1835, and two years after-
ward was employed by the legislature of
Indiana to make a geological reconnois-
sance of the state. Subsequently he ex-
amined the mineral lands of Iowa; and
in 1848 was employed by the govern-
ment to conduct a geological surve}'^ of
Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota. The
task occupied three years, and its results
are embodied in a quarto volume, pub-
lished in 1852. From 1852 to 1857 he was
employed in conducting a survey of Ken-
tucky, four volumes relating to which
have been published. In 1857 he was
appointed state geologist of Arkansas.
He was an assiduous worker, and d. in
the midst of his usefulness; death being
hastened by the exposure incident to
camp life in the miasmatic region in
which he was last employed.
OWSLEY, William, formerly judge
of the supreme court of Kentucky, and in
1844 elected bv the whig party governor
of the state. B. 1792; d. 1862.
OXLEE, John, an English divine, re-
puted to have been master of 120 lan-
guages or dialects. B. 1779; d. 1854.
PAIXHAN, General, a French gen-
eral of artillers'^; d. of cholera at Metz,
1854.
PALGRAVE, Sir Francis, was b. in
London, 1788, of Jewish parents. His
father, Mr. Meyer Cohen, was long
known as a wealthy member of the stock
exchange ; but on the breaking out of the
war with France, in 1803, he sustained
heavy losses, which entailed on the son
the necessity of working for a living.
In 1823 he married, and obtained per
mission to change his name from Co-
hen to Pal grave, that being the maiden
name of his wife's mother. He was
called to the bar in 1827. In 1832 he
published the " Rise and Progress of the
English Commonwealth," and " Obser-
vations on the Principles, &c., of New
Municipal Corporations." In the same
year he was knighted, in acknowledg-
ment of his contributions to constitu-
pas]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT.
118
tional and parliamentary history. In
1838 he was appointed "to the post of
deputy keeper of her majesty's records,
an office which he retained till his death.
Among his numerous worlds, '' The Mer-
chant and the Friar," an imaginary his-
tory of INIarco Polo and Friar Bacon, is
well known; as also are his " Hand-book
for Travellers in Northern Italy," and
his '' History of England and Normandy.'.'
This last work is only a fragment. 'He
contributed also a long series of impor-
tant articles to the Edinburgh and
Quarterly Reviews. With Mr. Hallam,
he shares the merit of having founded
the modern school of historical criticism
of the middle ages. D. 1861.
PALMER, Robert M., United States
minister to the Argentine confederation,
b. at Mount HoUv, N. J., 1820; d. 1862.
PANGALOS, M. Varnavas, the
oldest of the patriots who struggled for
the independence of Greece, and one of
those who sacrificed a large fortune to
the cause. D. at Athens, 1855, aged 111.
PARIS, James Ayton, a very emi-
nent physician, d. in London, 1856, in his
72d year. He founded the royal geo-
logical society of Cornwall, and gave the
miners the great boon of the " tamping
bar," by which they are enabled to pur-
sue their labors amid inflammable gases,
without fear of striking fire from the
rock. He was the author of a " Life of
Sir Humphrey Davy," and a work called
" Philosophy In Sport." In 1844 he was
made president of the college of physi-
cians, and remained so till his death.
PARKER, Rev. Theodore, b. in
Lexington, Mass., 1810; d. in Florence,
Tuscany, May 10, 1860. He entered
Harvard college in 1830, but did not
graduate ; entered the divinity school at
Cambridge in 1834 ; and was settled as a
unitarian pastor in West Roxbury in
1837. In 1840 he received the honorary
degree of master of arts from Harvard
college. In 1841, in an ordination ser-
mon, he uttered the sentiments which led
to the theological controversies which
marked the active years of his life. In
1843 he visited Europe ; began to preach
in Boston in 1845, and in 1846 was settled
over the twenty-eighth congregational
society in that city. In 1859 his health
failed, and he went to Europe to seek its
restoration, but without success. He was
a ripe scholar, of extensive and varied at-
tainments. Radical in his opinions in
religion and politics, and vigorous and
denunciatory in his utterance of them, he
excited a large opposition. But he was
much beloved by those acquainted with
hira for his simplicity and purity of char-
acter. He collected a valuable library,
which he bequeathed to the city of Bos-
ton, to be made part of the public library.
His most widely-known publication is
" A Discourse on Matters Pertainmg to
Religion," which has had a very large
circulation in Europe. — Hyde, a'British
vice-admiral, d. 1854.
PARMA, Ferdinand Charles de
Bourbon, Duke of Parma, b. 1823, was
the son of Charles II. and the Princess
Theresa of Sardinia. On the death of
Marie Louise, in 1847, his father became
Duke of Parma; abdicating in favor of
his son, who assumed the title of Charles
III., in 1849. He was assassinated in 1854.
PARRIS, Albion K., a representative
of Maine in congress in 1815 and 1817,
governor of the state from 1821 to 1826,
senator in congress 1827-8, and judge of
the supreme court of the state from 1828
to 1836. He then became second comp-
troller of the treasury department at
Washington, and retained the office until
1851. B. 1785; d. 1857.
PARRY, Sir William Edward,
rear-admiral in the British service, was
engaged on the North American station
from 1813 to 1817. In 1819 he was se-
lected to prosecute discoveries in the Arc-
tic regions under Captain Buchan, and
was rewarded with the rank of com-
mander. Three other expeditions in the
Arctic seas were undertaken by hira, as
captain of the Hecla, and secured for him
knighthood. He was afterward emplo^^ed
by his government in various capacities.
B. 1790; d. 1855.
PASCO, John, rear-admiral, was the
signal-officer at Trafalgar when Nelson
gave the order, " England expects every
man to do his duty." B. 1776 ; d. 1854'.
PASKIEWITSCH, Ivan Fidoro-
wiTCH, a celebrated Russian general, b.
1782, was appointed at an early age aid-
de-carap to the Emperor Paul. In 1805
he made his first campaign as captain in
an auxiliary coips which was sent to the
assistance of the emperor of Austria
against the French. He distinguished
himself in the wars with France, Turkey,
and Persia, and in suppressing the Polish
insurrection. Succeeding to the com-
mand, on the death of General Diebitsch,
he signally defeated the Poles and cap-
tured Warsaw, for which services he was
raised to the dignity of Prince of War-
saw. He was appointed lieutenant of
the kingdom of Poland, and held the
position till his death in 1856.
PASLEY, Sir Charles William,
lieutenant-general in the British service,
114
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[pay
and colonel commandant of royal engi-
neers, b. 1780 ; d. 1861. He was eminent
as an engineer, and was inspector-general
of railways in Great Britain. He pub-
lished a treatise on " Military Instruc-
tion," and "An Essay on the Military
Policy and Institutions of the Britisn
Empire."
PASQUIER, Etienxe Denis, Duke,
a French statesman, b. 1767; d. 1862.
He filled important offices under the em-
pire, and a non-political office under the
Bourbons. After the second restoration
he accepted a seat in the cabinet formed
by Talleyrand, and in 1819 assumed the
portfolio of foreign affairs. Under Louis
Philippe he became president of the
chamber of peers, and as such presided at
the trial of Louis Napoleon for the Bou-
logne attempt. He was not heard of in
public life after the revolution of 1848.
PASSAVANT, JoHANN David, an
artist and writer on art, b. at Frankfort-
ou-the-Main, 1787 ; d. 1861. He published
" Essays upon the Fine Arts," "Artistic
Voyage to England and Belgium,"
" Raphael of Urbino," " Christian Art in
Spain," and other works.
PASTA, Judith, a celebrated singer,
b. 1798; d. at her villa on the Lake of
Como, 1865. She was a Jewess by birth,
and at the age of 15 became a pupil at
the Milan conservatory of music. A few
years later she appeared in opera at Ven-
ice and Milan, and in 1821 Avent to Paris,
where she at once achieved a triumph.
In 1824 she had become an European
celebrit3\ for whom Bellini and Pacini
composed their most exquisite operas.
Her earliest fame was won in the operas
of Rossini; and she was the admitted
creator of "Anna Bolena," the " Som-
nambula," and "Norma." She was a
dramatic singer in the fullest force of the
term ; and her voice in its prime is said
to have had the full range of two and a
half octaves. Her efforts on the stage
enabled her in a brief period to realize a
large fortune, and for many years pre-
vious to her death she had been removed
from the public view.
PATMORE, Peter George, a well-
known contributor to the English period-
ical press, and the author of numerous
works. Hazlitt's " Liber Amoris " is
addressed to him, as are also some of
Charles Lamb's epistles. B. 1787; d.
1855.
PATTERSON, Francis E., brigadier-
general of volunteers in the United
States service, b. in Philadelphia, 1827 ;
d. 1862.
PAULDIHG, James Kirke, essayist,
and a voluminous writer of novels, was
b. in Dutchess county, N. Y., 1779^ and
in early manhood removed to New 1 ork.
His sister had married the elder brother
of Washington Irving, and the acquaint-
ance thus tbrmed led to Paulding's par-
ticipation in the publication of " Sal-
magundi," in 1807. He was from that
time to the close of his life engaged more
or less in literaiy pursuits. A pamphlet
of his, entitled '^ the United States and
England," brought him to the acquaint-
ance of Mr. Madison, and into the politi-
cal arena. In 1814 he was made secre-
tary of the board of navy commissioners;
afterwards navy agent at New York ; and
he was secretary' of the navy during the
administration of Mr. Van Buren, after
which time he retired from public life.
D. 1860.
PAULUS, H. E. G., a distinguished
orientalist and critic, b. 1791 ; d. at Hei-
delberg, 1851. He was professor of
church history and biblical exegesis in
Heidelberg university, having previously
been at Jena and Wurzburg.
PAXTON, Edward F., a confederate
brigadier-general, b. in Virginia, and ed-
ucated at the military academy of that
state. He served under "Stonewall"
Jackson, first as adjutant-general of his
brigade, and afterward as commander of
a brigade at Antietam, Fredericksburg,
and Chancellorsville. In the last of these
battles he was killed, ^Nlay, 1863. — Sir
Joseph, the son of an English yeoman,
was b. in 1802, and received the scanty
rudiments of education in the free school
of Woburn, Bedfordshire. His abilities
as a gardener attracted the notice of the
Duke of Devonshire, who became his
patron and benefactor. The taste and
skill which he displayed in the gardens
of Chatsworth soon made him well
known as a. horticulturist and landscape
gardener. In the erection of extensive
glass conservatories, he obtained the germ
of the idea which was afterwards ex-
panded in the crystal palace of 1851, of
Avhich he was the designer and architect.
His success in the novel undertaking
earned the honor of knighthood, and led
to his connection with many public works.
He superintended the construction of the
palace, and designed the j)lan of the
grounds at Sydenham. He edited several
works on horticulture and botany, and,
though not an educated man, was a mem-
ber of many of the learned societies in
Europe. He also sat some years as mem-
ber for Coventry in the house of commons.
D. 1865.
PAYNE, John Howard, an Amer-
pen]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
115
ican actor and dramatist, was b. at New
York in 1792. From childhood he was
a prodigy. In his 13th year he was a
writer tor the press, and editor of the
" Thespian Mirror." At 16 the youthful
Ivoscius appeared as " Norval " in Doug-
las, at the Park theatre. New York. At
Boston he appeared, among other char-
acters, in those of " Hastings," " Rolla."
'' Edgar," and " Hamlet." In 1812 he
went to England, and made his debut at
Drury Lane in his 21st year. In 1826 he
edited a London dramatic paper called
"The Opera Glass." A great number
of dramas were prepared by him when
on the London stage, chiefly adaptations
from the French, and in some of them
Oharlo'; Kemble appeared. The now cos-
mopolitan air of '• Home, Sweet Home."
first appeared in Howard Payne's " Clari,
the Maid of Milan." In his latter years
he occupied the post of consul of the
United States at Tunis, where he d., 1852.
PEABODY, Everett, Col. of the 25th
Missouri regiment, b. in Springfield,
Mass., 1830, killed in the battle of Shiloh,
April 6, 1862.
PEARCE, James A., b. in Virginia,
1805 ; d. in Maryland, 1862. He was a
member of the Maryland legislature in
1831 ; a representative in congress from
that state from 1835 to 1839, and from
1841 to 1843 ; and a senator in congress
from 1843 to 1862. He also held the post
of professor of law in Washington col-
lege, Chestertown.
PEASE. Calvin, D. D., professor of
Greek and Latin in the university of
Vermont, and afterward its president, and
from Nov., 1861, pastor of a presbyterian
church in Rochester, N. Y. He con-
tributed papers on classical and other
subjects to the "Bibliotheca Sacra," and
was the author of several published dis-
courses. B. in Canaan, Conn., 1813 ; d.
1863.
PEDRO v.. King of Portugal, b. at
Lisbon, 1837 ; d. 1861.
PEENY, Dr., an African traveller, d.
July 26, 1861, while exploring E. Central
Africa, with the view cf discovering the
sources of the White Nile.
PEET, Rev. Stephen, b. 1795, grad-
uated at Yale college in 1823, and after
officiating as a pastor in Euclid, 0.,
proceeded to the territory of Wisconsin,
and labored strenuously in the organiza-
tion of churches. He was largely con-
cerned in the establishment of Beloit
college, and in the founding of a theo-
logical seminary for the northwestern
states. D. in Chicago, 1855. — Edward,
author of text-books for the use of deaf
75
mutes, and professor in the New York in-
stitution for the deaf and dumb. B. in
Hartford, Conn. 1826; d. 1862.
PEGRAM, William Johnson, a con.
federate brigadier-general, b. at Peters,
burg, Va., 1841, was a son of Gen. James
W. Pegram, and in the spring of 1861
was a student in the university of his
native state. He volunteered as a private
in the artillery, and, having distinguished
himself in successive engagements, rose
rapidly to the rank of colonel, to which
he was promoted after the battle of
Gettysburg. He subsequently became
brigadier - general in Gen. Hill's corps,
and was killed before Petersburg, April 2,
1865.
PELISSIER, Amable Jean Jacques,
Due de MalakofF, marshal in the French
army, was b. at Maromme, 1794. After
completing his general and military edu-
cation at St. Cyr, he entered the French
military service, and obtaining promotion,
went to Spain in 1823, where he highly
distinguished himself. In 1829 he pro-
ceeded to Greece, where his talents and
bravery again became conspicuous, and
were duly rewarded. His next campaign
was undertaken in Africa, serving in Al-
giers, till from the failure of his health he
was obliged to return to France. In 1840
he was again sent to Africa, and for some
years was occupied in reducing the wild
tribes of the desert to submission. On
one of these expeditions he destroyed
about six hundred of the enemy in a
cavern, into which they had retreated, by
burning fagots at its "mouth ; an act of
barbarity which drew on P^lissier the in-
dignation of the world. His services in
the Crimea restored him to favor. He
joined the French army before Sebastopol
in 1855, and, succeeding Canrobert in
the chief command, was highly successful,
and for his gallantry was created duke
of MalakofF, marshal of France, and G.
C. B. of Great Britain. He succeeded
M. Persigny as ambassador to London in
1858, from which office, however, he was
recalled in 1859. D. 1864.
PENDER, William D., major-general
in the confederate service, b. in North
Carolina; killed at Gettysburg, 1863.
PENDERGAST, Garret J., commo-
dore United States navy, b. in Kentucky,
1800; d. 1862. His term of service ex-
tended over more than half a centurv.
PENDLETON, Nathaniel Greene,
a lawyer and statesman, — a son of Nath-
aniel Pendleton, an officer in the revolu-
tionary war, and second of Gen. Alex.
Hamilton in his duel with Aaron Burr, — ■
I b. in Georgia, 1793; d. in Cincinnati,
116
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[PFE
1861. He waa a representative of Ohio
in congress from 1841 to 1843.
PENNINGTON, William, b. in
Newark, N. J., 1797, was governor
of that state from 1837 to 1843, and as
chancellor, ex officio^ took a prominent
part in the " Kroad seal controversy."
He was elected a representative to the
36th congress, and became speaker of the
house. D. 1862.
PEPE, GuLiELMO, an Italian patriot
and general, b. in Calabria, 1783; d.
1855. In 1799 he sided with the French
party in the Neapolitan kingdom, for
which he was condemned to death, but
the sentence was commuted to exile, on
account of his youth. In 1815 he fought
under Murat for the independence of
Italy, and continued in the Neapolitan
service after the restoration of the Bour-
bons. In 1820 and 1821 he was the leader
of the revolutionary party, for which he
was again exiled, and resided in France
and England until 1848. On the outbreak
of the Italian revolutions in 1848, he re-
turned to Naples, and was appointed com-
mander-in-chief of the army sent to Cen-
tral Italy against the Austrians by the
constitutional government of Ferdmand
II. At Bologna he received orders to
return, which he refused to obey, but' re-
signed the command of the army, and re-
paired to Venice, when he was made com-
mandant, which command he held until
the surrender of that city in 1849, and
there ended his long and checkered mili-
tary career. From Venice he went to
Paris, and continued to reside there until
the coup d'etat of 1852, when he finally
removed and settled in Piedmont.
PERCIVAL, James Gates, educated
as a physician, but better known as
a poet and geologist, was b. at Berlin,
Conn., 1795, and received from Yale the
degree of M. D. in 1820. In the same
year he published his first volume of
poems. In 1822 appeared the first num-
ber of " Clio " ; a second followed a few
years later, and the third was issued in
1827. In 1824 he was for a short time in
the service of the United States as pro-
fessor of chemistry in the military acad-
emy at West Point, and subsequently
as a surgeon connected with the recruit-
ing station at Boston. In 1827 he was
employed to revise the manuscript of Dr.
Webster's large dictionary, and not long
after this he published a translation of
Malte-Brun's Geography. In 1835 he
was appointed, in conjunction with Pro-
fessor C. U. Shepard, to make a survey
of the geology and mineralogy of Con-
necticut. Dr. Percival took charge of
the geological part, and his report thereon
was published in 1842. In 1843 appeared
at New Haven his last published vohmie
of poetical contributions, entitled " The
Dream of a Day, and Other Poems." In
1854 he was appointed state geologist of
Wisconsin; his first report being pub-
lished in 1855. Exposure incident ti> his
duty undermined his health, and he d.
at Hazel Green, Wis., 1856.
PEREIRA, Joxathak, a London phy-
sician, author of " Elements of Materia
Medica," and distinguished for his know-
ledge of pharmacy and general science.
B. 1804; d. 1853.
PERRY, Matthew Colbreath, com-
modore United States navy, b. in South
Kingston, R. I., 1795, entered the navy in
1809, and rose to a captaincy in 1837.
During a part of the war with Mexico he
commanded the gulf squadron, and in 1852
commanded the Japan expedition, with
which his name is inseparably connected.
D. 1858. —James H., b. 1811; d. while
in command of Fort Pulaski, Ga.,
1862. Although educated at West Point,
and schooled as a soldier in the Texan
war of independence and in Mexico, the
commencement of the civil war found him
a D. D., and ministering as pastor of a
church in Brooklyn. Leaving the pul-
pit, he raised the 48th regiment New
York state volunteers and served as its
colonel.
PETIGRU, James Louis, a lawyer
and statesman, b. in Abbeville district,
S. C, 1789, and educated at the univer-
sity of that state. From 1822 to 18-30 he
was attorney-general of the state. Dur-
ing the nullification crisis of 1830-32 he
took issue with Messrs. Calhoun, Mc-
Duffie, and Hayne, and became one of
the leaders of the Union party, opposing
the protective system, but at the Bame time
denouncing the proposed remedy of nul-
lification by the state veto. The move-
ment of 1861 did not alter his views.
He remained a Union man till the last,
although his advanced years prevented
him from taking an active part in the
controversy. D. 1863.
PFEIFFER, Ida, one of the most re-
markable of modern travellers, b. in Vi-
enna in 1795 ; d. 1858. Her maiden name
was Reyer, and having married in 1820,
she devoted herself for twenty years to
domestic duties and the education of her
children. On the death of her husband,
in 1840, she was seized with an irresistible
desire to visit foreign countries, and soon
afterwards commenced that career of
travel which ended only with her life.
Besides visiting all the countries of Eu-
POl]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
117
rope and great part of Asia, in 1846 she
made her first voyage round the globe,
returning in 1848 ; and again in 1851 she
sailed from London, penetrated Borneo,
visited Java and Sumatra, and found her
way back to England bv California,
South America, and the L*nited States,
in 1854. Her last expedition was di-
rected towards Madagascar, _ in 1856.
With the exception of her last adven-
turous trip, she published an account of
all her travels; and her two "Voyages
Kound the Globe " were translated into
English.
PHILLIPS, Richard, an eminent
English chemist, b. 1776; d. 1851. He
first attracted the attention of the scien-
tific world by the publication, in the
"Annals of Philosophy," of analyses of
mineral waters, and of minerals of a rare
kind. In 1817 he was appointed lecturer
on chemistry at the London hospital;
and he was appointed to deliver several
courses of lectures at the London institu-
tion. About this period he was also
appointed by the government profess-
or of chemistry at the military college,
Sandhurst ; and lecturer on chemistry at
Grainger's schoolof medicine in South-
wark. In 1821 Mr. Phillips became the
sole editor of the ''Annals of Philosophy" ;
in 1822 he was elected a fellow of the
royal society, and published a paper in
the " Transactions," in which his name
was honorably associated with that of
Mr. Faraday. In 1824 Mr. Phillips
published his first translation of the
" Pharmacopceia Londinensis " ; and from
the celebrity which he gained as a phar-
maceutical chemist, he was consulted by
the college of physicians with respect to
the chemical preparations of the work
issued by that body in 1836. In 1839
he was appointed chemist and cura-
tor of the museum of practical geol-
ogy, then in Craig's court, which office
he held at the time of his death. Scat-
tered through the " Transactions of the
Koyal Society" and the pages of the
"Philosophical Magazine " will be found
his numerous contributions to science;
and all the chemical articles of the " Pen-
ny Cyclop.'edia " are from his pen. —
Samuel, author of " Caleb Stukely,"
and literary reviewer for the London
" Times." B. 1815 ; d, 1854. — Charles,
author of a "Life of Curran," and an
eminent member of the English bar, b. in
Ireland, 1788 ; d. in London, 1858.
PILLERSDORF, Baron, an Austrian
statesman, b. 1787 ; d. 1862.
PINCKNEY, Richard Shubrick, b.
in South Carolina, 1797, entered the
United States navy in 1814, and was
made commander in 1841. He was en-
gaged in the operations against the Al-
gerine pirates, receiving severe wounds;
and during the Mexican war commanded
the Decatur. D. 1854.
PLACE, Francis, co-laborer of
Hardy and Home Tooke in the constitu-
tional association, through which, toward
the close of the last century, English re-
formers battled the tyranny and corrup-
tion of their government. B. 1772; d.
1854.
PLUMMER, Joseph B., brigadier-
general of volunteers in the United States
army, b. in Massachusetts, 1822 ; d. 1862.
He served from the commencement of
the civil war, principally in Missouri
and in the neighborhood of the Missis-
sippi.
PLUNKET, William Conyngham,
Lord, b. 1761, was the son of an Irish
presbyterian minister. After practising
with success as a barrister, he became a
member of the Irish parliament, under
the patronage of Lord Charlemont. He
opposed the government of the day, and
with especial energy resisted the legisla-
tive union. Suddenly he deserted his
friends and passed over to the govern-
ment ; appearing for the crown on the pro-
secution of the patriot Emmet, and labor-
ing to secure his conviction with savage
earnestness. His recreancy was re-
warded with promotion. In 1803 he be-
came solicitor-general for Ireland, and in
1805, attorney-general. For years his
political fortunes were associated with
those of the English whigs, but undei
the Castlereagh government he earned the
gratifiude of the tories by apologizing foi
the Manchester massacre, and defend-
ing their most despotic measures.
Somewhat later he advocated catholic
emancipation. In 1827 he was raised to
the peerage, and became chief justice of
the common pleas in Ireland. He was
chancellor of Ireland for many subse-
quent years, retiring from public life in
1841. D. 1854.
POINDEX I'ER, George, a delegate
from the territory of Mississippi to con-
gress, 1807-13 ; a representative in con-
gress, 1817-1819 ; the second governor of
the state under the state constitution.
1819-1821 ; United States senator, 1831-
1835. D. 1853.
POINSETT, Joel Roberts, was a
native of South Carolina, of delicate
health in youth, and the sole survivor of
a large family. He went abroad for his
health and passed his early life m Eng-
land and on the continent. He travelled
118
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[POR
extensively in Europe, and penetrated far
into the interior of Asia. He passed a
portion of his life in the Spanish-Ameri-
can states, and with Clay and Webster
espoused their cause, and that of Greece,
in the house of representatives, where he
served from 1821 to J 825. In 1825 he
was appointed by President Adams,
though of different politics, minister to
Mexico. His return was in the midst
of the nullification excitement, in wliich
he was a devoted and active Union man.
He was secretary of war during Mr. Van
Bureu's administration. Since 1840 he
had been in retirement, occasionally,
however, writing upon the topics of the
day. He censured the war with Mexico,
though declared by the politicians with
whom he had always acted. His latest
labors Avere devoted to the preservation
of the Union, and to save from secession
or revolution his native state. B. 1779;
d. in Statesburg, S. C, 1851.
POLK, William H., a brother of
President Polk, b. in Tennessee, 1815,
served with distinction as a major of
dragoons in the Mexican war, was charge"
d'affaires to Naples under President
Tyler, and a representative in congress
fi'om 1851 to 4853. He resisted the al-
lurements of secession, and d. a Union
man at Nashville, 1862. — Leonidas, b. in
Ealeigh, N. C, 1806, graduated at West
Point in 1827, and was appointed brevet
2d lieutenant of artillery. He soon re-
signed the appointment, and, having
studied theology, was ordained deacon in
the episcopal church in 1830. In 1838
he became missionary bishop of Arkan-
sas and the southern portion of the Indian
territory, Avith provisional charge pf the
dioceses of Alabama, Mississippi, and
Louisiana, and the missions in Texas.
In 1841 he was chosen bishop of Louisi-
ana, and retained the office until after the
commencement of the civil war. In July,
1861, he doffed the clerical character and
accepted a commission as major-general
from the confederate government. At
the outset he fixed his head-quarters at
Memphis, but in September he transfen-ed
them to Columbus, Ky., which place he
fortified and occupied until its evacua-
tion in March, 1862. He joined Beaure-
gard at Corinth, and took part in the
battle of Shiloh. In Sept., 1862, he
shared in the invasion of Kentucky,
commanding the 2d army corps under
Bragg, and in the following month fought
at the battle of Perryville. He com-
manded the first corps of Bragg's army
at Murfreesboro', and was engaged in the
struggles at Stone River, which were fol-
lowed by the retreat of the confederate
army to Tullahoma, Ala. In Sept., 1863,
he served under Bragg at Chickamauga,
and for an alleged disobedience of orders
was sent to Atlanta under arrest. He
did not again appear in the field until
Jan., 1864, when he was appointed the
temporary successor of General Johnston
in the command of the confederate de-
partment of the Mississippi, and in this
position measured skill with General
Siierman. A few months later he again
encountered General Sherman, this time
in western Georgia; and on the 14th
June, 1864, he was kille:! at Pine Moun-
tain, while making telescopic observa-
tions of the Union lines.
POKTEK, James Madison, son of
General Andrew Porter, of the revolu-
tionary army, and himself a volunteer in
the war of 1812, b. 1792 ; d. 1862. He
was secretary of war in President Tyler's
cabinet, and filled many prominent posi-
tions in Pennsylvania. — William Da-
vid, commodore United States navy, a
son of the hero of the Essex, and a brother
of rear-admiral D, D. Porter, was b. in
New Orleans, and was appointed a mid-
shipman in 1823, having served before
the mast during the two previous years.
He served in the Mexican war in 184'6-'47.
In 1849 he was appointed to the com-
mand of the store-ship Erie, and of the
Waterwitch in 1851. In Sept., 1861, he
was ordered to St. Louis, where he super-
intehded the construction of an iron-clad
gun-boat, in the conmiand of which he
distinguished himself at various points
on the Mississippi. Amongst his achieve-
ments were the defeat of four confederate
gun-boats, the bombardment of Natchez,
and the attack upon the batteries of
Vicksburg and Port Hudson. D. in
New York, 1864. — George Richard-
son, joint-secretary of the British board of
trade, and an able' cultivator of statistical
science, was b. in 1792. His first con-
nection with the board of trade was at
the direct request of Lord Auckland, in
1832, when he was appointed chief of the
statistical department. Under Lord Dal-
housie, the superintendence of the newly
formed railway department was also
committed to his care. Both these offices
he filled in 1846, till, on the retirement of
Mr. MacGregor, he was advanced to the
post of joint-secretar}^ The greater part
of the results of his study and labor are
scattered through many official reports
and papers, contributed by him to the
London statistical society, the British as-
sociation, and other public bodies. But
the most lasting monument of his talent
pre]
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
119
and industry is his "Progress of the
Nation," which has gone through several
edition.^. D. 1852.
POSEY, Conrad, confederate briga-
dier-general, b. in Mississippi; d. in Vir-
ginia, 1863.
POTTER, AT.ONZO, protestant epis-
copal bishop of Pennsylvania, b. in Dut-
chess countv, N. Y.,' 1800: d. at San
Francisco, 1^65. , He graduated at Union
college in 1818, became professor of
mathematics and natural philosophy in
1821, and in the same year was ordained
deacon. He removed 'to Boston in 1825,
and was for six years rector of St. Paul's
in that city. In 1831 he was elected
vice-president and pi'ofessor of moral
philosophy in Union college, which sub-
sequentlv conferred upon him the degree
of LL. D. The degree of D. D. he re-
ceived at Harvard and Gambler. In
1845 he was consecrated to the bishopric
he held at the time of his death. His
eloquence, ability, character, and zeal
rendered him conspicuous amongst the
prelates of his church. He was the au-
thor of " A Hand-book for Readers and
Students," and other publications.
POTTINGER. Siu Henry, hart., a
distinguished English soldier and diplo-
matist, was b. in 1789, went to India as a
cadet in 1804, and at an early age at-
tracted the attention of the "^civil and
military'- authorities there by his energy,
information, and ready administrative
powers. During his long sojourn in that
country he was employed in almost every
branch of the public service; gradually
rising through all the ranks of the service
till he reached that of major-general ; and
after the AtFghanistan campaign, in
1839, being raised to the baronetage, as a
reward for services which he had ren-
dered in the discharge of his difficult
duties. Early in 1841 he was appointed
envoy extraordinary and minister pleni-
potentiary to China, where his sagacity
contributed in no slight degree to bring
about the treatv in 1842. He was sub-
sequently appointed governor and com-
mander-in-chief of the island of Hong-
kong, which post he held from April,
1843, to the spring of the following year,
when he returned to England, was sworn
a member of the privy council, and re-
ceived a pension of ;£1500 a year. In
1846 he was appointed to the governor-
ship of the Cape of Good Hope, and dis-
charged that office until Sept., 1847, when
he was relieved. In 1850 he went again
to India, and held the post of governor
and commander-in-chief of the presi-
dency of Madras until the year 1854,
when he finally returned to England. D.
1856.
POWELL, Baden, one of a small
band of church of England divines who
have struggled amidst difficulties to lib-
eralize theological thought, was b. in 1796,
and, having taken first-class honors at
Oxford, assumed clerical functions. In
1827 he was appointed Savilian professor
of geometry in the university of Oxford,
— an office which he retained to the time
of his death. He is well known as an
author of works on purely scientific sub-
jects, and of others on the relation of
science to theologj*. In the former class
he published the " Historj' of Natural
Philosophy " in 1834; a " View of the
Undulatory Theory of Light," with many
others. Belonging to the latter, he wrote
" The Connection of Natural and Divine
Truth," "The Unity of Worlds and of
Nature," " Christianity without Juda-
ism," " The Order of Nature," and
others, in which he sought to define the
limits of faith and of knowledge. In
1837 he was elected a fellow of the geo-
logical society; and although chiefly
known for his labors in phj'sics, and es-
pecially in light and heat, he contributed
much, b}' a variety of writings, to the
general acceptance by the public of geo-
logical investigations His broad and
liberal views, and his fearless assertion
of the truths to which he was conducted
by reasoning on facts, exposed him to
much opposition. His clear style, philo-
sophical tone, and extensive learning
secured for him, as a writer, the sympathy
and support of the friends of intellectual
progress, while in private he was esteemed
by all for his constant readiness to assist
and instruct, and his unassuming kind-
ness. D. 1860.
PREBLE, William Pitt, LL. D., an
honored citizen of Maine, b. 1783; d.
1857. In 1820 he was appointed a judge
of the supreme court of the state, which,
office he held until 1829, when, with Mr.
Gallatin, he accepted the position of
agent to present the claim of the United
States before the king of the Netherlands,
in the controversy with Great Britain
in regard to the northwestern boundaiy.
In 1832 he was one of the commissioners
of Maine in Washington on the same
subject.
PRELLER, LuDWiG, an archaeologist
and classical scholar, b. at Hamburg,
1809 ; d. at Weimar, 1861.
PRENTISS, John H., a prominent
democratic politician in the state of New
York, and formerly an influential jour-
nalist, b. 1784; d. 1861. — Samuel,
120
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[pro
LL. D., one of the most learned, eloquent,
and upright members of the Vermont
bar, was b. m Stonington, Conn., 1782,
studied at Northtield, Mass., and Brattle-
boro', Vt., and commenced practice at
Montpelier in 1803. After some service
in the state legislature, and on the bench
of the supreme court of the state, he went
as senator to congress from 1831 to 1842.
In the latter year he was appointed judge
of the federal district court, which office
he held until his death, in 1857.
PRESCOTT, William Hickling, an
eminent historian, b. at Salem, Mass.,
in 1796, was the son of a solicitor, and
grandson of that Pi-escott who com-
manded the American troops at Bunker
Hill. When he was twelve years of age
his family removed to Boston, where he
afterwards resided, and where his clas-
sical training was continued with success
by Dr. Gardiner, a pupil of Dr. Parr. In
1811 he entered Harvard college, and
graduated in 1814 with honors appro-
priate to his favorite studies, and with
an intention to devote himself to the
legal profession. But the great misfor-
tune of his life had befallen him. Before
he had graduated, an accidental blow
had deprived him of the sight of one eye,
and the natural consequence soon fol-
lowed. The other became weakened by
the increased labor thrown upon it; and
after a severe illness, during which he
was entirely blind, he found the sight of
his remaining eye so much impaired,
that he was compelled to give up his
professional studies and hopes of success
at the bar. The two next years he spent
in Europe, travelling for health in Eng-
land, France, and Italy, and seeking the
aid of the greatest oculists of London
and Paris. He returned to this country
with renovated health ; but for his great
misfortune he found no relief. Still he
was not disheartened, but turned with
alacrity to those studies which remained
within his reach. He resolved to become,
in the best sense of the word, an historian,
and freely gave himself -10 years to pre-
pare for the task he had always loved,
lie next selected his subject, and, having
done this, gave 10 years more to his
" History of Ferdinand and Isabella,"
one of the few important periods in the
ad'airs of modern Europe that seemed to
invite the hand of a master. With this,
in 1838, at the age of 42, he ap-
peared before the world as an author,
publishing simultaneously in London
and Boston. His work was received on
both sides of the Atlantic with unhesitat-
ing applause. It has since passed through
several editions, and has been translated
into German, Italian, French and
Spanish. The seventh revised edition
of this work appeared in 1854. His
I " Conquest of Mexico " was tirst pub-
lished in 1843, and the " Conquest of
Peru " in 1847. Two volumes of" Philip
j the Second " appeared in 1855; and the
third volume shortly before his death, in
1859. In 1856 he published an edition
of Robertson's " Charles the Fifth."
Literary honors were heaped upon him
from nearly all countries. He was made
an honorary member of a large number
of societies in this countrj' and Europe.
In his private life, " the man was more
than his books. His character was loftier
than all his reputation."
PRESSNITZ, ViNCENS, the founder
of hydropathy, b. 1799, at Grafenberg,
Austrian Silesia; d. 1851.
PRESTON, William B., a native of
Virginia, d. 1862. He was a represent-
ative in congress from that state from
1847 to ] 849 ; and secretary of the navy,
under President Taylor, in 1849 and 1850.
He took part in the rebellion of 1861 as
a member of the confederate congress.
— William Campbell, LL. D., an emi-
nent southern lawyer and statesman,
was b. in Philadelphia, 1794, his father
being then in that city as a member of
congress from Virginia. He graduated
in South Carolina, studied law in the
office of William Wirt, and after visiting
Europe was admitted to the bar in 1821,
and settled in Columbia, S. C From
1834 to 1843 he was a senator in congress,
where he was a strenuous advocate of
states' rights and free trade. D. 1860.
PROSSI, ToMMASE, an Italian author
and poet, b. 1789; d. 1854.
PROTET, AuGusTE Leopold, a
French rear-admiral, long employed in
attempts to suppress the slave-trade, and
to promote geographical explorations in
the interior of Africa. He was b. in
1809, and was killed in action in China,
1862.
PROUD HON, PiEKRE Joseph, a vig-
orous French political writer, b. 1809,
was the son of a poor cooper, and was
destined to follow the trade of his father.
His education was provided by benevolent
neighbors, who noticed the "boy's parts.
He was apprenticed to a printer, and was
noted for his habits of order and the ex-
cellence of his work ; while he led a life
of privation, saving every sou to assist
his parents. In 1830 he was offered a
connection with the management of a
journal of the " prefecture," but he re-
fused ; preferring to a ministerial sinecure
qui]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
121
the independence of an obscure artisan.
As lie labored, he improved his mind, and
from putting in type the writings of othei-s,
he began to be a writer himself. Pro-
ceeding from Besanpon to Paris, he wrote
for several publications, and then, making
a start on his own account, published the
work in which he propounded the dogma,
*' La propri^te, c'est le vol." He origi-
nated several journals and published
other works, expounding the views of
philosophic socialism with a degree of
power as a logician and writer which won
the respect of his adversaries. He was
imprisoned more than once as the utterer
of ideas at variance with the present
order of political and general society. D.
1865.
PROUT, Samuel, an eminent water-
color painter, b. at Plymouth in 1794 ; d.
1852. His •' Studies" were published in
1816 ; followed by " Progressive Frag-
ments," in 1818; by "Rudiments of
Landscape Views," and other works. His
illustrations of France, Italy, Flanders,
and Germany are considered the finest
of his works.
PUGIN, Augustus Northmore
Welby^, the son of a French gentleman
•who fled to England at the period of the
revolution, was b. in 1810, and d. 1852.
He inherited a taste for gothic architecture
from his father, who published several
valuable works on that and kindred sub-
jects, and was an enthusiast in art from
his earliest years. Having joined the
Roman catholic church in 1834, his ar-
chitectural talents soon found extensive
employment; and the cathedral of St.
George, Southwark, the church of St.
Barnabas at Nottingham, the Cistercian
abbey of St. Bernard in Leicestershire,
the cathedral churches of Killarney and
Enniscorthy, and Alton Castle, which are
amongst the best known of his works,
will long remain memorials of his genius
and taste. His architectural treatises
are full of valuable artistic studies:
among these may be mentioned his
" Gothic Furniture," " Contrasts," &c.,
" The True Principles of Pointed or Chris-
tian Architecture," " The Glossary of
Ecclesiastical Ornament," &c. &c. Of
the revival of mediaeval taste-in building
and decoration he was the chief promoter;
and " The Medieval Court" in the crys-
tal palace of 1851 was associated in the
mind of every visitor with the name of
Pugin. While still in the prime of life,
he was afflicted with insanity, from which
he recovered only to pass into the shadow
of death.
PUTNAM, John N., an eminent Greek
scholar, and professor of- the Greek lan-
guage and literature in Dartmouth col-
lege. B. 1823; d. 1863.
Q.
QUEKETT, John, an English micro-
scopist, b. 1815 ; d. 1861.
QUINCY, JosiAH, b. in Boston, 1772;
d. 1864. After graduating at Harvard,
and adopting the profession of the law in
his native city, he was elected a represent-
ative in congress in 1804, and held that
station eight successive years. He was
chosen state senator for Suftblk from 1814
to 1820 ; representative from Boston, and
speaker of the house, in 1821 ; judge of
the municipal court in Boston in 1822,
and mayor in 1823. He held the office
of mayor six successive years, until he
declined a reelection in December, 1828.
In 1829 he was chosen president of Har-
vard university, and held that office until
his resignation, in 1845. His published
works are " Speeches in Congress, and
Orations on Various Occasions," " Me-
moir of Josiah Quincy, Jr., of Massa-
chusetts," "Centennial Address on the
Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Set-
tlement of Boston," " A Historj' of Har-
vard University, from 1636 to 1836,"
" Memoir of James Grahame, Historian
of the United States Army," "Memoir
of Major Samuel Shaw," " History of
the Boston Athen^um," "A Municipal
Histor}^ of the Town and City of Boston,
from 1630 to 1830."
QUITMAN, John A., eminent as a
lawyer, soldier, and statesman, b. in
Rhinebeck, N. Y., 1799, removed at an
early age to Ohio, and thence to Missis-
sippi. For a time he wa« chancellor of the
superior court of chancery of Mississippi,
and having become a planter, soon played
a distinguished part in the politics of the
state. In 1846-'47 he volunteered for the
Mexican war, and was engaged in most
of the important actions. President
Polk commissioned him as major-general,
and on the surrender of the city of
Mexico he was made its governor. He
was elected governor of Mississippi in
1855, and a representative in congress
in 1855 and 1857 ; his personal merit and
122
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[raw
characteristics winning for him high
esteem apart from political alliances. He
was an adherent of Mr. Calhoun and a
supporter of his doctrines, and was the
acknowledged leader of those favorable
to the annexation of Cuba. D. 1858.
R.
RADETZKY, Field Marshal, b.
1765, began his career in 1781, as cadet
in an Austrian cavalry regiment. Hav-
ing checked Napoleon at Aspera in 1 809,
he was made tield marshal. In 1831 he
was appointed commander-in-chief of
Austrian Italy, which position he held
till 1857. He defeated the patriots in
1848, and with an iron hand suppressed
the insurrection in Milan in 1853. He
was ruthless in his despotism. I). 1857.
RADOVnTZ, Joseph von, a Prussian
general and military writer, b. 1797 ; d.
1854.
RAGLAN, LoED, commander-in-chief
of the British army in the Crimea, b.
1788, was first known as Lord Kitzroy
Somerset. He served on the staff of
Wellington in the expedition to Copen-
hagen, and as his military secretary
in the Peninsula. At Waterloo he lost
his right arm. From 1827 to 1852 he
held the office of military secretary at
the horse guards, being then appointed
master-general of the ordnance and raised
to the house of peers. In 1854 he pro-
ceeded with the allied armies to the
Crimea, where he d. 1855, eleven days
after the unsuccessful attack upon the
Redan and MalakofF.
RAINS, James E., confederate briga-
dier-general, b. in North Carolina, and
educated at West Point, took part in the
Seminole wars, and was promoted for gal-
lantry. He resigned his commission in
the United States service in 1861, and
distinguished himself by skill and daring
at the head of confederate troops at
Shiloh and Perryville. Killed at Stone
River, 1862.
RANSOM, Thomas E. Greenfield,
brigadier-general United States service,
b. in Windsor county, Vt., 1834. He
was a civil engineer by profession,
but at the outbreak of the civil war was
engaged in trade in Illinois. He was
one of the first to raise a company of
volunteers, and served with honor in
Missouri, Kentucky, and in the opera-
tions of General Grant on the Tennessee
and Cumberland rivers. In the attack
upon Fort Donelson he was wounded. He
was again severely wounded at Shiloh,
where, according to an official i-eport, he
performed " prodigies of valor." In Aug.,
1862, he was assigned to the command
of the district of Cairo, and in the follow-
ing January was made brigadier-general.
He took part in the campaign against
Vicksburg, commanded the postof Natch-
ez, served with General Banks in the
Red River expedition, and was for the
third time wounded in the battle at
Sabine Cross-roads. Shortly after the
capitulation of Atlanta he was seized
with dysentery, and he d. at Rome. Ga.,
Oct., 1864.
KANTOUL, Robert, member of con-
gress from the second district in Massa-
chusetts, Avas b. in Beverly, Mass., 1805,
graduated at Harvard university in 1826,
studied law in Salem with Hon. John
Pickering, afterwards with the Hon.
Leverett Saltonstall, and commenced
practice in Gloucester, in his native
county, in 1829. He was elected repre-
sentative to the general court from
Gloucester in 1834. In 18^37 he was ap-
pointed a member of the board of educa-
tion. In 1 843 he was made collector of the
port of Boston ; and in 1845, by President
Polk, he was appointed district attorney
for the district of Massachusetts. In 1851
he was elected senator in congress during
the remainder of the term made vacant
by Mr. Webster's resignation, and in the
same year was elected to congress from
the second district by the combined votes
of the democrats and free-soilers. D.
1852.
RAUCH, Christian, a German sculp-
tor, was b. at Arolsen, in W^aldeck, 1777,
and having early evinced a taste for art,
received an education suited to his in-
clinations. He obtained an appointment
in Berlin in 1797, which gave him leisure
to pursue sculpture, and eventually he
received instructions from Canova and
Thorwaldsen. A variety of statues and
busts of eminent men, some produced
in Berlin, others in Rome, raised him to
the highest position in his profession.
His statues of Blucher, Goethe, and
Frederick the Great, are mastei-pieces of
art. D. 1857.
RAWLE, William, an eminent law-
yer, author of " A View of the Constitu-
tion of the United States," and for many
rex]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
123
years reporter of the decisions of the su-
preme court of Pennsylvania. B. 1781 ;
d. 1858.
RAY, Joseph, a mathematician, au-
thor of three treatises on arithmetic, and
two on alegebra, b. in Virginia, 1807; d.
in Ohio, 1855.
READ, Reak-Admiral Geo. Camp-
BKLL, of the United States navy, b. in
Ireland; d. 1862. He was third lieuten-
ant on board of the Constitution during
the engagement with the Guerriere in
1812, and was for some 3'^ears commander
of the African squadron. — Abnek, com-
mander in the United States navy, dis-
tinguished by the exploits of his'^ gun-
boat, the New London, in the Mississippi
Sound and at Sabine Pass in 1862. In
1863 he commanded the steam sloop-of-
war Monongahela, and was mortally
wounded at the batteries above Donald-
sonville, in Julv of that year.
REDFIELD, William C.,b. at Middle-
town, Conn., 1789; d. in New York, 1857.
Trained as a mechanic, he engaged in
steamboat navigation, and remained con-
nected with this held of enterprise through
life. With few early advantages he rose
from an humble position to an eminent
Elace among men of practical science.
[e was the first president of the Ameri-
can association for the advancement of
science, in 1848. But he is chiefly known
as a meteorologist, and especially for his
successful researches into the phenomena
of violent storms and gales, which he
showed to be large progressive whirl-
winds. He published numerous papers
on this and allied subjects in the "' Ameri-
can Journal of Science" and elsevvhere,
and his views were adopted, illustrated,
and extended by Reid, Piddington, Thorn,
and others.
REED, Andrew, D. D., an English
congregational minister, remarkable for
his labors in establishing benevolent in-
stitutions in London, b. 1787; d. 1862.
He was a member of the deputation sent
bv the English independents to the
IJ^nited States in 1834:, and was one of
the authors of the work published on
their return, embodying the results of
their study of the people and institutions
of this countn^.
REHAUSEN, Baron de, a Swedish
diplomatist, b. 1802; d. 1854.
REID, Sir William, major-general
in the British service, a colonial govern-
or, and author of a well-known work
on "The Law of Storms." D. 1858.—
Samuel Chester, the designer of the
present United States flag, b. in Norwich,
Conn. 1783; d. in New York, 1861.
75*
During the war of 1812 he commanded
the privateer brig General Armstrong,
carrying seven guns and 90 men; and
with this vessel encountered three British
vessels, — the Plantagenet, ship of the
line ; the Rota, frigate ; and the Carnation,
brig. These vessels — part of the expe-
dition concentrating at Jamaica for a
descent upon New Orleans — were met
by Reid at Fayal, and one of the most re-
markable naval battles on record occur-
red Sept. 26 and 27, 1814. Reid suc-
ceeded in thoroughly disabling the
enemy, and scuttled his vessel to pre-
vent her capture. After the war Captain
Reid became a sailing-master in the Unit-
ed States navy. As warden of the port of
New York, he did much toward organiz-
ing the pilot service, and invented the sig-
nal telegraph at the battery and the Nar-
rows communicating with Sandy Hook,
RENO, Jesse L., b. in Virginia, 1825,
distinguished himself in the Mexican
war, and was subsequently, in succes-
sion, assistant professor of mathematics
at West Point, secretary of the board of
artillery, and connected with the coast
survey. In 1853 he became first lieuten-
ant of ordnance, and in 1860 captain.
In Nov., 1861, he was appointed by the
United States government brigadier-
general of volunteers, and in 1862 ma-
jor-general of volunteers. He served in
North Carolina, under General McClel-
lan in the Peninsula, at Fredericksburg,
and in the battles near Manassas. He
was killed at the battle of South Moun-
tain, 1862.
RENOUARD, Antoine Augustin, a
French bibliographer, author of "Annales
de rimprimerie des Aide," " Elemens de
la Morale," and other works. B. 1765;
d. 1853.
RENSHAW, William B., a gallant
officer of the United States navy, b. in
New York, entered the service as a mid-
shipman in 1831, was promoted to a
lieutenancy in 1841; and in 1861, hav-
ing become commander of the United
States steamer Westfield, was assigned
by Admiral Farragut to the command of
the squadron blockading Galveston. His
vessel got aground, and having deter-
mined to destroy it, an explosion pre-
maturely occurred by which he was
killed, Jan. 1, 1863.
RENWICK, James, from 1820 to 1854
professor of chemistry and physics in
Columbia college, and author of " Out-
lines of Natural Philosophy," "Treatise
on the Steam Engine," " The Practical
Application of the Principles of Mechan-
ics," and other works, biographical and
124
cyclopa<:dia of biography.
[rig
scientific. He was of Scottish origin,
though b. in New York, 171^2. He was
one of the commissioners for exploring
the northeastern boundary, whx)se report
resulted in the Ashburton treaty, and
during his life took an active interest in
public affairs. D. 1863.
REYNOLDS, John Fulton, an officer
in the United States army, b. in Lancas-
ter, Pa., 1820. He graduated at West
Point, and served with distinction in the
Mexican war. In May, 1861, he was ap-
pointed lieutenant-colonel of the 14th
United States infantry, and in August,
brigadier-general of volunteers, with the
command of the first brigade of the Penn-
sylvania reserve corps. In June, 1862,
having joined the army of the Potomac,
he was engaged in several severe engage-
ments, in one of which he was taken
prisoner. He was released in the fol-
lowing September, and assumed com-
mand of the first army coi*ps, with the
rank of brigadier-general in the regular
army. He fought in the first battle of
Fredericksburg, and in Jan., 1863, was
nominated major-general of volunteers.
In June he was appointed to the com-
mand of the right wing of Hooker's
army, and on the 1st July was killed in
the battle of Gettysburg. "
RICAKDO, John Louis, nephew of
the eminent political economist, and an
influential member of the house of com-
mons, b. 1812 ; d. 1862. He was one of
the most active promoters of the repeal
of the British navigation laws, and la-
bored to eftect a more liberal understand-
ing of the question of maritime rights in
time of war.
RICE, James C-, brigadier-general
United States volunteers, b. in Worth-
ington, Mass., 1830. He was educated
at Yale, and for a time was a teacher in
the south. At the outbreak of the civil
war he was engaged in the practice of
law in New York. Abandoning his pro-
fession, he volunteered as a private in the
Garibaldi guard, but was soon made first
lieutenant. For his conduct at Bull
Run he was promoted to a captaincy, and
at the termination of the Peninsular cam-
paign, in 1862, he was made colonel. He
served under General Burnside at Fred-
ericksburg ; and so distinguished himself
at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg that
he was commissioned brigadier-general
of volunteers on the recommendation of
General Meade. He was killed in battle
at Spottsylvania court-house, 1864.
RICHARDSON, James, an enterpris-
ing African traveller, d. 1851. — Israel
B., major-general of volunteers in the
United States anny, b. in Vermont, 1821,
engaged in the civil war, in 1861, as
colonel of the 2d Michigan volunteers,
was wounded at Antietam, ana d. at
Sharpsburg, Md., Nov. 3, 1862. — Sir
John, a naturalist and Arctic explorer,
was b. at Dumfries, in Scotland, in 1787.
He studied medicine in the university
of Edinburgh, and for some years served
as medical officer in the British navy.
Zeal and ability displayed at the siege of
Copenhagen, in 1807, secured him promo-
tion, and he subsequently served in the
war with the United States. In 1819 he
sailed with Sir John Franklin, as surgeon
and naturalist, and in 1825 joined the
same intrepid navigator on a second ex-
ploratory voyage. On the latter occa-
sion Richardson commanded two boats,
in which he discovered the passage be-
tween the mouths of the Mackenzie and
Coppermine rivers. In 1829 he began the
publication of the zoology of these north-
ern regions, a work which established his
reputation as a naturalist. In 1838 he
was appointed physician to the fleet, and
in 1840 an inspector of hospitals. Eight
years afterward he once more sailed for
the Arctic regions, this time in search of
Franklin. An account of the expedition
was published in 1851. Among his
other works are the "' P'auna Borealis
Americana," " Zoological Appendix to
Sir Edward Pariy's Second Voyage,"
and the " Icthyology of the Voyage of
the Erebus, the^Terror, and the Sulphur."
He was a member of many scientific
bodies. D. 1865.
RIDDLE, Ed WARD, head-ma.ster of the
Greenwich hospital schools, and mathe-
matician and astronomer. B. 1788; d.
1854.
RIETSCHEL, Ernst, a German sculp-
tor, b. in Saxony, 1804, entered the
Dresden academy of arts in 1820, and in
1826 studied under Rauch at Berlin. A
year in Italy, sustained by means fur-
nished by the government of Saxonv,
completed his professional training, tn
1828 he returned to Dresden, and in 1832
was appointed professor in the academy.
During his subsequent career he was
liberallv patronized by continental rov-
alty. b. 1861.
RIGOLLOT, Marcel Jerome, a
French physician, president of the society
of antiquaries of Picardy, b. 1857; d. at
Amiens, 1855. In 1813 he joined the
French army, and was intrusted with the
care of several hospitals. He filled many
important offices, and was the author of
valuable works upon natural history and
antiquarian researches.
rod]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
125
RINTOUL, Robert Stephen, pro-
jector, editor, and proprietor of the Lon-
don " Spectator," which won for him
high reputation as a journalist. B. 1787;
d. 1857.
RIPI.EY, Oliver H., colonel of the
61st Pennsylvania regiment, b. 1826,
studied and practised law, served in the
jVIexican war, and was killed before
Richmond, 1862. — Roswell, Sabin, au
thor of two volumes entitled "' The War
in Mexico," and distinguished for gal-
lantry at Cerro Gordo and Chapultepec.
He retire^ from the United States array
in 18.53. He was brigadier-general in
the confederate service, and was en-
gaged in the siege of Fort Sumter, and
wounded at Antietam. He was b. in
Ohio, and d. in Charleston, S. C, 1863.
RITCHIE, Thomas, b. in Essex
county, Ya., 1779, for many years editor
of the Richmond " Enquirer," in which
position he wielded great influence in
the councils of the democratic party.
For a time he also conducted the Wash-
ington "'Union." I). 1854. — Leitch,
a journalist and prolific miscellaneous
writer, was b. at Greenock, Scotland,
about the beginning of the present cen-
tury. He furnished the letter-press of
many of the "Annuals," wrote largely
in newspapers and reviews, edited the
"Indian News," and for several years
conducted " Chambers's Journal." He
produced upwards of 30 original volumes,
edited and partly wrote upwards of 40
more; and this apart from his contribu-
tions to periodicals. D. 1865.
RITTER, Karl, a distinguished Ger-
man geographer, b. 1779; d. in Berlin,
1859. He began his literary career in
1805 by the publication of " Europe : a
Geographical and Historical Picture."
In 1819 he became professor in Berlin.
In 1821 he published the first volume of
his "Erd Kunde," the 24th volume of
which appeared a few days before his
death.
ROBBINS, Rev. Royal, D. D., author
of the " World Displayed," and " Out-
lines of Historv," b. in Connecticut,
1788; d. 1861. "For nearly 50 years he
was a congregational minister in his
native state.
R0BP:RTS, George W., colonel
United States volunteers, b. in West-
chester county, Penn., 1833, entered the
service, at the commencement of the
war, as major of the 42d Illinois regiment,
and distinguished himself greatly in the
Southwest. Killed in battle, Dec. 31,
1862. — David, an artist, b. near Edin-
'torgh, 1796 ; d. 1864. Pictures painted
after a visit to Spain gained him the first
laurel; but his best known labors are
embraced in " Sketches in the Holy
Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and
Nubia." engraved by Haghe, with de-
scriptions by Dr. Croly.
ROBINSON, Sir Frederick Philips,
a British general, entered the army as
ensign in 1777, and served five years in
the war of the American revolution. In
1814 he commanded a brigade in Canada,
and forced the passage of the Saranac in
command of the forces intended for the
attack of Plattsburgh. D. 1852, in his
88th year. — Edward, a biblical scholar,
author of " Biblical Researches in Pales-
tine and in the Adjacent Countries," b. in
Southington, Conn., 1794. He graduated
at Hamilton college, N. Y., but com-
pleted his studies at Andover, where for
a time he was associated with Professor
Stuart in the translation of text-books
fi-om the German, and in the labors of the
theological seminary. In 1830 he was
appointed professor extraordinary of sa-
cred literature and librarian at Ando-
ver, and in 1837 professor of biblical lit-
erature in Union theological seminary,
New York, which office he held until his
death. He visited Palestine twice, in
company with Dr. Eli Smith; and the
published record of his observations and
inquiries obtained for him great favor
amongst biblical scholars, here and in
Europe. He edited the " Biblical Reposi-
tory," and afterward the " Bibliotheca
Sacra." Amongst his other works are,
" The Harmony of the Four Gospels,"
in Greek and English, and a Greek and
English Lexicon of the New Testament.
D. in New York, 1863.
ROBSON, Frederick, a comedian
with a style peculiarly his own, was b. at
Margate, Kent, 1821, and for several
years struggled in vain to obtain a posi-
tion on the stage. His first great success
was achieved at the Queen's Theatre,
Dublin, and led to his engagement at
the Olympic, London, where he remained
a most popular actor until his death, in
1864.
RODMAN, Isaac Peace, b. at South
Kingstown, R. I., 1822, was a member
of the state senate of Rhode Island in
1861. When the United States govern-
ment called for volunteers, he resigned
his seat, raised a company, and as cap-
tain in the 2d Rhode Island regiment
was in the battle of Bull Run. He com-
manded the 4th Rhode Island voftlnteers
as colonel, at the taking of Roanolfe Is-
land ; and at the battle of Newbern car-
ried the enemy's works at the point of
I2S
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[ruf
the bayonet. He was appointed briga-
dier-general of volunteers, April, 1862,
and d. in the following September, hav-
ing been mortally wounded at Antietam.
ROGERS, Samuel, author of " The
Pleasures of Memory," and other poems,
b. near London, in 1763; d. 1855. His
life ranged over fi.ur successive genera-
tions in the history of English litera-
ture. In early 3-^0 uth he looked up to
the critical throne of Samuel Johnson;
his first volume was printed in the same
year with the first volume of Burns ; he
passed his brightest days in the reigns of
Scott and Byron and Wordsworth; and
in his old age he witnessed the era in
which the place of dictator is claimed for
Tennyson. The son of a London banker,
he was always affluent; having neither
difficulties to combat nor misfortunes to
suffer. Even for a literary man, his life was
uneventful. Loving alike fashion, litera-
ture, and art, he passed his da3^s as an
amateur in letters, painting, and music,
and as a friend or patron of literary men
and artists. His poems exhibit an elegant
but imitative mind, and he paid $50,000
to artists for illustrated editions.
ROLPH, John A., an able artist and
landscape - engraver, b. in Essex, Eng-
land, 1798 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 1862.
He came to this country in 1833, and from
that period occupied a high professional
position in New York.
ROSA, Fkancisco Martinez de la,
a Spanish statesman and author, b. in
Granada, 1789 ; d. 1862. He participated
in the struggles of the time of Ferdinand
VIL, and was punished for his liberalism
by a five years' imprisonment in a Spanish
fortress on the Barbary coast. The revo-
lution of 1820 secured his liberation, but
when French arms had restored Ferdi-
nand to the throne, the statesman and
writer was driven into exile. He was
recalled in 1831, and afterward filled
several high official positions.
ROSMINI, Abbe, distinguished in
Italy as the founder of an order called
the Rosminiani, and as a writer on moral
philosophy. B. 1797 ; d. 1855.
ROSS, Sir John, a distinguished nav-
igator, b. 1777, entered the British navy
in 1786, and was constantly engaged in
active service to the close of his life. In
1818 he was associated with Sir W. E.
Parry in an expedition to Baffin's Bay;
from 1829 to 1833 he prosecuted further
researches in the same direction in the
"Victo^" steamer, equipped by Mr.,
afterwards Sir Felix Booth; making val-
uable discoveries, and being knighted
on his return to England. In 1850 he |
made a last expedition to the Arctic
Ocean in search of Sir John Franklin.
He publishednarratives of his principal
voyages and other nautical works. D.
1856. — Sir James Clark, rear-admiral,
an Arctic explorer, b. in London, 1800.
He entered the British navy in 1812, and
in 1827 was made commander for his
services under Sir W. E. Pany, in an at-
tempt to reach the north pole. In 1829
he embarked with his uncle on the re-
markable voyage of the " Victor^-.'' For
the determination of the exact position
of the north magnetic pole and eminent
scientific and geographical discoveries,
he received the rank of post-captain in
1834. He commanded the expedition,
consisting of the " Erebus " and " Terror,"
which left England in 1839 on a vo}'-
age of discovery to the Antarctic Ocean ;
and in 1848 Avas appointed to command
the first expedition sent in search of Sir
John Franklin. D. 1862. — Sir Wil-
liam Charles, a celebrated miniature
painter, b. in London, 1794; d. 1860.
ROTHSCHILD, Baron Anselm, the
eldest brother of the financial house of
the Rothschilds, b. 1773 ; d. at Frankfort,
1855.
ROUSSIN, M., an admiral and peer
of France, b. 1781; d. 1854. During peace
he was engaged in scientiffc surveys.
ROUTH, Martin Joseph, a leanied
English writer, the friend of Porson, Parr,
and other names of another generation,
d. 1854, ill his 100th vear. His principal
works are the " Reliquiaj Sacrae," and
an edition of Burnet.
RUBINI, Giambatisto. a famous
tenor singer, b. in Italy, 1795. He com-
menced his musical career by playing
the violin in the church of Romano,' and
made his first appearance on the stage at
Naples in 1815. In Paris and London
he acquired a brilliant reputation and a
large fortune. D. 1854.
RUDE, Francois, a distinguished
French sculptor, b. at Dijon, 1784; d.
1855. He was the principal artist em-
ployed in 1836 ^to decorate the " Arc de
Triumphe de I'Etoile."
RUFFIN, Thomas, b. in North Caro-
lina, represented Missouri in congress
from 1856 to 1861, when he allied his
fortunes to those of the seceded states,
occupying a seat in the confederate con-
gress, and serving as a colonel in the con-
federate army. He was wounded in bat-
tle in Virginia, and d. 1863.
RUFFNER, Rev. Henry, president of
Lexington college, Va., and author of a
pamphlet against the continuance of
slavery in that state. B. 1788 ; d. 1861.
ban]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
127
RUSH, Richard, b. in 1780, d. 1859.
He was attorney-general of Pennsylvania
in 1811; of the United States, trom 1814
to 1817; edited an edition of the laws of
the United States in 1815; was temporary
secretary of state in 1817; was minister
to England from 1817 to 1825; was
secretary of the treasury in the adminis-
tration of John Quincy Adams ; was
candidate for vice-president with Mr.
Adams in 1829. In 1829 he Avent to
Holland, to obtain a loan ; in 1837, to
England, to obtain the Smithson legacy;
and in 1847 was appointed minister to
France by President Polk. During the
latter part of his life he did not parti-
cipate actively in public aflfairs. He
wrote frequently for the press, and pub-
lished " Memoranda of a Residence at
the Court of St. James."
RUSK, Thomas J., b. in South Caro-
lina, 1803, studied law, and practised
with success in Georgia. In the early
part of 1835 he removed to Texas, and
was a proiTiinent actor in all the impor-
tant events in the history of the republic
and state of Texas. He was a member
of the convention that declared Texas
I an independent republic, in March, 1836 ;
I was the tirst secretary of war, participated
in the battle of San Jacinto, and took
command of the army after General
Houston was wounded. He continued
in command of the arm}' until the organ-
ization of the constitutional government,
I in October, 1836, when he was again ap-
pointed secretary of war, and resigned
after a few months. He afterwards com-
manded several expeditions against the
Indians, served as a member of the house
of representatives, and as chief justice of
the supreme court, which last office he
resigned early in 1842. In 1845 he was
president of the convention that con-
summated the annexation of Texas to
the United States. Upon the admission
of Texas into the Union he was elected
one of the senators in the congress of
the United States, in which office he
served two terms, and had just entered
upon the third term, when he d. at
Nacogdoches, Tex., under very painflil
circumstances. Intense grief, occasioned
by the loss of his wife, overpowered his
reason, and in a moment of insanity he
committed suicide, 1857.
SAINT HILAIRE, Auguste, a French
naturalist, distinguished for his researches
into the vegetation of the Brazils, and of
South America generally. B. 1779 ; d.
1853.
SALE, Sir Robert Henry, illus-
trious in the annals of Anglo-Indian war-
fare, was b. 1782, and entered the British
service in 1795. He figured in the Bur-
mese war of 1824-6, but his title to dis-
tinction rests upon his achievements in
Affghanistan, where his troops always
formed the advance. In 1840 he defeated
Dost Mohammed at Purwan-Dutrah, and
compelled him to surrender to Sir W.
McNaughton. In 1841 he commanded
the brigade which stormed the Khoord
Cabul Pass, and retreated upon Jella-
labad, followed by the army of Akhbar
Khan. Sale and his troops were besieged
in this place from Nov. 1841 to April,
1842, when he attacked and routed the
besieging army. He was at the battle of
Moodkee, Dec, 1845, where his left thigh
was shattered by a grape-shot which
proved mortal to him. — Lady Floren-
TiA, wife of the preceding, remarkable
fbr the daring constancy with which she
accompanied her husband in all his cam-
paigns. At the period of the Cabul dis-
asters she became the prisoner of Akhbar
Khan, and afterwards published a memoir
of her captivity. D. 1854.
SALTOUN, Alexander George
Eraser, Lord, remembered for his de-
fence of Hougoumont at the battle of
Waterloo. B. 1785; d. 1853.
SANDERS, William P., an officer of
the United States army, b. in Kentucky,
graduated at West Point in 1B56, and
received a commission in the 1st dragoons.
For some time atler the commencement
of the civil war he served as captain in
the 6th regular cavalry, but afterward
became colonel of a Kentucky volunteer
regiment, and earned an honorable name
in the Southwest. He was then appointed
brigadier-general of volunteers, and com-
manded a cavalry division in East Ten-
nessee. He was wounded in the battle
at Campbell's station, and d. at Knox-
ville, 1863.
SAN MIGUEL, Evaristo, a Spanish
journalist, statesman, and soldier, b.
1780; d. 1862. His advocacy of con-
stitutional government exposed him "to
the displeasure of Ferdinand VII., and
haying joined Riego in his unsuccessful
128
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[SCH
Andalusian expedition, he was exiled to
Zamora. He was recalled in 1822, and
tilled the post of minister of foreign af-
fairs in the liberal cabinet then formed.
In this position he resented the interfer-
ence of the holy alliance to put down
liberal movements; and when France
undertook the task of crushing out con-
stitutional freedom, he joined the army
in Catalonia, and took part in almost
every engagement of the ensuing three
years. He was severe!}'- wounded, and
was finally ti)ken prisoner. Offered the
alternative of exile, he proceeded to
England, where he. remained eight years.
The amnesty of 1834 restored him to his
rights, and from then until his death he
was prominently before his countrymen;
sometimes high in ofKce, at other times
simply as a representative, — but always
in support of the liberal principles tor
which he had written, fought, and bled.
He was the author of the " Hymn of
Riego," a popular Spanish war-song; and
also of a history of Philip II.
SARGENT, Lucius M., Jr., lieuten-
ant-colonel 1st Massachusetts cavalry,
was the second son of a well-known
writer of the same name, and was b. in
Boston, Sept. 15th, 1826. Having grad-
uated at Harvard college, he applied him-
self for a time to art, and became a very
accomplished draughtsman. He then
studied surgery, in which he rose rapid-
ly to distinction, and became one of the
prominent phj^sicians of Boston. When
the civil war broke out, he entered the
array as surgeon, but was subsequently
appointed captain of cavalry, and was
engaged in many skirmishes and dan-
gerous movements, in one of which he
was badly wounded in the lungs. After
a short respite he rejoined his regiment
as lieutenant-colonel. He was killed in
action by a shell, Dec. 9th, 1864, near
Bellfield, Va., while leading a gallant
charge against the enemy. He was a
brave and skilful officer, and greatly be-
loved by his men. He left some pen-
and-ink sketches of military scenes, which
show considerable talent for art. His
elder brother, Horace Binney Sargent,
who served in Louisiana, was brigadier-
general by brevet.
SAVAGE, John, an eminent jurist,
for 14 years chief justice of the supreme
court of the state of New York, b. 1779 ;
d. 1863.
SCHEFFER, Ary, an eminent painter
of the French school, was b. in Holland
in 1795. He was brought up in France,
enjoyed the instructions of Gu^rin, ac-
quired at an early age great reputation
by his pictures, and was one of the found-
ers of the French romantic school.
Among his best efforts are " Francesca
da Kimini and her Lover encountering
Dante and Virgil in the Inferno." a group
of great beauty ; '* Christ comforting the
Weary and Heavy-laden." the " Dead
Christ," and the tAvo pictures of " Mig-
non, ' from Goethe's " Wilhelm Meister."
Scheffer was at an early age instructor
of the children of Louis Philippe, and,
among others, trained as an artist the
Princess Marie. D. 1858.
SCHELLING, Frederic William
Joseph, the last survivor of the series of
German philosophers of which Kant,
Jacobi, Herbart, Fichte, and Hegel were
the other chiefs, was b. at Leonberg, in
Wiirtemberg, in 1775, and d. 1854. He
studied first at Tubingen, where he and
Hegel became intimate friends, both be-
ing at the time very young men; thence
he went to Leipsic and Jena. At Jena
he studied under Fichte, whom he suc-
ceeded in the chair of philosophy at that
university in 1798. In 1803 he was trans-
ferred to Wiirzburg; and in 1807, thence
to Munich, where he remained till 1841,
when he accepted a chair at Berlin. This
chair he soon relinquished, and the last
years of his life were spent in compara-
tive seclusion. By the nature of his
speculation, developed in a number of
fragmentary publications, chiefly in the
earlier part of his life, Schelling's place
in the great series of German philoso-
phers is considered to be between Fichte
and Hegel, the former of whom died in
1814, and the latter in 1831. Schelling's
metaphysical theory is generally known
by the name of the " System of Identity."
It rests on the principle that the two ele-
ments of thought, the objects, respectively,
of understanding and reason, called by
the various terms of matter and spirit,
objective and subjective, real and ideal,
&c., are only relatively opposed to one
another as different forms of the absolute
or infinitive, hence sometimes called the
two holts of the absolute.
SCHIMMELPENNINCK, Mary
Anne, author of " Memoirs of Port
Royal," was b. near Birmingham, in 1778,
of parents belonging to the society of
friends; her maiden name being Galton.
Having joined the Moravian body, she
became eminent by her efforts to promote
religious and benevolent movements;
publishing essays on various subjects, in-
cluding some of a secular cast. Amongst
the latter was an ingenious theory on the
" Principles of Beauty." She d. in 1856,
leaving an autobiography which has
SCO]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
129
since been published, and which is emi-
nently a soul-history struggling its way
from "^ darkness and' mist to brightness
and radiancy.
SCHLEt, William, author of "A
Digest of the English Statutes " ; repre-
sentative in congress from Georgia ; and
governor or that state m 1836 and 1837.
B. in Maryland, 1786; d. at Augusta,
1868.
SCHLOSSER, Friedrich Chris-
TOPHE, professor of history at Heidel-
berg, b. in Jever, 1776; d. 1861. He
was a voluminous writer, but his greatest
work is a " History of the Eighteenth
Centur}', and of the Nineteenth to the
Overthrow of the French Empire," pub-
lished at Heidelberg, 1823-46, and trans-
lated and published in England in eight
volumes, 1843-52.
SCHNEIDER, John Christian
Frederick, a composer, classed among
the musical creators of Germany, was b.
near Zittau, in 1786. The list of "his works
includes almost every form of musical
composition, theatrical writing alone ex-
cepted. His oratorios — the works by
which he is best known in England —
comprise his " Deluge," " Last Judg-
ment," "Paradise Lost," "Pharaoh,"
"Christ, the Master," "Absalom,"
"Christ, the Child," "Gideon," " Geth-
semane and Golgotha," besides cantatas,
psalms, hymns, and other service music.
At the time of his death he was chapel-
master to the Duke of Anhalt-Dessau.
D. 1853.
SCHOMBURGK, Sir Robert Her-
mann, a traveller and naturalist, b. in
Thuringia, 1804. He undertook an ex-
ploratory voyage to Guiana in 1835, un-
der the auspices of the royal geographical
society of London, and his botanical re-
searches were rewarded by the discovery
of that remarkable plant, the Victoria
Regia water-lily. He was afterwards
appointed British consul at St. Domingo,
and yet later consul-general in Siam; in
l)oth" of which positions he pursued his
favoj-ite studies, and transmitted reports
of results in papers to the scientific so-
cieties of England. He published a
" Survey of British Guiana," " Views in
the Interior of Guiana," and a " History
of Barbadoes." D. in Berlin, 1865.
SCHOOLCRAFT, Henry Rowe,
LL. D., a writer on Indian ethnology and
history, and on the geology of the Lake
Superior copper region, b. in Albany
county, N. i., 1793. His early studies
embraced chemistry and mineralogy,
and he subsequently studied geology,
'lebrew, and some of the modern lan-
guages. He visited the trans-Mississippi
region in 1817-18, and in 1820 acted as
geologist to an expedition to the Upper
Slississippi and the Lake Superior region,
under Gen. Cass. In 1822 he was ap-
pointed Indian agent on the northwestern
frontier, and from 1828 to 1832 was a
member of the territorial legislature of
Michigan. In the latter year he con-
ducted a government expedition in the
Northwest, and Avas the discoverer of
the source of the Mississippi. His next
official employment was as commissioner
to treat with the Indian tribes on the
upper lakes for the cession of territory;
after which he was appointed acting
superintendent of Indian affairs, and in
1839 chief disbursing agent for the north-
ern department. His principal work,
prepared under a resolution of congress,
is in quarto and illustrated, and entitled
"Historical and Statistical Information
respecting the History, Condition, and
Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the
United States." He published records
of his various explorations, the more im-
portant of which have been brought to-
gether in a " Narrative of an Exploratory
Expedition to the Sources of the Missis-
sippi River in 1820, resumed and com-
pleted by the Discovery of its Origin in
Itasca Lake in 1832"; and also " Algic
Researches," "Personal Memoirs," and
some Indian tales and legends. D. 1864.
SCHWARZENBERG, Prince Felix,
an Austrian statesman, b. 1800: d. 1852.
While attached to the Austrian embassy
at St. Petersburg he became involved
in a political scrape, in connection with a
conspirator, which caused his expulsion
from the Russian dominions. He was
afterwards attached to the Austrian em-
bassy in London, where he became ac-
quainted Avith, and ruined, an PLnglish
lady of high rank, and was compelled to
fiy under circumstances which forever
precluded his reappearance on British
ground. He was subsequently sent as
Austrian minister to Turin and Naples.
In 1848 he took part in the war that
broke out between Austria and Sardinia,
and was wounded ; and in November of
the same year he was recalled to Vienna,
and became prime minister of the Aus-
trian empire, which office he held at the
time of his death.
SCORESBY, William, D. D.,b.l790;
d. 1857. The son of a Yorkshire seaman
engaged in the whale fishery, he com-
menced life as mate of the Resolution,
and in 1806 sailed into the highest lati-
tude then reached by navigators. His
account of the Arctic regions is one of the
130
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[SER
most interesting records of maritime ad-
venture ever Avritten. He afterwards
became a minister of the church of Eng-
land, and a contributor to various scien-
- titic periodicals, especially -with respect
to magnetical observations, which he
pursued with diligence and success. In
connection Avith these investigations he
visited the United States in 1847. He
also lectured on " Zoistic Magnetism,"
and published works on various sub-
jects.
SCRANTON, George W., an exten-
sive iron manufacturer in Pennsylvania,
and an active and influential promoter
of railroads constructed to serve the iron
and coal interests of that state, was b. in
Connecticut, 1811, and d. at Scranton,
Penn., 1861. He was elected to congress
in 1858.
SCRIBE, Eugene, a French dramatic
author, b. at Paris, 1791, began his career
at an early age, and through life labored
for the stage with untiring industry and
eminent success- He was one of the most
ingenious inventors of a plot, and both
England and the United States inces-
santly received free translations of his
works. He wrote the libretto to " Era
Diavolo," and other popular operas. D.
1861.
SCROOP, William, author of " Days
of Deer Stalking." and " Days and Nights
of Salmon Fishing," b. 1771; d. in Lon-
don, 1852.
SEALSFIELD, Charles, b. in Ger-
many, early emigrated to the United
States, and in 1820-30 was one of the
editors of the Ncav York '' Courrier des
Etats Unis." He returned to Europe in
1830, and, during a lengthened residence
in Switzerland, wrote, in German, a
series of works on American society, in-
stitutions, and characteristics, the princi-
pal of which have been translated and
republished in this country. D. 1864.
SEBASTIANI, Horace, b. in Corsica,
1771, served in many battles during
Napoleon's career, was created marshal
of France in 1840, and was ambassador
at Naples and London under Louis
Philippe's rvijhne. D. at Paris, 1851.
SEDGWICK, Theodoke, biographer
of William Livingston, and a New York
lawyer of considerable repute, b. in Al-
bany, 1812; d. 1859. — John, major-
general United States army, b. at Corn-
wall, Conn., 1817, graduated at West
Poin". in 1837, and entered the service
as 2d lieutenant in the second artillery.
In 1839 he was promoted to a first lieu-
tenancy. During the Mexican war he
distinguished himself, and at its close
stood with the full rank of captain. In
1855 he was commissioned major and
transferred to the first cavalry. He was
stationed at Fort Leavenworth during the
early stages of the Kansas troubles, and
led detachments of dragoons against both
of the hostile parties. He afterwards
commanded at Fort Riley, and was sta-
tioned at Fort Wise when the civil war
began. He was appointed, successively,
lieutenant-colonel of the second cavalry,
and colonel of the fourth cavalry, and in
August was commissioned brigadier-
general of volunteers, and assigned com-
mand of a brigade in Heintzelman's di-
vision of the army of the Potomac. Earl}'
in the ensuing year he exchanged this
for a division in Sumner's armv coi-ps.
At the battle of Fair Oaks, May, 1862,
he rendered gallant and important ser-
vice, and was rewarded with the brevet
rank of brigadier-general in the regular
army. He shared in the closing scenes
of General Pope's Virginia campaign,
and marched with his command under
General McClellan into Maryland. In
the battle of Antietam he was twice
wounded, and was carried off the field.
He did not return to active duty until the
following December, when he took com-
mand of the ninth corps, with the rank
of major-general of volunteers. He tem-
porarily commanded the right grand di-
vision of the army of the Potomac, and in
February, 1863, was placed in command
of the sixth corps, at the head of which
he gained great distinction in the bat-
tles of Fredericksburg and (Gettysburg.
With his own and a part of the fifth
corps, he performed important service at
Rappahannock station, aiuL other points,
in the abortive campaign of General
Meade. During the absence of the latter
general, General Sedgwick commanded
the army of the Potomac, and was twice
offered the permanent command, but on
each occasion refused to undertake it; the
reported ground of his refusal being an
unwillingness to accept so heavy a respon-
sibility " without the assurance that he
would be at perfect liberty to fight when,
where, and how he thought best." He
took part in the battles of the Wilder-
ness, under General Grant, and was shot
by a confederate sharpshooter, near
Spottsvlvania court-house, Mav, 1864.
SEtWYN, William, author of " Sel-
wyn's Nisi Prius," b. 1774; d. 1855.
SERGEANT, Johm, an eminent law-
yer, was b. in Philadelphia, and for
nearly 50 years was distinguished in his
profession. He served as a representative
in congress from 1815 to 1823, and from
3IG]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
131
1827 to 1829. He was the leading cham-
piou of the North in the famous discus-
sions of the Misi;ouri compromise. Presi-
dent Adams appointed him minister to
the Panama congress. In 1832 he was
the w^hig candidate for the vice-presi-
dency. D. 1852.
SEWELL, VV^iLLiAM Gkant, author
of " The Ordeal of Free i^abor in the
British West Indies," and for some
years connected with the New York
press, b. in Quebec, 1829 ; d. 1862. —
General Sir VVilliam, a British officer,
who served with distinction under Wel-
lington in Portugal, and for many years
in India, i). 18(52.
SEYMOUR, Hezekiah C, a dis-
tinguished engineer, b. 1812 ; d. in Rock-
land county, N. Y., 1853. His name is
associated with the construction of the
New York and Erie railroad, and with
the railroad from Toronto to CoUing-
wood, in Canada. He was afterwards
engineer-in-chief of the state of New
York.
SHAKESPEAR, Sir Richmond
Campbell, a colonel in the British East
India service, distinguished in the Sikh
war, and knighted for , his services at
Khiva in reconciling the Khan to the
Emperor of Russia, and terminating the
slaverv of Europeans in that country.
D. 1861.
SHAW, Lemuel, LL. D., chief jus-
tice of the supreme court of Massachu-
setts, b. at Barnstaple, 1781; d. 1861.
He was a graduate of Har\-ard college,
and in earl_v life was assistant editor of
the Boston " Gazette." He was admitted
to the New Hampshire bar in 1804, and
shortly afterward commenced practice in
Boston. He was for several years a
member of the state legislature, and was
appointed to the bench in 1830.
SHEAFFE, Sir Roger H., a British
military officer, b. in 1763, entered the
army in 1778 : he served in Holland and
in . the expedition to the Baltic, and was
made a baronet for his services in a rally
of the British troops after the fall of
General Brock, at Queenston, in Upper
Canada. D. 1851.
SHERWOOD, Mary Martha, a
popular and prolific writer of works de-
signed for youth, b. 1774 ; d. 1851.
SHREVE, HEx\ry M.,Captam, for 40
years closely connected with the commer-
cial interests of the western states, d.
1851. He was superintendent of the
western rivers imports during three ad-
ministrations, and by his ingenuity
greatly advanced the safety of western
commerce. In 1814-15 he served under
General Jackson in several hazardous
enterprises.
SIBLEY, Henry H., b. in Louisiana,
1815 ; d. near El Paso, Texas, 1862. He
was an officer in the United States ser-
vice until May, 1861, when he resigned,
and was appointed a brigadier-general in
the confederate army. He attempted the
conquest of New Mexico and attacked
Fort Craig, Jan. 5, 1862, but was re-
pulsed. Compelled to retreat, with his
supplies cut oft', his soldiers became insub-
ordinate, and he was killed. — George
Champlain, major United States army,
b. in Great Barrington, Mass., 1782; d.
1863. He performed many important
services in the Indian country, amongst
which was the exploration of the Grand
Sabine and Salt Mountain, at the head of
100 Osage warriors. He was one of the
three commissioners who surveyed and
marked out a road from Missouri to New-
Mexico.
SIBOUR, Monseigxeur Marie Do-
minique Augustus, Ai-chbishop of Paris,
b. 1792, was assassinated by Vesges, a
priest, in the church of St. Etienne du
Mont, Paris, 1857.
SIGOURNEY, Lydia Huntley, b.
at Norwich, Conn., in 1791, very early in
life gave signs of a talent fbr poetry, hav-
ing been accustomed while a child to
versify her ideas and impressions with
something like system. A volume of
miscellaneous pieces, in prose and verse,
introduced Miss Huntley to the public in
1815. Four years later she married Mr.
Charles Sigourney, a merchant of Hart-
ford ; but the union' in no way interfered
with the cultivation of her peculiar en-
dowments, or the prosecution of her
literary plans. In 1822 she published
•* Traits of the Aborigines of America,"
a descriptive poem in rive cantos ; and in
1824, a prose " Sketch of Connecticut
Forty Years since." The ensuing 14
years afforded evidence of her industry,
her productions during that period hav-
ing been "A Collection of Prose Tales,"
a volume of " Sketches," another of
" Minor I'oems," " Zinzendorf," "Letters
to Mothers," " Letters to Young Ladies,"
and " Poetry for Children." She visited
Europe in 1840, devoting one summer to
England and Scotland; and on her return
published a charming record of her wan-
derings, entitled " P'leasant Memories of
Fleasant Lands." She subsequently
published " Pocahontas," the most care-
fully finished of her long poems, and
other works of less importance. Her
favorite themes were drawn from the
fountain of domestic loves and feelings,
132
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[SMI
and the aim of all her labors was to purify
and elevate. I). 1865.
SILL, Joshua Woodkow, brigadier-
general in tlie United States arniv, b. in
Chillicothe, 0., 1831, killed in the battle
ol' Sione River, 18G2. He graduated at
West I'oiat, but in 18(J0 exchanged his
position lu. the army lor a professorship in
the Brooiifyn collegiate and polytechnic
institute. In 1861 he was appointed
assistant adjutant-general of Ohio, and
served in General Nelson's Kentucky
expedition as colonel of the 23d Ohio
volunteers. His courage and skill se-
cured him promotion, and when killed
he was in command of a brigade in
General Sheridan's division.
SILLIMAN, Benjamin, LL. D., an
eminent American chemist and geologist,
b. in Trumbull, Conn., 1779. He gradu-
ated at Yale in 1796, and after filling the
post of tutor, studied law, and was ad-
mitted to the Connecticut bar in 1802.
In the same year he was offered the
chair of chemistry in Yale college, but
did not enter upon its duties until 1804,
having employed the interval in studies
at Philadelphia, under Dr. Woodhouse.
He subsequently prosecuted his studies
in London and Edinburgh, and after an
absence of more than a year resumed the
duties of his professorship, which he re-
tained until 1853, when he resigned, and
was made professor emeritus; continuing
his lectures on geology, however, until
1855, when his academic labors termi-
nated. As a chemist he made many im-
portant discoveries; and to his instruc-
tion and influence the country is largely
indebted for the advance that has been
effected in the sciences of mineralogy
and geology. He was one of the first
to popularize scientific knowledge b}'
public lectures, which he delivered at
diffierent periods in nearly all the chief
cities of the Union. He established the
" American Journal of Science and Art"
in 1818, and for 20 years was its sole
editor. His independent publications
were numerous, and ranged fi'om 1810 to
1853, the earliest and the last being rec-
ords of European travel. His text-book
on "Chemistry" appeared in 1830, and
his edition of Bakewell's "Geology,"
with notes, originally issued in 1829,
passed through several editions. He re-
tained his mental and bodily vigor in old
age, and never ceased to be interested in
all questions connected with the advance-
ment of science and the welfare of hu-
manity. D. 1864.
SIMPSON, Sir Geokgk, governor of
the Hudson's Bay company's territories,
was b. in Rossshire, Scotland, 1796. In
early youth he was sent to take a share
in the troublous contests then raging be-
tween tlie chartered Hudson's Bay com-
pany and the unchartered but acti\e and
energetic Northwest company of Canada.
From his tact and daring, and plausibility
of speech and demeanor, he was mainly
instrumental in accomplishing a coalition
of the contending parties, — a coalition
by which the Northwest company re-
tained over one half of the capital stock
of the united association, and secured
more than half of the offices in the terri-
tory for their resident associates. Mr.
Simpson was appointed resident governor
of one of the divisions of the country thus
restored to harmony, and a few years
afterwards he was appointed governor of
the whole of what is called the Hud-
son's Bay company's territories, an office
which he held till his death. The Hud-
son's Bay company was originally estab-
lished, and large grants of land were
made to it, that the nature of the country
itself and the capabilities and resources
of the surrounding territory on. all sides,
might be inquired into and reported upon
to the British government; but it was not
till 1836, when it became necessary to
have some good grounds on which to
crave from the British government a re-
newal of their charter, that the company
attempted to fulfil the obligations imposed
upon them by their first charter. In that
year, however, Mr. Simpson was in-
structed by the directors of the company
to make arrangements for the equipment
of an expedition'to connect the discoveries
of Captains Koss and Back. This he
did, and the expedition Avas successful
under the conduct of his nephew, the late
Thomas Simpson, noted in Arctic dis-
covery. Uunng a period of three years
the expedition traced the coast of Amer-
ica from the mouth of the Mackenzie
river to Point Barrow, and from the
mouth of the Coppermine river to the
Gulf of Boothia. In consideration of the
services of the Arctic expedition, knight-
hood was conferred on Governor Simp-
son. D. 1860.
SINCLAIR, Catherine, author of
"Modern Accomplishments," "Modem
Society," " Scotland and the Scotch,"
and several novels founded on fashionable
life. B. at Edinburgh, 1800 ; d. 1864.
SLOCUM, John S., colonel of a regi-
ment of Rhode Island volunteers, b.
1824; killed, 1861. He served with dis-
tinction in the Mexican war.
SMITH, Persifer F., major-general
United States army, b. in Pennsylvania,
smy]
CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
133
settled as a lawyer in New Orleans, and
entered the army in 1846, as colonel of
the mounted rifles. He gained great dis-
tinction in Mexico, and in 1847 was bre-
vetted major-general. He d. at Leaven-
worth, 1858, being at the time in com-
mand of the military department em-
bracing Utah and the Plains. — Charles
Fekguson, a major-general of United
States volunteers, b. in Pennsvlvania,
1806; d. 1862. He graduated at West
Point in 1825, served with distinction in
the Mexican war, winning the successive
brevets of lieutenant-colonel and colonel.
In Aug., ] 861, he was appointed brigadier-
general of volunteers, and placed in
charge of the United States troops at
Paducah, Ky. His gallantry shone con-
spicuous in the successful attack on Fort
Donelson, and was rewarded with a
major-generalship. — Caleb B., b. in
Massachusetts, 1808, settled in Indiana
as a lawyer, and established and edited
the " Indiana Sentinel." He served in
the state legislature and in congress, and
was secretary ofthe interior under Presi-
dent Lincoln; resigning the office, how-
ever, to accept that of a district court
judge in Indiana. D. 1864. — Albert,
a prolific English writer, light as gos
samer, but entertaining. Amongst his
works are the " Wassail Bowl," " The
Scattergood Family," " Christopher Tad-
pole," and the " Pottleton i'ragedy." In
1849 he visited the East, telling his story
in "A Month at Constantinople." Two
years later he ascended Mont Blanc, and
on his return to London produced an
entertainment, which he repeated a thou-
sand times in the Egyptian hall. B. 1816 ;
d. 1860. — Thomas Southwood, an
English physician, eminent as a medical
writer, and yet more eminent as a philan-
thropist and sanitary reformer, b. 1790;
d. 1861. He was an intimate friend of
Jeremy Bentham, and an ardent sup-
porter of all measures for securing the
rights and promoting the happiness of the
people. He was during many years em-
ployed by the English government as a
member of the " Health of Towns Com-
mission," and did much to improve the
systems of drainage, sewerage, and venti-
lation of London and other large com-
munities. — Db. Ju>'ius, was b. in Plym-
outh, Conn., and graduated at Yale col-
lege in 1802, studied law, and soon after
went to London, and there resided many
years, engaged in commerce. He de-
voted a considerable portion of his life to
two great public enterprises, — the estab-
lishment of transatlantic steam naviga-
tion, and the naturalization of the tea-
plant in the United States. To the first
he eafly directed his attention, main-
tained its practicability, and sought to
apply to it the test of experiment, long
before it came to be regarded as a regu-
lar, efficient auxiliary of foreign com-
merce. During the last years of his life
he assiduously engaged in the propaga-
tion and nurture of the tea -plant at
Greenville, S. C, and considered that he
had secured for it a thrifty growth upon
American soil. While devoted to the
prosecution of this enterprise, he received,
in Feb., 1852, an injury which resulted in
his death. — Rev. Eli, a zealous and
learned missionary, was b. at Northford,
Conn., 1801. After graduating at Yale
college, and completing a course of the-
ological study at Andover, he embarked
as a missionary of the American board,
and took charge of their printing estab-
lishment at Malta. This was in 1826.
Soon afterward he was transfen-ed to the
mission in Syria, with which he was con-
nected for the remainder of his life. An
exploration of Armenia was made by
him, in company with Rev. H. G. O.
Dwight, in 1830 and 1831, and an ac-
count thereof was published in 1833, in
two volumes. Not long after this he
published a collection of missionary ser-
mons and addresses. In 1838, and again
in 1852, he was the companion and coadju-
tor of Professor Edward Robinson in his
extensive and thorough exploration of
Palestine and the regions adjacent, and
contributed in an important degree to the
success of the enterprise. His knowledge
of the Arabic, and his acquaintance with
the wants of those who use this language,
qualified him for the service which he
rendered in the production of a new form
and font of Arabic type. The first font
was cast at Leipsic, under his superin-
tendence, and others have since been cut
and cast in this country. About the year
1846 he commenced a new translation of
the Bible into Arabic, and this labor he
prosecuted with zeal and devotion up to
the close of life. D. at Beyrut, Syria,
Jan. 11, 1857.
SMYTH, Thomas A., brigadier-
general United States arm}-, killed in
battle near Farmville, Va., 7th April,
1865. A native of Ireland, he came to
this country when a boy, and settled at
Wilmington, Del., where he was engaged
in the business of coach-making at the
commencement of the civil war. He
raised a company at Wilmington, and
joined a Philadelphia regiment, in which
he served as captain for three months.
Returning home, he became major of a
134
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[SPE
Delaware regiment, and rose steadily
until he attained the rank of brigadier-
general in the summer of 1864. In this
capacity he distinguished himself by an
energy and daring that endeared him to
the army of the Potomac, and elicited
praise from his superiors. He was shot in
the mouth by one of the enemy's sharp-
shooters in the decisive engagement pre-
ceding the surrender of General Lee.
General Smyth was an active member of
the Fenian brotherhood, and president of
the Potomac circle.
SOLOMON, Abraham, an English
painter, b. 1823; d. 1862. Among his
best known paintings are, " Waiting for
the Verdict," " Second Class " and " First
Class," and " The Lion in Love."
SOMERSET, Sir Henry, a lieuten-
ant-general in the British army, b. 1794 ;
d. 1862. He served under the Duke of
Wellington in the Peninsula, was in the
campaign of the Netherlands, commanded
in South Africa many years, and took an
active part in the Katir wars ; and, lastly,
filled the position of commander-in-chief
at Bombay.
SONTAG, Henrietta, b. at Cob-
lentz, in 1805, of parents belonging to the
theatrical profession, received a musical
education at Prague, and appeared at
Vienna as a soprano singer about 1821.
Her success as a singer and actress led
to her being chosen, successively, by
Weber and Beethoven to take a part in
their operas. She then appeared in Paris
and London. A marriage with Count
Rossi for a time withdrew her from the
stage. The political events of 1848 ne-
cessitated her return to the stage, and she
succeeded Mdlle. Lind at London. She
afterwards visited the United States, and
d. in the city of Mexico, of cholera, 1854.
SOULT, Nicolas Jean de Dieu,
Duke of Dalmatia and Marshal of France,
was b. 1769. He entered the ranks of
the army in 1785, and received a lieuten-
ant's commission in 1791. He rose rap-
idly, and particularly signalized himself
in the victory of Fleurus. In 1799 he
served under Massena in Switzerland,
and in the following year was wounded
and taken prisoner during the defence of
Genoa. His bravery and skill now at-
tracted the notice of Napoleon, Avho em-
ployed him under his own eye, and in
1804 he was the first of the marshals
whom Napoleon created, as he was after-
ward the first marshal whom Napoleon
made a peer. He was the chief organizer
of the army which assembled at Boulogne
for the invasion of England; and when
that army was countermarched into Ger-
many against the Austrians, he led the
main column, sharing largely in the
glories of Ulm and Austerlitz', and, in
the next year, of Jena. He was sent
into Spain,"in 1808, and engaged Sir John
Moore at Corunna. Passing into the north
of Portugal, he was defeated by Wel-
lington, and retreated into Spain, the
southwest part of which he subdued, with
the exception of Cadiz. He lost the
battle of Albuera, against Beresford. in
1811. Recalled to aid Napoleon after the
Russian campaign, he was sent back to
Spain, in 1813, to stem the advance of
Wellington. He was unsuccessful; and
after a series of engagements in and near
the Pyrenees, Soult retreated into France,
exhibiting at every point strategetic
abilities of the highest order. He had
led his army safely out of Toulouse after
the final battle, when the news arrived
of Napoleon's first abdication. In 1815
he fought at Waterloo as one of Napo-
leon's major-generals. On the second
return of the Bourbons, he was for a time
proscribed, but was ultimately restored to
all his dignities. Under Louis Philippe
he enjoyed civic distinction. D. 1851.
SOtlTHEY, Caroline, the second
wife of Robert Southey, b. 1787; d. 1854.
She was the only child'of Captain Bowles,
and for many years contributed anony-
mously to English literature. It was not
until after the publication of " Ellen Fitz
Arthur," and several of the pathetic
novelettes which she had contributed to
" Blackwood's Magazine," under the
title of' Chapters on Churchyards," that
her name and identity became known
beyond her limited family circle. She
was married to Southey in 1839. —
Henry, brother of Robert Southey, the
poet, and an eminent London physician,
b. 1783 ; d. 1865. He was deemed the
highest medical authoi'ity in England in
reference to lunacv.
SOWERBY, George Brettingiiam,
an eminent conchologist, a writer in the
scientific periodicals of London, and orig-
inator of the " Zoological Journal."
His principal work, " Genera of Recent
and Fossil Shells," in two volumes, re-
mains uncompleted. B. 1790; d. 1854.
SOYER, Alexis, a celebrated profess-
or of the culinary art, a Frenchman
by birth, but a long time resident in Eng-
land. D. 1857.
SPENCE, William, one of the authors
of the " Introduction to Entomology," b.
1783 : d. 1860.
SPENCER, John C, the son of Chief
Justice Ambrose Spencer, was b. in:
Hudson, N. Y., 1788. His father, on be-
ste]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
135
ing appointed to the bench, removed to
Albany. He entered Williams college,
but soon went to Union college, where
he graduated. He was called to the bar
in 1809, and lived in Canandaigua until
1845, when he removed to Albany, where
he resided until his death. In 1811 he
was made master in chancery; in 1813
he was brigade judge-advocate in active
service on the frontier; in 1814 was ap-
pointed postmaster of Canandaigua; in
1815 was assistant attorney-general for
the western part of the state, and in 1816
was elected to congress, where he served
two years. While there, he was one of the
committee who examined into the affairs
of the United States bank, and their re-
port was drawn by his hand. When, 15
years afterwards, the final struggle came,
and General Jackson was using the means
furnished to his hand by this report, Mr.
Spencer was found among the triends of
the bank. In 1820 he was first elected
to the assembly, and was chosen speaker.
The next year he was returned, but was
in the minority. In 1824 he was elected
to the state senate, and served four years.
He joined the anti-masonic party, and
was appointed by Gov. Van Buren special
attorney-general, under the law passed
for that purpose, to prosecute those con-
nected with the alleged abduction of
Morgan. In 1832 he was again elected
to the assembly. In 1839 he was appointed
secretary of state and superintendent of
common schools, and did much to reduce
them to a system. He was appointed re-
gent of the university in 1840. In Oc-
tober, 1841, he was made secretary of war
by President Tyler, and in March, 1843,
was transferred to the treasury depart-
ment, but resigned in 1 844, from his op-
position to the annexation of Texas. He
achieved his highest fame from his con-
nection with the revision of the statutes
of New York. Not content with merely
preparing the statutes, he followed them
up with a series of essays explaining
their purposes. So great confidence was
placed in him by the people, that he was
selected to revise the whole body of the
law of the state ; but his advancing age
compelled him to dechne the task. D. 1855.
SFOHli, Louis, a musical composer,
b. 1780 ; d. in Hesse Cassel, 1859.
STANGER, William, a physician
and naturalist, attached to the Niger ex-
pedition in 1841. D. 1854.
STANLEY, Anthony Dumond, pro-
fessor of mathematics in Yale college,
published a treatise on spherical trigonom-
etry, revised an edition of Day's algebra,
aad edited a valuable set of mathematical
tables. B. at East Hartford, 1812; d.
1853.
STEELE, William, b. in the city of
New York, 1762, entered the revolutionary
army at the age of 16, and took an active
part in the struggle for independence. In
1794 he commanded a troop of New Jer-
sey horse, and aided in suppressing the
insurrection in Pennsylvania. D. 1851.
STEERS, George, a naval constructor
and shipbuilder, was b. in Washing-
ton, 1821, and removed to New York
when quite young. The yacht America
and the steamships Adriatic and Niagara
were constructed on his models, and were
the means of gaining for him a high pro-
fessional position. D. 1856.
STEINLA, MoRiTz, a Prussian en-
graver, and professor of engraving at the
Dresden academy, b. 1792; d. 1858. His
best work is the engraving of the " Ma-
donna " of Holbein.
STEPHEN, A. J., an English barris-
ter and sergeant-at-law, author of " Com-
mentaries on the Laws of England," and
" Pleadings in Civil Actions." B. 1788;
d. 1864.
STEPHENS, Mrs. Harriet Marion,
authoress of "Hagar the Martyr," and
many tales, sketches, and poems. B. 1823 ;
d. 1858.
S lEPHENSON, Robert, an engineer,
b. near Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1803, served
an apprenticeship in the locomotive works
of his father, the celebrated George Ste-
phenson. In 1828 he received a prize for
the best locomotive, which should con-
sume its own smoke, weigh no more than
six tons with its complement of water,
and draw a train of twenty tons at a rate
of ten miles an hour. In 1833 he super-
intended the construction of the London
and Birmingham railroad, and he was
shortly afterwards invited to Belgium by
the king to advise upon the best system
of railroad lines through that country.
In 1846 he visited Norway, and reported
with a view to the construction of a rail-
road there. He displayed especial skill as
an engineer in tunnels and bridges for rail-
road purposes; the Britannia bridge over
the Menai Straits, and the Victoria bridge
over the St. Lawrence being among the
monuments of his genius. D. 1859.
STEVENS, Robert L., b. 1788, the
son of John Stevens, the builder of the
Phcenix, the second steamboat in this
country, devoted much time to the im-
provement of steam-machinery and steam-
boat models, and was one of the project-
ors of the Camden and Amboy railroad.
He invented an improved bomb of a
sugar-loaf form, and was afterwards com-
136
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[8TR
missioned by the federal government to
build a steam-battery for harbor defence.
D. 1856. — Isaac Ingalls, b. in North
Andover, Mass., 1818, was killed in battle
in Fairfax county, Va., Sept. 1, 1862.
He g:raduated at the West Point military
academy in 1839, and entered the corps
of engineers, in which service he con-
tinued until 1853, -svhen he was appointed
governor and superintendent of Indian
affairs for the ten-itory of Washington.
Disputes in which he became officially
involved, led to his resignation, but not
until he had been elected a delegate of
the territory in congress, where he served
two terms. He was chairman of the
Breckinridge executive committee at
Washington in 1860, but steadily opposed
ever}'- movement in the direction of seces-
sion. As an officer of the army, he was
at the siege of Vera Cruz under General
Scott; fought in several subsequent
battles; was severely wounded in the
final assault upon the city of Mexico, and
was twice brevetted for gallant services.
In September, 1861, he was appointed a
brigadier- general in the volunteer service,
and was assigned a command under Gen.
Sherman in the expedition to Port Royal.
He commanded the principal column in
the unsuccessful assault on the confederate
position near Secessionville, June 16,
1862. He was ordered to reinforce Gen.
McClellan after the retreat of the army
of the Potomac from before Richmond;
and had charge of a division in Gen.
Pope's command at the time of his death.
STEVENSON, S. W., a numismatist,
author of "A Dictionary of Roman Coins."
D. 1854. — Thomas G., brigadier-general
United States volunteers, was a son of
the Hon. .J. T. Stevenson, of Boston. In
1861 he recruited the 24th regiment Mas-
sachusetts volunteers, which was attached
to the Burnside expedition; and was
thenceforward in active service. He dis-
played judgment and gallantry in vari-
ous expeditions on the North Carolina
coast, and in Feb., 1863, was made briga-
dier-general of volunteers. He bore a
part in the operations which resulted in
the reduction and capture of the confeder-
ate works on Morris Island, and in the
attack on Fort Wagner was intrusted
with the command of the reserves. Ex-
posure and hardship brought on illness,
and he visited the North to recover his
health. Returning to duty, he was as-
signed to the command of the first divis-
ion of the 9th corps in Virginia, and
was killed in battle. May, 1864.
STEWART, Rev. Alexander, a
Scottish writer, and one of the principal
contributors to the " Edinburgh Encyclo-
paedia." B. 1781; d. 1862.
STOCKS, John Ellerton, b. 1820,
held a medical appointment in the ser-
vice of the East India company, and be-
ing a zealous and practical botanist,
availed himself of his opportunities to
form an extensive collection of Indian
plants with drawings made by native
artists. These he took to England, with
a view to the publication of an extensive
work, but in the midst of his labor he d.,
1854. His published papers are chiefly
contained in Sir W. J. Hooker's " Lon-
don Journal of Botany."
STONEHOUSE, Rev. William
Brocklehurst, clergyman of the church
of England, author of "The Crusade of
Fidelis," and other religious works. B.
1793 ; d. 1862.
STORER, George W., rear admiral
United States navy, b. in New Hamp-
shire, received a midshipman's warrant
in 1809, and a lieutenant's commission in
1813. He served, successively, in the In-
dependent, the Congress, the Java, and
the Constitution, — the last being at the
time the flag-ship of Commodore Rodgers
in the Mediterranean squadron. He was
promoted to a captaincy in 1837, and in
1841 commanded the frigate Potomac on
the coast of Brazil. On his return he
assumed the charge of the Portsmouth
navy yard ; and in 1848 took the command
of the Brazil squadron. In 1855 he be-
came governor of the Philadelphia naval
asylum, and in 1862 was promoted to the
grade of rear-admiral. D. at Portsmouth,
1864.
STORRS, William Lucius, chief-
justice of Connecticut, and a profound
jurist, b. at Middletown, 1795; d. 1861.
STRAIN, Isaac G., lieutenant United
States navy, b. in Pennsylvania, d. in
Aspinwall, 1857. He conducted explora-
tions in the interior of Brazil and the
peninsula of California; and in 1849
crossed from Valparaiso to Buenos Ayres,
embodying his observations in a narrative
entitled "The Cordilliera and Pampa."
He was attached to the Mexican boun-
dary commission, and yet later conducted
an expedition across the Isthmus of
Darien.
STRANGFORD, Percy Clinton
Sydney Smythe, Viscount, a British
diplomatist, b. 1780; d. 1855. Whilst
minister at the court of Lisbon, he pre-
pared and published translations from
Camoens.
STRANGWAYS, Thomas Fox, b.
1790, was brigadier-general commanding
the British artillery in the Crimea, and
STU]
CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
137
was killed at Inkerman, where a round-
shot blew awav his leg.
STRICKLAND, E., a traveller and
naturalist, and the successor of Dr. Buck-
land as professor of geology at Oxford.
In 1847 he began his editorial labors upon
the zoology and geology of Professor
Agassi z, for the Ray society. B. 1811;
killed bv a railway accident, 1853.
STRONG, George C, brigadier-
general of the United States volunteers,
. in Stockbridge, Vt., 1833. He grad-
uated at West Point, and held positions
at the Watervliet arsenal and elsewhere.
In 1861 he entered upon active service,
and was on the staff, successively, of
General McDowell and General McClel-
lan. He was afterward detailed as an
ordnance officer to the department of the
Gulf; distinguishing himself at Biloxi.
He commanded the assaulting column
at Fort Wagner, Charleston harbor,
where he was mortally wounded, July,
1863.
STRUTHERS, John, a minor Scottish
poet, author of " The Poor Man's Sab-
bath," b. 1776; d. 1853.
STRUVE, Friedrich Georg Wii>
HELM VON, a Russian astronomer and
author, b. in Altona, 1793 ; d. 1864. In
1817 he was appointed director of the ob-
servatory of Dorpat, and in 1839 ac-
cepted the same position in the observa-
tory of Pulkowa. His labors in various
branches of astronomical science gained
him a European reputation. He pub-
lished several works, some of them
voluminous, and was a contributor to the
"Transactions" of the St. Petersburg
academv of sciences.
STUART, Rev. Moses, was born
at Wilton, Conn., 1780, and graduated at
Yale college in 1799. He was admitted
to the bar in Danbury, Conn., in 1802.
About the same time he became tutor in
Yale college, and continued in office
about two years. Soon after entering on
the tutorship he determined to leave the
legal profession, and engaged with great
zeal in the study of theology. In March,
1806, he was ordained pastor of the first
church in New Haven, and here con-
tinued about four years. In Feb., 1810,
he was inaugurated professor of sacred
literature in the theological seminary at
Andover, Mass., which station he filled
with distinguished usefulness and success
during most of the remainder of his
life. He published numerous commen-
taries and theological treatises. D. 1852.
— Dudley, Lord, b. 1803, commenced
his career as a liberal politician in 1830.
When Prince Adam Czartoryski and
the wreck of the Polish army arrived
in England, Lord Stuart espoused their
cause, and thenceforward, throughout
his life, labored with unfaltering devo-
tion to secure the restoration of Poland.
He rejected every proposal to take office,
declaring that he would accept no other
than that of ambassador at the court of
Warsaw. He d. at Stockholm, 1854. In
early life he married the daughter of
Lucien Bonaparte, Prince of Canino. —
Alexander, judge of the vice-admiralty
court of Nova Scotia ; d. 1865. The case
of the steamer Chesapeake, seized by
confederate pirates on the passage from
New York to Portland, was tried before
him, and his decision restored the vessel
to its owners. —James E. B., major-
general in the confederate army, was b.
in Patrick county, Va., about 1829. He
entered the West Point academy in 1850^
and four years afterward received a com-
mission as second lieutenant in a mounted
rifle corps, from which he was transferred
to the first regular cavalry. He served
in New Mexico, and acquired a reputa-
tion for fearlessness and skill in various
conflicts witn hostile Indians. In May,
1861, he joined the confederates, and was
made colonel of a Virginia cavalry regi-
ment. He commanded the cavalry at-
tached to Beauregard's and Johnston's
armies at the first battle of Bull Run, and
in the following September routed a
Union force at Lewinsville, Va. For
the latter service he was rewarded with
a brigadier-generalship. Early in the
Peninsular campaign of 1862 he con-
ducted a series of dashing cavalry expe-
ditions, preliminary to the more daring
and more formidable raid through and
around General McClellan's army, in
June, during which he destroyed a great
quantity of Union supplies, made many
captures, and widely diffused a feeling of
insecurity. On his return he was pro-
moted to the rank of major-general, and
placed in command of a division of
cavalry. His next exploit was at Cat-
lett's Station, Va., where he dashed upon
General Pope's forces, and penetrated to
headquarters, carrying off Pope's papers
and dress-uniform. In October he made
a raid into Pennsylvania, and another
into Maryland, taking possession of
Chambersburg, and doing much dam-
age on the line of the Baltimore and
Ohio railroad. At the various places he
visited he respected private property-
other than horses, but seized and de-
stroyed public property to an immense
amount. He encountered Pleasanton at
the Barbee's Cross-roads in November,
im
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[sum
and in December took part in the battle
of Fredericksburg : after which he cross-
ed the Rappahannock and effected an-
other of his raids in safety. In May,
1863, he assumed control of *" Stonewalf"
Jackson's corps, and in June accom-
panied Lee toward Maryland, marching
and doing damage in various directions,
and reaching Gettysburg in time to
take part in the battle. In October he
had several engagements with the Union
cavalry. In May, 1864, during the bat-
tles in the Wilderness, he was met by
General Sheridan and driven back. In
turn he followed Sheridan, and on the
morning of Alay 12th met the Union
forces under General Wilson and Colonel
Gregg. While preparing for an engage-
ment, he was singled out at short range
and mortally wounded, dying a few
hours subsequently at Richmond, whither
he had been taken in an ambulance.
STURGE, J(»SEPH, a member of the
society of friends, and an active partici-
pator in various philanthropic move-
ments, b. 1794 ; d. in England, 1859. He
visited the United States as a laborer in
the anti-slavery cause.
SUE, Eugene, one of the most effect-
ive and prolific novelists of France, was
b. in Paris, 1801. After studying medi-
cine in the hospitals and schools, he en-
tered a company of the royal body-guards,
as aide-major, in 1823, and soon after-
wards was transferred to the staff of the
French army then preparing to enter
Spain, under the Due d'Angouleme, and
was present at the siege of Cadiz, and at
some minor operations. In 1825 he ex-
changed the army for the naval service,
and visited America, Asia, and the Medi-
terranean coasts; thus obtaining a knowl-
edge of ocean scenes and sailor -life,
which he afterwards turned to good ac-
coimt in his earlier tales. In 1828 he
took part in the engagement at Navarino.
In the following year, by the death of his
father, he came into the possession of a
considerable fortune, and he now became
a painter, and entered the studio of
Gudin. After contributing to some mi-
nor stage-pieces, now forgotten, he wrote
various novels, chiefly illustrative of
naval life. From 1832 to 1840 Eugene
Sue had confined himself to that class
of fictions in which he endeavored to
emulate, if not to surpass, Fenimore
Cooper in sea adventm-es, and Sir Wal-
ter Scott in historical dehneations. But,
changing on a sudden his political views,
he embraced the opinions of the social-
ists, and in his novel of " Mathilde,"
published in 1841, he labored to expose
the wrongs of the lower classes and the
miseries of the poor, which he afterwards
developed with so much power and suc-
cess in the " Mysteries of Paris,* and the
" Wandering Jew." These two novels
were welcomed with great enthusiasm in
France, and brought him a large acces-
sion of fame and fortune. In the columns
of the " Constitutionnel," Eugene Sue, in
1846, published his " Martin I'Enfant
Trouve," a socialist romance, and in the
following year, " Les Sept Pecht^s Capi-
taux." "Les Mysteresdu Peuple," pub-
lished in 1849-1856, which was intended
to be an exposure of the misery to which
the common people of every country
have been reduced in all ages of tlie
world by injustice and tyranny, was sup-
pressed by the government in 1857. In
1848, after the revolution of February,
Eugene Sue adopted the strongest demo-
cratic and socialist opinions, and was
elected in 1850 a member of the National
assembly. When Louis Napoleon per-
petrated the coup d'etat, in December,
1851, Eugene Sue was driven into exile,
and d. proscribed, in 18^57.
SUMNER, John Bikd, D. D., Arch-
bishop of Canterbury, author of " Evi-
dences of Christianity," " Expository
Lectures," and other theological works,
and the leader of what is known as the
" Evangelical Section " of the English
church, b. 1780; d. 1862. — Edwin
VosE, brevet major-general in the Unit-
ed States armv, b. in Boston, Mass.,
1796; d. 1803. 'He served in the Black
Hawk war, as second lieutenant in the
second infantry, and on the Indian front-
ier, as captain of the second dragoons.
He afterward commanded the school of
cavalry practice at Carlisle, Pa. He be-
came major in 1846; in 1847, led the
cavalry charge at Cerro Gordo, where he
was wounded; and was brevetted lieu-
tenant-colonel. He gathered fiu-ther
laurels at Contreras, Churubusco, and
Molino del Rey ; and in 1848 was com-
missioned lieutenant-colonel of the first
dragoons. For a time he commanded
the department of New Mexico. In
1855 he was made colonel of the first
cavalry, and during the next three or
four years held important posts on the
western frontier. In March, 1861, he
was appointed brigadier - general in the
regular army, and in 1862 commanded
the first army corps in the army of the
Potomac. He served at the siege of
Yorktown, and was twice wounded in the
battles of the Chickahominy. He was
then made major-general of volunteers,
and brevet major-general in the regular
tan]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
189
army. He was again wounded in the
battle of Antietam.
SUSINI, Mks. Isabella Hinckley,
an Ainerican vocalist, a daughter of Dr.
Hinckley, of Albany, and wife of Signor
Susini, d. in New Fork, 1862. She ap-
peared successfully in Italian opera in sev-
eral of the capitals of Europe, and after-
ward in the chief cities of the United States.
SUTHERLAND, George Granville
Sutherland Leveson Gower, Duke
of, b. 1786 ; d. 1861. He was the owner
of immense estates in Scotland, from
which he drove a host of small farmers
and peasants, whose presence interfered
with his plans for improving herds of cat-
tle and sheep.
SYMINGTON, W., author of a work
on the " Atonement and Intercession of
Christ," and another on the " Mediatorial
Dominion of Christ," b. 1795 ; d. 1862.
He was professor of theology in the
seminary of the reformed pre'sbyterian
church in Scotland.
SYMONS, Jelinger Cookson, editor
of the London "Law Magazine," and a
prolific writer of essays and pamphlets,
b. 1810; d. 1860. He originated the
theory that the moon does not rotate upon
its axis.
SZECHENYI, Count Stephen, a
distinguished Hungarian, and one of the
leaders of the revolution in 1848. B.
1793 ; d. near Vienna, 1860.
T.
TACHE, Sir Etienne P., a promi-
nent French Canadian politician, b. at
St. Thomas, Lower Canada, 1795; d.
1865. He served with the British in the
war of 1812-14, and afterward adopted
the medical profession. During the
period of excitement which culminated
m the abortive rising of 1837, Dr. Tache
took an active part in opposition tc the
policy of the British government. He
subsequently became a zealous loyalist,
and having entered the Canadian legisla-
ture, held office as a member of dift'erent
administrations. In 1848 he was made
a life member of the legislative council ;
in 1858 was knighted by Queen Victoria ;
and in 1864 became premier of the pro-
vincial cabinet. He held, from the pope,
the rank of knight of the Roman order of
St. Gregory.
TALFOURD, Thomas Noon, the
author of " Ion," b. at Reading, 1795,
was instructed in classical literature by
Dr. Valpy. Called to the bar in 1821, he
received a sergeant's gown in 1833. In
1835 he entered parliament, and pub-
lished his celebrated tragedy, followed at
intervals by " The Athenian Captive,"
*' Glencoe," and the " Castilian." He was
appointed a judge of the common pleas in
1849, and whilst on the bench at Stafford,
in 1854, suddenly expired. His prose
works are, a " Life of Charles Lamb,"
"Vacation Rambles," and a biography
of Mrs. Radcliffe. He was greatly be-
loved for kindness of heart, and all the
virtues of social intercourse.
TALLMADGE, Nathaniel P., terri-
torial governor of Wisconsin under Presi-
dent Tyler, was a lawyer by profession,
76
b. m Columbia county, N. Y., 1795. He
served for some years in the New York
legislature, and was a senator in con-
gress from 1838 to 1844. D. 1864.
TALMADGE, James, b. in Duchess
coxmty, N. Y., 1788, was a representative
in congress, 1817-19, and strenuously op-
posed the adoption of the Missouri com-
promise. He was an active member of
the convention which framed the consti-
tution of 1821 ; in 1824 was elected lieu-
tenant-governor under Clinton; and in
1846 was a member of the constitutional
convention of the state. He was presi-
dent of the American institute in New
York during the last 20 years of his life.
D. 1853.
TANEY, Roger Brooke, for 27 years
chief justice of the supreme court of the
United States, was b. in Calvert county,
Md., 1777. He graduated at Dickinson
college, Penn., in 1795, and in the follow-
ing year commenced the study of the law
in Annapolis. He was admitted to the
Maryland bar in 1799, and began the
practice of law in his native county,
removing to Frederick, Md., in 1801.
He was elected a delegate to the general
assembly, and in 1816 was elected a state
senator. He removed to Baltimore in
1822, where he resided until his death.
In 1827 he was appointed attorney-
general of Maryland, and in 1831 at-
torney-general of the United States. In
Sept., 1833, President Jackson appointed
him secretary of the treasury, as succes-
sor of Mr. Duane, who was dismissed be-
cause of his refusal to remove the govern-
ment deposits from the United States
bank. Mr. Taney, on succeeding to the
140
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[ter
office, carried out the policy of the presi-
dent, but the senate rejected his nomina-
tion. He was nominated an associate
justice of the supreme court in 1835, but
again failed to obtain confirmation by the
senate. In March, 1836, President Jack-
son appointed him to the supreme court
as the successor of Chief Justice Marshall;
and the majority of the senate having
become democratic, the nomination was
this time confirmed. He began his
judicial labors in Jan., 1837, and con-
tinued them to the very close of life. D.
1864.
TAPPAN, Arthur, many years a
New York merchant, but more generally
known as one of the earliest and most
influential members of the anti-slavery
party, b. in Northampton, Mass., 1786;
d. 1865. The circumstance which first
brought his name into prominence as an
abolitionist was his payment of the fine
required to obtain the release of Mr. W.
L. Garrison from the Baltimore prison,
where he was confined for the publication
of an article on the domestic slave-trade.
In conjunction with his brothers, Mr.
Tappan originated the mercantile agency
business in the United States. Through-
out life he enjoyed a reputation for be-
nevolence and integritv.
TAYLOR, Isaac, an English writer
and essayist, and brother of Jane Taylor,
whose literary contributions are well
known, was b. in Suffolk, England, in
1787. He was educated privately by his
father, a nonconformist minister, and was
originally destined for the pulpit. Re-
linquishing the idea, he next turned his
attention to the legal profession, but ulti-
mately betook himself to literature, and
for many years lived in rural retirement.
Here he wrote and published anony-
mously " The Natural History of Enthu-
siasm," which was favorably received by
the religious public. His works on " Fa-
naticism," " Spiritual Despotism," and
" The Physical Theory of Another Life,"
were also popular among the orthodox
nonconformist communities ; although
the labored obscurity of his style, and his
indefinite mode of expression, proved
serious obstacles to his literary fame.
For calm beauty, and a cheerful, hopeful
tone, he produced nothing superior to his
" Home Education," " Saturday Even-
ing," and " Spiritual Christianity." His
"Ancient Christianity" was an attempt
to meet Dr. Pusey and his disciples on
their own ground, and to controvert their
position by a discussion of the writings
of the early fathers. He was also the
author of " Loyola and Jesuitism." and
" Wesley and Methodism." In addition
to his gifts as an author, he possessed a
certain amount of mechanical genius,
which he turned to some profitable ac-
count in originating various designs of a
useful character. D. 1865. — John W.,
b. in Saratoga county, N. Y., 1780; d. in
Cleveland, 1854. He was long a leading
politician in his native state; elected to
the state legislature in 1811, and to con-
gress in 1813. He was speaker of the
house during the passage of the Missouri
compromise. — Richard, a London
printer, whose press was long the favorite
one for classical and scientific publica-
tions, was b. 1781. He established the
" Annals of Natural History." D. 1858.
— George W., brigadier - general of
volunteers in the United States army, h.
in Hunterdon county, N. J., 1808, 'was
mortally wounded in the second battle of
Bull Run, and d. at Alexandria, Va.,
Sept. 1, 1862. He served in the Mexican
war, but at the outbreak of the civil con-
flict in 1861 he was engaged in mining
and the manufacture of iron in his native
county. He became colonel of the 3d
New Jersey volunteers, and was promoted
after the battle of West Point. He com-
manded his brigade in the seven-days'
struggle before Richmond.
TELEKI, Count Ladislaus, a Hun-
garian writer, scholar, and patriot, b.
1811, was sent to Paris in 1848 by the
Hungarian government to urge a recog-
nition of Hungarian nationality. The
triumph of Austria made him an exile,
with sentence of death pronounced
against him. In 1860 he ventured to
visit Dresden, when he was arrested by
the police and delivered to the Austrian
government. He received a conditional
pardon, and in April, 1861, obtained a
seat in the Hungarian diet. His patriotic
impulses led him to oppose the Austrian
emperor, and so to violate the pledge upon
which pardon had been* granted. H«
committed suicide in Pesth, May 8, 1861-
TERRELL, Dr. William, a promi-
nent citizen of Georgia, a member of the
state legislature, and from 1817 to 1821 a
representative in congress. He was an
active promoter of agricultural improve-
ment, and munificently provided for the
establishment of a professorship of agri-
culture in the state university. D. 1855.
TERRILL, William R., brigadier-
general of volunteers in the United States
army, b. in Virginia, entered the United
States army in 1853, and in May, 1861,
was captain in the fifth artillery. He
raised a regiment for service in Kentucky,
and for his gallantry at Shiloh was ap-
THi]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
Ul
pointed to the position he held at his
death. He was killed at the battle of
Perrvv'ille, Ky., Oct. 8, 1862.
THACKERAY, William Make-
peace, novelist and essayist, b. at Cal-
cutta, 1811, was the son of the Rev.
Richard Thackeray, who held a situation
in the East India company's civil service.
He was educated in England, and left
Cambridge university without taking a
degree. He went to Rome as a profes-
sional student of art, but abandoned the
purpose, and, on returning to London,
gave himself to literature. He contributed
occasionally to the " Times," but first
gained distinction by a series of tales,
essays, and sketches written for "Eraser's
Magazine" under the pseudonym of
Michael Angelo Titmarsh. His earliest
separate publications, such as " The Paris
Sketch-Book " and the " Chronicle of the
Drum," were not very successful, al-
though the genius of Thackeray as a
humorist was even then appreciated by
critical minds. It was in the pages of
" Punch " that he became a power in the
literature of England. " The Snob
Papers " and "Jeames's Diary" placed
his reputation as a satirist beyond cavil.
" Vanity Eair " followed as a separate
publication, and in 1849-50 the " His-
tory of Pendennis," and " Rebecca and
Rowena," — the latter a burlesque con-
tinuation of Sir Walter Scott's " Ivan-
hoe." The " Kickleburys on the Rhine,"
issued in 1851. drew upon Thackeray a
severe castigation from the " London
Times," to which he replied in " An
Essay on Thunder and Small Beer.'' His
next' novel, " Esmond," appeared in 1852,
the scene being laid in the days of Queen
Anne; and out of his study of the lead-
ing characters of that age arose " Lectures
on the English Humorists," a series of
the most agreeable biographical sketches
in the language. Prior to the collected
publication of the lectures, they were
delivered by Thackeray in London and
in the chief cities of the United States.
His success as a lecturer led Thackeray
to prepare another series, — " The Four
Georges," — which were also delivered in
the United States. In 1857 he became a
candidate for parliamentary honors, but
was defeated by his opponent. " The
Newcomes " and " The Virginians " were
amongst the latest productions of this
eminent writer, who d. suddenly in Lon-
don, 1864.
THIERRY, J. IST. Augustin, the great-
est OT modern French historians, was b.
1795 in Blois, of poor parents, and passed
through his studies at the college of his na-
tive town. In 1811 he entered the normal
school, and two years afterward was ap-
pointed professor in a provincial college.
He removed to Paris in 1814, sharing the
wild ardor of the time, but without fixed
ideas or predilection for any distinct
branch of science. He yearned, as he
himself said, for a future, he knew not
exactly what; for liberty assured by a
government '' with the greatest possible
amount of individual guaranties, and the
least possible amount of administrative
action." Fascinated by the daring scope
of St. Simon's views, Thierry quitted the
university and attached himself to the
celebrated economist as secretarv and
disciple. The relation was of brief dura-
tion, for in 1817 he entered the ranks of
journalism as a writer for the " Censeur
Europ^en." The polemics of the day
led him to the study of history, then dull
and arid ; and, as yet unconscious of his
vocation and destiny, he thus laid the
foundation of his power as the founder
of the new school of French history.
The voice of the Bourbon was supreme,
and the courtly historians upheld the pre-
tensions of the rulei's with an insolence
that challenged controversy. Montlosier
had reproduced an historical system based
upon the distinction between the con-
quered and the conquerors in France.
Thierry accepted the fact of the conquest
as the premises on which to found his
claims in favor of the conquered. An
assailant of the theories of Montlosier,
and a defender of the revolution, Thierry
produced his great work, the '' Histoire
de la Conquete de I'Angleterre par les
Normands." With sight and health im-
paired, Thierry sought recuperation in
Switzerland. His general health im-
proved, but, almost blind, he returned to
Paris to resume his labors in the field of
history, aided by one as secretary who
has since taken a brilliant position in
literature and journalism, — Armand
Carrel. Thierry's next work was the
" Lettres sur I'Histoire de France." Ill-
ness soon compelled him to betake him-
self to the baths of Luxeuil. During his
absence the Academic Fran9aise awarded
him the Gobert prize of $2000; and
Guizot selected him to compile for the
government all the materials to be found
throughout France bearing upon the his-
tory of the third estate. Blindness and
paralysis did not deter Thierry from the
prosecution of his favorite studies, which
he continued to the last. D. 1856.
THINEMAN, F. A. L.,Dr., a German
ornithologist, b. 1792; d. near Dresden,
1857.
142
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[til
THOMP'SON, Zadock, professor of
natural history in the university of Ver-
mont and state naturalist, author- of a
gazetteer and history of Vermont, and
other works, b. 1797 : d. 1856.
THOMSON, Thomas, a successful
chemical teacher, author of a " System
of Chemistry,'- and one of the original
editors of the " Encyclopaedia Britannica."
He was b. in Perthshire, 1773, and com-
menced his lectures at Edinburgh in 1800.
He invented the system of symbols now
in universal use, tfiough modified in some
respects by subsequent discovery, and in-
troduced the use of Greek and Latin
numerals to designate the various degrees
of oxidation, «&c., of which bodies are
susceptible. He opened the first labora-
tory in Scotland for practical manipula-
tion. Thomson's discoveries include
chlorocromic acid, hyposulphurous acid,
hydrosulphurous acid, potash oxalates of
chromium, potash chromate of magnesia,
chloride of sulphur, many salts, and above
fifty species of minerals. D. at Glasgow,
1852. — Catharine, a prolific authoress,
the widow of an English physician. Her
first efforts were biographical and his-
torical, including lives of Wolsey and
Raleigh, and " Memoirs of the Court of
Henry VHI." She next published a
series of historical novels, among which
were, " Anne Boleyn," " Kagland Castle,"
" The White Mask," " The Chevalier."
She subsequently wrote " Court Secrets,"
the " Queens of Society," " Wits and
Beaux," and other works. D. 1862.
THORBURN, Grant, the "Laurie
Todd" of the newspapers, and the hero
of Gait's novel, b. in Dalkeith, Scot-
land, 1773; d. in New Haven, 1863. A
threatened prosecution of a political nature
led him, in 1792, to emigrate to the United
States, and on his arrival here he worked
for some time at the trade of a nail-maker.
He afterwards embarked in the seed busi-
ness, in which he made for himself a
name and a fortune. Many of his con-
tributions to the press were quaint remi-
niscences of New York life and society
at the beginning of the centurv.
THOREAU, Henry D., 'author of
" Life in the Woods," and " A Week on
the Concord and Merrimack Rivers," and
widely known as an observant and
thoughtful writer and an eccentric man,
b. in Boston, 1817 ; d. 1862. He grad-
uated at Harvard in 1837, and was for
three years a teacher. Sharing the views
of Ralph Waldo Emerson, he removed to
Concord, whence he made numerous
pedestrian excursions through the woods
and mountains of New Hampshire and
neighboring states; treasuring observa-
tions which served him well when he
commenced authorship. For upwards of
two years he dwelt in a shanty erected by
himself in the woods near Concord, and
there gathered the materials of the work
which first made him known in the lit-
erary world. Two posthumous volumes
from his pen were published in 1863, and
a third appeared in 1865.
THORNWELL, James Henry, D. D.,
an eminent South Carolinian, b. 1811,
graduated at Columbia college in 1829,
and then entered upon the study of the
law. This he abandoned for theology,
and he became the pastor of a presby-
terian church, successively, in Columbia
and Charleston. In 1836 he was chosen
professor of logic and belles-lettres in
South Carolina college ; in 1840, professor
of the evidences of Christianity and chap-
lain of the college ; in 1852, president
of the college ; in 1856, senior professor
of the presbyterian theological seminary
at Columbia. He was an active and in-
fluential politician as well as a divine;
an advocate of slavery ; and an adherent
and warm friend of 'John C. Calhoun.
He was one of the most ardent promoters
of secession, and opened the first sitting
of the South Carolina secession conven-
tion with prayer. He published several
pamphlets, sermons, and addresses, and
also a controversial work, entitled " Ar-
guments of Romanists Discussed and
Refuted." D. 1862.
TH<:CK, LuDvviG, b. at Berlin, 1773;
studied, successively, at Halle, Gottingen,
and Erlangen. From boyhood poetry
was his favorite study, but though always
a pleasing versifier, his endowments
manifested themselves most finely in
prose. His literary career has been di-
vided into three epochs. In the first he
was one of the Romanticists ; some of
his works being dramatic and poetical
parodies, others belonging to the class
known as art-novels. Other pieces were
saintly or historical legends dramatically
treated. Others again — and these the
most popular of all — are popular legends,
related in a prose narrative form, full of
playful fancy, beautiful description, and a
pleasing simplicity of manner. Years of
painful illness intervened between these
productions and his translations of the old
English drama. After many wanderings
he took up his residence in Dresden m
1819, where he enjoyed a pension and
honorarv counsellorship. Besides col-
lecting tis earlier works, he wrote critical
and dissertative novels. D. 1853.
TILDEMANN, Friedrich, a German
tur]
CYCLOPiKDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
143
and anatomist, b. in Hesse
Jass.il, 1781; d. in IVfunich, 1861.
TILGHMAN, Lloyd, a confederate
brigadier-general, a native of Maryland,
and a graduate of West I'oint, kifled at
Champion Hill, Miss., 1863.
TOCQUEVILLE, Alexis C H.
Clerel de, eminent as a philosophic
thinker and writer, was b. at Verneuil in
1805, and was admitted a member of the
French bar in 1825. In the following
year he was appointed juge d'instruction
at Versailles; which otfice he held for
three years, exchanging it in 1830 for
that of juge-suppl^ant. In 1832 he was
sent on a joint mission with M. G. de
Beaumont to America, to inquire into the
penitentiary system of the United States,
with a view to its introduction into
France. Here he spent two years, visit-
ing the different states, anh inquiring
assiduously into the institutions of the
country. As the results of his researches
and reflections he published in 1835 his
" Democratic en Amerique," which has
been pronounced to be the best and pro-
foundest work that has appeared from a
foreign pen on the United States. In
1839 he became a member of the cham-
ber of deputies, and his senatorial efforts
were remarkable for largeness of view
and that sagacity and foresight which
distinguish the statesman from the mere
politician. After the revolution of 1848
he was returned both to the national and
legislative assemblies, when he vigorously
opposed the prevalent theories as to the
organization of labor. In June, 1849, he
was appointed minister of foreign affairs,
but resigned his portfolio in October, in
consequence of the president's message
appearing to deviate from the system of
moderation to which he was attached.
As a private member of the legislative
chamber, he continued to oppose the
personal system of the Elys^e; to the
last he remained a faithful adherent of
parliamentary government; and he was
one of those who protested against the
coup d'etat of Dec. 2, 1851, and with the
rest of his colleagues was thrown into
prison till the illegal deed was consum-
mated. From this period he devoted
himself entirely to literary pursuits ; and
in 1856 he published an elaborate work
on the "Ancien Regime et la Revolution,"
which for profound and original views
and beauty of style has rarelv been sur-
passed. I). 1859.
TOOKE, Thomas, an eminent mer-
chant and writer on financial subjects,
was b. in 1774, at St. Petersburg, where
nis father, well known as the author of
the " History of Russia " and the " Life
of Catherine II.," held the office of chap-
lain to the British factory. Early in life
he entered into mercantile pursuits as
partner in one of the largest houses en-
gaged in the Russian trade, and there
gained the great experience and knowl-
edge of details which became so con-
spicuous in the works on financial sub-
jects which he afterwards produced. In
1820 he drew up the document known
as the "Merchant's Petition in Favor of
Free Trade," and from this period to the
close of his life he was an active partici-
pator in all the inquiries and legislation
connected with social and financial re-
form in Great Britain. His " History of
Prices," in six volumes, has secured for
him a place in the first rank of political
economists. It embodies a great mass of
information with respect to the commer-
cial history of England during the event-
ful period of 56 years, ending with 1856,
and is no less valuable to speculative
than to practical inquirers. D. 1858.
TOWNSEND, George, D. D., a
theologian, author of " The Chronologi-
cal Arrangement of the Holy Bible,"
" Accusations of Historj- against the
Church of Rome," and other works, b.
1787. In 1847 he went to Italy to con-
vert the pope, but his published account
does not show satisfaction with the result
of his labors. D. 1857.
TRACY, Rev. E. C, a congregational
minister, formerly editor of the '' Boston
Recorder," and subsequently of . the
"Vermont Chronicle." B. 1796; d.
1862.
TRAILL, Thomas Stuart, professor
of medical jurisprudence in the univer-
sity of Edinburgh, and editor of the last
edition of the " Encyclopaedia Britan-
nica." B. 1782; d. 1862.
TRIMBLE, Isaac R., b. in Virginia,
1801, was graduated at West Point, but
abandoned the army and took high rank
as a civil engineer. In 1861 he joined
the seceded states as a brigadier-general,
and was killed at the battle of Cedar
Mountain, Aug. 9, 1862.
TURNER, Joseph Mallerd Wil-
liam, one of the most remarkable of
English landscape-painters, was b. of
humble parents in London, 1775. His
abilities appear to have been rapidly de-
veloped, for though unaided by instruc-
tion from any master, he obtained admis-
sion as a student into the royal academy
in 1789, and in 1790 was an" exhibitor in
the academy. His elaborate drawings
soon procured a public recognition of his
talents, having been elected an associate
144
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGKAPHY.
[UHL
of the royal academy in 1800, and an
academician in 1802. For 50 years he
was one of the most distinguished mem-
bers of that institution ; and after a suc-
cessful life, in the course of which he ac-
cumulated a large fortune, he d. in ob-
scure lodgings, under an assumed name,
at Chelsea, 1851. He was buried by the
side of Sir Joshua Reynolds in St Paul's.
His pictures and property he bequeathed
to the British nation. Turner's earlier
style was characterized by elaborate
finish ; his latest, by excessive looseness
of execution. — William VV., remark-
able as a self-taught linguist, was b. in
England in 1810, and while yet young
came to New York as a journeyman
printer. He acquired a familiar knowl-
edge of the Hebrew, Sanscrit, and other
Oriental languages, besides those of
modern Europe. He edited various Lexi-
cons, and prepared a dictionary of one of
the African languages for the Smithsonian
institution. He was professor of Oriental
literature in the Union theological semi-
nary at Schenectady, and in 1852 was
appointed librarian of the patent-office at
Washington. D. 1859. — Rev. Samuel
H., an episcopal clergyman, distinguished
for his critical scholarship, b. in Philadel-
phia, 1791 ; d. 1861. In 1818 he was ap-
pointed professor of historic theology in
the general theological seminary at New
York; in 1821, professor of biblical learn-
ing and interpretation of the scriptures
in the same institution ; and, in 1831, pro-
fessor of Hebrew in Columbia college.
TWIGGS, David Emanuel, b. in
Georgia, 1790, entered the United States
army as captain in 1812, and served
throughout the war with Great Britain,
and at its conclusion held the position of
captain in the seventh infantry, with the
brevet rank of major. He distinguished
himself in the Mexican war, and was
bre vetted major-general, and presented
, with a sword by congress, for gallant
j conduct at Monterey In 1847 he com-
I manded a division under General Scott,
; and in 1848 was military governor of
' Vera Cruz. In 1861 he was m command
of the Union troops in Texas, and
treacherously surrendered military stores
and materials into the hands of the state
authorities, and the troops under his
charge to the rebel authorities. He held
the rank of major-general in the confed-
erate army for a short time, but soon
afterward resigned, and d. 1862.
TYLER, John, one of the presidents
of the United States, b. in Charles City
county, Va., 1790. He had l^arely at-
tained to manhood when he was elected
to the state legislature. Five years after-
ward he was elected to congress, and in
1826 to the gubernatorial chair of his
native state. Before the expiration of
the term of this office he was chosen to
fill a vacancy in the senate of the United
States, where he officiated as president
pro tern, of that body. He served in this
capacity until a difference of opinion
having" arisen between General Jackson
and himself, he resigned his seat in 1836.
In 1840 he was selected by the whig party
as their candidate for vice-president.
He was elected to that office by a large
majority, and entered upon the discharge
of his duties in March, 1841, when the
death of the president, General Harrison,
shortly after raised him to the chief
magistracy of the republic. His term
of office expired in 1845, after which he
lived in retirement in Virginia until early
in 1861, when he reappeared at Washing-
ton as a delegate to the peace congress,
of which body he was president. A few
weeks later he became a member of the
Virginia convention whieh passed the or-
dinance of secession, and subsequently of
the confederate congress. D. in Rich-
mond, Jan. 17, 1862.
u.
UHLAND, Johann Ludwig, a Ger-
man lyric poet, b. in Tiibingen, 1787.
Having studied law, he took his degree in
] 810, but afterwards visited Paris, where
he applied himself to the study of the old
French poets. After his return home he
was employed in the department of the
minister of justice in Wiirtemberg; was
elected to the second chamber in 1816;
became professor at Tubingen in 1829,
but resigned his post in consequence of
not being admitted to the chamber. At
the regeneration of Germany, in March,
1848, the name of Uhland again as-
sumed political weight. The Wiirtem-
berg ministry having sent him as a dele-
gate to Frankfort, he took part in the
reorganization of the congress. Uhland
wrote his earlier poems during the height
of the romantic period, but the brightness
of the imagery, and the purity and sim-
plicity of the thoughts, elevated them
van]
CYCLOP-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
145
above the ruling influences. He sought
material for his poems among the tradi-
tions of all the nations of the west of
Europe, but always invested them with
the pure German character and expres-
sion. He was always quite as much of a
politician as a poet, and entered into and
expressed himself strongly on the various
phases of politics that in turn agitated
the German people. His principal works
are, "Ernest, Duke of Swabia," a trag-
edy; "Louis the Bavarian," a drama;
*• bramatic Poems ; " " Walter of the
Vogelweide." " The Black Knight,"
" The Castle by the Sea," and other of
his ballads have been made familiar to
American readers by Longfellow's trans-
lations. D. 1862.
UPHAM, Timothy, b. in Deerfield,
N. H., 1807, commenced mercantile life in
Portsmouth in 1807. On the breaking
out of the war of 1812, he joined the army
with the rank of major, and was placed \
in command of the forts and harbor of j
Portsmouth, and superintended the re- j
cruiting service. In July, 1812, he re- [
ceived a commission in the 11th in- I
fantry, and in September joined the army |
in Plattsburg. He saw considerable ser- j
vice, and was promoted to be lieutenant-
colonel in the famous 21st regiment,
commanded by Colonel Miller, and at
the sortie from Fort Erie he commanded
the reserve. At the close of the war his
health was so shattered that he resigned
his commission. He subsequently held
office under the federal government, and
d. in Charlestown, Mass., 1855.
URE, Dr. Andrew, an eminent
chemist, and writer on chemistrv and the
kindred sciences, was b. in Glasgow in
1778. After pursuing his studies at the
universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh,
he succeeded Dr. Birkbeck as Ander-
sonian professor of chemistrv and natural
philosophy at Glasgow in 1806, where he
gained fame as a lecturer and for his
success in his class experiments. In 1818
he brought forward his " New Experi-
mental Researches on some of the lead-
ing doctrines of caloric, particularly on
the relation between the elasticity, "tem-
perature, and latent heat of different va-
pors, and on thermometric measure-
ment and capacity," which was read be-
fore the royal society, and published in
their " Transactions " for that year. In
1821 appeared the first edition of his
" Dictionary of Chemistry," which pro-
cured him the friendship of Sir H. Daw,
Dr. Wollaston, and Dr. E. D. Clarke.
This was followed by various papers
which he contributed to philosophical
journals, his " System of Geology," pub-
lished in 1829, and by his " Philosophy
of Manufactures," and his»work on the
" Cotton Manufactures of Great Britain,"
published, respectively, in 1830 and 18.31.
His last great work was the " Dictionary
of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines," a
work of immense labor and research,
which has gone through many editions,
and has been translated into the leading
continental languages. D. 1857.
VALPY, Abraham John, editor of
London editions of the classics, d. 1854.
VAN BRUNT, Gershom J., commo-
dore United States navy, b. in New
Jersey, 1800, entered the service in 1818,
and d. at Dedham, Mass., 1863. He was
commissioned commander of the Minne-
sota in 1862, and after taking part in
the reduction of the Hatteras forts, was
engaged in the blockading service at
Hampton Roads. He had the supervi-
sion and equipment of General Banks's
New Orleans expedition.
VAN BUREN, Martin, a president
of the United States, b. at Kinderhook,
N. Y., 1782; d. near that place, July 24,
1802. He enjoyed only an ordinary
education, and iii 1796 began the study
of thQ law, which he continued until
1803, when he was admitted to the bar.
He had meanwhile taken an active part
in politics, and in 1808 was appointed by
Governor Tompkins surrogate of Colum-^
bia county. In 1812 he was elected to
the state senate. He continued a mem-
ber of that body«until 1820, having been,
during that period, a supporter of the war
and the canal project. A portion of this
time he also held the office of attorney-
general. He was a member of the coiii-
stitutional convention of the state of New
York in 1821, and in February of the
same year he was elected to the United
States senate, and reelected in 1827,
serving until 1829. The following year
the gubernatorial chair of the state of New
York became vacant by the death of Gov-
ernor Clinton, and Mr. Van Buren was se-
146
CYCLOP'^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[VIL
lected as the candidate for that office, by
the democratic party of the state. He was
elected, but lus career as governor was
brief, for he soon afterward accepted from
President Jackson the office of secretary
of state. Tlie president appointed hira
ambassador to England, but the senate
refused to contirm the nomination. He
received a large majority of the electoral
votes for vice-president in 1832, which
office he continued to fill during Presi-
dent Jackson's term. In 1836 he was
nominated for the office of president, and
elected. In 1840 he was again nominated
for the same office, but defeated by the
whig candidate. General Harrison. He
was equally unsuccessful in 1848, as the
candidate of the free-soil section of the
democratic party.
VANDENHOFF, John, a dramatic
performer, b. at Salisbury, England, 1790,
was of Dutch origin, his grandfather hav-
ing been an Amsterdam merchant. Afl er
filling engagements in the theatres of
several country towns, he ap{>eared in
Liverpool in 1814, and made his lirst
mark as Rolla in '■'■ Pizarro." He ap-
peared first in London in 1820, and played
King Lear and Coriolanus with dis-
tinguished ability. He visited the Unit-
ed States twice, on each occasion meeting
with great success. He retired from the
stage in 1858, and d. 1861.
VANDERBURGH, M. Emiue, a
French dramatist, originally an officer in
the army of La Vendee, b.'l795; d. 1862.
His enacted productions exceed a hun-
dred dramas.
VANDERLYN, John, an American
painter, was b. in Kingston, N. Y., and
went to Paris in 1796 to study his art,
remaining there five years. His master-
piece, painted in Rome, is entitled,
" Marius on the Ruins of Carthage."
His portrait of Wa^iington hangs in the
hall of the United States house of repre-
sentatives, and another of his paintings
fills a panel in the rotunda of the capitol.
His last work was a portrait of President
Taylor. D. 1852.
VAN DORN, Earl, b. in Mississippi,
1823, graduated at West Point in 1842,
and in the Mexican war distinguished
himself on several occasions. In the
spring of 1861 he resigned his commis-
sion in the United States army, and
joined tlie confederates with the rank of
colonel. He captured the steamship Star
of the West, and forced the surrender of
several companies of United States in-
fantry at the time stationed in Texas.
In Jan., 1862, he was placed in command
of the trans-Mississippi district as major-
general, but after the battle of Pea Ridge
was superseded. He was killed in a pri-
vate quarrel in Tennessee, 1863.
VAN EYCKEN, John, a distinguished
painter, d. in Brussels, 1854.
VAN NESS, Cornelius P., b. 1781;
d. in Philadelphia, 1852. He was chief
justice of Vermont, and afterwards gov-
ernor of that stat£. He was appointed by
Pr<^sident Jackson minister to Spain, and
remained there in that capacity nine
years.
VEDDER, Davio, a Scottish poet
and prose writer, d. 1854.
VERNET, Ejiile Jean Horace, a
French historical painter, b. at Paris in
1789. His early days were passed in
comparative poverty, and his ta.ste for art
was employed in various humble ways
in gaining a livelihood. His first exhi-
bition was in 1809, and fiaving chosen
military incidents for illustration, the
popular taste soon showed its apprecia-
tioji of his productions. In 1812 he re-
ceived a medal; in 1814 became a cheva-
lier of the legion of honor; and in 1825,
an officer of the same order. His reputa-
tion being now established, he changed
his style of painting, and adopted histor-
ical subjects. Amongst his productions
of this class are his "• Judith and Holo-
femes," " The Arrest of the Princes by
Order of Anne of Austria," and " The
School of Raphael." In 1849 he painted
the "•' Taking of Rome by Oudinot," and
in 1855 received a medal of honor at the
Paris exhibition. He produced other
paintings in various departments of the
art. D. 1863.
VESTRIS, Madam, for 30 years the
spirit of English light comedy and bur-
lesque, was the daughter of the well-
known engraver Bartolozzi. She was b.
in 1797, and gave early evidence of ex-
traordinary ability as a musician and
linguist. At 16 she married Vestris,
ballet-master of the king's theatre, and
entered upon the dramatic profession at
that establishment, but without much
success. She then played several years
in drama and tragedy in the French
language at Paris. Returning to Eng-
land in 1819, she accepted an engage-
ment at Drury Lane, where she created
an extraordinan" sensation in a burlesque
of Mozart's opera of Don Giovanni,
called "• Giovamii in London." From
thi^ time she reigned the spoiled fitvor-
ite of the London theatrical public till her
death, in 1856.
VILLEPIGUE, John B., b. 1834, re-
signed a first lieutenancy in the United
States service in March, 1861, and entered
wak]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
147
the confederate army as colonel of a Geor-
gia and Mississippi regiment, which com-
mand he held at the bombardment of Fort
Pickens in November. He was then ap-
pointed brigadier-general, and took part
in the battle of Corinth. 1). at Port Hud-
son, La., 1862.
VI8C0NTI, Louis Joachim Tul-
i.ius, an emfnent French architect, b.
1791; d. 1853.
VON BIELA, Baron Wilhelm, a
celebrated astronomer, at an early age
entered the service of Austria, and in the
year 1826, when quartered with his regi-
ment at Josephstadt, in Bohemia, made
the interesting discovery of the comet
(called after him) circulating between
the sun and the orbit of Saturn. Retiring
from the army, he spent the last years of
his life in the study of his favorite science,
and in correspondence with the eminent
savants of the continent. D. at Venice,
1856, in his 74th vear.
VON LANGS UORFF, George Fred-
erick, Bakon, botanist and traveller, d.
at Friedburg. 1852.
VON SCHWAKTZENBERG, Prlnce
Femx, b. 1800; d. of apoplexy at Vi-
enna, 1852. He represented Austria at
various courts, served in a militaiy ca-
pacity in the war with Sardinia, 1848,
and succeeded Prince Metternich as prime
minister.
VOROSMARTY, Michael, a Hun-
garian poet, closely connected with the
periodical literature of his country, and
an active participator in its politics, b.
1800; d. 1856.
w.
WADSWORTH, James Samuel, ;
brigadier-general United States volun- I
teers, b. in Livingston county, N. Y., |
1807. He was educated at Harvard and ;
Yale colleges, and was admitted to the j
bar in 1833. He never practised law, i
however, for, being the inheritor of i
princely estates, he preferred to apply
himself to their management and im-
provement. He was an active member \
of the democratic party, and when the |
schism in that party occurred, he allied |
himself to the free- soil section. The
Kansas Nebraska bill drove him into yet
more decided antagonism to slavery, and
in 1860 he was offered the republican
nomination for governor, but refused it. j
He was chosen presidential elector, and |
as such cast his vote for Mr. Lincoln, j
He was a commissioner to the peace con- j
ference at Washington in Feb., 1861, and ;
on the outbreak of hostilities he offered !
his services to the government. He
served as volunteer aid, with the rank of
major, on the staff of General McDowell,
at the first battle of Bull Run, and in
August, 1861, was commissioned briga-
dier-general of volunteers, and assigned
a brigade in McDowell's division. In
March, 1862, he was appointed military
governor of the District of Columbia, and
while exercising the duties of this office
received the republican nomination for
governor of New York. He was de-
feated by Mr. Seymour. In Dec, 1862,
he resumed active militar}'- service as
commander of a division in Sigel's army
corps. He took part in tlie battle of
76*
Chancellorsville, under General Hooker,
and distinguished himself at Gettysburg.
He was subsequently transferred to War-
ren's corps, and in May, 1864, while com-
manding a division under General Grant
in the march towards Richmond, was
killed on the second day of the battles in
the Wilderness.
WAIN WRIGHT, Jonathan May-
hew, D. D., provisional bishop of the
eastern episcopal diocese of New York,
was b. in iJverpool, of American parents,
1792, graduated at Harvard college, and
having studied theology, ministered, in
succession, in Hartford, Conn., Boston,
and New York, until his appointment as
provisional bishop in 1852. He was a
ripe scholar and a learned theologian,
and received an honorary degree at Ox-
ford, England. D. 1854.
WAKEFIELD, Edward, author of
" Ireland, Political and Statistical," d.
1854. — Edward Gibbon, an English
writer, principally known in connection
with eflfbrts to reform prison discipline,
and with plans for the colonization of
South Australia and New Zealand. Of
prison management he wrote from ex-
perience, having suffered three years'
confinement for abducting an heiress of
15. In 1833 he published a book on
" England and America," containing the
germ of the theories afterwards acted
upon in South Australia and other
colonies. He was among the first to
urge upon England the importance of
occupying the islands of New Zealand,
which to this day suffer more or less from
148
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[war
his views and plans. When Lord Durham
came to Canada as governor-general, to
study the causes of the political troubles
under which that colony labored, and to
suggest remedies, Wakefield accompa-
nied him as private secretary; and to
him, in conjunction with Charles Buller,
the celebrated *' Durham Report " may
be ascribed. B. 1796 ; d. 1862.
WALDO, Daniel, b. in Windham,
Conn., 1702; d. 1864. He served in the
American army in 1778; graduated at
Yale in 1788; studied theology; and in
1792 was made pastor of a congregational
church in West Sutfolk, Conn. In 1809
he commenced missionary labor in the
states of Pennsylvania and New York ;
subsequently preaching at Cambridge-
port, Mass., in Khode Island, at Harvard,
and for 12 years at Exeter, Conn. He
retained his bodily and mental powers to
the last, having served two years as
chaplain of congress when nearly 100
years of age.
WALLACE, William Harvey
Lamb, brigadier-general of volunteers in
the United States army, b. in Urbana,
O., 1820, was a lawyer in Illinois, and in
May, 1861, was made colonel of the 1 1th
Illinois volunteers. In Feb., 1862, he
commanded the lirst brigade of McCler-
nand's division of Gen. Grant's army.
He displayed great gallantry in the cap-
ture of Fort Donelson, and having been
mortally wounded at Shiloh, d. April 10,
1862. — Benjamin, J., D. D., editor of
the " Presbyterian Quarterly Review,"
and pastor of various churches in Penn-
sylvania and Kentucky. B. 1810; d.
1862.
WALLACE, James William, b. in
London, 1795; d. in New York, 1864.
Inheriting histrionic talent, he made his
appearance on the stage when but seven
years old. One of his earhest patrons
was Richard Brinsley Sheridan, from
whom he received an engagement at
Drury Lane. In 1817 he succeeded Mr.
Booth in playing lago to Kean's Othello,
and in the following year came to New
York, making his first appearance at the
Park theatre in the character of Macbeth.
From 1820 to 1850 he played alternate
periods in this country and in England;
Permanently fixing his residence in New
ork in 1851. Here he established a
theatre on Broadway, in which he com-
menced a career of uninterrupted success
as manager ; building a new theatre in
1861, and maintaining the same high
standard of artistic excellence until Ms
death.
WALLICH, Nathaniel, a celebrated
botanist, author of the "Flora Indica,"
and"Planta3 Asiaticas Rariores," b. in
Denmark, 1796; d. in London, 1854. In
early hfe he served in the Danish settle-
ment of Serampore, but at the conquest
of that place by the British entered the
service of the East India company.
WARBURTON, Eliot Bartholo-
mew George, author of " The Crescent
and the Cross," sin admirable description
of eastern travel, was b. near Tullamore,
Ireland, in 1810. He also published
''Memoirs of Prince Rupert and the
Cavaliers," '' Reginald Hastings," and
"Darien; or, the Merchant Prince " ; be-
sides contributing to periodical literature,
and editing "Hochelaga" and "The
Conquest of Canada." On the 2d of
January, 1852, he sailed for the West
Indies in the Amazon mail steampacket,
with the view of recruiting his health,
and of accomplishing a long cherished
purpose of visiting the new world. But
his wishes were not destined to be
realized. Shortly after midnight on the
morning of the 4th of January, the
Amazon was destroyed by fire in the bay
of Biscaj^ and the last of the survivors
on leaving the ship saw Eliot Warburton
standing with the captain and two or
three ofiicers on the poop of the wreck,
calmly awaiting their fate.
WARD, James Harman, commander
in the United States navy, compiler of a
" Manual of Naval Tactics," and author
of " Elementary Instructions on Naval
Ordnance and "Gunnery," b. in Hartford,
Conn., 1806. killed in the attack on
Matthias Point, June 27, 1861. — Baron,
was b. in Yorkshire, England, and served
when a boy as a jockey at Vienna for
four years, when he became employed by
the Duke of Lucca. He was there pro
moted from the stable to be the valet to
his Royal Highness until 3846. Event-
ually he rose to the position of minister
of the household, and was minister of
finance until 1848, when he became an
active agent of Austria during the rev-
olution. He returned to Parma as prime
minister, negotiated the abdication of
(yharles II., and placed Charles HI. ou
the throne. He represented Parma at
the court of Vienna until the death of
Charles, in 1854, when he retired from
public life and engaged in agricultural
pursuits. He was able to write and speak
German, French, and Italian. D. in Vi-
enna, 1858.
WARDLAW, Ralph, a Scottish theo-
logian and D. D., and pastor of a con-
gregational church in Glasgow. His
principal works are " Discourses on the
WAT]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
149
Sociniau Controversy," " Man's Respon-
sibility for his Belief*," " Lectures against
Religious Establishments," and "Ser-
mons." B. 1779; d. 1853.
WARNER, Mks., the last great actress
of the Englisii stage, d. 1854. — Samuel
Alfked, a master in the British navy,
whose " invisible shell" was the subject
of repeated experiments by the British
government. A government commission
decided against his pretensions, and a
" long range," of which he claimed to
be the inventor, was never brought to
trial. D. 1854.
WARREN, John Collins, eminent
as a physician and student of the natural
sciences, was b. in Boston, 1788, and
after acquiring a knowledge of his pro-
fession from his father, Dr. Jqhn Warren,
passed some years in the hospitals of
Loudon and Paris. Returning to Boston,
he commenced practice and speedily took
a high position. In 1806 he was appointed
assistant professor of anatomy and sur-
gery in Harvard college; and in 1815
was made full professor, and so continued
until his resignation in 1847, from which
time until his death he was emeritus
professor. He was one of the originators
of the Massachusetts general hospital
and McLean asylum, and was president
of the Massachusetts medical society
from 1832 to 1836. During the later years
o£ his life he devoted much of his time
to the study of the natural sciences. His
museum of specimens in comparative
anatomy, osteology, and paleontology
was very extensive ; and he had, prob-
ably, the most perfect skeleton of the
" Mastodon Giganteiis " of North America
known to be in existence. He published
and distributed his work on the mastodon
of this country, and issued an enlarged
edition a few weeks before his death,
which took place in Boston, 1856.
WARRINGl'ON, Commodore Lewis,
was b. at Williamsburg, Va., in 1782.
After graduating at William and Mary
college, he entered the navy in 1800.
His services in the Tripoli war and the
war of 1812 made his name familiar to
the American people as a brave, ener-
getic, and skilful captain. At the time
of his death he was chief of the ordnance
bureau. D. 1851.
WASHINGTON, John Macrae,
major United States army, was b. in
Virginia, 1793, graduated at West Point
in 1813, and entered the artillery as lieu-
tenant in 1817. Heroic conduct on the
field of Buena Vista was rewarded with
a brevet as lieutenant-colonel. In 1848
he commanded an expedition across the
plains of Mexico, via El Paso, to the
Pacific ocean, and for a year afterward
he acted as the military governor of New
Mexico. D. 1853. — John A., a collateral
descendant of the AVashington family,
and forraerlv proprietor of Mount Ver-
non, was cotonel in the confederate array,
and was killed in a skirmish, Sept. 15,
1861. — Bailey, related by blood to
George Washington, was b. in West-
moreland county, Va., 1787, and entered
the United States navy as a surgeon
in 1810. He was the surgeon of the
Enterprise when she captured the Boxer,
during the war of 1812, and served on
Lake Ontario under Com. Chauncey,
who selected him as fleet-surgeon. lie
acted in the same capacity under Com-
modores Rodgers, Elliott, and Paterson
successively, in the Mediterranean ; clos-
ing his sea career during the Mexican
war. D. 1854.
WATERMAN, Thomas G., a lawyer,
resident at Binghampton, N. Y., from
1812 until his death; judge of the court
of common pleas of his own comity ; and
author of a volume on the " Powers and
Duties of Justices of the Peace." B.
1788 ; d. 1862.
WATERTON, Charles, an English
naturalist, b. towards the end of the last
century, d. 1865. His " Essays on Natural
History " have the charm of freshness,
and display a love of nature which their
author cherished to the last. He passed
the greater part of his life in elegant re-
tirement at Walton Hall, Yorkshire, pur-
suing his favorite study, and preserving
from molestation the multitudes of birds
which made his estate their home.
WATKINS, Tobias, physician, b. in
Maryland, 1780, was surgeon in the United
States army during the last war with
Great Britain, and was assistant surgeon-
general from 1818 to 1821. He was
fourth auditor of the treasury from 1824
to 1829. He was a frequent contributor
to the journals and medical periodicals
of his day ; and at the time of his death,
in 1855, was engaged in preparing a his-
tory of the British invasion of the District
of Columbia.
WATSON Walker, author of " Jock-
ie's far awa', ' and other Scottish songs,
d. 1854.
WATTS, Alaric Alexander, poet
and journalist, b. in London, 1799; d.
1864. An illustrated work, entitled
" Lyrics of the Heart," includes his
choice poems. He was early connected
with the English newspaper press, and
contributed prose and poetic sketches to
various periodicals.
150
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[web
WE ALE, John, a London publisher,
editor of a rudimentaiy series of scientific
works, b. 1792; d, 1862. Among many
larger works which he compiled were,
" Drawing-Books for Engineers and Ar-
chitects," " On the Making of American
Railways." and " Papers of Architecture
and Archaeology."
WEBB, Alexander Stuart, briga-
dier-general United States service, b. in
New York about 1834. He was a son of
James Watson Webb, formerly of the
New York " Courier and Enquirer," and
minister to Brazil under President Lin-
coln's administration. He was educated
at West Point, and after holding a com-
mission for a brief period in the United
States infantry, was appointed acting
assistant professor of mathematics in that
institution. He joined the Union army
in 1861, and distinguished himself at
Yorktown, Fredericksburg, Chancellors-
ville, and Gettysburg. His merit was
rewarded with rapid promotion, and he
commanded the hrst brigade of the 2d
corps of Gen. Hancock during the battles
in the Wilderness. Killed May, 1864. —
Philip Barker, eminent as a scholar
and botanist, author of a work entitled
" Histoire Naturelle des Isles Canaries,"
in many volumes quarto, splendidly illus-
trated, and of a learned work on the wild-
flowers of Spain. D. in Paris, 1854.
WEBSTER, Daniel, one of the most
eminent of American statesmen, was b.
in Salisbury, N. H., on the 18th of
January, 1782, and was the son of Eben-
ezer and Abigail Webster. His father
had served in the French and in the rev-
olutionary wars, and had distinguished
himself as the captain of a volunteer com-
pany under Stark at Bennington. Young
Webster received an ordinary school
education, and in his 14th year was placed
in Phillips academy at Exeter, N. H.,
at that time under the care of Dr.
Abbot. After a few months' stay in
Exeter, he was placed with the Rev. S.
Wood for tuition and preparation for col-
lege. Six months sufficed to put the
ambitious student in a condition to enter
Dartmouth college, which he did in
August, 1797. In August, 1801, he com-
menced his legal education in his native
towfi, imder the supervision of Mr.
Thompson, and completed his preparatory
training for the bar, in March, 1805, in
Boston, when he was admitted to practice
in the Suffolk court of common pleas. He
began practice in tlie village of Boscawen,
whence he removed to Portsmouth, N. H.,
in September, 1807, having declined the
oflfered clerkship of the county court of
common pleas in Hillsborough, N. H. It
was in the 13th congi'ess, which first
met in extra session in May, 1813, that
Daniel Webster commenced his political
career, having been chos'en representative
from New Hampshire jn the previous
November. Of the house Henry Clay
was speaker, who appointed the new mem-
ber on the committee of foreign affairs.
Mr. Webster delivered his maiden speech
on the 10th of June, 1813, and almost
immediately assumed a front rank
amongst debaters. His speeches, chiefly
on topics connected with the war then
raging between England and the United
States, were characterized by masterly
vigor, and by uncommon acquaintance
with constitutional learning, and the his-
tory and traditions of the government.
He advocated the improvement and in-
crease of the navy; and in 1816, when
at the close of the war commerce and
manufactures attained a sudden develop-
ment, entered prominently into the dis-
cussion of the tariff. In this he con-
sidered a moderate degree of protection
as the established policy of the United
States. He opposed the passage of the
national bank bill of April, 1816. He
removed to Boston in the same year, and
took the place which belonged to his com-
manding talent and legal eminence. The
trial of the famous Dartmouth college case,
in March, 1818, involving constitutional
questions, was one of high importance,
and brought into requisition Mr. Web-
ster's peculiar abilities. Mr. Webster re-
tired tVom congress in 1817, but was re-
elected from Boston in 1822. On the 19th
of January, 1823, he made his great speech
in behalf of the Greeks, and one on the
Panama mission in April, 1826. Besides
these, his Plymouth oration of the 22d
December, 1820, that at Bunker Hill in
1825, and his eulog}' upon Adams and
Jefferson in 1826, are well known. In
January, 1828, Mr. Webster took liis seat
in the United States senate. The great
I encounter with Colonel Hayne, of South
I CaroHna, took place in January, 1830, and
' was one of the most interesting, and per-
i haps one of the most important, epochs
in his life. Mr. Webster supported the
! bill of 1832 for the recharter of the bank;
j in the nullification movement of that
I year he cooperated with President Jack-
1 son, and made a speech in reply to Mr.
! Calhoun in February, 1833. The fiscal
I policy of Jackson and Van Buren found
i a steady opponent in Mr. Webster, as
I well in its original form of an unlimited
j expansion of the paper of the state bank,
I as in the substitute of an exclusively
wel]
CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
151
metallic currency for the government,
which -was brought forward after the
league of the deposit banks had exploded.
General Jackson's protest of April 17,
1834, against the action of the senate,
drew forth a powerful speecii on the 7th
of Mav. On the independent treasury
bill of 1838, Mr. Webster also made several
elaborate speeches. In the spring of 1839
he visited Europe, making a hasty tour
through England, Scotland, and France.
On the accession of General Harrison to
the presidency in 1841, he was named
secretary of state. In 1842 he negotiated
with Lord Ashburton the settlement of
the northeastern boundary question with
Great Britain, and the treaty made by
these diplomatists was ratified August
20th of that year. In May, 1843, Mr.
Webster resigned his position, and re-
turned for a short time to private life,
but was reelected to the senate in 1845.
He opposed the war with Mexico in 1846,
but sustained the administration by vot-
ing for liberal supplies, and facilitated
every approach to an honorable peace.
Foreseeing the evils arising from a great
acquisition of territorj^ he opposed those
portions of the treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo which related to that subject.
In the settlement of questions arising
from these accessions, Mr. Webster took
a great part, and brought the whole
weight of his talents and influence to the
accomplishment of the compromise of
1850. On the decease of General laylor,
Mr. Webster was called by President
Fillmore to the department of state, and
remained to the last days of his eventful
life in the discharge of the duties of that
office. A few weeks after Mr. Webster's
accession to this department, Chevalier
Hiilsemann, the Austrian minister, ad-
dressed a complaint to the American
government in reference to its alleged
interference in the internal affairs of
Austria. This was answered by Mr.
Webster in one of the finest state papers
in the archives of diplomacy. In addi-
tion to the jurist and statesman, Mr.
Webster united the character of an ac-
complished scholar. He was familiar
with many of the great writers of an-
tiquity, and master of the ontire range
of English literature. His memory was
stored with choice passages from the
poets, and the entire range of the history
of Great Britain, civil and parliamentar\',
was at his command. He d. at his home
in Marshfield, Mass., Oct. 24, 1852.—
Fletcher, the last member of the family
of the illustrious statesman, b. at Ports-
mouth, N. H., 1812; d. at Alexandria,
Va., 1862. He was assistant secretary
of state under his father during the ad-
ministrations of Presidents Harrison and
Tyler, and accompanied Mr. Caleb Cugh-
ing as secretary of legation to China.
He held office at Boston under the ad-
ministrations of Presidents Pierce and
Buchanan. In 1861 he responded to the
President's call for troops, and raised the
12th regiment Massachusetts volunteers,
of which he became the colonel. He
was engaged in active service, and was
mortallv wounded in the second battle
of Bull" Run.
WEED, Stephen H., b. in New
York, graduated at West Point in 1854,
and acquired distinction as an officer of
the United States artillery. His gal-
lantry at Chancellorsville was rewarded
with a brigadier-general's commission.
Killed at Gettysburg, 1863.
WELLES, Cornelius M., one of the
class of unostentatious philanthropists to
whom the civil war furnished unceasing
employment, was b. in Weathersfield,
Conn., 1828, and for a short time was a
bookseller in Hartford. In 1851 he com-
menced his career of active benevolence
by establishing ragged or mission schools
in Hartford, whence he travelled to
California and Australia as a lay mis-
sionary in the mining districts. In 1855
he returned to Hartford, and resumed his
labors. Ill health, however, rendered
change of climate necessarv, and proceed-
ing to South America, he organized mis-
sion schools at Buenos Ayres and Rio
Janeiro. In Dec, 1859, he came to New
York, and organized the Beulah mission,
which after a time embraced schools, re-
ligious services, and charity. In 1862 he
was appointed missionary to the freedmen
in the district of Columbia, but became
more widely known by his efforts to al-
leviate the sufferings and minister to the
wants of sick and wounded soldiers. He
was on the field in the battle of Cedaj
Mountain, in the engagements before
Washington during Gen. Pope's cam-
paign, at Antietam, Fredericksburg,Chan-
cellorsville, and Gettysburg; and in each
case was among the foremost in the work
of humanity. D. 1863.
WELLE'SLEY, Arthur, afterwards
Duke of Wellington, was b. at Dangan
castle, Ireland, 1769. flis father was
Lord Mornington, and his elder brother,
who succeeded to the family honors, was
created Marquis Wellesley for his services
as governor-general of India. After re-
ceiving his education at P2ton, Arthui
Wellesley was sent to the military school
of Angers, in France, to be instructed in
152
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[wen
the art of war, for which he had already
evinced a predilection. His first com-
mission in the British army was in the
33d regiment, and he entered into active
service in 1793, when his repment
formed part of the British contingent
which marched across from Ostend to
join the allied army in Flanders. In
1799 he was sent Avith his regiment to
India, where the British forces were on
the eve of war with Tippoo Saib. He
took part in the siege of Seringapatam,
and though not a participator in the final
and successful assault, was appointed
governor of the place, over the head of
the hero by whom the assault had been
conducted. His rank at this time was
colonel. In 1803 he was made general,
and received the command of one of
the armies destined to operate against
the Mahrattas. During the progress .of
the war he performed several brilliant
achievements; the final defeat of the
Mahrattas being mainly attributable to his
judgment, energy, and courage. He re-
turned to Eng^and Sir Arthur Wellesley.
His next employment Avas under Lord
Cathcart in the expedition to Copen-
hagen, in 1807. In the following year
he accompanied the British forces to
Portugal, and participated in the first
action with the French "under General
Junot. Next year he was appointed to
the sole command of the British army in
Portugal, where he conducted a series of
successful operations against the French,
under Marshal Soult. When the French,
in great force, under Marshal Massena,
reinvaded Portugal in 1810, they were
again met by Wellesley, now Viscount
Wellington. " The maintenance of the
position of Torres Vedras against a
greatly superior force constituted the
chief event of the year. In January,
1812, he took Cuidad Rodrigo by storm,
and shortly afterward Badajoz. He next
defeated Marmont, near Salamanca, and
advancing to Madrid, he compelled the
evacuation of the whole of the south
of Spain by the French troops. An
attempt to advance nortiiward was less
successful, and Wellington was obliged
to retreat to the Portuguese frontier.
In May, 1813, he advanced with forces
largely increased, and came up with
the French army in the plain of Vit-
toria. The battle which ensued was
decisive of the fate of the peninsula.
The French regained their frontier with
only a single gun. Wellington pushed
forward, and after a succession of vic-
tories, finally defeated Soult on the
heights of Toulouse, in the spring of
1814. On his return to England honors
and emoluments were showered upon
the victorious general: he received a
field marshal's baton and the thanks of
parliament; was made a duke, and had
conferred upon him grants amounting to
$2,000,000. On the return of Napoleon
from Elba in 1815, Wellington was ap-
pointed to the command of the united
army of British, Hanoverians, and Bel-
gians, terminating the contest at Water-
loo on the 18th June. Peace being re-
stored, Wellington was placed by the
allies in command of the army of occupa-
tion, a position he held three years. He
resigned in Oct., 1818, and returned to
England, where, in the following year,
he was appointed commander-in-chief of
the army, retaining the appointment,
with a brief intermission, and regularly
discharging its duties, till the time of hi's
death, which took place in Sept., 1852.
From 1827 to 1830, Wellington was
prime minister, and for short periods
subsequently occupied a seat as a mem-
ber of the cabinet. In politics he was
a tory, and for the last 25 years of his
life led the tory party in the house of
lords. He was honored with a public
funeral, and buried in St. Paul's, beside
Nelson.
WENCESLAS, Clement, Prince Met-
ternich, Duke of Portella, was b. in 1773.
At the age of 15 he entered the univer-
sity of Strasbourg, but completed his
studies at Mayence. In 1790 he made
his public appearance as master of -cere-
monies at the coronation of the Emperor
Leopold II., and in 1794 was attached to
the Austrian embassy at the Hague. In
1801 he was appointed minister at the
court of Dresden, and afterwards, in 1803-
4, as ambassador to Berlin. He took a
leading part in the arrangement of the
coalition which was dissolved by the
battle of Austerlitz. After the peace of
Presburg he was Austrian minister at the
court of Napoleon, where he remained
until the war broke out in 1809, when he
returned to the Austrian court, and was
appointed minister of foreign affairs. He
suggested the marriage between Na-
poleon and an Austrian archduchess,
conducted the negotiations, and after
Napoleon was divorced from Josephine,
escorted Marie Louise to Paris. In 1813,
on the field of Leipsic, he was raised to
the dignity of a prince of the empire.
He took a prominent part in the subse-
quent conferences and treaties, and signed
the treaty of Paris in behalf of Austria.
At the age of 42 he was chosen to preside at
the congress of Vienna, and subsequently
Wm]
CYCLOP-SIDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
153
exerted a powerful influence in the affairs
of Europe. D. 1859.
WEST, SiK John, a British admiral,
b..l774, entered the navy in 1788, and d.
1862. — Robert A., a native of England,
many years editor of the New York
" Commercial Advertiser," and more re-
cently head of the bureauof military jus-
tice in the office of the judge-advocate-
general at Washington. D. 1865.
WESTMACOTf, Sir Richard, a
distinguished sculptor, b. in London,
1775. Having received the first rudi-
ments of instruction in the studio of his
father, who was a sculptor of some emi-
nence, he visited Rome in 1793, studied
for a time under Canova, and received
the following year from the academy of
Florence their first premium for sculpture.
Having passed some years in the classic
regions of Italy, and made himself fa-
miliar with the best remains of ancient
art, he returned to England, and estab-
lished himself in London, where he soon
gained an extensive reputation. . In 1805
the Royal academy of London elected
him an associate of their body, and he
became in 1816 a Royal academician.
The works of art by which he is best
known are, his statues of Addison, Pitt,
Erskine, Spencer Perceval, the late Duke
of Bedtbrd, and of Charles James Fox;
the equestrian bronze statue of George
III.; and his monuments to Sir Ralph
Abercromby, Lord CoUingwood, and
others, in Westminster Abbey, and St.
Paul's cathedral; together with the ele-
gant and classical figure of Psyche, so
much admired by every lover of art for
its elegance of form and chastity of ex-
pression. Besides these, he designed the
colossal statue of Achilles in Hyde Park,
and the statue of Nelson at the Liverpool
Exchange, and, together with Flaxman
and Baily, a portion of the figures on the
frieze of the marble arch originally erect-
ed at Buckingham palace, but now stand-
ing at Cumberland gate, London. His
latest work was the sculptured pediment
at the British museum. In 1827 he suc-
ceeded Flaxman as professor of sculpture
in the Royal academy, and held that ap-
pointment until his decease. Among the
best known of his productions are, " The
Distressed Mother," "The Houseless
Traveller," his " Euphrosyne," together
with a large alto-relievo, " The Death of
Horace." D. 1856.
WHATELY, Richard, Right Rev.,
Archbishop of Dublin, a distinguished
theological and political writer, b. 1789,
was educated at Oriel college, Oxford, of
which he was elected a fellow in 1819.
In 1822 he was appointed to read the
Brompton lectures, and in the same year
received the rectory of Halesworth, in
Suffolk. He was made president of St.
Alban's hall, and professor of political
economy, in 1830; and in 1831 was conse-
crated Anglican archbishop of Dublin.
He took an active part in founding the
national system of education in Ireland,
and was a member of the Board of Irish
education until 1853. His earliest effort
as an author appeared in 1819, entitled
" Historic Doubts relative to Napoleon
Bonaparte," being an ingenious attempt
to show the fallacy of sceptical criticism.
Afterwards he wrote, the " Elements of
Logic," " Elements of Riietoric," " Er-
rors of Romanism, traced to their Origin
in Human Nature," " Introduction to
Political Economy," " Thoughts on Sec-
oudarv Punishments," and other works.
D. 1863.
WHEATON, Nathaniel, Sheldon,
D.D., b. in Marbledale, Conn., 1792; d.
1862. He graduated at Y^ale in 1814; in
1818 was chosen rector of Christ church,
Hartford; in 1831 was appointed presi-
dent of Trinity college, Hartford; and in
1837 accepted the rectorship of Christ
church. New Orleans. He published a
" Journal of a Residence in London, and
of Tours in England, Scotland, and
France."
WHITE, Albert S., a representative
and senator in congress from Indiana,
b. in Orange county, N. Y., 1803; d.
1864. Eight months prior to his death
he was appointed by President Lincoln
judge of the district court of Indiana.
WHITING, Henry, brevet brigadier-
general, was commissioned a cornet of
dragoons in 1808, and passed honorably
through the successive grades to that
held by him at his decease. He served
with reputation on the Niagara frontier
in the war of 1812 with Great Britain.
In the war with Mexico he filled the high
and responsible post of quartermaster-
general to the army of occupation, and
shared with it in the glory of the field of
Buena Vista. The brevet of brigadier-
general conferred on that occasion attests
the appreciation of his services in that
conflict. D. 1851,
WHITTLESEY, Frederick, was b. at
Washington, Conn., in 1799, and gradu-
ated at Yale college in 1818. He was
admitted to the bar at Utica, N. Y., in
October, 1821. In 1822 he established
himself as a lawyer at Rochester, N. Y.,
and was soon intrusted with many im-
portant pubhc offices. In 1830 he was
elected representative to congress from
154
CYCLOPiEDlA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[WIL
"Western New York, and he continued a
member until 1835. In 1839 he was
appointed vice-chancellor of the eighth
judicial circuit of the state of New York,
and held this office for eight years, until
it ceased under the provisions of the new
constitution. At this time he was chosen
judge of the old supreme court, which
was to continue in existence until July,
1848. In January, 1850, he was elected
professor of law 'in Genesee college at
Lima, N. Y. D. 1851. — Elisha, b. in
Connecticut, 1783 ; d. 1863. He was ap-
pointed auditor of the post-office depart-
ment in 1841, and held the office of first
comptroller of the treasury from 1849 to
1857, during which period his unswerv-
ing integrity secured the respect of all
parties. He was reappointed by Presi-
dent Lincoln in 1861.
WIERTZ, Anthon, an eminent Bel-
gian painter, b. at Dinant, 1806, received
his artistic education under Van Br^e, at
Antwerp. His conceptions were charac-
terized by originality, and his influence
on the Belgian school, in form and color,
was great and beneficial. The govern-
ment built for him at Brussels an exten-
sive museum, in which he accumulated
vast treasures of art, which, upon his
death, in pursuance of an agreement, be-
came the property of the state. He was
an accomplished art critic, and received
from the Royal academy of England a
prize for an essav on the oM Flemish
school. D. 1865. "
WILDE, Samuel Sumner, b. in
Taunton, Mass., 1771; d. 1855; was the
last survivor of the delegates to the Hart-
ford convention. From 1815 to 1850 he
filled an associate justiceship of the su-
preme court of Massachusetts.
WILKINSON, Jesse, commodore
United States navy, b. in Virginia, 1784,
entered the navy in 1805,' and d. 1861.
WILLARD, Sidney, author of " Me-
moirs of Youth and Manhood," and an
extensive contributor to the " Monthly
Anthology," " Christian Examiner," and
" North American Review." He was son
of President Willard, of Harvard college ;
was b. in Beverly, Mass., 1780, and d.
1856.
WILLIAMS, Edw^in, a statist and
geographer, editor of the " Annual Reg-
ister," and the " Statesman's Manual."
D. 1854. — Edward, a Welsh bard and
writer, by trade a cooper, d. 1854. —
Thomas,* an officer in the United States
army, b. in the state of New York, 1818,
was acting assistant professor of mathe-
matics at West Point in 1840-41, and
earned distinction by his career imder
Gen. Scott in Mexico. In Sept., 1861,
he was appointed brigadier-general of
volunteers, and served on the Potomac
and at Hatteras Inlet. He commanded
the land forces cooperating with the gun-
boat fleet in the attack upon Vicksburg
after the capture of New Orleans, and
was killed in battle at Baton Rouge, La.,
Aug. 5, 1862. — Eleazar, an American
clergj-^man, by some alleged to be the
lost Bourbon prince, b. at Caughnawaga,
N. Y., about 1787; d. at Hoganstown,
N. Y., 18.58. — Rev. John, a Welsh
scholar, and the author of various works
on Celtic Archa?ology. B. 1811; d. 1862.
—Frederick Sims,' an English barrister,
author of " Improvements of the Juris-
diction of Equity," and other professional
works, b. 1812 ; d. 1863 He also publish-
ed " The Wonders of the Heavens," and
a work suggested by a controversy on
the doctrine of eternal punishment. —
Charles Kilborn, an American jurist
and an influential Vermont politician,
and governor of that state in 1850 and
1851 ; b. 1782 ; d. 1853.— Thomas Scott,
an eminent Connecticut lawyer, an asso-
ciate judge of the supreme court of er-
rors, and from 1834 to 1847 chief j ustice ;
b. 1777; d. 1861.
WILLS HIRE, Sir Thomas, Bart., a
British general, b. at Halifax, Nova
Scotia, 1790; d. 1862. His fields of
service were, Buenos Ayres, 1806-7;
Portugal, 1808; Spain, 1812; South
Africa, 1818-22; India, 1822-39. His
most brilliant exploit was the capture of
the fortress of Khelat in 1839.
WILSON, John, popularly known by
the nom de plume of Christopher North,
was b. at Paisley in 1785, of wealthy
parents, and completed his studies at
Oxford, where he obtained the New-
degate prize for his first poem. For
some years afterwards he lived in the
beautiful vicinity of Windermere, where
he became intimate with Coleridge,
Southe}^ and Wordsworth, and imbibed
some of the dreamy sweetness of the
lake school of poetry. Pecuniary dif-
ficulties, in some degree the result of
youthful excesses, obliged him to remove
to Edinburgh, where he studied law, with-
out, however, assuming the professional
toga. His earliest works as a poet were
" The Isle of Palms," " The City of the
Plague," and "Unimore," the first of
which appeared in 1812. As a novel
writer he failed to achieve a strong po-
sition, although " The Trials of Margaret
Lindsay" and "The Foresters" are
known as exquisite specimens of com-
position. In 1820 he was appointed pro-
win]
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
155
fessor of moral philosophy in the univex^
fiity of Edinburgh, — an appointment
which, in view of his reputed habits,
called forth loud condemnation in certain
quarters. About the same time com-
menced his connection with " Black-
wood's Magazine," of which for thirty
years he was the leading spirit. The
famous series of political and literary
pieces known as " I'he Noctes Ambrosi-
anae," marked his advent as a periodical
writer, and secured him standing room
amongst the literary Titans of his native
land. Paralysis necessitated his retire-
ment from the professorship and editor^
ship in 1851, and he d. 1854. — Harry
Bristow, D. D., an antiquarian and re-
ligious writer, b. in London, 1774; d.
1854. — John, a landscape and marine
painter, b. in Scotland, 1774; d. 1855. —
Jamks, founder, and many years editor of
the London "Economist," a colaborer of
Cobden and Bright in the anti-comlaw
agitation, member of parliament, and
finally financial member of the Indian
council in India ; b. 1805 ; d. in Calcutta,
1860. He was the author of several works
on political economy. -i- Horace Hay-
man, an Oriental scholar, b. 1786. went to
India as assistant-surgeon in 1808. He
soon obtained official employment of an-
other character, and in 1819 completed a
dictionary of the Sanskrit language. Un-
der the title of the " Hindu Theatre " he
rendered four ancient Sanskrit dramas
into English. He was the first to in-
troduce the study of English language
and literature in the education of the
natives of India, and himself directed
the studies of the Hindu college at Cal-
cutta from the time of its establishment.
While still engaged in a course of prac-
tical usefulness as well as learning in
India, he was elected, in 1833, to the San-
skrit professorship in the university of
Oxford; and from that time until his
death, in 1860, he continued his services
in the progress of Sanskrit scholarship,
publishing many original works, as well
as editing othersj^ and contributing a series
of articles to the " Journal of the Royal
Asiatic Society." — Jamks, a Scottish
naturalist and author, brother of " Chris-
topher North," b. 1795; d. 1856. He
was a voluminous contributor to the
" Encvclopaedia Britannica."
WI^DISCHGRATZ, Alfred, Prmce
de, an Austrian general, b. at Brussels,
1787. He entered the army in 1804,^ and
took part in the German campaigns
against Napoleon. His conduct at Leipsic
gained him the grade of colonel, and
after the fall of the French emperor he
was decorated with orders. In 1826 he
was promoted to the rank of major-
general, and placed in command of a
brigade at Prague. In 1833 he became
general of division ; and after the popular
movements in 1848 he was for some time
militarv governor of Vienna, whence he
proceeded to govern Bohemia. In the
war with Hungary the forces of that coun-
try almost invariably gave way before
him, but for a time retrieving their sink-
ing fortunes, they compelled the Austrians
to retire from Buda-Pesth; and in April,
1849, Windischgratz was removed from
his command. The tnanner in which he
exercised his authority rendered him one
of the most odious of the instruments
of despotism. Yet notwithstanding the
censure of Europe on his execution of
Robert Blum, he was invited to resume
the governorship of Bohemia, but de-
clined the office. He retired to his Bo-
hemian estates, and d. 1862.
WINSLOW, Hubbard, D. D., author
of " Controversial Theology," " Chris-
tianity applied to our Civil and Social
Relations," " Relation of the Natural
Sciences to Revelation." '' Moral Philos-
ophy," and other works. He was b. in
Williston, Vt., in 1800, graduated at Yale
college in 1825, and in 1829 became pastor
of a congregational church in Dover,
N. H. In 1832 he removed to Boston,
and assumed the pastorate of the Bow-
doin street congregational church. From
1844 to 1853 he superintended a seminary
for young ladies in that city. In 1858^
59 he was minister of a presbyterian
church in Geneva, N. Y. ; whence he re-
moved to New York city, where he d.
1864. — MiRON, D. D., brother of the pre-
ceding, b. 1789 ; d. 1864. After graduat-
ing at Yale college, he left Boston as a
missionary in 1819. He labored many
years in Ceylon, and subsequently
founded a mission at Madras. He was
an eminent Oriental scholar, arid the
author of a " Dictionary of the Tamil
and English Language." His other works
are, " Hints on Missions to India," and
a " Memoir of Mrs. Harriet L. Winslow."
WINTHROP, Theodore, an officer
of volunteers in the United States army,
and author of brilliant campaign sketches
in the "Atlantic Monthly," b. in New
Haven, Conn., 1828, killed in the battle
of Great Bethel, June 10, 1861. After
his death, two works of fiction from his
pen were published— " Cecil Dreeme "
and " John Brent." — F., a brigadier-
general in the Union army, b. about 1840,
killed in the action at Five Forks, Va.,
April 2, 1865. He entered the service
156
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
[woo
soon after the commencement of the re-
bellion, and at the time of his death com-
manded a brigade in Gen. Sheridan's
cavalry.
WISEMAN, Nicholas, cardinal, b.
in 1802 at Seville, where his father, an
Englishman, was engaged in business.
His earlv education was received at
Waterford, and at St. Cuthbert's college,
near Durham. He was afterwards mem-
ber of the English college at Rome, where
he was created a D. D. in 1824. He be-
came, not long after, professor of Oriental
languages in the Roman university; and
rector of the English college in 1829. In
1835 he delivered a series of sermons on
the " Doctrines and Practices of the
Catholic Church," which were published.
He subsequently delivered a series of
" Lectures on the Connection between
Science and Revealed Religion," which
were also published, and secured him a
high reputation. In 1840 he was ap-
pointed coadjutor to Bishop Walsh of the
midland district (England), and presi-
dent of St. Mary's college, Oscott. In
1850 he was chosen vicar apostolic of the
London district, and in the following
year was appointed archbishop of West-
minster, and raised to the dignity of
cardinal. It was on the occasion of this
appointment that Lord John Russell in-
troduced into parliament his " Ecclesias-
tical Titles Bill," but the circumspect
conduct of Dr. Wiseman, his moderation
and true liberality, did much toward al-
laying violent opposition, and the bill
never amounted to more than a dead
letter. Dr. Wiseman delivered numer-
ous lectures on various subjects on behalf
of public institutions in England and
Ireland during the later years of his life.
Besides the publications named, he was
the author of a volume of personal
reminiscences entitled " Recollections of
the Last Four Popes," and was one of
the founders of, and a copious contributor
to, the " Dublin RevicAv." D. Feb. 15,
1865. His funeral was the greatest that
has been seen in England since the inter-
ment of the Duke of Wellington.
WISHAW, Francis, an English en-
gineer, the inventor of a system of tele-
graph signals which, with some altera-
tions, are still in use. B. 1805 ; d. 1854.
WOLFF, Joseph, the son of^ a Jewish
rabbi, b. at Weilersbach, Germany, 1795,
embraced the Catholic faith at the age of
17, and was baptized a benedictine monk
near Prague. In the next year he com-
menced the study of the Oriental lan-
guages, and profited by the teaching
of the Redemptorist fathers at Vienna.
From 1814 to 1816 he studied at Tubin-
gen, extending his range to ecclesiastical
history and biblical exegesis. After
travelling in Switzerland and Italy, he
became a pupil of the Collegio Romano
at Rome, and afterward of the college
of the Propaganda : being expelled from
the latter m 1818, because of his dissent
from some of the teachings of the church.
On his return to Vienna, however, he
made peace with ecclesiastical authority,
and entered a Redemptorist monastery.
But he again rebelled, and proceeded to
London, where he found a friend in
Henry Drummond, a wealthy banker,
upon whose suggestion he went to Cam-
bridge to resume his Oriental studies;
having formally avowed his conversion
to Protestantism. In 1821 he commenced
a five years' missionary tour in the East,
visiting Egypt, Mounts Horeb and Sinai,
and Jerusalem, distributing copies of the
Scriptures, and laboring alike among
Jews, Mohammedans, and Pagans. In
this tour he was supported mainly by
Mr. Drummond ; his peculiar habits not
being in conformity with the rules of
regular missionary organizations. In 1826
he returned to England, and married a
daughter of the Earl of Orford. From
1827 to 1836 he was engaged in mission-
ary labors in various parts of Eastern
Europe, Asia, and Africa, encountering
divers perils and hardships innumerable.
Early in 1837, after one of his narrowest
escapes, he reached Bombay, and sailed
thence for New York. Here he was or-
dained deacon by Bishop Doane, visited
the principal cities, preached before con-
gress, and received the degree of D. D.
In 1838 he proceeded to England; and
having, during a visit to Dublin, received
priest's orders from the Bishop of Dromore,
he settled as a curate of the Church of
England, in Yorkshire. In 1843, on the
receipt of the news of the imprisonment
of Colonel Stoddart and Captain Conolly
at Bokhara, Dr. Wolffs was sent by pri-
vate individuals in England to attempt
their release or learn their fate. He
reached Bokhara too late to render them
help, and only escaped their fate through
the intervention of the Persian ambassa-
dor. On his return to England he was
presented to a rural Adcarage, where he
labored till his death, in 1862. Dr.
Wolft^s published works are, " Journal
of Missionary Labors," " Mission to Bok-
hara," " Missionary Labors and Re-
searches," and " Travels and Adven-
tures."
WOODBRIDGE, William, who was
prominent among the public men of
WYS]
CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
157
Michigan, b. in Connecticut, 1780 ; d. in
Detroit, 1861. He served Michigan in
congress, on the bench of the supreme
court, and as governor. His career at
Washington was one of usefuh:jess.
Daniel Webster, in a note to his speech
in defence of the Ashburton treaty, at-
tributed to Mr. Woodbridge the first siig-
gestion that was ever made to him for
inserting in that treaty a provision for
the surrender of fugitives under certain
circumstances, upon the demand of for-
eign governments.
WOODS, Leonard, D. D., Emeritus
professor of theology in the Andover
theological seminary, and the author of
a course of theology in five volumes. B.
1773 ; d. 1854.
WORONZOFF, Pkince Michael,
served in the Russian army in several
campaigns against Napoleon. He rep-
resented Russia at the conference at Aix-
la-Chapelle. In 1823 he was appointed
governor'of New Russia, which office he
held until the commencement of the Cri-
mean war. In 1845 he commanded an
expedition against the Circassians. B.
1782; d. 1856.
WORTLEY, Lady Emmeline Char-
lotte Elizabeth, b. 1806; d. 1855.
She published " Travels in the United
Statea during 1849-50," a" Visit to Por-
tugal and Madeira," and more than one
volume of poetry.
WRIGHT, Fanny, once celebrated as
a deistical and political agitator, was b.
at Dundee, 1796. Her first work, " A
Few Days in Athens," appeared in 1818,
and attracted some attention. She visited
the United States, and in 1821 published
in London her " Views on Society and
Manners in America." In 1825 she re-
turned to this country, and in 1833 made
her advent as a public lecturer, in which
capacity she wielded considerable in-
fluence. For a time she was associated
with Robert Owen, at New Harmony,
Ind., and edited the " Gazette " published
there. She contracted an unhappy mar-
riage with M. Darusmont. D. at Cincin-
nati, 1853. — George, brigadier-general
United States volunteers, b. at Norwich,
Vt., 1803, graduated at West Point in
1822, and entered the army as second lieu-
tenant in the third infantry. He served in
the Florida and Mexican wars; distin-
guishing himself at Contreras, Churubus-
co, and Molino del Rey. His gallantry se-
cured for him steady promotion, until in
1855 he filled the colonelcy of the ninth
infantry. During the two following years
he added to his reputation by services
against the Indians in Oregon and Wash-
ington territories. In Sept., 1861, he
was appointed brigadier-general of volun-
teers, and subsequently held the positions
of commander of the district of Oregon
and commanding general of the depart-
ment of the Pacific. After the close of
the rebellion he was appointed to the
military command of the new depart-
ment of the Columbia; and while on his
way to Washington territory was drowned
on the steamship " Brother Jonathan,"
off the coast of southern Oregon, July 30,
1865.
WULF, Christian, Captain of the
Danish navy, was the son of Admiral
Wulf, for many years at the head of the
naval academy in Copenhagen, and
known as a translator of Shakspeare.
Captain Wulf early joined the navy, and
gained distinction for his military ser-
vices. Inheriting the literarj' taste and
scholarship of his father, and entertaining
an interest and sympathyfor the history
and institutions of the United States, he
published a translation of Bancroft's
" History of the United States " into the
Danish language. He was at the time
of his death making the tour of the
United States. B. 1810; d. in Beaufort,
N. C, 1856.
WURTEMBERG, Frederick Chas.,
king of, b. 1781, succeeded his father,
Frederick I., in 1816. In the same year
he married Catherine Paulowna, daugh-
ter of Paul, late Emperor of Russia, and
after her death, Pauline Theresa Louisa,
his cousin, daughter of Louis Frederick,
Duke of Wurtemberg. He d. 1864, his
long reign having been quiet and un-
eventful.
WYATT, Matthew Cotes, an Eng-
lish sculptor, b. 1778; d. 1862. He
achieved his highest reputation by his
equestrian statues, among which are
those of the Duke of York and Welling-
ton in London.
WYON, William, a medal engraver
of admirable skill, and for many years
engraver in the London mint. He was
b. at Birmingham, though of German
descent, in 1796, and d. 1851.
WYSE, Sir John, author of " Walks
in Rome," and " Oriental Sketches," b.
1792; d. 1862. He represented Tipperarv
and subsequently the city of Waterfor(i,
in the British parliament, and was min-
ister plenipotentiary at the court of
Athens.
158
CYCLOPJfiDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.
[zwi
YANCEY, William Lowndes, an
American orator and politician, b. in
Georgia, 1814, studied law in South
Carolina, and in 18.3 T settled in Alabama,
where he edited the " Cahawba Demo-
crat " and " Wetumpka Argus." He was
a representative in congress, from Alaba-
ma, from 1844 to 1847. Before entering
congress he had served in the Alabama
legislature, and subsequently was'a mem-
ber of various political conventions, first
at Baltimore in 1848, then at Cincinnati
in 1856, and at Charleston in 1860, in
which he bore a conspicuous part. He
advocated the election of Mr. Breckin-
ridge before the people. He was a lead-
ing member of the convention of Ala-
bama, which met at Montgomerj', Jan. 7,
1861 ; and reported the ordinance of se-
cession which was passed Jan. 14. In
February he proceeded to Europe as a
commissioner Ixom the confederate gov-
ernment, to urge its claims to recogninon
by foreign powers. He returned in leo.,
1862, and in a speech delivered at New
Orleans discouraged every expectation
of foreign aid, on the ground that the
nations of Europe are irreconcilably
hostile to slavery. He was elected a
senator from Alabama in the confederate
congress, and on arriving at Richmond
was elected by the members opposed to
the Davis administration as their leader.
This position he declined. D. July,
1863. As an orator, Mr. Yancey was
remarkably effective, although his powers
were those of the rhetorician rather than
of the reasoner or statesman.
YARRELL, William, a naturalist,
author of various .works, among which
are " Histories of British Birds and British
Fishes." B. 1780; d. 1856.
YOUNG, Alexander, D. D., author
of " Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers of
the Colony of Plymouth," and " Chron-
icles of the First Planters of the Colony
of Massachusetts Bay," was pastor of the
sixth Congregational church of Boston ;
having graduated at Harvard college in
1820. B. 1800 ; d. 1854. — Augustus, a
geologist and naturalist, b. in Arlington,
Vt., 1785; d. 1857. He wrote much on
scientific subjects, and acquired a repu-
tation as a mathematician as well as in
relation to geology and mineralog^^ In
1856 he was appointed state naturalist.
He had previously been a politician, and
served both in the state legislatvure and
in congress.
ZOLLICOFFER, Felix K., a briga-
dier-general in the confederate armv, b.
in Tennessee, 1812, d. Jan. 19, 1862.
In 1829 he became the editor of a news-
paper at Paris, Tenn. In 1834 he was
editor and publisher of the " Columbian
Observer," in the same state; in 1835 he
was elected state printer, and reelected
in 1837 ; in 1842 he removed to Nashville,
and edited the "Banner"; in 1843 he
was elected comptroller of the state
treasurv, and was reelected in 1845 and
1847; in 1849 was elected to the state
senate; in 1851 and 1852 again edited
the " Nashville Banner," and was elected
a representative in congress from Ten-
nessee in 1853, where he continued
until March, 1859. He was a delegate to
the peace congress in 1861, but after the
battle of Bull Run entered the confeder-
ate service, and assumed command of
East Tennessee. He was defeated at
Camp Wild Cat, Ky., and was killed in
battle near Mill Spring in that state.
ZOOK, Samuel Kosciuszko, United
States brigadier-general, b. in Pennsyl-
vania, 1823, killed at Gettysburg, 1863.
He acted as colonel of the 57th New York
state volunteers in the bloody campaign
of the Peninsula, receiving his commis-
sion as brigadier-general in Nov., 1862.
At Chancellorsville and Gettysburg he
greatly distinguished himself.
ZWIRNER, Ernst Friedkich, a
German architect, who in 1833 undertook
the completion of the cathedral of Co-
loi;ne, and labored persistently until 1860,
when he gave the finishing touches to a
structure which is one of the finest efforts
at a reproduction of the Gothic archi-
tecture of the middle ages. B. in Sile-
sia, 1802; d. at Cologne, 1861.
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