UC-NRLF 
 
 501 
 
 Electrical Wires 
 
 Cables 
 
 nd Handbook 
 
 .4 :: >:::",'::.:.: St^-el ^o \\ r i.i ; e Ca 
 
GIFT OF 
 
Electrical Wires and Cables 
 
 Errat 
 
 a 
 
 Page 21. Title underneath illustration should read 
 Micrometer Calipers. 
 
 Page 54. Diameter 1 has been omitted in first column of 
 first table. 
 
 Page 56. Fourth line should read 980 cm. per second. 
 
 Page 80. Fourth line from bottom should read rope wire 
 instead of piano wire. 
 
 Page 100. Each of last 5 lines of 8th and 16th columns 
 should read pounds instead of feet. 
 
 Page 114. Second line from top should read No. 32 B. & S. 
 instead of No. 81. 
 
 Page 145. Second paragraph, first line, 145 should read 
 page 144. 
 
 Page 164. Title under first illustration should read served 
 in place of sewed. 
 
 Page 165. Second line should read " taped over all. " 
 
 Page 178. In first column of table, list number opposite 
 I/O should read 262 S instead of 250 S. 
 
 Page 56. Under caption Electrical Data, equations should 
 read as follows : 
 
 The ampere 
 " ohm 
 14 volt 
 " henry 
 " farad : 
 
 : 10" 1 cm. 5 g. 5 sec." 1 
 
 : 10* cm. sec." 1 
 
 : 10 s cm. 3 g. % sec." 2 
 
 : 10 9 cm. 
 
 = 10~ 9 cm." 1 sec. 2 
 
Electrical Wires and Cables 
 
Sales Offices 
 
 CHICAGO 115 Adams Street 
 
 NEW YORK 30 Church Street 
 
 WORCESTER North Works 
 
 BOSTON 120 Franklin Street 
 
 PITTSBURG . Frick Building 
 
 CLEVELAND Western Reserve Building 
 
 ST. LOUIS Third National Bank Building 
 
 MONTREAL Bank of Ottawa Building 
 
 ST. PAUL-MINNEAPOLIS . Pioneer Press Building, St. Paul 
 
 DENVER, COLO First National Bank Building 
 
 SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH . . 736 South 3 d West Street 
 SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. . . . i6th and Folsom Streets 
 
 PORTLAND, ORE Ninth and Irving Streets 
 
 SEATTLE, WASH. . Fourth Ave., S., and Connecticut St. 
 
 LOS ANGELES, CAL 160 Central Avenue 
 
 LONDON, ENG 36 New Broad Street, E. C. 
 
 EXPORT SALES AGENTS 
 United States Steel Products Company 
 30 Church Street, New York, N. Y. 
 
Catalogue and Handbook 
 of 
 
 Electrical Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 American Steel & Wire Company 
 
 Chicago New York Worcester 
 Denver San Francisco 
 
-r 
 
 Copyright 1910 by 
 American Steel and Wire Company 
 
 
 
 
 * * . 
 
 '-' : 
 
 r r /-l '''' r i- 
 
Preface 
 
 THIS Catalogue-Handbook presents in 
 serviceable form information interest- 
 ing to customers, engineers and 
 students. All types of bare and insulated 
 electrical wires and cables now in com- 
 mon use are fully described herein. A con- 
 siderable amount of engineering data and 
 descriptive matter, including an abridged 
 dictionary of electrical terms, has been in- 
 troduced for the purpose of making the book 
 a fairly complete treatise on electrical con- 
 ductors. 
 
 Much of the information may be found 
 in books of reference, but some of it is 
 published here for the first time. The 
 data have been carefully compiled and 
 arranged with a view of rendering the 
 customer all possible assistance in select- 
 ing and specifying the material best suited 
 to his requirements. 
 
 270317 
 
Contents 
 
 THIS book conveniently and logically divides 
 into nine sections, the first of which contains 
 in descriptive and tabulated form general 
 engineering data relating to copper, iron and alu- 
 minum electrical conductors. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 GENERAL DATA . . . . . n 
 
 The following seven sections constitute the cata- 
 logue portion of the book, in which is given not only 
 a complete list of all bare and insulated electrical 
 wires and cables manufactured by this company, but 
 also some general information regarding standard 
 specifications and the uses and construction of con- 
 ductors. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 BARE WIRES AND CABLES 57 
 
 MAGNET WIRE ..... 83 
 
 ANNUNCIATOR AND OFFICE WIRES . 93 
 
 WEATHERPROOF WIRES AND CABLES . 97 
 
 LAMP CORD PRODUCTS . . . 107 
 
 RUBBER-COVERED WIRES AND CABLES 115 
 
 LEAD ENCASED WIRES AND CABLES AND 
 
 THEIR INSTALLATION . . . 147 
 
 The final section has been compiled with consider- 
 able care for use as a dictionary of electrical terms. 
 
 ABRIDGED ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY OF PAGE 
 COMMON WORDS, TERMS AND PHRASES 183 
 
 The book concludes with a very complete index, 
 having conveniently arranged cross references to 
 materials used specially for electric light, electric 
 railway and telephone and telegraph work. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 INDEX ....... 229 
 
Facilities 
 
 HE first electrical wire factory of the 
 American Steel and Wire Company, estab- 
 lished in 1834, is here represented. In 
 this and in later buildings, the most im- 
 portant improvements in the manufactur- 
 ing of all kinds of wire were invented and adopted. 
 The business and the plant have developed rapidly. 
 About twenty years ago preparations were made for 
 producing our first insulated electrical wire. Shortly 
 after this the first enlarged terminal stud rail bonds 
 were made in these works. Since that date vast 
 changes and advances have taken place in every 
 branch of electrical engineering, and these have been 
 accompanied by a corresponding growth in our man- 
 ufacturing facilities. 
 
 Reinforcing our extensive factory equipment, there 
 are well equipped chemical, physical and electrical 
 laboratories, wherein the problems incident to the 
 solution of every difficulty encountered are handled 
 by thoroughly reliable experts and up - to - date 
 methods. All steel and copper used by us is rolled 
 and drawn in our own mills and under our own super- 
 vision throughout every operation. All raw materials 
 are tested and inspected before being used, the 
 manufacturing processes are constantly checked, and 
 finally the finished material is subjected to an exhaus- 
 tive series of tests that determine beyond question 
 whether or not it is of proper quality. With such facili- 
 ties at our disposal we are enabled to manufacture 
 electrical conductors of all kinds to the severest speci- 
 fications, and to give to the users of our product a 
 standard of quality that is unexcelled. 
 
I 
 
 Regarding Orders 
 
 N order to avoid errors, delays and misunder- 
 standings, purchasers should carefully note 
 the following: 
 
 1. Orders and correspondence regarding 
 orders should always be sent to the nearest 
 sales office, list of which is given on page 4. 
 
 2. Describe fully material ordered. List 
 numbers are provided in this catalogue to facili- 
 tate ordering. 
 
 3. When referring to orders always give the 
 number or date of the order. 
 
 4. State distinctly how goods are to be 
 shipped, whether by freight, express or mail. If 
 any special route is preferred it should be men- 
 tioned in the order. We reserve the right to 
 route all shipments upon which we pay or allow 
 freight. 
 
 5. Before returning reels or other material, 
 please secure from us shipping directions. 
 
 6. No claims for allowances will be enter- 
 tained unless made within ten days after arrival 
 of the goods, and no allowance will be made 
 beyond the original invoice price of material. 
 
 7. All prices are subject to change without 
 notice. 
 
 8. All agreements are contingent upon 
 strikes, accidents or other causes beyond our 
 control. 
 
General Data 
 
 Page 
 
 Conductance and Resistance 12 
 
 Physical Properties of Conductors 14 
 
 Temperature Effects on Resistance .... 15 
 
 Carrying Capacities of Conductors .... 18 
 
 Resistance of Copper at Different Temperatures 
 
 and Conductivities 17-19 
 
 Alternating Current Heating Effects .... 19 
 
 Measurements of Wires, Wire Gauges ... 21 
 
 Comparative Table of Wire Gauges .... 22 
 
 Wiring Formulae and Tables 22-26 
 
 Strands 27 
 
 Concentric Cables . 32 
 
 Rope Strands 32 
 
 The Manufacture of Wire 35 
 
 Copper 35 
 
 Iron and Steel 39 
 
 Wire Drawing 42 
 
 Tinning and Galvanizing Wire .... 44 
 
 Packing and Shipping 44 
 
 Coils 45 
 
 Reels 49-50 
 
 Miscellaneous Tabulated Data . . 52-56 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 General 
 Data 
 
 Conductance and Resistance 
 
 ELECTRICAL energy is always transferred from the generating source to the 
 receiving device through, or by means of, some form of conductor. This is 
 one of the three necessary parts of any electrical circuit. With the various 
 kinds of metallic conductors we shall be chiefly concerned in this catalogue. 
 
 Electricity may be transmitted through any substance, though in widely vary- 
 ing degrees. The following table gives a list of materials which are arranged 
 approximately in order of their conducting powers : 
 
 Conductors 
 
 Non-Conductors or Insulators 
 
 All metals 
 
 Dry air 
 
 Ebonite 
 
 Well-burned charcoal 
 
 Shellac 
 
 Gutta-percha 
 
 Plumbago 
 
 Paraffin 
 
 India rubber 
 
 Acid solutions 
 
 Resins 
 
 Silk 
 
 Metallic ores 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Dry paper 
 
 Living vegetable substances 
 Moist earth 
 
 Wax 
 
 Glass 
 
 Dry leather 
 Porcelain 
 
 Water 
 
 Mica 
 
 Oils 
 
 The conducting power of any substance depends largely upon its physical 
 state. For instance, the conductivity of air decreases very rapidly as its pressure 
 increases, while rarefied air makes a good conductor of electricity. The conduc- 
 tivity of all substances materially alters with change of temperature. 
 
 The number of substances which are used for conductors of electricity in 
 commercial work is, however, limited to three of the useful metals, copper, iron 
 and aluminum. Of these, the first is pre-eminently the best, while next in order 
 come aluminum and iron. Pure copper possesses many physical properties of 
 great engineering value in addition to that of its high conductivity. It has to a 
 very high degree the qualities of malleability and ductility which make it an ideal 
 metal for wire drawing. Its strength and hardness are greater than that of any 
 other metal except iron and steel. It has the power of resisting oxidation, it takes 
 a fine polish, is easily worked, and can be forged more easily than iron. 
 
 The precious metals, platinum, gold and silver, are used as conductors only to 
 a limited extent in laboratories and for scientific purposes. A list of the common 
 metals, arranged in order of their relative conducting properties, is given in the 
 following table : 
 
 Relative Conductivity of Pure Metals 
 (Matthiessen's Standard) 
 
 Metals 
 
 Relative 
 Conductivity 
 
 Metals 
 
 Relative 
 Conductivity 
 
 Silver, annealed 
 
 108 
 
 Iron, wrought 
 
 17.6 
 
 Copper, annealed 
 
 102 
 
 Nickel 
 
 13.0 
 
 Gold, annealed 
 
 78 
 
 Tin 
 
 120 
 
 Aluminum, annealed 
 
 63 
 
 Lead 
 
 8.0 
 
 Zinc 
 
 28 
 
 Mercury 
 
 1.7 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 
 
 Since the conductivity of any one wire will in general differ from that of any General 
 other, it becomes necessary in comparing or specifying wires to refer to some Data 
 standard or system of units. We cannot describe anything except by comparing it 
 with some standard which is recognized by and familiar to all. The conducting 
 power of a substance is usually expressed in terms of its electric resistance rather 
 than in terms of conductivity. The resistance of a wire is the reciprocal of its 
 conductivity. A wire that is high in conductivity is low in resistance and vice 
 versa. Resistance is that property of a conductor by virtue of its form and molecu- 
 lar structure which modifies the strength of current flowing through it. It is an 
 inherent property of all electrical conductors; even the best conductors possess 
 appreciable resistance. 
 
 The commercial standard of conductivity in this country is the one established 
 by Dr. Matthiessen in 1861. It is that of a piece of supposedly pure copper wire of 
 constant cross-section having the following specifications: 
 
 Specific gravity, 8.89. 
 
 Length, 1 meter or 39.8704 inches. 
 
 Weight, 1 gram or 15.432 grains. 
 
 Resistance, 0.141729 ohms at C. 
 
 Specific resistance, 1.594 microhms per cubic centimeter, or 
 
 Specific resistance, 0.6276 microhms per cubic inch at C 
 
 Much of the copper now being made is higher in conductivity than Dr. 
 Matthiessen's standard by one or two per cent., owing to improved methods of 
 refining copper. It is usual, however, to specify that soft drawn copper shall have 
 98 per cent, conductivity and hard drawn copper 97 per cent, of Matthiessen's 
 standard. 
 
 The practical unit of resistance is the International Ohm, which is the resist- 
 ance offered to an unvarying electric current by a column of pure mercury at a 
 temperature of melting ice, 14.4521 grams (0.51 ounces) in mass, of a constant 
 cross-sectional area, and 106.3 centimeters (41.85 inches) in length. To obtain a 
 concrete idea of this unit it may be remembered that a copper wire having a 
 diameter of one tenth of an inch, has at 68 F. a resistance of approximately one 
 ohm per thousand feet, or 5.28 ohms per mile. 
 
 Resistance varies greatly with different metals and is in general less for a pure 
 metal than for any of its alloys. Its value will in every case depend upon the 
 relation of three factors. The length of the wire, its cross-sectional area, and the 
 nature or chemical composition of the metal, all of which vary with temperature. 
 Increasing or decreasing the length (L) of any conductor will increase or decrease 
 the resistance (R) of the conductor in direct proportion. Increasing or decreasing 
 its sectional area (A) will inversely affect its resistance, that is, as the section of 
 the conductor increases the resistance becomes proportionately less, and conversely. 
 The term conductor as used in this connection should be taken in its broadest sense, 
 meaning the whole length of any circuit or any portion of a circuit under consider- 
 ation, whether it be in a straight line or wound in a coil. 
 
 For example: One mile of any given wire will have twice the resistance of 
 one-half mile of the same wire, or 5.28 times the resistance of 1,000 feet. Again, if 
 we have two wires of equal length, one of which has a sectional area five times as 
 great as that of the other, then, assuming uniform quality and treatment, the elec- 
 trical resistance of the larger wire will be one-fifth that of the smaller, and as the 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 weight per unit length varies directly as the sectional area, it follows that the 
 resistance of a wire weighing, for example, 500 pounds per mile, will equal one-fifth 
 the resistance of a wire weighing 100 pounds per mile, assuming uniform quality 
 and treatment as before. 
 
 Algebraically, these relations may be expressed thus: 
 
 R = K^ 
 A 
 
 Where (K) is a constant for any metal and represents its resistivity or specific 
 resistance. 
 
 Resistivity, a factor depending only on the material or structure of the metal 
 as compared with pure copper as unity, may be expressed in a number of different 
 ways, all being equivalent to the resistance of some unit of cross-section. This 
 unit may be expressed either in linear dimensions or as a combination of weight 
 and dimensions. It may represent the resistance measured between opposite faces 
 of a unit cube of the metal. Or, another and more common way of expressing resis- 
 
 Physical Properties of Copper, Aluminum, Iron and Steel Wire 
 
 
 Copper 
 
 Aluminum 
 no T> r* * 
 
 Iron 
 
 Steel 
 
 Physical Properties 
 
 Annealed 
 
 Hard Drawn 
 
 yy .rer Cent. 
 Pure 
 
 (Ex. B. B.) 
 
 (Siemens 
 Martin) 
 
 Conductivity 
 
 , Matthiessen's 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 st&ndHTcl 
 
 
 99 to 102 
 
 96 to 99 
 
 61 to 63 
 
 16.8 
 
 8.7 
 
 Ohms per mil-foot at 68 F. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 = 20 C. (K) 
 
 10.36 
 
 10.57 
 
 16.7 
 
 62.9 
 
 119.7 
 
 Ohms per mile at 68 F. - 20 C. 
 
 ( 54,600 
 ' cir. mils 
 
 55,700 
 
 88,200 
 
 332,000 
 
 632,000 
 
 cir. mils 
 
 cir. mils 
 
 cir. mils 
 
 cir. mils 
 
 Pounds per mile-ohm at 68 F. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 = 20 C. 
 
 
 875 
 
 896 424.0 
 
 4700 
 
 8900 
 
 Temperature co-efficient per 
 degrees F. Mean values . 
 
 .00233 
 
 .00233 .0022 
 
 .0028 
 
 
 Temperature co-efficient per 
 degrees C. Mean values . 
 
 .0042 
 
 .0042 
 
 .0040 
 
 .0050 
 
 
 Specific gravity. Mean values 
 Pounds per 1,000 feet per cir- 
 
 8.89 
 
 8.94 
 
 2.68 
 
 7.77 
 
 7.85 
 
 cular mil 
 
 .003027 
 
 .003049 
 
 .000909 
 
 .002652 
 
 .002671 
 
 Weight, in pounds per cubic 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 inch 
 
 
 .320 
 
 .322 
 
 .0967 
 
 .282 
 
 .283 
 
 Specific heat 
 
 Mean values . . 
 
 .093 
 
 .093 
 
 .214 
 
 .113 
 
 .117 
 
 Melting point in degrees F. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mean values 
 
 2012 
 
 2012 
 
 1157 
 
 2975 
 
 2480 
 
 Melting point in degrees C. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mean val 
 
 1fS 
 
 1100 
 
 1100 
 
 COX 
 
 1635 
 
 1360 
 
 Mean co-efficient of linear ex- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 pansion. 
 
 Degrees F. . . . 
 
 .00000950 
 
 .00000950 
 
 .00001285 
 
 .00000673 
 
 .00000662 
 
 Mean co-efficient of linear ex- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 pansion. 
 
 Degrees C. . . . 
 
 .0000171 
 
 .0000171 
 
 .0000231 
 
 .000120 
 
 .000118 
 
 
 Tensile strength 
 
 i 30,000 to 
 i 42,000 
 
 45,000 to 
 68,000 
 
 20,000 to 
 35,000 
 
 50,000 to 
 55,000 
 
 100,000 to 
 120,000 
 
 SOLID WIRE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pounds per 
 
 Elastic limit . . 
 
 1 6,000 to 
 / 16,000 
 
 25,000 to 
 45,000 
 
 j- 14,000 -j 
 
 25,000 to 
 30,000 
 
 50,000 to 
 72,000 
 
 square inch 
 
 Modulus of elas- 
 ticity .... 
 
 { 7,000,000 to 
 1 17,000,000 
 
 13,000,000 to 
 18,000,000 
 
 10,500,000 to 
 11,500,000 
 
 22,000,000 to 
 27,000,000 
 
 22,000,000 to 
 27,000,000 
 
 CON- 
 
 Tensile strength 
 
 I 29,000 to 
 / 37,000 
 
 43,000 to 
 65,000 
 
 j- 25,800 | 
 
 . . . 
 
 98,000 to 
 118,000 
 
 CENTRIC 
 STRAND 
 
 Elastic limit . . 
 
 1 5,800 to 
 "| 14,800 
 
 23,000 to 
 42,000 
 
 [ 13,800 \ 
 
 ... 
 
 45,000 to 
 55,000 
 
 Pounds per 
 square inch 
 
 Modulus of elas- 
 ticity .... 
 
 I 5,000,000 to 
 "/ 12,000,000 
 
 12,000,000 to 
 14,000,000 
 
 Approx. 
 
 10,000,000 
 
 
 16,000,000 to 
 22,00,000 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 \V 
 
 RES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 15 
 
 tivity is in terms of ohm s per mil-foot, meaning the resistance of a round wire one 
 foot long, having a diameter of one mil or .001 inch and an area of one circular mil. 
 With this unit, the resistance of any wire is found by multiplying its length (L) by 
 its resistivity (K see page 14) in ohms per mil-foot and dividing this product by 
 the section area expressed in circular mils. 
 
 For telephone and telegraph conductors it is customary to use still another unit 
 of resistivity weight per mile-ohm. This is the weight of a conductor one mile in 
 length, which has a resistance of one ohm. It equals the product of the resistance 
 per mile and the weight per mile. However great may be the variation in weight 
 of wires of different sizes, the variation in resistance is equally great inversely, and 
 so the balance is preserved. 
 
 To illustrate: If the mile-ohm be 5,000, the resistance of a wire weighing 1,000 
 pounds per mile will be 5 ohms, while a similar wire weighing 5 pounds per mile will 
 have a resistance of 1,000 ohms. This method of expressing resistance is more 
 direct than the others, which require interpretation before the results may be used 
 in any calculation. Values for these various units will be found tabulated on 
 page 14. 
 
 Temperature Effects on Resistance 
 
 The question of temperature bears an important part in all tests and calcula- 
 tions of electrical conductors, as the resistance varies directly with temperature. 
 The resistance of copper wire increases about twenty-three one-hundredths and 
 that of iron wire about twenty-eight one-hundredths per cent, for each additional 
 degree F. 
 
 Dr. Matthiessen, while experimenting with copper conductors, derived the fol- 
 lowing formula for the change of resistance with temperature in copper wire : 
 R=R (1 + .00387t+ .0000059t 8 ) 
 
 Later experiments have shown that for practical engineering purposes all terms 
 below the second may be dropped, and that the above equation for temperature 
 changes in copper wire may now be written : 
 
 R t =R (l + .0042t) for t in degrees C. or 
 
 Rt=R (l-l- .0023t) for t in degrees F. 
 Where R = Resistance at C. 
 
 R t = Resistance at any temperature t 
 The general equation for any conductor is usually written: 
 
 Rt=R (l + at), where 
 
 a is called the temperature coefficient of the conductor. These coefficients vary 
 considerably with the purity of metals, and they change slightly even in the purest 
 metals. The following average values of the temperature coefficient have been 
 found experimentally, at C. 
 
 Metals 
 
 Centigrade 
 
 Fahrenheit 
 
 Aluminum 
 
 .0040 
 
 .0022 
 
 Copper, annealed 
 Gold 
 
 .0042 
 .0038 
 
 .0023 
 .0021 
 
 Mercury 
 
 .0007 
 
 .0004 
 
 Platinum 
 
 .0025 
 
 .0014 
 
 Silver, annealed 
 
 .0040 
 
 .0022 
 
 Soft iron 
 
 .0050 
 
 .0028 
 
 Tin 
 
 .0044 
 
 .0025 
 
 Zinc 
 
 .0041 
 
 .0023 
 
 For convenience in determining the resistivity of copper conductors at vari- 
 ous temperatures, we give on page 17 the resistance per mil-foot at temperatures 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 General ranging from -10 C. to 45C. at 97 per cent., 98 per cent, and at 100 per cent. 
 
 Data conductivity Matthiessen's standard. We also give, on page 19, the weight per 
 
 mile-ohm at various temperatures and conductivities within practical limits. 
 
 If a continuous current of electricity flows through any conductor, a certain 
 definite portion of the electrical energy supplied to the conductor will be required 
 to overcome its resistance and transmit the current between any two points in the 
 conductor. This energy of transmission, as it is called, is never lost, but is trans- 
 formed into heat energy. Heat will be developed whenever any electric current 
 flows through any conductor, or part of conductor, the amount of heat being 
 directly proportional to the resistance of the conductor and to the square of the 
 current flowing. The amount of heat measured in calories will equal 
 
 H=0.24IRt 
 
 Where H represents calories of heat produced 
 I " current in amperes 
 
 R ' ' resistance of conductor in ohms, and 
 t ' ' time in seconds that the current flows. 
 
 If heat be developed in the conductor faster than it can be dissipated from the 
 surface by radiation and convection the temperature will rise. The allowable safe 
 temperature rise is one of the limiting features of the current carrying capacity of 
 any conductor. Since the rate at which heat will be dissipated from any conductor 
 will depend upon many conditions, such as its size and structure, the kind and 
 amount of insulation, if any, and its location with respect to other bodies, it is not 
 possible to give any general definite rule for carrying capacity that will be true for 
 all conditions. The following empirical formula* will give approximate values for 
 the current I flowing through a solid conductor, or through each conductor of a 
 multiple conductor cable which will cause a rise in temperature of t degrees C. 
 
 1= 
 
 Tc 
 
 In this, d represents the diameter of the bare wire or strand, K is the resistance 
 per mil-foot of the wire at allowable elevated temperature t taken from the curves 
 given on next page, and C is a constant having the following values for different 
 conditions. 
 
 Location and Kind of Conductor 
 
 Values of A/ d 3 
 
 Constant C in Expression Cf/ * "^ 
 
 Solid Conductor Stranded Conductor 
 
 Bare overhead wires out of doors 
 
 Bare wires in doors, exposed 
 
 Single conductor rubber covered cable in still air . 
 
 Single conductor rubber covered lead sheathed cable in 
 underground single duct conduit 
 
 Single conductor paper covered lead sheathed cable in 
 underground single duct conduit 
 
 Three-conductor rubber covered lead sheathed cable in 
 underground single duct conduit 
 
 Three-conductor paper covered lead sheathed cable in 
 underground single duct conduit 
 
 1250 
 660 
 530 
 
 530 
 470 
 400 
 350 
 
 1100 
 610 
 490 
 
 490 
 
 370 
 
 * Taken by permission from Foster's Electrical Engineer's Pocket Book published by D. 
 Van Nostrand Company, New York. 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 17 
 
 General 
 Data 
 
 Resistance per Mil- Foot of Pure Copper at Various Temperatures and 
 
 Conductivities 
 
 Values of K in expression C j/ t ^ 
 
 IV 
 
 The heat radiating surface of any conductor varies as the diameter of the con- 
 ductor, while the current carrying capacity, depending on the number of circular 
 mils, will vary as the square of the diameter. In consequence, the current density 
 in large conductors will be less than in small conductors for an equal temperature 
 rise. It has been found impracticable on this account to use insulated conductors 
 larger than 2,000,000 c. m., except in special cases. (See page 172.) 
 
18 
 
 E R I C A N 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 General 
 Data 
 
 Carrying Capacities of Insulated Wires and Cables 
 
 Published in National Electrical Code of 1909 
 
 B. & S. Gauge 
 
 Number 
 
 Capacity 
 Circular Mils. 
 
 Amperes 
 
 Rubber Insulation 
 
 Weatherproof 
 Insulation 
 
 18 
 
 1,624 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 2,583 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 4,107 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 6,530 
 
 17 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 10,380 
 
 24 
 
 32 
 
 8 
 
 16,510 
 
 33 
 
 46 
 
 6 
 
 26,250 
 
 46 
 
 65 
 
 5 
 
 33,100 
 
 54 
 
 77 
 
 4 
 
 41,740 
 
 65 
 
 92 
 
 3 
 
 52,630 
 
 76 
 
 110 
 
 2 
 
 66,370 
 
 90 
 
 131 
 
 1 
 
 83,690 
 
 107 
 
 156 
 
 
 
 105,500 
 
 127 
 
 185 
 
 00 
 
 133,100 
 
 150 
 
 220 
 
 000 
 
 167,800 
 
 177 
 
 262 
 
 
 200,000 
 
 200 
 
 300 
 
 0000 
 
 211,600 
 
 210 
 
 312 
 
 .... 
 
 300,000 
 
 270 
 
 400 
 
 ... 
 
 400,000 
 
 330 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 500,000 
 
 390 
 
 590 
 
 
 600,000 
 
 450 
 
 680 
 
 
 700,000 
 
 500 
 
 760 
 
 
 800,000 
 
 550 
 
 840 
 
 
 900,000 
 
 600 
 
 920 
 
 .... 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 650 
 
 1,000 
 
 
 1,100,000 
 
 690 
 
 1,080 
 
 .... 
 
 1,200,000 
 
 730 
 
 1,150 
 
 .... 
 
 1,300,000 
 
 770 
 
 1,220 
 
 .... 
 
 1,400,000 
 
 810 
 
 1,290 
 
 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 850 
 
 1,360 
 
 .... 
 
 1,600,000 
 
 890 
 
 1,430 
 
 .... 
 
 1,700,000 
 
 930 
 
 1,490 
 
 
 1,800,000 
 
 970 
 
 1,550 
 
 
 1,900,000 
 
 1,010 
 
 1,610 
 
 .... 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 1,050 
 
 1,670 
 
 Drop of potential is not taken into consideration in the above table. These 
 amperages for rubber-covered wires are adopted because to exceed them may 
 cause gradual deterioration of the insulation even though the chance of ignition 
 from overheating may be small. 
 
 Wires smaller than No. 14 should not be used except as prescribed in 
 Underwriters' rules. 
 
 For aluminum wire the carrying capacity of any given size should be taken as 
 84 per cent, of the value given in the above table. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 Pounds per Mile-Ohm of Copper Wire at Various Temperatures 
 and Conductivities 
 
 General 
 Data 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Pounds per Mile-Ohm 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Pounds per Mile-Ohm 
 
 Conductivity 
 Matthiessen's 
 Standard 
 
 
 Conductivity 
 Matthiessen's 
 Standard 
 
 
 At 32 F. 
 0C. 
 
 At 60 F. 
 15.6 C. 
 
 At 68 F 
 20 C. 
 
 At 104 F. 
 40 C. 
 
 At 32 F. 
 C. 
 
 At 60 F. 
 15. 6 C. 
 
 At 68 F. 
 20 C. 
 
 At 104 F. 
 40 C. 
 
 96.0 
 
 841.9 
 
 893.4 
 
 908.7 
 
 980.8 
 
 99.0 
 
 816.4 
 
 866.3 
 
 881.1 
 
 951.0 
 
 .2 
 
 840.2 
 
 891.5 
 
 906.8 
 
 978.7 
 
 .2 
 
 814.8 
 
 864.6 
 
 879.4 
 
 949.1 
 
 .4 
 
 838.4 
 
 889.7 
 
 904.9 
 
 976.7 
 
 .4 
 
 813.1 
 
 862.8 
 
 877.6 
 
 947.2 
 
 .6 
 
 836.7 
 
 887.8 
 
 903.0 
 
 974.7 
 
 .6 
 
 811.5 
 
 861.1 
 
 875.8 
 
 945.3 
 
 .8 
 
 835.0 
 
 886.0 
 
 901.2 
 
 972.7 
 
 .8 
 
 809.9 
 
 859.4 
 
 874.1 
 
 943.4 
 
 97.0 
 
 833.2 
 
 884.2 
 
 899.3 
 
 970.6 
 
 100.0 
 
 808.2 
 
 857.6 
 
 872.3 
 
 941.5 
 
 .2 
 
 831.5 
 
 
 897.4 
 
 968.7 
 
 .2 
 
 806.6 
 
 855.9 
 
 870.6 
 
 939.6 
 
 .4 
 
 829.8 
 
 880^5 
 
 895.6 
 
 966.7 
 
 .4 
 
 805.0 
 
 854.2 
 
 868.8 
 
 937.8 
 
 .6 
 
 828.1 
 
 878.7 
 
 893.8 
 
 964.7 
 
 .6 
 
 803.4 
 
 852.5 
 
 867.1 
 
 935.9 
 
 .8 
 
 826.4 
 
 876.9 
 
 891.9 
 
 962.7 
 
 .8 
 
 801.8 
 
 850.8 
 
 865.4 
 
 934.1 
 
 98.0 
 
 824.7 
 
 875.1 
 
 890.1 
 
 960.7 
 
 101.0 
 
 800.2 
 
 849.2 
 
 863.7 
 
 932.2 
 
 .2 
 
 823.1 
 
 873.4 
 
 888.3 
 
 958.8 
 
 .2 
 
 798.7 
 
 847.5 
 
 862.0 
 
 930.4 
 
 .4 
 
 821.4 
 
 871.6 
 
 886.5 
 
 956.8 
 
 .4 
 
 797.1 
 
 845.8 
 
 860.3 
 
 928.5 
 
 .6 
 
 819.7 
 
 869.8 
 
 884.7 
 
 954.9 
 
 .6 
 
 795.5 
 
 844.1 
 
 858.6 
 
 926.7 
 
 .8 
 
 818.1 
 
 868.1 
 
 882.9 
 
 953.0 
 
 .8 
 
 794.0 
 
 842.5 
 
 856.9 
 
 924.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 102.0 
 
 792.4 
 
 840.8 
 
 855.2 
 
 923.1 
 
 Alternating Current Heating Effects 
 
 If an alternating current be transmitted through a conductor, portions of the 
 electrical energy supplied may be transformed into heat in four different ways, 
 each resulting in an energy loss and in a corresponding reduction of the current 
 carrying capacity of the conductor. 
 
 1. A definite amount of electrical energy will be required to overcome the 
 ohmic resistance of the conductor, just as in the case with continuous currents. 
 This is commonly known as the PR loss, where I is the effective current. 
 
 2. Under certain conditions there will be loss of energy due to the skin effect 
 of alternating currents. A current induced in a conductor builds up from the 
 surface, and an appreciable period of time is required for the current to penetrate 
 to the interior portions of the conductor. If the frequency be high the central por- 
 tion of large conductors may contribute nothing to the conducting powers of the 
 conductor. This is equivalent to increasing the resistance of the conductor, or in 
 effect the conductor will have a spurious resistance which will be greater than its 
 real resistance. 
 
 The effect is much greater in iron than in copper, owing to the high magnetic 
 permeability of iron. It also increases directly with the frequency of alternations. 
 With the two standard frequencies now being used, 25 and 60, the skin effect in 
 copper does not become appreciable until a diameter of conductor of about three- 
 quarters of an inch has been reached. In distribution systems which conduct 
 heavy currents of high frequency, the conductor wires may be built up into cables 
 about a hemp core, thus offering a greater amount of surface by placing the 
 copper where it will do the greatest service without increasing its weight. 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 General Approximate values of the effective resistance of straight copper conductors 
 
 Data at 68 degrees F. can be obtained by multiplying the actual ohmic resistance by 
 factors given in the following table: 
 
 Factors to Obtain Effective Resistance from 
 Ohmic Resistance 
 
 Diameter 
 Bare 
 
 Approxi- 
 mate Area 
 
 
 Frequency 
 
 
 Diameter 
 Bare 
 
 Approxi- 
 mate Area 
 
 
 Frequency 
 
 
 Conductor 
 Inches 
 
 in Circular 
 Mils 
 
 25 
 
 60 
 
 130 
 
 Copper 
 Conductor 
 Inches 
 
 in Circular 
 Mils 
 
 25 
 
 60 
 
 130 
 
 2.00 
 
 4.000000 
 
 .265 
 
 .826 
 
 2.560 
 
 1.000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 1.020 
 
 1.111 
 
 1.397 
 
 1.75 
 
 3,062,500 
 
 .170 
 
 .622 
 
 2.272 
 
 .75 
 
 563,500 
 
 1.007 
 
 1.040 
 
 1.156 
 
 1.50 
 
 2,500,000 
 
 .098 
 
 .420 
 
 1.983 
 
 .50 
 
 250,000 
 
 1.002 
 
 1.008 
 
 1.039 
 
 1.25 
 
 1,562,500 
 
 .053 
 
 .239 
 
 1.694 
 
 .46 
 
 211,6UO 
 
 1.001 
 
 1.006 
 
 1.027 
 
 1.125 
 
 1,265,825 
 
 1.0.J5 
 
 .168 
 
 1.545 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3. Foucoitlt or eddy currents may be induced in the conductor itself, or in the 
 lead sheathing or in the steel armor wires by the rapidly changing alternating mag- 
 netic flux. Foucoult currents are produced at the expense of energy supplied the 
 conductor, and they are dissipated in the form of heat. This loss would be much 
 greater in single-conductor cables carrying alternating current than in two-conduc- 
 tor or three-conductor cables, in which the outer resultant magnetic field should be 
 very small. Placing a single-conductor alternating current cable in an iron conduit 
 would very greatly increase the energy loss, and for that reason it is seldom done. 
 This loss will be greater in solid conductors than in stranded conductors of equal 
 section, and it will increase with thickness of lead sheath and with the diameter of 
 the armor wires. 
 
 4. Dielectric hysteresis losses in the insulating material. This loss is some- 
 what similar in kind to the magnetic hysteresis loss in iron. A dielectric is a poorly 
 conducting material used for insulating conductors, through which an electro- 
 motive force establishes a molecular strain or an electro-static field of flux. The 
 total dielectric loss is due to the sum of a direct PR leakage of current through 
 the dielectric and to the dielectric hysteresis loss, which is thought to be a function 
 of the insulation resistance, varying inversely. The hysteresis loss in the dielectric 
 of a cable is constant and independent of load. It increases with voltage, with the 
 length of cable and with frequency. It may be lessened by increasing the thickness 
 of the dielectric, by using a dielectric of low specific inductive capacity and by 
 working at low voltage and low frequency. The loss is thought to be negligible 
 in direct current systems and in low voltage alternating current distribution 
 systems. 
 
 While the amount of heat developed under ordinary service conditions by any 
 one of the last three mentioned causes would probably be small, yet the ag- 
 gregate amount tends to increase the temperature of the conductor, which 
 increases its resistance, reduces its carrying capacity and shortens the life of the 
 insulation. 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 
 
 Measurements of Conductors General 
 
 Data 
 
 The diameter of a conductor is usually expressed in mils. A mil is a thou- 
 sandth part of an inch. The direct measurement of diameters in mils is made by 
 wire gauges, of which there are several different types on the market. One type in 
 common use is shown in the cut below. 
 
 Micrometer Screw 
 
 The circular mil is very generally taken as the unit of area in considering the 
 cross-section or capacity of electrical conductors. This is the area of a circle whose 
 diameter is one mil, or one-thousandth of an inch. It equals .7854 of a square mil. 
 This unit area possesses several advantages in making wiring calculations and in 
 determining the relations between different wires having known diameters. The 
 cross-section of any solid round wire in circular mils is found by squaring the diam- 
 eter of the wire in mils, and conversely, the diameter of a wire in mils is obtained by 
 extracting the square root of the section expressed in circular mils. The constant -, 
 which expresses the ratio between the circumference and diameter of any circle, 
 does not enter into these calculations, thus greatly simplifying them. 
 
 Circular mils square inches .0000007854 = (diameter in mils) 2 
 Square inches = circular mils X .0000007854 
 One circular mil = .0005067087 square millimeters 
 One square millimeter = 1,973 circular mils 
 
 The weight in pounds per 1,000 feet of any conductor may be found by multi- 
 plying its area in circular mils by the "pounds per 1,000 feet per circular mil," 
 tabulated on page 14. 
 
 Wire Gauges 
 
 The sizes of wires are ordinarily expressed in certain gauge numbers arbi- 
 trarily chosen. There are unfortunately several independent gauge systems, and 
 it is necessary in each case to specify the particular wire gauge used. Though the 
 gauge numbers have the advantage of enabling manufacturers to carry wires in 
 stock from which purchasers may choose with a reasonable assurance of quick de- 
 livery, there is nevertheless a tendency to do away with all gauge numbering 
 methods and to distinguish different electrical wires by their diameters expressed 
 in mils. 
 
 The Brown & Sharpe gauge is used in America as the standard for copper wire 
 vised for electrical purposes. In this gauge both the sizes and the areas vary in 
 geometrical progression. The diameters of wires are obtained from the geometric 
 series, in which the first number, No. 4/0, = 0.46 inch in diameter, and No. 36 = .005 
 inch, the nearest fourth significant figure being retained in the areas and diameters 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 General so obtained. It will be seen upon examining a wiring table that' an increase 
 
 Data of three in the wire number corresponds to doubling the resistance and halving the 
 
 cross-section and weight. Also, that an increase of ten in the wire number increases 
 
 the resistance ten times and diminishes the cross-section and weight to one-tenth 
 
 their original values. 
 
 The American Steel and Wire gauge is used almost universally in this country 
 for steel and iron wires. 
 
 The Birmingham gauge is used largely in England as their standard, and in 
 this country for steel wires, and for other wires not used especially for electrical 
 purposes. 
 
 The following table gives the numbers and diameters in decimal parts of an 
 inch for the various wire gauges used in this country and England: 
 
 Comparative Sizes Wire Gauges in Decimals of an Inch 
 
 g 
 
 & 
 
 s l 
 
 .y ? So 
 
 *j Mg , 
 
 h 
 
 hf\ 3 
 
 31 
 
 ! 
 
 &% 
 
 A 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 lg.6 
 
 h 
 
 s3l 
 
 jig 
 
 _; 
 
 oj 
 
 Ss*3 
 
 11 
 
 |II 
 
 OX) -^ 
 
 .Sw 
 
 s 
 
 IS.-S 
 
 M 6 $ 
 
 M C/3 
 
 5 
 
 <u 
 
 51 
 
 8*3 
 
 P 
 
 a o 
 
 * 
 
 M E 3 
 *-"w 
 
 ^ 
 
 c 
 
 e 
 
 * 
 
 w 
 
 
 PQ 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 n 
 
 
 PQ 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 0000000 
 
 .4900 
 
 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 .0475 
 
 04030 
 
 049 
 
 048 
 
 .0490 
 
 238 
 
 000000 
 
 .4R15 
 
 .58000 
 
 
 .464 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 .0410 
 
 ! 035*9 
 
 !042 
 
 !040 
 
 .0400 
 
 .250 
 
 00000 
 
 .4305 
 
 .51650 
 
 isoo 
 
 .432 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 .0348 
 
 .03196 
 
 .035 
 
 .036 
 
 .0350 
 
 .263 
 
 0000 
 
 .3938 
 
 .46000 
 
 .454 
 
 .400 
 
 '.4540 
 
 
 21 
 
 .0317 
 
 .02846 
 
 .032 
 
 .032 
 
 .0315 
 
 .279 
 
 000 
 
 .3625 
 
 .40964 
 
 .425 
 
 .372 
 
 .4250 
 
 
 22 
 
 .0286 
 
 .02535 
 
 .028 
 
 .028 
 
 .0295 
 
 .290 
 
 00 
 
 .3310 
 
 .36480 
 
 .380 
 
 .348 
 
 .3800 
 
 
 23 
 
 .0258 
 
 .02257 
 
 .025 
 
 .024 
 
 .0270 
 
 .303 
 
 
 
 .30fi5 
 
 .32486 
 
 .340 
 
 .324 
 
 .3400 
 
 
 24 
 
 .0230 
 
 .02010 
 
 .022 
 
 .022 
 
 .0250 
 
 .316 
 
 1 
 
 .2830 
 
 .28930 
 
 .300 
 
 .300 
 
 .3000 
 
 !633 
 
 25 
 
 .0204 
 
 .01790 
 
 .020 
 
 .020 
 
 .0230 
 
 .331 
 
 2 
 
 .2625 
 
 .25763 
 
 .284 
 
 .276 
 
 .2840 
 
 .040 
 
 26 
 
 .0181 
 
 .01594 
 
 .018 
 
 .018 
 
 .0205 
 
 .342 
 
 3 
 
 .2437 
 
 .22942 
 
 .259 
 
 .252 
 
 .2590 
 
 .050 
 
 27 
 
 .0173 
 
 .01420 
 
 .016 
 
 .0164 
 
 .01875 
 
 .356 
 
 4 
 
 .2253 
 
 .20431 
 
 .238 
 
 .232 
 
 .2380 
 
 .063 
 
 28 
 
 .0162 
 
 .01264 
 
 .014 
 
 .0148 
 
 .01650 
 
 .371 
 
 5 
 
 .2oro 
 
 .18194 
 
 .220 
 
 .212 
 
 .2200 
 
 .068 
 
 29 
 
 .0150 
 
 .01126 
 
 .013 
 
 .0136 
 
 .01550 
 
 .383 
 
 6 
 
 .1920 
 
 .16202 
 
 .203 
 
 .192 
 
 .2030 
 
 .083 
 
 30 
 
 .0140 
 
 .01003 
 
 .012 
 
 .0124 
 
 .01375 
 
 .394 
 
 7 
 
 .1770 
 
 .14428 
 
 .180 
 
 .176 
 
 .1^00 
 
 .097 
 
 31 
 
 .0132 
 
 .00893 
 
 .010 
 
 .0116 
 
 .01225 
 
 .408 
 
 8 
 
 .1620 
 
 .12849 
 
 .165 
 
 .160 
 
 .1650 
 
 .110 
 
 32 
 
 .0128 
 
 .00795 
 
 .009 
 
 .0108 
 
 .01125 
 
 .419 
 
 9 
 
 .1483 
 
 .11443 
 
 .148 
 
 .144 
 
 .1480 
 
 .120 
 
 33 
 
 .0118 
 
 .00708 
 
 .008 
 
 .0100 
 
 .01025 
 
 .431 
 
 10 
 
 .1350 
 
 .10189 
 
 .134 
 
 .128 
 
 .1340 
 
 .185' 
 
 34 
 
 .0104 
 
 .00630 
 
 .007 
 
 .0092 
 
 .00950 
 
 .448 
 
 11 
 
 .1205 
 
 .09074 
 
 .120 
 
 .116 
 
 .1200 
 
 .149 
 
 35 
 
 .0095 
 
 .00561 
 
 .005 
 
 .00*4 
 
 .00900 
 
 .458 
 
 12 
 
 .1055 
 
 .08081 
 
 .109 
 
 .104 
 
 .1090 
 
 .162 
 
 36 
 
 .0090 
 
 .00500 
 
 .004 
 
 .0076 
 
 .00750 
 
 .472 
 
 13 
 
 .0915 
 
 .07196 
 
 .095 
 
 .092 
 
 .0950 
 
 .172 
 
 37 
 
 .0085 
 
 .00445 
 
 
 .0068 
 
 .00650 
 
 .485 
 
 14 
 
 .0800 
 
 .06408 
 
 .083 
 
 .080 
 
 .0880 
 
 .185 
 
 88 
 
 .0080 
 
 .00396 
 
 
 .0060 
 
 .00575 
 
 .499 
 
 15 
 
 .0720 
 
 .05706 
 
 .072 
 
 .072 
 
 .0720 
 
 .197 
 
 89 
 
 .0075 
 
 .00353 
 
 
 .0052 
 
 .00500 
 
 .509 
 
 16 
 
 .0625 
 
 .050^2 
 
 .065 
 
 .064 
 
 .0650 
 
 .212 
 
 40 
 
 .0070 
 
 .00814 
 
 
 .0018 
 
 .00450 
 
 .524 
 
 17 
 
 .0540 
 
 .04525 
 
 .058 
 
 .056 
 
 .05SO 
 
 .225 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *Also called New British or English Legal Standard. 
 
 Wiring Formulae and Tables 
 
 The current carrying capacity of a conductor is not only limited by its allow- 
 able temperature rise, as already explained, but also by the allowable drop of 
 potential. The potential difference required to transmit a given electric current 
 through a conductor will vary directly as the resistance of the conductor and 
 inversely as its cross-sectional area. The diameter of conductors used for long 
 distance transmission purposes is usually determined by the drop of potential 
 allowable, rather than from other electrical considerations. 
 
 For most practical purposes the following formulae can be used to determine 
 the size of copper conductors, current per wire, and weight of copper per circuit for 
 any system of electrical distribution. 
 
 D X W 
 
 Area of conductor in circular mils = 
 
 P X 
 
 Current in main conductor 
 
 W 
 
 T. P = 
 
 K== C. M. 
 D X W 
 
 C. M. X 
 
 K 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 Weight of copper 
 
 D* X W X K X A 
 
 pounds. 
 
 X E 8 X 1,000,000 
 In these equations the symbols used denote the following quantities : 
 W = total watts delivered. 
 D = distance of transmission, one way in feet. 
 E = voltage between main conductors at the receiving or consumers' end of 
 
 circuit. 
 
 P = loss in line in per cent, of power delivered, i. e. , of W, this being a whole 
 number. K, T and A are constants given in the following table: 
 
 General 
 Data 
 
 Wiring Formulae Constants 
 
 System 
 
 Values of A 
 
 Values of K 
 
 Values of T 
 
 Per Cent. Power Factor 
 
 Per Cent. Power Factor 
 
 100 
 
 95 
 
 90 
 
 85 
 
 80 
 
 100 
 
 95 
 
 90 
 
 85 
 
 80 
 
 1 -phase, and D. C. 
 2-phase-4 wire 
 3-phase-3 wire 
 
 6.04 
 12.08 
 9.06 
 
 2160 
 1080 
 1080 
 
 2400 
 1200 
 1200 
 
 2660 
 1330 
 1330 
 
 3000 
 1500 
 1500 
 
 3380 
 1690 
 1690 
 
 1.00 
 .50 
 
 .58 
 
 1.05 
 .53 
 .61 
 
 1.11 
 .55 
 
 .64 
 
 1.17 
 .59 
 .68 
 
 1.25 
 .66 
 
 .72 
 
 These constants depend upon the system of distribution as well as the condi- 
 tions of the circuit. 
 
 For continuous current K=2160, T=l and A= 6.04. 
 
 For any particular power factor the value of K is obtained by dividing 2160, 
 the value for continuous current, by the square of the power factor for single-phase, 
 and by twice the square of the power factor for three- wire three-phase or four-wire 
 two-phase. In continuous current Edison three-wire systems, the neutral should 
 be made of one-third the section obtained by the formula for either of the outside 
 mains. In both continuous and alternating current systems, the neutral conductor, 
 for secondary mains (i. e., service connections) and house wiring, should be taken 
 as large as the other conductor. The three wires of a three-phase circuit and the 
 four wires of a two-phase circuit should all be of the same size, and each conductor 
 should be of the cross-section, as obtained by the proper application of the first 
 formula. 
 
 The following assumed values of power factors for circuits may be used in any 
 calculation when their exact values are not known. 
 
 Incandescent lighting and synchronous motors, 95 per cent. 
 Lighting and induction motors, 85 per cent. 
 Induction motors alone, 80 per cent. 
 
 For continuous currents and for short branch circuits in wiring buildings, for 
 lamp and motor outlets, the following formula for determining area of conductor is 
 found more convenient to use. 
 
 10.8 X Amperes X Length of circuit in feet. 
 
 Volts permissible drop in wire. 
 For example: What size of wire would be required for an 800-foot circuit 
 carrying current to a 500-volt, 20-kilowatt, direct current motor, allowing 2 per cent, 
 drop in the circuit. 
 
 20 kilo watts=20, 000 watts. 
 
 20,000-^500=40, amperes in line. 
 
 1 per cent, loss in each wire or branch of circuit=500 X .01=5 volts. 
 
 Length of each wire=800 feet. 
 
 10 8 X 40 X 800 
 Circular mils = - =69,120 or No. 2 B. & S. wire say 
 
 for each branch of the circuit. 
 
 Circular mils= 
 
General 
 Data 
 
 24 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Bare Copper Wire Table 
 
 The data from which these tables have been computed are as follows: Matthies- 
 sen's standard resistivity, Matthiessen's temperature coefficients, specific gravity of 
 copper = 8.89. Resistance in terms of the international ohm. 
 
 
 Diameter of Wire 
 
 Cross-sectional Area 
 
 Brown & Sharpe 
 Gauge 
 
 In Inches 
 
 Allowable 
 Variation in 
 Per Cent. 
 
 In 
 
 Millimeters 
 
 Circular Mils 
 (d 2 ) 
 d = .001 Inch 
 
 Square Inch 
 (d 2 x .7854) 
 
 Square 
 Millimeter 
 
 
 
 Either Way 
 
 
 
 
 
 0000 
 
 .4600 
 
 .45 
 
 11.68 
 
 211600. 
 
 .166190 
 
 107.219 
 
 000 
 
 .4096 
 
 .50 
 
 10.40 
 
 167772. 
 
 .131770 
 
 85.011 
 
 00 
 
 .3648 
 
 .50 
 
 9.266 
 
 133079. 
 
 .104520 
 
 67.432 
 
 
 
 .3250 
 
 .50 
 
 8.255 
 
 105625. 
 
 .082958 
 
 53.521 
 
 1 
 
 .2893 
 
 .50 
 
 7.348 
 
 83694. 
 
 .065733 
 
 42.408 
 
 2 
 
 .2576 
 
 .50 
 
 6.543 
 
 66358. 
 
 .052117 
 
 33.624 
 
 3 
 
 .2294 
 
 .75 
 
 5.827 
 
 52624. 
 
 .041331 
 
 26.665 
 
 4 
 
 .2043 
 
 .75 
 
 5.189 
 
 41738. 
 
 .032781 
 
 21.149 
 
 5 
 
 .1819 
 
 .75 
 
 4.620 
 
 33088. 
 
 .025987 
 
 16.766 
 
 6 
 
 .1620 
 
 .75 
 
 4.115 
 
 26244. 
 
 .020612 
 
 13.298 
 
 7 
 
 .1443 
 
 .75 
 
 3.665 
 
 20822. 
 
 .016354 
 
 10.550 
 
 8 
 
 .1285 
 
 1.00 
 
 3.264 
 
 16512. 
 
 .012969 
 
 8.3666 
 
 9 
 
 .1144 
 
 1.00 
 
 2.906 
 
 13087. 
 
 .010279 
 
 6.6313 
 
 10 
 
 .1019 
 
 1.00 
 
 2.588 
 
 10384. 
 
 .0081553 
 
 5.2614 
 
 11 
 
 .0907 
 
 .00 
 
 2.804 
 
 8226.5 
 
 .0064611 
 
 4.1684 
 
 12 
 
 .0808 
 
 .25 
 
 2.052 
 
 6528.6 
 
 .0051276 
 
 3.3081 
 
 13 
 
 .0720 
 
 .25 
 
 1.829 
 
 5184.0 
 
 .0040715 
 
 2.6267 
 
 14 
 
 .0641 
 
 .25 
 
 1.628 
 
 4108.8 
 
 .0032271 
 
 2.0819 
 
 15 
 
 .0571 
 
 .25 
 
 .450 
 
 3260.4 
 
 .0025607 
 
 1.6520 
 
 16 
 
 .0508 
 
 .50 
 
 1.290 
 
 2580.6 
 
 .0020268 
 
 1.3076 
 
 17 
 
 .0453 
 
 1.50 
 
 .151 
 
 2052.1 
 
 .0016117 
 
 1.0398 
 
 18 
 
 .0403 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.024 
 
 1624.1 
 
 .0012756 
 
 .82294 
 
 19 
 
 .0359 
 
 1.75 
 
 .9119 
 
 1288.8 
 
 .0010122 
 
 .65304 
 
 20 
 
 .0320 
 
 1.75 
 
 .8128 
 
 1024.0 
 
 .00080425 
 
 .51887 
 
 21 
 
 .0285 
 
 1.75 
 
 .7239 
 
 812.25 
 
 .00063794 
 
 .41157 
 
 22 
 
 .0253 
 
 1.75 
 
 .6426 
 
 640.09 
 
 .00050273 
 
 .32434 
 
 23 
 
 .0226 
 
 2.00 
 
 .5740 
 
 510.76 
 
 .00040115 
 
 .25880 
 
 24 
 
 .0201 
 
 2.00 
 
 .5105 
 
 404.01 
 
 .00031731 
 
 .20471 
 
 25 
 
 .0179 
 
 2.00 
 
 .4547 
 
 320.41 
 
 .00025165 
 
 .16235 
 
 26 
 
 .0159 
 
 2.00 
 
 .4039 
 
 252.81 
 
 .00019856 
 
 . 12810 
 
 27 
 
 .0142 
 
 2.00 
 
 .3607 
 
 201.64 
 
 .00015837 
 
 .10217 
 
 28 
 
 .0126 
 
 2.00 
 
 .3200 
 
 158.76 
 
 .00012469 
 
 .08044 
 
 29 
 
 .0113 
 
 2.00 
 
 .2870 
 
 127.69 
 
 .00010029 
 
 .06470 
 
 30 
 
 .0100 
 
 2.50 
 
 .2540 
 
 100.00 
 
 .000078540 
 
 .05067 
 
 31 
 
 .00893 
 
 3.00 
 
 .2268 
 
 79.74 
 
 .000062631 
 
 .04040 
 
 32 
 
 .00795 
 
 3.00 
 
 .2019 
 
 63.20 
 
 .000049639 
 
 .03202 
 
 33 
 
 .00708 
 
 3.00 
 
 .1798 
 
 50.18 
 
 .000039369 
 
 .02540 
 
 34 
 
 .00630 
 
 3.50 
 
 .1600 
 
 39.69 
 
 .000031173 
 
 .02011 
 
 35 
 
 .00561 
 
 4.00 
 
 .1425 
 
 81.47 
 
 .000024718 
 
 .01594 
 
 36 
 
 .0050 
 
 4.50 
 
 .1270 
 
 25.00 
 
 .000019635 
 
 .01266 
 
 37 
 
 .00445 
 
 5.00 
 
 .1130 
 
 19.80 
 
 .000015553 
 
 .01003 
 
 38 
 
 .00396 
 
 6.00 
 
 .1006 
 
 15.68 
 
 .000012816 
 
 .00794 
 
 39 
 
 .00353 
 
 7.00 
 
 .08966 
 
 12.46 
 
 .0000097868 
 
 .00631 
 
 40 
 
 .00314 
 
 8.00 
 
 .07976 
 
 9.86 
 
 .0000077437 
 
 .00499 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 25 
 
 Bare Copper Wire Table 
 
 Giving dimensions, weights, lengths and resistances of bare round solid wires, 
 Matthiessen's Standard of Conductivity. While these values are theoretically cor- 
 rect, slight variation should be expected in practice. 
 
 General 
 Data 
 
 Pounds per 
 
 Ohms pei- 
 
 Feet per 
 
 
 
 
 
 Brown 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 
 Ohm at 
 
 Pound at 
 
 1000 Feet at 
 
 1000 Feet at 
 
 
 Ohm at 
 
 Sharpe 
 
 1000 Feet 
 
 20 C. 
 
 20 C. 
 
 20 C. 
 
 50 C. 
 
 Pound 
 
 20 C. 
 
 Gauge 
 
 
 68 F. 
 
 68 F. 
 
 68 F. 
 
 122 F. 
 
 
 68 F. 
 
 
 640.5 
 
 13,090 
 
 .0000764 
 
 .04893 
 
 .05467 
 
 1.561 
 
 20,440 
 
 0000 
 
 508.0 
 
 8,232 
 
 .0001215 
 
 .06170 
 
 .06893 
 
 1.969 
 
 16,210 
 
 000 
 
 402.8 
 
 5,177 
 
 .0001931 
 
 .07780 
 
 .08692 
 
 2.482 
 
 12,850 
 
 00 
 
 319.5 
 
 3,256 
 
 .0003071 
 
 .09811 
 
 .1096 
 
 3.130 
 
 10,190 
 
 
 
 253.8 
 
 2,048 
 
 .0004883 
 
 .1237 
 
 .1382 
 
 3.947 
 
 8,088 
 
 1 
 
 200.9 
 
 1,288 
 
 .0007765 
 
 .1560 
 
 .1743 
 
 4.977 
 
 6,410 
 
 2 
 
 159.3 
 
 810.0 
 
 .001235 
 
 .1967 
 
 .2198 
 
 6.276 
 
 5,084 
 
 3 
 
 126.4 
 
 509.4 
 
 .001963 
 
 .2480 
 
 .2771 
 
 7.914 
 
 4,031 
 
 4 
 
 100.2 
 
 320.4 
 
 .003122 
 
 .3128 
 
 .3495 
 
 9.980 
 
 8,197 
 
 5 
 
 079.46 
 
 201.5 
 
 .004963 
 
 .3944 
 
 .4406 
 
 12.58 
 
 2,535 
 
 6 
 
 063.02 
 
 126.7 
 
 .007892 
 
 .4973 
 
 .5556 
 
 15.87 
 
 2,011 
 
 7 
 
 49.98 
 
 79.69 
 
 .01255 
 
 .6271 
 
 .7007 
 
 20.01 
 
 1,595 
 
 8 
 
 39.63 
 
 50.12 
 
 .01995 
 
 .7908 
 
 .8835 
 
 25.23 
 
 1,265 
 
 9 
 
 31.43 
 
 31.52 
 
 .03173 
 
 .9972 
 
 1.114 
 
 31.82 
 
 1,003 
 
 10 
 
 24.93 
 
 19.82 
 
 .05045 
 
 1.257 
 
 1.405 
 
 40.12 
 
 795.3 
 
 11 
 
 19.77 
 
 12.47 
 
 .08022 
 
 1.586 
 
 1.771 
 
 50.59 
 
 630.7 
 
 12 
 
 15.68 
 
 7.840 
 
 .1276 
 
 1.999 
 
 2.234 
 
 63.79 
 
 500.1 
 
 13 
 
 12.43 
 
 4.931 
 
 .2028 
 
 2.521 
 
 2817 
 
 80.44 
 
 396.6 
 
 14 
 
 9.858 
 
 3.101 
 
 .3225 
 
 3.179 
 
 3.552 
 
 101.4 
 
 314.5 
 
 15 
 
 7.818 
 
 1.950 
 
 .5128 
 
 4.009 
 
 4.479 
 
 127.9 
 
 249.4 
 
 16 
 
 6.200 
 
 1.226 
 
 .8153 
 
 5.055 
 
 5.648 
 
 161.3 
 
 197.8 
 
 17 
 
 4.917 
 
 .7713 
 
 1.296 
 
 6.374 
 
 7.122 
 
 203.4 
 
 156.9 
 
 18 
 
 3.899 
 
 .4851 
 
 2.061 
 
 8.038 
 
 8.980 
 
 256.5 
 
 124.4 
 
 19 
 
 3.092 
 
 .3051 
 
 3.278 
 
 10.14 
 
 11.32 
 
 323.4 
 
 98.66 
 
 20 
 
 2.452 
 
 .1919 
 
 5.212 
 
 12.78 
 
 14.28 
 
 407.8 
 
 78.24 
 
 21 
 
 1.945 
 
 .1207 
 
 8.287 
 
 16.12 
 
 18.01 
 
 514.2 
 
 6205 
 
 22 
 
 1.542 
 
 .07589 
 
 13.18 
 
 20.32 
 
 22.71 
 
 648.4 
 
 49.21 
 
 23 
 
 1.223 
 
 .04773 
 
 20.95 
 
 25.63 
 
 28.63 
 
 817.6 
 
 39.02 
 
 24 
 
 .9699 
 
 .03002 
 
 33.32 
 
 32.31 
 
 36.10 
 
 1,031 
 
 30.95 
 
 25 
 
 .7692 
 
 .01888 
 
 52.97 
 
 40.75 
 
 45.52 
 
 1,300 
 
 24.54 
 
 26 
 
 .6100 
 
 .01187 
 
 84.23 
 
 5138 
 
 57.40 
 
 1,639 
 
 19.46 
 
 27 
 
 .4837 
 
 .007466 
 
 133.9 
 
 64.79 
 
 72.39 
 
 2,067 
 
 15.43 
 
 28 
 
 .3836 
 
 .004696 
 
 213.0 
 
 81.70 
 
 91.28 
 
 2,607 
 
 12.24 
 
 29 
 
 .3042 
 
 .002953 
 
 338.6 
 
 103.0 
 
 115.1 
 
 3.287 
 
 9.707 
 
 30 
 
 .2413 
 
 .001857 
 
 538.4 
 
 129.9 
 
 145.1 
 
 4,145 
 
 7.698 
 
 31 
 
 .1913 
 
 .001168 
 
 856.2 
 
 161.8 
 
 183.0 
 
 5,227 
 
 6.105 
 
 32 
 
 .1517 
 
 .0007346 
 
 1,361 
 
 206.6 
 
 230.8 
 
 6,591 
 
 4.841 
 
 38 
 
 .1203 
 
 .0004620 
 
 2.165 
 
 260.5 
 
 291.0 
 
 8,311 
 
 3.839 
 
 34 
 
 .09543 
 
 .0002905 
 
 3,441 
 
 328.4 
 
 866.9 
 
 10,480 
 
 8.045 
 
 35 
 
 .07568 
 
 .0001827 
 
 5,473 
 
 414.2 
 
 462.7 
 
 13,210 
 
 2.414 
 
 86 
 
 .06001 
 
 .0001149 
 
 8.702 
 
 522.2 
 
 583.5 
 
 16,660 
 
 1.915 
 
 37 
 
 .047f,<.) 
 
 .00007210 
 
 13,870 
 
 658.5 
 
 735.7 
 
 21,010 
 
 1.519 
 
 38 
 
 .03774 
 
 .00004545 
 
 22,000 
 
 830.4 
 
 927.7 
 
 26,500 
 
 1.204 
 
 39 
 
 .02993 
 
 .00002858 
 
 34,980 
 
 1047.0 
 
 1170.0 
 
 33,410 
 
 0.955 
 
 40 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 General 
 Data 
 
 Weight per 1 ,000 Feet of Bare Copper Wire in Pounds 
 
 Number 
 
 American 
 Standard (B. & S.) 
 
 American 
 Steel & Wire Co. 
 
 Birmingham or 
 
 Stubs' 
 
 British Imperial 
 Standard 
 
 000000 
 
 1017. 
 
 643.9 
 
 
 650.4 
 
 00000 
 
 806.6 
 
 560.3 
 
 755.9 
 
 564.3 
 
 0000 
 
 639.8 
 
 468.9 
 
 623.2 
 
 483.8 
 
 000 
 
 507.3 
 
 397.3 
 
 546.1 
 
 418.4 
 
 00 
 
 402.4 
 
 331.3 
 
 436.6 
 
 366.2 
 
 
 
 319.4 
 
 284.0 
 
 349.5 
 
 317.4 
 
 1 
 
 253.0 
 
 242.1 
 
 272.1 
 
 272.1 
 
 2 
 
 200.6 
 
 208.3 
 
 243.9 
 
 230.3 
 
 3 
 
 159.1 
 
 179.6 
 
 202.8 
 
 192.0 
 
 4 
 
 126.2 
 
 153.5 
 
 171.8 
 
 162.7 
 
 5 
 
 100.0 
 
 129.6 
 
 146.3 
 
 135.9 
 
 6 
 
 79.85 
 
 111.5 
 
 124.6 
 
 111.5 
 
 7 
 
 62.96 
 
 94.72 
 
 97.96 
 
 93.66 
 
 8 
 
 49.92 
 
 79.35 
 
 82.31 
 
 77.40 
 
 9 
 
 39.57 
 
 66.49 
 
 66.23 
 
 62.69 
 
 10 
 
 31.39 
 
 56.10 
 
 54.29 
 
 49.54 
 
 11 
 
 24.87 
 
 43.90 
 
 43.54 
 
 40.68 
 
 12 
 
 19.74 
 
 33.65 
 
 35.92 
 
 32.70 
 
 18 
 
 15.67 
 
 25.31 
 
 27.29 
 
 25.59 
 
 14 
 
 12.42 
 
 19.35 
 
 20.83 
 
 19.35 
 
 15 
 
 9.858 
 
 15.67 
 
 15.67 
 
 15.67 
 
 16 
 
 7.802 
 
 11.81 
 
 12.77 
 
 12.38 
 
 17 
 
 6.204 
 
 8.816 
 
 10.17 
 
 9.482 
 
 18 
 
 4.910 
 
 6.822 
 
 7.259 
 
 6.966 
 
 19 
 
 3.897 
 
 5.082 
 
 5.333 
 
 4.838 
 
 20 
 
 3.096 
 
 3.662 
 
 3 704 
 
 3.918 
 
 21 
 
 2.456 
 
 3.038 
 
 3.096 
 
 3.096 
 
 22 
 
 1.935 
 
 2.473 
 
 2.370 
 
 2.370 
 
 23 
 
 1.544 
 
 2.013 
 
 1.890 
 
 1.742 
 
 24 
 
 1.222 
 
 1.599 
 
 1.463 
 
 1.4H3 
 
 25 
 
 0.9688 
 
 1.258 
 
 1.209 
 
 1.209 
 
 26 
 
 0.7644 
 
 0.9905 
 
 0.9796 
 
 0.9796 
 
 27 
 
 0.6097 
 
 0.9049 
 
 0.7740 
 
 0.8132 
 
 28 
 
 0.4*00 
 
 0.7935 
 
 0.5926 
 
 0.6623 
 
 29 
 
 0.3861 
 
 0.6803 
 
 0.5110 
 
 0.5592 
 
 30 
 
 0.3023 
 
 0.5926 
 
 0.4354 
 
 0.4649 
 
 31 
 
 0.2411 
 
 0.5268 
 
 0.3023 
 
 0.4068 
 
 32 
 
 0.1911 
 
 0.4954 
 
 0.2449 
 
 6.3527 
 
 33 
 
 0.1516 
 
 0.4210 
 
 0.1935 
 
 0.3023 
 
 34 
 
 0.1200 
 
 0.3270 
 
 0.1481 
 
 0.2559 
 
 35 
 
 0.09515 
 
 0.2729 
 
 0.07559 
 
 0.2133 
 
 36 
 
 0.07559 
 
 0.2449 
 
 0.04838 
 
 0.1746 
 
 37 
 
 0.05987 
 
 0.2184 
 
 
 0.1398 
 
 38 
 
 0.04741 
 
 0.1935 
 
 
 0.1088 
 
 39 
 
 0.03768 
 
 0.1701 
 
 
 0.08175 
 
 40 
 
 0.02981 
 
 0.1481 
 
 
 0.06966 
 
 1000 feet of pure copper wire of one circular mil capacity weighs 0.003027057 pound. 
 
 Tensile Strength of Pure Copper Wire in Pounds 
 
 
 Hard Drawn 
 
 Annealed 
 
 
 Hard Drawn 
 
 Annealed 
 
 Size 
 B. & S. 
 
 Actual 
 
 Average 
 per Square 
 Inch 
 
 Actual 
 
 Average 
 per Square 
 Inch 
 
 Size 
 B. &S. 
 
 Actual 
 
 Average 
 per Square 
 Inch 
 
 Actual 
 
 Average 
 per Square 
 Inch 
 
 0000 
 
 8260. 
 
 49,700 
 
 5320. 
 
 32,000 
 
 7 
 
 1050. 
 
 64,200 
 
 556. 
 
 34,000 
 
 000 
 
 6550. 
 
 49,700 
 
 4220. 
 
 32,000 
 
 8 
 
 843. 
 
 65.000 
 
 441. 
 
 84,000 
 
 00 
 
 5440. 
 
 52,000 
 
 3340. 
 
 32,000 
 
 9 
 
 678. 
 
 66,000 
 
 350. 34,000 
 
 
 
 4530. 
 
 54,600 
 
 2650. 
 
 32,000 
 
 10 
 
 546. 
 
 67,000 
 
 277. 
 
 34,000 
 
 1 
 
 3680. 
 
 56.000 
 
 2100. 
 
 32,000 
 
 12 
 
 343. 
 
 67,000 
 
 174. 
 
 34,000 
 
 2 
 
 2970. 
 
 57,000 
 
 1670. 
 
 32,000 
 
 14 
 
 219. 
 
 68,000 
 
 110. 
 
 34,000 
 
 3 
 
 2380. 
 
 57,600 
 
 1323. 
 
 32.000 
 
 16 
 
 138. 
 
 68,000 
 
 68.9 
 
 34,000 
 
 4 
 
 1900. 
 
 58,000 
 
 1050. 
 
 82,000 
 
 18 
 
 86.7 
 
 68,OiK) 
 
 43.4 
 
 34,000 
 
 5 
 
 1580. 
 
 60,800 
 
 884. 
 
 34,000 
 
 19 
 
 68.8 
 
 68,000 
 
 34.4 
 
 84,000 
 
 6 
 
 1300. 
 
 68,000 
 
 700. 
 
 84,000 
 
 20 
 
 54.7 
 
 68,000 
 
 27.3 
 
 84,000 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 27 
 
 Strand " 
 
 Data 
 
 If a solid copper wire be made larger in diameter than 0.46 inch it becomes 
 hard to splice and difficult to handle, owing to its size and stiffness. Conductors 
 larger than this are nearly always built up of small wires twisted into a strand or 
 cable. The flexibility of a cable will increase as the size of the constituent wires 
 decreases or as the number of wires increases, and it will depend somewhat upon 
 the method of laying up the cable. 
 
 While it is possible to build up a cable from any number of wires, there are 
 certain combinations only that can be used to obtain a smooth and symmetrical 
 cable. These combinations are governed by well established geometrical rules 
 which should be observed whenever possible. 
 
 Seven-layer Strand 
 
 A bare cable may be defined as consisting of any group of wires twisted 
 together helically, or it may be composed of any number of such groups. The 
 term wire indicates the individual solid wires in a cable. 
 
 A strand is a group of single wires in one or more layers, twisted together 
 helically and symmetrically with a uniform pitch around a single central wire or 
 neutral axis. This construction is sometimes called concentric strand. 
 
 The term bunched strand is sometimes applied to a collection of straight or 
 twisted wires which are grouped together with little regard to their geometrical 
 arrangements. 
 
 The above cut represents the manner in which a concentric strand with 7 layers 
 is built up. The first layer consists of six wires twisted spirally around the central 
 wire or core. The second layer has 12 wires or 6 + 6, the third 18 wires or 12 + 6, 
 and so on, each succeeding layer having 6 more wires than the one underneath. 
 The total number of wires in this type of strand would be, 
 
 For 1 layer, 1 + 6 = 7 
 
 2 layers, 7 + 12 19 
 
 3 layers, 19 + 18 = 37 
 
 4 layers, 37 + 24= 61 
 
 7 layers, 127 + 42 = 169 
 
 This can be expressed by the following formula, where n is the number of 
 layers over the core : 
 
 Total number of wires = 3n(l + n) + 1. 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 General In this type of strand, all wires are of the same size and each successive layer 
 
 Data of wires after the second is twisted in a reverse direction from the preceding one, 
 making the external diameter symmetrical and cylindrical. It is the most compact 
 form, it has the smallest diameter for a given capacity and presents the smoothest 
 and most uniform external surface possible to obtain. These are very necessary 
 qualifications for the production of a high grade insulated cable. The insulation, 
 whether it be rubber, paper, cambric or other material, will have a more uniform 
 thickness on a concentric strand than on any other, due to the evenness of its 
 external diameter. 
 
 Stranding Machine 
 
 As the successive layers are wound in opposite directions, the wires will not fit 
 into the grooves between the wires underneath. The diameter of such a strand will 
 therefore equal the sum of the diameters of the individual wires crossing each other 
 in any diameter. It will equal d(2n + 1), where d is the diameter of each wire and 
 n the number of layers. 
 
 The axial length of one complete turn of a wire in a strand is called the pitch, 
 or the lay of the strand. This is often expressed in terms of the diameter of the strand. 
 There is no one fixed standard pitch used by all cable makers. An extended experi- 
 ence in cable making has shown us that the particular system of laying wires in a 
 strand outlined in the following table gives best results. This is based on placing 
 the wires in the strand at a uniform angle with the core. The "per cent, take-up 
 of whole strand " represents also the per cent, increase in weight of a strand over a 
 solid wire of equal cross-section. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 89 
 
 Standard Pitch of Concentric Copper Strand 
 
 General 
 Data 
 
 Number of 
 Wires in 
 Strand 
 
 Number in 
 Outside 
 Layer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 Take-up 
 Each Layer 
 
 Per Cent 
 Take-up of 
 Whole 
 Strand 
 
 Approx- 
 imate 
 Diameters 
 Pitch 
 
 Angle 
 of 
 Wire 
 
 Cosine 
 Angle 
 
 Approximate 
 Weight per 
 100,000 Circular 
 Mils per 1,000 
 Feet Strand 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 302.7058 
 
 7 
 
 'e 
 
 6.97 
 
 6.83 
 
 15 
 
 V-o'" 
 
 !9902 
 
 305.218 
 
 19 
 
 12 
 
 2.63 
 
 1.97 
 
 11 
 
 13-0' 
 
 .9744 
 
 308.669 
 
 37 
 
 18 
 
 2.63 
 
 2.29 
 
 12 
 
 13-0' 
 
 .9744 
 
 309.638 
 
 61 
 
 24 
 
 2.63 
 
 2.42 
 
 12 
 
 13-0' 
 
 .9744 
 
 310.031 
 
 91 
 
 80 
 
 2.63 
 
 2.49 
 
 12^ 
 
 13-0' 
 
 .9744 
 
 310.248 
 
 127 
 
 36 
 
 2.63 
 
 2.53 
 
 12^ 
 
 13-0' 
 
 .9744 
 
 310.364 
 
 169 
 
 42 
 
 2.63 
 
 2.55 
 
 12^ 
 
 13-0' 
 
 .9744 
 
 310.425 
 
 217 
 
 48 
 
 2.63 
 
 2.57 
 
 12^ 
 
 13-0' 
 
 .9744 
 
 310.485 
 
 7 x 7 = 49 
 
 6 Wires 
 
 0.97 
 
 
 15 
 
 8-0' 
 
 .9903 
 
 309.244 
 
 Rope Strand 
 
 6 Strands 
 
 1.54 
 
 2.16 
 
 12 
 
 10 -0' 
 
 .9848 
 
 
 If a longer twist were used than that given in the above table, the wires in the 
 strand would not bind together properly, and if a shorter twist be employed, the 
 per cent, of take-up of the wires and the weight would be increased. 
 
 The best copper strands are made on machinery which permits the wires to be 
 laid into the strand without torsion. Where torsion is present, it has a bad effect 
 on the strand and on the physical characteristics of the wire. 
 
 The sectional area of a cable in circular mils is obtained by multiplying the area 
 of each wire in circular mils measured at right angles to its axis, by the number 
 of wires. Copper strands larger in sectional area than 4/0 B. & S. gauge are 
 usually classified according to their total area in circular mils; smaller copper 
 cables are nearly always classified in the B. & S. gauge. The area in circular mils 
 (d~) of any one wire equals the circular mils of the cable divided by the number of 
 wires in the cable. The diameter of any wire in mils will equal, as explained elsewhere, 
 the square root (j/d*) of the area of the wire expressed in circular mils. The indi- 
 vidual wires of a cable can seldom be drawn to any of the standard gauge numbers, 
 because the diameter of the wire is fixed by the required size of the cable, and the 
 number of wires composing it. 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 General 
 Data 
 
 Diameters of Strands and Component Wires 
 
 
 7 -Wire Strand 
 
 19 -Wire Strand 
 
 37- Wire Strand 
 
 61 -Wire Strand 
 
 Size in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Circular Mils 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Diameter 
 
 
 of Each 
 
 of 
 
 of Each 
 
 of 
 
 
 of Each 
 
 of 
 
 of Ea 
 
 ch 
 
 of 
 
 
 Wire 
 
 Strand 
 
 Wire 
 
 Strand 
 
 
 Wire 
 
 Strand 
 
 Wire 
 
 Strand 
 
 100,000 
 
 .1196 
 
 .3588 
 
 .0726 
 
 .3628 
 
 
 .0520 
 
 .3640 
 
 .0405 
 
 .3645 
 
 125,000 
 
 .1887 
 
 .4011 
 
 .0811 
 
 .4055 
 
 
 .0581 
 
 .4167 
 
 .0453 
 
 .4077 
 
 150,000 
 
 .1463 
 
 .4389 
 
 .0889 
 
 .4445 
 
 
 .0636 
 
 .4442 
 
 
 16 
 
 .4464 
 
 175,000 
 
 .1581 
 
 .4743 
 
 .0960 
 
 .4800 
 
 
 .0688 
 
 .4716 
 
 !oss 
 
 S 
 
 .4815 
 
 200.000 
 
 .1690 
 
 .5070 
 
 .1026 
 
 .5130 
 
 
 .0735 
 
 .5145 
 
 .0573 
 
 .5157 
 
 225,000 
 
 .1793 
 
 .5879 
 
 .1088 
 
 .5440 
 
 
 .0780 
 
 .5460 
 
 .06C 
 
 r 
 
 .5463 
 
 250.000 
 
 .1890 
 
 .5670 
 
 .1147 
 
 .5735 
 
 
 .0822 
 
 .5754 
 
 .0640 
 
 .5760 
 
 275,000 
 
 .1982 
 
 .5946 
 
 .1203 
 
 .6015 
 
 
 .0862 
 
 .6034 
 
 .06? 
 
 i 
 
 .6039 
 
 300,000 
 
 .2070 
 
 .6210 
 
 .1257 
 
 .6285 
 
 
 .0901 
 
 .6307 
 
 .070 
 
 i 
 
 .6309 
 
 325,000 
 
 .2155 
 
 .6465 
 
 .1308 
 
 .6540 
 
 
 .0937 
 
 .6559 
 
 .0730 
 
 .6570 
 
 350.000 
 
 .2236 
 
 .6708 
 
 .1357 
 
 .6785 
 
 
 .0973 
 
 .6811 
 
 .075 
 
 7 
 
 .6813 
 
 375,000 
 
 .2312 
 
 .6986 
 
 .1405 
 
 .7025 
 
 
 .1007 
 
 .7049 
 
 .078 
 
 4 
 
 .7056 
 
 400,000 
 
 .2391 
 
 .7173 
 
 .1451 
 
 .7255 
 
 
 .1040 
 
 .7280 
 
 .0810 
 
 .7290 
 
 425,000 
 
 .2464 
 
 .7392 
 
 .1495 
 
 .7475 
 
 
 .1072 
 
 .7504 
 
 .088 
 
 5 
 
 .7515 
 
 450,000 
 
 .2535 
 
 .7605 
 
 .1539 
 
 .7695 
 
 
 .1103 
 
 .7721 
 
 .085 
 
 9 
 
 .7781 
 
 475,000 
 
 .2604 
 
 .7812 
 
 .1581 
 
 .7905 
 
 
 .1133 
 
 .7931 
 
 .088 
 
 2 
 
 .7938 
 
 500,000 
 
 .2672 
 
 .8016 
 
 .1622 
 
 .8110 
 
 
 .1162 
 
 .8184 
 
 .090 
 
 5 
 
 .8145 
 
 525,000 
 
 .2788 
 
 .8217 
 
 .1662 
 
 .8310 
 
 
 .1191 
 
 .8837 
 
 .092 
 
 8 
 
 .8352 
 
 550,000 
 
 .2803 
 
 .8409 
 
 .1701 
 
 .8505 
 
 
 .1219 
 
 .8533 
 
 .0950 
 
 .8550 
 
 575.000 
 
 .2866 
 
 .8608 
 
 .1740 
 
 .8700 
 
 
 .1247 
 
 .8729 
 
 .097 
 
 1 
 
 .8739 
 
 600,000 
 
 .2928 
 
 .8784 
 
 .1778 
 
 .8890 
 
 
 .1273 
 
 .8911 
 
 .099 
 
 
 
 .8928 
 
 625,000 
 
 .2988 
 
 .8964 
 
 .1814 
 
 .9070 
 
 
 .1299 
 
 .9093 
 
 .1012 
 
 .9108 
 
 650000 
 
 .3047 
 
 .9141 
 
 .1850 
 
 .9250 
 
 
 .1325 
 
 .9275 
 
 .103 
 
 8 
 
 .9288 
 
 675,000 
 
 .3106 
 
 .9316 
 
 .1885 
 
 .9425 
 
 
 .1351 
 
 .9457 
 
 .1052 
 
 .9468 
 
 700,000 
 
 .3163 
 
 .9489 
 
 .1919 
 
 .9595 
 
 
 .1375 
 
 .9625 
 
 .10? 
 
 1 
 
 .9639 
 
 725.000 
 
 .3218 
 
 .9654 
 
 .1953 
 
 .9765 
 
 
 .1400 
 
 .9800 
 
 .109 
 
 
 
 .9810 
 
 750,000 
 
 .3273 
 
 .9819 
 
 .1986 
 
 .9930 
 
 
 .1424 
 
 .9968 
 
 .1109 
 
 .9981 
 
 775,000 
 
 .3328 
 
 .9984 
 
 .2019 
 
 1.0095 
 
 
 .1447 
 
 .0129 
 
 .112 
 
 7 
 
 1.0103 
 
 800.000 
 
 .3380 
 
 .0140 
 
 .2052 
 
 1.0260 
 
 
 .1470 
 
 .0290 
 
 .1145 
 
 1.0305 
 
 825,000 
 
 .3433 
 
 .0299 
 
 .2084 
 
 1.0420 
 
 
 .1493 
 
 .0451 
 
 .116 
 
 3 
 
 .0467 
 
 850,000 
 
 .3484 
 
 .0452 
 
 .2115 
 
 1.0575 
 
 
 .1516 
 
 .0612 
 
 .118 
 
 1 
 
 .0629 
 
 875,000 
 
 .3535 
 
 .0605 
 
 .2146 
 
 1.0730 
 
 
 .1538 
 
 .0766 
 
 .1198 
 
 .0782 
 
 900,000 
 
 .3586 
 
 .0758 
 
 .2176 
 
 1.0880 
 
 
 .1559 
 
 .0918 
 
 .121 
 
 5 
 
 .0935 
 
 925,000 
 
 .3635 
 
 .0905 
 
 .2206 
 
 .1030 
 
 
 .1582 
 
 .1074 
 
 .1231 
 
 .1079 
 
 950.000 
 
 .3684 
 
 .1052 
 
 .2236 
 
 .1180 
 
 
 .1602 
 
 .1214 
 
 .124 
 
 8 
 
 .1232 
 
 975,000 
 
 .3732 
 
 .1196 
 
 .2265 
 
 .1325 
 
 
 .1623 
 
 .1361 
 
 .126 
 
 4 
 
 .1376 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 .3780 
 
 1.1340 
 
 .2294 
 
 .1470 
 
 
 .1644 
 
 .1508 
 
 .1280 
 
 .1520 
 
 1,100,000 
 
 .3964 
 
 1.1892 
 
 .2406 
 
 .2030 
 
 
 .1724 
 
 .2068 
 
 .134 
 
 3 
 
 .2087 
 
 1,200.000 
 
 .4140 
 
 1.2420 
 
 .2513 
 
 .2565 
 
 
 .1801 
 
 .2607 
 
 .14C 
 
 12 
 
 .2618 
 
 1,250,000 
 
 .422J 
 
 1.2678 
 
 .2565 
 
 .2825 
 
 
 .1838 
 
 .2866 
 
 .1431 
 
 .2879 
 
 1,300.000 
 
 .4309 
 
 1.2927 
 
 .2616 
 
 .3080 
 
 
 .1874 
 
 .3018 
 
 .145 
 
 9 
 
 .3131 
 
 1,400.000 
 
 .4472 
 
 1.3416 
 
 .2714 
 
 .3570 
 
 
 .1945 
 
 .3615 
 
 .151 
 
 5 
 
 .3635 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 .4629 
 
 1.3887 
 
 .2810 
 
 .4050 
 
 
 .2013 
 
 .4091 
 
 .1568 
 
 .4112 
 
 1,600,000 
 
 .4780 
 
 1.4340 
 
 .2902 
 
 .4510 
 
 
 .2079 
 
 .4553 
 
 .161 
 
 9 
 
 .4571 
 
 1,700.000 
 
 .4931 
 
 1.4793 
 
 .2991 
 
 .4955 
 
 
 .2143 
 
 .5001 
 
 .1669 
 
 .5021 
 
 1,750-000 
 
 .5000 
 
 1.5000 
 
 .3034 
 
 .5170 
 
 
 .2175 
 
 1.5225 
 
 .16S 
 
 4 
 
 .5246 
 
 1,800000 
 
 .5071 
 
 1.5213 
 
 .3078 
 
 .5390 
 
 
 2205 
 
 1.5435 
 
 .171 
 
 8 
 
 .5462 
 
 1,900,000 
 
 .5210 
 
 1.5630 
 
 .3162 
 
 .5810 
 
 
 .2266 
 
 1.5862 
 
 .1765 
 
 .5885 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 .5345 
 
 1.6035 
 
 .3243 
 
 .6215 
 
 
 2325 
 
 1.6275 
 
 .1810 
 
 1.6900 
 
 
 7 -Wire Strand 
 
 19 -Wire Strand 37 -Wire Strand 
 
 Size of 
 
 
 
 
 
 Strand 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. & S. 
 
 Diameter of 
 
 Diameter of 
 
 Diameter of 
 
 Diameter of Diameter of 
 
 Diameter of 
 
 
 Each Wire Strand 
 
 Each Wire 
 
 Strand Each Wire 
 
 Strand 
 
 10 
 
 .0385 .1155 
 
 .0233 
 
 .1165 .0168 
 
 .1176 
 
 9 
 
 .0435 .1305 
 
 .0262 
 
 .1310 .0187 
 
 .1309 
 
 8 
 
 .0485 .1455 
 
 .0293 
 
 .1465 .0211 
 
 .1477 
 
 7 
 
 .0545 .1635 
 
 .0331 
 
 .1655 .0237 
 
 .1659 
 
 6 
 
 .0612 .1836 
 
 .0372 
 
 .1860 .0266 
 
 .1862 
 
 5 ' 
 
 .0687 .2061 
 
 .0417 
 
 .2085 .0299 
 
 .2093 
 
 4 
 
 .0772 .2316 
 
 .0168 
 
 .2340 .0335 
 
 .2345 
 
 3 
 
 .0867 .2601 
 
 .0526 
 
 .2630 .0377 
 
 .2639 
 
 2 
 
 .0973 .2919 
 
 .0592 
 
 .2960 .0423 
 
 .2961 
 
 1 
 
 .1093 .3279 
 
 .0668 
 
 .3315 .0475 
 
 .3325 
 
 
 
 .1228 
 
 .3684 
 
 .0746 
 
 .3780 .0534 
 
 .3738 
 
 00 
 
 .1878 
 
 .4134 
 
 .0836 
 
 .4180 .0599 
 
 .4193 
 
 000 
 
 .1548 
 
 .4644 
 
 .0940 
 
 .4700 .0673 
 
 .4711 
 
 0000 
 
 .1736 
 
 .5208 
 
 .1055 
 
 .5275 .0756 
 
 .5292 
 
E L 
 
 C T R I C A L 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 Diameters of Strands and Component Wires 
 
 91-Wire Strand 
 
 127-Wire Strand 
 
 169-Wire Strand 
 
 217-Wire Strand 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Size in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Circular 
 
 Diameter of 
 
 Diameter of 
 
 Diameter of 
 
 Diameter of 
 
 Diameter of 
 
 Diameter of 
 
 diameter of 
 
 Diameter of 
 
 Mils. 
 
 Each Wire 
 
 Strand 
 
 Each Wire 
 
 Strand 
 
 Each Wire 
 
 Strand 
 
 Each Wire 
 
 Strand 
 
 
 0331 
 
 .3641 
 
 .0281 
 
 .3653 
 
 .0243 
 
 .3645 
 
 .0215 
 
 .3655 
 
 100,000 
 
 .0371 
 
 .4081 
 
 .0314 
 
 .4082 
 
 .0272 
 
 .4080 
 
 .0240 
 
 .4080 
 
 125,000 
 
 .0406 .4466 
 
 .0343 
 
 .4459 
 
 .0298 
 
 .4470 
 
 .0263 
 
 .4471 
 
 150,000 
 
 .0438 
 
 .4818 
 
 .0371 
 
 .4823 
 
 .0822 
 
 .4830 
 
 .0284 
 
 .4828 
 
 175,000 
 
 .0469 
 
 .5159 
 
 .0397 
 
 .5161 
 
 .0344 
 
 .5160 
 
 .0304 
 
 .5168 
 
 200,000 
 
 0497 
 
 .5467 
 
 .0421 
 
 .5473 
 
 .0365 
 
 .5475 
 
 .0322 
 
 .5474 
 
 225,000 
 
 .0524 
 
 .5764 
 
 .0444 
 
 .5746 
 
 .0384 
 
 .5760 
 
 .0340 
 
 .5780 
 
 250,000 
 
 .0549 
 
 .6039 
 
 .0465 
 
 .6045 
 
 .0403 
 
 .6045 
 
 .0356 
 
 .6052 
 
 275,000 
 
 0573 
 
 .6303 
 
 .0486 
 
 .6318 .0421 
 
 .6315 
 
 .0372 
 
 .6324 
 
 300,000 
 
 .0597 
 
 .6567 
 
 .0506 .6579 .0438 
 
 .6570 
 
 .0387 
 
 .6579 
 
 825,000 
 
 0620 
 
 .6820 
 
 .0526 
 
 .6838 
 
 .0455 
 
 .6825 
 
 .0401 
 
 .6817 
 
 3:,0,000 
 
 .0642 
 
 .7062 
 
 .0543 
 
 .7059 
 
 .0471 
 
 .7065 
 
 .0415 
 
 .7055 
 
 375,000 
 
 .0663 
 
 .7293 
 
 .0561 
 
 .7293 
 
 .0487 
 
 .7305 
 
 .0429 
 
 .7293 
 
 400,000 
 
 .0683 
 
 .7513 
 
 .0579 
 
 .7527 
 
 .0501 
 
 .7515 
 
 .0442 
 
 .7514 
 
 425,000 
 
 .0703 
 
 .7733 
 
 .0595 
 
 .7735 
 
 .0516 
 
 .7740 
 
 .0455 
 
 .7735 
 
 450,000 
 
 0722 
 
 .7942 
 
 .0612 
 
 .7956 
 
 .0530 
 
 .7950 
 
 .0468 
 
 .7956 
 
 475,000 
 
 .0741 
 
 .8151 
 
 .0627 
 
 .8151 
 
 .0544 
 
 .8160 
 
 .0480 
 
 .8160 
 
 500,000 
 
 .0759 
 
 .8349 
 
 .0643 
 
 .8359 
 
 .0557 
 
 .8355 
 
 .0492 
 
 .8364 
 
 525,000 
 
 .0777 
 
 .8547 
 
 .0658 
 
 .8554 
 
 .0570 
 
 .8550 
 
 .0503 
 
 .8551 
 
 550,000 
 
 .0795 
 
 .8745 
 
 .0673 
 
 .8749 
 
 .0583 
 
 .8745 
 
 .0514 
 
 .8738 
 
 575,000 
 
 .0812 
 
 .8932 
 
 .0687 
 
 .8931 
 
 .0596 
 
 .8940 
 
 .0526 
 
 .8942 
 
 600,000 
 
 .0829 
 
 .9119 
 
 .0702 
 
 .9126 
 
 .0608 
 
 .9120 
 
 .0537 
 
 .9129 
 
 625,000 
 
 .0845 
 
 .9295 
 
 .0716 
 
 .9308 
 
 .0620 
 
 .9300 
 
 .0547 
 
 .9299 
 
 650,000 
 
 .0861 
 
 .9471 
 
 .0729 
 
 .9487 
 
 .0632 
 
 .9480 
 
 .0558 
 
 .9486 
 
 675,000 
 
 .0883 
 
 .9713 
 
 .0742 
 
 .9646 
 
 .0644 
 
 .9660 
 
 .0568 
 
 .9656 
 
 700,000 
 
 .0892 
 
 .9812 
 
 .0756 
 
 .9828 
 
 .0655 
 
 .9825 
 
 .0578 
 
 .9826 
 
 725,000 
 
 .0908 
 
 .9988 
 
 .0768 
 
 .9984 
 
 .0666 
 
 .9990 
 
 .0588 
 
 .9996 
 
 750,000 
 
 .0923 
 
 1.0153 
 
 .0781 
 
 1.0153 
 
 .0677 
 
 1.0155 
 
 .0598 
 
 1.0166 
 
 775,000 
 
 .0937 
 
 1.0307 
 
 .0794 
 
 1.0322 
 
 .0688 
 
 1.0320 
 
 .0607 
 
 1.0319 
 
 800,000 
 
 0952 
 
 .0472 
 
 .0806 
 
 1.0478 
 
 .0698 
 
 1.0470 
 
 .0617 
 
 1.0489 
 
 825,000 
 
 .0966 
 
 .0626 
 
 .0818 
 
 1.0634 
 
 .0709 
 
 1.0635 
 
 .0626 
 
 1.0642 
 
 850,000 
 
 .0981 
 
 .0791 
 
 .0830 
 
 1.0790 
 
 .0719 
 
 1.0785 
 
 .0635 
 
 1.0795 
 
 875,000 
 
 .0994 
 
 .0934 
 
 .0841 
 
 1.0933 
 
 .0730 
 
 1.0950 
 
 .0644 
 
 1.0948 
 
 900,000 
 
 .1008 
 
 .1088 
 
 .0853 
 
 1.1089 
 
 .0740 
 
 1.1100 
 
 .0653 
 
 1.1101 
 
 925,000 
 
 .1021 
 
 .1231 
 
 .0864 
 
 1.1232 
 
 .0750 
 
 1.1250 
 
 .0662 
 
 1.1254 
 
 950,000 
 
 .1035 
 
 .1385 
 
 .0876 
 
 1.1388 
 
 .0760 
 
 1.1400 
 
 .0671 
 
 1.1407 
 
 975,000 
 
 .1048 
 
 .1528 
 
 .0887 
 
 1.1531 
 
 .0769 
 
 1.1535 
 
 .0679 
 
 1.1543 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 .1099 
 
 .2089 
 
 .0931 
 
 1.2103 
 
 .0807 
 
 1.2105 
 
 .0712 
 
 1.2104 
 
 1,100,000 
 
 .1148 
 
 .2628 
 
 .0972 
 
 1.2636 
 
 .0843 
 
 1.2645 
 
 .0744 
 
 1.2648 
 
 1,200,000 
 
 .1172 
 
 .2892 
 
 .0992 
 
 1.2896 
 
 .0860 
 
 1.2900 
 
 .0759 
 
 1.2903 
 
 1,250,000 
 
 .1195 
 
 .3145 
 
 .1011 
 
 1.3143 
 
 .0877 
 
 1.3155 
 
 .0774 
 
 1.3158 
 
 1,300,000 
 
 .1240 
 
 .3640 
 
 .1050 
 
 1.3650 
 
 .0910 
 
 1.3650 
 
 .0803 
 
 1.3651 
 
 1,400,000 
 
 .1284 
 
 .4124 
 
 .1087 
 
 1.4132 
 
 0942 
 
 1.4130 
 
 .0831 
 
 1.4127 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 .1326 
 
 .4526 
 
 .1122 
 
 1.4586 
 
 .0973 
 
 1.4595 
 
 .0859 
 
 1.4603 
 
 1,600,000 
 
 .1366 
 
 .5026 
 
 .1157 
 
 1.5041 
 
 .1003 
 
 1.5045 
 
 .0885 
 
 1.5045 
 
 1,700,000 
 
 .1386 
 
 .5246 
 
 .1174 
 
 1.5262 
 
 .1018 
 
 1.5270 
 
 .0898 
 
 1.5266 
 
 1,750,000 
 
 .1406 
 
 .5466 
 
 .1190 
 
 1.5470 
 
 .1032 
 
 1.5480 
 
 .0911 
 
 1.5487 
 
 1,800,000 
 
 .1445 
 
 .5895 
 
 .1223 
 
 1.5899 
 
 .1060 
 
 1.5900 
 
 .0936 
 
 1.5912 
 
 1,900,000 
 
 .1482 
 
 .6302 
 
 .1255 
 
 1.6315 
 
 .1088 
 
 1.6320 
 
 .0960 
 
 1.6320 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 61-Wire Strand 
 
 91-Wire Strand 127-Wire Strand 
 
 
 
 
 Size of 
 
 
 
 
 Strand 
 
 Diameter of Diameter of 
 
 Diameter of 
 
 Diameter of Diameter of Diameter of 
 
 B. &S. 
 
 Each Wire Strand 
 
 Each Wire 
 
 Strand Each Wire Strand 
 
 
 .0129 .1161 
 
 .0106 
 
 .1166 .0090 .1170 
 
 10 
 
 .0146 .1314 
 
 .0120 .1820 .0101 .1313 
 
 9 
 
 .0164 .1476 
 
 .0135 .1485 .0114 .1482 
 
 8 
 
 .0184 .1656 
 
 .0151 
 
 .1661 .0128 .1664 
 
 7 
 
 .0207 .1863 
 
 .0169 
 
 .1859 .0143 .1859 
 
 6 
 
 .0233 .2097 
 
 .0190 .2090 .0161 .2093 
 
 5 
 
 .0261 .2349 
 
 0214 .2454 .0179 .2327 
 
 4 
 
 .0294 .2646 
 
 .0240 .2640 .0203 .2639 
 
 3 
 
 .0329 2943 
 
 .0269 .2959 .0228 .2964 
 
 2 
 
 0370 3330 
 
 0303 .3333 .0252 .3276 
 
 1 
 
 .0416 .3744 
 
 .0340 .3740 .0288 .3744 
 
 
 
 .0467 .4203 
 
 .0382 .4202 .0328 .4199 
 
 00 
 
 .0525 .4725 
 
 0429 .4719 .0863 .4719 
 
 000 
 
 .0589 .5301 
 
 .0482 .5302 .0408 .5304 
 
 0000 
 
 General 
 Data 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 General 
 Data 
 
 Resistance of Copper Strand * 
 
 There is a division of opinion as to whether the electrical resistance of an 
 annealed copper strand is equal to or greater than that of a solid annealed con- 
 ductor of equal sectional area. The separate wires, on account of being laid up 
 spirally, are longer than they would be if laid up parallel to the core, by an amount 
 given in the table on page 29. If the electric current flows spirally through the 
 separate wires and not through the strand as a unit, from wire to wire, then the 
 effective length of the circuit has been increased, and also the resistance. On the 
 other hand, the weight of the strand is greater than that of a solid wire by a 
 proportionate amount, and this would reduce the resistance in strands where the 
 current flowed from wire to wire. In any event the difference would rarely exceed 
 one per cent. In case of hard drawn copper, however, there is no question as to 
 the strand having a higher resistance than a solid wire of equal section. 
 
 Concentric Cables 
 
 Smooth symmetrical cables can be built up about a core of more than one wire, 
 though this is seldom done in practice. 
 
 Wires in Concentric Cables 
 
 
 Core of One Wire 
 
 Core of Two Wires 
 
 Core of Three Wires 
 
 Core of Four Wires 
 
 TV n H 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Layers 
 
 Wires 
 
 Total 
 
 Wires 
 
 Total 
 
 Wires 
 
 Total 
 
 Wires 
 
 Total 
 
 
 per 
 
 Number 
 
 per 
 
 Number 
 
 per 
 
 Number 
 
 pei- 
 
 Number 
 
 
 Layer 
 
 of Wires 
 
 Layer 
 
 of Wires 
 
 Layer 
 
 of Wires 
 
 Layer 
 
 of Wires 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 24 
 
 15 
 
 27 
 
 16 
 
 30 
 
 8 
 
 18 
 
 37 
 
 20 
 
 44 
 
 21 
 
 48 
 
 22 
 
 52 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 
 61 
 
 26 
 
 70 
 
 27 
 
 75 
 
 28 
 
 80 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 91 
 
 32 
 
 102 
 
 33 
 
 108 
 
 34 
 
 114 
 
 6 
 
 36 
 
 127 
 
 88 
 
 140 
 
 39 
 
 147 
 
 40 
 
 154 
 
 ' 
 
 42 
 
 169 
 
 44 
 
 184 
 
 45 
 
 192 
 
 46 
 
 200 
 
 Rope Strands 
 
 A bare rope strand consists of a group of strands twisted together helically 
 and symmetrically with a uniform pitch around a central strand. A rope is some- 
 times called a compound strand and sometimes cable laid strand. It differs from 
 the concentric strand already considered, in that it is more flexible and that strands 
 are substituted for individual wires. 
 
 The number and arrangement of strands in such a cable are similar to those of 
 wires in a concentric strand. The total number of wires in a rope strand would 
 equal the number of wires in a correspondingly constructed concentric strand, multi- 
 plied by the number of wires in the core. Or, expressed by formula, the total 
 number of wires would equal 
 
 C X [3n (1 + n) + 1] 
 
 Where C is the number of wires in the core or central strand, preferably 7, and 
 n is the number of layers over the core. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 3:: 
 
 Wires in Rope Strand 
 
 General 
 Data 
 
 Number of 
 
 Number of 
 
 Total Number of Wires 
 
 Layers 
 Over Core 
 
 Strands 
 in Cable 
 
 7 Wires 
 per Strand 
 
 19 Wires 
 per Strand 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 49 
 
 133 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 133 
 
 361 
 
 3 
 
 37 
 
 259 
 
 703 
 
 4 
 
 61 
 
 427 
 
 1159 
 
 5 
 
 91 
 
 637 
 
 1729 
 
 6 
 
 127 
 
 889 
 
 2413 
 
 The diameter of a rope strand would equal 
 
 D (1 + 2n) 
 
 Where D is the diameter of each strand and n is the number of layers over the 
 core. As explained on page 29, D d (1 + 2n) where d is the diameter of the single 
 wire. 
 
 For example: The outside diameter of 4-layer 61 X 7 rope-strand in which the 
 diameter of each strand D=0.3 inch would be 
 
 .3(1 + 2 X 4) = 2.7 inches. 
 
 The diameters so obtained are usually about 5 per cent, larger than the finished 
 diameter of the rope stranded cable owing to inherent characteristics of this type 
 of construction. 
 
 Rope Strand 
 
 The manner of building up a rope-stranded cable is shown in the above cut. 
 The number of wires in each strand which it is preferable to use is seven. Groups 
 of such strands around a central core will form successively a 7 X 7, 19 X 7, 37 X 
 7, 61 X 7 and 127 X 7 rope strand. Such expressions as "19 X 7" mean 19 strands 
 of 7 wires each, the number of strands always being given first. Wherever this 
 method of designating compound strands is used it will be understood in this 
 manner. The better construction for electrical conductors is to use, say, a 37-strand 
 of 7 wires instead of a 7-strand of 37 wires, because the former is more compact 
 and has a smoother external surface around which to place the insulation. This 
 will be evident from a casual glance at a sectional view of such a cable. The 7 X 
 7 construction is not advisable on large conductors, as it is unwieldy and 
 uneconomical. Its use is confined to the smaller sizes like 4 B. & S. gauge and 
 smaller. 
 
AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 General 
 Data 
 
 Data Ralating to Bare Copper Strand 
 
 Approximate Values 
 
 B. &S. 
 Gauge 
 
 Circular 
 Mils 
 
 Number 
 Wires in 
 Strand 
 
 Diameter 
 Each Wire 
 Inches 
 
 Diameter 
 of Strand 
 Inches 
 
 Weight per 
 1000 Foot 
 Strand 
 Pounds 
 
 Area 
 Strand 
 Square 
 Inches 
 
 Resistance 
 per 1000 Feet 
 at 68 F. or 
 20 C. 
 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 91 
 
 .1482 
 
 .6302 
 
 6204.8 
 
 1.56874 
 
 .00530 
 
 
 1,750,000 
 
 91 
 
 .1387 
 
 .5257 
 
 5429.3 
 
 1.36494 
 
 .00607 
 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 91 
 
 .1284 
 
 .4124 
 
 4658.6 
 
 1.17881 
 
 .00707 
 
 
 1,250,000 
 
 91 
 
 .1172 
 
 .2892 
 
 3878.0 
 
 .98170 
 
 .00852 
 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 61 
 
 .1280 
 
 .1520 
 
 3100.3 
 
 .78494 
 
 .01060 
 
 
 950,000 
 
 61 
 
 .1248 
 
 .1232 
 
 2945.3 
 
 .74618 
 
 .01115 
 
 
 900,000 
 
 61 
 
 .1215 
 
 .0935 
 
 2790.3 
 
 .70724 
 
 .01179 
 
 
 850,000 
 
 61 
 
 .1181 
 
 .0629 
 
 2635.3 
 
 .66852 
 
 .01247 
 
 
 800,000 
 
 61 
 
 .1145 
 
 1.0305 
 
 2480.2 
 
 .62810 
 
 .01325 
 
 
 750,000 
 
 61 
 
 .1109 
 
 .9981 
 
 2325.2 
 
 .58922 
 
 .01413 
 
 
 700,000 
 
 61 
 
 .1071 
 
 .9639 
 
 2170.2 
 
 .54954 
 
 .01514 
 
 
 650,000 
 
 61 
 
 .1032 
 
 .9288 
 
 2015.2 
 
 .51020 
 
 .01630 
 
 
 600,000 
 
 61 
 
 .0992 
 
 .8928 
 
 1860.2 
 
 .47146 
 
 .01767 
 
 
 550,000 
 
 87 
 
 .1219 
 
 .8533 
 
 1703.0 
 
 .48181 
 
 .01925 
 
 
 500,000 
 
 37 
 
 .1162 
 
 .8184 
 
 1548.2 
 
 .39287 
 
 .02116 
 
 
 450,000 
 
 87 
 
 .1103 
 
 .7721 
 
 1393.4 
 
 .35284 
 
 .02349 
 
 
 400,000 
 
 37 
 
 .1040 
 
 .7280 
 
 1238.5 
 
 .31431 
 
 .02648 
 
 
 350.000 
 
 37 
 
 .0973 
 
 .6811 
 
 1083.84 
 
 .27512 
 
 ! 03026 
 
 
 300,000 
 
 19 
 
 .1256 
 
 .6285 
 
 926.01 
 
 .23591 
 
 .03581 
 
 
 250,000 
 
 19 
 
 .1147 
 
 .5738 
 
 771.67 
 
 .19685 
 
 .04233 
 
 0000 
 
 211,600 
 
 19 
 
 .1055 
 
 .5275 
 
 653.14 
 
 .16609 
 
 .04997 
 
 000 
 
 167,772 
 
 19 
 
 .094 
 
 .4700 
 
 512.07 
 
 .13187 
 
 .06293 
 
 00 
 
 133,079 
 
 7 
 
 .1380 
 
 .4134 
 
 406.98 
 
 .10429 
 
 .07985 
 
 
 
 105,625 
 
 7 
 
 .1228 
 
 .3684 
 
 322.39 
 
 .08303 
 
 .10007 
 
 1 
 
 83,694 
 
 7 
 
 .1093 
 
 .3279 
 
 255.45 
 
 .06559 
 
 .12617 
 
 2 
 
 66,358 
 
 7 
 
 .0973 
 
 .2919 
 
 202.5 
 
 .05205 
 
 .15725 
 
 3 
 
 52,624 
 
 7 
 
 .0867 
 
 .2601 
 
 160.6 
 
 .04182 
 
 .19827 
 
 4 
 
 41,788 
 
 7 
 
 .0772 
 
 .2316 
 
 127.4 
 
 .03276 
 
 .25000 
 
 6 
 
 26,244 
 
 7 
 
 .0612 
 
 .1836 
 
 80.1 
 
 .02059 
 
 .39767 
 
 8 
 
 16,512 
 
 
 .0486 
 
 .1458 
 
 50.4 
 
 .01298 
 
 .62686 
 
 10 
 
 10,384 
 
 7 
 
 .0885 
 
 .1155 
 
 31.7 
 
 .00815 
 
 1.00848 
 
 12 
 
 6,528 
 
 7 
 
 .0305 
 
 .0915 
 
 19.9 
 
 .00511 
 
 1.59716 
 
 14 
 
 4,108 
 
 7 
 
 .0242 
 
 .0726 
 
 12.5 
 
 .00322 
 
 2.54192 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 Sizes of Wire for Rope Strands 
 
 General 
 Data 
 
 Capacity of 
 Cable in 
 Cir. Mils. 
 
 49 Wires 
 
 7x7 
 
 183 Wires 
 19x7 
 
 259 Wires 
 37x7 
 
 427 Wires 
 61x7 
 
 637 Wires 
 91x7 
 
 100000 
 
 .0452 
 
 .0274 
 
 .0197 
 
 .0153 
 
 .0125 
 
 125000 
 
 .0505 
 
 .0306 
 
 .0220 
 
 .0171 
 
 .0140 
 
 150000 
 
 .0553 
 
 .0836 
 
 .0242 
 
 .0188 
 
 .0154 
 
 175000 
 
 .0597 
 
 .0363 
 
 .0260 
 
 .0202 
 
 .0166 
 
 200000 
 
 .0638 
 
 .0388 
 
 .0278 
 
 .0216 
 
 .0177 
 
 225000 
 
 .0677 
 
 .0411 
 
 .0295 
 
 .0230 
 
 .0188 
 
 250000 
 
 .0714 
 
 .0435 
 
 .0311 
 
 .0242 
 
 .0198 
 
 275000 
 
 .0749 
 
 .0455 
 
 .0326 
 
 .0254 
 
 .0208 
 
 800000 
 
 .0783 
 
 .0475 
 
 .0341 
 
 .0265 
 
 .0217 
 
 325000 
 
 .0814 
 
 .0494 
 
 0354 
 
 .0276 
 
 .0226 
 
 350000 
 
 .0845 
 
 .0513 
 
 .0368 
 
 .0286 
 
 .0235 
 
 375000 
 
 .0875 
 
 .0531 
 
 .0381 
 
 .0296 
 
 .0243 
 
 400000 
 
 .0904 
 
 .0548 
 
 .0393 
 
 .0306 
 
 .0251 
 
 425000 
 
 .0931 
 
 .0565 
 
 .0405 
 
 .0315 
 
 .0259 
 
 450000 
 
 .0958 
 
 .0581 
 
 .0418 
 
 .0324 
 
 .0266 
 
 475000 
 
 .0984 
 
 .0598 
 
 .0428 
 
 .0333 
 
 .0273 
 
 500000 
 
 .1010 
 
 .0613 
 
 .0439 
 
 .0342 
 
 .0280 
 
 525000 
 
 .1035 
 
 .0628 
 
 .0450 
 
 .0350 
 
 .0287 
 
 550000 
 
 .1059 
 
 .0643 
 
 .0461 
 
 .0359 
 
 .0294 
 
 575000 
 
 .1083 
 
 .0658 
 
 .0472 
 
 .0367 
 
 .0301 
 
 600000 
 
 .1107 
 
 .0672 
 
 .0483 
 
 .0375 
 
 .0307 
 
 625000 
 
 .1129 
 
 .0686 
 
 .0492 
 
 .0883 
 
 .0313 
 
 (550000 
 
 .1152 
 
 .0699 
 
 .0501 
 
 .0390 
 
 .0319 
 
 675000 
 
 .1174 
 
 .0712 
 
 .0510 
 
 .0398 
 
 .0325 
 
 700000 
 
 .1195 
 
 .0726 
 
 .0520 
 
 .0405 
 
 .0331 
 
 725000 
 
 .1216 
 
 .0738 
 
 .0529 
 
 .0412 
 
 .0337 
 
 750000 
 
 .1237 
 
 .0751 
 
 .0538 
 
 .0419 
 
 .0343 
 
 775000 
 
 .1258 
 
 .0763 
 
 .0546 
 
 .0426 
 
 .0349 
 
 800000 
 
 .1278 
 
 .0776 
 
 .0556 
 
 .0433 
 
 .0354 
 
 825000 
 
 .1297 
 
 .0788 
 
 .0565 
 
 .0440 
 
 .0360 
 
 850000 
 
 .1317 
 
 .0799 
 
 .0574 
 
 .0446 
 
 .0365 
 
 875000 
 
 .1336 
 
 .0811 
 
 .0583 
 
 .0453 
 
 .0371 
 
 900000 
 
 .1355 
 
 .0822 
 
 .0591 
 
 .0459 
 
 .0376 
 
 025000 
 
 .1374 
 
 .0834 
 
 .0599 
 
 .0466 
 
 .0381 
 
 950000 
 
 .1392 
 
 .0845 
 
 .0606 
 
 .0472 
 
 .038(5 
 
 975000 
 
 .1411 
 
 .0856 
 
 .0614 
 
 .0478 
 
 .0391 
 
 1000000 
 
 .1429 
 
 .0867 
 
 .0621 
 
 .0484 
 
 .0396 
 
 1100000 
 
 .1498 
 
 .0909 
 
 .0652 
 
 .0508 
 
 .0416 
 
 1200000 
 
 .1565 
 
 .0951 
 
 .0683 
 
 .0530 
 
 .0434 
 
 1250000 
 
 .1597 
 
 .0969 
 
 .0695 
 
 .0541 
 
 .0443 
 
 1300000 
 
 .1627 
 
 .0988 
 
 .0708 
 
 .0552 
 
 .0452 
 
 1400000 
 
 .1690 
 
 .1026 
 
 .0735 
 
 .0573 
 
 .0469 
 
 1500000 
 
 .1750 
 
 .1062 
 
 .0761 
 
 .0593 
 
 .0485 
 
 1600000 
 
 .1807 
 
 .1096 
 
 .0786 
 
 .0612 
 
 .0501 
 
 1700000 
 
 .1862 
 
 .1130 
 
 .0811 
 
 .0631 
 
 .0517 
 
 1750000 
 
 .1889 
 
 .1147 
 
 .0823 
 
 .0640 
 
 .0525 
 
 1800000 
 
 .1916 
 
 .1162 
 
 .0836 
 
 .0649 
 
 .0532 
 
 1900000 
 
 .1969 
 
 .1196 
 
 .0857 
 
 .0667 
 
 .0546 
 
 2000000 
 
 .2020 
 
 .1226 
 
 .0878 
 
 .0685 
 
 .0560 
 
 The Manufacture of Wire 
 
 The metals used, almost to the exclusion of all others, for the conduction of 
 electrical currents are, as before stated, copper and steel. It will not be out of 
 place to give here some account of the method of winning these metals from their 
 ores, the subsequent processes for their purification, and a short description of the 
 means employed for giving the purified metals their final shape for use in electrical 
 apparatus. 
 
 Copper 
 
 Copper is by far the most important material for conductors, both on account of 
 its high conductivity and on account of its physical characteristics. Standing, as it 
 does, next to silver, the best conductor, occurring in such quantities as to make its 
 
AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 General supply adequate to the demand, and necessitating a fairly inexpensive though complex 
 Data process for recovery, it is only natural that copper should have met with the greatest 
 favor, and that the increase in its use should have been phenomenal. In fact, the 
 wonderful growth and development in electrical apparatus have been made possible 
 chiefly by the fact that we have two such metals as copper and iron, which possess 
 the necessary conductivities for electricity and magnetism. 
 
 We find the ores of copper occurring in many and varied forms and widely dis- 
 tributed over the earth. In the United States there are three localities in which the 
 copper mineralization is of considerable magnitude. The most important districts, 
 in which about 95 per cent, of the total copper ore of the country is mined, are the 
 Lake Superior region and the deposits of the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra 
 Nevadas. 
 
 The Lake district is one of the most interesting localities, mineralogically 
 speaking, in the world. The copper bearing rocks are very distinctly stratified 
 beds of trap, sandstones and conglomerates which rise at an angle of about 45 
 degrees from the horizontal sandstone which forms the basin of Lake Superior. 
 One peninsula extending out into the lake has developed copper in profitable 
 amounts, which is present here for the most part in the metallic state, almost 
 chemically pure. 
 
 The amount of copper in these ores averages only about 3 per cent., the balance 
 being rock, which is so intimately mixed with the metal that both must be taken 
 out together. On account of this large amount of worthless matter, the ores are 
 first subjected to a mechanical process whereby the metal is concentrated into a 
 small bulk and the rock rejected. "Lake" copper is so pure that it is merely put 
 through the final melting without the refining usually necessary. 
 
 The deposits in the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevadas comprise a terri- 
 tory nearly one-half the area of the United States, and in geological formations 
 and nature of mineralization show all the phases from the original unaltered sulphide 
 deposits to the most highly altered oxides and carbonates. In this district we find 
 the mystery-shrouded names of Butte, Bisbee, Leadville, Clifton, Globe and Black 
 Range, names which have spelled fortune or despair, rejoicing or suffering, to the 
 thousands of prospectors who have discovered and rediscovered their wonderful 
 richness. 
 
 The third and least important district is that of the Atlantic Coast beds. From 
 the far north latitudes to Florida there extends an almost unbroken chain of miner- 
 alization, profitable at some locations, and bearing only traces of metallic deposits 
 at others. In the North, where the earth's surface is comparatively new, having 
 only yesterday, as it were, been shaved by a glacier, the minerals are in their 
 original sulphide form. In the more southern portions, however, where this glacial 
 abrasion has not taken place, and the oxidation and weathering of the surface has 
 continued for no one knows how many centuries, the ore has been almost entirely 
 decomposed and washed out from the surface. The result of this is that at greater 
 depths the deposits are at times enormously enriched and concentrated. At a little 
 greater depth, however, this concentration is lost and at times a meager vein with 
 only traces of copper destroys all hope of profitable operation, and adds one more 
 to the list of abandoned mines. 
 
 On account of the extremely low percentage of copper in most of its ores, the 
 usual method.of procedure, as we have seen, is to first obtain this metallic portion in 
 as small a bulk as possible. This is a mechanical process and results in concen- 
 trating the heavy minerals, and washing away, or otherwise separating the worthless 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 37 
 
 rocky portion, or "gangue" as it is called. The "concentrates" resulting from General 
 this process are afterward treated to obtain the copper in the same manner as an ore. Data 
 
 A "sulphide ore," that is, an ore in which copper appears in chemical combi- 
 nation with sulphur, is in some cases first "roasted " or heated so that the sulphur 
 is burned off, leaving the copper and iron, which is almost always present, in an 
 oxidized or burned form. This is then smelted with coke. In another process, 
 however, the raw sulphide ore is thrown into a blast furnace and is made to smelt 
 itself. This is one of the very simple discoveries that have meant so much to the 
 copper industry. Formerly a copper mine had a dozen or more great smouldering 
 heaps piled up in its yard, breathing out clouds of stifling sulphur fumes. Nothing 
 would grow for miles around, the men themselves had a white, bleached-out appear- 
 ance, and besides, thousands upon thousands of dollars worth of precious fuel was 
 being wasted. This has all been changed, the "raw" unroasted ore is now thrown 
 into the furnaces, the sulphur itself burned and made to smelt the mass, producing, 
 on account of its chemical nature, a highly impure, yet very valuable, compound 
 with iron and sulphur, called "matte." This "matte" which consists of about half 
 copper is poured while yet molten from the furnace into a "converter," a large 
 vessel shaped like a barrel laid on its side, and the iron and sulphur are burned out 
 by blowing through great volumes of air. Here again the despised and hated 
 element, sulphur, by burning and generating heat, has made possible one of the 
 most labor and time saving processes known to the metallurgy of copper. The 
 result of this operation is "blister" copper, so called on account of the blistered 
 appearance of the surface caused by the quantities of gases absorbed by the metal. 
 
 If copper ore occurs in an oxidized or carbonate form, or roasted ore is used, a 
 blast furnace is also utilized for the reduction. Oxidized or sulphide ores are also 
 often mixed and the matte is " blown" and blister copper produced as before. 
 
 This blister copper contains about 99 per cent, of copper but is much too impure 
 for commercial use. The refining now depends upon whether the copper has a 
 sufficient amount of the precious metals to pay for utilizing the electrolytic process. 
 If so, the blister copper is cast into plates of a suitable size and shape, and the 
 copper is dissolved and deposited almost chemically pure on other plates by means 
 of an electric current passing through an acid solution of copper sulphate. The 
 impurities and other metals do not deposit with the copper, but are dropped as a 
 residue or " slime " on the bottom of the tank, to be recovered and refined later. 
 
 The blister copper or " electrolytic" copper, as the case may be, is then charged 
 into a refining furnace and melted by means of a very pure fuel, so that the metal 
 may not occlude any deleterious gases. A charge of 12 to 20 tons of pig copper is 
 put in the furnace a simple bowl-shaped hearth, covered and provided with doors 
 for skimming and stirring and the metal is melted as quickly as possible. The 
 process is now one which depends greatly upon the skill of the refiner. After the 
 metal is melted, and the last traces of sulphur have been removed by combination 
 with the oxygen from the flame, the process known as "rabbling" or " flapping" is 
 begun. This is a violent agitation of the metal by means of small rabbles or pokers 
 through one of the side doors. This motion so far has not been duplicated mechan- 
 ically, and it means a tedious and slow operation of about two hours' duration. 
 During the flapping, samples are frequently taken in a hemispherical mould about 
 an inch in diameter. When the "set" or appearance of the solidified metal in this 
 mould indicates that sufficient work has been done upon it, the surplus oxygen must 
 be removed to prevent the extreme brittleness and lack of conductivity of an over- 
 oxidized metal. This is done by "poling" the bath. A stick of green hardwood 
 as large as possible is introduced into the bath. The stick burns and the metal is 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 General violently agitated by the gases given off. The surface of the bath is covered with 
 Data charcoal to prevent further oxidation, and samples are very frequently taken. This 
 is continued an hour, more or less, according to the size of the bath and the amount 
 of oxidation, until the test piece shows "tough pitch " or the removal of the excess 
 of oxygen, and that the metal is in its toughest condition. This "tough pitch" 
 condition is absolutely essential for the requirements of rolling and wire drawing, 
 
 Copper Billets 
 
 as copper in this state possesses at the same time the highest degree of conductivity 
 and an extremely tough and ductile nature. The metal is now poured into ingot- 
 moulds or wire bars, in which condition it comes to our works for conversion into 
 all manner of sizes and shapes for electrical conductors. 
 
 The refining of copper and its separation from the multitude of alloying metals 
 is a complex metallurgical process, but a very necessary one. Even traces of 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 89 
 
 other metals affect the conductivity to a remarkable degree, as the following table General 
 will show: Data 
 
 Element 
 
 Per Cent. 
 Present in Copper 
 
 Per Cent. 
 Conductivity 
 
 Carbon . . 
 
 0.05 
 
 77.87 
 
 Sulphur . . 
 
 0.18 
 
 92.08 
 
 Arsenic . . 
 
 0.10 
 
 73.89 
 
 Silver . . 
 
 1.22 
 
 90.34 
 
 Tin . 
 
 1.33 
 
 50.44 
 
 Aluminum . . 
 
 0.10 
 
 86.49 
 
 With these figures in mind it is not difficult to appreciate why copper must be 
 of the highest degree of chemical purity to be suitable for electrical conductors. 
 
 Iron and Steel 
 
 The distribution of iron ores follows in a general way that of copper. Here 
 again the wonderfully mineralized Lake Superior region plays an important part in 
 the supply, statistics showing that the states of Michigan, Wisconsin and Min- 
 nesota produced in 1908 over 78 per cent, of the total ore mined in the United States. 
 The Southern states, Alabama, the Virginias, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, 
 Maryland and North Carolina contributed about 12 per cent, of the country's supply. 
 The balance is distributed quite widely along the Atlantic Coast range, the Missis- 
 sippi Valley and Rocky Mountains. 
 
 The separation of the metal from an iron ore is a much simpler problem in 
 some respects than that which we considered in the case of copper. Practically all 
 of the ores commercially utilized are already in an oxide or carbonate combination 
 so that a simple heating to the reducing point of the ore in contact with a proper 
 reducing material is sufficient to bring about the first step in the process. 
 
 The ore, as mined, consists exactly as in the case of copper, of two main con- 
 stituents, the valuable mineral which contains the iron, and quantities of rock and 
 other materials from which the metallic part must be separated. With copper ores 
 we can at times mechanically concentrate the metallic portions as we have already 
 seen, but with an iron ore that is usually not feasible, the ore being charged as a 
 whole into the furnace, and the proper mixing with non-metallic substances relied 
 upon to form final products which are easily fusible, and from which the liquid 
 iron will separate itself by reason of its greater specific gravity. The ' ' flux, " as these 
 additions are called, is usually limestone, as the gangue is usually of a silicious 
 nature. 
 
 The ore, fuel and fluxes are charged into a blast furnace. This is a huge cylin- 
 drical stack 80 to 100 feet high and about 20 feet in diameter at its largest point, 
 with suitable arrangements for blowing in great volumes of air near its base. The 
 fuel used is coke, which heats the charge up to its melting point and at the same 
 time frees the iron from its chemical bonds in the ore. The earthy portions of the 
 ore are eargerly sought for by the limestone and unite with it to form a waste 
 product, the slag. The carbon in the coke singles out the iron in combination with 
 oxygen and in a brief moment destroys the associations of hundreds of thousands 
 of years and starts the iron on its path toward its destination, which may be a part 
 
40 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 General of some noble structure, a rail upon whose soundness many lives mafy depend, 
 Data a wire whose message may bring joy or sorrow, or any of the innumerable products 
 of this the " Iron Age." 
 
 A Typical Michigan Iron Ore Mining Scene 
 
 The metal from these furnaces is called "pig iron " and is employed mainly in 
 this shape as a stepping stone toward other products. The selection of our material 
 is begun when the ore is mined. The various grades of ore, each differing from the 
 others in some essential characteristic, are mixed carefully according to proportions 
 which are the result of long years of experience ; the resulting pig iron is carefully 
 graded and the proper grades carefully preserved for making such grades of steel 
 as are required for the manufacture of wire. 
 
 The next step is the conversion of the "pig" into shape for the manufacture 
 of wire. The pig itself is coarse-grained, brittle and full of impurities, which must 
 be removed before we can obtain the metal in a condition suitable for wire. This 
 is done by melting the pig in mixture with steel scrap of a highly selected grade 
 and subjecting the molten mass to the purifying action of an intensely hot flame. 
 After several hours, in which the various impurities are literally "boiled out," the 
 metal is poured into a huge flat bottomed "ladle " and thence through a small hole 
 in the bottom of the ladle. The liquid stream pours into cast-iron moulds, which shape 
 it into ingots nearly a foot and a half square and six feet tall. These ingots 
 are taken out of the mould after the outside has firmly solidified and are plunged 
 into a deep, white-hot abyss in which they "soak" until the temperature is 
 uniform throughout. After this soaking an immense crane seizes an ingot in its 
 vise-like grip and carries it to the rolling mill, where the mechanical operations 
 commence. 
 
 The first series of operations takes place on what is called a "blooming mill," 
 the resulting products of which are styled "blooms." Here the ingot is passed 
 back and forth between heavy chilled steel rolls, each pass elongating the ingot and 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 making its section smaller. Back and forth this goes, turned like a stick of wood General 
 by the wonderful mechanical fingers of the mill until the particular size desired is Data 
 reached. In our case, the metal has been squeezed in and out, through and through, 
 until the section has been reduced to four inches square and the length increased 
 from six feet to over one hundred. This long mass is now cut into pieces about 
 four feet long, which have become so cool that they must be reheated before 
 reducing the size further. 
 
 Steel Billets 
 
 From this point on, the treatment of copper and these blooms is practically the 
 same. The copper wire bars are received in approximately the same size and 
 length and are heated to a cherry redness in the same furnaces. 
 
 Through roll after roll, each doing its share toward reducing their sizes, the 
 billets pass in succession ; as the size grows less the speed increases and the rod 
 elongates until finally our stubby bloom four feet long has produced a rod which 
 may be a quarter of an inch in diameter and nearly a quarter of a mile in length. 
 
 Up to this point the metal has been handled hot, but during the processes of 
 wire drawing it is worked in the cold state. The first step after the rod has left the 
 rolling mill and has cooled down, is to immerse it in a weak solution of sulphuric 
 acid to take off the scale which has formed on the rod while it was cooling in the 
 air. This done, the rods are washed in a stream of high pressure water and dipped 
 into a vat of lime which coats them and prevents rusting. They are now "baked 
 
42 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 General out" in huge ovens to counteract the ill effects of the acid bath, and 4 are then in 
 Data proper condition for drawing. 
 
 Wire Drawing 
 
 The drawing process consists, briefly, in reducing the diameter of the wire by 
 pulling it through tapering holes in iron or steel plates, thus reducing its diameter 
 and increasing its length with each draft until the wire has undergone a sufficient 
 number of drafts and consequent reductions to bring it to the proper diameter. 
 
 When the finer sizes of wire are to be produced, the total reduction cannot be 
 made in one series of drafts, as we are limited in the size of a hot-rolled rod, and 
 the wire therefore must be treated at intervals to relieve the internal strains produced 
 by the cold working. This treatment, called annealing, consists in heating the 
 metal uniformly to a sufficiently high temperature to remove the internal molecular 
 strains and to make the metal once more soft and ductile. 
 
 A scale forms on the wire as a result of the annealing. This is again removed 
 in an acid bath, and the wire limed and baked and sent to the drawing frames. 
 This may be repeated many times before the necessary amount of reduction has 
 been attained. 
 
 Copper is generally handled somewhat differently in the annealing process, as 
 precautions are taken to prevent the formation of scale. Especially is this true in 
 the case of fine magnet wires, for instance, where oxidation would seriously affect 
 the properties of the wire. This is done by "bright annealing," which is accom- 
 plished in various ways by preventing the metal, while it is at a high temperature, 
 from coming in contact with the air. By this means we obtain an annealed wire as 
 bright as when it comes from the drawing frames. So the process goes, drawing as 
 far as feasible, annealing and drawing again until the finest sizes of magnet wire 
 are finally produced, by drawing through holes skillfully drilled in diamonds. 
 
 As the physical condition of the wire depends largely upon the number and 
 amount of the drafts, the proper regulation of these to produce the best results, 
 especially in the case of hard drawn copper, requires much study and long experi- 
 ence. Many drafts, each giving only a slight reduction, produce an entirely 
 different effect from few drafts, even though the ultimate reduction in area be the 
 same. Drawing the same size of wire on blocks of different diameters will vary the 
 physical characteristics. Various methods of annealing will produce various re- 
 sults, and so on. There is a multitude of details, each of which has its own effect. 
 
 Cold drawing or cold rolling a rod or annealed wire invariably increases its 
 hardness, stiffness, elasticity and tensile strength and at the same time decreases 
 its elongation, ductility and electrical conductivity. The amount of these changes, 
 however, is not directly proportional to the per cent, of reduction in sectional area 
 or to the amount of work expended on the metal. Statements have been made 
 to the contrary, but our many experiments and careful observations have estab- 
 lished beyond a doubt the accuracy of the foregoing. The actual change in the 
 physical properties of a wire by cold working are affected by many factors, as we 
 have already stated, and the final effect is difficult to forecast; hence long experience 
 with these problems is exceedingly valuable both to the maker and to the user of 
 wire. 
 
 The tensile strength and elongation of wire vary considerably with its size. 
 Annealed or soft copper wire varies in tensile strength from 30,000 pounds per 
 square inch in the coarser sizes to 42,000 pounds in the fine sizes. Hard drawn 
 copper varies in tensile strength from 45,000 to 68,000 pounds per square inch, 
 according to size. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 43 
 
 The elongation also varies according to size, as a ten-inch length will show 45 General 
 
 per cent, in coarse wire, while a fine wire will elongate only about 15 per cent, in the 
 same length. The per centum elongation obtained depends very largely upon the 
 length of test specimen, the highest elongation being obtained in the shortest 
 length. To illustrate: a 12-inch linear section of annealed copper wire, 600 mils in 
 diameter, will elongate about 45 per cent. The elongation occurring in shorter 
 sections of the same specimen will be approximately as follows: 
 
 Data 
 
 Elongation of Annealed Copper Wire 
 
 Per Cent. Elongation Calculated on Measured Length of 
 
 
 12 Inches 
 
 10 Inches 
 
 8 Inches 
 
 6 Inches 
 
 4 Inches 
 
 3 Inches 
 
 2 Inches 
 
 1 Inch 
 
 600 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 48 
 
 50 
 
 53 
 
 58 
 
 63 
 
 75 
 
 The foregoing fact of a variable elongation dependent upon the length of test 
 specimen is equally true of hard drawn wire. While the figures for hard wire 
 differ widely from those for soft wire, the proportionate variation in elongation of 
 hard wire due to length of test specimen is even greater than for soft wire. This 
 is illustrated by the following figures, which are approximately correct for 2/0 B. & S. 
 hard copper trolley wire and for No. 4 B. & S. hard drawn copper wire. 
 
 Drawing Wire Through a Die 
 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 General 
 Data 
 
 Elongation of Hard Drawn Copper Wire 
 
 Size 
 B. &S. 
 
 Diameter 
 in Mils 
 
 Per Cent. Elongation Calculated on Measured Length of 
 
 12 Inches 
 
 10 Inches 
 
 8 Inches 
 
 6 Inches 
 
 4 Inches 
 
 3 Inches 
 
 2 Inches 
 
 1 Inch 
 
 00 
 
 4 
 
 364.8 
 204.3 
 
 4.0 
 1.8 
 
 4.5 
 
 2.1 
 
 5.0 
 2.4 
 
 6.0 
 3.0 
 
 7.5 
 4.0 
 
 10.0 
 5.2 
 
 13.0 
 
 7.2 
 
 22.0 
 12.0 
 
 This fact is of considerable importance in drawing up specifications, as it is 
 readily seen that a specified elongation is of little value unless the measured length 
 is given. 
 
 Tinning and Galvanizing Wire 
 
 Copper conductors are often tinned and telegraph wire is usually galvanized. 
 The methods of supplying these coatings while simple to describe are nevertheless in 
 actual performance complex, requiring careful supervision and expert workmanship. 
 
 The principle of the process is to pass a wire first through a tank of acid whose 
 function is to clean the wire, next through a water tank where the acid is washed 
 off, next through a flux, and then into the molten tin or zinc. It is not hard to get 
 the tin or zinc to adhere over almost all of the surface, but the absolute perfection 
 demanded by the trade requires that every portion of the wire must be covered 
 with a uniform thickness of metal which must be bright and which will not peel or 
 crack. This has justified the elaborate equipment and painstaking operation em- 
 ployed in maintaining the quality of our product. 
 
 Packing and Shipping 
 
 Many can no doubt remember the time when neither the manufacturer nor the 
 purchaser gave any particular attention as to how goods were packed or shipped 
 so long as they arrived at their destination in comparatively good condition. But 
 these conditions have changed steadily within the past few years, and to-day 
 practically all complete and up-to-date specifications make special mention of the 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 45 
 
 method of packing and shipping. We have, after many years of careful attention General 
 to this subject, developed a system which is very complete in all details, having Data 
 made use of data accumulated from all kinds and conditions of shipments, from 
 the smallest spool of delicate silk covered magnet wire of only a few ounces in 
 weight, to the largest reel of aerial, underground or submarine cables of many tons 
 weight, to destinations near by or to remote points in foreign countries. 
 
 Coils of Wire 
 
 It is necessary that wire be properly coiled to prevent snarling and other 
 difficulties. 
 
 Our coils are formed to standard dimensions, evenly wound and securely bound 
 with strong and durable material, both ends of the coil being accessible for test 
 purposes and only one length in a coil, unless otherwise specified. These coils are 
 protected by paper or burlap, or both if conditions require it. The covering materials 
 are selected for the purpose, cut to proper dimensions so as to protect the wire in 
 the most complete way, without giving a surplus amount of material which would 
 increase the tare weight. All wires are inspected when being wound into coils and 
 also at the time of papering or burlapping. Each individual coil is papered or bur- 
 lapped by hand, which gives a good opportunity to detect any visible mechanical 
 defects. All coils are accurately measured or weighed before shipment, and 
 properly tagged with strong, durable tags on which are given full details. 
 
16 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 General The size of the coil is arranged so as to be most convenient for handling, pack- 
 
 Data ing or shipping, according to the kind and size of wire in the coil. We ship coils 
 according to the customer's requirements, packed in boxes or barrels and so 
 arranged in these that there will be no unnecessary waste space ; or they may be 
 shipped loosely in carload lots when specified. All large coils are protected with 
 paper and burlap and are generally shipped loose. 
 
 Stringing Wire from Coils 
 
 When wire is purchased for the purpose of stringing on poles, the general im- 
 pression is that it is easier to handle if placed on reels than in coils; but if this 
 question were given a little thought, we believe that persons having such an idea 
 would be convinced otherwise. They should take into consideration the transpor- 
 tation of wire in coils as against wire on reels, the increased amount of coiled wire 
 that can be stored in a given space as compared with the same amount placed on 
 reels; the increased cost of freight, due to weight of reels, the necessity of keeping 
 
 Wrapping Coils 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 47 
 
 General 
 Data 
 
 Stringing Heavy Wire from Coils 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 General reels in good condition after being emptied, the amount of handling incurred 
 
 Data because of empty reels, return transportation charges and the necessary clerical 
 
 work and supervision required. With coils, all labor and responsibility cease after 
 
 the wire is strung. We do not recommend coiling solid wire that is larger than 1/0 
 
 B. & S. gauge, except in special cases. 
 
 A suitably constructed blade, such as shown on the previous page, will fit 
 any standard coil. With the lead arm and swivel sheave it makes the uncoiling of 
 the wire during process of stringing on poles or other places a very economical and 
 easy process, and avoids the possibility of snarls, provided the coil is properly placed 
 upon the blade. With this lead arm and sheave, the wire may be drawn over a cross- 
 arm on a pole, when the coil is almost directly under the cross-arm, if lack of space 
 requires this to be done. This system of handling wire also reduces the amount of 
 apparatus that would be required for operating reels, such as bars, jacks, and so on. 
 Blades of similar construction can be placed on any ordinary wagon, and, with the 
 exception of lifting coils of the largest sizes of wire, one man, usually the team- 
 ster, can operate the uncoiling of wire. After finishing the day's work of stringing 
 wire by the coil method, there are no empty reels to be collected, cared for and 
 returned to the manufacturer, and no credit to be looked out for. 
 
 Standard Dimensions of Coils 
 Solid Copper Weatherproof Wire 
 
 Size 
 B. & S. 
 
 Approximate Weight 
 per Coil, Pounds 
 
 Approximate 
 Outside 
 Diameter 
 of Coil 
 
 Approx. 
 Diameter 
 of Eye 
 of Coil 
 
 Approx. 
 Thickness 
 of Coil 
 Inches 
 
 Covering 
 of Coil 
 
 How 
 Shipped 
 
 
 
 
 2 Braids 
 
 3 Braids 
 
 Inches 
 
 Inches 
 
 
 
 
 0000 
 
 360 
 
 383 
 
 30 to 84 
 
 19 
 
 7^ 1 
 
 
 
 000 
 
 352 
 
 377 
 
 30 to 34 
 
 19 
 
 7^ 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 326 
 
 350 
 
 30 to 34 
 
 19 
 
 7& 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 301 
 
 325 
 
 30 to 34 
 
 19 
 
 I 1 /* 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 294 
 310 
 
 316 
 338 
 
 30 to 34 
 30 to 34 
 
 19 
 19 
 
 7% 
 7^ - 
 
 Paper 
 and 
 
 I Loose 
 ) Coils 
 
 3 
 
 305 
 
 330 
 
 30 to 34 
 
 19 
 
 ' 72. 
 
 Burlap 
 
 
 4 
 
 317 
 
 344 
 
 30 to 34 
 
 19 
 
 7*1^ 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 317 
 
 350 
 
 30 to 34 
 
 19 
 
 7^ 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 320 
 
 180 
 
 30 to 34 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 171 
 
 195 
 
 30 to 34 
 
 19 
 
 6 J 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 18 to 20 
 
 12 
 
 5 1 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 18 to 20 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 
 ( Coils 
 
 14 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 18 to 20 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 Paper 
 
 1 Packed in 
 
 16 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 18 to 20 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 
 ( Barrels 
 
 18 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 18 to 20 
 
 12 
 
 5 J 
 
 
 
 Weatherproof Iron Wire 
 
 Size 
 B.W. G. 
 
 Approx. Weight 
 per Coil 
 Pounds 
 
 Approx. 
 Outside 
 Diameter 
 
 Approx. 
 Diameter 
 of Eye 
 of Coil 
 
 Approximate 
 Thickness 
 of Coil 
 Inches 
 
 Covering 
 of Coil 
 
 How 
 
 Shipped 
 
 Length 
 in a 
 Coil 
 
 
 2 Braids 
 
 3 Braids 
 
 Inches 
 
 Inches 
 
 2 Braids 
 
 3 Braids 
 
 
 
 Feet 
 
 6 
 
 222 
 
 247 
 
 30 to 84 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 IVz '} 
 
 
 
 1760 
 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 12 
 
 235 
 200 
 175 
 113 
 
 263 
 225 
 200 
 180 
 
 30 to 34 
 30 to 34 
 30 to 34 
 30 to 84 
 
 19 
 19 
 19 
 19 
 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 
 7^ I 
 ? 1 A ! 
 7^ f 
 7^ 1 
 
 Paper 
 and 
 Burlap 
 
 ( Loose 
 } Coils 
 
 2640 
 2640 
 2640 
 2640 
 
 14 
 
 78 
 
 87 
 
 22 to 24 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 5 J 
 
 
 
 2640 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 W I R E S 
 
 A B L E S 
 
 lit 
 
 Standard Dimensions of Coils -Continued 
 
 Slow- burning Wire 
 
 Size 
 B. & S. 
 
 Approx. 
 Weight 
 per Coil 
 Pounds 
 
 Approx. 
 
 Outside 
 Diameter 
 of Coil 
 Inches 
 
 Approx. 
 Diameter 
 of Eye 
 of Coil 
 Inches 
 
 Approx. 
 Thickness 
 of Coil 
 Inches 
 
 Covering 
 of Coil 
 
 How 
 Shipped 
 
 8 
 
 50 
 
 18 to 20 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 10 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 
 40 
 55 
 40 
 30 
 
 18 to 20 
 18 to 20 
 18 to 20 
 18 to 20 
 
 12 
 12 
 
 12 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 5 ! 
 i 
 5 1 
 
 Paper 
 
 ( Loose Coils 
 -! Packed in 
 ( Barrels 
 
 18 
 
 24 
 
 18 to 20 
 
 12 
 
 5 1 
 
 
 
 General 
 Data 
 
 Lamp Cords 
 
 Unless otherwise ordered this material is always shipped in approximately 
 250 feet coils wrapped with paper and packed in boxes containing either 1000 feet or 
 1000 yards (3000 feet), as ordered. 
 
 Rubber Insulated and Braided Wire 
 
 No. 6 and finer single conductor rubber insulated and braided wires are shipped 
 in approximately 500-foot coils, having a 12-inch eye, wrapped in paper, and packed 
 in boxes or barrels, unless otherwise specified. 
 
 No. 10 and finer duplex parallel rubber insulated and braided are shipped in 
 approximately 500-foot coils, having a 12-inch eye, and in other respects the same 
 as the single conductor. 
 
 No. 12 and finer twisted pair rubber insulated and braided are shipped in 
 approximately 500-foot and 1000-foot coils, and in other respects the same as the 
 single conductor. 
 
 Wooden Reels 
 
 The reels used for shipping electric wires and cables are so constructed as to 
 give the greatest protection to this class of material. We have on hand at all times 
 a large supply of the different kinds and sizes of reels, as shown in the following 
 table. These reels are always kept in good repair and can be supplied at a very 
 short notice. The various sizes of reels are numbered for convenience in dis- 
 tinguishing them. 
 
 Material put on the reel is so arranged as to give the customer the least incon- 
 venience in handling. The kind and size of wire to be shipped governs the size of 
 the reel to be used. 
 
 Careful attention is always paid to the diameter of the barrel selected so that 
 cables will not be bent to a diameter which would in any way injure the cable. 
 Reels are never loaded to their full capacity, for we consider it advisable to allow a 
 few inches clearance between the rim of the reel and the cables to prevent any 
 possibility of damage to the wire when the reels are rolled about. All large reels 
 before shipment are lagged with strong and durable strips of wood of suitable 
 dimensions, in accordance with the size of reel. The wire on spools or small reels 
 is protected by paper, burlap, or sheet iron. 
 
50 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 General 
 Data 
 
 Standard Dimensions of Reel Lagging 
 
 2 x 4 x 35 inches 
 2 x 4 x 37X inches 
 2 x 4 x 41 inches 
 2 x 4 x 50 inches 
 
 2 x 4 x 56 inches 
 2 x 4 x 63 X inches 
 2 x 4 x 70 inches 
 2 x 4 x 76 inches 
 
 % x 2 x 11 inches 
 % x 2 x 16 inches 
 % x 2 x 20X inches 
 2 x 4 x 27X inches 
 2 x 4 x 29 inches 
 
 Lagging is made from well seasoned lumber, free from knots, having in view 
 the minimum possibility of breaking. Reels and spools for magnet wire are 
 specially made for this particular product and are so designed and constructed as 
 to give the best protection to the delicate grade of wire which they hold. 
 
 Standard Shipping Reels for Electrical Wires and Cables 
 
 List No. 
 Burned in 
 Head 
 of Reel 
 
 Symbol 
 
 Dimensions are given in Inches 
 
 Average 
 Weight 
 in Pounds 
 
 Price per 
 Reel 
 
 Diameter 
 of Head 
 
 Diameter 
 of Barrel 
 
 Width 
 Inside 
 
 Width 
 Outside 
 
 Arbor 
 Hole 
 
 302 
 
 W 
 
 80. 
 
 14. 
 
 8. 
 
 11.50 
 
 1.125 O 
 
 43. 
 
 $2.00 
 
 304 
 
 A 
 
 3.25 
 
 1. 
 
 3.75 
 
 5.125 
 
 .375 O 
 
 .312 
 
 
 305 
 
 A 
 
 2.75 
 
 1. 
 
 3. 
 
 4.375 
 
 .875 O 
 
 .218 
 
 
 306 
 
 A 
 
 6. 
 
 1.375 
 
 8.1875 
 
 4.0625 
 
 .625 O 
 
 .5 
 
 \ \ 
 
 313 
 
 M 
 
 22. 
 
 15. 
 
 6. 
 
 9.50 
 
 1.375 O 
 
 22. 
 
 i.50 
 
 315 
 
 ' W 
 
 38. 
 
 16. 
 
 22.50 
 
 27.75 
 
 1.625 O 
 
 165. 
 
 5.00 
 
 316 
 
 W 
 
 32. 
 
 16. 
 
 14.50 
 
 19.75 
 
 1.625 O 
 
 93. 
 
 5.00 
 
 321 
 
 M 
 
 28. 
 
 22. 
 
 6. 
 
 9.50 
 
 1.375 O 
 
 37. 
 
 2.00 
 
 322 
 
 W 
 
 30. 
 
 12. 
 
 11. 
 
 14.50 
 
 1.125 O 
 
 50. 
 
 2.00 
 
 324 
 
 W 
 
 60. 
 
 28. 
 
 32. 
 
 38.25 
 
 2.625 O 
 
 500. 
 
 10.00 
 
 330 
 
 W 
 
 44. 
 
 24. 
 
 23. 
 
 27. 
 
 2.625 O 
 
 190. 
 
 4.00 
 
 333 
 
 W 
 
 50. 
 
 28. 
 
 32. 
 
 37.25 
 
 2.625 O 
 
 340. 
 
 10.00 
 
 334 
 
 R 
 
 36. 
 
 24. 
 
 11. 
 
 16.25 
 
 1.625 O 
 
 102. 
 
 4.00 
 
 835 
 
 R 
 
 36. 
 
 24. 
 
 15. 
 
 20.25 
 
 1.625 O 
 
 115. 
 
 5.00 
 
 836 
 
 R 
 
 58. 
 
 38. 
 
 35. 
 
 40.75 
 
 2.625 O 
 
 430. 
 
 12.00 
 
 338 
 
 M 
 
 13.50 
 
 6. 
 
 5. 
 
 6.50 
 
 1.125 O 
 
 5.7 
 
 0.75 
 
 341 
 
 M 
 
 24. 
 
 15. 
 
 6.50 
 
 9.50 
 
 1.375 O 
 
 24. 
 
 2.00 
 
 342 
 
 M 
 
 24. 
 
 15. 
 
 6.50 
 
 9.50 
 
 1.375 O 
 
 29. 
 
 2.00 
 
 343 
 
 M 
 
 7. 
 
 2.375 
 
 2.75 
 
 3.75 
 
 .625 O 
 
 .95 
 
 
 344 
 
 M 
 
 22. 
 
 15. 
 
 5.75 
 
 9.25 
 
 1.375 O 
 
 22. 
 
 2.00 
 
 345 
 
 M 
 
 3.50 
 
 1.875 
 
 2.75 
 
 3.75 
 
 .625 O 
 
 .25 
 
 
 347 
 
 M 
 
 4.50 
 
 1.75 
 
 2.75 
 
 3.75 
 
 .625 O 
 
 .33 
 
 
 349 
 
 M 
 
 9. 
 
 4.50 
 
 4. 
 
 6. 
 
 1 O 
 
 3.50 
 
 '.40 
 
 350 
 
 M 
 
 12. 
 
 6. 
 
 5. 
 
 7.50 
 
 l!25 O 
 
 7.50 
 
 .75 
 
 351 
 
 M 
 
 6. 
 
 2.375 
 
 2.75 
 
 3.75 
 
 .625 O 
 
 .72 
 
 .20 
 
 352 
 
 
 28. 
 
 14. 
 
 13.50 
 
 17. 
 
 4. O 
 
 51. 
 
 2.00 
 
 354 
 
 M 
 
 16. 
 
 8. 
 
 5.50 
 
 8.50 
 
 1.25 O 
 
 15. 
 
 1.25 
 
 355 
 
 R 
 
 66. 
 
 42. 
 
 35. 
 
 41.25 
 
 2.625 O 
 
 780. 
 
 15.00 
 
 356 
 
 A 
 
 3.75 
 
 1. 
 
 3.75 
 
 5.25 
 
 .375 O 
 
 .50 
 
 .15 
 
 1002 
 
 R 
 
 42. 
 
 30. 
 
 24. 
 
 29.25 
 
 2.625 O 
 
 205. 
 
 5.00 
 
 1004 
 
 R 
 
 80. 
 
 18. 
 
 8. 
 
 11.50 
 
 1.625 O 
 
 45. 
 
 2.00 
 
 1013 
 
 R 
 
 48. 
 
 36. 
 
 24. 
 
 29.25 
 
 2.625 O 
 
 262. 
 
 10.00 
 
 1015 
 
 R 
 
 66. 
 
 42. 
 
 35. 
 
 40.75 
 
 2.625 O 
 
 510. 
 
 15.00 
 
 1020 
 
 R 
 
 54. 
 
 36. 
 
 30. 
 
 35.25 
 
 2.625 O 
 
 320. 
 
 10.00 
 
 1021 
 
 R 
 
 62. 
 
 40. 
 
 85. 
 
 40.75 
 
 2.625 O 
 
 465. 
 
 10.00 
 
 1022 
 
 R 
 
 63. 
 
 30. 
 
 45. 
 
 50.75 
 
 2.625 O 
 
 600. 
 
 15.00 
 
 1023 
 
 R 
 
 76. 
 
 36. 
 
 45. 
 
 51.25 
 
 2.625 O 
 
 1040. 
 
 15.00 
 
 1025 
 
 R 
 
 92. 
 
 48. 
 
 53. 
 
 68.50 
 
 7.25O,D 
 
 2140. 
 
 50.00 
 
 1026 
 
 R 
 
 80. 
 
 56. 
 
 48. 
 
 56. 
 
 7. 25 on 
 
 1600. 
 
 30.00 
 
 1027 
 
 R 
 
 96. 
 
 32. 
 
 59. 
 
 71. 
 
 7.25Q,D 
 
 2400. 
 
 65.00 
 
 1028 
 
 R 
 
 72. 
 
 42. 
 
 42. 
 
 50. 
 
 7.25Q,D 
 
 1490. 
 
 30.00 
 
 1029 
 
 R 
 
 104. 
 
 36. 
 
 64. 
 
 76. 
 
 7. 25 OD 
 
 3650. 
 
 70.00 
 
 A=reels for annunciator wire. 
 
 R=reels for rubber, paper or cambric insulated wires and cables. 
 
 M=reels for magnet wire. 
 
 W=reels for weatherproof wires and cables. 
 
 These reels are well constructed and are expensive to make. They should be 
 carefully handled. If promptly returned, with slats, and in good condition, they will 
 be credited at the price quoted above, less transportation to our factory. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 51 
 
 All reels and spools of magnet wire, when being prepared for shipment, are General 
 individually weighed, marked and labelled so that the customer will be able to Data 
 determine the exact weight of each package of wire, no matter how small. 
 
 Packing Magnet Wire 
 
 One of the commonest ways of injuring insulated wires or cables is by putting 
 them on reels of incorrect capacity. For the convenience of our readers who may 
 have occasion to load reels, a safe formula for figuring the capacity of reels is given 
 in the following : 
 
 Let d = diameter of cable in inches 
 
 C = minimum clearance in inches (2 inches ordinary) 
 B = diameter of barrel or reel 
 
 D = YZ (diameter of head-B-2C) = radius of head less clearance, less radius 
 of barrel ; or available space from barrel to edge of head. 
 
 W = length of barrel. 
 Then L = number of layers 
 
 D 
 = 5- (take largest whole number) 
 
 N = number of turns per layer 
 
 W 
 = 3 (take largest whole number) 
 
 F = feet per reel with minimum clearance 
 
 = .262X (B + D)X NL. 
 
 For example : To determine the number of feet of a cable 1.3 inches in diameter, 
 that a No. 1002 reel will hold: Head of reel 42 inches in diameter, allowable clear- 
 ance 2 inches. Barrel of reel 30 inches in diameter. Width between heads 24 inches, 
 from table above. 
 
 =y z (42-30)-2 = 4; C = 2"; B 
 6-2 4 
 
 or 3 layers 
 
 = 24" 
 
 24 
 N = ^3= 18. + or 18 turns per layer 
 
 F = .262 X (30 + 4) X 18 X 3 
 = .262 X 34 X 18 X 3 = 481 feet. 
 
52 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 General Metric Weights and Measures 
 
 Data 
 
 Linear 
 
 1 meter = 39.3704 inches = 3.281 feet = 1.094 yards. 
 
 Centimeter (1-100 meter) = 0.3937 inch. 
 
 1 millimeter (mm.) = .03937 inch = 39.37 mils. 
 
 1 inch = 25.3997 millimeters = .083 foot = 2.54 centimeters. 
 
 1 kilometer = 1,000 meters or 3,281 feet = .6213 mile. 
 
 For the purpose of memory, a meter may be considered as 3 feet 3^ inches. 
 
 Surface Measures 
 
 Centare (1 square meter) = 1,550 square inches = 10.764 square feet. 
 
 Are (100 square meters) = 119.6 square yards. 
 
 1 square centimeter = 0.155 square inch = 197,300 circular mils. 
 
 1 square millimeter = .00155 square inch = 1973 circular mils. 
 
 1 square inch = 6.451 square centimeters = .0069 square foot. 
 
 1 square foot = 929.03 square centimeters = .0929 square meter. 
 
 Weights 
 
 Milligram (1-1,000 gram) = 0.0154 grain. 
 
 Centigram (1-100 gram) = 0.1543 grain. 
 
 Decigram (1-10 gram) = 1.5432 grains. 
 
 Gram = 15.432 grains. 
 
 Decagram (10 grams) = 0.3527 ounce. 
 
 Hectogram (100 grams) = 3.5274 ounces. 
 
 Kilogram (1,000 grams) = 2.2046 pounds. 
 
 Myriagram (10,000 grams) = 22.046 pounds. 
 
 Quintal (100,000 grams) = 220.46 pounds. 
 
 Millier or tonne ton (1,000,000 grams) = 2,204.6 pounds. 
 
 Volumes 
 
 Milliliter (1-1,000 liter) = 0.061 cubic inch. 
 Centiliter (1-100 liter) = 0.6102 cubic inch. 
 Deciliter (1-10 liter) = 6.1023 cubic inches. 
 Liter = 1,000 cu. cm. = 61.023 cubic inches. 
 Hectoliter (100 liters) = 2.838 bushels. 
 Kiloliter (1,000 liters) = 1,308 cubic yards. 
 
 Liquid Measures 
 
 Milliliter (1-1,000) = 0.0338 fluid ounce. 
 Centiliter (1-100 liter) = 0.338 fluid ounce. 
 Deciliter (1-10 liter) = 0.845 gill. 
 Liter = 0.908 quart = 0.2642 gallon. 
 Decaliter (10 liters) = 2.6418 gallons. 
 Hectoliter (100* liters) = 26.418 gallons. 
 Kiloliter (1,000 liters) = 264.18 gallons. 
 
E L E C T R 
 
 A L 
 
 IRES 
 
 AND 
 
 A B L E S 
 
 Conversion of Mils to Millimeters 
 
 Mils 
 
 Milli- 
 meters 
 
 Mils 
 
 Milli- 
 meters 
 
 Mils 
 
 Milli- 
 meters 
 
 Mils 
 
 Milli- 
 meters 
 
 Mils; 
 
 Milli- 
 meters 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 
 .0254 
 
 21 
 
 .5334 
 
 41 
 
 1.0414 
 
 61 
 
 1.5494 
 
 2.0574 
 
 2 
 
 .0508 
 
 22 
 
 .5588 
 
 42 
 
 1.0668 
 
 62 
 
 1.5748 
 
 82 
 
 2.0828 
 
 3 
 
 .0702 
 
 23 
 
 .5842 
 
 43 
 
 1.0922 
 
 63 
 
 1.6002 
 
 83 
 
 2.1082 
 
 4 
 
 .1016 
 
 24 
 
 .6096 
 
 44 
 
 1.1176 
 
 64 
 
 1.6256 
 
 84 
 
 2.1336 
 
 5 
 
 .1270 
 
 25 
 
 .6350 
 
 45 
 
 1.1430 
 
 65 
 
 1.6510 
 
 85 
 
 2.1590 
 
 6 
 
 .1524 
 
 26 
 
 .6604 
 
 46 
 
 1.1684 
 
 66 
 
 1.6764 
 
 86 
 
 2.1844 
 
 7 
 
 .1778 
 
 27 
 
 .6858 
 
 47 
 
 1.1938 
 
 67 
 
 1.7018 
 
 87 
 
 2.2098 
 
 8 
 
 .2032 
 
 28 
 
 .7112 
 
 48 
 
 1.2192 
 
 68 
 
 1.7272 
 
 88 
 
 2.2352 
 
 9 
 
 .2286 
 
 29 
 
 .7366 
 
 49 
 
 1.2446 
 
 69 
 
 1.7526 
 
 89 
 
 2.2606 
 
 10 
 
 .2540 
 
 30 
 
 .7620 
 
 50 
 
 1.2700 
 
 70 
 
 1.7780 
 
 90 
 
 2.2860 
 
 11 
 
 .2794 
 
 31 
 
 .7874 
 
 51 
 
 1.2954 
 
 71 
 
 1.8034 
 
 91 
 
 2.3114 
 
 12 
 
 .3048 
 
 32 
 
 .8128 
 
 52 
 
 1.3208 
 
 72 
 
 1.8288 
 
 92 
 
 2.3368 
 
 13 
 
 .3302 
 
 33 
 
 .8382 
 
 53 
 
 1.3462 
 
 73 
 
 1.8542 
 
 93 
 
 2.3622 
 
 14 
 
 .3556 
 
 34 
 
 .8636 
 
 54 
 
 1.3716 
 
 74 
 
 1.8796 
 
 94 
 
 2.3876 
 
 15 
 
 .3810 
 
 35 
 
 .8890 
 
 55 
 
 1.3970 
 
 75 
 
 1.9050 
 
 95 
 
 2.4130 
 
 16 
 
 .4064 
 
 36 
 
 .9144 
 
 56 
 
 1.4224 
 
 76 
 
 1.9304 
 
 96 
 
 2.4384 
 
 17 
 
 .4318 
 
 37 
 
 .9398 
 
 57 
 
 1.4478 
 
 77 
 
 1.9558 
 
 97 
 
 2.4638 
 
 18 
 
 .4572 
 
 38 
 
 .9652 
 
 58 
 
 1.4732 
 
 78 
 
 1.9812 
 
 98 
 
 2.4892 
 
 19 
 
 .4826 
 
 39 
 
 .9906 
 
 59 
 
 1.4986 
 
 79 
 
 2.0066 
 
 99 
 
 2.5146 
 
 20 
 
 .5080 
 
 40 
 
 1.0160 
 
 60 
 
 1.5240 
 
 80 
 
 2.0320 
 
 100 
 
 2.5400 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 General 
 Data 
 
 Conversion of Millimeters to Mils 
 
 Milli- 
 meters 
 
 Mils 
 
 Milli- 
 meters 
 
 Mils 
 
 Milli- 
 meters 
 
 Mils 
 
 Milli- 
 meters 
 
 Mils 
 
 Milli- 
 meters 
 
 Mils 
 
 1 
 
 39.370 
 
 21 
 
 826.77 
 
 41 
 
 1614.17 
 
 61 
 
 2401.57 
 
 81 
 
 3188.97 
 
 2 
 
 18.740 
 
 22 
 
 866.14 
 
 42 
 
 1653.54 
 
 62 
 
 2440.94 
 
 82 
 
 3228.34 
 
 3 
 
 118.110 
 
 23 
 
 905.51 
 
 43 
 
 1692.91 
 
 63 
 
 2480.31 
 
 83 
 
 3267.71 
 
 4 
 
 157.48 
 
 24 
 
 944.88 
 
 44 
 
 1732.28 
 
 64 
 
 2519.68 
 
 84 
 
 3307.08 
 
 5 
 
 196.85 
 
 25 
 
 984.25 
 
 45 
 
 1771.65 
 
 65 
 
 2559.05 
 
 85 
 
 3346.45 
 
 6 
 
 236.22 
 
 26 
 
 1023.60 
 
 46 
 
 1811.02 
 
 66 
 
 2598.42 
 
 86 
 
 3385.82 
 
 7 
 
 275.59 
 
 27 
 
 1063.00 
 
 47 
 
 1850.39 
 
 67 
 
 2637.79 
 
 87 
 
 3425.19 
 
 8 
 
 314.96 
 
 28 
 
 1102.40 
 
 48 
 
 1889.76 
 
 68 
 
 2677.16 
 
 88 
 
 3464.56 
 
 9 
 
 354.33 
 
 29 
 
 1141.70 
 
 49 
 
 1929.13 
 
 69 
 
 2716.53 
 
 89 
 
 3503.93 
 
 10 
 
 393.70 
 
 30 
 
 1181.10 
 
 50 
 
 1968.50 
 
 70 
 
 2755.90 
 
 90 
 
 3543.30 
 
 11 
 
 433.07 
 
 31 
 
 1220.50 
 
 51 
 
 2007.87 
 
 71 
 
 2795.27 
 
 91 
 
 3582.67 
 
 12 
 
 472.44 
 
 32 
 
 1259.80 
 
 52 
 
 2047.24 
 
 72 
 
 2834.64 
 
 92 
 
 3622.04 
 
 13 
 
 511.81 
 
 33 
 
 1299.20 
 
 53 
 
 2086.61 
 
 73 
 
 2874.01 
 
 93 
 
 3661.41 
 
 14 
 
 515.18 
 
 34 
 
 1338.60 
 
 54 
 
 2125.98 
 
 74 
 
 2913.38 
 
 94 
 
 3700.78 
 
 15 
 
 590.55 
 
 35 
 
 1378.00 
 
 55 
 
 2165.35 
 
 75 
 
 2952.75 
 
 95 
 
 3740.15 
 
 16 
 
 629.92 
 
 36 
 
 1417.30 
 
 56 
 
 2204.72 
 
 76 
 
 2992.12 
 
 96 
 
 3779.52 
 
 17 
 
 669.29 
 
 37 
 
 1456.70 
 
 57 
 
 2244.09 
 
 77 
 
 3031.49 
 
 97 
 
 3818.89 
 
 18 
 
 708.66 
 
 38 
 
 1496.10 
 
 58 
 
 2283.46 
 
 78 
 
 3070.86 
 
 98 
 
 3858.26 
 
 19 
 
 748.03 
 
 39 
 
 1535.40 
 
 59 
 
 2322.83 
 
 79 
 
 3110.23 
 
 99 
 
 3897.63 
 
 20 
 
 787.40 
 
 40 
 
 1574.80 
 
 60 
 
 2362.20 
 
 80 
 
 3149.60 
 
 100 
 
 3937.00 
 
54 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 General 
 Data 
 
 Areas and Circumferences of Circles 
 
 Diam- 
 eter 
 
 Circum- 
 ference 
 
 Area 
 
 Diam- 
 eter 
 
 Circum- 
 ference 
 
 Area 
 
 Diam- 
 eter 
 
 Circum- 
 ference 
 
 Area 
 
 . 
 
 .049087 
 
 .00019 
 
 1. }f 
 
 6.08684 
 
 2.9483 
 
 4. H 
 
 15.5116 
 
 19.147 
 
 i 
 
 .098175 
 
 .00077 
 
 2. 
 
 6.28819 
 
 3.1416 
 
 5. 
 
 15.7080 
 
 19.635 
 
 B\ 
 
 .147262 
 
 .00173 
 
 A 
 
 6.47958 
 
 3.8410 
 
 A 
 
 15.9043 
 
 20.129 
 
 1 
 
 .196350 
 
 .00307 
 
 y* 
 
 6.67588 
 
 3.5466 
 
 jl 
 
 16.1007 
 
 20.629 
 
 3 
 
 .294524 
 
 .00690 
 
 
 6.87223 
 
 3.7583 
 
 
 16.2970 
 
 21.135 
 
 y& 
 
 .392699 
 
 .01227 
 
 % 
 
 7.06858 
 
 3.9761 
 
 % 
 
 16.4934 
 
 21.648 
 
 
 .490874 
 
 .01917 
 
 A 
 
 7.26498 
 
 4.2000 
 
 T5 
 
 16.6897 
 
 22.166 
 
 3 
 
 .589049 
 
 .02761 
 
 y% 
 
 7.46128 
 
 4.4801 
 
 y& 
 
 16.8861 
 
 22.691 
 
 7 
 
 .687223 
 
 .03758 
 
 A 
 
 7.65768 
 
 4.6664 
 
 7 
 
 17.0824 
 
 23.221 
 
 y 
 
 .785898 
 
 .04909 
 
 y 2 
 
 7.85398 
 
 4.9087 
 
 y* 
 
 17.2788 
 
 23.758 
 
 
 
 .883578 
 
 .06213 
 
 9 
 
 8.05083 
 
 5.1572 
 
 
 
 17.4751 
 
 24.801 
 
 A 
 
 .981748 
 
 .07670 
 
 H 
 
 8.24668 
 
 5.4119 
 
 H 
 
 17.6715 
 
 24.850 
 
 11 
 
 .07992 
 
 .09281 
 
 11 
 
 8.44303 
 
 5.6727 
 
 IB 
 
 17.8678 
 
 25.406 
 
 H 
 
 .17810 
 
 .11045 
 
 K 
 
 8.68938 
 
 5.9396 
 
 y. 
 
 18.0642 
 
 25.967 
 
 13 
 
 .27627 
 
 .12962 
 
 It 
 
 8.83573 
 
 6.2126 
 
 IB 
 
 18.2605 
 
 26.535 
 
 7 
 
 .37445 
 
 .15033 
 
 % 
 
 9.03208 
 
 6.4918 
 
 % 
 
 18.4569 
 
 27.109 
 
 if 
 
 .47262 
 
 .17257 
 
 IB 
 
 9.22843 
 
 6.7771 
 
 16 
 
 18.6532 
 
 27.688 
 
 y 
 
 .57080 
 
 .19635 
 
 3. 
 
 9.42478 
 
 7.0686 
 
 6. 
 
 18.8496 
 
 28.274 
 
 17 
 
 1.66897 
 
 .22166 
 
 A 
 
 9.62113 
 
 7.3662 
 
 y& 
 
 19.2423 
 
 29.465 
 
 V 
 
 1.76715 
 
 .24850 
 
 y* 
 
 9.81748 
 
 7.6699 
 
 y* 
 
 19.6350 
 
 30.680 
 
 19 
 
 1.86532 
 
 .27688 
 
 
 10.0138 
 
 7.9798 
 
 H 
 
 20.0277 
 
 31.919 
 
 y 
 
 1.96350 
 
 .30680 
 
 /% 
 
 10.2102 
 
 8.2958 
 
 
 20.4204 
 
 33.183 
 
 21 
 
 2.06167 
 
 .33824 
 
 A 
 
 10.4065 
 
 8.6179 
 
 'y^ 
 
 20.8131 
 
 34.472 
 
 11 
 
 2.15984 
 
 .87122 
 
 % 
 
 10.6029 
 
 8.9462 
 
 y 
 
 21.2058 
 
 35.785 
 
 32 
 
 2.25802 
 
 .40574 
 
 1 7 H 
 
 10.7992 
 
 9.2806 
 
 % 
 
 21.5984 
 
 37.122 
 
 y 
 
 2.35619 
 
 .44179 
 
 1^ 
 
 10.9956 
 
 9.6211 
 
 7. 
 
 21.9911 
 
 38.485 
 
 i 
 
 2.45487 
 
 .47937 
 
 Iff 
 
 11.1919 
 
 9.9678 
 
 y& 
 
 22.3838 
 
 39.871 
 
 13 
 
 2.55254 
 
 .51849 
 
 ^8 
 
 11.8883 
 
 10.321 
 
 i/ 
 
 22.7765 
 
 41.282 
 
 V 
 
 2.65072 
 
 .55914 
 
 11 
 
 11.5846 
 
 10.680 
 
 3 /8 
 
 23.1692 
 
 42.718 
 
 % 
 
 2.74889 
 
 .60132 
 
 K 
 
 11.7810 
 
 11.045 
 
 
 23.5619 
 
 44.179 
 
 32 
 
 2.84707 
 
 .64504 
 
 13 
 
 11.9778 
 
 11.416 
 
 y^ 
 
 23.9546 
 
 45.664 
 
 
 2.94524 
 
 .69029 
 
 K 
 
 12.1737 
 
 11.793 
 
 K 
 
 24.3473 
 
 47.173 
 
 11 
 
 3.04842 
 
 .78708 
 
 IB 
 
 12.8700 
 
 12.177 
 
 % 
 
 24.7400 
 
 48.707 
 
 
 3.14159 
 
 .78540 
 
 4. 
 
 12.5664 
 
 12.566 
 
 8. 
 
 25.1327 
 
 50.265 
 
 A 
 
 3.88794 
 
 .88664 
 
 A 
 
 12.7627 
 
 12.962 
 
 y& 
 
 25.5254 
 
 51.849 
 
 y 
 
 3.53429 
 
 .99402 
 
 
 12.9591 
 
 13.864 
 
 y 
 
 25.9181 
 
 53.456 
 
 A 
 
 3.78064 
 
 1.1075 
 
 
 13.1554 
 
 13.772 
 
 H 
 
 26.3108 
 
 55.088 
 
 i/ 
 
 3.92699 
 
 .2272 
 
 
 13.3518 
 
 14.186 
 
 y z 
 
 26.7035 
 
 56.745 
 
 s 
 
 4.12384 
 
 .3530 
 
 ia 
 
 13.5481 
 
 14.607 
 
 y^ 
 
 27.0962 
 
 58.426 
 
 26 
 
 4.31969 
 
 .4849 
 
 II 
 
 13.7445 
 
 15.038 
 
 K 
 
 27.4889 
 
 60.182 
 
 
 4.51604 
 
 .6230 
 
 
 13.9408 
 
 15.466 
 
 % 
 
 27.8816 
 
 61.862 
 
 
 4.71239 
 
 .7671 
 
 i/ 
 
 14.1372 
 
 15.904 
 
 9. 
 
 28.2743 
 
 63.617 
 
 16 
 
 4.90874 
 
 .9175 
 
 A 
 
 14.8335 
 
 16.349 
 
 H 
 
 28.6670 
 
 65.397 
 
 y 
 
 5.10509 
 
 2.0739 
 
 y 
 
 14.5299 
 
 16.800 
 
 
 29.0597 
 
 67.201 
 
 11 
 
 5.80144 
 
 2.2365 
 
 11 
 
 14.7262 
 
 17.257 
 
 y% 
 
 29.4524 
 
 69.029 
 
 li 
 
 5.49779 
 
 2.4053 
 
 y* 
 
 14.9226 
 
 17.721 
 
 y z 
 
 29.8451 
 
 70.882 
 
 IS 
 
 5.69414 
 
 2.5802 
 
 13 
 
 15.1189 
 
 18.190 
 
 y. 
 
 30.2378 
 
 72.760 
 
 % 
 
 5.89049 
 
 2.7612 
 
 n 
 
 15.8153 
 
 18.665 
 
 y. 
 
 30.6305 
 
 74.662 
 
 Decimals of an Inch and Millimeters for each 1 -64 Inch 
 
 ja 
 
 13 
 J| 
 
 . a 
 
 H 
 
 .2 
 
 d 
 
 j. 
 
 13 
 
 . E 
 
 1 
 
 _ 
 
 c 
 
 l x 
 
 13 
 
 . E 
 
 | 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 
 || 
 
 Is 
 
 "s 
 
 Q~ 
 
 8E 
 Q 
 
 i 
 
 tn 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 Q~ 
 
 I 1 
 
 | 
 
 HS 
 
 -8 
 
 l~ 
 
 gi 
 
 p 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 -B 
 
 Q'-H 
 
 O 
 
 1 
 
 .015625 
 
 .8968 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 .265625 
 
 6.7467 
 
 
 
 83 
 
 .515625 
 
 13.0966 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 .765625 
 
 19.4465 
 
 2 
 
 .03125 
 
 .7937 
 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 .28125 
 
 7.1436 
 
 
 17 
 
 84 
 
 .53125 
 
 13.4934 
 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 .78125 
 
 19.8433 
 
 3 
 
 .046875 
 
 1.1906 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 .296875 
 
 7.5404 
 
 
 
 85 
 
 .546875 
 
 18.8903 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 .796875 
 
 20.2402 
 
 4 
 
 .0625 
 
 1.5874 
 
 A 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 .3125 
 
 7.9373 
 
 i n n 
 
 18 
 
 80 
 
 .5625 
 
 14.2872 
 
 A 
 
 20 
 
 52 
 
 .8125 
 
 20.6371 
 
 5 
 
 .078125 
 
 1.9843 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 .328125 
 
 8.3342 
 
 
 
 87 
 
 .578125 
 
 14.6841 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 .828125 
 
 21.0339 
 
 6 
 
 .09875 
 
 2.3812 
 
 
 11 
 
 22 
 
 .34375 
 
 8.7310 
 
 
 19 
 
 ^ 
 
 .59375 
 
 15.0809 
 
 
 27' 
 
 54 
 
 .84375 
 
 21.4308 
 
 7 
 
 .109375 
 
 2.7780 
 
 
 
 
 .359375 
 
 9.1279 
 
 
 
 
 .009375 
 
 15.4778 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 .859375 
 
 21.8277 
 
 8 
 
 .125 
 
 3.1749 
 
 y* 
 
 12 
 
 24 
 
 .875 
 
 9.5248 
 
 H 
 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 .625 
 
 15.8747 
 
 >H 
 
 28 
 
 50 
 
 .875 
 
 22.2245 
 
 9 
 
 .140625 
 
 8.5718 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 .390625 
 
 9.9216 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 .640625 
 
 16.2715 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 .890625 
 
 22.6214 
 
 10 
 
 .15625 
 
 8.9686 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 .40625 
 
 10.3185 
 
 
 21 
 
 42 
 
 .65625 
 
 16.6684 
 
 
 29 
 
 58 
 
 .90625 
 
 23.0183 
 
 11 
 
 .171875 
 
 4.8655 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 .421875 
 
 10.7154 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 .671875 
 
 17.0653 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 .921875 
 
 23.4151 
 
 12 
 
 .1875 
 
 4.7624 
 
 IS 
 
 14 
 
 28 
 
 .4875 
 
 11.1122 
 
 ft 
 
 22 
 
 44 
 
 .6875 
 
 17.4621 
 
 u 
 
 80 
 
 GO 
 
 .9375 
 
 23.8120 
 
 18 
 
 .208125 
 
 5.1592 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 .458125 
 
 11.5091 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 .708125 
 
 17.8590 
 
 
 
 01 
 
 .953125 
 
 24.2089 
 
 14 
 
 .21875 
 
 5.5561 
 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 .46875 
 
 11.9060 
 
 
 28 
 
 40 
 
 .71875 
 
 18.2559 
 
 
 81 
 
 02 
 
 .96875 
 
 24.6057 
 
 15 
 
 .284875 
 
 5.9530 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 .484875 
 
 12.3029 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 .734875 
 
 18.6527 
 
 
 
 08 
 
 .984375 
 
 25.0026 
 
 16 
 
 .25 
 
 6.8498 
 
 1/4 
 
 16 
 
 32 
 
 .5 
 
 12.6997 
 
 1/2 
 
 24 
 
 48 
 
 .75 
 
 19.0496 
 
 K 
 
 82 
 
 04 
 
 1. 
 
 25.3995 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 55 
 
 Fundamental Units General 
 
 Data 
 
 The electrical units are derived from the following mechanical units : 
 
 The centimeter, the unit of length. 
 
 The gramme, the unit of mass. 
 
 The second, the unit of time. 
 
 The centimeter equals .3937 of an inch, or one thousand-millionth part of a 
 quadrant of the earth. 
 
 The gramme is equal to 15.432 grains, the mass of a cubic centimeter of 
 water at 4 C. 
 
 The second is the time of one swing of the pendulum, making 86,464.09 swings 
 per day, or the 1-86400 part of a mean solar day. 
 
 Mensuration 
 
 Circumference of circle whose diameter is 1 = TT = 3. 14159265. 
 
 Circumference of any circle = diameter x T. 
 
 Area of any circle = (radius) 3 X T, or (diameter) 8 X 0.7854. 
 
 Surface of sphere = (diameter) 2 X TT, or = circumference X diameter. 
 Volume of sphere = (diameter) 3 X 0.5236, or = surface X i diameter. 
 
 Area of an ellipse = long diameter X short diameter X 0.7854. 
 
 7T 2 = 9.8696; Tri = 1.772454; J = 0.7854. 
 
 VT = 0.31831; logTr = 0.4971499. 
 
 Basis of natural log ? = 2.7183; log f = 0.43429. 
 
 Modulus of natural logarithm M = ,-i - = 2.3026. 
 
 144 Ib. per sq. foot. 
 51.7116 mm. of mercury. 
 
 1 Ib. per sq. inch = 
 
 2.30665 feet of water. 
 
 0.072 ton (short) per sq. foot. 
 0.0680415 atmosphere. 
 
 One mile = 320 rods = 1760 yards = 5280 feet - 63,360 inches. 
 
 One fathom = 6 feet ; 1 knot = 6080 feet. 
 
 1728 cubic inches = 1 cubic foot. 
 
 231 cubic inches = 1 liquid gallon = 0.134 cubic foot. 
 
 1 pound avoirdupois = 7000 grains = 453.6 grammes. 
 
 The angle of which the arc is equal to the radius, a Radian = 57.2958. 
 
 Physical Data 
 
 The equivalent of one B.t.u. of heat = 778 foot-pounds. 
 
 The equivalent of one calorie of heat = 426 kg-m., = 3.968 B.t.u. 
 
 One cubic foot of water weighs 62.355 pounds at 62 F. 
 
 One cubic foot of air weighs 0.0807 pound at 32 F. and one atmosphere. 
 
 One cubic foot of hydrogen weighs 0.00557 pound. 
 
 One foot-pound 1.3562 X 10 7 ergs. 
 
 One horse-power hour 33,000 X 60 foot-pounds. 
 
 
56 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 General One horse-power = 33,000 foot-pounds per min. =550 foot-pounds *per second = 
 
 Data 746 watts = 2545 B.t.u. per hour. 
 
 Acceleration of gravity (g) = 32.2 feet per second. 
 = 980 mm. per second. 
 
 One atmosphere = 14.7 pounds per square inch. 
 = 2116 pounds per square foot. 
 = 760 mm. of mercury. 
 
 Velocity of sound at cent, in dry air = 332.4 metres per sec. 
 
 = 1091 feet per sec. 
 
 Velocity of light in vacuum = 299,853 km. per sec. 
 
 = 186,325 miles per sec. 
 
 Specific heat of air at constant pressure = 0.237. 
 
 A column of water 2.3 feet high corresponds to a pressure of 1 pound per 
 square inch. 
 
 Coefficient of expansion of gases = ^l r$ = 0.00367. 
 Latent heat of water = 79.24. 
 Latent heat of steam = 535.9 
 
 CENTIGRADE DEGREES. To convert into the corresponding one in Fahrenheit 
 degrees, multiply by 9 / 5 and add 32. To convert it into the one in Reaumur 
 degrees multiply by */-. To convert it into the one on the Absolute scale, add 273. 
 
 FAHRENHEIT DEGREES. To convert into the one in Centigrade degrees, subtract 
 32 and then multiply by 5 / <) , being careful about the signs when the reading is 
 below the melting point of ice. To convert it into the one in Reaumur degrees, 
 subtract 32 and multiply by 4 / 9 . To convert it into the one on the Absolute scale, 
 subtract 32, then multiply by 5 / 9 and add 273; or multiply by 5, add 2297, and 
 divide by 9. 
 
 Electrical Data 
 
 The ampere, I = unit of current = 0.1 cm. 1 / 2 g.^ sec. 1 . 
 The ohm = unit of resistance = 10. !) cm. sec. 1 . 
 The volt, U = unit of e. m. f. = 10. 8 cm. I g.^ sec. 8 
 The henry, L = unit of inductance = 10. 9 cm. l sec. - 
 The farad, C = unit of capacity = 10 6 cm. l 
 
 ( = unit of electric power = h. p. X 746. 
 Watts ] = current X volts X power factor. 
 ( = foot pounds per sec. -f- 1.355. 
 
 Joules, W = work done = watts X seconds. 
 
 f 3412 B. t. u. 
 I 2,654,536 foot-pounds. 
 1 kw. hour = -! 3.53 pounds water evaporated at 212 F. 
 
 I 22.8 pounds water raised from 62 to 212 F. 
 
 t 0.235 pounds carbon oxidized at 100 per cent. eff. 
 
Bare Wires and Cables 
 
 Page 
 
 Copper 
 
 Trolley Wire 58 
 
 Wire and Cables 64-65 
 
 Hemp Core Cables 65 
 
 Extra Flexible Cables 66 
 
 Specifications for H. D. Copper Wire . . 66 
 
 Rail Bonds 67-70 
 
 Iron or Steel 
 
 Telephone and Telegraph Wires . . . 7 1 -74 
 
 Specifications for galvanized Telephone 
 
 and Telegraph Wires 72 
 
 Bond Wire, extra galvanized .... 74 
 
 Steel Signal Wire, extra galvanized ... 75 
 
 Standard Steel Strand 75 
 
 Special Steel Strands 76 
 
 Galvanized Strand Clips 79 
 
 Resistance Wire 80 
 
 Armature Binding Wire 80 
 
 Armor Wire 81 
 
 Pole Steps 81 
 
 Silico-Magnetic-Core Steel 82 
 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Bare Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Bare Conductors 
 
 We make copper wire for all purposes in any required shape or size ; copper 
 cables of all capacities and degrees of flexibility ; hard drawn or annealed, bare or 
 insulated. We also make galvanized iron and steel wire in all shapes and sizes, 
 bare or insulated, and for all purposes; telephone and telegraph wires, armor wires, 
 strand and wire rope of all kinds. 
 
 Copper Trolley Wire 
 
 Since a trolley wire serves a double purpose, as conductor and as feeder to the 
 moving current collector, it must be of high conductivity, and strong and durable. 
 Copper can be readily drawn into any desired section and can be easily handled. 
 Trolley wire is generally made of hard drawn copper in three shapes, round, 
 grooved and figure 8. The latter form is not extensively used for two principal 
 reasons. Owing to its unsymmetrical section, it is difficult to handle and to place in 
 position. The non-uniformity in section, as made by different wire manufacturers, 
 has rendered it impossible to make a uniform style of mechanical clamping ear for 
 supporting the trolley. Though seldom called upon to make trolley wire larger 
 than 4/0 or smaller than 1/0 B. & S. gauge, we are prepared to make other sizes. 
 The various styles and sizes are shown dimensioned below: 
 
 Round 
 
 Grooved 
 
 Figure 8 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 59 
 
 Dimensions of Hard Drawn Copper Trolley Wire 
 
 Section of 
 Trolley 
 Wire 
 
 Size 
 B.&S. 
 
 Sectional 
 Area in 
 Cir. Mils. 
 
 Approximate Dimensions (See Figure, Page 58) 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 R 
 
 Round 
 
 
 00 
 000 
 0000 
 
 105,600 
 183,200 
 168,100 
 211,600 
 
 .325 
 .365 
 .410 
 .460 
 
 .1625 
 .1825 
 .2045 
 .230 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Grooved 
 "American 
 Standard" 
 
 00 
 000 
 0000 
 
 133,200 
 168,100 
 211,600 
 
 .392 
 .430 
 
 .482 
 
 .196 
 .215 
 .241 
 
 | 
 
 20 
 22 
 25 
 
 78 
 78 
 78 
 
 27 
 27 
 27 
 
 51 
 51 
 51 
 
 .015 
 .015 
 .015 
 
 Figure 8 
 
 00 
 000 
 0000 
 
 138,200 
 168,100 
 211,600 
 
 .480 
 .540 
 .600 
 
 .852 
 .400 
 .450 
 
 .108 
 .130 
 .150 
 
 196 
 222 
 250 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Specifications for Hard Drawn Copper Trolley Wire 
 1. Conductivity, weight and strength. 
 
 Round, Grooved and Figure 8 Copper Trolley Wire 
 
 Size B. & S. 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 000 
 
 0000 
 
 Approximate Weight, Pounds 
 
 Electrical Conductivity 
 (Minimum) 
 
 Per Mile 
 
 Per 1,000 Feet 
 
 1685 
 2132 
 2690 
 3386 
 
 319 
 404 
 509 
 641 
 
 Mile ohm @ 68 degrees 
 Fahr. not to exceed 890.1 
 equals 98$ Matthiessen's 
 Standard 
 
 Round Trolley Wire 
 
 Size B. & S. 
 
 Tensile Strength, Pounds 
 
 Size B. & S. 
 
 Tensile Strength, Pounds 
 
 Actual 
 
 Per Square Inch 
 
 Actual 
 
 Per Square Inch 
 
 
 00 
 
 4522 
 5550 
 
 54500 
 52800 
 
 000 
 0000 
 
 6735 
 8140 
 
 51000 
 49000 
 
 The physical tests of all shapes shall be made in the same manner as those upon 
 round wire. The tensile strength of grooved wire shall be at least 95 per cent, of that 
 required for round wire of the same sectional area ; the elongation shall be the same 
 as that required for round wire of equal sectional area, given on page 67. 
 
 2. Sizes 1/0 and 2/0 approximately one mile on each reel; size 3/0 and 4/0 
 approximately one-half mile on each reel. 
 
 3. Round wire is to be cylindrical in form and of uniform size throughout. 
 All forms to be uniform in quality, free from scale, flaws, splits and other defects 
 inconsistent with the best commercial practice. 
 
 4. Round trolley wire may vary in diameter one per cent, either way. Shaped 
 trolley wire may vary in diameter four per cent, over or under in weight per unit 
 length from standard. 
 
 5. Wire to be shipped on firmly built reels suitable for proper handling and 
 for the efficient protection of the wire in transit. 
 
 Base and Advances on Trolley Wire 
 
 Round hard drawn copper 
 Grooved and figure 8 
 
 Base 
 cent per pound advance over round 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 C O M P A N Y 
 
 Bare Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Trolley Construction Notes 
 
 A mile of trolley wire strung in position is generally figured in calculations as 
 5350 feet, allowing 70 feet for sag and waste. 
 
 The trolley wire is usually suspended about 20 feet above the center of the 
 track or to one side. It may be supported either from steel strands spanning the 
 track between two side poles, from brackets extending out from the poles or from 
 catenary construction. The trolley wire is supported by trolley "ears" which 
 mechanically clamp the shaped wire, or which are soldered to the round wire. 
 The trolley ears are attached to the supports by means of insulated trolley hangers. 
 
 
 P, A 
 
 Overhead Construction, N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R. 
 
 The following extracts from the specifications adopted by a leading railway 
 company for overhead trolley construction are fairly representative of American 
 electric railway practice. 
 
 Poles, Pole Framing and Pole Setting 
 
 Poles shall be of commercially straight, round chestnut, and shall conform to 
 the dimensions shown in following table. Holes for the poles shall be excavated as 
 here tabulated : 
 
 Round Pole Data 
 
 Length 
 in Feet 
 
 Circumference Top 
 in Inches 
 
 Depth in Earth 
 in Feet 
 
 Circumference 
 5 Feet from Butt 
 in Inches 
 
 Depth in Rock 
 in Feet 
 
 30 
 
 22 
 
 6.0 
 
 36 
 
 5.0 
 
 35 
 
 22 
 
 6.0 
 
 38 
 
 5.5 
 
 40 
 
 22 
 
 6.5 
 
 44 
 
 5.5 
 
 45 
 
 22 
 
 6.5 
 
 47 
 
 6.0 
 
 50 
 
 22 
 
 7.0 
 
 50 
 
 6.5 
 
 55 
 
 22 
 
 7.5 
 
 53 
 
 6.5 
 
 60 
 
 22 
 
 8.0 
 
 56 
 
 7.0 
 
 65 
 
 22 
 
 8.5 
 
 58 
 
 7.0 
 
 70 
 
 22 
 
 9.0 
 
 58 
 
 7.0 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRE 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLE 
 
 Poles are to be delivered barked and with knots trimmed. Bare Wires 
 
 They shall be sound and free from butt rot or hollows in butts which would and Cables 
 impair strength above ground. They shall be free from unsound knots and shall 
 have no more than one crook, this crook to be in one way only. Contractor shall 
 point the tips, saw the butts off square, smooth all knots with draw knife, shave the 
 entire pole, if so directed by the engineer, and paint the tips and gains of each pole 
 with two coats of an approved metallic paint before installation. 
 
 Pole Setting 
 
 Poles shall be spaced 100 feet apart on tangents, and shall have a rake of 6 
 inches away from track at a height of 24 feet above top of track rail with bracket 
 construction. With span construction the rake shall be 12 inches at same height 
 above top of rail. Poles to have above rakes after taking final strain. 
 
 For longer poles and on side banks and fills, depths will be determined by inspect- 
 ing engineer. Face of pole shall be spaced at a minimum distance of 5 feet from 
 outside of rail head, and shall not exceed this measurement to appreciable extent 
 unless conditions so require. 
 
 The earth around poles shall be thoroughly tamped with suitable tampers. 
 When poles are set in concrete, the concrete shall consist of one part of an approved 
 brand of Portland cement, three parts clean sharp sand and five parts broken stone, 
 which will go through a 2-inch ring. Amount of concrete to be determined by 
 inspecting engineer, and concrete to be put on in layers of 6 inches and each layer 
 thoroughly tamped. Top of concrete filling to be above ground and sloped off 
 from pole with smooth finish so as to shed water. 
 
 Curve Construction 
 
 Pull-offs on curves shall be spaced according to following table: 
 
 Radius 
 of Curve in 
 Feet 
 
 Distance 
 between 
 Hangers in 
 Feet 
 
 Radius 
 of Curve 
 in Feet 
 
 Distance 
 between 
 Hangers in 
 Feet 
 
 Radius 
 of Curve 
 
 in Feet 
 
 Distance 
 between 
 Hangers in 
 Feet 
 
 Radius 
 of Curve 
 in Feet 
 
 Distance 
 between 
 Hangers in 
 Feet 
 
 40 
 
 5.0 
 
 85 7.0 
 
 400 20.0 
 
 900 
 
 40.0 
 
 50 
 
 5.5 
 
 100 7.5 
 
 550 25.0 
 
 1000 
 
 45.0 
 
 (50 
 
 6.0 
 
 200 10.0 
 
 680 30.0 
 
 1500 
 
 60.0 
 
 75 
 
 0.5 
 
 300 
 
 15.0 
 
 800 
 
 35.0 
 
 1910 
 
 80.0 
 
 The distance between poles on curves is dependent on weight of feed wire, 
 length of curve, and in towns, on local conditions. In general, the minimum 
 distance between poles shall be 50 feet. Up to 1910 feet radius, space poles from 
 50 to 90 feet. Above 1910 feet radius, space poles 100 feet apart. 
 
 Span Construction 
 
 On single-track street railway lines use -j^-inch extra galvanized steel strand, 
 tensile strength not less than 3300 pounds ; on double-track street railway lines and 
 on electrified steam lines, use -Hi-inch extra galvanized steel strand, tensile strength 
 not less than 4700 pounds, and use ^-inch x 16-inch galvanized eye-bolts with 
 thread cut 5 inches. All spans to be installed with eye-bolts at same level and 
 allowance made for sag of 1 foot in 20 feet of span, with eye-bolts at full length. 
 
AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Bare Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 | - MACH. BOLTS 10 X-|- 
 ' CROSS ARM a"x 4-r-x 34" 
 
 Side Pole Bracket Construction 
 
 GALV BRACES \ 
 " ' 
 
 LAG SCREWS 4 
 
 H. BOLTS 1o"xf" 
 - CROSS ARMS 6 X4|'x 3-|" 
 
 i r r^\ _L 
 
 Span Construction 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 
 
 I ^ o^ CROSS ARM 8 " x *T" 3 l" 
 
 1 ^ ' '-^ -* - CGE. BOLTS 4i'x|/' 
 
 Bare Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 ^N/- 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 - 
 
 ___y'g^ .-_>] 
 
 
 jt '" i 
 
 1- ,- : 
 
 
 
 Center Pole Construction 
 
 Recent Catenary Construction on N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R., near Glenbrook, Conn. 
 
(54 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Bare Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Bare Copper Wire and Cables 
 
 Made in all sizes, hard drawn or annealed, and for all purposes. For telephone 
 and telegraph, high voltage long distance transmission, and industrial purposes in 
 general. Full information concerning the properties of bare copper wire with 
 tabulated data is given in the foregoing section, pages 14 and 25. 
 
 Bare Copper Wire Advances 
 
 Advances per pound over and 
 above base prices for annealed and hard 
 drawn copper wire : 
 
 B. & S. Gauge 
 Number 
 
 Advance per Pound 
 Cents 
 
 0000 to 8 
 
 Base 
 
 9 and 10 
 
 Add y 8 
 
 11 and 12 
 
 Add y. 
 
 13 and 14 
 
 Add y. 
 
 15 and 16 
 
 Add X 
 
 17 and 18 
 
 Addl 
 
 19 and 20 
 
 Addl^ 
 
 21 and 22 
 
 Add \y z 
 
 23 and 24 
 
 Add 2^ 
 
 For wire finer than 24 B. & S. 
 gauge, special prices on application. 
 
 Orders for copper wire will be 
 filled by standard B. & S. gauge un- 
 less otherwise specified. 
 
 Tinned Copper Wire Advances 
 
 Advances per pound over and above prices for corresponding sizes of annealed 
 bare copper wire. 
 
 B. & S. Gauge 
 Number 
 
 Advance per Pound 
 Cents 
 
 B. & S. Gauge 
 Number 
 
 Advance per Pound 
 Cents 
 
 0000 to 8 
 
 H 
 
 18 and 19 
 
 1# 
 
 9 and 10 
 
 H 
 
 20 
 
 lj 
 
 11 and 12 
 
 % 
 
 21 
 
 I 3 / 
 
 13 and 14 
 
 i 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 
 15 and 16 
 
 i 
 
 23 
 
 2K 
 
 17 
 
 i 
 
 24 
 
 3 
 
 Hard Drawn Copper Telegraph and Telephone Wire 
 
 Size B. & S. Gauge 
 
 British Imperial, or English Legal Standard Gauge 
 
 Number 
 
 Diamc.er 
 in Decimal of 
 an Inch 
 
 Approximate 
 Weight per Mile 
 in Pounds 
 
 Number 
 
 Diameter 
 in Decimal of 
 an Inch 
 
 Approximate 
 Weight per Mile 
 in Pounds 
 
 8 
 
 .1285 
 
 264 
 
 8 
 
 .160 
 
 409 
 
 9 
 
 .1144 
 
 209 
 
 9 
 
 .144 
 
 331 
 
 10 
 
 .1019 
 
 166 
 
 10 
 
 .128 
 
 262 
 
 12 
 
 0808 
 
 104 
 
 12 
 
 .104 
 
 173 
 
 14 
 
 .0641 
 
 66 
 
 14 
 
 .080 
 
 102 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CARLES 
 
 66 
 
 Cutting to Lengths Bare Wires 
 
 For lengths less than 20 feet, add a minimum of y 2 cent per pound to the schedule ; an< * Cables 
 20 feet or over, add X cent P er pound. For very short lengths of fine wire, such as 
 tag wire, the price increases rapidly as the length decreases. 
 
 Reels 
 
 Will be charged at prices quoted on page 50. When returned in good condition, 
 with slats, within six months from date of shipment, freight prepaid to the factory, 
 customers will receive credit for the full amount originally charged. 
 
 Bare Copper Cables, Annealed and Cleaned, or Hard Drawn 
 
 These extras apply both on concentric and rope laid conductors. See pages 
 29 and 34 for wiring tables, giving complete information about copper cables. 
 
 To determine the price of any bare stranded cable, add to the price for the wire 
 of which the strand is composed the extras as given below. 
 
 When the following sizes of wire, B. & S. gauge, are used: 
 
 Number 
 
 Advance per Pound 
 Cents 
 
 Number 
 
 Advance per Pound 
 Cents 
 
 8 or coarser 
 9 to 13 inclusive 
 14 to 16 inclusive 
 
 l| 
 
 17 to 20 inclusive 
 21 to 24 inclusive 
 25 and smaller 
 
 2 
 5 
 Prices on request 
 
 Intermediate sizes of wire take extra applying to next smaller gauge. 
 
 For example, in determining prices of cables 
 
 500,000 circular mils, 61 wires concentric strand. 
 
 Each wire has 8196 circular mils and is approximately 12 B. & S. gauge. 
 
 Price bare wire, base size $15.00 per 100 pounds 
 
 Advance for size (12 B. & S. gauge) . .25, see page 64 
 
 Advance for stranding .75, see above 
 
 Freight 
 
 Hemp Core Cables 
 
 In order to reduce the skin ef- 
 fect in conductors carrying heavy 
 alternating currents of high fre- 
 quency, it is customary to use a 
 specially constructed cable having a 
 hemp center. This style of cable is 
 also required in many long distance 
 transmission lines in order to in- 
 crease the diameter enough to pre- 
 vent corona effects due to very high 
 potentials. 
 
 We are prepared to manufac- 
 ture this style of cable to any speci- 
 fications. 
 
66 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Bare Wires Extra Flexible Cables 
 
 and Cables 
 
 We manufacture bare copper cables having a high degree of flexibility due 
 to their being made up of a large number of small wires. These cables are for 
 flexible connectors, for commutator brushes, third rail shoes and similar purposes. 
 They are made both concentric and rope lay and price is figured from same 
 schedule of advances. 
 
 Specifications for Hard Drawn Copper Wire 
 
 1. The material shall be copper of such quality and purity that when drawn 
 hard it shall have the properties and characteristics herein required. 
 
 2. These specifications cover hard drawn round wire and hard drawn cable or 
 strand as hereinafter described. 
 
 3. The wire in all shapes must be free from all surface imperfections not con- 
 sistent with the best commercial practice. 
 
 4. (a) Package sizes for round wire and for cable shall be agreed upon in the 
 placing of individual orders. 
 
 (b) The wire shall be protected against damage in ordinary handling and 
 shipping. 
 
 5. For the purpose of calculating weights, cross-sections, etc., the specific grav- 
 ity of copper shall be taken as 8.90. 
 
 6. All testing and inspecting shall be made at the place of manufacture, and 
 when the wire is found to meet specifications it shall then and there be accepted by 
 purchaser. The manufacturer shall afford the inspector representing the purchaser 
 all reasonable facilities to enable him to satisfy himself that the material conforms 
 to the requirements of these specifications. 
 
 Hard Drawn Round Wire 
 
 7. (a) Sizes shall be expressed as the diameter of the wire either in decimals 
 of an inch or in mils, or in the B. & S. gauge. 
 
 (b) Permissible variations from actual gauge diameter shall be as shown 
 in the table, page 24. 
 
 8. The wire shall be so drawn that its tensile strength and elongation shall be 
 at least equal to the value stated in the following table. Tensile tests shall be made 
 upon fair samples and the elongation shall be determined as the permanent increase 
 in length, due to the breaking of the wire in tension, measured between bench marks 
 placed upon the wire originally 10 inches apart. The fracture shall be between the 
 bench marks and not closer than 1 inch to either mark. If upon testing a sample 
 from any coil of wire, the results are found to be below the values stated in the table, 
 tests upon two additional samples shall be made, and the average of the three tests 
 shall determine acceptance or rejection of the coil. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 67 
 
 Properties of Hard Drawn Copper Wire 
 
 (Adopted by the A. S. T. M.) 
 
 Bare Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Size 
 B. & S. 
 
 Diameter 
 Inches 
 
 Area 
 Circular 
 Mils 
 
 Tensile 
 Strength 
 Pounds 
 per 
 Sq. Inch 
 
 Per Cent. 
 Elongation 
 in 
 10 Inches 
 
 Size 
 B. & S. 
 
 Diameter 
 Inches 
 
 Area 
 Circular 
 
 Mils 
 
 Tensile 
 Strength 
 Pounds 
 per 
 Sp. Inch 
 
 Per Cent. 
 Elongation 
 in 
 10 Inches 
 
 0000 
 
 0.460 
 
 211,600 
 
 49,000 
 
 3.75 
 
 8 
 
 0.128 
 
 16,380 
 
 63,400 
 
 1.4 
 
 000 
 
 0.410 
 
 168,100 
 
 51,000 
 
 8.20 
 
 9 
 
 0.114 
 
 12,996 
 
 64,200 
 
 1.8 
 
 00 
 
 0.365 
 
 133,200 
 
 52,800 
 
 2.70 
 
 10 
 
 0.102 
 
 10,404 
 
 64,800 
 
 1.2 
 
 
 
 0.825 
 
 105,600 
 
 54,500 
 
 2.4 
 
 11 
 
 0.091 
 
 8,281 
 
 65,400 
 
 1.1 
 
 1 
 
 0.289 
 
 83,520 
 
 56,000 
 
 2.1 
 
 12 
 
 0.081 
 
 6,561 
 
 65,700 
 
 1.0 
 
 2 
 
 0.258 
 
 66,560 
 
 57,500 
 
 2.0 
 
 13 
 
 0.072 
 
 5,184 
 
 66,000 
 
 0.9 
 
 3 
 
 0.229 
 
 52,440 
 
 58,500 
 
 1.9 
 
 14 
 
 0.064 
 
 4,096 
 
 66,200 
 
 0.9 
 
 4 
 
 0.204 
 
 41,620 
 
 59,500 
 
 1.8 
 
 15 
 
 0.057 
 
 3,249 
 
 66,400 
 
 0.8 
 
 5 
 
 0.182 
 
 83,120 
 
 60,500 
 
 1.7 
 
 16 
 
 0.051 
 
 2,601 
 
 66,600 
 
 0.8 
 
 6 
 
 0.162 
 
 26,240 
 
 61,500 
 
 1.6 
 
 17 
 
 0.045 
 
 2,025 
 
 66,800 
 
 0.7 
 
 7 
 
 0.144 
 
 20,740 
 
 62,500 
 
 1.5 
 
 18 
 
 0.040 
 
 1,600 
 
 67,000 
 
 0.7 
 
 For wire whose nominal diameter is between listed sizes, the requirements shall 
 be determined by interpolation from those included in the table. 
 
 9. Electrical conductivity shall be determined upon fair samples by resistance 
 measurements at a temperature of 20 C. (68 F.). The wire shall not exceed the 
 following limits: 
 
 For diameters 0.460 to 0.325 inch, 890.1 pounds per mile-ohm at 20 C., equal to 
 98 per cent. Matthiessen's standard. 
 
 For diameters 0.324 to 0.102 inch, 899.3 pounds per mile-ohm at 20 C., equal to 
 97.0 per cent. Matthiessen's standard. 
 
 For diameters 0.101 to 0.040 inch, 908.7 pounds per mile-ohm at 20 C., equal to 
 96.0 per cent. Matthiesson's standard. 
 
 Hard Drawn Copper Wire Strand 
 
 10. For the purpose of these specifications, standard strand shall be that made 
 up of hard drawn wire laid concentrically about a hard drawn wire center. Cable 
 laid up about a hemp center or about a soft wire core is to be subject to special 
 specifications to be agreed upon in individual cases. 
 
 11. The wire entering into the construction of strand shall, before stranding, 
 meet all the requirements of round wire hereinbefore stated. 
 
 12. The tensile strength of standard strand shall be at least 90 per cent, of the 
 total strength required of the wires forming the strand. 
 
 13. Brazes, made in accordance with the best commercial practice, will be per- 
 mitted in wire entering into strand. The brazed joint shall have at least 95 per 
 cent, of the strength specified for the wire. 
 
 14. The lay of standard strand shall not be less than 12, nor more than 16 
 diameters of the strand. 
 
 Rail Bonds 
 
 The subject of rail bonds is properly included with that of other bare electrical 
 conductors. We are exceptionally well equipped to make rail bonds of any de- 
 sired type, capacity or length to meet any requirements. We manufacture all 
 standard types of terminal stud bonds from which any particular style of 
 
68 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Bare Wires bond can be selected that will best serve for any given set of track conditions. Our 
 and Cables bonds are distinguished by accurate workmanship, superior grade of material and 
 simplicity of design, qualities which will insure lasting and economical service. 
 
 We make four styles of rail bonds : Crown rail bonds, with round wire conductors ; 
 United States rail bonds, with flat wire conductors; Twin Terminal bonds to be 
 attached to the heads of rails, and Soldered rail bonds. Only pure annealed copper of 
 high conductivity is used in any portion of these bonds. The solid terminals, after 
 being forged to shape from rolled copper rods, are heated and drop forged to the flexible 
 conductor portion, producing a union having all the merits of homogeneous copper. 
 
 There are two styles of stud terminals shown on the Crown and on the United 
 States bonds. One is a tubular terminal, and is applied by driving a long taper 
 punch through the hollow terminal, distending it radially, after which a short drift 
 pin is driven into the terminal, expanding it J -inch more. The other style of 
 terminal has a solid stud and is installed with a compressor. When correctly 
 installed, either style will give equally good results. The stud portion of all 
 terminals is milled smooth and accurate to size, thus insuring a most efficient and 
 lasting contact. 
 
 The Twin Terminal bond is applied by hammer compression. This makes an 
 ideal bond in all respects for exposed T-rail joints. 
 
 We make two styles of Rail Bond Testers, each having special merits. The 
 A. S. & W. tester is suitable for very accurate measurements. The Crown is very 
 easily handled, less expensive and is used to indicate the presence of poor bonding. 
 
 The durability and efficiency of a bond installation will depend largely upon the 
 effectiveness of the tools used. Even the best workmen cannot do good work with 
 poor bonding tools. In developing our bonding tools no expense has been 
 spared nor time considered. First and foremost, the aim has been to produce 
 tools of the greatest effectiveness and perfect suitability for the service to which 
 they were to be put ; to make them as perfect in every detail as possible, and to 
 make them light, durable and reasonable in cost. 
 
 A new and revised rail bond catalogue describing our complete bonding equip- 
 ment will be sent on request. 
 
 Correspondence is solicited, and data and estimates will gladly be furnished. 
 Only a few of the bonds and tools which we make are shown below and on next page. 
 
 Crown Rail Bond,-Type C P-03 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 
 
 Crown Rail Bond, Type C P S 
 
 United States Rail Bond, Type U S 1 
 
 Bare Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 * '* 
 
 Twin Terminal Rail Bond, Form B 
 
 Soldered Stud Rail Bond 
 
 Twin Terminal Bond Applied 
 
70 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Bare Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Bonding Tools 
 
 We make and constantly keep in stock, special high grade tools for the correct 
 installation of each type of rail bond. For ease of handling and adjusting, rapidity 
 of action and general effectiveness, these bonding tools have no equal. We also 
 contract for the complete installation of any type of bond manufactured by us. 
 
 Single Spindle Drill, No. 21 
 
 This drill should always be used in connection with our Crown and United States 
 bonds. The machine grips the rail head rigidly and is fed automatically. In con- 
 sequence the hole is true to size and has a smooth wall. It is light and durable, 
 easily operated by one man and is driven forward by each stroke of the lever. 
 
 No. 61. Screw Hydraulic Compressor 
 ( Patented ) 
 
 Four-Spindle Motor Drill 
 
 Used with Installation of Twin Terminal and 
 
 Soldered Stud Bonds 
 
 (Patented) 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 C A H L E S 
 
 Extra Galvanized W. & M. Telephone and Telegraph Wire 
 
 There are three standards of 
 extra galvanized telephone and 
 telegraph wire in general com- 
 mercial use: 
 
 " EXTRA BEST BEST" (E.B.B.). 
 Made by improved continuous pro- 
 cess and stands highest in con- 
 ductivity of any telegraph wire 
 with a weight per mile ohm of 
 from 4700 to 5000 pounds. Uniform 
 in quality, pure, tough and pliable. 
 It is largely used by telegraph 
 companies and in railway 
 telegraph service. 
 
 "BEST BEST" (B.B.). Superior 
 to theE.B.B. in mechanical quali- 
 ties and equal in galvanizing, but 
 of somewhat lower electrical value. 
 Weight per mile ohm, 5600 to 6000 
 
 pounds. This grade is used very largely by telephone companies. 
 
 "STEEL "(or homogeneous metal). More expressly designed for short-line 
 
 telephone service, where a measure of conductivity can be exchanged for high 
 
 tensile strength in a light wire. Weight per mile-ohm, 6500 to 7000 pounds. 
 
 Around each bundle is securely riveted a metal seal stamped W. & M. E. B. B., 
 
 W. & M. B. B., or W. & M. Steel, as follows: 
 
 Bare Wiies 
 and Cables 
 
 
 Seals for Telephone and Telegraph Coils of Wire 
 
 The arbitrary designation of these different qualities, as E. B. B., B. B., and 
 Steel, was adopted several years ago. The three grades are all made from the very 
 best materials by improved processes under the careful supervision of skilled and 
 experienced men. 
 
7:2 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Bare Wires While these three grades differ in physical characteristics, there is fio difference 
 
 and Cables in the standard as regards galvanizing. All grades are galvanized to the highest 
 commercial standard a standard which is the result of more than half a century's 
 experience. 
 
 A complete description of the processes involved in the manufacture of W. & M. 
 Iron and Steel Telephone and Telegraph Wire is given on pages 39 to 44. Every 
 bundle of wire before shipment is tested physically and electrically to insure a 
 uniform product of high standard and the galvanizing is tested to determine 
 that the zinc coating is continuous, is elastic and of sufficient thickness and fully 
 up to the highest commercial standard. The latter test is a chemical, not merely a 
 visual, one. The life of a galvanized wire depends primarily upon the thickness and 
 grade of galvanizing and not upon the color of the galvanizing. No greater mistake 
 could be made than to buy telephone wire on what is properly termed "looks." 
 Under the corroding influences of smoke and air, the "looks" of the wire soon 
 fade and something other than this is required in order that efficient and economical 
 service and long life be rendered. 
 
 Machine for Testing Telegraph Wire 
 
 Specifications for Galvanized Telephone and Telegraph Wire 
 
 Testing Facilities, The manufacturer shall provide suitable facilities for 
 making the tests hereinafter specified. 
 
 Finish. The wire shall be cylindrical in form and free from scales, inequalities, 
 flaws, splints and other imperfections. 
 
 The finish of the wire shall be in accordance with the best commercial practice. 
 Each coil shall be warranted not to contain any weld, joint or splice in the rod 
 before drawn. 
 
 Galvanizing. The wire shall be well galvanized in accordance with the fol- 
 lowing specifications: 
 
 The galvanizing shall consist of a continuous coating of pure zinc of 
 practically uniform thickness, and so applied that it adheres firmly to the 
 surface of the wire. No. 12 B. W. G. and coarser sizes of wire shall be 
 capable of withstanding the following test : 
 
 TESTING SOLUTION. A standard solution shall be prepared by selecting 
 from commercial sulphate of copper crystals, those which are clean and 
 
LECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 have a clear blue color, and dissolving them in lukewarm water. The 
 solution shall be allowed to stand for at least twelve hours with occasional 
 stirring. Some undissolved crystals should remain at the bottom of the 
 vessel at the end of this time. The solution shall be neutralized by the 
 addition of an excess of cupric oxide. The neutralized solution shall then be 
 filtered before using. (See note below.) 
 
 METHOD OF TESTING. Samples of wire previously cleaned with gasoline 
 or benzine shall be immersed, to a distance of at least four inches, in a glass 
 vessel containing not less than one pint of the standard solution and 
 allowed to remain for one minute. They shall then be removed, washed 
 in clear water and wiped dry with soft cotton cloth or waste. This process 
 shall be repeated three times, making four immersions in all. 
 
 Note. A saturated solution of sulphate of copper thus prepared should have a 
 specific gravity of 1.186 at a temperature of 65 degrees F. In case of No. 14 B. W. G. wire, 
 the fourth immersion shall be of one-half minute duration instead of one minute. 
 
 The temperature of the solution during the test shall not be above 68 
 degrees F. or below 62 degrees F. 
 
 Not more than seven samples of wire shall be immersed at one time, 
 and no solution shall be used for more than one set of four immersions. 
 
 If a bright copper deposit appears on the steel after the fourth immersion, 
 thus indicating that the wire is exposed, the galvanizing of the lot of wire 
 represented by the samples shall be considered faulty. Copper deposits on 
 zinc or within one inch of the cut end shall not be considered causes for 
 rejection. 
 
 Physical and Electrical Requirements. The galvanized wire shall conform to 
 the following physical requirements with respect to resistances, weights and 
 breaking strains. 
 
 Torsion. The wire shall be capable of withstanding at least fifteen (15) twists 
 in a length of six (6) inches. 
 
 In the case of wire less than 0.134 inch in diameter one-third (y) of the coils 
 may have two (2) pieces to a coil joined by the ordinary twist joint carefully soldered 
 and galvanized. 
 
 In the case of wire 0.134 inch in diameter and larger, each coil may consist of 
 
 two pieces only joined by the ordinary twist joint carefully soldered and galvanized. 
 
 Binding. Each coil of wire shall be securely bound in at least four places 
 
 with galvanized iron wire. A tag shall be attached to each coil, giving the size and 
 
 grade of wire in the coil. 
 
 Bare Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Properties of Galvanized Telephone and Telegraph Wires 
 
 Based on Standard Specifications 
 
 Size 
 
 Diameter 
 in 
 
 Area 
 
 />:,., .1^*. 
 
 Approximate 
 Weight in Pounds 
 
 Approximate Breaking 
 Strain in Pounds 
 
 Resistance per Mile ( Interna- 
 tional Ohms) at 68 F. or20C. 
 
 B. W. G 
 
 Mils=^ 
 
 in Circular 
 Mils=^ 2 
 
 Per 1000 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 
 Mile 
 
 Ex. B. B. 
 
 B. B. 
 
 Steel 
 
 Ex. B. B. 
 
 B. B. 
 
 Steel 
 
 
 
 340 
 
 115,600 
 
 313 
 
 1,655 
 
 4,138 
 
 4,634 
 
 4,965 
 
 2.84 
 
 3.38 
 
 3.93 
 
 1 
 
 300 
 
 90,000 
 
 244 
 
 1,289 
 
 3,223 
 
 3,609 
 
 3,867 
 
 3.65 
 
 4.34 
 
 5.04 
 
 2 
 
 284 
 
 80,656 
 
 218 
 
 1,155 
 
 2,888 
 
 3,234 
 
 8,465 
 
 4.07 
 
 4.85 
 
 5.63 
 
 8 
 
 259 
 
 67,081 
 
 182 
 
 960 
 
 2,400 
 
 2,688 
 
 2,880 
 
 4.90 
 
 5.83 
 
 6.77 
 
 4 
 
 238 
 
 56,644 
 
 153 
 
 811 
 
 2,028 
 
 2,271 
 
 2,433 
 
 5.80 
 
 6.91 
 
 8.01 
 
 5 
 
 220 
 
 48,400 
 
 131 
 
 693 
 
 1,732 
 
 1,940 
 
 2,079 
 
 6.78 
 
 8.08 
 
 9.38 
 
 6 
 
 203 
 
 41,209 
 
 112 
 
 590 
 
 1,475 
 
 1,652 
 
 1,770 
 
 7.97 
 
 9.49 
 
 11.02 
 
 7 
 
 180 
 
 32,400 
 
 87 
 
 463 
 
 1,158 
 
 1,296 
 
 1,389 
 
 10.15 
 
 12.10 
 
 14.04 
 
 8 
 
 165 
 
 27,225 
 
 74 
 
 390 
 
 975 
 
 1,092 
 
 1,170 
 
 12.05 
 
 14.86 
 
 16.71 
 
 9 
 
 148 
 
 21,904 
 
 60 
 
 314 
 
 785 
 
 879 
 
 942 
 
 14.97 
 
 17.84 
 
 20.70 
 
 10 
 
 184 
 
 17,956 
 
 49 
 
 258 
 
 645 
 
 722 
 
 774 
 
 18.22 
 
 21.71 
 
 25.29 
 
 11 
 
 120 
 
 14,400 
 
 39 
 
 206 
 
 515 
 
 577 
 
 618 
 
 22.82 
 
 27.19 
 
 31.55 
 
 12 
 
 109 
 
 11,881 
 
 32 
 
 170 
 
 425 
 
 476 
 
 510 
 
 27.65 
 
 32.94 
 
 38.23 
 
 13 
 
 95 
 
 9,025 
 
 25 
 
 129 
 
 310 
 
 347 
 
 372 
 
 37.90 
 
 45.16 
 
 52.41 
 
 14 
 
 83 
 
 6,889 
 
 19 
 
 99 
 
 247 
 
 277 
 
 297 
 
 47.48 
 
 56.56 
 
 65.66 
 
 15 
 
 72 
 
 5,184 
 
 14 
 
 74 
 
 185 
 
 207 
 
 222 
 
 63.52 
 
 75.68 
 
 87.84 
 
 16 
 
 65 
 
 4,225 
 
 11 
 
 61 
 
 152 
 
 171 
 
 183 
 
 77.05 
 
 91.80 
 
 106.55 
 
74 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Bare Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 W. & M. Telephone Wire Continued 
 
 Prices quoted on application 
 
 Sizes 
 Birming- 
 ham 
 Wire Gauge 
 
 Diameter 
 in 
 Decimals 
 of an Inch 
 
 Bdls. 
 per Mile 
 
 Weight 
 
 1000 6 Feet 
 in Pounds 
 
 Weight 
 per Mile 
 in 
 Pounds 
 
 Sizes 
 Birming- 
 ham 
 Wire Gauge 
 
 Diameter 
 in 
 Decimals 
 of an Inch 
 
 Bdls. 
 per Mile 
 
 Weight 
 
 lOOoVeet 
 in Pounds 
 
 Weight 
 per Mile 
 in 
 Pounds 
 
 4 
 
 0.238 
 
 4 
 
 153 
 
 811 
 
 10 
 
 0.134 
 
 2 
 
 49 
 
 258 
 
 6 
 
 0.203 
 
 3 
 
 112 
 
 590 
 
 11 
 
 0.120 
 
 2 
 
 39 
 
 206 
 
 8 
 
 0.165 
 
 2 
 
 74 
 
 390 
 
 12 
 
 0.109 
 
 2 
 
 32 
 
 170 
 
 9 
 
 0.148 
 
 2 
 
 60 
 
 314 
 
 14 
 
 0.083 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 99 
 
 Data Concerning Telephone and Telegraph Poles 
 
 Length of 
 Pole, Feet 
 
 Diameter 
 Six Inches 
 from Butt 
 Inches 
 
 Diameter 
 at Top 
 Inches 
 
 Depth Pole 
 Should be 
 Placed in 
 Ground, Feet 
 
 Length of 
 Pole, Feet 
 
 Diameter 
 Six Inches 
 from Butt 
 Inches 
 
 Diameter 
 at Top 
 Inches 
 
 Depth Pole 
 Should be 
 Placed in 
 Ground, Feet 
 
 25 
 
 9 to 10 
 
 6 to 8 
 
 5 
 
 55 
 
 16 to 17 
 
 6 to 8 
 
 7% 
 
 30 
 
 9 to 11 
 
 6 to 8 
 
 5* 
 
 60 
 
 16 to 18 
 
 6 to 8 
 
 VA 
 
 35 
 
 9 to 12 
 
 6 to 8 
 
 5K 
 
 65 
 
 16 to 19 
 
 6 to 8 
 
 8 
 
 40 
 
 9 to 13 
 
 6 to 8 
 
 6 
 
 70 
 
 16 to 20 
 
 6 to 8 
 
 8 
 
 45 
 
 9 to 14 
 
 6 to 8 
 
 6^ 
 
 75 
 
 16 to 21 
 
 6 to 8 
 
 8^ 
 
 50 
 
 9 to 15 
 
 6 to 8 
 
 7 
 
 80 
 
 16 to 22 
 
 6 to 8 
 
 9 
 
 Sizes and Weights of White Cedar Poles 
 (Northwestern Cedarmen's Association specifications) 
 
 Description 
 
 Length 
 Feet 
 
 Top 
 Diameter 
 Inches 
 
 Weight 
 Pounds 
 
 Length 
 Feet 
 
 Top 
 Diameter 
 Inches 
 
 Weight 
 Pounds 
 
 Length 
 Feet 
 
 Top 
 Diameter 
 Inches 
 
 Weight 
 Pounds 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 100 
 
 35 
 
 6 450 
 
 55 
 
 6 
 
 1,850 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 130 
 
 35 
 
 7 
 
 600 
 
 55 
 
 7 
 
 1,700 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 190 
 
 85 
 
 8 
 
 850 
 
 55 
 
 8 
 
 2,200 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 150 
 
 40 
 
 6 
 
 625 
 
 60 
 
 6 
 
 1,700 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 200 
 
 40 
 
 7 
 
 850 
 
 60 
 
 7 
 
 2,200 
 
 25 
 
 6 
 
 250 
 
 40 
 
 8 
 
 1,100 
 
 60 
 
 8 
 
 2,500 
 
 25 
 
 7 
 
 350 
 
 45 
 
 6 
 
 900 
 
 65 
 
 6 
 
 2,200 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 275 
 
 45 
 
 7 
 
 1,100 
 
 65 
 
 7 
 
 2,500 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 350 
 
 45 
 
 8 
 
 1,350 
 
 65 
 
 8 
 
 3,000 
 
 30 
 
 7 
 
 450 
 
 50 
 
 6 
 
 1,150 
 
 70 
 
 6 
 
 2,500 
 
 30 
 
 8 
 
 575 
 
 50 
 
 7 
 
 1,350 
 
 70 
 
 7 
 
 3,000 
 
 85 
 
 5 
 
 876 
 
 50 
 
 8 
 
 1,700 
 
 70 
 
 8 
 
 4,000 
 
 Extra Galvanized Bond Wire 
 
 Used for signal bonding on steam roads. Extra B. B. extra galvanized telephone 
 wire is nearly always used for this purpose. Cut and straightened to lengths at a small 
 extra charge. Usually 3 to 5 feet long, and of any gauge number desired. 
 
LECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 Extra Galvanized Steel Signal Wire 
 
 This wire is used as a connection from a lever or other pulling device to a 
 semaphore signal which is operated mechanically. The two sizes of Extra Galvan- 
 ized Signal Wire in common use are : 
 
 No. 8 B. W. gauge, with an approximate breaking strength of 2350 pounds. 
 
 No. 9 B. W. gauge, with an approximate breaking strength of 1900 pounds. 
 
 The wire is made especially to meet the important requirements of this service. 
 It is extra galvanized, and of a quality that possesses high strength and as low elong- 
 ation as is practicable without sacrificing toughness. The coils are 5 feet in diam- 
 eter, and approximately one-half mile in length without welds or joints. 
 
 Bare Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Steel Strand for Guying Poles and for Span Wire 
 
 Galvanized or Extra Galvanized 
 
 Seven Steel Wires Twisted into a Single Strand 
 
 Standard Steel Strand 
 
 Galvanized or Extra Galvanized 
 
 Diameter 
 in 
 Inches 
 
 Approximate 
 Weight 
 per 1000 Feet 
 Pounds 
 
 Approximate 
 Strength 
 in Pounds 
 
 List Prices 
 100 P Feet 
 
 Diameter 
 in 
 Inches 
 
 Approximate 
 Weight 
 per 1000 Feet 
 Pounds 
 
 Approximate 
 Strength 
 in Pounds 
 
 List Prices 
 100 Feet 
 
 ! 
 
 510 
 415 
 295 
 210 
 125 
 
 8500. 
 6500. 
 5000. 
 3800. 
 2300. 
 
 |4.50 
 3.75 
 2.75 
 2.25 
 1.75 
 
 1 
 
 95 
 75 
 55 
 32 
 
 20 
 
 1800. 
 1400. 
 900. 
 500. 
 400. 
 
 $1.50 
 1.25 
 1.15 
 1.00 
 .80 
 
 This strand is used chiefly for guying poles and smoke stacks, for supporting 
 trolley wire, and for operating railroad signals. 
 
 For overhead catenary construction suspending trolley wire, the special grades of 
 strand are considered preferable because they possess greater strength and toughness. 
 
76 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Bare Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Extra Galvanized Special Strands 
 
 Seven Steel Wires Twisted into a Single Strand 
 
 We manufacture three special grades of Extra Galvanized Strand which will 
 meet all requirements for durability, strength, toughness and light weight. 
 
 Extra Galvanized Siemens-Martin Strand. 
 
 Extra Galvanized High Strength (crucible steel) Strand. 
 
 Extra Galvanized Extra High Strength (plow steel) Strand. 
 
 Strands of all three grades are composed of seven wires each, and they have 
 a very heavy coating of galvanizing, which insures long life. 
 
 Extra Galvanized Siemens- 
 Martin Strand 
 
 Extra Galvanized High Strength 
 Strand 
 
 Extra Galvanized Extra High 
 Strength Strand 
 
 
 c 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 jy v 
 
 IfJ 
 
 S 
 .gta 
 
 3 
 
 H-3 
 
 III 
 
 Sjj 
 
 a!- 1 - 
 
 ^'ScS 
 
 |fa 
 
 E +: 
 
 j S 
 
 . c S 
 
 S-2-g 
 
 ^ <n 
 |J 
 
 1a| 
 
 ffi S 
 .gfa 
 
 Is 
 
 +J C .G 
 
 S'^ c 
 
 || 
 
 W g 
 
 fcg 
 
 31 
 
 
 Sc 
 
 K g o 
 
 
 M u 
 
 u SJ M 
 
 E c 
 
 || 
 
 ^8 
 
 o^ 1 
 
 
 5 s 
 
 l^.s 
 
 .12 ^ 
 
 J & 
 
 rt LI 
 
 S 
 
 -5. S 
 
 Q.S 
 
 1 
 
 .st 
 
 ^^ 
 w 
 
 ^= 
 
 Q.S 
 
 |S 
 
 ^R 
 
 j^; 
 
 w 
 
 sjs 
 
 S /8 
 
 19,000 
 
 $4.35 
 
 50 
 
 10.0 
 
 ^ 
 
 25,000 
 
 $6.25 
 
 55 
 
 6 
 
 y 
 
 42,500 
 
 18.75 
 
 60 
 
 4 
 
 1^ 
 
 11,000 
 
 2.80 
 
 50 
 
 10.0 
 
 \/ 
 
 18,000 
 
 3.95 
 
 55 
 
 6 
 
 It 
 
 27,000 
 
 5.50 
 
 60 
 
 4 
 
 I 7 e 
 
 9,000 
 
 2.30 
 
 50 
 
 10.0 
 
 I 7 B 
 
 15,000 
 
 3.45 
 
 55 
 
 6 
 
 1 7 B 
 
 22,500 
 
 4.60 
 
 60 
 
 4 
 
 a 
 
 6,800 
 
 1.80 
 
 50 
 
 10.0 
 
 3/, 
 
 11,500 
 
 2.70 
 
 55 
 
 6 
 
 3/8 
 
 17,250 
 
 3.55 
 
 60 
 
 4 
 
 1% 
 
 4.860 
 
 1.35 
 
 j50 
 
 10.0 
 
 
 8,100 
 
 2.10 
 
 55 
 
 6 
 
 
 12,100 
 
 2.70 
 
 60 
 
 4 
 
 
 4,380 
 
 1.10 
 
 '50 
 
 10.0 
 
 3*> 
 
 7,300 
 
 1.75 
 
 55 
 
 6 
 
 
 10,900 
 
 2.10 
 
 60 
 
 4 
 
 i^ 
 
 3,060 
 
 1.00 
 
 50 
 
 10.0 
 
 K 
 
 5,100 
 
 1.50 
 
 55 
 
 6 
 
 M 
 
 7,600 
 
 1.90 
 
 60 
 
 4 
 
 i 3 s 
 
 2,000 
 
 .85 
 
 50 
 
 10.0 
 
 T 3 B 
 
 3,300 
 
 1.30 
 
 55 
 
 6 
 
 T 3 S 
 
 4,900 
 
 1.60 
 
 60 
 
 4 
 
 Mi 
 
 900 
 
 .55 
 
 50 
 
 10.0 
 
 1^ 
 
 1,500 
 
 .80 
 
 55 
 
 6 
 
 y& 
 
 2,250 
 
 1.05 
 
 60 
 
 4 
 
 Special 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 6,000 
 
 1.35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 When intermediate sizes or strengths are called for, if they are exactly midway 
 between two sizes provided for, the average price of the two sizes shall apply, other- 
 wise the price of the nearest size and strength shall apply. 
 
 The use of these special grades of Extra Galvanized Strand is constantly increas- 
 ing. We will consider briefly some of the principal uses to which they are par- 
 ticularly adapted. 
 
 MESSENGER STRAND. The heavy encased telephone cables are not in themselves 
 sufficiently strong, without an unusual deflection, to safely withstand the strain 
 incident to stringing these cables between poles at considerable distances apart. It 
 is common practice now to stretch from pole to pole, with very little sag, T \-inch 
 diameter Extra Galvanized Siemens-Martin Strand ; or Extra Galvanized High 
 Strength Strand of ^ inch or ^ inch diameter, and from this messenger strand 
 the heavy telephone cable is suspended by means of clips, wire, cord, or marline 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 77 
 
 at short intervals. The messenger strand thus sustains most of the stress due to Bare Wires 
 weight of cable, wind or ice load. We have mentioned the sizes and qualities now and Cables 
 generally employed by the largest telephone companies. The Extra Galvanized 
 Extra High Strength Strand, while affording the greatest strength for its weight, is 
 naturally stiff and springy and not so easy to fasten. The so-called common gal- 
 vanized strand should never be used for messenger lines, as it does not possess the 
 requisite strength and uniform toughness of the special grades of steel. 
 
 CATENARY METHOD OF SUPPORTING TROLLEY WIRE. In the ordinary electric 
 railway overhead construction, the copper trolley wire dips and sags between the 
 supporting points, which are opposite poles, and from 100 to 125 feet apart. The 
 catenary method of carrying the trolley wire consists of one or more messenger 
 strands stretched over the center of the tracks. Every few feet along the mes- 
 senger strand are pendant hangers that clamp on the trolley wire and retain it in a 
 rigid, straight horizontal line, an especially desirable feature for the operation of 
 electric cars at high speed. The catenary construction also makes it possible to 
 space the poles at greater distances apart, but this necessarily causes great tension 
 on the messenger strand and poles. The common galvanized strand is not suitable 
 for this work. The selection of the best size and quality of strand depends upon 
 the length of span, the deflection of the messenger strand, and the weight of the 
 trolley wire. In general, however, for a single messenger strand carrying a 4/0 
 copper trolley wire, we would recommend the following : 
 
 For spans 125 to 150 feet, ^g-inch or T 7 ^-inch diameter Extra Galvanized Siemens- 
 Martin Strand. 
 
 For longer spans up to 225 feet, ^-inch or T 7 ^-inch Extra Galvanized High 
 Strength Strand. 
 
 These two grades have been found the best for catenary work. 
 
 The messenger strand and trolley wire may be made to follow track curves by 
 increasing the number of poles at the curves, but this is obviated by attaching to 
 the hangers near the center of span what are known as "pull-off" strands. Our 
 ^-inch or T \-inch diameter Extra Galvanized Siemens-Martin Strand is usually 
 employed for this purpose. 
 
 For reasons already explained, the poles should be well guyed, especially at the 
 curves, with %-inch or T 5 -inch diameter Extra Galvanized Siemens-Martin Strand. 
 
 LIGHTNING PROTECTION FOR TRANSMISSION LINES. In erecting high-tension 
 current transmission lines on tall steel towers, it is customary to stretch between 
 the highest points of the towers a ^-inch diameter Extra Galvanized Siemens- 
 Martin Strand, known as an "overhead ground wire." This strand is employed 
 almost invariably for such purposes. 
 
 LONG SPANS IN HIGH-TENSION CURRENT TRANSMISSION LINE. Long spans 
 cannot always be made with copper cables, because hard drawn copper has 
 a strength of only 65,000 pounds per square inch. Where it is necessary to 
 cross over rivers, lakes and bays with power transmission lines, the current may 
 be conducted through an extra galvanized strand of one of the three special 
 grades of steel above described, of such size and strength as will show a 
 safety factor of at least five. It is not necessary to suspend bare copper cables 
 beneath a steel messenger strand, as the steel strand itself will serve as the 
 conductor. An entire power transmission line of very high potential could be 
 economically constructed with Extra Galvanized Siemens-Martin Strand, the adop- 
 tion of which in place of copper cable would reduce the number of supporting 
 towers which are often the cause of energy loss and trouble. 
 
78 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Bare Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Steel Strand Used as Conductors on Long Distance Transmission Line 
 Properties of Special 'Grades Extra Galvanized Special Strands 
 
 Diameter of 
 Strand, Inches 
 
 Number of 
 Wires in Strand 
 
 Strength 
 S. M. Strand 
 Tons 
 
 Strength 
 Crucible Strand 
 Tons 
 
 Strength 
 Plow Strand 
 Tons 
 
 Approximate 
 Weight per Foot 
 Pounds 
 
 
 61 
 
 55 
 
 91.5 
 
 121 
 
 4.75 
 
 la 
 
 61 
 
 45.5 
 
 76 
 
 100 
 
 8.95 
 
 JT/ 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 63.5 
 
 85 
 
 3.30 
 
 iVg 
 
 37 
 
 32.5 
 
 54 
 
 72 
 
 2.62 
 
 1 
 
 37 
 
 25.5 
 
 43.7 
 
 60 
 
 2.25 
 
 % 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 32 
 
 45 
 
 1.70 
 
 % 
 
 19 
 
 14.2 
 
 23.7 
 
 35 
 
 1.25 
 
 y* 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 16.5 
 
 23.5 
 
 .81 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 
 
 79 
 
 "Crosby" Wire Rope Clip 
 
 Light, durable and convenient. Easily applied. These are galvanized drop- 
 forged clips that securely hold wire rope or strand. 
 
 List Prices 
 
 Bare Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Inch 
 
 Price 
 
 Inch 
 
 Price 
 
 Inch 
 
 Price 
 
 Inch 
 
 Price 
 
 Inch 
 
 Price 
 
 Inch 
 
 Price 
 
 I 
 
 ':! 
 
 16 
 jl 
 
 $ .45 
 .45 
 
 H 
 
 % 
 
 .65 
 .75 
 
 1/^8 
 
 1*4 
 
 $ .95 
 1.10 
 
 1% 
 
 w% 
 
 $1.50 
 3.50 
 
 2 
 
 V/4 
 
 $ 7.50 
 9.50 
 
 H 
 
 .40 
 
 y* 
 
 .55 
 
 1 
 
 .85 
 
 1& 
 
 1.25 
 
 IK 
 
 5.50 
 
 v/ 2 
 
 11.50 
 
 " Crosby " Wire Rope Clip 
 
 Galvanized Three-bolt Strand Clamp 
 
 Three-bolt Strand Clamp 
 
 This is known as the standard A. T. & T. Co. hot galvanized rolled steel 
 strand clamp or guy clamp; made from open hearth bar steel. Will hold any size 
 of strand from %-inch to ^-inch diameter. 
 
 Prices on application. 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Bare Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Resistance Wire 
 
 In conductors used for transmission or distribution purposes, the specific 
 resistance has to be very low so as to avoid consumption of electric energy and a 
 consequent heavy voltage drop in the line. In some constant potential devices, 
 however, such as electric heaters and rheostats, it is desirable to have conductors of 
 very high specific resistance for the express purpose of transforming electrical energy 
 into heat. 
 
 We handle a high grade of nickel-steel resistance wire known to the trade as 
 Tico Resistance Wire, made for such purposes where a high specific and uniform 
 resistance is required. In addition to this standard resistance wire, we make many 
 grades and sizes of steel wire that can be used where close regulation is not an 
 essential feature. 
 
 Tico Resistance Wire 
 
 B. & S. 
 Gauge 
 
 Price 
 per 
 Pound 
 
 Diameter 
 in 
 Mils 
 
 Area 
 Circular 
 
 Mils 
 
 Area 
 Square 
 Inches 
 
 Weight 
 Pounds 
 
 1000 6 Feet 
 
 Feet per 
 Pound 
 
 Resistance 
 
 Ohms 
 per Foot 
 
 Ohms per 
 Pound 
 
 Feet per 
 Ohm 
 
 Pounds 
 per Ohm 
 
 4 
 
 $1.10 
 
 204.81 
 
 41743 
 
 .032784 
 
 110.5 
 
 9.05 
 
 .0124 
 
 .112 
 
 80.9 
 
 8.94 
 
 5 
 
 1.10 
 
 181.94 
 
 33102 
 
 .025999 
 
 87.7 
 
 11.40 
 
 .0156 
 
 .178 
 
 64.2 
 
 5.63 
 
 6 
 
 1.10 
 
 162.02 
 
 26250 
 
 .020618 
 
 69.54 
 
 14.4 
 
 .0197 
 
 .283 
 
 50.8 
 
 3.53 
 
 
 1.10 
 
 144.29 
 
 20820 
 
 .016351 
 
 55.14 
 
 18.1 
 
 .0248 
 
 .450 
 
 40.3 
 
 2.22 
 
 8 
 
 1.10 
 
 128.49 
 
 16510 
 
 .012967 
 
 43.73 
 
 22.9 
 
 .0813 
 
 .715 
 
 82.0 
 
 1.40 
 
 9 
 
 1.10 
 
 114.42 
 
 13092 
 
 .010283 
 
 34.68 
 
 28.8 
 
 .0394 
 
 1.14 
 
 25.4 
 
 .879 
 
 10 
 
 1.15 
 
 101.90 
 
 10384 
 
 .008155 
 
 27.50 
 
 36.4 
 
 .0497 
 
 1.81 
 
 20.1 
 
 .553 
 
 11 
 
 1.15 
 
 90.74 
 
 8234 
 
 .006467 
 
 21.81 
 
 45.8 
 
 .0627 
 
 2.88 
 
 16.0 
 
 .348 
 
 12 
 
 1.15 
 
 80.81 
 
 6530 
 
 .005129 
 
 17.70 
 
 57.8 
 
 .0791 
 
 4.57 
 
 12.6 
 
 .219 
 
 13 
 
 1.20 
 
 71.96 
 
 5179 
 
 .004067 
 
 13.72 
 
 72.9 
 
 .0997 
 
 7.29 
 
 10.0 
 
 .137 
 
 14 
 
 1.20 
 
 64.08 
 
 4107 
 
 .003225 
 
 10.88 
 
 92 
 
 .1257 
 
 11.6 
 
 7.95 
 
 .0865 
 
 15 
 
 1.20 
 
 57.07 
 
 3257 
 
 .002558 
 
 8.625 
 
 116 
 
 .1585 
 
 18.4 
 
 6.31 
 
 .0544 
 
 16 
 
 1.25 
 
 50.82 
 
 2583 
 
 .002029 
 
 6.842 
 
 146 
 
 .2000 
 
 29.2 
 
 5.00 
 
 .0342 
 
 17 
 
 1.25 
 
 45.26 
 
 2048 
 
 .001609 
 
 5.425 
 
 184 
 
 .252 
 
 , 46.5 
 
 3.97 
 
 .0215 
 
 18 
 
 1.80 
 
 40.30 
 
 1624 
 
 .001276 
 
 4.302 
 
 232 
 
 .318 
 
 73.9 
 
 3.15 
 
 .0135 
 
 19 
 
 1.30 
 
 35.89 
 
 1288 
 
 .001012 
 
 8.411 
 
 293 
 
 .401 
 
 117 
 
 2.49 
 
 .00851 
 
 20 
 
 1.30 
 
 31.96 
 
 1022 
 
 .0008023 
 
 2.707 
 
 369 
 
 .505 
 
 187 
 
 1.98 
 
 .00535 
 
 21 
 
 1.35 
 
 28.46 
 
 810.1 
 
 .0006363 
 
 2.146 
 
 466 
 
 .638 
 
 297 
 
 1.57 
 
 .00337 
 
 22 
 
 1.35 
 
 25.35 
 
 642.5 
 
 .0005046 
 
 1.702 
 
 588 
 
 .804 
 
 473 
 
 1.24 
 
 .00212 
 
 23 
 
 1.35 
 
 22:57 
 
 509.5 
 
 .0004002 
 
 1.350 
 
 741 
 
 1.014 
 
 751 
 
 .986 
 
 .00133 
 
 24 
 
 1.40 
 
 20.10 
 
 404.1 
 
 .0003173 
 
 1.070 
 
 934 
 
 1.278 
 
 1194 
 
 .782 
 
 .000837 
 
 Armature Binding Wire 
 
 We manufacture tinned steel Armature Binding Wire in large quantities. This 
 is made in four grades designated as A, B, Cl and C2, which vary in tensile 
 strength. 
 
 Grade A. Used to bind armatures of small motors and dynamos. 
 
 Grade B. Commercial grade. Used on motors and dynamos of ordinary 
 commercial size and speed. 
 
 Grade C 1. Made of high grade piano wire and used where great strength 
 is required. 
 
 Grade C 2. Used when very high tensile strength is required, as on motors and 
 dynamos of unusual size and high speed. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 Tensile Strength of Tinned Steel Armature Binding Wire 
 
 
 
 Tensile Strength in Pounds. (Minimum) 
 
 B. & S. 
 Gauge 
 
 Diameter 
 in 
 Mils 
 
 "A" Grade 
 
 " B " Grade 
 
 " C 1 " Grade 
 
 " C 2 " Grade 
 
 
 
 Actual 
 
 Per Sq. In. 
 
 Actual 
 
 Per Sq. In. 
 
 Actual 
 
 Per Sq. In. 
 
 Actual 
 
 PerSq.In. 
 
 10 
 
 101.9 
 
 938 
 
 
 
 1631 
 
 
 
 1957 
 
 
 
 2447 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 90.7 
 
 743 
 
 
 
 1292 
 
 
 
 1551 
 
 
 
 1938 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 80.8 
 
 590 
 
 
 
 1026 
 
 
 
 1231 
 
 
 
 1538 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 72.0 
 
 468 
 
 
 
 814 
 
 
 
 977 
 
 
 
 1221 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 64.1 
 
 371 
 
 
 
 645 
 
 
 
 774 
 
 
 
 968 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 57.1 
 
 294 
 
 
 
 512 
 
 
 
 615 
 
 
 
 768 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 50.8 
 
 233 
 
 
 
 405 
 
 
 
 486 
 
 
 
 608 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 45.3 
 
 185 
 
 
 
 322 
 
 
 
 387 
 
 
 
 484 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 40.3 
 
 147 
 
 
 115,000 
 
 255 
 
 
 - 200,000 
 
 806 
 
 
 240,000 
 
 383 
 
 
 - 300,000 
 
 19 
 
 35.9 
 
 116 
 
 
 
 202 
 
 
 
 248 
 
 
 
 804 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 32.0 
 
 92.5 
 
 
 
 161 
 
 
 
 193 
 
 
 
 241 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 28.5 
 
 73.4 
 
 
 
 128 
 
 
 
 153 
 
 
 
 191 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 25.3 
 
 57.8 
 
 
 
 101 
 
 
 
 121 
 
 
 
 151 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 22.6 
 
 46.1 
 
 
 
 80.2 
 
 
 
 96.3 
 
 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 20.1 
 
 86.5 
 
 
 
 63.5 
 
 
 
 76.2 
 
 
 
 95.2 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 17.9 
 
 28.9 
 
 
 
 50.3 
 
 
 
 60.4 
 
 
 
 75.5 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 15.9 
 
 22.8 
 
 
 
 39.7 
 
 
 
 47.7 
 
 
 
 59.6 
 
 
 
 Bare Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Extra Galvanized Steel Armor Wire for Cables 
 
 Made of medium strength steel, extra galvanized, in any size or quantity speci- 
 fied. Used as a protection to the insulation of cables, or to the lead sheathing. 
 This wire is made to conform to the standard specifications of the United States 
 Signal Corps. 
 
 Pole Steps 
 
 Plain and Extra Galvanized 
 
 Button Head Pole Step 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Bare Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Pole Steps Continued 
 
 Prices Quoted on Application 
 
 Sizes 
 
 Approximate Weight per 100 Pole Steps 
 
 Sizes 
 
 Approximate Weight per 100 Pole Steps 
 
 Plain 
 
 Galvanized 
 
 Plain 
 
 Galvanized 
 
 8 x %inch 
 9 x % inch 
 10 x ^i inch 
 10K x % inch 
 
 73 pounds 
 78 pounds 
 85 pounds 
 89 pounds 
 
 75 pounds 
 81 pounds 
 88 pounds 
 93 pounds 
 
 8 l / 2 x & inch 
 9 x ^g inch 
 W/ 2 x T 9 B inch 
 9 x y 2 inch 
 
 58 pounds 
 62 pounds 
 71 pounds 
 51 pounds 
 
 61 pounds 
 65 pounds 
 74 pounds 
 54 pounds 
 
 For the use of electric light, street railway and telephone companies. 
 
 The above are with our regular spike and button heads. 
 
 Lengths given are measurements over all. 
 
 Each step carefully threaded with screw thread. 
 
 Special shapes or lengths of heads made to order. 
 
 A keg of pole steps weighs about 200 pounds. 
 
 Silico- Magnetic-Core Steel 
 
 This special silicon steel is the best known material for all magnetic core purposes. 
 The permeability of this steel at densities of 12,000 lines per square centimeter or 
 under, is extremely high, thus making it possible to obtain a high magnetization 
 from any given number of ampere turns. Its hysteresis constant is low, and the 
 specific resistance is high four to five times higher than that of other grades. These 
 properties result in a very low combined hysteresis and eddy current loss. 
 
 The material is non-ageing. If anything, it improves with age, so that the 
 efficiency of the material remains unimpaired with time of service. These properties 
 combine to make an excellent core material for all kinds of electro-magnets, induc- 
 tion coils, spark coils, and so on. 
 
 Drawn to any size, and supplied in any quantities required. 
 
 Prices quoted on application. 
 
Magnet Wire 
 
 Page 
 
 Cotton -covered 85-87 
 
 Silk-covered 88 
 
 Asbestos and Cotton-covered 89 
 
 Rectangular Magnet Wire 89-90 
 
 Square Magnet Wire 90 
 
 Paper-covered 91 
 
 Special Magnet Wire 91 
 
 Specifications 9 1 
 
84 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Magnet 
 
 Wire 
 
 Magnet Wire 
 
 All copper wire drawn for magnet purposes is thoroughly annealed by processes 
 which insure uniform and extreme softness, highest conductivity and ease of hand- 
 ling. Before the cover is applied all wire is carefully inspected for size and 
 uniformity of dimensions, and to see that it is free from scale and all surface im- 
 perfections. 
 
 All magnet wire is insulated in special machines by skilled operators. We are 
 not only prepared to produce large quantities of the ordinary commercial sizes of 
 cotton-covered magnet wire, but we are also in a position to and do furnish large 
 amounts of fine and special work, both silk and cotton. The magnet wire is not 
 only inspected during process, for knots, skips, smoothness and evenness of insula- 
 tion, but it is also given a final thorough inspection and test for continuity before 
 packing. A large supply of the common sizes of magnet wire is con- 
 stantly kept in stock in our various warehouses. 
 
 We cover magnet wire with single, double or triple cotton or silk, 
 with asbestos and cotton and with paper. We also are prepared 
 
 Magnet Wire Covering Machim 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 85 
 
 Magnet 
 Wire 
 
 to make special kinds of magnet wire which may be specified. The effectiveness 
 of these materials for dielectric purposes depends very largely upon their quality and 
 their freedom from foreign or gritty substances. The covers are wound spirally 
 about the wire, successive layers being wound in opposite directions. Magnet yarn 
 is composed of a number of unit threads called "ends up," which are laid on par- 
 allel about the wire. The thickness and evenness of the cover will depend not only 
 upon the quality and size of the thread, but also upon its lay, and this is governed 
 by the relative speed of the spindles and the travel of the wire through the machine. 
 
 Cotton. While there are five or six species of cotton having commercial value, 
 the bulk of the product may be divided into two kinds, Upland and Sea Island 
 cotton. The former, which grows over a very wide range of tropical country, has 
 a comparatively coarse staple that seldom reaches \y 2 inches in length. The Sea 
 Island species alone is used for magnet purposes, and furnishes the finest and most 
 valuable fibre grown. The staple in this is from \y 2 inches to 2^ inches long, and 
 is of a very soft, hairy texture. It produces a soft and even yarn that makes an 
 ideal magnet covering. 
 
 Cotton yarn is numbered according to the number of hanks contained in a 
 pound of 7000 grains. 
 
 \*/i yards =. 1 thread or round of the cotton yarn. 
 120 yards = 80 threads = 1 skein, ley or lea. 
 840 yards = 560 threads = 7 skeins = 1 hank. 
 
 The number of hanks in one pound is the number of the cotton yarn, or the 
 number of cotton yarn equals the number of yards that weigh 8.33 grains. 
 
 An Italian Tram Silk composed of the finest selected fibres is used to cover all 
 of our silk magnet wire. The silk-worm forms a cocoon of two parallel filaments 
 of silk ; three to six cocoons are usually reeled off together, making a thread of raw 
 silk containing six to twelve filaments. One authority states that 500 yards of five 
 twin filaments weigh about 2.5 grains. The number of drachms (27.34 grains) that 
 1000 yards of this raw silk weighs is the number of the silk. 
 
 Full dimensions and all properties of copper used for magnet wire will be 
 found fully described on pages 14 and 26. 
 
 D. C. C. Magnet Wire 
 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Magnet 
 Wire 
 
 Round Cotton-covered Magnet Wire 
 Advances on Coarse Sizes 
 
 
 Single Cotton Covered 
 
 Double Cotton Covered 
 
 Tiiple Cotton 
 Covered 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Approxi- 
 
 Number 
 
 ~r 
 
 Size 
 B. &S. 
 
 List 
 Number 
 
 Advances 
 Over 
 Base per 
 100 
 
 Approxi- 
 mate 
 Pounds 
 per 1000 
 
 List 
 Number 
 
 Advances 
 Over 
 Base per 
 100 
 
 Approxi- 
 mate 
 Pounds 
 per 1000 
 
 List 
 Number 
 
 Advances 
 Over 
 Base per 
 100 
 
 mate 
 Quantity 
 on 
 Reels 
 Pounds 
 
 OI 
 
 Reel 
 (See 
 Page 
 
 50) 
 
 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Feet 
 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Feet 
 
 
 Pounds 
 
 
 
 
 
 5000 
 
 Base 
 
 321 
 
 5100 
 
 Base 
 
 322 
 
 6000 
 
 Base 
 
 150 
 
 321 
 
 1 
 
 5001 
 
 Base 
 
 254 
 
 5101 
 
 Base 
 
 256 
 
 6001 
 
 Base 
 
 150 
 
 313 
 
 2 
 
 5002 
 
 Base 
 
 202 
 
 5102 
 
 Base 
 
 203 
 
 6002 
 
 Base 
 
 150 
 
 313 
 
 3 
 
 5003 
 
 Base 
 
 160 
 
 5103 
 
 Base 
 
 161 
 
 6003 
 
 Base 
 
 150 
 
 313 
 
 4 
 
 5004 
 
 Base 
 
 127 
 
 5104 
 
 Base 
 
 128 
 
 6004 
 
 Base 
 
 150 
 
 313 
 
 5 
 
 5005 
 
 Base 
 
 101 
 
 5105 
 
 Base 
 
 101.5 
 
 6005 
 
 Base 
 
 150 
 
 313 
 
 6 
 
 5006 
 
 Base 
 
 80.1 
 
 5106 
 
 Base 
 
 80.6 
 
 6006 
 
 Base 
 
 150 
 
 313 
 
 7 
 
 5007 
 
 $0.25 
 
 63.6 
 
 5107 
 
 $0.25 
 
 64.1 
 
 6007 
 
 $0.25 
 
 150 
 
 313 
 
 8 
 
 5008 
 
 .50 
 
 50.4 
 
 5108 
 
 .75 
 
 50.9 
 
 6008 
 
 .75 
 
 150 
 
 313 
 
 9 
 
 5009 
 
 .75 
 
 40.1 
 
 5109 
 
 1.25 
 
 40.4 
 
 6009 
 
 1.25 
 
 150 
 
 313 
 
 10 
 
 5010 
 
 1.00 
 
 31.9 
 
 5110 
 
 1.75 
 
 32.1 
 
 6010 
 
 2.00 
 
 150 
 
 313 
 
 11 
 
 5011 
 
 1.50 
 
 25.3 
 
 5111 
 
 2.25 
 
 25.5 
 
 6011 
 
 2.75 
 
 150 
 
 313 
 
 12 
 
 5012 
 
 2.00 
 
 20.1 
 
 5112 
 
 2.75 
 
 20.3 
 
 6012 
 
 3.50 
 
 150 
 
 313 
 
 13 
 
 5013 
 
 2.50 
 
 16 
 
 5113 
 
 3.50 
 
 16.2 
 
 6013 
 
 4.75 
 
 150 
 
 313 
 
 14 
 
 5014 
 
 3.00 
 
 12.7 
 
 5114 
 
 4.25 
 
 12.9 
 
 6014 
 
 6.00 
 
 150 
 
 318 
 
 15 
 
 5015 
 
 3.50 
 
 10.1 
 
 5115 
 
 5.00 
 
 10.3 
 
 6015 
 
 7.25 
 
 150 
 
 313 
 
 16 
 
 5016 
 
 4.00 
 
 7.99 
 
 5116 
 
 5.75 
 
 8.15 
 
 6016 
 
 8.50 
 
 50 
 
 338 
 
 17 
 
 5017 
 
 4.50 
 
 6.36 
 
 5117 
 
 6.75 
 
 6.51 
 
 6017 
 
 10.00 
 
 50 
 
 838 
 
 18 
 
 5018 
 
 5.25 
 
 505 
 
 5118 
 
 7.75 
 
 5.19 
 
 6018 
 
 11.50 
 
 50 
 
 338 
 
 19 
 
 5019 
 
 6.00 
 
 4.04 
 
 5119 
 
 8.75 
 
 4.15 
 
 6019 
 
 13.00 
 
 15 
 
 343 
 
 Fine Sizes Round Magnet Wire 
 
 List Price per Pound 
 
 
 Single Cotton Covered 
 
 Double Cotton Covered 
 
 Triple Cotton 
 Covered 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Approxi- 
 
 
 Size 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mate 
 Quantity 
 
 Number 
 of 
 
 B. & S. 
 
 List 
 
 List 
 Price 
 
 Appro x. 
 Pounds 
 
 List 
 
 List 
 Price 
 
 Appro x. 
 Pounds 
 
 List 
 
 List 
 Price 
 
 on 
 Spools 
 
 Spool 
 
 
 Number 
 
 per 
 Pound 
 
 per 1000 
 Feet 
 
 Number 
 
 per 
 Pound 
 
 per 1000 
 Feet 
 
 Number 
 
 per 
 Pound 
 
 Pounds 
 
 
 20 
 
 5020 
 
 $0.58 
 
 3.22 
 
 5120 
 
 $0.64 
 
 3.33 
 
 6020 
 
 $0.76 
 
 14 
 
 343 
 
 21 
 
 5021 
 
 .60 
 
 2.57 
 
 5121 
 
 .70 
 
 2.66 
 
 6021 
 
 .90 
 
 18J4 
 
 343 
 
 22 
 
 5022 
 
 .62 
 
 2.03 
 
 5122 
 
 .74 
 
 2.12 
 
 6022 
 
 .98 
 
 13 
 
 343 
 
 23 
 
 5023 
 
 .65 
 
 1.68 
 
 5128 
 
 .78 
 
 1.70 
 
 6023 
 
 1.04 
 
 12 
 
 343 
 
 24 
 
 5024 
 
 .68 
 
 1.30 
 
 5124 
 
 .84 
 
 1.37 
 
 6024 
 
 1.16 
 
 11 
 
 343 
 
 25 
 
 5025 
 
 .73 
 
 1.04 
 
 5125 
 
 .92 
 
 1.11 
 
 6025 
 
 1.30 
 
 4^ 
 
 347 
 
 26 
 
 5026 
 
 .80 
 
 .822 
 
 5126 
 
 .00 
 
 .898 
 
 6026 
 
 1.40 
 
 4 
 
 347 
 
 27 
 
 5027 
 
 .86 
 
 .662 
 
 5127 
 
 .10 
 
 .730 
 
 6027 
 
 1.58 
 
 4 
 
 347 
 
 28 
 
 5028 
 
 .92 
 
 .526 
 
 5128 
 
 .20 
 
 .588 
 
 6028 
 
 1.76 
 
 4 
 
 347 
 
 29 
 
 5029 
 
 .98 
 
 .428 
 
 5129 
 
 .30 
 
 .485 
 
 6029 
 
 1.94 
 
 4 
 
 847 
 
 30 
 
 5030 
 
 1.08 
 
 .337 
 
 5130 
 
 .42 
 
 .388 
 
 6030 
 
 2.22 
 
 2 
 
 845 
 
 31 
 
 5031 
 
 1.19 
 
 .274 
 
 5131 
 
 .54 
 
 .318 
 
 6031 
 
 2.38 
 
 2 
 
 345 
 
 32 
 
 5032 
 
 1.27 
 
 .222 
 
 5132 
 
 .64 
 
 .264 
 
 6032 
 
 2.44 
 
 2 
 
 345 
 
 33 
 
 5033 
 
 1.44 
 
 .181 
 
 5133 
 
 .88 
 
 .221 
 
 6033 
 
 2.76 
 
 2 
 
 345 
 
 34 
 
 5034 
 
 1.64 
 
 .148 
 
 5134 
 
 2.20 
 
 .186 
 
 6034 
 
 3.32 
 
 1% 
 
 345 
 
 35 
 
 5035 
 
 1.86 
 
 .122 
 
 5135 
 
 2.50 
 
 .147 
 
 6035 
 
 8.78 
 
 V/2 
 
 345 
 
 36 
 
 5036 
 
 2.12 
 
 .101 
 
 5136 
 
 3.00 
 
 .126 
 
 6036 
 
 4.76 
 
 IX 
 
 845 
 
 37 
 
 5037 
 
 2.70 
 
 .080 
 
 5137 
 
 4.30 
 
 .109 
 
 6087 
 
 7.50 
 
 IK 
 
 345 
 
 38 
 
 5038 
 
 3.60 
 
 .066 
 
 5138 
 
 5.70 
 
 .0884 
 
 6038 
 
 9.90 
 
 1 
 
 345 
 
 39 
 
 5039 
 
 4.70 
 
 .056 
 
 5139 
 
 7.20 
 
 .0762 
 
 6039 
 
 12.20 
 
 1 
 
 345 
 
 40 
 
 5040 
 
 6.00 
 
 .048 
 
 5140 
 
 9.00 
 
 .0665 
 
 6040 
 
 15.00 
 
 1 
 
 345 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 Round Cotton-covered Magnet Wire 
 Coarse Sizes 
 
 Magnet 
 Wire 
 
 
 
 
 
 Single Cotton Covered 
 
 Double Cotton Covered 
 
 
 
 Allowable 
 
 Rated Area 
 
 Approximate Values 
 
 Approximate Values 
 
 Size 
 B &S. 
 
 Diameter 
 Inches 
 
 Variation 
 
 Either Wav 
 in Per Cent. 
 
 in Cir. 
 
 Mils. 
 
 Outside 
 Diameter 
 Inches 
 
 Feet 
 per Pound 
 
 Outside 
 Diameter 
 Inches 
 
 Feet 
 per Pound 
 
 
 
 0.3249 
 
 Kofi 
 
 105,625 
 
 .333 
 
 3.1 
 
 .339 
 
 3.1 
 
 1 
 
 .2893 
 
 Ysof 1 
 
 83,694 
 
 .297 
 
 3.9 
 
 .303 
 
 3.9 
 
 2 
 
 .2576 
 
 Kofi 
 
 66,358 
 
 .266 
 
 5. 
 
 .272 
 
 4.9 
 
 3 
 
 .2294 
 
 3of 1 
 
 52,624 
 
 .237 
 
 6.2 
 
 .243 
 
 6.2 
 
 4 
 
 .2043 
 
 -Kofi 
 
 41,738 
 
 .212 
 
 7.8 
 
 .218 
 
 7.8 
 
 5 
 
 .1819 
 
 Kofi 
 
 33,088 
 
 .190 
 
 9.9 
 
 .196 
 
 9.9 
 
 6 
 
 .1620 
 
 Kofi 
 
 26,244 
 
 .170 
 
 12.5 
 
 .176 
 
 12.4 
 
 7 
 
 .1443 
 
 Kofi 
 
 20,822 
 
 .152 
 
 15.7 
 
 .158 
 
 15.6 
 
 8 
 
 .1285 
 
 1 
 
 16,512 
 
 .136 
 
 19.8 
 
 .142 
 
 19.6 
 
 9 
 
 .1144 
 
 1 
 
 13,087 
 
 .121 
 
 24.9 
 
 .125 
 
 24.7 
 
 10 
 
 .1019 
 
 1 
 
 10,384 
 
 .108 
 
 31.4 
 
 .113 
 
 31.1 
 
 11 
 
 .0907 
 
 1 
 
 8,226 
 
 .097 
 
 39.5 
 
 .102 
 
 39.1 
 
 12 
 
 .0808 
 
 1# 
 
 6.528 
 
 .087 
 
 49.6 
 
 .092 
 
 49.2 
 
 13 
 
 .0720 
 
 ig 
 
 5,184 
 
 .078 
 
 62.5 
 
 .083 
 
 61.7 
 
 14 
 
 .0641 
 
 IK 
 
 4,108 
 
 .070 
 
 78.6 
 
 .075 
 
 77.5 
 
 15 
 
 .0571 
 
 IK 
 
 3,260 
 
 .063 
 
 98.9 
 
 .068 
 
 97 
 
 16 
 
 .0508 
 
 IK 
 
 2,580 
 
 .056 
 
 125 
 
 .060 
 
 122 
 
 17 
 
 .0453 
 
 IK 
 
 2,052 
 
 .050 
 
 157 
 
 .054 
 
 153 
 
 18 
 
 .0403 
 
 IK 
 
 1,624 
 
 .045 
 
 198 
 
 .050 
 
 192 
 
 19 
 
 .0359 
 
 IK 
 
 1,288 
 
 .041 
 
 248 
 
 .045 
 
 240 
 
 Fine Sizes 
 
 
 
 
 
 Single Cotton Covered 
 
 Double Cotton Covered 
 
 0' _ 
 
 
 Allowable 
 
 Rated Area 
 
 Approximate Values 
 
 Approximate Values 
 
 bize 
 B. & S. 
 
 Diameter 
 Inches 
 
 Variation 
 Either Way 
 in Per Cent. 
 
 in Cir. 
 Mils. 
 
 Outside 
 Diameter 
 Inches 
 
 Feet 
 per Pound 
 
 Outside 
 Diameter 
 Inches 
 
 Feet 
 per Pound 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 0.0320 
 .0285 
 
 51 
 
 1,024 
 812.2 
 
 0.0365 
 .0330 
 
 311 
 389 
 
 .0410 
 .0375 
 
 300 
 376 
 
 22 
 
 .0253 
 
 IK 
 
 640.0 
 
 .0298 
 
 492 
 
 .0343 
 
 473 
 
 23 
 
 .0226 
 
 2 
 
 510.7 
 
 .0271 
 
 613 
 
 .0316 
 
 588 
 
 24 
 
 .0201 
 
 2 
 
 404.0 
 
 .0246 
 
 769 
 
 .0291 
 
 729 
 
 25 
 
 .0179 
 
 2 
 
 320.4 
 
 .0224 
 
 961 
 
 .0269 
 
 900 
 
 26 
 
 .0159 
 
 2 
 
 252.8 
 
 .0204 
 
 1217 
 
 .0249 
 
 1114 
 
 27 
 
 .0142 
 
 2 
 
 201.6 
 
 .0187 
 
 1510 
 
 .0232 
 
 1370 
 
 28 
 
 .0126 
 
 2 
 
 158.7 
 
 .0171 
 
 1900 
 
 .0216 
 
 1700 
 
 29 
 
 .0113 
 
 2 
 
 127.6 
 
 .0158 
 
 2336 
 
 .0203 
 
 2060 
 
 30 
 
 .0100 
 
 2 l / 2 
 
 100.0 
 
 .0140 
 
 2967 
 
 .0190 
 
 2611 
 
 31 
 
 .0089 
 
 3 
 
 79.74 
 
 .0129 
 
 3650 
 
 .0179 
 
 3144 
 
 32 
 
 .0080 
 
 3 
 
 63.20 
 
 .0120 
 
 4504 
 
 .0169 
 
 8788 
 
 33 
 
 .0071 
 
 3 
 
 50.13 
 
 .0111 
 
 5525 
 
 .0160 
 
 4520 
 
 34 
 
 .0063 
 
 3K 
 
 39.69 
 
 .0103 
 
 6756 
 
 .0153 
 
 5376 
 
 35 
 
 .0056 
 
 4 
 
 31.47 
 
 .0096 
 
 8197 
 
 .0141 
 
 6803 
 
 36 
 
 .0050 
 
 4K 
 
 25 
 
 .0090 
 
 9901 
 
 .0135 
 
 7937 
 
 37 
 
 .0045 
 
 5 
 
 19.80 
 
 .0084 
 
 12500 
 
 .0129 
 
 9174 
 
 38 
 
 .0040 
 
 6 
 
 15.68 
 
 .0085 
 
 15151 
 
 .0119 
 
 11310 
 
 39 
 
 .0035 
 
 7 
 
 12.46 
 
 .0075 
 
 17857 
 
 .0115 
 
 18120 
 
 40 
 
 .0031 
 
 8 
 
 9.860 
 
 .0071 
 
 20833 
 
 .0111 
 
 15037 
 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Magnet 
 Wire 
 
 Fine Sizes Silk-covered Round Magnet Wire 
 
 List Price per Pound 
 
 
 Single Silk 
 
 Double Silk 
 
 Triple Silk 
 
 
 
 Size 
 
 
 Approx- 
 imate 
 
 List 
 
 
 Approx- 
 imate 
 
 List 
 
 
 List 
 
 Number 
 of 
 Spool 
 
 Two 
 Covers 
 
 B. & S. 
 
 List 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Price 
 
 List 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Price 
 
 List 
 
 Price 
 
 (See 
 
 Silk and 
 
 
 Number 
 
 on 
 Spools 
 
 per 
 Pound 
 
 Number 
 
 on 
 
 Spools 
 
 per 
 Pound 
 
 Number 
 
 per 
 Pound 
 
 Page 50) 
 
 Cotton 
 
 
 
 Pounds 
 
 
 
 Pounds 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 5220 
 
 14 
 
 $0.88 
 
 5320 
 
 13 
 
 $1.12 
 
 6120 
 
 $1.24 
 
 343 
 
 $0.94 
 
 21 
 
 5221 
 
 13K 
 
 .90 
 
 5321 
 
 12 
 
 1.15 
 
 6121 
 
 1.26 
 
 343 
 
 1.00 
 
 22 
 
 5222 
 
 13 
 
 .92 
 
 5322 
 
 11 
 
 1.22 
 
 6122 
 
 1.34 
 
 343 
 
 1.04 
 
 23 
 
 5223 
 
 12 
 
 .96 
 
 5323 
 
 10 
 
 1.28 
 
 6123 
 
 1.44 
 
 343 
 
 1.09 
 
 24 
 
 5224 
 
 11 
 
 1.02 
 
 5324 
 
 9 
 
 1.88 
 
 6124 
 
 1.62 
 
 343 
 
 1.18 
 
 25 
 
 5225 
 
 6 
 
 1.10 
 
 5325 
 
 5 
 
 1.48 
 
 6125 
 
 1.88 
 
 347 
 
 1.29 
 
 26 
 
 5226 
 
 6 
 
 1.20 
 
 5326 
 
 5 
 
 1.65 
 
 6126 
 
 2.10 
 
 347 
 
 1.40 
 
 27 
 
 5227 
 
 5 
 
 1.30 
 
 5327 
 
 4 
 
 1.85 
 
 6127 
 
 2.38 
 
 347 
 
 1.54 
 
 28 
 
 5228 
 
 45* 
 
 1.40 
 
 5328 
 
 4 
 
 2.00 
 
 6128 
 
 2.76 
 
 347 
 
 1.66 
 
 29 
 
 5229 
 
 
 1.53 
 
 5329 
 
 4 
 
 2.22 
 
 6129 
 
 8.40 
 
 847 
 
 1.80 
 
 80 
 
 5230 
 
 2K 
 
 1.70 
 
 5830 
 
 2 
 
 2.56 
 
 6130 
 
 4.48 
 
 345 
 
 2.00 
 
 31 
 
 5231 
 
 2^ 
 
 1.92 
 
 5331 
 
 2 
 
 3.08 
 
 6131 
 
 5.72 
 
 345 
 
 2.18 
 
 32 
 
 5232 
 
 2 
 
 2.16 
 
 5332 
 
 IK 
 
 3.40 
 
 6182 
 
 6.24 
 
 345 
 
 2.38 
 
 38 
 
 5283 
 
 2 
 
 2.46 
 
 5333 
 
 IK 
 
 4.00 
 
 6138 
 
 7.52 
 
 345 
 
 2.68 
 
 34 
 
 5234 
 
 IK 
 
 2.90 
 
 5334 
 
 1J4 
 
 4.60 
 
 6134 
 
 8.72 
 
 345 
 
 3.10 
 
 35 
 
 5235 
 
 iu 
 
 8.38 
 
 5335 
 
 1% 
 
 5.28 
 
 6135 
 
 9.24 
 
 845 
 
 3.52 
 
 36 
 
 5286 
 
 \i/ 2 
 
 3.93 
 
 5336 
 
 \\/ 
 
 5.98 
 
 6136 
 
 10.00 
 
 345 
 
 4.28 
 
 37 
 
 5237 
 
 1 V 
 
 4.66 
 
 5337 
 
 1 
 
 7.37 
 
 6137 
 
 11.40 
 
 345 
 
 5.80 
 
 38 
 
 5238 
 
 \i/ 
 
 5.58 
 
 5338 
 
 1 
 
 8.43 
 
 6138 
 
 12.40 
 
 345 
 
 7.00 
 
 39 
 
 5239 
 
 1 
 
 6.76 
 
 5839 
 
 K 
 
 9.75 
 
 6139 
 
 14.60 
 
 345 
 
 8.70 
 
 40 
 
 5240 
 
 1 
 
 8.14 
 
 5340 
 
 B 
 
 11.53 
 
 6140 
 
 16.40 
 
 345 
 
 11.00 
 
 Properties of Fine Sizes Silk-covered Round Magnet Wire 
 
 
 
 
 Single Silk 
 
 Double Silk 
 
 Size 
 B.& S. 
 
 Diameter 
 Inches 
 
 Area 
 
 Cir. Mils. 
 
 Maximum 
 Outside 
 
 Approxi- 
 mate 
 
 Approxi- 
 mate 
 
 Maximum 
 Outside 
 
 Approxi- 
 mate 
 
 Approxi- 
 mate 
 
 
 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Feet per 
 
 Pounds per 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Feet per 
 
 Pounds per 
 
 
 
 
 Inches 
 
 Pound 
 
 1000 Feet 
 
 Inches 
 
 Pound 
 
 1000 Feet 
 
 20 
 
 .0820 
 
 1,024 
 
 .0340 
 
 316 
 
 3.160 
 
 .0360 
 
 313 
 
 3.190 
 
 21 
 
 .0285 
 
 812.2 
 
 .0305 
 
 398 
 
 2.510 
 
 .0325 
 
 393 
 
 2.543 
 
 22 
 
 .0253 
 
 640.0 
 
 .0273 
 
 502 
 
 1.990 
 
 .0293 
 
 492 
 
 2.013 
 
 23 
 
 .0226 
 
 510.7 
 
 .0246 632 
 
 1.581 
 
 .0266 
 
 623 1.604 
 
 24 
 
 .0201 
 
 404 
 
 .0221 796 
 
 1.257 
 
 .0241 
 
 781 1.280 
 
 25 
 
 .0179 
 
 320.4 
 
 .0199 1000 
 
 1.000 
 
 .0219 
 
 977 1.023 
 
 26 
 
 .0159 
 
 252.8 
 
 .0179 1258 .794 
 
 .0199 
 
 1233 .811 
 
 27 
 
 .0142 
 
 201.6 
 
 .0162 
 
 1569 .637 
 
 .0182 
 
 1531 .653 
 
 28 
 
 .0126 
 
 158.7 
 
 .0146 
 
 1996 .501 
 
 .0166 
 
 1934 .517 
 
 29 
 
 .0118 
 
 127.6 
 
 .0138 
 
 2463 .406 
 
 .0153 
 
 2380 .420 
 
 30 
 
 .0100 
 
 100.0 
 
 .0120 
 
 3125 
 
 .320 
 
 .0140 
 
 3003 
 
 .833 
 
 31 
 
 .0089 
 
 79.70 
 
 .0109 
 
 3906 
 
 .256 
 
 .0129 
 
 8731 
 
 .268 
 
 32 
 
 .0080 
 
 63.20 
 
 .0100 
 
 4878 
 
 .205 
 
 .0120 
 
 4651 .215 
 
 83 
 
 .0071 
 
 50.13 
 
 .0091 
 
 6060 
 
 .165 
 
 .0111 
 
 5714 .175 
 
 34 
 
 ,0068 
 
 39.69 
 
 .0083 
 
 7575 
 
 .132 
 
 .0103 
 
 7092 .141 
 
 35 
 
 .0056 
 
 31.47 
 
 .0076 
 
 9433 
 
 .106 
 
 .0096 
 
 8695 .115 
 
 36 
 
 .0050 
 
 25 
 
 .0070 
 
 11627 
 
 .086 
 
 .0090 
 
 10637 .094 
 
 87 
 
 .0045 
 
 19.80 
 
 .0065 
 
 14492 
 
 .069 
 
 .0085 
 
 12987 
 
 .077 
 
 38 
 
 .0040 
 
 15.68 
 
 .0060 
 
 17857 
 
 .056 
 
 .0080 
 
 15625 
 
 .064 
 
 89 
 
 .0035 
 
 12.46 
 
 .0055 
 
 22222 
 
 .045 
 
 .0075 
 
 18518 
 
 .054 
 
 40 
 
 .0031 
 
 9.860 
 
 .0051 
 
 27027 
 
 .037 
 
 .0071 
 
 22222 
 
 .045 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 8'. 
 
 Asbestos and Single Cotton-covered 
 
 Round Asbestos and S. C. C. Magnet Wire 
 
 Order by List Numbers 
 
 Magnet 
 Wire 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Round 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Round 
 
 Asbestos and 
 
 
 Size 
 B. & S. 
 
 List 
 Number 
 for Asbestos 
 and Single 
 Cotton Cover 
 
 Approximate 
 Pounds 
 per 1000 
 Feet 
 
 Approximate 
 Diameter 
 Over 
 Insulation 
 Inches 
 
 Approximate 
 Quantity 
 on Reels 
 Pounds 
 
 Asbestos and 
 Single Cotton 
 Covered 
 Advances 
 Over Base 
 
 100 Pounds 
 
 Double 
 Cotton 
 Covered 
 Advances 
 Over Base 
 
 100 Pounds 
 
 Shipped 
 on 
 Reels 
 Number 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Special 
 
 
 0000 
 
 5440 
 
 
 .482 
 
 150 
 
 Base 
 
 Base 
 
 321 
 
 000 
 
 5430 
 
 
 .432 
 
 150 
 
 Base 
 
 Base 
 
 321 
 
 00 
 
 5420 
 
 
 .387 
 
 150 
 
 Base 
 
 Base 
 
 321 
 
 
 
 5400 
 
 325 
 
 .347 
 
 150 
 
 Base 
 
 Base 
 
 321 
 
 1 
 
 5401 
 
 258 
 
 .311 
 
 150 
 
 Base 
 
 Base 
 
 313 
 
 2 
 
 5402 
 
 205 
 
 .280 
 
 150 
 
 Base 
 
 Base 
 
 313 
 
 3 
 
 5403 
 
 163 
 
 .251 
 
 150 
 
 Base 
 
 Base 
 
 313 
 
 4 
 
 5404 
 
 130 
 
 .226 
 
 150 
 
 Base 
 
 Base 
 
 313 
 
 5 
 
 5405 
 
 103 
 
 .204 
 
 150 
 
 Base 
 
 Base 
 
 313 
 
 6 
 
 5406 
 
 82 .184 
 
 150 
 
 Base 
 
 Base 
 
 313 
 
 7 
 
 5407 
 
 66 .166 
 
 150 
 
 $0.25 
 
 $0.25 
 
 313 
 
 8 
 
 5408 
 
 52 
 
 .150 
 
 150 
 
 .75 
 
 .75 
 
 313 
 
 9 
 
 5409 
 
 42 
 
 .136 
 
 150 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.25 
 
 313 
 
 A very thin asbestos tape is first applied to the wire. This tape is strong and 
 flexible and uniform in texture. It serves as an excellent fire protection. Over 
 this asbestos is wound one or sometimes two covers of cotton. This magnet wire 
 is used largely for railway motor purposes. 
 
 For information regarding reels, see page 50. 
 
 Rectangular Magnet Wire 
 
 Double Cotton-covered 
 
90 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Magnet 
 Wire 
 
 Rectangular Magnet Wire Continued 
 
 Size 
 Square Mils 
 
 Advances per 
 100 Pounds 
 
 Size 
 Square Mils 
 
 Advances per 
 100 Pounds 
 
 Size 
 Square Mils 
 
 Advances per 
 100 Pounds 
 
 30,001 and over 
 
 Base 
 
 8,001 to 9,000 
 
 $4.75 
 
 2,501 to 3,000 
 
 $1(5.75 
 
 25,001 to 30,000 
 
 $0.25 
 
 7,001 to 8,000 
 
 5.75 
 
 2,001 to 2,500 
 
 21.75 
 
 20.001 to 25,000 
 
 .75 
 
 6,001 to 7,000 
 
 6.75 
 
 1,501 to 2,000 
 
 28.75 
 
 15,001 to 20,000 
 
 1.75 
 
 5,001 to 6,000 
 
 8.75 
 
 1,001 to 1,500 
 
 43.75 
 
 10,001 to 15,000 
 
 2.75 
 
 4,001 to 5.000 
 
 10.75 
 
 501 to 1,000 
 
 63.75 
 
 9,001 to 10,000 
 
 3.75 
 
 3,001 to 4,000 
 
 13.75 
 
 500 and under 
 
 88.75 
 
 To obtain size in square mils, when width and thickness are given, multiply the 
 dimensions in mils. 
 
 Example. 340 mils wide X 40 mils thick =13, 600 square mils. Circ. mils is 
 obtained by dividing square mils by 0.7854. 
 
 Square Magnet Wire 
 
 f 
 
 Square Magnet Wire D. C. C. 
 Order by List Numbers 
 
 Size 
 B. & S. 
 
 List 
 Number 
 
 Approximate 
 Radius of 
 Corners 
 Inches 
 
 Approximate 
 Diameter 
 Over 
 Insulation 
 Double 
 Cotton 
 Covered 
 
 Approximate 
 Quantity 
 on Reel 
 Pounds 
 
 Square 
 Double 
 Cotton 
 Covered 
 Advances 
 Over Base per 
 100 Pounds 
 
 Square 
 Triple 
 Cotton 
 Covered 
 Advances 
 Over Base per 
 100 Pounds 
 
 Shipped 
 on 
 Reel 
 Number 
 
 0000 
 
 5540 
 
 ! 
 
 .481 
 
 150 
 
 Base 
 
 Base 
 
 321 
 
 000 
 
 5530 
 
 X 
 
 .431 
 
 150 
 
 Base 
 
 Base 
 
 321 
 
 00 
 
 5520 
 
 X 
 
 .386 
 
 150 
 
 Base 
 
 Base 
 
 321 
 
 
 
 5500 
 
 X 
 
 .346 
 
 150 
 
 Base 
 
 Base 
 
 321 
 
 1 
 
 5501 
 
 In 
 
 .310 
 
 150 
 
 Base 
 
 Base 
 
 813 
 
 2 
 
 5502 
 
 
 .279 
 
 150 
 
 Base 
 
 Base 
 
 313 
 
 3 
 
 5503 
 
 I 
 
 .250 
 
 150 
 
 Base 
 
 Base 
 
 313 
 
 4 
 
 5504 
 
 B 3 ! 
 
 .225 
 
 150 
 
 Base 
 
 Base 
 
 813 
 
 5 
 
 5505 
 
 6 
 
 .200 
 
 150 
 
 Base 
 
 Base 
 
 313 
 
 6 
 
 5506 
 
 V 
 
 .180 
 
 150 
 
 $0.25 
 
 $0.25 
 
 313 
 
 7 
 
 5507 
 
 A 
 
 .163 
 
 150 
 
 .75 
 
 .75 
 
 313 
 
 8 
 
 5508 
 
 *\ 
 
 .146 
 
 150 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.25 
 
 313 
 
 9 
 
 5509 
 
 .02 
 
 .130 
 
 150 
 
 1.75 
 
 2.00 
 
 313 
 
 10 
 
 5510 
 
 .02 
 
 .117 
 
 150 
 
 2.25 
 
 2.75 
 
 313 
 
 11 
 
 5511 
 
 .02 
 
 .106 
 
 150 
 
 2.75 
 
 3.50 
 
 313 
 
 12 
 
 5512 
 
 .02 
 
 .096 
 
 150 
 
 4.00 
 
 5.25 
 
 313 
 
 18 
 
 5513 
 
 .02 
 
 .087 
 
 150 
 
 4.75 
 
 6.50 
 
 313 
 
 Each side measures the same as the diameter of round wire of corresponding 
 gauge number. 
 
 Copper 98 per cent, conductivity and annealed extremely soft. Used largely 
 in street railway motors. Full dimensions of reels given on page 50. 
 
LECTRICAL 
 
 W I R E 
 
 AND 
 
 C ABLE 
 
 Paper-covered Magnet Wire 
 
 To reduce the amount of space taken up by the insulation of double cotton- 
 covered magnet wire, we have perfected machinery for covering wire with a very 
 thin paper insulation. The space required by this paper insulation is less than half 
 that required for a double cotton covering, thus allowing more ampere turns in a 
 given space. The paper remains in place when the wire is bent to a short radius 
 and does not readily carbonize. 
 
 Magnet 
 Wire 
 
 Paper-covered Magnet Wire 
 
 The very best grade of manila rope paper is used, containing no particles of 
 iron or wood pulp and no trace of alkali or acid. Cheap paper means low dielectric 
 strength and rapid deterioration due to the presence of chemicals in the paper. 
 
 This makes a very fine magnet cover, and paper covered magnet wire is used in 
 large quantities for various purposes. 
 
 Special Magnet Wire 
 
 We are well prepared to supply special magnet wire that may be required for 
 any unusual purpose. We mention here only a few of such types which we make. 
 
 Round duplex magnet wire in which both conductors either bare or insulated , 
 are laid parallel and covered with one, two or three coverings of silk or cotton. 
 
 Magnet wire also furnished with stranded conductor, if desired. 
 
 We supply tinned magnet wire in any shape. 
 
 We solicit your correspondence and shall be pleased to quote you on magnet 
 wire made to any of the above special requirements. Special attention given to the 
 manufacture of magnet wire to the customers' own specifications. 
 
 Specifications for Cotton-covered Magnet Wire 
 
 ANNEALING. All wire must be thoroughly and uniformly annealed, so as to show 
 the following characteristics on tensile test. 
 
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. The wire must be clean and free from all roughness, 
 cracks and laminations, due to making joints or other causes. 
 
 Diameter of Wire 
 
 Ultimate Tensile Strength 
 per Square Inch 
 Pounds 
 
 Elongation in 10 Inches 
 Per Cent. 
 
 .0179 inch and smaller 
 Larger than .0179 inch and smaller than .0508 inch 
 .0503 inch and larger 
 
 Not more than 38,000 
 Not more than 36,000 
 
 Not less than 25 
 Not less than 30 
 Not less than 32 
 
92 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Magnet CONDUCTIVITY. The conductivity of the copper used must not be less than 98 
 
 Wire per cent., 100 per cent, conductivity being based on copper having a resistance of 
 9.59 ohms per circular mil-foot at O C. 
 
 INSULATION. The insulation wrappings shall consist of a good quality of cotton 
 yarn. These wrappings must be firmly applied, and free from "skips," and must 
 form a smooth, continuous and uniform insulation at all points on the wire. Suc- 
 cessive layers to be wound in opposite directions. 
 
 VARIATION IN DIMENSIONS. Bare copper wire must not vary either way from the 
 diameter specified, in excess of the amounts tabulated on page 24. 
 
 INSULATION. The insulated diameter of the wire must not be greater than that 
 given in the table for cotton-covered wire, page 87. 
 
 JOINTS. It is preferred that all wires be furnished in continuous lengths, free 
 from joints ; any necessary joints must be so made that the wire at these points is 
 identical in strength, softness and dimensions with the rest of the wire. 
 
Annunciator and Office Wire 
 
94 
 
 A M K R I C A N 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 C O M P A N 
 
 Annunciator 
 and Office 
 Wire 
 
 Annunciator Wire 
 
 This wire as its name implies, is used in primary battery circuits, for call bell 
 or annunciator wiring in hotels, offices or houses. Commercially pure, soft copper 
 wire varying in size from No. 14 B. & S. to No. 22 B. & S. is used. This is insulated 
 with two firm winds of cotton, applied in opposite directions and saturated with 
 our specially prepared paraffine wax compound. The outside wrap is made of any 
 color or combination of colors, the most common being bright and fast red or blue 
 with white. This wire is put up on spools weighing about seven pounds net. 
 
 Annunciator Wire 
 
 Order bv List Number 
 
 Size 
 
 List 
 
 Advance 
 over Base 
 
 Approximate 
 Length 
 
 Size 
 
 List 
 
 Advance 
 over Base 
 
 Approximate 
 Length 
 
 B. & S. 
 
 Number 
 
 per 
 100 Pounds 
 
 in One Pound 
 Feet 
 
 B. & S. 
 
 Number 
 
 per 
 100 Pounds 
 
 in One Pound 
 Feet 
 
 14 
 
 3114 
 
 $3.00 
 
 67 
 
 20 
 
 3120 
 
 $6.00 
 
 221 
 
 16 
 
 3116 
 
 4.00 
 
 101 
 
 22 
 
 3122 
 
 8.00 
 
 311 
 
 18 
 
 8118 
 
 5.00 
 
 155 
 
 
 
 
 
 " Black Core " or " Damp-proof " Annunciator Wire 
 
 Finished in colors as above, shipped on spools of about seven pounds net. This 
 wire is made with the inside wind saturated with our Weatherproof Compound. 
 This permits its use in damp places. The outside wind of cotton which is made in 
 colors is saturated with our special paraffine wax compound, and finished so as to 
 present a smooth and highly polished surface, that will not catch dust. 
 
 Order by List Number 
 
 Size 
 B. & S. 
 
 List 
 Number 
 
 Advance 
 over Base 
 
 100 Pounds 
 
 Approximate 
 Length 
 in One Pound 
 Feet 
 
 Size 
 B. & S. 
 
 List 
 Number 
 
 Advance 
 over Base 
 
 100 Pounds 
 
 Approximate 
 Length 
 in One Pound 
 Feet 
 
 14 
 
 3214 
 
 $3.00 
 
 60 
 
 20 
 
 3220 
 
 $6.00 
 
 200 
 
 16 
 
 3216 
 
 4.00 
 
 90 
 
 22 
 
 3222 
 
 8.00 
 
 280 
 
 18 
 
 3218 
 
 5.00 
 
 130 
 
 
 
 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 Office Wire 
 
 Our standard grade of office wire consists of a copper conductor, in size varying 
 from 14 B. & S. to 20 B. & S., insulated with one wind and one braid of cotton both of 
 which are applied tight and even. These two cotton covers are thoroughly saturated 
 with our special paraffine wax compound. The outer braid is given a high polish 
 and is made in any color or combination of colors specified. The standard colors are 
 red and white or blue and white. This wire is put up in coils of about 20 pounds. 
 It is used largely by telephone and telegraph companies for inside wiring, extending 
 from the instruments to the junction where they connect with the outside wires and 
 cables as they enter a building. The wire is also used as a high grade bell and 
 annunciator wire. 
 
 Annunciator 
 
 and Office 
 
 Wire 
 
 
 Office Wire 
 
 Order bv List Numbers 
 
 Size 
 B. & S. 
 
 List 
 Number 
 
 Advance 
 over Base 
 per 
 100 Pounds 
 
 Approximate 
 Length in 
 One Pound 
 Feet 
 
 Size 
 B. & S. 
 
 List 
 Number 
 
 Advance 
 over Base 
 
 100 Pounds 
 
 Approximate 
 Length in 
 One Pound 
 Feet 
 
 14 
 16 
 
 3314 
 3316 
 
 $3.00 
 4. DO 
 
 56 
 
 80 
 
 18 
 20 
 
 3318 
 3320 
 
 $5.00 
 6.00 
 
 115 
 
 154 
 
 "Black Core" or "Damp-proof" Office Wire 
 
 Black Core" Office Wire 
 
 Order by List Numbers 
 
 Size 
 B. & S. 
 
 List 
 Number 
 
 Advance 
 over Base 
 per 
 100 Pounds 
 
 Approximate 
 Length in 
 One Pound 
 Feet 
 
 Size 
 B. & S. 
 
 List 
 Number 
 
 Advance 
 over Base 
 per 
 100 Pounds 
 
 Approximate 
 Length in 
 One Pound 
 Feet 
 
 14 
 16 
 
 3414 
 3416 
 
 $3.00 
 4.00 
 
 53 
 
 72 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 3418 
 3420 
 
 $5.00 
 6.00 
 
 98 
 135 
 
 Damp-proof office wire has two inside cotton winds applied in opposite 
 directions which are thoroughly impregnated with black weatherproof compound. 
 The outside braid is finished as described above for the regular office wire. This 
 wire is used where a higher grade of insulation is required. It is packed the same 
 as regular office wire. 
 
96 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Annunciator 
 and Office 
 Wire 
 
 Special Annunciator and Office Wire 
 
 We are prepared to furnish such special kinds of annunciator or office wire as 
 may be specified. 
 
 While we have mentioned standard sizes, we can furnish conductors of other 
 sizes, either solid or stranded. Untinned copper wire is used in our regular product, 
 but tinned wire will be furnished if required. 
 
 Annunciator and office wire can be shipped in special sized packages, ranging 
 from a half-pound to five pounds or over, as may be required, or in coils of specified 
 weights, in cartons, or wrapped in paper and packed in boxes or barrels. 
 
 Multiple Conductors 
 
 We can supply any of these insulated wires, two in parallel or twisted in pairs, 
 in three-conductor cables or in cables having any number of conductors. Same 
 can be covered with one or more braids or with tape and braid and finished in any 
 manner specified. 
 
 Annunciator Wire 
 
 Made in any color or combination of colors. Placed on spools containing 
 about seven pounds net 
 
Reliance Weatherproof 
 and Slow Burning 
 Wires and Cables 
 
 Copper and Iron 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Reliance 
 Weather- 
 proof and 
 Slow Burn- 
 ing Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Weatherproof Wires and Cables 
 
 There is a large demand for electrical wires and^cables having a moderate degree 
 of insulation and which are less expensive than rubber insulated conductors. For 
 outdoor service our double and triple braid "Reliance" Weatherproof wire meets 
 these requirements in every particular, while for indoor purposes we offer a superior 
 grade of Slow Burning wire. We make wires and cables in strict accordance 
 
 Reliance Weatherproof Feeder Cables 
 
 Stranded Copper Conductor Triple Braid Black Finish 
 
 with all the requirements of the National Board of Fire Underwriters, the sizes vary- 
 ing from No. 20 B. & S. to the largest feeder cables used. Sizes 4/0 B. & S. and 
 smaller are usually made of solid wires, while larger sizes have stranded conductors. 
 
 Unless hard drawn copper be specified, wires of the purest grade of annealed 
 copper, uniform in softness and having a minimum conductivity of 98 per cent. 
 Matthiessen's standard will be used. All the wire used, whether copper or iron, is 
 uniform in section and free from surface imperfections. Complete information 
 regarding the dimensions and properties of bare copper wire will be found on pages 
 14 and 25, while iron wire will be found fully described on pages 71 to 74. 
 
 The insulating material on this class of wire, as will be more fully described 
 below, consists of two or three covers of closely braided fibrous yarn, thoroughly 
 saturated with weatherproof or slow-burning compounds. To combine the three 
 elements, the wire, the braided coverings and the saturating compound so as to 
 produce wires and cables perfectly uniform in weight throughout all portions, would 
 require many refinements which would make the cost prohibitive. In practice it is 
 reasonable and to the advantage of both consumer and manufacturer to allow a vari- 
 ation in weight of approximately 3 per cent, from the tabulated data of weights. 
 
 While the National Board of Fire Underwriters specify that the insulation of 
 this class of wire must consist of at least three braids, there are many conditions in 
 which a wire having a good quality of two-braid insulation can be used to advantage. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 9'.) 
 
 Reliance Weatherproof Insulation. 
 The wires are first covered by two or three 
 closely and evenly woven braids of strong 
 fibrous material, after which they are placed 
 in a hot bath of weatherproof insulating 
 compound. They remain in this bath long 
 enough to completely and thoroughly satu- 
 rate the fibrous insulation. After thoroughly 
 drying, the wire then receives a dressing of 
 mineral wax, after which the surface is 
 thoroughly burnished and polished, reduc- 
 ing to a minimum trouble from sleet and 
 ice. The superior grade of compounds 
 used in our Reliance Weatherproof insula- 
 tion for wires and cables imparts a high 
 degree of dielectric strength, and overcomes 
 the destructive action of the elements. 
 This insulation is firm, durable and tough 
 and possesses great mechanical strength, 
 which enables it to withstand pressure and 
 mechanical abrasion. The compounds con- 
 tain no solvents which subsequently evap- 
 orate, leaving the compound to dry and fall 
 out, thus destroying the insulation. They 
 will withstand all ordinary climatic condi- 
 tions. This wire is for use outdoors where 
 moisture is certain and where fireproof 
 qualities are not necessary. Also where, 
 on account of small separation, bare wires 
 would be liable to swing into contact with 
 each other or with other low tension cables. 
 
 Reliance 
 Weather, 
 proof and 
 
 Slow Burn- 
 ing Wires 
 
 and Cables 
 
 Braiding Machine 
 
 Extracts from the National Board of Fire Underwriters' Rules (1909) 
 
 44. Weatherproof Wire. 
 
 a. The insulating covering shall consist of at least three braids, all of 
 which must be thoroughly saturated with a dense moisture-proof compound, 
 applied in such a manner as to drive any atmospheric moisture from the 
 cotton braiding, thereby securing a covering to a great degree waterproof 
 and of high insulating power. This compound must retain its elasticity at 
 degrees Fahr. (minus 18 degrees Cent.) and must not drip at 160 degrees 
 Fahr. (71 degrees Cent. ). The thickness of insulation must not be less than 
 that given in the table page 100, and the outer surface must be thoroughly 
 slicked down. 
 
100 
 
 AMERICA 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Reliance 
 Weather- 
 proof and 
 Slow Burn- 
 ing Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 I 
 
 3.S 
 
 1C 1C 1C W5 < 
 
 TO 5? 5? 5s ' 
 
 Cfl t/5 5 t/3 t/3 
 
 fo'o'c'o'o 
 OOOOO 
 
 i-r^r^-Tof of so ic -. 
 
 .=1 
 
 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 'i.y 
 
 f M 51 I-H -T-I 1-1 
 
 K M M ffl P2 PC CQ M M D5 .^ < 
 
 
 
 > 8 o~ ( 
 
 ll 
 
 
 Ill 
 
 u 
 
 tCtCICiCt 
 
 5? io 5? 5? e 
 
 ^ ,2,^2 
 g 
 
 
 8S88SSSSSSS88888S 
 
 
 TH i-i T- 
 
 o T-I 01 co ~f i 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 W I R K S 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 - ~ 
 'x^/c 
 
 
 
 SSS^SSw-S 
 
 
 
 
 3888j,88||8 : 
 
 11- 
 
 If3 rH oc4x;Z 
 
 TO TH CX xi- ?C 
 
 
 > TH co m t- 
 
 
 a*offlinc:r-ic<j<N:cioeoi-i>-no' 
 
 ^^^^ = Si;^s^^n:2; 
 
 OO 
 
 2 o o o c 
 
 
 
 s. 
 
 si 
 
 
 00 c 
 
 III 
 
 ' 
 
 
 Is? 
 
102 A 
 
 <R ! C A Jffl u C $- E EL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Reliance 
 Weather- 
 proof and 
 Slow Burn- 
 ing Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Data Concerning Solid Copper Weatherproof Coils 
 
 Size 
 B.&S. 
 
 Approximate Weight 
 per Coil, Pounds 
 
 Approximate 
 Outside 
 Diameter 
 of Coil 
 Inches 
 
 Approx. 
 Diameter 
 of Eye 
 of Coil 
 Inches 
 
 Approx. 
 Thickness 
 of Coil 
 Inches 
 
 Covering 
 of Coil 
 
 How 
 Shipped 
 
 2 Braids 
 
 3 Braids 
 
 0000 
 
 360 
 
 383 
 
 30 to 34 
 
 19 
 
 7J^ 
 
 
 
 000 
 
 352 
 
 377 
 
 30 to 34 
 
 19 
 
 7^ 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 326 
 
 350 
 
 30 to 34 
 
 19 
 
 7i/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 301 
 
 325 
 
 30 to 34 
 
 19 
 
 7^ 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 294 
 310 
 
 316 
 338 
 
 30 to 34 
 30 to 34 
 
 19 
 19 
 
 7^ 
 
 Paper 
 and 
 
 Loose 
 
 f*r\i lo 
 
 3 
 
 305 
 
 330 
 
 30 to 34 
 
 19 
 
 7^ 
 
 Burlap 
 
 V_/O11.S 
 
 4 
 
 317 
 
 344 
 
 30 to 34 
 
 19 
 
 71^ 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 317 
 
 350 
 
 30 to 34 
 
 19 
 
 7^ 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 820 
 
 180 
 
 30 to 34 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 171 
 
 195 
 
 30 to 34 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 18 to 20 
 
 12 
 
 5 "I 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 18 to 20 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 
 Coils 
 
 14 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 18 to 20 
 
 12 
 
 5 \ 
 
 Paper 
 
 Packed in 
 
 16 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 18 to 20 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 
 Barrels 
 
 18 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 18 to 30 
 
 12 
 
 5 J 
 
 
 
 Reliance Weatherproof Iron Wire 
 
 Double Braid 
 
 Order by List Numbers Prices Quoted on Application 
 
 
 List Numbers 
 
 
 
 Size 
 B. W. G. 
 
 
 Approximate 
 Weights per Mile 
 Pounds 
 
 Approximate 
 Length of Coil 
 Feet 
 
 B. B. 
 
 Extra B. B. 
 
 
 Extra Galvanized 
 
 Extra Galvanized 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2704 
 
 2804 
 
 860 
 
 1320 
 
 6 
 
 2706 
 
 2806 
 
 665 
 
 1760 
 
 8 
 
 2708 
 
 2808 
 
 470 
 
 2640 
 
 9 
 
 2709 
 
 2809 
 
 400 
 
 2640 
 
 10 
 
 2710 
 
 2810 
 
 350 
 
 2640 
 
 12 
 
 2712 
 
 2812 
 
 225 
 
 2640 
 
 14 
 
 2714 
 
 2814 
 
 145 
 
 2640 
 
 16 
 
 2716 
 
 2816 
 
 100 
 
 5280 
 
 18 
 
 2718 
 
 2818 
 
 65 
 
 5280 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 
 
 Reliance Weatherproof Iron Wire 
 
 Reliance 
 Weather- 
 proof and 
 
 Slow Burn- 
 ing Wires 
 
 and Cables 
 
 
 Triple Braid 
 Order by List Numbers 
 
 
 List Numbers 
 
 
 
 Size 
 B. W. G. 
 
 
 Approximate 
 Weights per Mile 
 Pounds 
 
 Approximate 
 Length of Coil 
 Feet 
 
 B. B. 
 
 Extra B. B. 
 
 
 Extra Galvanized 
 
 Extra Galvanized 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2904 
 
 3004 
 
 940 
 
 1320 
 
 6 
 
 2906 
 
 3006 
 
 740 
 
 1760 
 
 8 
 
 2908 
 
 3008 
 
 525 
 
 2640 
 
 9 
 
 2909 
 
 8009 
 
 450 
 
 2640 
 
 10 
 
 2910 
 
 3010 
 
 400 
 
 2640 
 
 12 
 
 2912 
 
 3012 
 
 260 
 
 2640 
 
 14 
 
 2914 
 
 3014 
 
 175 
 
 2640 
 
 16 
 
 2916 
 
 3016 
 
 125 
 
 5280 
 
 18 
 
 2918 
 
 3018 
 
 85 
 
 5280 
 
 USES. For fire alarm, telephone, telegraph and burglar alarm construction, 
 where danger of short circuits with other wires or trees exists. 
 
 Data Concerning Weatherproof Iron Wire Coils 
 
 Size 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Approximate 
 Weight per Coil 
 Pounds 
 
 Approx. 
 Outside 
 Diameter 
 
 nf Pnil 
 
 Approx. 
 Diameter 
 of Eye of 
 
 Tnil 
 
 Approximate 
 Thickness of Coil 
 Inches 
 
 Covering 
 of 
 Coil 
 
 How 
 
 Shipped 
 
 Approx. 
 Length 
 in a Coil 
 
 
 2 Braids 
 
 3 Braids 
 
 Inches 
 
 Inches 
 
 2 Braids 
 
 3 Braids 
 
 
 
 Feet 
 
 6 
 
 222 
 
 247 
 
 30 to 34 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 7^ 
 
 1 { 
 
 
 1760 
 
 8 
 
 235 
 
 263 
 
 30 to 34 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 7/^ 
 
 i 
 
 
 2640 
 
 9 
 
 200 
 
 225 
 
 30 to 34 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 71^ 
 
 1 Pa P? r I 
 
 Loose 
 
 2640 
 
 10 
 12 
 
 175 
 113 
 
 200 
 180 
 
 30 to 34 
 30 to 84 
 
 19 
 19 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 ?! 
 
 1 Burlap I 
 
 Coils 
 
 2640 
 2640 
 
 14 
 
 78 
 
 87 
 
 22 to 24 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 J ( 
 
 
 2640 
 
104 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Reliance Slow Burning Wires and Cables 
 
 This, as its name implies, has an insulation that will not carry flame. It is 
 especially useful in hot, dry places where ordinary insulations would perish, and 
 where wires are brought together, as on the back of a large switchboard or in a wire 
 tower, where the accumulation of rubber or weatherproof insulations would result 
 in an objectionably large mass of highly inflammable material. 
 
 This wire is made in strict accordance with the requirements of the National 
 Board of Fire Underwriters in all respects. 
 
 The insulation is somewhat similar to that on the old so-called " Underwriters" 
 wire. Each insulating braid is completely saturated with our white slow burning 
 compound, and the outside is thoroughly slicked down and given a hard, smooth, 
 white surface. 
 
 Solid Conductor Triple Braid White Finish 
 
 National Electrical Code Standard 
 
 Order by List Numbers Prices Quoted on Application 
 
 
 Stranded 
 
 Solid 
 
 
 
 *Size 
 
 List 
 Number 
 
 Advance 
 Over 
 Base 
 per 100 
 Pounds 
 
 Approx. Weights 
 
 List 
 Number 
 
 Advance 
 Over 
 Base 
 per 100 
 Pounds 
 
 Approx. Weights 
 
 Standard 
 Packages 
 Approx. 
 Amounts 
 Feet 
 
 Shipped 
 on Reel 
 Number 
 
 (See 
 Page 50) 
 
 Pounds 
 1000 e Feet 
 
 Pounds 
 per 
 Mile 
 
 Pounds 
 per 
 1000 Feet 
 
 Pounds 
 per 
 Mile 
 
 2000000 
 
 2400A 
 
 $0.75 
 
 7540 
 
 39800 
 
 
 
 
 
 600 
 
 
 1750000 
 
 2401 A 
 
 .75 
 
 6700 
 
 35400 
 
 
 
 
 
 700 
 
 
 1500'iOQ 
 
 2402A 
 
 .75 
 
 5830 
 
 30800 
 
 
 
 
 
 850 
 
 
 1250000 
 
 2403 A 
 
 .75 
 
 4940 
 
 26100 
 
 
 
 
 
 1000 
 
 
 10 A 0000 
 
 2404A 
 
 .75 
 
 3980 
 
 21000 
 
 
 
 
 
 1320 
 
 324 
 
 900 '00 
 
 2406 A 
 
 .75 
 
 3640 
 
 19200 
 
 
 
 
 
 1320 
 
 324 
 
 800000 
 
 2408A 
 
 .75 
 
 3280 
 
 17300 
 
 
 
 
 
 1320 
 
 324 
 
 700' '00 
 
 2410 A 
 
 .75 
 
 2920 
 
 15400 
 
 
 
 
 
 1320 
 
 333 
 
 60000') 
 
 2412 A 
 
 1.00 
 
 2460 
 
 13000 
 
 
 
 
 
 1320 
 
 333 
 
 30"000 
 
 2414A 
 
 .75 
 
 2080 
 
 11000 
 
 
 
 
 
 1320 
 
 333 
 
 450000 
 
 2415 A 
 
 .75 
 
 1900 
 
 10000 
 
 
 
 
 
 1320 
 
 333 
 
 400000 
 
 2416A 
 
 .75 
 
 1700 
 
 9000 
 
 
 
 
 
 1320 
 
 333 
 
 350000 
 
 2417A 
 
 1.00 
 
 1500 
 
 7900 
 
 
 
 
 
 2640 
 
 383 
 
 300010 
 
 2418A 
 
 .75 
 
 1310 
 
 6900 
 
 
 
 
 
 2640 
 
 333 
 
 250000 
 
 2419A 
 
 .75 
 
 1120 
 
 5900 
 
 
 
 
 
 2640 
 
 333 
 
 0000 
 
 2640 
 
 .75 
 
 960 
 
 5070 
 
 2440 
 
 $0.50 
 
 925 
 
 4890 
 
 2000 
 
 315 
 
 000 
 
 2630 
 
 1.00 
 
 785 
 
 4150 
 
 2430 
 
 .50 
 
 760 
 
 4020 
 
 2000 
 
 315 
 
 00 
 
 2620 
 
 .75 
 
 625 
 
 3300 
 
 2420 
 
 .50 
 
 600 
 
 3170 
 
 2640 
 
 315 
 
 
 
 2600 
 
 .75 
 
 510 
 
 2700 
 
 2400 
 
 .50 
 
 495 
 
 2610 
 
 2640 
 
 315 
 
 ] 
 
 2601 
 
 .75 
 
 380 
 
 2000 
 
 2401 
 
 .50 
 
 365 
 
 1930 
 
 1000 
 
 302 
 
 2 
 
 2602 
 
 1.00 
 
 335 
 
 1770 
 
 2402 
 
 .50 
 
 320 
 
 1690 
 
 1300 
 
 302 
 
 3 
 
 2603 
 
 1.00 
 
 280 
 
 1480 
 
 2403 
 
 .50 
 
 270 
 
 1425 
 
 1600 
 
 302 
 
 4 
 
 2604 
 
 1.50 
 
 230 
 
 1220 
 
 2404 
 
 .50 
 
 220 
 
 1160 
 
 2100 
 
 302 
 
 5 
 
 2605 
 
 1.50 
 
 195 
 
 1030 
 
 2405 
 
 .50 
 
 190 
 
 1000 
 
 2500 
 
 322 
 
 6 
 
 2606 
 
 2.00 
 
 165 
 
 870 
 
 2406 
 
 .50 
 
 160 
 
 845 
 
 3400 
 
 322 
 
 8 
 
 2608 
 
 2.50 
 
 105 
 
 555 
 
 2408 
 
 .50 
 
 100 
 
 530 
 
 40-60 Ibs. 
 
 Coils 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 2410 
 
 1.50 
 
 80 
 
 420 
 
 35-50 Ibs. 
 
 Coils 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 2412 
 
 2.50 
 
 55 
 
 290 
 
 25- 50 Ibs. 
 
 Coils 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 2414 
 
 3.50 
 
 40 
 
 210 
 
 25-40 Ibs 
 
 Coils 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 2416 
 
 4.50 
 
 30 
 
 160 
 
 25-40 Ibs. 
 
 Coils 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2418 
 
 5.50 
 
 24 
 
 130 
 
 20-30 Ibs. 
 
 Coils 
 
 *Size and number of wires in strand same as in weatherproof cables, page 101. 
 
ELECTRICA 
 
 WIRE S 
 
 A N D 
 
 CABLES 
 
 A Specification for Three-braid Weatherproof Wires and Cables 
 
 General Description. The finished product desired under these specifications 
 consists of copper, either annealed or hard drawn, covered with weatherproof 
 braids hereinafter specified. 
 
 Condiictors. Soft drawn copper shall be uniformly annealed and shall have a 
 conductivity of 98 per cent, or higher. 
 
 Hard drawn copper shall meet all physical and electrical requirements called 
 for in the specifications for hard drawn copper wire, as given on page 66. 
 
 The conductor shall be uniformly cylindrical in form, and free from scales, 
 inequalities, flaws, splints and other imperfections. 
 
 The finish of the conductors shall be in accordance with the best commercial 
 practice. 
 
 Covering. The conductor shall be covered with not less than three (3) closely 
 woven braids of cotton or other approved material. This braided covering shall 
 be thoroughly saturated with a permanent weatherproof compound, which shall 
 be applied in sufficient quantity to fill all interstices in the braided covering, and 
 shall have a continuous coating of compound over the braided covering. 
 
 The weatherproof compound shall be insoluble in water. The compound shall 
 not melt when the finished wire is subjected to a temperature of one hundred and 
 twenty-five (125) degrees Fahrenheit. The compound shall not crack when the wire 
 is subjected to a temperature of ten (10) degrees below zero Fahrenheit, the sample 
 being examined without bending. 
 
 The qualities of the compound used and the method of application shall be such 
 as not to injure the covering or the wire. 
 
 Stranded Copper Conductor Triple Braid White Finish 
 
 Special Weatherproof and Slow Burning Wires 
 
 Conductors for special purposes are often required to have a combined 
 insulation of black weatherproof and white slow burning coverings. The wires may 
 have a single coating of each kind, or they may have three coatings, two of slow 
 burning and one of weatherproof, or conversely, as may be specified. The several 
 braids are closely and evenly woven and of the proper thickness as required by the 
 National Board of Fire Underwriters. 
 
106 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Reliance When the weatherproof covering is on the inside, the conductor is known gen- 
 
 Weather- erally as "White Finish Weatherproof," and when the flame-proof covering is on 
 proof and the inside it is called "Black Finish Slow Burning." The weatherproof and the 
 Slow Burn- slow burning compounds used to impregnate these braids are the same as used on 
 ing Wires our "Reliance" Weatherproof and Slow Burning wires. In all cases the outside 
 and Cables surfaces are finished smooth and hard, and the finished saturated braids present a 
 high degree of insulation and are strong, durable and elastic. The white finish 
 weatherproof wire only is approved by the National Electrical code. 
 
 We are also prepared to furnish any of these various kinds of weatherproof or 
 slow burning wires twisted into pairs, or formed into cables having any number of 
 conductors, the conductors so formed being encased in one or more finished braids 
 or with tape and braid as may be specified. 
 
Lamp Cord Products 
 
 Page 
 
 Lamp Cord 108 
 
 Reinforced Portable Cord .... 1 10 
 
 Cord for Portables Ill 
 
 Automobile Lighting Cord . . . . Ill 
 
 Canvasite Cord 113 
 
 American Special Brewery Cord . . 113 
 
 Electric Heater Cord 114 
 
108 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Lamp Cord 
 Products 
 
 Lamp Cord 
 
 Incandescent lamp cord is used in short lengths for exposed wiring in offices 
 and residences to connect the concealed wiring with drop lights, brackets and 
 portables. It is also used for bell and annunciator wiring, and for other purposes 
 where a short flexible connecting conductor having an ornamental insulation would 
 be desirable. 
 
 The conductor consists of a number of small untinned annealed copper wires, 
 each No. 30 B. & S. gauge, having a diameter of .01 inch, twisted into a cable of the 
 required carrying capacity. This conductor is then covered with a tight, close 
 wind of fine cotton, after which it is insulated with seamless rubber and then covered 
 with an ornamental braid of silk or cotton. Two of these finished conductors are then 
 twisted about each other, or laid parallel and braided over all with silk or cotton, 
 thus forming the two branches of a circuit. Two grades of lamp cord are made. 
 
 Grade "A" Lamp Cord 
 
 Grade "A' made to latest National Electrical Code Standard which requires 
 that a solid vulcanized rubber insulation of at least ^ inch thickness be placed over 
 the cotton covering of each conductor. Tested and approved by the Wire Inspec- 
 tion Bureau. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 W I R F. S 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 Grade "A" Lamp Cord 
 Order by List Numbers 
 
 Lamp Cord 
 Products 
 
 Number of Wires in 
 Strand, each No. 30 B. & S. 
 
 Equal in Capacity to ' 
 B. & S. 
 
 Cotton Covered 
 List Number 
 
 Silk Covered 
 List Number 
 
 104 
 
 10 
 
 4010 
 
 4110 
 
 65 
 
 12 
 
 4012 
 
 4112 
 
 41 
 
 14 
 
 4014 
 
 4114 
 
 26 
 
 16 
 
 4016 
 
 4116 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 4018 
 
 4118 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 4020 
 
 4120 
 
 6 
 
 22 
 
 4022 
 
 4122 
 
 All sizes put up in coils of 250 feet each. Sizes 16 and 18 having largest sale, 
 in packages containing 1000 feet and 3000 feet each, as desired. 
 
 A combination of green and yellow is the color usually furnished for outside 
 braid. Other colors to order. 
 
 See separate list for prices, page 112. 
 
 Grade "C" Lamp Cord 
 
 Grade "C" or "Commercial" Lamp Cord made in accordance with the older 
 requirements of the National Electrical Code has a seamless insulation of -^ rubber 
 placed over a tight close wind of fine cotton. The conductors are composed of fine 
 copper wires, No. 30 B. & S. twisted together as in Grade "A," covered with a wind 
 of fine cotton, insulated with rubber, then covered with an ornamental braid of silk 
 or cotton. Two of these finished conductors are then twisted together into a 
 "twisted pair." 
 
 Order by List Number 
 
 Number of Wires in 
 
 Equal in 
 
 Cotton Covered 
 
 Silk Covered 
 
 Strand, each No. 30 B. & S. 
 
 Capacity to 
 B. & S. 
 
 List Number 
 
 List Number 
 
 104 
 
 10 
 
 4210 
 
 4310 
 
 65 
 
 12 
 
 4212 
 
 4312 
 
 41 
 
 14 
 
 4214 
 
 4314 
 
 26 
 
 16 
 
 4216 
 
 4316 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 4218 
 
 4318 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 4220 
 
 4320 
 
 C) 
 
 22 
 
 4222 
 
 4322 
 
 All sizes put up in coils of 250 feet each. Sizes 16 and 18, the sizes having 
 largest sale, in packages containing 1000 feet and 3000 feet as desired. 
 
 A combination of green and yellow is the color usually furnished for outside 
 braid. Other colors to order. 
 
 The same cotton wound and rubber covered and braided conductors may be 
 laid parallel (instead of twisted) and braided over all, same colors of cotton or silk. 
 
 See separate list for prices, page 112. 
 
110 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Lamp Cord 
 Products 
 
 Reinforced Portable Cord 
 
 National Electrical Code Wire 
 
 Grade "A" 
 
 Made with regular National Electric Code cotton covered lamp cord, over which 
 is placed a supplementary insulation of rubber, making the whole cylindrical. 
 This is covered with one strong braid of silk, dry hard glazed cotton or 
 black waxed cotton. The waxed cotton or "slicked" finish differs from the dry, 
 hard glazed in having the cotton braid thoroughly saturated with weatherproof 
 compound, waxed and polished. Serves as a reinforced or protected lamp cord. 
 
 Order by List Numbers 
 
 Size 
 B. &S. 
 
 Cotton Covered 
 Dry Finish 
 List Number 
 
 Silk Covered 
 List Number 
 
 Size 
 B. &S. 
 
 Cotton Covered 
 Dry Finish 
 List Number 
 
 Silk Covered 
 List Number 
 
 12 
 
 4612 
 
 4712 
 
 18 
 
 4618 
 
 4718 
 
 14 
 
 4614 
 
 4714 
 
 20 
 
 4620 
 
 4720 
 
 16 
 
 4616 
 
 4716 
 
 
 
 
 Grade "C" 
 
 Made with regular ' ' commercial " cotton covered lamp cord, over which is 
 placed a supplementary insulation of vulcanized J rubber, making the whole cylin- 
 drical. This is covered with one firm braid of silk, dry glazed or waxed cotton. 
 
 Order by List Numbers 
 
 Size 
 B. &S. 
 
 Cotton Covered 
 Dry Finish 
 List Number 
 
 Silk Covered 
 List Number 
 
 Size 
 B. & S. 
 
 Cotton Covered 
 Dry Finish 
 List Nunber 
 
 Silk Covered 
 List Number 
 
 12 
 
 4612A 
 
 4712A 
 
 18 
 
 4618A 
 
 4718A 
 
 14 
 
 4614A 
 
 4714A 
 
 20 
 
 4620A 
 
 4720A 
 
 16 
 
 4616A 
 
 4716A 
 
 
 
 
 Black is the standard color for the outside braid, and will be furnished unless 
 otherwise specified. Special colors to order. 
 
 All sizes, both grades put up in coils of 500 feet each. 
 See separate list for prices, both grades, page 112. 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 111 
 
 Cord for Portables 
 National Electrical Code Wire 
 
 Lamp Cord 
 Products 
 
 Used for portable lamps, small portable motors, or any device which may be 
 carried about. The outer braid is made strong and durable. Made with regular Na- 
 tional Electrical Code cotton-covered Grade "A" twistedpair lamp cord, over which 
 is placed a supplementary insulation of vulcanized rubber -^ inch thick, making the 
 whole cylindrical. This is covered with a strong cotton braid thoroughly saturated 
 with weatherproof compound, then waxed and polished. 
 
 Order by List Numbers 
 
 Size B. & S. 
 
 List Number 
 
 Size B. & S. 
 
 List Number 
 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 
 4812 
 4814 
 4816 
 
 18 
 20 
 
 4818 
 4820 
 
 All sizes put up in coils of 500 feet each. This material also made with Grade 
 C " conductors upon request. 
 
 See separate list for prices, page 112. 
 
 Automobile Lighting Cord 
 
 A cord suitable for wiring to the side and rear lamps of automobiles can be 
 constructed as follows : 
 
 Two cotton-covered lamp cord conductors are laid parallel and covered with a 
 strong hard-glazed cotton or a heavy saturated weatherproof cotton braid over the 
 pair. Made of any size conductors specified. Prices quoted on application. 
 
112 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Lamp Cord l_j st Prices for Lamp Cord, Reinforced Portable Cord, and Cord for Portables 
 
 Products 
 
 Grade "A" National Electrical Code Standard. Grade "C" Commercial (Old Code) 
 
 Lamp cord is put up in coils of about 250 feet. Sizes 16 and 18 Brown & Sharpe 
 put up in coils of 250 feet and packed in boxes as follows: No. 1 box, containing 4 
 coils, total 1,000 feet. No. 2 box, containing 12 coils, total 3,000 feet. 
 
 Cord for Portables takes price of cotton covered Reinforced Portable Cord. 
 
 Standard Schedule Bases in Dollars and Cents per 1000 Feet 
 
 c/5 
 < 
 
 
 
 y) 
 
 12c. 
 
 13c. 14c. 
 
 Lamp 
 Cord 
 
 Reinforced 
 Cord 
 
 Lamp 
 Cord 
 
 Reinforced 
 Cord 
 
 Lamp 
 Cord 
 
 Reinforced 
 Cord 
 
 Silk 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Silk 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Silk 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Silk 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Silk 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Silk 
 
 Cotton 
 
 10 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 20 
 22 
 
 136.8 
 91.5 
 66.3 
 48.0 
 40.5 
 35.0 
 31.5 
 
 105.5 
 69.0 
 45.0 
 30.5 
 24.3 
 21.3 
 17.8 
 
 199.3 
 154.0 
 117.5 
 91.8 
 79.3 
 70.0 
 64.0 
 
 136.8 
 104.0 
 76.3 
 61.8 
 51.8 
 45.0 
 42.8 
 
 140.0 
 93.8 
 67.3 
 48.8 
 41.0 
 35.3 
 31.8 
 
 108.8 
 71.3 
 46.0 
 31.3 
 
 24.8 
 21.5 
 18.0 
 
 202.5 
 156.3 
 118.5 
 92.5 
 79.8 
 70.3 
 61.8 
 
 140.0 
 106.3 
 77.3 
 62.5 
 
 45^3 
 43.0 
 
 143.5 
 95.8 
 68.8 
 49.5 
 41.5 
 35.5 
 32.0 
 
 112.3 
 73.3 
 47.5 
 32.0 
 25.3 
 21.8 
 18.3 
 
 206.0 
 158.3 
 120.0 
 93.3 
 80.3 
 70.5 
 64.5 
 
 143.5 
 108.3 
 78.8 
 63.3 
 52.8 
 45.5 
 43.3 
 
 10 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 20 
 22 
 
 15c. 
 
 16c. 
 
 17c. 
 
 146.8 
 98.0 
 70.0 
 50.3 
 42.0 
 35.8 
 32.3 
 
 115.5 
 75.5 
 
 48.8 
 32.8 
 25.8 
 22.0 
 18.5 
 
 209.3 
 160.5 
 121.3 
 94.0 
 
 80.8 
 70.8 
 64.8 
 
 146.8 
 110.5 
 80.0 
 64.0 
 53.3 
 45.8 
 43.5 
 
 150.0 
 100.0 
 71.3 
 51.3 
 42.5 
 36.3 
 32.5 
 
 118.8 
 77.5 
 50.0 
 33.8 
 26.3 
 22.5 
 18.8 
 
 212.5 
 162.5 
 122.5 
 95.0 
 81.3 
 71.3 
 65.0 
 
 150.0 
 112.5 
 81.3 
 65.0 
 53.8 
 46.3 
 43. S 
 
 153.3 
 
 102.0 
 72.5 
 52.3 
 43.0 
 36.8 
 32.8 
 
 122.0 215.8 
 79.5 164.5 
 51.3 123.8 
 34.8 96.0 
 26.8 81.8 
 23.0 71.8 
 19.0 65.3 
 
 153.3 
 114.5 
 
 82.5 
 66.0 
 54.3 
 46.8 
 44.0 
 
 10 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 20 
 22 
 
 18c. 
 
 19c. 
 
 20c. 
 
 156.5 
 104.3 
 73.8 
 53.0 
 43.5 
 37.0 
 33.0 
 
 125.3 
 81.8 
 52.5 
 35.5 
 27.3 
 23.3 
 19.3 
 
 219.0 
 166.8 
 125.0 
 96.8 
 82.3 
 72.0 
 65.5 
 
 156.5 
 116.8 
 83.8 
 66.8 
 54.8 
 47.0 
 44.3 
 
 160.0 
 106.3 
 75.3 
 53.8 
 44.0 
 37.3 
 33.3 
 
 128.8 
 83.8 
 54.0 
 36.3 
 27.8 
 23.5 
 19.5 
 
 222.5 
 168.8 
 126.5 
 97.5 
 82.8 
 72.3 
 65.8 
 
 160.0 
 118.8 
 85.3 
 67.5 
 55.3 
 47.3 
 44.5 
 
 163.3 
 108.5 
 76.3 
 54.5 
 44.5 
 37.5 
 33.5 
 
 132.0 
 86.0 
 55.0 
 37.0 
 28.3 
 23 8 
 19.8 
 
 225.8 
 171.0 
 127.5 
 98.3 
 83.3 
 72.5 
 66.0 
 
 163.3 
 
 121.0 
 86.3 
 68.3 
 55.8 
 47.5 
 44.8 
 
 10 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 20 
 22 
 
 21c. 
 
 22c. 
 
 23c. 
 
 166.5 
 110.5 
 77.8 
 55.3 
 45.0 
 38.0 
 33.5 
 
 135.3 
 
 88.0 
 50. 5 
 37.8 
 28.8 
 24.3 
 19.8 
 
 229.0 
 173.0 
 129.0 
 99.0 
 83.8 
 73.0 
 66.0 
 
 166.5 
 123.0 
 87.8 
 69.0 
 56.3 
 48.0 
 44.8 
 
 169.8 
 112.5 
 79.0 
 56.3 
 45.5 
 38.5 
 33.8 
 
 138.5 
 90.0 
 57.8 
 38.8 
 29.3 
 24.8 
 20.0 
 
 232.3 
 175.0 
 130.3 
 100.0 
 84.3 
 73.5 
 66.3 
 
 169.8 
 125.0 
 89.0 
 70.0 
 56.8 
 48.5 
 45.0 
 
 173.0 
 114.8 
 80.3 
 57.0 
 46.0 
 38.8 
 34.0 
 
 141.8 
 92.3 
 59.0 
 39.5 
 29.8 
 25.0 
 20.3 
 
 235.5 
 177.3 
 131.5 
 100.8 
 84.8 
 73.8 
 66.5 
 
 173.0 
 127.3 
 90.3 
 70.8 
 57.3 
 48.8 
 45.3 
 
 
 24c. 
 
 25c. 
 
 26c. 
 
 10 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 20 
 22 
 
 176.5 
 116.8 
 81.8 
 57.8 
 46.5 
 39.0 
 34.3 
 
 145.3 
 94.3 
 60.5 
 40.3 
 30.3 
 25.3 
 20.5 
 
 239.0 
 179.3 
 133.0 
 101.5 
 85.3 
 74.0 
 66.8 
 
 176.5 
 129.3 
 91.8 
 71.5 
 57.8 
 49.0 
 45.5 
 
 179.8 
 119.0 
 82.8 
 58.5 
 47.0 
 39.3 
 34.5 
 
 148.5 
 96.5 
 61.5 
 41.0 
 30.8 
 25.5 
 20.8 
 
 242.3 
 181.5 
 134.0 
 102.3 
 85.8 
 74.3 
 67.0 
 
 179.8 
 131.5 
 92.8 
 72.3 
 58.3 
 49.3 
 45.8 
 
 188.0 
 121.0 
 84.3 
 59.3 
 47.5 
 39.8 
 34.5 
 
 151.8 
 98.5 
 63.0 
 41.8 
 31.3 
 26.0 
 20.8 
 
 245.5 
 183.5 
 135.5 
 103.0 
 86.3 
 74.8 
 67.0 
 
 183.0 
 138.5 
 94.8 
 73.0 
 58.8 
 49.8 
 45.8 
 
 Discounts quoted on application 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 118 
 
 Canvasite Cord 
 
 Lamp Cord 
 Products 
 
 Consists of the regular Code Grade "A" twisted cotton- covered lamp cord, 
 braided over all with one cotton braid saturated with weatherproof compound, then 
 waxed and polished. 
 
 Order by List Numbers 
 
 Equal to B. & S. G. 
 
 List Number 
 
 Equal to B. & S. G. 
 
 List Number 
 
 10 
 12 
 14 
 
 4850 
 4852 
 4854 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 20 
 
 4856 
 
 4858 
 4860 
 
 All sizes put up in coils of 500 feet each. See separate list for prices, page 114. 
 
 American (Special) Brewery Cord 
 
 Made from the regular Code Grade "A" twisted lamp cord over which is placed 
 a supplementary insulation of vulcanized rubber J inch thick. It is then braided 
 over with two heavy cotton braids saturated with weatherproof compound, then 
 waxed and polished. Used for incandescent lighting in breweries and other damp 
 places. 
 
 Order by List Numbers 
 
 Size B. & S. 
 
 List Number 
 
 Size B. & S. 
 
 List Number 
 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 
 4912 
 4914 
 4916 
 
 18 
 20 
 
 4918 
 4920 
 
 All sizes put up in coils of 500 feet each. See separate list for prices, page 114. 
 
 
114 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Lamp Cord 
 Products 
 
 Electric Heater Cord 
 
 A flexible cord used for connecting to portable electric heating devices, such as 
 electric sad irons, hair curlers, toasters, etc. No. 31 B. & S. annealed copper wires 
 are braided into a conductor of the required size, cotton wound, rubber insulated 
 and covered with a substantial braid of asbestos, and this is sometimes covered with 
 an outside braid of hard glazed cotton. Two such finished conductors are then 
 twisted into a pair, then covered over all with one or two braids of hard glazed 
 cotton of desired colors. Made in any size or quantity required. 
 
 List Prices for American (Special) Brewery and Canvasite Cords 
 
 National Electrical Code Standard 
 
 Standard Schedule Bases in Dollars and Cents per 1000 Feet 
 Example: 82.8 Reads $82.80 
 
 American (Special) Brewery Cord 
 
 Size, B. & S. 
 
 12c. 
 
 13c. 
 
 14c. 
 
 15c. 
 
 16c. 
 
 10 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 20 
 
 150.5 
 114.4 
 83.9 
 68.0 
 57.0 
 49.5 
 
 154.0 
 116.9 
 85.0 
 68.8 
 57.5 
 49.8 
 
 157.9 
 119.1 
 86.7 
 69.6 
 58.1 
 50.1 
 
 161.5 
 121.6 
 88.0 
 70.4 
 58.6 
 50.4 
 
 165.0 
 123.8 
 89.5 
 71.5 
 59.2 
 50.9 
 
 Size, B. & S. 
 
 17c. 
 
 18c. 
 
 19c. 
 
 20c. 
 
 21c. 
 
 10 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 20 
 
 168.6 
 126.0 
 90.8 
 72.6 
 59.7 
 51.5 
 
 172.2 
 128.5 
 92.2 
 78.5 
 60.3 
 51.7 
 
 176.0 
 180.7 
 93.8 
 74.3 
 60.8 
 52.0 
 
 179.6 
 133.1 
 94.9 
 75.1 
 61.4 
 52.8 
 
 188.2 
 135.3 
 96.6 
 75.9 
 61.9 
 52.8 
 
 Size, B. & S. 
 
 22c. 
 
 23c. 
 
 24c. 
 
 25c. 
 
 26c. 
 
 10 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 20 
 
 186.8 
 137.5 
 97.9 
 77.0 
 62.5 
 53.4 
 
 190.8 
 140.0 
 99.3 
 77.9 
 63.0 
 58.7 
 
 194.2 
 142.2 
 101.0 
 78.7 
 63.6 
 53.9 
 
 197.8 
 144.7 
 102.1 
 79.5 
 64.1 
 54.2 
 
 201.8 
 146.9 
 103.7 
 80.3 
 64.7 
 54.8 
 
 Canvasite Cord 
 
 Size, B. & S. 
 
 12c. 
 
 13c. 
 
 14c. 
 
 15c. 
 
 16c. 
 
 10 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 20 
 
 101.0 
 80.0 
 64.3 
 54.8 
 47.3 
 39.0 
 
 102.5 
 81.0 
 64.8 
 55.3 
 47.5 
 39.3 
 
 104.3 
 82.8 
 65.5 
 55.5 
 47.8 
 39.3 
 
 105.8 
 83.3 
 66.0 
 56.0 
 48.0 
 39.5 
 
 107.5 
 84.3 
 66.8 
 56.3 
 48.3 
 39.8 
 
 Size, B. & S. 
 
 17c. 
 
 18c. 
 
 19c. 
 
 20c. 
 
 21c. 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 
 18 
 20 
 
 109.8 
 85.8 
 67.5 
 56.8 
 
 48.5 
 39.8 
 
 110.8 
 86.5 
 68.0 
 57.3 
 48.8 
 40.0 
 
 112.5 
 
 87.5 
 68.5 
 57.5 
 49.0 
 40.0 
 
 114.3 
 88.5 
 69.5 
 58.0 
 49.3 
 40.8 
 
 115.8 
 89.5 
 70.0 
 58.3 
 49.5 
 40.5 
 
 Size, B. & S. 
 
 22c. 
 
 23c. 
 
 24c. 
 
 25c. 
 
 26c. 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 
 18 
 20 
 
 117.5 
 90.5 
 70.8 
 58.8 
 49.8 
 40.8 
 
 119.0 
 91.5 
 71.8 
 59.3 
 50.0 
 41.0 
 
 120.8 
 92.8 
 72.0 
 59.5 
 50.3 
 41.0 
 
 122.3 
 93.8 
 72.5 
 60.0 
 50.5 
 41.3 
 
 124.0 
 94.8 
 73.3 
 60.8 
 50.8 
 41.5 
 
Rubber-covered Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Page 
 
 Rubber Insulation 116 
 
 Application of Rubber Compound . . . 118 
 
 Kinds of Insulation 119 
 
 Vulcanizing 119 
 
 Protection of Insulation 1 20 
 
 Electrical Tests 1 20 
 
 Globe Rubber Insulated Wires and Cables . 1 24 
 
 Telephone Wires and Cables . . . . 1 28 
 
 Packing House Cord 131 
 
 Elevator Lighting Cables 1 32 
 
 Brewery Cord 1 32 
 
 Border Light Cables 1 32 
 
 Deck Cables 1 32 
 
 Elevator Control Cables 1 32 
 
 Theatre or Stage Cables 133 
 
 Crown Rubber Insulated Wires and Cables . 1 33 
 
 Car Cables 1 38 
 
 Mining Machine Cables 139 
 
 High Grade 30 Per Cent. Rubber and Special 
 
 Insulated Wires and Cables 140 
 
 Signal Wires and Cables 143 
 
 Automobile Ignition Wires and Cables . . 145 
 
 
116 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Rubber - Rubber-covered Wires 
 
 covered 
 
 v,^. Rubber-covered wire as used for general purposes comprise three essential parts 
 
 and Cables ^ G con ^ uctor ' tne wa ^ of rubber insulation, and some form of protection over the 
 rubber, such as braid, tape and braid or sheathing. The conductor consists of uni- 
 formly soft annealed commercially pure copper wire. It may be used in the solid 
 form up to size 1/0 B. & S., or in special cases even to 4/0, or in the stranded form. 
 All conductors are thoroughly and evenly coated with tin to protect the copper 
 from making chemical union with any sulphur in the rubber insulation. 
 
 Rubber Insulation 
 
 There are various grades of crude rubber found in commerce. Rubber producing 
 trees and vines of one kind or another are found in all tropical countries. They 
 belong to widely differing botanical families, and the methods of extracting and 
 preparing the rubber differ also indifferent countries, hence there is much variation 
 in the qualities of the different crude rubbers, depending chiefly on the kind of 
 impurities, and probably in some degree to obscure differences in the chemical 
 composition of the pure rubber itself. The exact nature of such differences has not 
 yet been definitely explained because of the complexity of the problem. 
 
 Crude Rubber 
 
 The different grades of crude rubber are known usually under the name of the 
 country or seaport whence they come. Thus we have the terms "Para", 
 " Ceylon," etc., as names of particular grades of rubber. 
 
 The first step in the preparation of rubber for insulation purposes is to free the 
 crude rubber from impurities, such as bark and sand. This is done by passing it 
 several times between corrugated steel rolls, revolving at different speeds and under 
 a constant stream of water. Thus the rubber is washed clean from such impurities 
 and is delivered in a sheet ready to be dried. There are few practical uses for 
 rubber in its raw condition, for in this state it is most susceptible to physical 
 change, due to external conditions. Crude rubber is affected very much by changes 
 in temperature, hardening with cold, and softening and losing its shape with heat. 
 In this uncured state it readily oxidizes and is particularly susceptible to the action 
 of certain solvents. To obtain the properties needed in the insulation of a wire, the 
 rubber must be compounded with other materials and then vulcanized. 
 
 Compounding consists of mixing the rubber with other substances, chiefly 
 powdered minerals, including a small percentage of sulphur. After the crude 
 rubber has been warmed to a plastic condition in the heated mixing rolls, which are 
 smooth and run at different speeds, the compounding ingredients are added to the 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 rubber and the whole is thoroughly kneaded together by the action of the mixing 
 rolls, until the resulting compound is homogeneous in nature and of suitable 
 physical condition for the work that is expected of it. Another object of compound- 
 ing is that of economy, the price of pure rubber being relatively high, and it 
 fortunately happens that for insulation purposes a compounded rubber is more suit- 
 able than the pure gum. 
 
 The composition of the compound and the manner in which it is mixed are 
 matters of prime importance. A practical experience of many years combined with 
 exhaustive tests and experiments have enabled us to develop insulating compounds 
 for various conditions that are unexcelled for serviceability and durability. 
 
 Rubber- 
 covered 
 Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Calenders 
 
118 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Application of the Rubber Compound 
 
 Rubber- 
 covered 
 
 Wires A compounded rubber before vulcanizing is plastic, cohesive, but slightly elastic, 
 
 and Cables and can be shaped into any form desired. It is in this condition when applied to 
 the wire. Two different methods are commonly in use for applying the rubber 
 insulation to the wire. In one a machine similar in action to a lead press is used. 
 The rubber is forced by a revolving worm into a closed chamber at high pressure, at 
 the same time being heated by a steam jacket to a soft and plastic state. The wire 
 enters this same chamber through a nozzle of its own diameter, and leaves it from a 
 nozzle having the diameter of the intended insulation. The wire thus comes out 
 with a seamless coating of rubber, forced on at high pressure. 
 
 In the other method of application the rubber is sheeted on a calender having 
 heavy smooth rolls, and the sheets thus made are cut into narrow strips, the width 
 and thickness of which depend upon the size of the wire to be insulated and the 
 number of covers to be used. By this method the wire is passed between two or 
 
 more pairs of grooved 
 rolls running tangent 
 to each other. As the 
 wire enters each pair 
 of rolls, strips of rub- 
 ber enter at the same 
 time and the grooves 
 fold a uniform thick- 
 ness of rubber about 
 the wire, the edges 
 meeting in a contin- 
 uous seam. All sur- 
 plus rubber is cut off 
 by the rolls at the 
 seams. These seams 
 being made between 
 two pieces of the same 
 unvulcanized cohesive 
 stock under very great 
 pressure, become in- 
 visible in the finished 
 wire and can be de- 
 termined only by a 
 ridge along the insu- 
 lation. In the process 
 of vulcanizing, the 
 rubber at the seams 
 
 is kneaded together so that the insulation at this point is as dense and homogeneous 
 as at any other part of the insulation. This is the more generally approved method 
 of insulating wire, particularly high grade wires, and is the method employed for 
 many years by the leading wire manufacturers of the world. 
 
 A good rubber compound will last indefinitely submerged in pure or salt water, 
 but if the water contains sewage, acids, oils or other destructive agents, then the 
 rubber should be further protected with a lead sheath. If subjected to extremes in 
 temperature or to high temperature combined with wet and dry conditions, or if 
 likely to be injured by external agencies, rubber should be protected with sheathing. 
 
 Machine for Applying Rubber Insulation to Wires 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 119 
 
 Kinds of Rubber Insulation Rubber- 
 
 covered 
 
 We make three standard grades of rubber compound for rubber-covered conduc- Wires 
 
 tors: Globe, or ordinary compound ; Crown, or intermediate compound ; and a a nd Cables 
 High Grade Thirty Per Cent. Compound. In addition, we insulate wire to any 
 specifications covering particular requirements such as 20 or 40 per cent, rubber 
 compounds. 
 
 Globe Rubber. This is regularly furnished on wires and cables for 600-volt 
 National Electrical Code requirements. It can however be used for potentials as high 
 as 2500 volts, if the service conditions be favorable to rubber, or if the conductor be 
 lead encased. 
 
 Crown Rubber. This rubber has better physical properties than the Globe, is 
 more durable, stronger and has a higher factor of safety. It is a high grade com- 
 pound for all National Electrical Code requirements and can be recommended for 
 service conditions in which the working pressure is 7000 volts or under. 
 
 High Grade Thirty Per Cent. Rubber Compound contains only the best grade 
 of pure Para rubber, and is used for high voltage circuits. This makes an unsur- 
 passed dielectric for all high voltages and for exacting service conditions ; it has great 
 strength and elasticity, high insulation qualities and long life. 
 
 All of these compounds make solid black rubber. We are prepared to furnish a 
 thin white core of rubber containing no sulphur for use next to the copper under 
 any of these compounds when so specified, but we do not recommend this, for years 
 of experience have demonstrated to us that this white core is not needed in connection 
 with our tin-coated wire and black rubber compounds. Every wire insulated with 
 any one of our standard compounds has a distinguishing tracer thread embedded in 
 the rubber under the braid. With Globe and 30 Per Cent. Compound, this tracer 
 thread is white in color, while in Crown it is purple. 
 
 Vulcanizing 
 
 To vulcanize rubber compounds they are subjected to temperatures somewhat 
 above the melting point of sulphur, which temperatures are usually obtained by use of 
 steam under pressure. This operation causes the sulphur in the compound to unite 
 chemically with the rubber and other ingredients of the compound, with the result 
 that the rubber is no longer plastic, but becomes firm, elastic, strong, less susceptible 
 to heat and cold, to the action of the air and less readily affected at ordinary tem- 
 peratures by the usual solvents of unvulcanized rubber. Its mechanical properties 
 depend considerably on the time and temperature of vulcanization as well as on the 
 amount of sulphur used. As can be readily understood this is an operation that 
 requires a thorough practical knowledge and most constant attention in order that 
 the rubber insulation may have the physical properties that are required under service 
 conditions. 
 
 In producing high grade insulation, proper vulcanization is fully as important as 
 the selection of the rubber and ingredients. The process may be compared to that 
 of making bread, no matter how good the dough may be, it has to be baked just 
 right in order to secure good results. 
 
120 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Rubber- 
 covered 
 Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Protection of Insulation 
 
 Rubber insulation for most purposes has to be protected by a winding of tape, 
 or by a braid, or a tape and one or more braids, and it is advisable to place some pro- 
 tection on the rubber before vulcanizing the rubber so as to hold the plastic compound 
 in position and to prevent it swelling out of shape and becoming porous during the 
 vulcanizing process. The tape used consists of a good grade of cloth filled with a 
 high class rubber compound. The braiding consists of a strong cotton yarn, knitted 
 tightly and evenly about the insulation by a machine resembling a stocking machine. 
 
 The braid is then saturated with a black weatherproof compound, waxed and 
 polished, or it is thoroughly saturated in a white flame-proof compound, and polished, 
 as may be required. It is sometimes specified that the outer braid on wires or 
 cables be of asbestos braid to serve as a fire protection, and this may be saturated 
 either in black or white compound as desired. Or it may consist of a hard cotton 
 of any color or combination of colors. 
 
 Electrical and Chemical Laboratories 
 
 Our electrical testing department is equipped in the most up-to-date manner 
 for the fulfillment of any conditions likely to be incorporated in the different speci- 
 fications to which the various kinds of insulated wire and cables are manufactured, 
 as well as to meet the manufacturer's own requirements. 
 
 Chemical Laboratory 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 121 
 
 We have three high potential alternating current testing sets, the largest of 
 which has a capacity of 90 kilowatts and a maximum available pressure of 200,000 
 volts. These testing sets are in daily use, not only for purposes set forth by pur- 
 chasers' specifications and the National Electrical Code, but also for our own 
 assurance as to the high electrical quality of our productions. 
 
 The high potential tests are followed by tests for insulation resistance and, 
 when required, electrostatic capacity. These are made to prove the soundness of 
 the dielectric, after the application of high voltage. In order to make such tests, 
 the company uses the best apparatus procurable, and applies the most highly 
 scientific methods known. No length of insulated wire or cable is allowed to leave 
 the factory until after it has been found, by the foregoing tests, to be in perfect 
 electrical condition. Special apparatus is also available for the exact measurement 
 of the conductivity of any conductor whether bare or insulated. 
 
 Rubber - 
 
 covered 
 
 Wires 
 
 and Cables 
 
 Immersion Tanks 
 
 The company's tanks, for immersion tests, are supplied by an artesian well, 
 from a depth of about 500 feet. The temperature of this water throughout the year 
 runs very close to 60 degrees Fahrenheit, which in itself is valuable, when it is con- 
 sidered that almost all specifications call for electrical tests at 60 degrees Fahrenheit. 
 
 We also have two thoroughly equipped chemical laboratories, one of which is 
 used exclusively for organic chemical research work in connection with insulating 
 materials for our electrical wires and cables. 
 
 These laboratories are operated by a corps of practical and highly skilled 
 attendants who have had years of training in their respective lines of investigation. 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Rubber- The Wire Inspection Bureau of New York City inspects every coi} of National 
 
 covered Electric Code wires made by us. All coils tested and passed by their inspectors 
 Wires carry the certificate of the Wire Inspection Bureau. After ten hours' immersion 
 
 and Cables in water, an alternating current of 1500 volts from a generator of 5 kilowatts 
 capacity is applied to the coil for five seconds. If the insulation successfully with- 
 stands this test, the coil is then electrified for one minute with a current of at 
 least 150 volts, and measured for insulation resistance in megohms per mile 
 according to the following table : 
 
 
 
 
 
 Capacity 
 
 
 Capacity 
 
 
 Size 
 
 Megohms 
 
 Size 
 
 Megohms 
 
 Circular 
 
 Megohms 
 
 Circular 
 
 Megohms 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mils 
 
 
 Mils 
 
 
 14 
 12 
 
 200 
 180 
 
 2 and 3 
 1 
 
 140 
 135 
 
 250,000 \ 
 300,000 f 
 
 115 
 
 650,0001 
 to V 
 
 105 
 
 10 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 130 
 
 350,000] 
 
 
 800,000 } 
 
 
 8 and 6 
 
 150 
 
 00 
 
 125 
 
 to V 
 
 110 
 
 850,000 
 
 5 and 4 
 
 145 
 
 000 
 
 120 
 
 600,000 i 
 
 
 and [ 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 0000 
 
 115 
 
 
 
 larger \ 
 
 
 Extracts from 1909 National Electrical Code Rules and Requirements 
 
 41. Rubber-covered wire. 
 
 a. Copper for conductors must be thoroughly tinned. 
 
 Insulation for Voltages, to 600 Inclusive 
 
 b. Must be rubber or other approved substances, homogeneous in char- 
 acter, adhering to the conductor, and of a thickness not less than that given in 
 the following table : 
 
 Brown & Sharpe Gauge 
 
 Thickness, Inch 
 
 Circular Mils 
 
 Thickness, Inch 
 
 18 to 16 
 15 to 8 
 7 to 2 
 1 to 0000 
 
 1 
 
 250,000 to 500,000 
 500,000 to 1,000,000 
 Over 1,000,000 
 
 \ 
 
 % 
 
 Measurements of insulating wall are to be made at the thinnest portion of the 
 dielectric. 
 
 c. The complete coverings must show an insulation resistance of at least 
 100 megohms per mile during thirty days' immersion in water at 70 degrees 
 Fahrenheit (21 degrees Centigrade). 
 
 d. Each foot of the completed covering must show a dielectric strength 
 sufficient to resist throughout five minutes the application of an electro-motive 
 force proportionate to the thickness of insulation in accordance with the follow- 
 ing table : 
 
 Thickness in 64ths 
 of an Inch 
 
 Breakdown Test on 1 Foot 
 Volts, Alternating Current 
 
 Thickness in 64ths 
 of an Inch 
 
 Breakdown Test on 1 Foot 
 Volts, Alternating Current 
 
 1 
 2 
 8 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 3,000 
 6,000 
 9,000 
 11,000 
 13,000 
 15,000 
 
 7 
 8 
 10 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 
 16,500 
 18,000 
 21,000 
 23,500 
 26,000 
 28,000 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 123 
 
 The source of alternating electro-motive force shall be a transformer of at least 
 one kilowatt capacity. The application of the electro-motive force shall first be 
 made at 4,000 volts for five minutes and then the voltage increased by steps of not 
 over 3,000 volts, each held for five minutes until the rupture of the insulation occurs. 
 The tests for dielectric strength shall be made on a sample of wire which has been 
 immersed in water for seventy-two hours. One foot of the wire under test is to be 
 submerged in a conducting liquid held in a metal trough, one of the transformer 
 terminals being connected to the copper of the wire and the other to the metal of 
 the trough. 
 
 Rubber- 
 covered 
 Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Insulation for Voltages, 601 to 3,500 Inclusive 
 
 e. The thickness of the insulating wall must not be less than that given- in 
 the following table: 
 
 Brown & Sharpe Gauge 
 
 Thickness, Inch 
 
 Circular Mils 
 
 Thickness, Inch 
 
 14 to 1 
 to 0000 
 
 & 
 
 3 j Covered by 
 32 j tape or braid 
 
 250,000 to 500,000 
 Over 500,000 
 
 3 3 5 j Covered by 
 JHj | tape or braid 
 
 /. The requirements as to insulation and breakdown resistance for wires 
 for low potential systems shall apply, with the exception that an insulation 
 resistance of not less than 300 megohms per mile shall be required. 
 
 Insulation for Voltages Over 3,500 
 
 g. Wire for arc light circuits exceeding 3,500 volts potential must have an 
 insulating wall not less than three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness, and shall 
 withstand a breakdown test of at least 23,500 volts and have an insulation of at 
 least 500 megohms per mile. 
 
 The tests on this wire to be made under the same conditions as for low 
 potential wires. 
 
 Specifications for insulations for alternating currents exceeding 3,500 volts have been con- 
 sidered, but on account of the somewhat complex conditions in such work it has so far been 
 deemed inexpedient to specify general insulations for this use. 
 
 General 
 
 h. The rubber compound or other approved substance used as insulation 
 must be sufficiently elastic to permit all wires smaller than No. 7 B. & S. gauge 
 and larger than No. 11 B & S. gauge to be bent without injury to the insulation 
 around a cylinder twice the diameter of the insulated wire measured over the 
 outer covering. All wires No. 11 B. & S. gauge and smaller to be bent without 
 injury to the insulation around a cylinder equal to the diameter of the insulated 
 wire measured over the outer covering. 
 
 /. All of the above insulations must be protected by a substantial braided 
 covering properly saturated with a preservative compound. This covering 
 must be sufficiently strong to withstand all the abrasions likely to be met with 
 in practice, and must substantially conform to approved samples submitted by 
 the manufacturer. 
 
124 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Rubber- Shipping of Rubber Insulated and Braided Wire 
 
 covered 
 
 Wires No. 6 and finer single conductor rubber insulated and braided are shipped in 
 
 and Cables 500-foot coils, having a 12-inch eye, wrapped in paper, and packed in boxes or 
 barrels, unless otherwise specified. Larger sizes as a rule are shipped on reels, as 
 tabulated. 
 
 No. 10 and finer duplex parallel rubber insulated and braided are shipped in 500- 
 foot coils, having a 12-inch eye, and in other respects the same as the single con- 
 ductor. 
 
 No. 12 and finer twisted pair rubber insulated and braided are shipped in 500- 
 foot and 1,000-foot coils, and in other respects the same as the single conductor. 
 
 Globe Rubber Insulated Wires and 
 Cables 
 
 For Incandescent Lighting, Street Railway 
 
 Feeders, Power Transmission Lines and 
 
 Telegraph and Telephone Service 
 
 The conductivity of all copper used in the manu- 
 facture of Globe Wire is 98 per cent, or higher, 
 Matthiessen's standard. All wires are thoroughly 
 annealed, tinned and insulated to meet the require- 
 ments of the National Electrical Code Standard. An 
 excellent rubber-covered wire for low potential lines, 
 600 volts or less. All finished wire is inspected, 
 tested and stamped by the Wire Inspection Bureau. 
 
 White distinguishing tracer worsted thread placed 
 between braid and rubber. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 125 
 
 3 
 I 
 
 J5 
 
 jO 
 
 o 
 
 I 111 
 
 a, .x 
 
 o 
 
 s a 
 
 -- < 
 
 l! 
 
 
 9 1 > fc 
 
 - . 
 * 3 o 3 
 
 
 
 Fll 
 
 
 fill 
 
 ? (0-213 
 
 U2 t/) tfl CO CO 
 
 O O O O O 
 
 oouuo 
 
 'r-i C-i M tf O 3D < 
 
 X' X X* 
 r-t-t-os 
 
 zz 
 11 
 
 o S 
 
 s 
 
 Ssooooooo 
 OCJOOOUO 
 
 
 u-r! u^= .OCQ< 
 
 "Sj-S .-S3 gggg^gggggg** 5 **** 
 c SS-^'S SSSSSSSwSSSSSS^S 
 
 2 S 
 
 ssssssssssssss; 
 
 >oo^ 
 
 Rubber- 
 covered 
 Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 
 \i .-) C ^ Z* 
 
 *3!&i 
 
 tin I! 
 
 ! 
 
 > 
 
 r! ^ o:^ . * 
 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Rubber- 
 covered 
 Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 
 S 2 
 
 >2 
 
 <D 
 
 O - 
 
 31 
 
 rt .,_, 
 '^3 aj 
 
 g J 
 
 >> 
 
 & # 
 
 1 fe 
 
 O T3 
 
 ^5 
 
 o 
 
 fc 
 
 'H S X.A 8 
 
 ss 
 
 I: 
 II 
 
 ii 
 
 i 
 
 Iii 
 
 
 C/3 
 
 I* 
 
 "OOOOO 
 
 OOOOOOOOOOO 
 
 x' ' x' * x' x x x x' x' 
 
 ) 03 CO SO! 
 
 XXXXXXXXXXX 
 
 cococococoSSSSSS 
 
 8-3 M 
 
 i> g cc" -d 
 
 111 * 
 
 .2^- 
 
 X 3 'C 
 .2 > o ."o 
 
 fiJ8|| 
 
 ^|pg S 
 
 |i^2^4 
 
 IlliP 
 
 
 .-:- 
 
 
 .SS.SZ 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 127 
 
 Globe Duplex Wires and Cables 
 
 Rubber- 
 covered 
 Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Tinned Copper Conductors, Insulated and Braided, Black Finish 
 
 Two insulated conductors are laid paralled with one braid over all 
 
 National Electrical Code Standard 
 
 For low potential, 0-600 volts 
 Order by List Numbers. Prices Quoted on Application. 
 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Approximate Diameters over 
 Single Braid 
 
 List Number 
 
 Shipped 
 
 Size 
 
 of 
 
 
 
 on 
 
 B & S. 
 
 Rubber 
 
 
 
 
 
 Reel 
 
 
 Inches 
 
 Solid 
 Inches 
 
 Strand 
 Inches 
 
 Solid 
 
 Strand 
 
 Number 
 
 0000 
 
 5-64 
 
 48-64 x 91-64 
 
 52-64 x 99-64 
 
 1280C 
 
 1300C 
 
 1020 
 
 000 
 
 5-64 
 
 44-64 x 82-64 
 
 48-64 x 92-64 
 
 1280B 
 
 1300B 
 
 1013 
 
 00 
 
 5-64 
 
 41-64 x 77-64 
 
 44-64 x 83-64 
 
 1280 A 
 
 1300A 
 
 1013 
 
 
 
 5-64 
 
 38-64 x 71-64 
 
 41-64 x 78-64 
 
 1280 
 
 1300 
 
 1013 
 
 1 
 
 5-64 
 
 35-64 x 66-64 
 
 38-64 x 72-64 
 
 1281 
 
 1301 
 
 1002 
 
 2 
 
 4 64 
 
 31-64 x 58-64 
 
 34-64 x 63-64 
 
 1282 
 
 1302 
 
 1002 
 
 3 
 
 4-64 
 
 29-64x54-64 
 
 31-64 x 58-64 
 
 1283 
 
 1303 
 
 1002 
 
 4 
 
 4-64 
 
 28-64 x 51-64 
 
 30-64 x 54-64 
 
 1284 
 
 1304 
 
 325 
 
 5 
 
 4-64 
 
 26-64 x 48-64 
 
 27-64 x 50-64 
 
 1285 
 
 1305 
 
 335 
 
 6 
 
 4-64 
 
 25-64 x 45-64 
 
 26-64 x 48-64 
 
 1286 
 
 1306 
 
 335 
 
 8 
 
 3-64 
 
 21-64 x 31-64 
 
 22-64 x 39-64 
 
 1288 
 
 1308 
 
 1004 
 
 10 
 
 3-64 
 
 19-64 x 33-64 
 
 20-64 x 35-64 
 
 1290 
 
 1310 
 
 Coils 
 
 12 
 
 3-64 
 
 17-64 x 81-64 
 
 18-64 x 32-64 
 
 1292 
 
 1312 
 
 Coils 
 
 14 
 
 3-64 
 
 16-64 x 28-64 
 
 17-64 x 29-64 
 
 1294 
 
 1314 
 
 Coils 
 
 16 
 
 2-64 
 
 13-64 x 22-64 
 
 14-64 x 23-64 
 
 1296 
 
 1316 
 
 Coils 
 
 18 
 
 2-64 
 
 12-64 x 21-64 
 
 
 1298 
 
 
 Coils 
 
 
 Specifications. Tinned annealed copper wires or strands of highest conductivity, each 
 conductor insulated with code thickness of vulcanized rubber and protected by saturated tape or 
 braid ; two finished conductors laid parallel, covered with a heavy cotton braid over all, saturated 
 in black weatherproof compound. Special finish for conduit work. 
 
 Sizes 14 B. & S. and larger, inspected and tested by the Wire Inspection Bureau. 
 
 The underwriters' rules permit the use of these wires in conduits, sizes No. 14 
 and larger. No. 8 and larger shipped on reels containing approximately 1,000-foot 
 lengths, No. 10 and smaller shipped in approximately 500-foot coils. 
 
 Regarding reels see page 50. 
 
128 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Rubber- 
 covered 
 Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Globe Fixture Wire 
 
 Light Insulation 
 
 Solid Tinned Copper Conductor, Rubber Insulation, Single Braid Black Finish 
 
 Size 
 B. & S. 
 
 Thickness of 
 Rubber 
 Inches 
 
 Approximate 
 Diameter over 
 Braid 
 Inches 
 
 List Number 
 
 Standard Coils 
 Approximate 
 Quantities 
 Feet 
 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 
 1-64 
 1-64 
 1-64 
 1-64 
 1-64 
 1-64 
 
 9-64 
 8-64 
 6-64 
 5-64 
 5-64 
 5-64 
 
 1362 
 1364 
 1366 
 1368 
 1369 
 1370 
 
 500 
 500 
 1000 
 1000 
 1000 
 1000 
 
 Specifications. Solid tinned annealed copper wire of highest conductivity, insulated with ^ 
 inch vulcanized rubber, covered with single braid of cotton, saturated in black weatherproof 
 compound, and smoothly polished. 
 
 Used only in arms of fixtures not exceeding 24 inches in length, and to supply not more than 
 one 16 candle-power lamp. 
 
 For heavy insulation fixture wire, see page 125, list Nos. 312 to 318 inclusive. 
 
 Rubber-covered Copper Telephone Wire 
 
 While there are many sizes and kinds of conductors under this heading, the 
 following are considered standard by the larger telephone companies : 
 
 No. 14 B. & S. Twisted Pair "Outside Distributing 'Wire " 
 
 Each conductor hard drawn tinned copper wire, insulated to a diameter of 3% 
 of an inch over rubber and covered with a cotton braid, saturated with black 
 weatherproof compound, wax finish, one conductor having a raised tracer to dis- 
 tinguish it from the other. 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 
 
 No. 18 B. & S. Twisted Pair "Bridle Wire" 
 
 Rubber- 
 covered 
 
 Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Each conductor soft drawn tinned copper wire, insulated to a diameter of ^ 7 of 
 an inch over rubber and covered with a cotton braid, saturated with black weather- 
 proof compound, wax finish, one conductor having a raised tracer to distinguish it 
 from the other. 
 
 No. 19 B. & S. Single Conductor, Twisted Pair, and Triple Conductor "Inside" or 
 
 "Sub-station" Wire 
 
 Conductors soft drawn tinned copper insulated to a diameter of ^ of an inch 
 over rubber, covered with a single hard glazed cotton braid. Single conductors are 
 braided with plain colored cotton, while in the twisted pair one conductor contains a 
 differently colored tracer thread, and in triple conductor two of the three wires 
 contain different colors or different design of tracer threads, thus making no two of 
 the conductor braids alike. Sometimes a differently colored cotton braid is used, 
 one for each conductor, for purposes of distinction. 
 
 "Pot Head" Wires, Plain Telephone Conductors 
 
 Furnished in the smaller sizes, 18, 19, 20 or 22 B. & S. gauge, either single con- 
 ductor or twisted pair. Soft tinned copper conductors insulated to a diameter of 
 /g of an inch over rubber without any outer braid or protection. In case of twisted 
 pairs, one conductor is sometimes made of a differently colored rubber than the 
 other so as to discriminate between them. 
 
130 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Rubber- The following table includes the foregoing telephone wires and others not other- 
 
 covered wise described. Any of the sizes can be furnished in single or multiple conductors. 
 Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Telephone Wires, Twisted Pairs 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 List Numbers 
 
 
 Size 
 B. &S. 
 
 Finish 
 
 Over 
 Rubber 
 
 
 Approximate 
 Weight per 
 1000 Feet 
 
 No Test 
 
 100 
 Megohms 
 
 Over 100 
 Megohms 
 
 14 
 
 Braided 
 
 11-64 
 
 9141 
 
 9040 
 
 9040A 
 
 75 
 
 14 
 
 Braided 
 
 5-32 9145 
 
 9045 
 
 9045A 
 
 68 
 
 16 
 
 Braided 
 
 5-32 
 
 9165 
 
 9065 
 
 9065A 
 
 72 
 
 16 
 
 Braided 
 
 9-64 
 
 9169 
 
 9069 
 
 9069A 
 
 55 
 
 16 
 
 Braided 
 
 4-32 
 
 9164 
 
 9064 
 
 9064A 
 
 40 
 
 18 
 
 Braided 
 
 4-32 
 
 9184 
 
 9084 
 
 9084A 
 
 35 
 
 18 
 
 Braided 
 
 7-64 
 
 9187 
 
 9087 
 
 9087A 
 
 82 
 
 19 
 
 Braided 
 
 7-64 
 
 9197 
 
 9097 
 
 9097A 
 
 30 
 
 19 
 
 Braided 
 
 3-32 
 
 9193 
 
 9098 
 
 9093A 
 
 28 
 
 20 or 22 
 
 Braided 
 
 3-32 
 
 (9120 
 19122 
 
 9020 
 9022 
 
 9020A ) 
 9022A) 
 
 26 
 
 19 
 
 Plain 
 
 3-32 
 
 9193 P 
 
 9093 P 
 
 9093 B 
 
 20 
 
 20 or 22 
 
 Plain 
 
 8-32 
 
 (9120P 
 \9122P 
 
 9020 P 
 9022 P 
 
 9020 B ) 
 9022B } 
 
 24 
 
 Telephone Cables 
 
 These are made to include any number of single conductors or twisted pairs 
 of telephone wires either plain or braided, bunched together or laid up con- 
 centrically, with a tape or cotton braid or other fibrous covering over all. They 
 are frequently encased in a lead sheath, or armored. These cables vary greatly in 
 construction and are furnished to buyers' requirements and specifications. 
 
 Rubber -covered Iron Telephone Wire Single Conductor 
 
 These conductors are generally No. 12 or No. 14 B. W. G. galvanized 
 iron wire insulated with code thickness of vulcanized rubber, either single or 
 double cotton braid weatherproof saturated and wax polished. 
 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Single Braid 
 
 Double Braid 
 
 B. W. G. 
 
 Rubber 
 Inches 
 
 List 
 Number 
 
 Approximate 
 Weight per 1000 
 Feet 
 
 List 
 Number 
 
 Approximate 
 Weight per 1000 
 Feet 
 
 12 
 
 B 3 
 
 1512 
 
 100 
 
 1512A 
 
 140 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 1514 
 
 75 
 
 1514A 
 
 100 
 
 When furnished in twisted pairs, one conductor contains a raised tracer thread 
 to distinguish it from the other conductor. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 131 
 
 In addition to the above styles of telephone wire, we manufacture the following: 
 
 Spider Wire 
 
 The accepted interpretation of this term is synonymous with Bridle wire, 
 except that it is used singly instead of in pairs. Braids and finish are the same. 
 
 Rubber- 
 covered 
 Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Drop Wire 
 
 No. 14 B. & S. twisted pair, 5 inch over insulation, with black saturated 
 weatherproof braid, and raised marker in one conductor. Hard drawn copper. 
 
 This service involves the drop from the pole terminal to the house bracket. 
 No. 16 B. & S. insulated to 3% inch is extensively used, but on account of the 
 severe service to which this type of wire is put, necessitating great resistance to 
 climatic conditions, No. 14 B. & S. is considered the standard, because of its in- 
 creased tensile strength. 
 
 Jumper Wire 
 
 This is often confused with Spider and Bridle wire in outside construction, but 
 by the more general acceptance of the term, it applies to the wire used for cross- 
 connecting service on the main distributing frame. It is usually a No. 20 or 
 No. 22 B. & S. wire insulated to \ inch with flame-proof braids ; if twisted pair, 
 one is red and one white. 
 
 Packing House Cord 
 
 For Low Potential, 0-600 Volts 
 
 Order by List Number 
 
 Prices Quoted on Application 
 
 Size 
 B. &S. 
 
 Thickness of 
 Rubber 
 Inches 
 
 List 
 Number 
 
 Approximate 
 Weight per 
 1000 Feet 
 Pounds 
 
 Size 
 B. &S. 
 
 Thickness of 
 Rubber 
 Inches 
 
 List 
 Number 
 
 Approximate 
 Weight per 
 1000 Feet 
 Pounds 
 
 10 
 
 3-64 
 
 4950 
 
 142 
 
 16 
 
 2-64 
 
 4956 
 
 52 
 
 12 
 
 3-64 
 
 4952 
 
 107 
 
 18 
 
 2-64 
 
 4958 
 
 41 
 
 14 
 
 3-64 
 
 4954 
 
 84 
 
 20 
 
 2-64 
 
 4960 
 
 33 
 
 Specifications. Each conductor made up of a seven-tinned copper wire strand, insulated 
 with code thickness of vulcanized rubber, covered with a cotton braid, saturated with 
 weatherproof compound. Two such finished conductors twisted into pairs, the interstices of 
 which are filled with jute laterals to make the whole cylindrical, and then braided over all with 
 two heavy cotton braids, saturated with a weatherproof compound, and given a wax polish finish. 
 
 Used for incandescent lighting in packing houses and similar places. 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Rubber - 
 
 covered 
 
 Elevator Lighting Cable 
 
 This consists of two No. 14 B. & S. rubber insulated and braided conductors, 
 d C bl twisted into a cable (with cushioned steel supporting strand if required) and 
 finished with three hard glazed or weatherproof saturated cotton braids. 
 
 Brewery Cord 
 
 
 For Low Potential, 0-600 Volts 
 
 Size 
 B. & S. 
 
 Thickness of 
 Rubber 
 Inches 
 
 List 
 Number 
 
 Approximate 
 Weight per 
 1000 Feet 
 Pounds 
 
 Size 
 B. &S. 
 
 Thickness of 
 Rubber 
 Inches 
 
 List 
 
 Number 
 
 Approximate 
 Weight per 
 1000 Feet 
 Pounds 
 
 10 
 
 3-64 
 
 4930 
 
 120 
 
 16 
 
 2-64 
 
 4936 
 
 39 
 
 12 
 
 3-64 
 
 4932 
 
 89 
 
 18 
 
 2-64 
 
 4938 
 
 30 
 
 14 
 
 3-64 
 
 4934 
 
 (.8 
 
 20 
 
 2-64 
 
 4940 
 
 23 
 
 Specifications. Each conductor made up of a seven-tinned copper wire strand, insulated with 
 code thickness of vulcanized rubber, covered with a cotton braid and saturated with weather- 
 proof compound, wax polish finish. Two such finished conductors are then twisted into pairs, 
 forming a flexible cord. 
 
 Border Light Cables 
 
 The construction of these cables corresponds exactly with that of Theater or 
 Stage cables (see next page), but consists of more than two conductors. 
 
 Deck Cables 
 
 Each conductor made up of a seven-tinned copper wire strand insulated with 
 code thickness of vulcanized rubber and covered with a cotton braid. Two such 
 conductors are then twisted into pairs (the interstices of which are filled with jute 
 laterals to make the whole cylindrical), over which is placed a supplementary layer 
 of vulcanized rubber -^ inch thick, then braided over all with one cotton braid 
 saturated with weatherproof compound, wax polish finish. 
 
 Size B. & S 
 
 List Number 
 
 Size B. & S 
 
 List Number 
 
 10 
 12 
 14 
 
 4960 
 4962 
 4964 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 4966 
 4968 
 
 Elevator Control Cable 
 
 This consists of any number of stranded copper conductors insulated with vul- 
 canized rubber, braided, all stranded into a cable and covered over all with three 
 strong cotton braids saturated with weatherproof compound, wax polish finish. 
 
 Steel supporting strands can be included if desired. 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 133 
 
 Theater or Stage Cables 
 
 Rubber- 
 
 covered 
 
 Wires 
 
 and Cables 
 
 Consists of two extra flexible strands of tinned copper wires, each strand in- 
 sulated with code thickness of vulcanized rubber, protected with a cotton braid 
 saturated with weatherproof compound. 
 
 Two such finished conductors are then twisted into pairs, the interstices of 
 which are filled with jute laterals to make the whole cylindrical, and over which is 
 then placed two heavy cotton braids, saturated with a weatherproof compound, 
 wax polish finish. 
 
 Size, B. & S. 
 
 Number of 
 Wires in Strand 
 
 List Number 
 
 Size, B. & S. 
 
 Number of 
 Wires in Strand 
 
 List Number 
 
 1 
 
 259 
 
 4971 
 
 8 
 
 49 
 
 4978 
 
 2 
 
 210 
 
 4972 
 
 10 
 
 31 
 
 4980 
 
 3 
 
 151 
 
 4973 
 
 12 
 
 21 
 
 4982 
 
 4 
 
 133 
 
 4974 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 4984 
 
 6 
 
 49 
 
 4976 
 
 
 
 
 Crown Rubber Insulated Wires and Cables 
 
 For Incandescent Lighting, Telegraph and Telephone Service, 
 
 Street Railway Feeders and Power Transmission 
 
 Lines. Recommended Specially for Office 
 
 Buildings and Municipal Wiring 
 
 A High Grade Rubber Insulation for 
 Electrical Code Standard 
 
 National 
 
 Crown wire has an insulation which has made a record 
 for long life and for high insulating qualities. The thickness of 
 rubber placed on all code wires and cables provides a wide 
 margin of safety and gives a high grade insulation for all voltages 
 up to 3500, and for arc light circuits of 7000 volts or less. 
 
 The conductors are made of tinned annealed copper, of 
 highest conductivity. Covered with code thickness of rubber, 
 protected with one or two closely woven strong and elastic 
 cotton braids, or with tape and braid, saturated in a weather- 
 proof preservative compound and smoothly finished. Purple 
 distinguishing tracer thread embedded in rubber lengthwise of 
 wire and under braid. 
 
134 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Rubber- 
 covered 
 Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 o 
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 Rubber- 
 covered 
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 and Cables 
 
136 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Rubber- 
 covered 
 Wires 
 and Cables 
 
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ELECTRICAL 
 
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 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
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 Rubb " 
 
 
 and Cables 
 
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 Essi';jj 
 
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 fififill 
 
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 tS $ (H 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Rubber- 
 covered 
 Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 u 
 
 < J 
 
 
 
 IIIoll 
 < p 
 
 I 
 
 
 aaOOSOTHN 
 
 44444 
 
 
 t 
 be 
 
 ~ e 
 
 IJ' 
 
 
 per strand of 
 ton or paper 
 otected by 
 with black 
 
 ic cars and 
 conductors 
 ound on the 
 which leaves 
 
 p 
 d 
 
 ct 
 d 
 w 
 
 annealed c 
 ind of fine c 
 lation. This 
 ughly satura 
 
 circuits in e 
 ubber insula 
 ton or pape 
 removed a 
 
 opso ^g-5 
 g <s S-elaJs " 
 
 ' id'" 1 
 t-i 
 
 cifications Car cables consist of tin 
 conductivity, over which is placed 
 ode thickness of vulcanized rubber in 
 of closely woven cotton braid, tho 
 roof compound and finished smooth 
 cable is used for both power and li 
 ad cables. It differs from the othe 
 escribed, in having a layer of fine 
 r underneath the rubber, which is e 
 uctor clean for jointing. 
 
 Spec 
 highest 
 and a co 
 a braid 
 weather 
 his 
 lea 
 y d 
 cto 
 nd 
 
 a 
 T 
 motor 
 alread 
 condu 
 the co 
 
 rand of highest conductivity, 
 ade vulcanized rubber, pro- 
 heavy cotton braids, each of 
 -proof compound, smoothly 
 
 e suggestion of many super- 
 are using it for wiring their 
 braid will not ignite or carry 
 
 1000-foot lengths. 
 
 ber of ds, saturated in fire 
 ted by heavy braids, thoroughl 
 vering possesses good mechanic 
 reels, see page 50. 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 139 
 
 Mining Machine Cables 
 
 Rubber- 
 covered 
 Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Tinned Copper Duplex Parallel Flexible Conductors 
 
 For Low Potential, 0-600 Volts 
 
 Size 
 B. & S. 
 
 Number and 
 Diameter of 
 Wires in 
 Strand, Inches 
 
 Thickness 
 of Rubber 
 Inches 
 
 Approximate 
 Dimensions of 
 3-Braid Finished 
 Cable, Inches 
 
 Approximate 
 Weight per 
 1000 Feet 
 3-Braid, Lbs. 
 
 List Number 
 for 3 Outer Braids 
 
 Shipped on 
 Reel 
 Number 
 
 Crown 
 Insulation 
 
 Globe 
 Insulation 
 
 2 
 
 49 x .0369 
 
 4-64 
 
 1.174 x .700 
 
 748 
 
 290 
 
 1342 
 
 1002 
 
 3 
 
 49 x .0327 
 
 4-64 
 
 1.081 x .650 
 
 597 
 
 291 
 
 1343 
 
 1002 
 
 4 
 
 49 x .0292 
 
 4-64 
 
 1.000 x .608 
 
 468 
 
 292 
 
 1344 
 
 335 
 
 5 
 
 49 x .026 
 
 4-64 
 
 .930 x .565 
 
 408 
 
 292A 
 
 1344A 
 
 335 
 
 6 
 
 49 x .023 
 
 4-64 
 
 .920 x .545 
 
 344 
 
 293 
 
 1346 
 
 335 
 
 8 
 
 49 x .0184 
 
 3-64 
 
 .880 x .515 
 
 232 
 
 294 
 
 1348 
 
 1004 
 
 9 
 
 49 x .0163 
 
 3-64 
 
 .696 x .420 
 
 204 
 
 294A 
 
 1348A 
 
 1004 
 
 10 
 
 49 x .0145 
 
 3-64 
 
 .659 x .400 
 
 177 
 
 295 
 
 1350 
 
 1004 
 
 Specifications. Mining machine cables consist of two flexible strands of tinned annealed 
 copper of highest conductivity, each of which is insulated with code thickness of vulcanized 
 rubber and protected with a braid of cotton saturated with weatherproof compound. The two 
 finished cables are then placed side by side and covered with two or three strong cotton braids, 
 thoroughly saturated in \\eatherproof compound. This construction will withstand the most 
 severe abrasions. While this cable is commonly used in sizes from 2 to 10 B. & S., we are prepared 
 to make other sizes to specifications. Hard spun cotton cord braids will be substituted for the 
 regular cotton braid at a slightly advanced price, when same is required for extra hard usage. 
 
 As its name indicates, this cable is especially suited for mining purposes or for 
 any other portable service where the cable will receive rough handling. 
 Regarding reels, see page 50. 
 
 Duplex Concentric Stranded Mining Machine Cables 
 
140 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Rubber- 
 covered 
 Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Duplex Concentric Stranded Mining Machine Cables Continued 
 
 For Low Potential, 0-600 Volts 
 
 
 Number of Wires 
 
 Thickness of Rubber 
 
 
 Maximun Out- 
 
 Size 
 B. &S. 
 
 Inner 
 
 Outer 
 
 Inner 
 
 Outer 
 
 List 
 Number 
 
 side Diameter 
 over One Braid 
 
 
 Conductor 
 
 Conductor 
 
 Conductor 
 
 Conductor 
 
 
 Inch 
 
 4 
 
 49 
 
 37 
 
 4-64 
 
 4-64 
 
 1354 
 
 .825 
 
 6 
 
 49 
 
 37 
 
 4-64 
 
 4-64 
 
 1356 
 
 .760 
 
 8 
 
 49 
 
 37 
 
 3-64 
 
 3-64 
 
 1358 
 
 .642 
 
 Specifications, Grade "A" The inner conductor is made up of tinned annealed copper wires, 
 stranded into a flexible cable and insulated with code thickness of high grade vulcanized rubber. 
 This is taped or braided as required. Over this tape or braid is stranded the outer conductor, 
 consisting of a number of tinned annealed copper wires, equal in area to the central conductor. 
 These wires are insulated with code thickness of high grade vulcanized rubber and protected 
 with braid or with tape and braid of strong cotton thoroughly saturated in weatherproof compound. 
 Hard spun cotton cord braids will be substituted for the regular cotton braid at a slightly 
 advanced price, when same is required for extra hard usage. 
 
 Grade "B." Made the same as Grade "A" without the outside belt of rubber. 
 
 This concentric mining cable is sometimes used as a substitute for the duplex 
 parallel mining cables. It is not so flexible as the duplex parallel and it offers 
 greater difficulties in making connections to the terminal lugs. On the other hand, 
 under certain conditions, the cylindrical form of conductor has advantages over the 
 duplex parallel oval form. 
 
 High Grade 30 Per Cent, and Special Rubber 
 Insulated Wires and Cables 
 
 For Station Wiring, Arc Light and Signal 
 
 Service, Street Railroad Feeders and High 
 
 Voltage Power Transmission Lines 
 
 Rubber-covered wires and cables made to the 
 most exacting specifications; in any size or finish and 
 for all services and voltages. Insulated with rubber 
 compounds containing only the highest grades of Para 
 rubber and other necessary preservative ingredients. 
 The exact composition of the rubber compound used 
 and the thickness of the rubber insulation will in every 
 case be determined by the working voltage and by the 
 nature of the service. The conductors will be furnished 
 solid, stranded or extra flexible as ordered, annealed 
 and heavily tinned. 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 141 
 
 We Manufacture Wires and Cables to the Following Specifications for 30 Per Rubber- 
 Cent. Rubber Insulating Compound which have been Accepted covered 
 by the Leading American Engineers Wires 
 
 The compound shall contain not less than 30 per cent, by weight of fine dry Para 
 rubber which has not previously been used in rubber compounds. The composi- 
 tion of the remaining 70 per cent, shall be left to the discretion of the manufacturer. 
 
 Chemical 
 
 The vulcanized rubber compound shall contain not more than 6 per cent, by 
 weight of Acetone Extract. For this determination, the Acetone extraction shall 
 be carried on for five hours in a Soxhlet extractor, as improved by Dr. C. O. Weber. 
 
 Mechanical 
 
 The rubber insulation shall be homogeneous in character, shall be placed con- 
 centrically about the conductor, and shall have a tensile strength of not less than 
 800 pounds per square inch. 
 
 From any wire on which the wall of insulation does not exceed ^ inch, a 
 sample of vulcanized rubber compound not less than 4 inches in length shall be cut 
 with a sharp knife held tangent to the copper. Marks should be placed on the sam- 
 ple 2 inches apart. The sample shall be stretched until the marks are 6 inches 
 apart and then immediately released ; one minute after such release, the marks shall 
 not be over 2^ inches apart. The sample shall then be stretched until the marks 
 are 9 inches apart before breaking. 
 
 In case the wall of insulation exceeds ^ inch, the return required shall be 2> 
 inches instead of 2^ inches, and the stretch before breaking shall be 8 inches instead 
 of 9 inches. 
 
 For the purpose of these tests, care must be used in cutting to obtain a proper 
 sample, and the manufacturer shall not be responsible for results obtained from 
 samples imperfectly cut. 
 
 These tests are made at a temperature not less than 50 degrees F. 
 
 For high tension service, it is recommended that the above mechanical require- 
 ments of the rubber be eliminated. 
 
 Electrical 
 
 Each and every length of conductor shall comply with the requirements given 
 in the following table. The tests shall be made at the works of the manufacturer 
 when the conductor is covered with vulcanized rubber and before the application 
 of other covering than tape or braid. 
 
 Tests shall be made after at least twelve hours' submersion in water and while still 
 immersed. The voltage specified shall be applied for five minutes. The insulation 
 test shall follow the voltage test, shall be made with a battery of not less than 100 
 nor more than 500 volts, and the reading shall be taken after one minute's electrifi- 
 cation. Where tests for acceptance are made by the purchaser on his own premises, 
 such tests shall be made within ten days of receipt of wire or cable by purchaser. 
 
 Inspection 
 
 The purchaser may send to the works of the manufacturer, a representative 
 who shall be afforded all necessary facilities to make the above specified electrical 
 and mechanical tests, and also to assure himself that the 30 per cent, of the rubber 
 above specified is actually put into the compound, but he shall not be privileged to 
 inquire what ingredients are used to make up the remaining 70 per cent, of the 
 compound. 
 
142 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Rubber- 
 covered 
 Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Specifications Continued 
 
 Voltage Test for Five Minutes 
 For Thirty Minutes' Test, Take 80 Per Cent, of These Figures 
 
 Size 
 
 Thickness of Insulation in Inches 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 6 5 J 
 
 A 
 
 6 7 5 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 7 
 32 
 
 A 
 
 1000000) 
 to V 
 550000 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 6000 
 
 8000 
 
 12000 
 
 16000 
 
 19000 
 
 22000 
 
 500000) 
 to V 
 250000 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5000 
 
 7000 
 
 9000 
 
 13000 
 
 16000 
 
 19000 
 
 22000 
 
 4/0 1 
 
 to > 
 
 
 
 
 4000 
 
 6000 
 
 8000 
 
 10000 
 
 13000 
 
 16000 
 
 19000 
 
 22000 
 
 to [ 
 
 
 
 3000 
 
 5000 
 
 7000 
 
 9000 
 
 11000 
 
 14000 
 
 16000 
 
 18000 
 
 20000 
 
 8 | 
 to [ 
 14 f 
 
 3000 
 
 4500 
 
 6000 
 
 7500 
 
 9000 
 
 10000 
 
 11000 
 
 12000 
 
 
 
 Megohms per Mile 60 Degrees F. 
 One Minute Electrification 
 
 Thickness of Insulation in Inches 
 
 Size 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 8 
 
 
 1000000 C. M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 300 
 
 840 
 
 420 
 
 490 
 
 560 
 
 630 
 
 900000 C. M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 320 
 
 360 
 
 440 
 
 510 
 
 590 
 
 660 
 
 800000 C. M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 330 
 
 380 
 
 460 
 
 540 
 
 610 
 
 690 
 
 700000 C. M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 350 
 
 400 
 
 490 
 
 570 
 
 650 
 
 730 
 
 600000 C. M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 380 
 
 430 
 
 520 
 
 610 
 
 690 
 
 770 
 
 500000 C. M. 
 
 . . 
 
 
 
 360 
 
 410 
 
 460 
 
 570 
 
 660 
 
 750 
 
 830 
 
 400000 C. M. 
 
 
 
 
 400 
 
 450 
 
 510 
 
 620 
 
 720 
 
 820 
 
 910 
 
 300000 C. M. 
 
 | ' 
 
 
 
 450 
 
 520 
 
 580 
 
 700 
 
 810 
 
 910 
 
 1010 
 
 250000 C. M. 
 
 
 
 
 490 
 
 560 
 
 630 
 
 750 
 
 870 
 
 980 
 
 1090 
 
 4/0 Strand 
 
 
 
 450 
 
 530 
 
 610 
 
 680 
 
 820 
 
 940 
 
 1060 
 
 1170 
 
 3/0 Strand 
 
 
 
 500 
 
 590 
 
 670 
 
 740 
 
 890 
 
 1020 
 
 1150 
 
 1270 
 
 2/0 Strand 
 
 
 . . 
 
 560 
 
 650 
 
 740 
 
 820 
 
 980 
 
 1130 
 
 1260 
 
 1380 
 
 1/0 Strand 
 
 
 
 600 
 
 710 
 
 800 
 
 890 
 
 1060 
 
 1210 
 
 1350 
 
 1470 
 
 1 Solid 
 
 
 
 750 
 
 870 
 
 970 
 
 1080 
 
 1270 
 
 1440 
 
 1600 
 
 1740 
 
 2 Solid 
 
 . . 
 
 680 
 
 820 
 
 950 
 
 1070 
 
 1170 
 
 1380 
 
 1560 
 
 1720 
 
 1870 
 
 3 Solid 
 
 
 750 
 
 900 
 
 1040 
 
 1160 
 
 12SO 
 
 1490 
 
 1680 
 
 1850 
 
 2000 
 
 4 Solid 
 
 
 820 
 
 980 
 
 1130 
 
 1260 
 
 1380 
 
 1610 
 
 1800 
 
 1980 
 
 2140 
 
 5 Solid 
 
 
 910 
 
 1070 
 
 1230 
 
 1370 
 
 1500 
 
 1740 
 
 1940 
 
 2180 
 
 2290 
 
 6 Solid 
 
 
 990 
 
 1160 
 
 1330 
 
 1480 
 
 1610 
 
 1860 
 
 2070 
 
 2260 
 
 2430 
 
 8 Solid 
 
 950 
 
 1170 
 
 1370 
 
 1560 
 
 1720 
 
 1870 
 
 2140 
 
 2360 
 
 2570 
 
 2750 
 
 9 Solid 
 
 1040 
 
 1280 
 
 1490 
 
 1680 
 
 1850 
 
 2000 
 
 22SO 
 
 2520 
 
 2730 
 
 2910 
 
 10 Solid 
 
 1130 
 
 1390 
 
 1610 
 
 1810 
 
 1990 
 
 2150 
 
 2440 
 
 2680 
 
 2890 
 
 3000 
 
 12 Solid 
 
 1340 
 
 1620 
 
 1860 
 
 2080 
 
 2270 
 
 2440 
 
 2750 
 
 3000 
 
 3220 
 
 3420 
 
 14 Solid 
 
 1550 
 
 i860 
 
 2120 
 
 2360 
 
 2560 
 
 2740 
 
 3060 
 
 3320 
 
 3550 
 
 3750 
 
ELECT 
 
 RICAL WIRES AND CABLES 143 
 
 Signal Wires and Cables 
 
 Rubber- 
 covered 
 Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Solid Conductor, Insulated and Braided 
 
 Duplex Signal Wires, Insulated and Braided 
 
 Armored Torpedo Cable 
 
 Wires and cables under this head are made to meet, in every respect, the rigid 
 specifications of the Railway Signal Association. They are insulated with 30 per 
 cent. Para rubber or a higher grade, as may be required by the leading railroads of 
 the country. These signal wires and cables may consist of single rubber-covered 
 conductors or of any number of such conductors stranded into a cable. While the 
 construction used by one railroad may differ in some minor respects from that re- 
 quired by another company, in the main, the following extracts from the Railway 
 Signal Association specifications fairly represent standard practice : 
 
 CONDUCTORS are of soft drawn copper of 98 per cent, conductivity or higher, 
 thoroughly annealed and well tinned, in sizes generally from No. 6 to No. 18 B. & S. 
 inclusive, though other sizes are made to order. 
 
144 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Rubber- Specifications for Signal Wires and Cables Continued 
 
 ^ ver RUBBER INSULATION to consist of vulcanized rubber compound containing not 
 
 * re !, less than 30 per cent, of fine dry Para rubber carefully selected and prepared. The 
 
 conductors are insulated to the required thickness, depending on whether for aerial 
 or underground use, as per the following tables: 
 
 Wires for Aerial Cables 
 
 Wires for Underground Cables 
 
 Size 
 B. & S. 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Mils 
 
 Thickness of 
 Insulation, Inches 
 
 Size 
 B. &S. 
 
 Area 
 Cir. Mils 
 
 Thickness of 
 Insulation, Inches 
 
 6 
 8 
 . 
 10 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 
 162 
 129 
 114 
 102 
 80.8 
 64.1 
 50.8 
 40.3 
 
 5-64 
 5-64 
 5-64 
 1-16 
 1-16 
 1-16 
 3-64 
 8-64 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 
 26,250 
 16,509 
 13,090 
 10,380 
 6,530 
 4,107 
 2,583 
 1,624 
 
 3-32 
 3-32 
 5-64 
 5-64 
 5-64 
 5-64 
 1-16 
 1-16 
 
 Taping and Braiding 
 
 (a) The rubber insulation is protected with a layer of cotton tape thoroughly 
 filled with a rubber insulating compound, lapped one-half its width and so worked 
 on as to insure a smooth surface. 
 
 (b) The outer braid consists of one layer of closely woven cotton braiding at 
 least one thirty-second ( 1-32) of an inch thick, saturated with a black insulating 
 weatherproof compound which shall have no injurious effect upon the braid at a 
 temperature of 200 degrees Fahrenheit. 
 
 Electrical Tests of Rubber Insulation 
 
 The circular mils cross-section, the thickness of the rubber insulation (measured 
 at the thinnest point) , the minimum insulation resistance in megohms per mile and 
 the dielectric strength for the various sizes of wire conform to the following table : 
 
 Size B. & S. 
 
 Area in Cir. Mils 
 
 Thickness of Insula- 
 tion, Inches 
 
 Insulation Resistance 
 Megohms per mile 
 
 Test Voltage Alter- 
 nating Current 
 
 6 
 
 26,250 
 
 3-32 
 
 1300 
 
 9,000 
 
 8 
 
 16,509 
 
 3-32 
 
 1600 
 
 9,000 
 
 9 
 
 13,090 
 
 5-64 
 
 1500 
 
 7,000 
 
 10 
 
 10,380 
 
 5-64 
 
 1600 
 
 7,000 
 
 12 
 
 6,530 
 
 5-64 
 
 1900 
 
 7,000 
 
 14 
 
 4,107 
 
 5-64 
 
 2100 
 
 7,000 
 
 16 
 
 2,583 
 
 1-16 
 
 
 4,000 
 
 18 
 
 1,624 
 
 1-16 
 
 
 4,000 
 
 Specifications for Multiple Conductor Aerial Signal Cables, Braided 
 
 Conductors furnished in cables must conform to the above table, without tape or 
 braided covering, except tracing wire, which may be taped or braided. The core of 
 the cable must be made up cylindrical in form, with one wire in each layer taped or 
 braided for tracer. Each layer of core must have a spiral lay, each consecutive 
 layer being spiraled in reverse direction from the preceding one. All interstices 
 between conductors in each layer to be filled with jute, each layer of cable to be 
 wrapped with one layer of over-lapping tape. Tape must be of closely woven 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 145 
 
 cotton, saturated with a permanent moisture- repelling compound which shall not Rubber- 
 act injuriously on the insulating compound, cotton tape or braid. Over the taped covered 
 core shall be wrapped a bedding of jute not less than 1-16 inch thick, saturated with Wires 
 
 tar, one layer of over-lapping tape laid on in reverse order to winding of jute, and a and Cables 
 closely woven braid saturated with a permanent weatherproofing compound which 
 is not soluble in water. Cables of more than three and less than seven conductors 
 must be made up with a jute or sisal center. 
 
 Underground Multiple Conductor Signal Cables, Braided 
 
 Conductors furnished in cables must conform to the table, page 145, each conductor 
 to be taped or braided, tracing wire to be marked in such a manner as to be readily 
 identified. The core of cable must be made up cylindrical in form, with one wire 
 in each layer marked for tracer ; each layer of core must have a spiral lay, each 
 consecutive layer being spiraled in reverse direction from the preceding one. 
 Cables of more than three and less than seven conductors must be made up with a 
 jute or sisal center, each layer of cable to be wrapped with one layer of over-lapping 
 tape. Tape must be of closely woven cotton, saturated with a permanent moisture- 
 repelling compound and which shall not act injuriously on the insulation compound, 
 cotton, tape or braid. 
 
 The taped core shall be covered with a closely woven braid saturated with a 
 permanent weatherproofing compound which is not soluble in water. 
 
 Lead Encased Signal Cables for Aerial Use 
 
 Cables to be constructed under specifications for aerial cables, except that the 
 outside wraps of jute and braid are omitted and the cable protected by a lead sheath 
 of not less than the thickness indicated below: 
 
 Diameter of Taped Cable 
 
 Thickness of Lead, Inches 
 
 If inch or smaller 
 
 1 16 
 
 Larger than i| inch and not exceeding Ij 5 6 inches 
 Larger than Ij 5 ,, inches and not exceeding 2 inches 
 Larger than 2 inches 
 
 5-64 
 3-32 
 1 8 
 
 
 
 Automobile Ignition Wires and Cables 
 
 We are prepared to manufacture automobile wires and cables for both primary 
 and secondary circuits to customers' specifications or samples. These wires are 
 made by the most approved methods and of carefully selected insulating materials. 
 They are designed not only to withstand the severe electrical stresses met with in 
 automobile service, but also the unusual physical conditions that are encountered, 
 such as heat, oil, etc. All of the materials entering into these wires, as well as the 
 finished wires themselves, are carefully tested in our laboratories so that we can 
 guarantee for our automobile wires and cables long life and efficient service. 
 
146 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Rubber- 
 coveted 
 Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 8.3 
 
 l 1 
 
 - - 
 
 OS S 
 
 w 
 
 S 
 
 "53 
 
 "S N 
 
 ' 
 
 I! 
 
 ill 
 
 
 
 gS S 
 
 jii 
 
 
 T- 
 
 f*O^O^ 
 
 iSSgl 
 
 
 
 
 > j> n co i^< 
 
 > O O O O ( 
 
Lead Encased Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Page 
 
 Multiple Conductor Cables 148 
 
 Lead Sheaths 148-158 
 
 Rubber Insulated Lead Encased Cables . . 150 
 
 Paper Insulated Lead Encased Cables . . . 155 
 
 Specifications for Paper Lead Cables . . 157 
 
 Varnished Cambric Cables 163 
 
 Submarine Cables 164 
 
 Installation of Underground Cables . . . 166 
 
148 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Lead En- 
 cased Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Electric Light and Power Cables, Lead Encased or Armored 
 
 We are extensive makers of lead encased or armored electric light and power 
 cables of all types, aerial, underground and submarine. We are thoroughly 
 equipped to make these to the most rigid specifications, in any quantity, size or 
 length, for any voltage, and finished for any service, single or multiple conductor 
 or concentric laid. Only the very best of materials, selected and prepared with 
 the greatest of care and skill, enter into the construction of these cables. When 
 left to us, we use that particular thickness and arrangement of insulating material, 
 and apply it in such manner as our extensive experience has shown to be best for 
 the purpose for which the cable is to be used. 
 
 We also contract for the complete installation of underground or submarine 
 cables, or superintend installations as may be required, having a large and well 
 equipped department for this class of work, as fully described on page 166. 
 
 Multiple Conductor Cables 
 
 In the construction of multiple conductor cables, insulated with rubber, paper 
 or varnished cambric, lateral fillers of jute are generally used to make the conduc- 
 tor solid and cylindrical in form, and to avoid open spaces between insulation and 
 sheath, through which static discharges could take place. The required thickness 
 of insulation can be placed about each separate conductor before it is laid up into 
 the core, or, as is more general, especially with paper and varnished cambric, a 
 portion of the required amount of insulation can be placed in the form of a belt 
 about the assembled conductors. This latter method makes a more even distribu- 
 tion of the insulating material. 
 
 When a three-conductor cable is used in a star-connected A. C. circuit with 
 grounded neutral, the thickness of insulation between conductors and ground need 
 be but 0.6 of that between conductors. Separately insulated pressure wires can be 
 incorporated in the core of any form of multiple or single conductor or concentric 
 cable, as may be required. These are used mostly in low tension distributing 
 systems to enable the station attendant to readily determine the voltage at outlying 
 points of the system. 
 
 Lead Sheaths 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 % 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 149 
 
 In general, cables are sheathed with lead for the purpose of excluding moisture Lead En- 
 and for protection of the insulation against mechanical injury and other destructive casedWires 
 agencies. The purest lead possible to obtain is used for sheathing. It is some- and Cables 
 times required to harden and strengthen the lead sheath by the addition of one, 
 two or three per cent, of tin. It is a question among engineers as to whether much 
 is gained by the addition of tin to the lead. The two metals do not alloy uniformly 
 and in consequence when much tin is used, hard or brittle sections may develop, 
 due to the segregation of one of the metals. The following thicknesses of lead are 
 generally used on our rubber and varnished cambric cables, unless otherwise speci- 
 fied. For paper cables, the sheath should be from one to two sixty-fourths thicker, 
 as specified on page 158. 
 
 Outside Diameter of Core 
 (or Inside Diameter of 
 Lead Pipe), Inches 
 
 Thickness of 
 Lead Sheath 
 Inches 
 
 Outside Diameter of Core 
 (or Inside Diameter of 
 Lead Pipe), Inches 
 
 Thickness of 
 Lead Sheath 
 Inches 
 
 Up to % 
 
 X tO S/ 8 
 
 H to \y 4 
 
 ! 
 
 Ifc to 15/s 
 Ifjj and larger 
 
 A 
 
 '/s to & 
 
 This company will not be responsible for the failure of any cable which may 
 be due to openings in the lead sheath caused by electrolysis or other means beyond 
 its control. 
 
 Extra Galvanized Steel Armor Wire for Cables 
 
 Armor wire is used as a mechanical protection either to the sheath, or as in case 
 of rubber or varnished cambric cables, it is sometimes used to protect the insulation 
 without the sheath. In places where severe vibration would crystallize and break 
 the sheathing, it is customary to use armor wire as a substitute for the sheathing. 
 
 Heavily galvanized and pliable medium strength steel is used for armor wire. 
 The particular size of wire and the number of wires best to use, the length and 
 angle of lay, will in every case depend upon conditions of service and installation, 
 matters that are determined by experience. See page 81. 
 
 One, two or three layers of jute heavily saturated in petroleum compounds are 
 usually placed over the sheathing or the armor to lessen electrolytic action of stray 
 earth currents and to prevent corrosion from acids. 
 
 Inquiries 
 
 We make such a great variety of electric light and power cables, they are 
 made in so many different sizes and with so many different thicknesses of insula- 
 tion, and finished in so many different ways that it would be impracticable to 
 attempt to tabulate them all. Hence only a few of the more common sizes will be 
 listed. This class of our product is making an enviable record, and is well and 
 favorably known in all parts of the country. 
 
 We solicit inquiries containing full information. 
 
 In making inquiries for special cables please state : 
 
 (a} Quantity and size of conductor, and construction of the conductor, solid 
 or stranded. 
 
 (b) If it is to be a multiple conductor cable, give the number and arrangement 
 of conductors desired. 
 
150 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Lead En- ( c) Kind of insulation, whether rubber, paper, or varnished cambric. 
 
 casedWires (d) Thickness of insulation about each conductor, and of supplementary 
 
 and Cables insulation. 
 
 (e} Finish of cable, whether braided, plain lead sheath, lead and jute, armor, 
 armor and jute, etc. 
 
 (f) Kind of current to be transmitted, whether D. C. or A. C., and amount 
 of current. 
 
 (g) The normal working voltage of the circuit, and if three-conductor A. C., 
 whether connected in Y or A . Also full requirements regarding the test pressure. 
 
 (^) Purpose for which the cable is intended, whether aerial, underground, 
 submarine, station wiring, arc light, etc. 
 
 ( /') Number and location of pressure wires, if any. 
 
 Rubber Insulated, Lead-covered Cables 
 
 We make a specialty of heavy rubber cables, lead sheathed, armored, or lead- 
 encased and armored, for all services and voltages, and finished in any style. These 
 are made to meet the most exacting requirements, such as those specified for govern- 
 ment and for railway signal service, underground, submarine, or aerial. While 
 taped and braided rubber wires and cables are used for inside and submarine 
 service with entire satisfaction without any lead sheathing, experience has demon- 
 strated the advisability of enclosing the cable in a sheath whenever it is to be used 
 in conduits for underground work, or where it would be exposed to acids, gases, 
 extreme temperature changes, or other destructive agencies. 
 
 The composition and properties of our rubber insulations have already been 
 described on pages 116 to 122. Great care is taken in the preparation of our 
 rubber compounds, and in the selection of the rubber and the necessary 
 mineral ingredients. The rubber compound is applied to the conductor in layers 
 under great pressure, thus insuring the centralization of the conductor, and also 
 preventing the formation of air holes in the body of the dielectric. Any number 
 of conductors thus insulated can be stranded into a core or cable, the interstices 
 between the conductors usually being rounded out with jute fillers. In this condi- 
 tion, the cable is ready for the application of the tape and lead sheath, or as some- 
 times required, a supplementary belt of rubber insulation, and then the tape and 
 sheath or other protection as shown below. 
 
 All copper conductors are annealed thoroughly and heavily and evenly tinned, 
 and have a guaranteed conductivity of 98 per cent, or better. 
 
 Rubber insulated cables may be finished in any one of the following ways, as 
 may be specified : 
 
 Taped and leaded. 
 
 Taped, leaded and braided, weatherproof, soapstone or flame- 
 proof finish. 
 
 Taped, leaded and juted. 
 
 Taped, leaded, juted and armored. 
 
 Taped, leaded, juted, armored and juted. 
 
 Taped, juted and armored. 
 
 Taped, juted, armored and juted. 
 A tracer thread is always laid underneath the tape. 
 
 Cables may be taped and braided instead of taped, and in each case one, 
 two or three reverse layers of jute can be used. Other combinations are sometimes 
 required which can be made as specified. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 151 
 
 
 iiffl 
 
 ill 
 
 3^ = 
 
 Ho 
 
 >^-j4O 
 
 <NCO-^< 
 if* Tf< TJI 
 
 t-t-l-fc-t- t-t-l>t>t 
 
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 GOOC GOGOGC 
 
 
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 3K: 
 
 444- 
 
 iiH-*<OaOOW* 
 
 s.s 
 
 Lead En- 
 casedWires 
 and Cables 
 
 o>rt 
 P. P 
 
152 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Lead En- 
 cased Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Crown Lead-covered Cables 
 
 Stranded Tinned Copper Conductor Rubber Insulated Taped and Lead Encased 
 
 Order by List Number 
 
 Prices quoted on Application 
 
 Size in 
 Circular Mils 
 
 Number of 
 Wires in 
 Stranded 
 Conductor 
 
 Approx. 
 Diameter of 
 Stranded 
 Conductor 
 Inches 
 
 Thickness 
 of Rubber 
 Inches 
 
 Approx. 
 Thickness 
 of Lead 
 Inches 
 
 List 
 Number 
 
 Approx. 
 Diameter 
 Over Lead 
 Inches 
 
 Approx. 
 Weight per 
 1000 Feet 
 Pounds 
 
 250,000 
 
 37 
 
 .575 
 
 3-32 
 
 8-32 
 
 801 
 
 63-64 
 
 2,236 
 
 800,000 
 
 37 
 
 .630 
 
 3-32 
 
 3-32 
 
 802 
 
 67-64 
 
 2,523 
 
 350,000 
 
 37 
 
 .681 
 
 3-34 
 
 3-32 
 
 803 
 
 70-64 
 
 2,773 
 
 400,000 
 
 37 
 
 .728 
 
 3-32 
 
 3-32 
 
 804 
 
 73-64 
 
 3,004 
 
 450,000 
 
 3? 
 
 .772 
 
 3-32 
 
 3-32 
 
 805 
 
 76-64 
 
 3,212 
 
 500,000 
 
 61 
 
 .814 
 
 3-32 
 
 3-32 
 
 806 
 
 79-64 
 
 3,479 
 
 250,000 
 
 37 
 
 .575 
 
 5-32 
 
 3-32 
 
 1075 
 
 72-64 
 
 2,576 
 
 300,000 
 
 37 
 
 .630 
 
 5-32 
 
 3-32 
 
 1076 
 
 74-64 
 
 2,809 
 
 350,000 
 
 37 
 
 .681 
 
 5-32 
 
 3-32 
 
 1077 
 
 76-64 
 
 3,041 
 
 400.000 
 
 37 
 
 .728 
 
 5-3:2 
 
 3-32 
 
 1078 
 
 82-64 
 
 3.344 
 
 450,000 
 
 37 
 
 .772 
 
 5-32 
 
 3-32 
 
 1079 
 
 84-64 
 
 3.568 
 
 500,000 
 
 61 
 
 .814 
 
 5-32 
 
 3-32 
 
 1080 
 
 86-64 
 
 3,819 
 
 500000 
 
 61 
 
 .814 
 
 5-32 
 
 4-32 
 
 1081 
 
 91-64 
 
 4483 
 
 600,000 
 
 61 
 
 .892 
 
 5-32 
 
 4-32 
 
 1083 
 
 96-64 
 
 4,983 
 
 750,000 
 
 61 
 
 .998 
 
 5-32 
 
 4-32 
 
 1085 
 
 102-64 
 
 5.696 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 61 
 
 1.152 
 
 5-32 
 
 4-32 
 
 1087 
 
 112-64 
 
 6,891 
 
 1,250,000 
 
 91 
 
 1.289 
 
 5-82 
 
 4-32 
 
 1089 
 
 120-64 
 
 7,940 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 91 
 
 1.413 
 
 5-32 
 
 4-82 
 
 1091 
 
 128-64 
 
 9,005 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 127 
 
 1.631 
 
 5-32 
 
 4-32 
 
 1093 
 
 142-64 
 
 11,091 
 
B-LECTR1CA 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 153 
 
 Crown Lead Encased Cables 
 
 Order by List Number Prices Quoted on Application 
 
 Lead En- 
 cased Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Size in 
 Circular 
 
 Mils 
 
 Number 
 Wires in 
 Stranded 
 Conductor 
 
 Approx. 
 Diameter of 
 Stranded 
 Conductor 
 Inches 
 
 Thickness 
 of Rubber 
 Inches 
 
 Approx. 
 Thickness 
 of Lead 
 Inches 
 
 Approx. 
 Diameter 
 Over Lead 
 Inches 
 
 List 
 Number 
 
 Approx. 
 Weight 
 
 lOOO^eet 
 Pounds 
 
 Approx. 
 Length on 
 a Reel 
 Feet 
 
 SoO.OOO 
 
 37 
 
 .575 
 
 4-32 
 
 3-32 
 
 66-64 
 
 1050 
 
 2379 
 
 1000 
 
 300,000 
 
 37 
 
 .630 
 
 4-32 
 
 3-32 
 
 70-64 
 
 1051 
 
 2711 
 
 1000 
 
 350.000 
 
 37 
 
 .681 
 
 4-32 
 
 3-32 
 
 74-64 
 
 1052 
 
 2980 
 
 1000 
 
 400.000 
 
 37 
 
 .728 
 
 4-32 
 
 3-32 
 
 78-64 
 
 1053 
 
 3190 
 
 1000 
 
 450,000 
 
 37 
 
 .772 
 
 4-32 
 
 3-32 
 
 80-64 
 
 1054 
 
 3357 
 
 1000 
 
 500,000 
 
 61 
 
 .814 
 
 4-32 
 
 3-32 
 
 83-64 
 
 1055 
 
 3668 
 
 1000 
 
 500000 
 
 61 
 
 .814 
 
 4-32 
 
 4-32 
 
 87-64 
 
 1056 
 
 4317 
 
 1000 
 
 600.000 
 
 61 
 
 .892 
 
 4-32 
 
 3-32 
 
 87-64 
 
 1057 
 
 4078 
 
 1000 
 
 600,000 
 
 61 
 
 .892 
 
 4-32 
 
 4-32 
 
 91-64 
 
 1058 
 
 4755 
 
 1000 
 
 750,000 
 
 61 
 
 .998 
 
 4-32 
 
 3-32 
 
 94-64 
 
 1059 
 
 4745 
 
 1000 
 
 750,000 
 
 61 
 
 .998 
 
 4-32 
 
 4-32 
 
 98-64 
 
 1060 
 
 5470 
 
 1000 
 
 .000000 
 
 61 
 
 .152 
 
 4-32 
 
 3-32 
 
 104-64 
 
 1061 
 
 5938 
 
 750 
 
 .000,000 
 
 61 
 
 .152 
 
 4-32 
 
 4-32 
 
 108-64 
 
 1062 
 
 6719 
 
 750 
 
 1.250.000 
 
 91 
 
 .289 
 
 4-32 
 
 3-32 
 
 113-64 
 
 1063 
 
 6904 
 
 750 
 
 ,250 000 
 
 91 
 
 .289 
 
 4-32 
 
 4-32 
 
 117-64 
 
 1064 
 
 7780 
 
 750 
 
 ,500,000 
 
 91 
 
 .413 
 
 4-32 
 
 3-32 
 
 120-64 
 
 1065 
 
 8010 
 
 500 
 
 ,500,000 
 
 91 
 
 .413 
 
 4-32 
 
 4-32 
 
 124-64 
 
 1066 
 
 8945 
 
 500 
 
 2.000,000 
 
 127 
 
 1.631 
 
 4-32 
 
 3-32 
 
 135-64 
 
 1067 
 
 9890 
 
 500 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 127 
 
 1.631 
 
 4-32 
 
 4-32 
 
 189-64 
 
 1068 
 
 10932 
 
 500 
 
 We are prepared to manufacture wires and cables of any style or to any 
 
 ifir>a firm 
 
 specification. 
 
 Four-conductor, Stranded, Rubber, Tape, Jute and Lead 
 
154 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 C O M P A N Y 
 
 Lead En- 
 cased Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 TJ 
 
 03 
 
 !=! 
 
 111 
 
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 111 
 
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ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 155 
 
 Paper Insulated Lead Sheathed Cables Lead En- 
 
 casedWires 
 
 For many years past we have manufactured large quantities of paper cables, a nd Cables 
 single and multiple conductor. Our factory equipment is unexcelled for making 
 this class of material to the most exacting specifications. 
 
 In the construction of paper cables, for electric light and power purposes, 
 narrow and very thin strips of pure Manila paper are wound spirally about the 
 conductor in sufficient number of layers for the required dielectric strength. The 
 material which we use is the very best grade of Manila rope paper, uniform in 
 texture, containing no particles of mineral substances, wood pulp or low grade 
 materials, no pin holes and no trace of alkalies or residual chemicals. The selec- 
 tion of a high grade paper is most essential for permanence and for good dielectric 
 properties. 
 
 After the paper covering has been applied to the single conductor, or to the 
 core of conductors in the form of a belt, every trace of air and moisture is removed 
 from the cable by special processes, and while in this condition the core is thor- 
 oughly saturated and all interstices completely filled with hot insulating compounds. 
 The cable is then put through a hydraulic press and covered with a closely fitting 
 lead sheathing so as to exclude all air and moisture and to retain the insulating 
 compound. A tracer thread is placed lengthwise of all cables underneath the 
 sheath. 
 
 The dielectric value of paper not only depends upon the quality of the paper 
 and the manner of applying it to the conductor, but to a great extent upon the com- 
 position of the insulating compound. Increasing the fluidity of the compound 
 within certain limits will improve the puncture test and increase the flexibility of 
 the cable, but will reduce the megohm test, and vice versa. A dense thick com- 
 pound will result in a very stiff cable, but one having a higher insulation resistance. 
 The insulation of such a cable would be very liable to crack or break if bent at a 
 low temperature, and this would lead to burn-outs. 
 
 Paper cables are generally cheaper and have a lower electro-static capacity 
 than rubber or varnished cambric cables. The insulation is strong and uniform in 
 quality, and except when frozen solid, is quite flexible. Paper cables can be worked 
 safely at a higher temperature than can other kinds, and experience has demon- 
 strated that their useful life is practically determined by the integrity of the sheath- 
 ing. For this reason the thickness of the lead sheath should in general be greater 
 than for corresponding sizes of rubber or cambric cables, by one or two sixty-fourths 
 of an inch. See page 149. Paper is less liable than rubber to deterioration from 
 excessive electro-static strains. In short, the paper insulated cable when properly 
 constructed and sheathed can be recommended as one of the best for most 
 conditions. 
 
 
156 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Lead En- 
 cased Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 (Actual Size) 
 
 Three-conductor Paper Insulated Lead Encased Cable 
 
 4/0 three-conductor, 87 wires each; diameter of each copper conductor, .53 
 inch ; thickness of paper over each conductor, ^ inch ; thickness of supplementary 
 paper, -fa inch; thickness of lead, % inch; diameter over lead, 2.281 inches. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 157 
 
 General Cable Specifications for Paper Insulated Lead-covered Cables for 
 Electric Light, Railway and Power Service 
 
 Lead En- 
 cased Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Rating of Cable 
 
 The rating of a cable shall be understood to be the highest E. W. P. (equiva- 
 lent working pressure) in volts corresponding to any of the specified conditions 
 of service or test. Such rating shall be determined from the following Rating 
 Table, all unlisted intermediates taking the next higher listed figure. 
 
 Working 
 Pressure 
 in Volts 
 
 Test at Factory in Volts 
 
 Test After Installation by Manufacturer 
 in Volts 
 
 5 Minutes 
 
 30 Minutes 
 
 60 Minutes 
 
 5 Minutes 
 
 30 Minutes 
 
 60 Minutes 
 
 500 
 1000 
 1500 
 
 1250 
 2500 
 3750 
 
 1000 
 2000 
 3000 
 
 1000 
 1600 
 2400 
 
 1000 
 2000 
 3000 
 
 1000 
 1600 
 2400 
 
 1000 
 1300 
 1950 
 
 2000 
 2500 
 3000 
 
 5000 
 6250 
 7500 
 
 4000 
 5000 
 6000 
 
 3200 
 4000 
 4800 
 
 4000 
 5000 
 6000 
 
 3200 
 4000 
 4800 
 
 2600 
 3250 
 3900 
 
 4000 
 5000 
 6000 
 
 10000 
 12500 
 15000 
 
 8000 
 10000 
 12000 
 
 6400 
 8000 
 9600 
 
 8000 
 10000 
 12000 
 
 6400 
 8000 
 9600 
 
 5200 
 6500 
 7800 
 
 7000 
 8000 
 9000 
 
 17500 
 20000 
 22500 
 
 14000 
 16000 
 18000 
 
 11200 
 12800 
 14400 
 
 14000 
 16000 
 18000 
 
 11200 
 12800 
 14400 
 
 9100 
 10400 
 11700 
 
 10000 
 11000 
 12000 
 
 25000 
 27500 
 30000 
 
 20000 
 22000 
 24000 
 
 16000 
 17600 
 19200 
 
 20000 
 22000 
 24000 
 
 16000 
 17600 
 19200 
 
 13000 
 14300 
 15600 
 
 13000 
 14000 
 15000 
 
 32500 
 &5000 
 37500 
 
 26000 
 28000 
 30000 
 
 20800 
 22400 
 24000 
 
 26000 
 28000 
 30000 
 
 20800 
 22400 
 24000 
 
 16900 
 18200 
 19500 
 
 16000 
 17000 
 18000 
 
 40000 
 42500 
 45000 
 
 32000 
 34000 
 36000 
 
 25600 
 
 27200 
 28800 
 
 32000 
 34000 
 36000 
 
 25600 
 
 27200 
 28800 
 
 20800 
 22100 
 23400 
 
 19000 
 20000 
 21000 
 
 47500 
 50000 
 52500 
 
 38000 
 40000 
 42000 
 
 30400 
 32000 
 33600 
 
 38000 
 40000 
 42000 
 
 30400 
 32000 
 33600 
 
 24700 
 26000 
 27300 
 
 22'JOO 
 23000 
 24000 
 
 55000 
 57500 
 60000 
 
 44000 
 46000 
 48000 
 
 35200 
 36800 
 38400 
 
 44000 
 46000 
 48000 
 
 35200 
 36800 
 38400 
 
 28600 
 29900 
 31200 
 
 25000 
 26000 
 27000 
 
 62500 
 65000 
 67500 
 
 50000 
 52000 
 54000 
 
 40000 
 41600 
 43200 
 
 50000 
 52000 
 54000 
 
 40000 
 41600 
 43200 
 
 32500 
 33800 
 35100 
 
 28000 
 29000 
 30000 
 
 70000 
 72500 
 75000 
 
 56000 
 58000 
 60000 
 
 44800 
 46400 
 48000 
 
 56000 
 58000 
 60000 
 
 44800 
 46400 
 
 48000 
 
 36400 
 37700 
 39000 
 
 Factors 
 
 2.5 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.6 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.3 
 
 For street railway service (nominal 500-volt D. C.), the E. W. P. shall be 2500 
 volts for all cables to be operated with a maximum regular working voltage not 
 exceeding seven hundred and fifty (750) volts D. C. and a maximum momentary 
 pressure (thirty (30) seconds or less) not exceeding fifteen hundred (1500) volts D. C. 
 
158 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Lead En- 
 cased Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Conductors 
 
 Each conductor shall consist of soft drawn copper wires having at least ninety- 
 eight (98) per cent, conductivity based upon Matthiessen's standard (as printed in 
 the supplement to the "Transactions" A. I. E. E., October, 1903), concentrically 
 stranded together and having an aggregate cross-sectional area when measured at 
 right angle to the axes of the individual wires at least equal to that corresponding 
 to the specified size. 
 
 Insulation 
 
 The insulation shall consist of paper applied helically and evenly to the 
 conductor, and shall be capable of withstanding the test and service conditions 
 corresponding to the highest E. W. P. as determined from the Rating Table set 
 forth on page 157. In the case of cables consisting of more than one (1) conductor 
 (except concentric cables and figure eight (8) or flat form of duplex cables) the 
 separately insulated conductors shall be twisted together with a suitable lay, and 
 the interstices rounded out with jute before the belt insulation is applied. The 
 minimum insulation thickness or thicknesses shall in no case be less than ninety (90) 
 per cent, of the agreed average thickness or thicknesses. All of the insulation shall 
 be thoroughly saturated with an insulating compound. 
 
 Sheath 
 
 The sheath shall have an average thickness of approximately that indicated in 
 the tabulation next following, and the minimum thickness shall in no place be less 
 than ninety (90) per cent, of the required average thickness. 
 
 Diameter of Core in Mils 
 
 Corresponding Thickness 
 of Sheath in Inches 
 
 Diameter of Core in Mils 
 
 Corresponding Thickness 
 of Sheath in Inches 
 
 0- 299 
 800- 699 
 700-1249 
 
 5-34 
 3-32 
 7-64 
 
 1250-1999 
 2000-2699 
 2700- over 
 
 1-8 
 9-64 
 5-32 
 
 The sheath shall consist of commercially pure lead for all cables having a core 
 diameter (i. e., internal diameter of the sheath) less than two inches (2000 mils) ; for 
 cables having a core diameter equal to two (2) inches or more, the sheath shall 
 consist of an alloy of lead and tin containing not less than ninety-eight (98) per cent, 
 of commercially pure lead and not less than one (1) per cent, of commercially pure tin. 
 
 Factory Tests 
 
 The manufacturer shall, when so stipulated in the order, notify the company in 
 writing when the cables are ready for test, so that proper tests may be made at the 
 works of the manufacturer by the duly accredited representative of the company. 
 Free access to the testing department shall be given to said representative at all 
 times while cables are being tested hereunder, and the requisite facilities and 
 apparatus for the tests described in these specifications shall be supplied by the 
 manufacturer without extra charge. In case the representative appointed by the 
 company to make factory tests is not wholly and permanently in the employ of the 
 company, said appointment shall be subject to the approval of the manufacturer. 
 
 DIELECTRIC STRENGTH: Each length of cable shall withstand a test at factory 
 of a voltage corresponding to the rating (highest E. W. P.) of the cable as detemined 
 from the Rating Table set forth on page 157. Unless otherwise specified by the 
 company at or prior to time of test, the latter shall be the listed five (5) minute 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 159 
 
 factory test set forth in said Rating Table. The conditions and conduct of test Lead En- 
 shall conform to the recommendations of sections 227 to 259, both inclusive, of cased Wires 
 the Standardization Rules of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, as and Cables 
 adopted June 21, 1907. 
 
 INSULATION RESISTANCE: The insulation resistance shall be determined on each 
 length of cable and shall not be less than fifty (50) megohms per mile when measured 
 at, or corrected to, 60 degrees Fahrenheit. This test shall be made subsequent to 
 the test for dielectric strength, at the end of one minute electrification. 
 
 TESTING APPARATUS AND METHODS: Any disagreement as to the accuracy of 
 testing apparatus or methods not specifically covered by this specification, shall be 
 referred to the Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. 
 
 Paper-insulated and Lead-covered Cables 
 
 i a 
 
 
 Size 
 B. & S. 
 
 Number and 
 Diam. of Wires 
 in Strand 
 Inches 
 
 Thickness of 
 Paper Insulation 
 Inches 
 
 Approx. 
 Outside 
 Diameter 
 Inches 
 
 Thickness 
 of Lead 
 Inches 
 
 List 
 Number 
 
 Approx. 
 Weight per 
 1000 Feet 
 Pounds 
 
 0000 
 
 37 x .0756 
 
 3-32 
 
 .937 
 
 7-64 
 
 1800 
 
 2161 
 
 000 
 
 37 x .0673 
 
 3-32 
 
 .879 
 
 7-64 
 
 1801 
 
 1919 
 
 00 
 
 37 x .0599 
 
 3-32 
 
 .796 
 
 3-32 
 
 1802 
 
 1518 
 
 
 
 19 x .0746 
 
 3-32 
 
 .750 
 
 3-32 
 
 1803 
 
 1357 
 
 1 
 
 19 x .0663 
 
 3-32 
 
 .708 
 
 3-32 
 
 1804 
 
 1221 
 
 2 
 
 19 x .0592 
 
 3-32 
 
 .641 
 
 5-64 
 
 1805 
 
 947 
 
 3 
 
 19 x .0526 
 
 3-32 
 
 .608 
 
 5-64 
 
 1806 
 
 858 
 
 4 
 
 7 x .0772 
 
 3-32 
 
 .577 
 
 5-64 
 
 1807 
 
 783 
 
 5 
 
 7 x .0687 
 
 3-32 
 
 .551 
 
 5-64 
 
 1808 
 
 722 
 
 6 
 
 7 x .0612 
 
 3-32 
 
 .498 
 
 1-16 
 
 1809 
 
 547 
 
 8 
 
 7 x .0485 
 
 3-32 
 
 .460 
 
 1-16 
 
 1810 
 
 472 
 
 4 
 
 Solid 
 
 3-32 
 
 .550 
 
 5-64 
 
 1811 
 
 742 
 
 5 
 
 Solid 
 
 3-32 
 
 .527 
 
 5-64 
 
 1812 
 
 685 
 
 6 
 
 Solid 
 
 3-32 
 
 .476 
 
 1-16 
 
 1813 
 
 518 
 
 8 
 
 Solid 
 
 3-32 
 
 .443 
 
 1-16 
 
 1814 
 
 451 
 
 0000 
 
 37 x .0756 
 
 4-32 
 
 1.031 
 
 1-8 
 
 1820 
 
 2553 
 
 000 
 
 37 x .0673 
 
 4-32 
 
 .941 
 
 7-64 
 
 1821 
 
 2061 
 
 00 
 
 37 x .0599 
 
 4-32 
 
 .890 
 
 7-64 
 
 1822 
 
 1851 
 
 
 
 19 x .0746 
 
 4-32 
 
 .812 
 
 3-32 
 
 1823 
 
 1678 
 
 1 
 
 19 x .0663 
 
 4-32 
 
 .771 
 
 3-32 
 
 1824 
 
 1342 
 
 2 
 
 19 x .0592 
 
 4-32 
 
 .735 
 
 3-32 
 
 1825 
 
 1222 
 
 3 
 
 19 x .0526 
 
 4-32 
 
 .702 
 
 3-32 
 
 1826 
 
 1123 
 
 4 
 
 7 x .0772 
 
 4-32 
 
 .639 
 
 5-64 
 
 1827 
 
 882 
 
 5 
 
 7 x .0687 
 
 4-32 
 
 .614 
 
 5-6* 
 
 1528 
 
 819 
 
 6 
 
 7 x .0612 
 
 4-32 
 
 .591 
 
 5-64 
 
 1829 
 
 769 
 
 8 
 
 7 x. 0485 
 
 4-32 
 
 .558 
 
 5-64 
 
 1830 
 
 681 
 
 4 
 
 Solid 
 
 4-32 
 
 .612 
 
 5-64 
 
 1831 
 
 839 
 
 5 
 
 Solid 
 
 4-32 
 
 .590 
 
 5-64 
 
 1882 
 
 781 
 
 6 
 
 Solid 
 
 4-32 
 
 .570 
 
 5-64 
 
 1833 
 
 738 
 
 8 
 
 Solid 
 
 4-32 
 
 .536 
 
 5-64 
 
 1834 
 
 656 
 
 Shipped on reels containing approximately 1000-foot lengths. 
 
160 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Lead En- 
 cased Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Paper Insulated and Lead Encased Cables 
 
 Order by List Number Prices Quoted on Application 
 
 Size 
 B.&S. 
 
 Number and 
 Diam. of 
 Wires in 
 Strand 
 Inches 
 
 Thickness 
 of Paper 
 Insulation 
 Inches 
 
 Approximate 
 Outside 
 Diameter 
 Inches 
 
 Thickness 
 of Lead 
 Inches 
 
 List 
 Number 
 
 Approximate 
 Weight 
 per 
 1000 Feet 
 Pounds 
 
 0000 
 
 37 x .0756 
 
 5-32 
 
 1.093 
 
 1-8 
 
 1840 
 
 2,717 
 
 000 
 
 37 x .0673 
 
 5-32 
 
 1.035 
 
 1-8 
 
 1841 
 
 2,454 
 
 00 
 
 37 x .0599 
 
 5-32 
 
 .952 
 
 7-64 
 
 1842 
 
 1,995 
 
 
 
 19 x .0746 
 
 5-32 
 
 .906 
 
 7-64 
 
 1843 
 
 1,819 
 
 1 
 
 19 x .0663 
 
 5-32 
 
 .864 
 
 7-64 
 
 1844 
 
 1,668 
 
 2 
 
 19 x .0592 
 
 5-32 
 
 .798 
 
 3-32 
 
 1845 
 
 1,344 
 
 3 
 
 19 x .0526 
 
 5-32 
 
 .765 
 
 3 32 
 
 184(5 
 
 1.212 
 
 4 
 
 7 x .0772 
 
 5-32 
 
 .733 
 
 3-32 
 
 1847 
 
 1.159 
 
 5 
 
 7 x .0687 
 
 5-32 
 
 .708 
 
 3-32 
 
 1848 
 
 1,090 
 
 6 
 
 7x .0512 
 
 5-32 
 
 .654 
 
 5-64 
 
 1849 
 
 869 
 
 8 
 
 7x .0485 
 
 5-32 
 
 .616 
 
 5-64 
 
 1850 
 
 780 
 
 4 
 
 Solid 
 
 5-32 
 
 .706 
 
 3-32 
 
 1851 
 
 1,108 
 
 5 
 
 Solid 
 
 5-32 
 
 .652 
 
 5 64 
 
 1852 
 
 882 
 
 6 
 
 Solid 
 
 5-32 
 
 .632 
 
 5-64 
 
 1853 
 
 831 
 
 8 
 
 Solid 
 
 5-32 
 
 .599 
 
 5-64 
 
 1854 
 
 754 
 
 0000 
 
 37 x .0756 
 
 6-32 
 
 1.156 
 
 1-8 
 
 1860 
 
 2,882 
 
 000 
 
 37 x .0673 
 
 6-32 
 
 1.098 
 
 1-8 
 
 1861 
 
 2,619 
 
 00 
 
 37 x .0599 
 
 6-32 
 
 1.046 
 
 1-8 
 
 1862 
 
 2,390 
 
 
 
 19 x .0746 
 
 6-32 
 
 .968 
 
 7-64 
 
 1863 
 
 1.980 
 
 1 
 
 19 x .0663 
 
 6-32 
 
 .927 
 
 7-64 
 
 1864 
 
 1.808 
 
 2 
 
 19 x .0592 
 
 6-32 
 
 .891 
 
 7-64 
 
 1865 
 
 1.677 
 
 3 
 
 19 x .0526 
 
 6-32 
 
 .858 
 
 7-64 
 
 1866 
 
 1,566 
 
 4 
 
 7 x .0772 
 
 6-82 
 
 .796 
 
 3-32 
 
 1867 
 
 1.279 
 
 5 
 
 7x .0687 
 
 6-32 
 
 .770 
 
 3-32 
 
 1868 
 
 1,208 
 
 6 
 
 7 x .0612 
 
 6-32 
 
 .748 
 
 3-32 
 
 1869 
 
 1,148 
 
 8 
 
 7x .0485 
 
 6-32 
 
 .710 
 
 3-32 
 
 1870 
 
 .047 
 
 4 
 
 Solid 
 
 6-32 
 
 .768 
 
 3-32 
 
 1871 
 
 .226 
 
 5 
 
 Solid 
 
 6-32 
 
 .746 
 
 3-32 
 
 1872 
 
 ,160 
 
 6 
 
 Solid 
 
 6-32 
 
 .726 
 
 3-32 
 
 1873 
 
 .104 
 
 8 
 
 Solid 
 
 6-32 
 
 .691 
 
 3-32 
 
 1874 
 
 .017 
 
 Shipped on reels containing approximately 1000-foot lengths. 
 We are prepared to manufacture wires and cables of any style or to any 
 specification. See page 50 for prices of reels. 
 
 Duplex Lead Encased Paper Cable 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 161 
 
 L- s 
 
 ~sw-s 
 
 Us* 
 
 
 .-s3s 
 
 833.3 
 
 IS~ 
 
 <j 
 
 1-8-c 
 
 Sslll 
 
 11^ 
 
 ^Q 
 
 <''5<f CO CO~ of 
 
 ) o e* T}< 10 50 ao < 
 
 
 
 fo o to o * 
 COiO -^ Tf C 
 
 ~ 
 
 lt-1 
 
 I s * 
 
 111' 
 
 HP 
 
 23.1s 
 
 3 u 
 
 
 o o oi" os os' ao'od 06 1-' > j> 
 
 i co sfeo of 
 
 ) O 01 Tj* to O 00 < 
 
 ) OC QO S QC S QO C 
 
 
 Lead En- 
 cased Wires 
 and Cables 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Lead En- 
 cased Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 JI 
 
 o -o 
 2 as 
 
 ^3 
 
 5**? 
 
 ct U *~ 
 
 a -a 
 JI 
 
 M 
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 |?ii 
 
 2^8 
 &>l^ 
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 al 
 
 |ilj 
 
 g^2 E-g 
 
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 tja 
 
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 I- l-C 7J i 
 
 s5 w i-i i 
 
 QO CO CC O5 QO 
 
 XXXXXX XXXXXX 
 333333 SeooSwcooo 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 
 
 163 
 
 Varnished Cambric Cables 
 
 Lead En- 
 cased Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 
 A single-conductor varnished cambric cable is made by winding tapes of 
 thin varnished cotton or muslin cloth spirally about the conductor in a sufficient 
 number of smooth, tightly drawn layers to make the required thickness of dielectric. 
 The cotton fabric is saturated with several applications of special non-hardening 
 insulating varnish. The dielectric strength of this material is very high, as a single 
 thickness of cotton well treated with our special varnish will withstand a stress 
 of from eight to twelve thousand volts for five seconds, depending upon the number 
 of coats of varnish with which the cloth has been treated. The varnish prevents 
 the tape from unwrapping when the cable is cut, and permits the adjoining layers 
 of varnished cambric to slide upon each other, thus insuring a concentric condition 
 when the cable is bent. This compound of varnish prevents capillary absorption of 
 moisture between the layers of tape, seals any possible skips in films and precludes 
 air spaces. 
 
 In multiple-conductor cables, it is usual to place a portion of the required thick- 
 ness of insulation in the form of a belt about the core of conductors, as in the case 
 with paper cables. (See page 155. ) 
 
 This class of cables is in general more flexible than paper cables, more imper- 
 vious to moisture, reasonable in cost, and can be used in dry places such as for 
 station wiring without lead sheathing. When no sheathing is required the cable is 
 protected by a cotton braid, or with an asbestos braid for fire protection. These 
 braids are saturated in weatherproof compounds or in slow-burning compounds, 
 as may be required. 
 
 We make these cables in any quantity, of any size or type and for any voltage 
 or service condition, to the most rigid specifications. 
 
 Inquiries containing full information as to working conditions are solicited and 
 prices will be quoted on application^ 
 
164 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Lead En- 
 cased Wires 
 and Cables 
 
 Submarine Cables 
 
 Two-conductor Submarine Cable, Lead Encased, Jute Sewed and Armored 
 
 Multiple Conductor Rubber Insulated Signal Cable 
 
 We manufacture and install large quantities of submarine cables of every class, 
 for street railways, telegraph and telephone companies and electric light and power 
 plants. These are used for crossing rivers, bays, ponds or lakes. We are well 
 prepared for furnishing this class of material to the most exacting specifications. 
 
 Full information as to the purpose for which the cable is to be used, location, depth 
 of water and working conditions should accompany requests for prices. Inquiries 
 solicited. 
 
ELECTRICA 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 165 
 
 % 
 I 
 I 
 
 | 
 
 j 
 S'S 
 
 ^ 5H 
 
 2 1 
 
 o - 
 
 O ^ 
 
 3 c 
 fd o 
 d . 
 
 0) 0) 
 
 <u .2 
 
 5-i g 
 
 H > 
 
 Lead En- 
 o cased Wires 
 'S and Cables 
 
 <u en 
 
 _Q ^ 
 
 cn ' 
 
 5 
 
 . bo 
 
 bo 
 
 o .^ 
 
 ^ bo 
 
 bo 
 
 o 
 d w <= QQ 
 
 s.s^- B 
 
 ^ tJ 
 c .S 
 
 cd 43 
 
 ^^ 
 
 en 
 
 m '5 
 
 50 
 
 o ^^ 
 
 d ,2 
 
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 g - 5 
 
 2 ^ d 
 
 ta ^ ^ 8 
 
 3 .2 .2 - 
 
 en ^ .d en 
 
 3 bbH 2 
 
 (< r^ 
 
 CD CO '^ 
 
 2 Jf< 
 
 Oi ^^ C^ Q 
 1^ 11^ <-M 
 
 3 o 
 
 ^ S 
 ^ 
 
 iil 
 
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 .til 
 
166 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Installation 
 of Under- 
 ground 
 Cables 
 
 Installation of Underground Cables 
 
 In this article no attempt will be made to indicate all the details of cable laying, 
 but rather to outline very briefly the general method of installing underground 
 cables and to emphasize the importance of some parts of the work in connection 
 therewith. As stated elsewhere, this company will furnish, install and guarantee 
 its underground cables for almost any class of service. Rubber covered telephone 
 or telegraph cables, electric light and power cables, single or multiple conductors 
 insulated with rubber, paper or varnished cambric, made to carry current for any 
 service at any pressure within practical working limits. 
 
 We maintain a fully equipped cable department, supervised by experienced and 
 able engineers and manned by competent cable workmen, which has for many 
 years and with marked success attended to all matters pertaining to underground 
 and submarine cable installations. Through this department, we are at all times 
 prepared to install cables, to make estimates or to advise customers regarding 
 specifications, costs of installations and so on, or to furnish competent supervisors 
 for installations made by the customer himself. 
 
 Unloading Reels 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CA.BLES 167 
 
 Handling Lead Cables Installation 
 
 Cables are shipped from the factory on well constructed wooden reels of suit- of Under- 
 able size to accommodate one or more lengths of cable. As explained on page 50, ground 
 credit will be allowed for empty reels when they are returned to our factory in Cables 
 good condition. 
 
 When coiling a cable on a reel, the first end, usually termed the test end, is put 
 through a slanting smooth hole in the side of the reel, so as to have both ends of the 
 cable accessible for testing before shipment. After testing, both ends are capped 
 or sealed, thus protecting the cable insulation from moisture. Each reel is given 
 the most rigid inspection before leaving the factory, and the test end. protruding 
 through the side of the reel from 12 to 18 inches is boxed over. The reel itself is 
 lagged from flange to flange with heavy wooden slats nailed to the flanges and 
 finally secured with heavy wires encircling the slats so as to thoroughly protect the 
 cable from injury in transit or while standing on the street. 
 
 Transporting such reels of cable from the railroad to the manhole is intrusted 
 only to experienced truckmen, and if a low wagon is not available and a high wagon 
 must be used, the reels of cable are carefully lowered from the wagon by means of 
 a windlass and skids and are not allowed to drop to the ground. To avoid the 
 loosening of the cable, the reels are rolled in the direction pointed by the arrow 
 painted on the side of the reel. 
 
 The reel of cable is then placed at the manhole over the duct into which the 
 cable is to be drawn, in such a way that the cable will unwind from the top of the 
 reel. It is next mounted on screw jacks and not until then are the slats removed, 
 care being taken that no nails come into contact with the cable or are left in the 
 flanges to do damage. 
 
 The utmost care is always taken not to bend the cable sharply, not to break 
 through, cut, abrade, kink or dent the lead sheath, and above all not to allow the 
 slightest trace of moisture to enter the ends of the cable after the seals have been 
 broken. A failure to observe these points may lead to the ruination of the cable. 
 The useful life of an underground cable is determined by that of the insulation, 
 which in turn usually depends upon the integrity of the lead sheath. 
 
 The Conduit System 
 
 When cables were first put under ground a trench was dug to a safe distance 
 below the street surface, into which the cable was laid. It was then covered with 
 sand and the trench filled in. Later, this method was improved by first placing in 
 these trenches long rectangular boxes or troughs made of yellow pine thoroughly 
 creosoted with dead oil or tar. The cable was laid into this box and was entirely 
 surrounded with hot pitch or other bituminous compound. A wood cover was then 
 placed on the trough, after which the trench would be filled in. Such solid systems 
 are still extensively used in foreign countries and to some extent here in private 
 rights of way, and are considered quite safe under certain conditions. However, 
 in this case, when a cable becomes defective, the whole trench has to be dug up in 
 order to replace or repair such defects. 
 
 This led to the adoption of what is known as the flexible duct or drawing-in 
 system, which is built under the pavement of streets in thickly settled portions 
 of a city, in a manner that will permit of drawing in the wires and cables at any 
 time after the completion of the subway. This system also allows extensions or 
 rearrangements of cables as may be deemed advisable from time to time. At the 
 
AMERIC'AN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Installation present time there is a large number of different kinds of conduits. They are 
 
 of Under- made of Bituminized Fibre, Iron and Cement, Terra-Cotta, and so on, each type 
 
 ground of which has some redeeming quality of its own. 
 
 Cables Any type of conduit for lead encased cables should possess the following 
 
 qualities. It should afford a thorough mechanical protection to the enclosed cable, 
 securing it from accident during street excavations. It should be absolutely proof 
 against fire, acid, gas, water and electrolysis, thus protecting the cable, and main- 
 taining it for a long period of time. The conduit should also have sufficient 
 mechanical strength to resist the ordinary destructive influences to which street 
 structures are exposed. The bore of the ducts should be smooth, straight, and in 
 perfect alignment. The latter, however, does not always receive sufficient atten- 
 tion by contractors. 
 
 A few years ago a three-inch diameter duct was considered sufficiently large, 
 but for feeder cables called for to-day, which are often over three inches in 
 diameter, nothing less than a three and one-half-inch bore should be used, and if 
 very long sections of cables are to be installed, the bore should be even larger. 
 
 After a conduit contractor has finished building the underground duct system, 
 and before he leaves it, the system should not be accepted until after it has been 
 tested by drawing through each duct a test mandrel about twenty-four inches in 
 length and one-quarter of an inch less in diameter than the bore of the duct. 
 
 Manholes 
 
 Manholes are usually built at street intersections or turns in the conduit line 
 to afford a place for jointing the cables. The distance between these manholes 
 depends upon local conditions. It is safe to say that this limiting distance where 
 large cables are to be installed should be 500 feet, for in pulling larger lengths 
 the cable sheath is subjected to a severe strain, and this should be avoided. Man- 
 holes, especially for high tension cables, should, whenever possible, be built 
 spacious, be well drained, well ventilated, and they should be kept clean and 
 dry. Their design should be such as to afford the best opportunity for bending 
 the cable ends projecting from the ducts to a position on the wall where they are 
 to be racked and jointed. On the following two pages are shown in outline a typical 
 two-way and a four-way manhole as recommended by the Committee on Power 
 Distribution of the Railway Engineering Association. This construction should 
 be followed whenever possible. 
 
 Ample facilities should be provided in each manhole, either by shelves or 
 adjustable racks for supporting the cables in place. Many cables are ruined on 
 account of insufficient and inadequate fittings. Some attention should also be 
 given to locating the lower and the top ducts in a manhole, so as to enable the 
 cables to be drawn in without damaging them. The manhole cover should be over 
 the center of the manhole, making it easy to set a rigging when installing cables, 
 and making it more difficult for careless workmen to use the cables as steps in 
 entering or leaving the manhole, which practice will soon ruin any cable. 
 
 When possible, a good ground should be provided in each manhole for the pur- 
 pose of bonding cables, when it becomes necessary to do this in order to protect the 
 cables against stray currents which might destroy the lead sheath and finally the 
 insulation by electrolysis. 
 
 Choice of Ducts 
 
 Before drawing any cables into a new conduit system, it is often a question to 
 decide which of the ducts shall first be used. Workmen when about to install 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 Installation 
 
 of Under- 
 
 ground 
 
 Cables 
 
170 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Installation 
 of Under- 
 ground 
 Cables 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 171 
 
 * 
 I 
 
 Installation 
 of Under- 
 ground 
 Cables 
 
 Arrangement of Cables in Manhole 
 
 Appliances Used in Connection with 
 Installation of Cables 
 
 Typical Manhole Racks for Cables 
 
172 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Installation cables may have been told to use any one of the ducts, and naturally they draw 
 of Under- into those which are most convenient, without any consideration for other cables 
 ground that may be installed later. There are cases where the manhole is completely 
 Cables blocked by the first few cables installed. But there is another important reason 
 
 why the ducts to be used for power cables should be very carefully selected, as will 
 
 be seen from the following. 
 
 We are often requested by customers to stipulate the amperage and to guarantee 
 a cable for such current carrying capacity. It is not possible to foretell the exact 
 current carrying capacity of a cable without previously knowing all the controlling 
 factors which would influence the temperature rises in such a cable. Some of the 
 most important factors are the natural temperature of ducts and manholes, amount 
 of moisture present, condition and kind of soil surrounding the conduit, and 
 exact location of the cable in the duct with respect to other cables which have 
 previously been installed. All of these greatly influence both the radiation or dissi- 
 pation of heat generated in each conductor or cable, and the current carrying 
 capacity of the conductor. 
 
 Usually, the coolest and best heat radiating ducts are those located at the lower 
 corners of the system, next are those nearest to the outside of the system, and lastly 
 the middle and top ducts which not only take up heat from the lower cables, but 
 must dissipate heat through adjoining ducts. Attention to these points when 
 planning a new system may prove very profitable in the end. 
 
 Regarding the selection of cables, it should be borne in mind that those 
 insulated with rubber compound dissipate heat more readily than those insulated 
 with paper or other fibrous material, other conditions being equal. On the other 
 hand it has been found that a cable insulated with an oil saturated paper will stand 
 its load for a longer period of time at a high temperature than one insulated with 
 rubber compound, without showing signs of deterioration, that is, if not too much 
 resinous material has been used in making up the paper insulation. High tension 
 cables insulated with varnished cambric should not be operated continuously at 
 higher temperatures than rubber insulated cables, preferably not above 145 degrees 
 Fahrenheit, whereas paper cables may be operated for short periods at about 160 
 degrees Fahrenheit. It should also be borne in mind that under similar conditions 
 a single conductor cable dissipates the heat faster than two or more conductors 
 enclosed in a single sheath. 
 
 To economize in space, as many as six cables are at times drawn into one duct. 
 This may be an advantage, but it also has its disadvantages, for the reason that if 
 one cable should burn out there is every possibility of burning up the remaining 
 cables, and all six would be out of commission and would have to be replaced. 
 But, nevertheless, the two wires of the same circuit should always be brought as 
 near together as possible, so as to reduce the passage of magnetic flux between 
 them, whether this flux proceed from themselves or from other wires. 
 
 It has been recommended by the committee of railway engineers on power 
 distribution that all cables passing through iron pipes be covered with a weather- 
 proof braid. As explained on page 20, no single conductor carrying an alternating 
 current should be placed in an iron duct. To minimize the loss due to self-induc- 
 tion, the two, three or four legs of a single-phase, three-phase or quarter-phase 
 alternating circuit should, whenever possible, be made up into one multiple-con- 
 ductor cable having a common lead sheath. Pressure wires may be included 
 whenever required. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 173 
 
 Drawing Cables into Ducts 
 
 After having decided upon the duct into which the cable is to be drawn, prep- 
 arations are made to wire the duct and to thoroughly clean and free it from any 
 obstructions which might injure the cable when being drawn in. To accomplish 
 this, a snake wire or a rodding stick, of which there are several types, one of 
 which is shown below, is worked through the duct. These rodding sticks are one 
 inch in diameter and from three to five feet in length and have on each end a 
 coupling for jointing the rods into one continuous length as they are pushed into 
 the duct. 
 
 Installation 
 of Under- 
 ground 
 Cables 
 
 Rodding Sticks and Snake Wire 
 
 A workman pushes one of these rods into the duct, couples a second onto the 
 first rod and again pushes it ahead and so continues the operation until the first rod 
 put into the duct extends through to the next manhole. Then to the end of the last 
 
174 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Installation rod a No. 10 or No. 12 B. W. gauge galvanized wire of sufficient length is attached 
 ot Under- and this is drawn through the duct with the rods. This operation is continued from 
 ground manhole to manhole until all the ducts have been wired. 
 Cables If the sections of ducts are of short lengths, rods may not be necessary, and 
 
 a snake wire alone may be used. This latter is also better adapted to wiring ducts 
 
 with curves, but it cannot be used in very long lengths, owing to the friction 
 
 encountered. 
 
 By means of the galvanized wire, a suitable rope to which is attached scrapers, 
 
 gauges and brushes or swabs, is next drawn through the duct, so as to make sure 
 
 that all is clear for the cable. These gauges should be about three-eighths of an inch 
 
 larger than the cables to be installed. 
 
 The sealed ends of the cable are examined to see that they are perfect, and then 
 
 a wire pulling grip of some form (see below) is drawn over the cable end. 
 
 To the end of this grip is next fastened the end of a steel or manila pulling 
 
 rope, which in the meantime has been drawn through the duct ready for pulling. 
 
 Proper cable protectors are placed 
 in the mouth of the duct. These 
 protectors are usually made of 
 leather and are so placed in the 
 end of the duct that the cable will 
 not be damaged. The cable should 
 now reach from the top of the reel 
 to the mouth of the duct by a grace- 
 ful curve, without touching at any 
 intermediate point, as shown on 
 next page. The pulling can be done 
 by capstan, winch, motor truck, 
 horses or, if it is a small cable, by 
 hand. When guiding the cable 
 into the duct, a small amount of 
 common grease should be spread 
 on to the cable so as to allow it to 
 slide more easily and lessen the 
 strain on the cable. Enough ex- 
 tra cable should be drawn into the 
 manhole to provide for racking 
 around the manhole and making 
 the joints. At times a long length 
 of cable has to be drawn, and for 
 this reason a rigging as illustrated 
 is used. This has large sheaves 
 that will not damage the cable. 
 Many times cables are injured by 
 pulling them over sheaves which 
 
 are too small for the cable. During the installation no cable should be bent sharper 
 
 than a radius equal to ten diameters of the cable. 
 
 If it is not intended to join the cables as soon as they are drawn in, the caps or 
 
 seals should be examined to see that they are safe before leaving the work. The 
 
 cable should be protected at the edge of the duct and it should not be left hanging 
 
 loosely or lying on the bottom of the manhole, but should be placed on the racks 
 
 provided for it. 
 
 Appliances Used During Installation of 
 Underground Cables 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 175 
 
 Installation 
 
 of Under- 
 
 ground 
 
 Cables 
 
 Unreeling Cable into Duct 
 
 Pulling in Cable with Capstan 
 
 Copper Couplings 
 
176 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Installation ^ tne cables have paper insulation, they should never be installed at a temper- 
 
 of Under- ature below 40 degrees Fahrenheit without first warming them up by charcoal fires 
 ground or other means, so as to make them more flexible and avoid any possibility of crack- 
 Cables m g tn e insulation. Also when cables are being racked around the manhole they 
 
 should be thoroughly warmed if the temperature is low. 
 
 Before jointing, cut the ends back far enough to be positive that there is no 
 
 moisture present. A test for moisture should be made if there is any reason to 
 
 suspect its presence. 
 
 The Jointing of Cables 
 
 It is generally admitted that the greater part of trouble which occurs on high 
 tension cables is due to poorly made joints, or to the presence of moisture or cracks 
 in the insulation near the joints. With good material and careful and competent 
 workmen, the insulation of the joint can be made as reliable and as durable as that 
 on any other part of the cable. The construction of a joint is therefore of prime 
 consideration, and unless the purchaser has at his command experienced and 
 thoroughly reliable cable workmen, he would do well to contract with the manufac- 
 turer, who has every facility for doing this class of work, for the complete installa- 
 tion of the cable. 
 
 In the making of a perfect joint, 
 
 (a] High grade insulating materials are carefully chosen to suit the special 
 conditions. 
 
 (b) The work is done by reliable and experienced cable men under the super- 
 vision of an expert who critically inspects all work. 
 
 (<:) Every trace of moisture is excluded from the joint and adjacent parts of 
 the cable. 
 
 (d) The cable should never be bent to a radius of less than eight times its 
 diameter for rubber or cambric insulation, or ten diameters for paper insulation. 
 The latter as already explained should in extreme cold weather be warm before 
 being bent at all. 
 
 (<?) The layers of insulating tape are drawn tight to exclude air and are 
 made to overlap each other. 
 
 (f ) The lead sleeve is properly proportioned, well wiped on and entirely filled 
 with compound previously heated to the correct temperature. Two holes are 
 made in the top of the finished lead sleeve, one near each end as shown on next 
 page, to permit of filling with the compound. As the compound settles, the sleeves 
 have to be refilled from time to time until they are entirely full, then the holes 
 through the sleeve are sealed. 
 
 The length of a joint should be in proportion to the size of the conductor, 
 avoiding short joints where it is possible and the insulation on a joint should be at 
 least 20 per cent, thicker than that on the cable itself. Before drawing the lead 
 sleeve over the newly made joint, the new insulation should be well dried out 
 to remove all trace of moisture taken up from the hands of the workmen or elsewhere. 
 
 The various steps in the making of a 3-conductor high tension cable joint are 
 fully illustrated on the next page. Sections of a straight-way joint, also of three 
 and four-way branch joints of suitable design, are shown on pages 177 and 178. The 
 Y-shape or parallel branch joint are more easily made, take up less space and are 
 stronger than the right angle joint. 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 177 
 
 Installation 
 of Under- 
 ground 
 Cables 
 
 Showing the Various Steps in the Making of a Three-conductor, Paper Insulated 
 Lead-covered Cable Joint 
 
178 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Installation Jointing Materials 
 
 of Under- 
 
 ground ^ ne of tne most important features to be considered in making a joint as 
 
 Cables already mentioned, is in the choice of correct jointing materials. These should in 
 all cases be of the very best quality. 
 
 We keep on hand at all times a large supply of all high grade insulating 
 materials used in jointing the various styles of cables listed in this catalogue. Rub- 
 ber tapes of various kinds and sizes, pure rubber and rubber compounds. All sizes 
 of treated paper and varnished cambric tapes, high grade compounds which we 
 have developed during the past few years and which are giving perfect results. 
 We can furnish on short notice, lead sleeves of any style or dimensions, and all 
 special tools and appliances ordinarily used in cable installations, many of which 
 are illustrated herein. 
 
 Our copper jointing sleeves are made from pure copper. They are made in the 
 most suitable lengths for regular underground joints, tinned and well finished. 
 Each is provided with an opening along its entire length so as to permit of the 
 solder flowing freely throughout the joint when made, thus insuring a good soldered 
 union. Both ends of the sleeve are beveled off, and sharp edges which would have 
 a tendency to cause a puncture through the insulation after the joint has been 
 finished are removed. 
 
 Specials, such as Y or T sleeves, are made up on short notice when customers' 
 requirements are known. 
 
 Standard Dimensions of Copper Sleeves for Jointing Cables 
 
 List 
 Number 
 
 Size of 
 Conductor 
 
 Outside 
 Diameter of 
 Conductor 
 Inches 
 
 Outside 
 Diameter of 
 Sleeve 
 Inches 
 
 Thickness 
 of Copper 
 Inches 
 
 Length of 
 Sleeve 
 Inches 
 
 Weight per 
 100 Sleeves 
 Pounds 
 
 2000 S 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 1.6302 
 
 2.168 
 
 .268 
 
 6.00 
 
 280 
 
 1750 S 
 
 1,750,000 
 
 1.5246 
 
 2.027 
 
 .251 
 
 5.65 
 
 242 
 
 1500 S 
 
 1,500.000 
 
 1.4124 
 
 .879 
 
 .233 
 
 5.30 
 
 200 
 
 1250 S 
 
 1,250,' 00 
 
 1.2892 
 
 .715 
 
 .212 
 
 4.90 
 
 150 
 
 1000 S 
 
 1,000,001) 
 
 1.1520 
 
 .532 
 
 .190 
 
 4.45 
 
 110 
 
 900 S 
 
 900,000 
 
 1.0985 
 
 .454 
 
 .180 
 
 4.25 
 
 88 
 
 800S 
 
 800,000 
 
 1.0305 
 
 .360 
 
 .170 
 
 4.05 
 
 7b 
 
 750 S 
 
 750,000 
 
 .9981 
 
 .327 
 
 .162 
 
 3.95 
 
 67 
 
 700 S 
 
 700,000 
 
 .9639 
 
 .282 
 
 .159 
 
 3.80 
 
 62 
 
 600S 
 
 600,000 
 
 .8928 
 
 .187 
 
 .147 
 
 3.60 
 
 52 
 
 600 S 
 
 500.000 
 
 .8134 
 
 .082 
 
 .134 
 
 3.35 
 
 45 
 
 400S 
 
 400,000 
 
 .7280 
 
 .968 
 
 .120 
 
 2.10 
 
 86 
 
 300 S 
 
 300,000 
 
 .6321 
 
 .841 
 
 .104 
 
 2.75 
 
 23 
 
 250 S 
 
 250,000 
 
 .5754 
 
 .766 
 
 .095 
 
 2.60 
 
 16 
 
 254 S 
 
 0000 
 
 .5275 
 
 .702 
 
 .087 
 
 2.45 
 
 14 
 
 258 S 
 
 000 
 
 .4700 
 
 .625 
 
 .078 
 
 2.25 
 
 10 
 
 251 S 
 
 00 
 
 .4180 
 
 .556 
 
 .068 
 
 2.10 
 
 7 
 
 250 S 
 
 
 
 .3730 
 
 .496 
 
 .062 
 
 1.95 
 
 4 
 
 255 S 
 
 1 
 
 .3315 
 
 .441 
 
 .055 
 
 1.80 
 
 
 256 S 
 
 I 
 
 .2919 
 
 .388 
 
 .048 
 
 1.70 
 
 
 257 S 
 
 3 
 
 .2601 
 
 .347 
 
 .043 
 
 1.60 
 
 
 258 S 
 
 4 
 
 .2316 
 
 .308 
 
 .038 
 
 1.50 
 
 
 259 S 
 
 5 
 
 .2061 
 
 .275 
 
 .034 
 
 .40 
 
 
 260 S 
 
 6 
 
 .1836 
 
 .244 
 
 .030 
 
 .25 
 
 
 231 S 
 
 7 
 
 .1635 
 
 .218 
 
 .027 
 
 .25 
 
 
 262 S 
 
 8 
 
 .1455 
 
 .194 
 
 .024 
 
 .25 
 
 
 263 S 
 
 9 
 
 .1305 
 
 .172 
 
 .022 
 
 .25 
 
 
 264 S 
 
 10 
 
 .1155 
 
 .154 
 
 .020 
 
 .25 
 
 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 179 
 
 Installation 
 
 of Under- 
 
 ground 
 
 Cables 
 
 HI 
 
 1 
 
 
 Making Underground Cable Joints in Stormy Weather 
 
 Testing Instrument 
 
 End Bell for Three-conductor Cable 
 
180 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Installation 
 of Under- 
 ground 
 Cables 
 
 LE 
 SULATION * 
 
 AD 
 C 
 
 SLEEVE 
 OMPOUND 
 JOINT INSULATION 
 COPPER SLEEVE 
 
 OPENING FOR COMPOUND 
 /I W.PEC 
 
 Straight-way Single Conductor Cable Joint 
 
 Single Conductor Y-shape Branch Joint 
 
 Single Conductor Right Angle Branch Joint 
 
 Two Parallel Conductor Branch Joint 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 181 
 
 Two Right Angle Conductor Branch Joint 
 
 Straight-way Three-conductor Cable Joint 
 
 Three-conductor Right Angle Branch Joint 
 
 Installation 
 
 of Under- 
 
 ground 
 
 Cables 
 
 Insulated Single Conductor Cable Connection to a Bare Cable 
 
182 AMERICAN STEEL AN'D WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Installation 
 of Under- 
 ground 
 Cables 
 
 Apparatus for Making High Potential Tests 
 
An Abridged Dictionary 
 
 of 
 
 Electrical Words, Terms and Phrases 
 
 In compiling this Dictionary we have quoted chiefly 
 from Houston's " Dictionary of Electrical Terms, 
 Words and Phrases," by courtesy of The McGraw- 
 Hill Book. Company, of New York- 
 
184 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 S T L 
 
 A N I) 
 
 W I R 
 
 C O M P A N Y 
 
 Electrical Dictionary 
 
 a. A symbol for acceleration. 
 
 A.C. A contraction for alternating-current. 
 
 Absolute Temperature. That temperature which 
 is reckoned from the absolute zero, -273 C , 
 or 459 F. 
 
 Acceleration. A change of motion. The time- 
 rate of change of velocity. 
 
 Accumulator. A word sometimes applied to a 
 current accumulator. A Leyden jar or con- 
 denser. A secondary or storage battery. 
 
 Acheson Effect. The change in the electromotive 
 force of the secondary of a transformer due to 
 changes of temperature in its core. 
 
 Aclinic Line. A line connecting places on the 
 earth's surface which have no magnetic inclina- 
 tion. The magnetic equator of the earth. 
 
 Acoutemeter, Electric. An apparatus for electri- 
 cally testing the delicacy of hearing. 
 
 Actino=electricity. Electricity produced in crys- 
 talline substances by the action of radiant 
 energy. 
 
 Active Component of Exciting Current. The active 
 current in an alternating current circuit as dis- 
 tinguished from the wattless current. In an 
 alternating-current circuit the component of 
 current which is in phase with the E.M.F. and 
 the effective and apparent conductance. 
 
 Active Current. A working component of a cur- 
 rent in an alternating-current circuit as dis- 
 tinguished from a wattless component of cur- 
 rent. The component of an alternating-cur- 
 rent that is in phase with the impressed electro- 
 motive force. 
 
 Active Loop. A single loop in a circuit that is 
 traversed by an electric current. 
 
 Activity. Power. Rate-of-doing work. The work 
 done per second, in uniform working. 
 
 Activity, Unit of. A rate of working that will per- 
 form one unit of work per second. In C.G.S. 
 units, the activity of one erg per second. This 
 unit is very small. The watt is taken as the 
 practical unit of power and is equal to ten mil- 
 lion ergs per second. Seven hundred and forty- 
 six watts equals one horse-power. 
 
 Acylic Machine. Sometimes called unipolar. A 
 continuous current generator in which the 
 voltage generated in the active conductors 
 maintains the same direction with respect to 
 those conductors. 
 
 Adapter. A screw-nozzle fitted to an incandescent 
 electric lamp and provided with a screw-thread 
 to enable it to be readily placed on a gas bracket, 
 or chandelier, in the place of an ordinary gas 
 burner. A device which permits incandescent 
 electric lamps of one manufacture to be readily 
 placed in the socket of a lamp of another 
 manufacture. 
 
 Adhesive Tape. A tape covered with insulating 
 material and possessing adhesive properties, 
 employed for covering bared conductors, at 
 joints, or other similar places. 
 
 Adjuster for Lamp Pendant. Any device for ad- 
 justing or altering the height or position of a 
 pendant lamp. 
 
 Admittance. The reciprocal of the impedance in 
 an alternating-current circuit. The apparent 
 conductance of an alternating-current circuit or 
 conductor. 
 
 Advanced Quadrature. In an alternating-current 
 circuit the condition of being 90 in phase ahead 
 of some particular E.M.F., flux, or current. 
 
 Aerial Conductor. An overhead conductor. 
 
 Aero-ferric=circuit Transformer. An open-circuit 
 transformer =- 
 
 Ageing of Electric Incandescent Lamp. A grad- 
 ual decrease in the efficiency of an electric in- 
 candescent lamp due either to the age coating 
 of its chamber, or to the deterioration of its fila- 
 ment. 
 
 Ageing or Transformer Core. Increase in the hys- 
 teretic coefficient in the iron of a transformer 
 
 core during the first few months of its commer- 
 cial operation, from its continued magnetic re- 
 versals at comparatively high temperature. 
 
 Agone. A line connecting places on the earth's sur- 
 face where the magnetic needle points to the true 
 geographical north. The line of no declination. 
 
 Air=condenser. A condenser in which air is the 
 dielectric. 
 
 Air=core Transformer. A transformer which is 
 destitute of a core other than that of air. 
 
 Air=gap. In a magnetic circuit, any gap or open- 
 ing containing air only. 
 
 Air=path. The path a disruptive discharge takes 
 through the air. 
 
 Air=reluctance. The reluctance of that portion 
 of a magnetic circuit which consists of air. 
 
 Air=space. The space that exists between the 
 surface of an armature and the polar surface 
 within which it rotates. The space between 
 opposed surfaces of a comb lightning-arrester. 
 
 Alarm, Electric. Any automatic electric device 
 by which attention is called to the occurrence of 
 certain events, such as the opening of a window, 
 the stepping of a person on a mat, the rise or 
 fall of temperature beyond a certain predeter- 
 mined point, etc., by the closing or opening of 
 an electric circuit. A device for calling a person 
 to a telegraphic or telephonic instrument. 
 
 Alive. A name sometimes given to a live wire or 
 circuit. An active wire or circuit. 
 
 Alternating. Periodically changing in direction. 
 
 Alternating Continuous=current Commutating 
 Machine. A secondary generator for trans- 
 forming from alternating to continuous cur- 
 rents by the aid of a commutator. 
 
 Alternating-current Dynamo=electric Machine. 
 A dynamo-electric machine producing alternat- 
 ing currents in its external circuit. 
 
 Alternating=current Phase=meter. An instru- 
 ment used to determine the phase difference 
 between two alternating currents. 
 
 A!ternating=current Potentiometer. A potentio- 
 meter suitable for measuring the difference of 
 pressure in an alternating-current circuit. 
 
 Alternating=current Power. The product of the 
 effective alternating-current strength, the ef- 
 fective pressure under which that current is 
 supplied, and the power factor. With sinu- 
 soidal electromotive forces and currents, the 
 product of the effective current strength, the 
 effective pressxire under which that current is 
 supplied, and the cosine of the phase-differ- 
 ence between the two. 
 
 Alternating=current Rotary Transformer. A 
 rotary transformer for transforming alternating 
 into continuous-currents, or vice- versa. 
 
 Alternating Currents. Currents which flow alter- 
 nately in opposite directions. Currents whose 
 directions are periodically reversed and which, 
 when plotted, consist of half-waves of equal 
 area in successively opposite directions from 
 the zero line. An alternating current equals the 
 electromotive force divided by the impedance, 
 or 
 
 E E 
 
 This expression represents Ohm's law for alter- 
 nating currents. It may be solved by complex 
 quantities or vectorilly. 
 
 Z = |/ R* + ^Impedance of circuit. 
 
 A' = Ohmic resistance of circuit. 
 
 X = Reactance of circuit in ohms. 
 
 L = Coefficient of self induction in benrvs. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 W 
 
 IRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 J Capacity of the circuit in farads. 
 
 co =2 irf, angular velocity, where 
 
 / =the number of cycles per second or fre- 
 quency. 
 
 For a circuit consisting of two parallel copper 
 wires each of a radius r, and having an inter- 
 axial distance d between them, the total 
 length of the entire circuit being / feet, the co- 
 efficient of self induction in henrys will be 
 
 30.5 / (-5 + 4-6 Log j, 
 L = 
 
 and for iron wire when the current density is 
 low the self induction in henrys will be 
 
 30.5 / (75 + 4-6 Log -J 
 
 The radius r, and the distance d, must be ex- 
 pressed in similar units of length. The drop in 
 voltage for an alternating-current circuit = 
 
 (See Current, Electric.) 
 
 Alternation. A change in direction. A change or 
 reversal in the direction of an electromotive 
 force or current. A single vibration or oscilla- 
 tion as distinguished from a complete cycle or 
 double vibration. 
 
 Alternation, Periodicity of. The number of alter- 
 nations per second produced by a generator. 
 
 When any particular periodicity or frequency 
 is spoken of, as, for example, 250 alternations 
 per second, 125 complete periods or cycles per 
 second are meant. 
 
 Commercially the word alternations is used 
 for half-periods or double-frequencies. A dy- 
 namo with 250 alternations per second has 125 
 periods per second. 
 
 Alternator, or AIternating=Current Generator. 
 One which produces alternating currents, either 
 single-phase or polyphase. 
 
 Alternator, Compensated. An alternating-current 
 dynamo-electric machine for sustaining a uni- 
 form voltage at some point of its circuit under 
 varying loads, in which the field magnets are 
 excited partly by rectified or commuted cur- 
 rents taken from separate armature coils, and 
 partly by currents furnished by the commuted 
 current from a small transformer, whose pri- 
 mary coil is placed in the main circuit. 
 
 Alternator, Compound. An alternating current 
 dynamo-electric machine whose field magnets 
 are compound-wound. 
 
 The current from the machine is commonly 
 run through a series transformer whose sec- 
 ondary winding is connected with the field 
 magnets through a commutator. 
 
 Alternator, Three=phase. An alternating-current 
 dynamo capable of producing three-phase cur- 
 rents. Usually these three separate currents 
 are 120 in phase with respect to each other, 
 their algebraic sum at any instance being zero. 
 
 Aluminum. A soft, ductile, weak, malleable 
 metal of white color approaching silver, but 
 with a bluish cast. Does not readily oxidize. 
 Melts at a low temperature. Cannot readily be 
 welded, or brazed or soldered. Very electro- 
 positive, and is eaten away in presence of salts 
 and other metals. Atomic weight 27.1. Specific 
 gravity 2.6 to 2.7. The lightest of all useful 
 metals next to magnesium. Expands greatly 
 with increasing temperature. For equal cpn- 
 ductivitv, aluminum has about twice the size, 
 but one-half the weight of copper. Tenacity 
 about one-third that of wrought-iron. (See 
 page 14.) 
 
 Amalgam. A combining of a metal with mercury. 
 Tin is very commonly used for this purpose. 
 
 American Twist Joint. A joint between two con- 
 ducting wires in which each end is twisted 
 around the other. 
 
 American Wire Gauge. The name generally given 
 to the Brown and Sharpe wire gauge, in which 
 the largest wire, No. oooo, has a diameter of 
 .46", the wire No. 36 .005", and all other 
 diameters are in geometrical progression. (See 
 page 21.) 
 
 Ammeter. A form of galvanometer in which the 
 value of the current is measured directly in 
 amperes. (See Galvanometer.) 
 
 An ampere-meter or ammeter is a commercial 
 form of galvanometer in which the deflections 
 of a magnetic needle are calibrated or valued in 
 amperes. As a rule the coils of wire in an am- 
 meter are of lower resistance than in a volt- 
 meter. The magnetic needle is deflected from 
 its zero position by the field produced by the 
 current whose strength in amperes is to be 
 measured. This needle is held in the zero posi- 
 tion by the action of a magnetic field, either of 
 a permanent or an electromagnet, by the ac- 
 tion of a spring, or by a weight under the influ- 
 ence of gravity. There thus exist a variety of 
 ammeters, viz.: permanent-magnet ammeters, 
 electromagnetic ammeters, spring ammeters 
 and gravity ammeters. 
 
 Amperage. The number of amperes passing in a 
 circuit in a given time. 
 
 Ampere. The practical unit of electric current. 
 A rate of flow of electricity transmitting one 
 coulomb per second. The current of electricity 
 which would pass through a circuit whose re- 
 sistance is one ohm, under an electromotive 
 force 9f one volt. A current of such a strength 
 as will deposit i . 1 1 8 milligrammes of silver per 
 second from a specifically prepared solution of 
 silver nitrate. (See International Ampere.) 
 
 Ampere=hour. A unit of electrical quantity equal 
 to the quantity of electricity conveyed by one 
 ampere flowing for one hour. A quantity of 
 electricity equal to 3600 coulombs. 
 
 Ampere-hour Meter. An instrument giving the 
 total time integral of the amperes. 
 
 Ampere=meter. An ammeter. 
 
 Ampere=second. A unit of electric quantity equal 
 to the quantity of electricity conveyed by one 
 ampere flowing for one second. A coulomb. 
 
 Ampere=turn. A unit of magneto-motive force 
 equal to that produced by one ampere flowing 
 around a single turn of wire. 
 
 Ampere=volt. A word sometimes used for volt- 
 ampere or watt. 
 
 Amplitude of Vibration or Wave. The extent of 
 the excursion of a simply vibrating particle on 
 either side of its vibrating point or point of rest. 
 
 Anchor Log. A log partially buried in the ground 
 and serving as an anchor for a telegraphic pole. 
 
 Anchor Strain=ear. In an overhead trolley sys- 
 tem a trolley ear or insulator employed for anch- 
 oring the trolley wire, or maintaining it taut, 
 so as to ensure good and continuous contact 
 with the trolley wheel. 
 
 Anchored Filament. An incandescent lamp fila- 
 ment supported as its centre to prevent injury 
 to it by excessive vibration. 
 
 Angle of Declination. The angle which measures 
 the deviation of the magnetic needle to the east 
 or west of the true geographical north. The 
 angle of variation of a magnetic needle. 
 
 Angle of Dip. The angle which a magnetic needle, 
 free to move in both a vertical and horizontal 
 plane, makes with the horizontal line passing 
 through its point of support. The angle of in- 
 clination of a magnetic needle. 
 
 Angle of Inclination. The angle of dip. 
 
 Angle of Lag of Current. An angle whose tangent 
 is equal to the ratio of the inductive to the ohmic 
 resistance in a circuit; whose cosine is equal to 
 the ohmic resistance divided by the impedance 
 of a circuit; and whose cosine is the ratio of the 
 real to the apparent power in an alternating- 
 current circuit. 
 
 Electrical 
 Dictionary 
 
186 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Electrical Angle of Lead. The forward angular deviation 
 _ . . from the normal position which must be given 
 
 Dictionary to the collecting brushes on the commutator of 
 a continuous-current generator in order to ob- 
 tain quiet commutation. 
 
 Angular Velocity. The velocity of a point moving 
 relatively to a centre of rotation or to some se 
 lected point, and usually measured in degrees 
 per second, or in radians per second. In a sin- 
 usoidal current circuit the product of 6.2832 
 and the frequency of the current. 
 
 Anion. The electro-negative ion or radical of a 
 molecule. 
 
 Annunciator Drop. An annunciator signal whose 
 dropping indicates the closing or opening of the 
 circuit of a particular electromagnet connected 
 therewith. 
 
 Annunciator Wire. A class of insulated wire pre- 
 pared for use in annunciator circuits (see page 94) . 
 
 Anode. The conductor or plate of a decompo- 
 sition cell connected with the positive terminal 
 of a battery or other electric source. The ter- 
 minal of an electric source out of which the cur- 
 rent flows into the electrolyte of a decomposing 
 cell or voltameter. In an electrolytic cell, bath, 
 or receptive device, the terminal at which the 
 current enters, as distinguished from the 
 cathode, at which the current leaves. 
 
 Anodic Currents. In a polarized voltaic couple 
 immersed in acidulated water, the electric cur- 
 rents produced by the agitation of the plate 
 connected with the anode. 
 
 Anomalous Magnet. A magnet possessing more 
 than two free poles. 
 
 Antenna. A vertical wire supported by a mast 
 and grounded at its lower end through a spark 
 gap. Used as an oscillator in sending wireless 
 messages. 
 
 Anti=induction Telephone Cable. A telephone 
 cable in which the conductors are so arranged 
 as to neutralize the effects of induction pro- 
 duced by neighboring circuits. A telephone 
 cable in which the effects of electrostatic in- 
 duction from neighboring circuits is avoided 
 by a metallic covering or sheathing that is 
 grounded at suitable intervals. 
 
 Aperiodic Galvanometer. A galvanometer whose 
 needle comes to rest without any oscillation. 
 A dead-beat galvanometer. 
 
 Apparent Conductor=resistance. The impedance 
 of a conductor which forms part of an alternat- 
 ing current containing both resistance and re- 
 actance. 
 
 Apparent Efficiency. The efficiency of a genera- 
 tor, motor, or other apparatus in an alternating- 
 current circuit which equals the ratio of net 
 power output to volt-ampere input. 
 
 Apparent Electromotive Force. The E.M.F. ap- 
 parently acting in a circuit as measured by the 
 drop of pressure due to the resistance of the cir- 
 cuit and the current strength passing through it. 
 
 Apparent Power. In an alternating-current cir- 
 cuit, the apparent watts, or the product ob- 
 tained by multiplying the volts by the am- 
 peres, as read directly from a voltmeter and 
 ammeter. 
 
 Apparent Reluctance. The reluctance of a mag- 
 netic circuit, or portion thereof, under the in- 
 fluence of a complex of such superposed mag- 
 netic fluxes as may practically be developed, as 
 distinguished from its reluctance under a single 
 magnetizing force. 
 
 Apparent Resistance. The impedance in an alter- 
 nating-current circuit or portion thereof. 
 
 Apparent Watts. The apparent power in an al- 
 ternating-current circuit as distinguished from 
 the real power. 
 
 Arc. A voltaic arc. A portion of a circle or 
 other plane conic section. 
 
 Arc-lamp, Electric. The arc lamp is an electrical 
 apparatus in which an electric arc is struck and 
 maintained between two or more electrodes, giv- 
 ing a brilliant illumination, the color and in- 
 
 tensity of which depends upon the composition 
 and diameter of the electrodes, the kind of cur- 
 rent supplied and the watts consumed. 
 
 Arc=lamp, Enclosed. An arc lamp in which the 
 arc and exposed carbons are completely en- 
 closed in a small inner globe which is nearly air- 
 tight. Used in both alternating and direct cur- 
 rent circuits. 
 
 Arc=lamp, Flaming. See Flaming Arc Lamp. 
 
 Arc=lamp Compensator. A reactive or chocking 
 coil, placed in the circuit of a lamp for the pur- 
 pose of automatically regulating the amount of 
 current passing through the lamp. 
 
 Arc=light Regulator. A device, generally auto- 
 matic, for maintaining the carbons of an arc- 
 lamp a constant distance apart during the opera- 
 tion of the lamp. 
 
 Arc, Voltaic. The brilliant light which appears 
 between the electrodes or terminals, generally 
 of carbon, of a sufficiently powerful source of 
 electricity, when separated a short distance 
 from each other. 
 
 The source of light of the electric arc lamp. 
 It is called the voltaic arc because it was first 
 obtained by the use of the battery invented by 
 Volta. The term arc was given to it from the 
 shape of the luminous bow or arc formed be- 
 tween the carbons. 
 
 To form the voltaic arc the carbon electrodes 
 are first placed in contact and then gradually 
 separated. A brilliant arc of flame is formed 
 between them, which consists mainly of volat- 
 ilized carbon. The electrodes are consumed, 
 first, by actual combination with the oxygen 
 of the air; and, second, by volatilization under 
 the combined influence of the electric current 
 and the intense heat. 
 
 As a result of the formation of the arc, a crater 
 is formed at the end of the positive carbon, and 
 appears to mark the point out of which the 
 greater part of the current flows. 
 
 The crater is due to the greater volatilization of 
 the electrode at this point than elsewhere. It 
 marks the position of highest temperature of 
 the electrodes, and is the main source of the 
 light of the arc. When, therefore, the voltaic 
 arc is employed for the purpose of illumination 
 with vertically opposed carbons, the positive 
 carbon should be made the upper carbon, so 
 that the focus of greatest intensity of the light 
 may be favorably situated for illumination of 
 the space below the lamp. When, however, 
 it is desired to illumine the side of a building 
 above an arc lamp, the lower carbon should be 
 made positive. 
 
 The positive carbon is consumed about twice as 
 rapidly as the negative, both because the nega- 
 tive oxygen attacks the points of the positive 
 carbon, and because the positive carbon suffers 
 the most rapid volatilization. 
 
 Armature. A mass of iron or other magnetizable 
 material placed on or near the poles of a mag- 
 net. The armature of a dynamo-electric 
 machine. 
 
 Armature Bars. Heavy copper bars of rectan- 
 gular or trapezoidal cross-section or of imbri- 
 cated rectangular strips, or of rectangular bars 
 of compressed stranded wire, or of special forg- 
 ings, employed on large drum armatures in 
 place of the ordinary wire windings. Heavy 
 conductors employed for armature windings. 
 
 Armature Binding Wires. Coils of wire bound on 
 the outside of the armature wires for the pur- 
 pose of preventing their separating from the 
 armature core by centrifugal force. (See page 
 80.) 
 
 Armature Bore. The space between the pole- 
 pieces of a dynamo or motor provided for the 
 rotation of the armature. 
 
 Armature Core-discs. The thin discs of sheet- 
 iron that form, when assembled, the laminated 
 core of the armature of a dynamo or motor. 
 
 Armature Core of Dynamo. The mass of lam- 
 inated iron on which the armature coils or con- 
 ductors of a dynamo or motor are placed. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 187 
 
 Armature Inductors. The bars, strips or coils 
 placed on the dynamo armature core, in which 
 electromotive forces are induced by rotation. 
 
 Armature of Dynamo. Coils of insulated wire 
 together with the iron core on or around which 
 such coils are wound. That part of a dynamo 
 in which useful differences of potential or use- 
 ful currents are generated. Generally that 
 part of a dynamo which is revolved between 
 the pole-pieces of the field magnets. That mem- 
 ber of a dynamo in which the magnetic flux is 
 caused to successively fill and empty the coils 
 and thereby generate E.M.F.'s. 
 
 Armature Reaction. The reactive magnetic in- 
 fluence produced by the current in the arma- 
 ture of a dynamo or motor, on the magnetic 
 circuit of the machine. 
 
 Armature Slots. Slots provided in an armature 
 core for the reception of the armature coils. 
 
 Armature Spider. A metal frame-work keyed to 
 the armature shaft, and provided with radial 
 arms for firmly holding the armature core. 
 
 Armature Stamping. Stampings of soft sheet iron 
 intended for the core discs of a laminated arma- 
 ture core. 
 
 Armature Teeth. The armature core projections 
 between armature slots. 
 
 Armature Varnish. An insulating varnish some- 
 times applied to armature windings for the pur- 
 pose of increasing their powers of resisting 
 moisture and friction. 
 
 Armor of Cable. The protecting sheathing or 
 metallic covering of a submarine or other elec- 
 tric cable. (See page 149.) 
 
 Arrester Plate of Lightning Protector. The 
 ground-connected plate of a comb lightning- 
 arrester. 
 
 Artificial Cable. A circuit containing associated 
 resistance and capacity, and employed in a 
 system of duplex submarine telegraphy corres- 
 ponding to the artificial line in duplex aerial 
 line telegraphy. 
 
 Asbestos. A hydrous silicate of magnesia, i. e., 
 silicate of magnesia combined with water. A 
 fire-proofing material sometimes used by itself 
 or in connection with other material for insu- 
 lating purposes. 
 
 Astatic. Devoid of magnetic directive power. 
 
 Astatic Couple. Two magnets of equal strength 
 so placed one above the other in a vertical plane 
 as completely to neutralize each other's effects. 
 
 Astatic Galvanometer. A galvanometer provided 
 with an astatic needle or circuit. 
 
 Astatic Needle. A compound magnetic needle of 
 great sensibility, possessing little or no directive 
 power. An astatic needle consisting of two 
 separate needles rigidly connected and placed 
 parallel one directly over the other with oppo- 
 site poles opposed. 
 
 Asynchronism. Devoid of synchronism. 
 
 Asynchronous Alternating-Current Motor. A 
 motor whose speed is not synchronous with that 
 of its driving generator, both machines having 
 the same number of poles. 
 
 Atonic Interrupter. This is a mechanical form of 
 interrupter that can be adjusted to operate at 
 any frequency within very wide limits. It is 
 actuated by a magnetic core. 
 
 Attachment Plug. A plug provided for insertion 
 in a screw socket or spring jack, for the ready 
 connection of a lamp or other receptive device 
 to a circuit. 
 
 Attraction, Electro=Magnetic. The mutual at- 
 traction of the unlike poles of electro-magnets. 
 
 Attraction, Electrostatic. The mutual attraction 
 exerted between unlike electric charges, or 
 bodies possessing unlike electric charges. 
 
 Auto Balancer. An auto transformer for equaliz- 
 ing the load or voltage when a three, or more, 
 wire circuit is derived from a two-wire circuit. 
 
 Auto=exciting. Self-exciting. 
 
 Autographic Telegraphy. Facsimile telegraphy. 
 A writing telegraph. 
 
 Automatic Repeater. A telegraphic repeater 
 which is automatically operated, in contradis- 
 
 tinction to a manual repeater which is operated 
 or controlled by hand. 
 
 Electrical 
 
 Automatic Circuit=breaker. A device for auto- Dictionary 
 matically opening a circuit when the current 
 passing through it is excessive. 
 
 Automatic Contact=breaker. A device for causing 
 an electric current to rapidly make and break 
 its own circuit. 
 
 Automatic Electric Bell. A trembling or vibrat- 
 ing bell. An automatic electric alarm-bell. 
 
 Automatic Switch. A switch which is automat- 
 ically opened or closed on the occurrence of 
 certain predetermined events. In double-cur- 
 rent telegraphy an electro-magnetic switch 
 which enables the distant station to stop the 
 sending operator at the home station. 
 
 Auto=starter. A self-starting mechanism. A 
 self-starting ink-writer. A self-starting motor. 
 
 Auto=transformer. A one-coil transformer con- 
 sisting of a choking coil connected across a pair 
 of alternating-current mains, and so arranged 
 that a current or pressure differing from that 
 supplied by the mains can be obtained from it 
 by tapping the coil at different points. Called 
 also a compensator. A transformer in which a 
 part of the primary winding is used as the sec- 
 ondary winding, or conversely. 
 
 Average Efficiency of Motor. The efficiency of an 
 electric motor based on its average or mean 
 load. The ratio of all the work that a motor 
 delivers in a given time to the electric energy 
 it has absorbed in that time. 
 
 Axes of Coordinates. A vertical and a horizontal 
 line, usually intersecting each other at right 
 angles, and called respectively the axes cf ordi- 
 nates and abscissas, from which the ordinates 
 and abscissas are measured. 
 
 Axis of Abscissae or Abscissas. The horizontal 
 line in the axes of co-ordinates. 
 
 Axis of Magnetic Needle. A straight line drawn 
 through a magnetic needle, and joining its poles. 
 
 Axis of Ordinates. The vertical line, in the axes 
 of co-ordinates. 
 
 Azimuth and Range Telegraph. On a war-ship a 
 combined telegraph to the guns of the azimuth 
 and range of a target. 
 
 B. 
 
 8 A symbol for magnetic flux-density, usually 
 expressed in C.G.S. units per normal square 
 centimetre. 
 
 B.A. Ohm. The British Association ohm. The 
 resistance of a column of mercury one square 
 millimeter in area of normal cross-section, and 
 104.9 centimetres in length, at the temperature 
 of zero centigrade. 
 
 B.A. Unit. The British Association unit of re- 
 sistance or ohm. 
 
 B. & S. Q. A contraction for Brown and 
 Sharpe's wire gauge. 
 
 B.T.U. A contraction for British thermal unit. 
 A contraction for Board of Trade unit. 
 
 B.W.Q. A contraction for Birmingham wire 
 gauge. 
 
 Back Ampere=turns. Ampere-turns on a dynamo 
 armature which tend to oppose the flux pro- 
 duced by the field magnets. 
 
 Back Electromotive Force. A term sometimes 
 used for counter-electromotive force. 
 
 Back Induction. An induction opposed to the 
 field and tending to weaken or neutralize it. 
 
 Back Pitch. The backward pitch of the armature 
 windings. 
 
 Back=turns of Armature. Those turns on an 
 armature whose current tends to demagnetize 
 the field. The back ampere-turns. 
 
 Balanced Circuit. A telephonic, telegraphic or 
 other circuit which has been so erected and ad- 
 justed as to be free from mutual inductive dis- 
 turbances from neighboring circuits. 
 
188 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 C O M P A N Y 
 
 Electrical Balanced Load. A load which is symmetrically 
 . divided between two or more generating units, 
 
 Dictionary as in the three-wire, five-wire multiple, or poly- 
 phase systems of distribution. 
 
 Balanced Resistance. A resistance so placed in 
 a bridge or balance as to be balanced by the 
 remaining resistances in the bridge. 
 
 Balancing Coil of Armature. An auxiliary field- 
 winding in series with an armature, and having 
 its magnetomotive force equal and opposite to 
 that of the armature current, so that their total 
 magnetic effect upon the field is zero, and the 
 field flux remains unchanged at all loads. 
 
 Balancing Relay. A differentially wound relay. 
 
 Ballistic Galvanometer. A galvanometer de- 
 signed to measure the total quantity of elec- 
 tricity in a discharge lasting for a brief interval, 
 as, for example, the current caused by the dis- 
 charge of a condenser. A galvanometer, in 
 which the movable part is as little damped as 
 possible, suitable for measuring electric charges 
 or discharges, and usually adjusted to have a 
 long period of vibration or slow swing. 
 
 Bank of Lamps. A group of electric lamps col- 
 lected together in a common structure, usually 
 for the purpose of obtaining a load. 
 
 Bar Armature. An armature whose conductors 
 are formed of bars. 
 
 Barretter. A special and very sensitive form of 
 thermal detector of Marconi signals. Used as 
 a receiver for wireless messages. It consists of 
 a fine platinum wire about .00006" in diameter 
 and a few hundredths of an inch long, connected 
 in series with a small source of E.M.F. and a 
 telephone receiver. Designed by Professor 
 R. A. Fessenden. 
 
 Barrow=reel. A reel supported on a barrow for 
 convenience in paying out an overhead con- 
 ductor during its installation. 
 
 Battery. A name frequently used for an electric- 
 battery. 
 
 Battery, Dry. A number of separate dry voltaic 
 cells combined so as to act as a single source. 
 
 Battery, Closed=circuit. A voltaic battery which 
 may be kept constantly on close-circuit without 
 serious polarization. 
 
 The gravity battery is a closed circuit bat- 
 tery. As employed for use on most telegraph 
 lines, it is maintained on a closed circuit. 
 When an operator wishes to use the line he 
 opens his switch, thus breaking the circuits and 
 calling his correspondent. Such batteries 
 should not polarize. 
 
 Battery, Electric. A general name applied to the 
 combination, as a single source of a number of 
 separate electric sources. 
 
 Battery, Galvanic. Two or more separate voltaic 
 cells so arranged as to form a single source. 
 
 Battery Gauge. A form of portable galvanom- 
 eter suitable for ordinary battery testing work. 
 
 Battery Jar. A jar provided for holding the 
 electrolyte of each of the separate cells of a 
 primary or secondary battery. 
 
 Battery, Open-circuit. A voltaic battery which is 
 normally on open-circuit, and which is used 
 continuously only forcomparatively small dura- 
 tions of time in closed-circuit. 
 
 Battery Pole-changer. A form of transmitter em- 
 ployed in duplex telegraphy for readily revers- 
 ing the direction of the main battery so as to 
 send signals to the line. 
 
 Battery, Secondary. The combination of a num- 
 ber of separate secondary or storage cells, so as 
 to form a single electric source. 
 
 Battery Solution. The exciting liquid or electro- 
 lyte of a primary or secondary cell. 
 
 Battery, Storage. A number of separate storage 
 cells connected so as to form a single electric 
 source. 
 
 Battle Circuit. A circuit on a warship, connected 
 with the conning tower and provided for use 
 during action. 
 
 Beaded Cable. A form of cable employed for 
 high-tension transmission, provided with a 
 sheathing of strung porcelain beads. 
 
 Beg=ohms. One billion ohms, or one thousand 
 megohms. 
 
 Belt Circuit. A series lighting circuit extending 
 in the form of a wide loop, belt, or circle, as 
 opposed to a circuit formed of two closely as- 
 sociated parallel wires. 
 
 Belt, Electric. A belt suitably shaped so as to be 
 capable of being worn on the body, consisting 
 either of imaginary or real voltaic or thermo- 
 electric couples, and employed for its alleged 
 therapeutic effects. 
 
 Bicro. A prefix for one-billionth, one thousand 
 millionth, or io 9 . 
 
 Bifilar Suspension. Suspension by means of par- 
 allel vertical wires or fibres as distinguished 
 from suspension by a single wire or fibre. 
 
 Bifilar Winding. The method of winding em- 
 ployed in resistance coils to obviate the effects 
 of self-induction, in which the wire, instead of 
 being wound in one continuous length, is 
 doubled on itself before winding. 
 
 Bight of Cable. A single loop or bend of cable. 
 
 Bimetallic Wire. A compound telephone or 
 telegraph wire consisting of a steel core and a 
 copper envelope, suitable for long-span over- 
 head-construction. 
 
 Binding Post. A metallic binding screw, rigidly 
 fixed to some apparatus or support, and em- 
 ployed for conveniently making firm electric 
 connections. 
 
 Binding Wire. Coils of wire, wound on the out- 
 side of the armature coils and at right angles 
 thereto, to prevent the loosening of the arma- 
 ture coils during rotation by centrifugal force. 
 (See page 80.) 
 
 Bioscopy, Electric. The determination of the 
 presence of life or death by the passage of elec- 
 tricity through the nerves or muscles. 
 
 Bipolar. Having two poles. 
 
 Bipolar Armature. An armature suitable for use 
 in a bipolar field. 
 
 Bipolar Armature=winding. Any armature wind- 
 ing suitable for use in a bipolar field. 
 
 Bipolar Dynamp=electric Machine. A dynamo- 
 electric machine with a bipolar field. 
 
 Bird Cage, Electri;. A bird-cage-shaped wire 
 screen employed by Hertz in his investiga- 
 tions of the propagation of electro-magnetic 
 waves for screening the spark micrometer. 
 
 Birmingham Wire Gauge. An English wire 
 gauge. (See page 22.) 
 
 Black Lead. Plumbago or graphite. 
 
 Blasting, Electric. The electric ignition of pow- 
 der or other explosive material in a blast. 
 
 Bleaching, Electri :. A bleaching process in which 
 the bleaching agents are liberated as required 
 by electrolytic decomposition. 
 
 Block Rate. Method of charging for electric ser- 
 vice at different successive rates per kilowatt- 
 hour consumed, each successive rate applying 
 only to a corresponding successive block or 
 quantity of the total current purchased during 
 the period covered; as an example, during each 
 month io kilowatt-hours or less at 15 cents per 
 kilowatt-hour. The next io kilowatt-hours 
 over the first are charged for at 12 cents per 
 kilowatt-hour. All current in excess of the 
 foregoing 20 kilowatt-hours is charged for at 
 io cents per kilowatt-hour. 
 
 Blow. To melt or fuse a safety fuse. 
 
 Blowing a Fuse. The fusion or volatilization of 
 a fuse wire or safety strip by the current passing 
 through it. 
 
 Blowing Point of Fuse. The current strength at 
 which a fuse blows or melts. 
 
 Board of Trade Unit. A unit of electric supply, 
 or the energy contained in a current of 1,000 
 amperes flowing for one hour under a pressure 
 of one volt. A kilowatt-hour. 
 
 Bobbin, Electric. A ceil of insulated wire suitable 
 for the passage of an electric current for any 
 purpose, as, for example, energizing an electro- 
 magnet. 
 
 Bolt. A lightning discharge. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 Bond, Electric Rail. See Rail Bond, Electric. 
 (See page 67.) 
 
 Booster. A dynamo, inserted in series in a 
 special feeder or group of feeders in a distribu- 
 tion system, for the purpose of raising the pres- 
 sure of that feeder or group of feeders above 
 that of the rest of the system. 
 
 Bore, Armature. The space provided between 
 the pole pieces of a dynamo or motor for the 
 rotation of the armature. 
 
 Boucherizing. A process for preserving wooden 
 telegraph poles, or railroad sleepers, by inject- 
 ing a solution of copper sulphate into the 
 pores of the wood. 
 
 Bound Charge. The condition of a charge on a 
 conductor placed near another conductor, but 
 separated from it by a medium through which 
 electrostatic induction can take place. 
 
 Bracket=arm. An arm supported by a bracket 
 for carrying a line insulator. 
 
 Brake, Prony. A mechanical device for measur- 
 ing the power of a driving shaft. 
 
 Braided Wire. A wire covered with a braiding of 
 insulating material. 
 
 Branch Block. A porcelain block provided with 
 suitable grooves in which the terminals or con- 
 ductors are placed for connecting a pair of 
 branch wires to the mains. 
 
 Branch Circuits. Additional circuits provided at 
 points of a circuit where the current branches 
 or divides, part of the current flowing through 
 the branch, and the remainder flowing through 
 the original circuit. A shunt circuit. 
 
 Branch Conductor. A conductor placed in a 
 branch or shunt circuit. A smaller or sub- 
 conductor tapping a main. 
 
 Branch Cut=out. A safety fuse or cutout, in- 
 serted between a pair of branch wires and the 
 mains supplying them. 
 
 Brass. An alloy of copper and zinc. 
 
 Break=down Switch. A panel switch employed 
 in small three-wire systems, for connecting the 
 positive and negative bus-bars so as to con- 
 vert the system into a two- wire system, and 
 thus, in case of a break-down, to permit the 
 system to be supplied with current from a 
 single dynamo. 
 
 Break, Mercury. A form of circuit breaker oper- 
 ated by the removal of a conductor from the 
 mercury surface. 
 
 Mercury breaks assume a variety of forms. 
 One end of the circuit is connected with the 
 mercury, and the other with the conductor. 
 
 Breaking Down of Insulation. The failure of an 
 insulating material, as evidence by the disrup- 
 tive passage of an electric discharge through it. 
 
 Breast Plate. The breast support for the micro- 
 phone transmitter of a central telephone sta- 
 tion operator. 
 
 Bridge Arms. The arms of an electric bridge or 
 balance. 
 
 Bridge Duplex. The bridge method of duplex 
 telegraphy, as distinguished from the differen- 
 tial method. 
 
 Bridge, Electric. A device whereby an unknown 
 electric resistance is readily measured. A de- 
 vice for measuring an unknown resistance by 
 comparison with two fixed resistances and an 
 adjustable resistance. 
 Bridge=wire. The wire in a Wheatstone's Bridge 
 
 in which the galvanometer is inserted. 
 Bridging Coils. In telephony, coils which are 
 connected across a telephone circuit, as dis- 
 tinguished from coils placed in series in the 
 circuit. 
 
 Bridging Relay. In telephony or telegraphy a 
 relay which is connected in shunt across a cir- 
 cuit instead of in series. 
 
 Britannia Joint. A telegraphic or telephonic 
 joint in which the ends of the wires are laid 
 side-by-side bound together, and subsequently 
 soldered. 
 
 Bronze. An alloy of copper and tin. 
 Brush=and=Spray Discharge. A streaming form of 
 high-potential discharge possessing the appear- 
 
 ance of a spray of silvery white sparks, or of a Electrical 
 branch of thin silvery sheets around a powerful 
 brush, obtained by increasing the frequency of Dictionary 
 the alternations. 
 
 Brush Discharge. The faintly luminous dis- 
 charge which takes place from a positive 
 charged pointed conductor. 
 
 Brush Rocker. In a dynamo or motor any device 
 for shifting the position of the brushes on the 
 commutator cylinder. 
 
 Brushes of Dynamo=electric Machines. Strips 
 
 of metal bundles of wire or wire gauze, slit 
 
 plates of metal, or plates of carbon, that bear on 
 
 the commutator cylinder of a dynamo, and 
 
 carry off the current generated. 
 
 Bucking. A term employed in the operation of 
 
 street-railway passenger cars for a sudden 
 
 stopping of the car as if by a collision, due to 
 
 opposition between two motors. 
 
 Bug. A term employed in quadruplex telegraphy 
 
 to designate any fault in the operation of the 
 
 apparatus. Generally, a fault in the operation of 
 
 any electric apparatus. A particular fault or 
 
 difficulty in quadruplex telegraphy consisting 
 
 of an interference between the A and B-sides. 
 
 " Building=up " of Dynamo. The action whereby 
 
 a dynamo-electric machine rapidly reaches its 
 
 maximum E.M.F. after starting. 
 
 " Built-up " Magnet. A composite permanent 
 
 magnet. 
 
 Bulb, Lamp. The chamber or globe in which the 
 filament of an incandescent electric lamp is 
 placed. 
 
 The chamber or globe of a lamp must be of 
 
 such construction as to enable the high vacuum 
 
 necessary to the operation of the lamp to be 
 
 maintained. 
 
 Bunched Cable. A cable containing more than a 
 
 single wire or conductor. 
 
 Burglar-alarm, Electric. An electric device for 
 automatically announcing the opening of a 
 door, window, or safe, or the passage of a per- 
 son through a hallway, or on a stairway. 
 Burglar=alarm Matting. A matting provided 
 with a number of invisible contacts connected 
 with an alarm bell, whose circuits are closed 
 by treading on the matting. 
 
 Burn-out. The destruction of an armature, or 
 any part of an electric apparatus, by the pas- 
 sage of an excessive current due to short-cir- 
 cuit or other cause. 
 Burner, Electric. A gas-burner that is capable of 
 
 being electrically lighted. 
 
 Bus. A word generally used instead of omnibus. 
 Heavy copper bar conductors usually attached 
 to switch-boards, etc. 
 
 Bus=bars. Heavy bars of conducting metal con- 
 nected directly to the poles of one or more 
 dynamo-electric machines, and, therefore, re- 
 ceiving the entire current produced by the 
 machines. 
 
 Busy Test. A simple test whereby a telephone 
 operator at a multiple switchboard can readily 
 tell whether any wire or circuit connected with 
 the switchboard is or is not in use at any mo- 
 ment of time. 
 
 Butt Joint. An end-to-end joint. A joint ef- 
 fected in wires by placing the wires end on end 
 subsequently soldering or welding them. 
 Buzzer, Electric. A call, not as loud as that of an 
 electric bell, employing a humming sound by 
 the use of a sufficiently rapid automatic con- 
 tact-breaker. A telephone receiver for Morse 
 circuits employing a vibrating contact key. 
 
 C. A contraction for Centigrade. 
 
 C. A symbol used for capacity. Farad. 
 
 .ty. 
 
 The defining equation is C 
 
 . 
 
 The same symbol is often used for current. 
 
190 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Electrical C.E.M.F. A contraction for counter electro- 
 . . motive force. 
 
 Dictionary c.c. A contraction for cubic centimetre, the 
 C.G.S. unit of volume. 
 
 cm. An abbreviation for centimetre, the C.G.S. 
 unit of length. 
 
 C.P. A contraction for candle-power. 
 
 C 2 R. Activity. The I 2 R activity, which see. 
 
 C 2 R. Loss. The loss of energy in a conductor due 
 to the ohmic resistance and the current strength. 
 (Seepage 19.) 
 
 C.G.S. Units. The centimetre-gramme-second 
 units. 
 
 Cable. An electric cable. A message trans- 
 mitted by means of an electric cable. 
 
 Cable Box. A box provided for the reception and 
 protection of a cable head. 
 
 Cable Casing. The metallic sheathing of a cable. 
 
 Cable Clip. A term sometimes used for cable 
 hanger. 
 
 Cable Core. The insulated conducting wires of 
 an electric cable. The electrically essential 
 portion of a cable as distinguished from its 
 sheath or protection. 
 
 Cable Currents. Various currents that exist in a 
 submarine cable and interfere with the testing, 
 consisting of earth currents, electrostatic 
 charge and discharge currents, and polarization 
 currents due to a fault or break. A current 
 flowing through a cable in the absence of any 
 impressed E.M.F. The current which tends to 
 flow in a broken cable from the exposed copper 
 conductor at the fracture to the iron sheathing 
 through the apparatus at the station. 
 
 Cable Drum. In cable machinery, a drum on 
 which cable is wound for coiling, shipping, lay- 
 ing, or turning over. A drum or reel on which 
 cable is wound for transport. 
 
 Cable, Duplex. A conductor consisting of two 
 separate cables placed parallel to each other. 
 
 The duplex cable is used especially in the al- 
 ternating current system. 
 
 Cable, Electric. A combination of an extended 
 length of a single insulated electric conductor, 
 or of two or more separate insulated electric 
 conductors, covered externally with a metallic 
 sheathing or armor. 
 
 Cable Fault. Any failure in the proper working 
 of a cable due either to a total or partial frac- 
 ture of the cable or to a heavy electric leakage. 
 
 Cablegram. A telegraph message received by 
 cable 
 
 Cable Grip. The grip provided for holding the 
 end of an underground cable while it is being 
 drawn into a duct. In a cable road the grip by 
 means of which a car is driven by the moving 
 cable. 
 
 Cable Head. A rectangular board provided with 
 binding posts and fuse wires for the purpose of 
 receiving the wires of overhead lines where they 
 enter a cable. 
 
 Cable House. A hut provided for securing and 
 protecting the end of a submarine cable when 
 it is landed. 
 
 Cable Lead. A lead formed of a cable of several 
 stranded conductors, as distinguished from a 
 lead containing a single conductor. 
 
 Cable Rack. A rack placed at the back of a mul- 
 tiple telephone switchboard for supporting the 
 cabled switchboard conductors and providing 
 ready access to the same. 
 
 Cable, Submarine. A cable designed for use under 
 water. (See page 164.) 
 
 Cable Telegraph. A general term including all 
 the apparatus employed in cable telegraphy 
 
 Cable Terminal. A water-tight covering pro- 
 vided at the free end of a telephone cable to 
 prevent injury to the cable's insulation by the 
 moisture of the air. 
 
 Cable Transformer. An alternating-current trans- 
 former in which the primary and secondary 
 conductors have the form of a cable overlaid by 
 an iron sheath or magnetic circuit. 
 
 Cable Vault. A vault provided in a building 
 where cables enter from underground conduits, 
 
 and where the cables are opened and connected 
 to fusible plugs or safety catches. 
 
 Cable, Underground. An electric cable placed 
 underground. See index. 
 
 Cable Well. A cable tank. 
 
 Cage Lightning=Protectqr. A term sometimes 
 employed for a lightning protector, consisting 
 of wires in the form of a cage surrounding the 
 body to be protected. 
 
 Calculagraph. A machine employed in long- 
 distance telephony for registering the time 
 during which the use of a line by a subscriber 
 continues. 
 
 Calling Plug. That plug of a pair of plugs, at a 
 central telephone switchboard, which is inserted 
 in the jack of the subscriber wanted and through 
 which that subscriber is called up. 
 
 Call Signal. In telegraphy, the signal or group 
 of signals indicating the particular station 
 called. 
 
 Call Wire. A speaking wire. A wire connecting 
 two telephone exchanges, for the purpose of 
 transmitting instructions, as distinguished 
 from a wire employed for establishing com- 
 munication between subscribers. A wire 
 employed for calling the attention of a cen- 
 tral-station operator by a subscriber, as dis- 
 tinguished from the wires through which he 
 communicates with other subscribers. 
 
 Calorie. A heat unit. The quantity of heat re- 
 quired to raise i gramme of water i centigrade. 
 
 Calorimeter, Electric. An instrument for measur- 
 ing the heat developed in a given time in any 
 conductor, by an electric current. 
 
 Candle. A unit of photometric intensity. The 
 photometric intensity which would be produced 
 by a standard candle burning at the rate of two 
 grains per minute. 
 
 Candle=foot. A unit of illumination equal to that 
 normally produced by a standard British can- 
 dle, at a distance of one foot, and sometimes 
 called a lux. 
 
 Candle=Lumen. The total flux of light from a 
 source is equal to its mean spherical intensity 
 multiplied by 477". The unit of flux is called 
 
 the lumen. A lumen is the th part of the 
 
 total flux of light emitted by a source having a 
 mean spherical intensity of one candle-power. 
 A hefner-lumen is 0.90 lumen. 
 
 Candle=power. The intensity of light emitted by 
 a luminous body estimated in standard candles. 
 The photometric intensity of one standard 
 candle. The hefner =0.9 this unit. 
 
 Caoutchouc. A resinous substance possessing 
 high powers of electric insulating, obtained 
 from the milky juice of certain tropical trees. 
 India rubber. 
 
 Cap Wire. An overhead wire carried on the 
 summit of a pole, as distinguished from an over- 
 head wire carried on a cross-arm. 
 
 Capability, Electric, of a Dynamo. The ratio of 
 the square of the E.M.F to the brushes, divided 
 by the internal resistance of the machine. 
 
 Capacity Circuit. A circuit containing capacity 
 but no inductance. 
 
 Capacity Current of Cable. The current in a 
 cable due to its capacity. The charging or dis- 
 charging current in a cable. 
 
 Capacity, Electrostatic. The quantity of elec- 
 tricity which must be imparted to a given body 
 or conductor as a charge, in order to raise its 
 potential a certain amount. (See Potential, 
 Electric) 
 
 The electrostatic capacity of a conductor is 
 not unlike the capacity of a vessel filled with a 
 liquid or gas. A certain quantity of liquid will 
 fill a given vessel to a level dependent on the 
 size or capacity of the vessel. In the same 
 manner a given quantity of electricity will pro- 
 duce, in a conductor or condenser, a certain 
 difference of electric level, or difference of po- 
 tential, dependent on the electrical capacity of 
 the conductor or condenser. 
 
ELECTRICA 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 191 
 
 In the same manner, the smaller the ca- 
 pacity of a conductor, the smaller is the charge 
 required to raise it to a given potential, or the 
 higher the potential a given charge will raise it. 
 
 The capacity C, of a conductor or condenser, is 
 therefore directly proportional to the charge Q, 
 and inversely proportional to the potential E ; or, 
 
 From which we obtain Q=CE. 
 
 The quantity of electricity required to charge 
 a conductor or condenser to a given potential 
 is equal to the capacity of the conductor or con- 
 denser multiplied by the potential through 
 which it is raised. 
 
 Capacity, Electrostatic, Unit of. Such a capacity 
 of a conductor or condenser that an electro- 
 motive force of one volt will charge it with a 
 quantity of electricity equal to one coulomb. 
 The farad. (See Farad.) 
 
 Capacity Factor. Ratio of the station output in 
 kilowatt-hours to the maximum capacity of the 
 station in kilowatts. 
 
 Capacity Load. The apparent load or current of 
 a high-tension generator due to the capacity of 
 the distributing conductors as distinguished 
 from the load or current usefully distributed. 
 
 Capacity of Cable. The quantity of electricity 
 required to raise a given length of cable to a 
 given potential, divided by the potential. In 
 a multiple cable, the amount of charge at unit 
 potential which any single conductor will take 
 up, the rest of the conductors being grounded. 
 The ability of a conducting wire or cable to per- 
 mit a certain quantity of electricity to be passed 
 into it before acquiring a certain potential. 
 
 Capacity of Line. The ability of a line to act as a 
 condenser, and, therefore, like it, to possess 
 capacity. 
 
 Capacity Pressure. In a condenser connected 
 with a source of alternating currents, a pressure 
 in phase with the condenser current. A pres- 
 sure due to a capacity. The pressure at the 
 terminals of a condenser. 
 
 Capacity Reactance. The reactance of a con- 
 denser due to it? capacity. The condensance. 
 
 Capacity, Specific Inductive. See Specific In- 
 ductive Capacity. 
 
 Capillary Electrometer. An electrometer in which 
 difference of potential is measured by the move- 
 ments of a drop of sulphuric acid in a tube filled 
 with mercury. 
 
 Car=brake, Electric. A car-brake that is operated 
 by the electric current produced by the motor 
 acting as a generator when the current is turned 
 off and the car is rapidly moving. 
 
 Car Controller. A device placed at each end of 
 the platform of a trolley car, under the control 
 of the motorman for starting, stopping, re- 
 versing or changing the velocity of a trolley 
 car. A series-parallel car-controller. 
 
 Car=heater, Electric. An electric heater consist- 
 ing essentially of suitably supported coils of 
 insulated wire traversed by an electric current. 
 
 Carbon. An elementary substance which occurs 
 naturally in three distinct allotropic forms; 
 graphite, charcoal and the diamond. 
 
 Carbon Arc. A voltaic arc formed between car- 
 'bon electrodes. 
 
 Carbon Holder. A device employed in an arc 
 lamp for supporting the lower or negative 
 carbon. 
 
 Carbon Rheostat. An adjustable resistance 
 formed of carbon plates or powder whose re- 
 sistance can be varied by pressure. 
 
 Carcel. A French photometric standard of light. 
 The light emitted by a lamp of definite dimen- 
 sions burning 42 grammes of Colza oil in an 
 hour, with a flame 40 millimetres in height. 
 
 Cardew Voltmeter. A voltmeter whose indica- 
 tions are obtained by the expansion of a long 
 
 fine wire by the passage through it of the cur- Electrical 
 rent to be measured. . 
 
 Carrying Capacity. The maximum current Dictionary 
 strength that any conductor can safely trans- 
 mit. (See page 1 8.) 
 
 Cascade Connection. A term sometimes em- 
 ployed for series connection. 
 
 Casings. Grooves or panelled channels for carry- 
 ing wires in a house. 
 
 Catenary Curve. The curve described by the sag- 
 ging of a wire, under its own weight, when 
 stretched between two points of support. 
 
 Catenary Trolley Construction. A trolley wire 
 that is suspended at frequent intervals from a 
 messenger wire. (See page 77.) 
 
 Cathode. The conductor or plate of an electro- 
 decomposition cell connected with the negative 
 terminal of a battery or other electric source. 
 The terminal of an electric source into which 
 the current flows from the electrolyte of a de- 
 composition cell or voltameter. The electrode 
 of a bath, tube, body, or device by which the 
 current leaves the same. The negative elec- 
 trode. 
 
 Cathode Rays. Radiation emitted from the 
 cathode or negative electrode of a Crookes or 
 X-ray tube. 
 
 Cautery, Electric. The application to the human 
 body of variously shaped platinum wires, 
 heated to incandescence by the electric current, 
 for removing diseased growths, or for stopping 
 hemorrhages. 
 
 Ceiling Board. An arc-light hanger board. 
 
 Cell, Electrolytic. A cell or vessel containing an 
 
 electrolyte, in which electrolysis is carried on. 
 
 An electrolytic cell is called a voltameter 
 
 when the value of the current passing is deduced 
 
 from the weight of the metal deposited. 
 
 Cell, Voltaic. (See Voltaic Cell.) 
 
 CeU of Primary or Secondary Battery. A battery 
 jar of a primary or secondary battery contain- 
 ing a single couple and its electrolyte. 
 
 Centigramme. The hundredth of a gramme; or, 
 0.1543 grain avoirdupois. 
 
 Centimeter. The hundredth of a metre; or, 
 0.3937 inch. 
 
 Centimeter=Qramme=Second System. A system 
 based on the centimeter as the unit length, the 
 gramme as the unit of mass, and the second at 
 the unit of time. 
 
 Center of Distribution. In a system of incandes- 
 cent distribution any point at which the supply 
 current is branched or radially disturbed to 
 mains, to submains, or to translating devices. 
 
 Change=over Switch. A switch provided in a cen- 
 tral station for transferring a working circuit 
 from one dynamo to another, or from one bat- 
 tery of dynamos to another. 
 
 Characteristic Curve. A diagram in which a curve 
 is employed to represent the relation of certain 
 varying values. A curve indicating the charac- 
 teristic properties of a dynamo-electric machine 
 under various phases of operation. A curve 
 indicating the electromotive force of a genera- 
 tor, as a variable dependent on the excitation . 
 
 Charge Current on Telegraphic Line. The current 
 produced by the initial rush of electricity into a 
 telegraph line on the closing of the circuit. 
 
 Charge Bound. The condition of an electric 
 charge on a conductor placed near another con- 
 ductor, but separated from it by a medium 
 through which electrostatic induction can take 
 place. 
 
 Charge, Electric. The quantity of electricity that 
 exists on the surface of an insulated electrified 
 conductor. 
 
 Charging Current. The current employed in 
 charging a storage battery or accumulator. 
 
 Chatterton's Compound. An insulating com- 
 pound for cementing together the alternate 
 coatings of gutta-percha employed on a cable 
 conductor, or for filling up the space between 
 the stranded conductors. 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Electrical Chemical Battery. A name sometimes given to a 
 r^. . voltaic telegraph battery as distinguished from 
 
 Dictionary a dynamo. 
 
 Chemical Equivalent. The quotient obtained by 
 dividing the atomic weight of an elementary 
 substance by its atomicity. The ratio be- 
 tween the quantity of an element and the quan- 
 tity of hydrogen it is capable of replacing. The 
 quantity of an elementary substance that is 
 capable of combining with or replacing one 
 atom of hydrogen. 
 
 Choke Coil. A reactance used in connection with 
 lightning arresters and placed in series with the 
 line to be protected. 
 
 Choking Coil. A' coil of wire so wound on a core 
 of iron as to possess high self-induction when 
 used on alternating-current circuits. (See Re- 
 actance Coils.) 
 
 Chronograph, Electric. An electric apparatus 
 for automatically measuring and registering 
 small intervals of time. 
 
 Circuit Breaker. Any device for opening or 
 breaking a circuit. 
 
 Circuit, Electric. The path in which electricity 
 circulates or passes from a given point, around 
 or through a conducting path, back again to its 
 starting point. 
 
 All simple circuits consist of the following 
 parts, viz: 
 
 (1) Of an electric source .which may be a 
 voltaic battery, a thermopile, a dynamo-elec- 
 tric machine, or any other means for producing 
 electricity. 
 
 (2) Of leads or conductors for carrying the 
 electricity out from the source, through what- 
 ever apparatus is placed in the line, and back 
 again to the source. 
 
 (3) Various electro-receptive devices, such 
 as electro-magnets, electrolytic baths, electric 
 motors, electric heaters, etc., through which 
 passes the current by which they are actuated 
 or operated. 
 
 Circuit Indicator. A rough form of galvanometer 
 employed to indicate the presence and direction 
 of a current in a circuit, and, in some cases, to 
 roughly indicate its strength. 
 
 Circuit, Multiple. A compound circuit in which a 
 number of separate sources or separate electro- 
 receptive devices, or both, have all their posi- 
 tive poles connected to a single positive lead or 
 conductor, and all their negative poles to a 
 single negative lead or conductor. 
 
 Circuit, Multiple=Arc. A term often used for 
 multiple circuit. 
 
 Circuit, Open. A broken circuit. A circuit, the 
 conducting continuity of which is broken. 
 
 Circuit, Parallel. A name sometimes applied to 
 circuits connected in multiple. (See Circuit, 
 Multiple) 
 
 Circuit, Series. A compound circuit in which the 
 separate sources, or the separate electro-recep 
 tive devices, or both, are so placed that the 
 current produced in each, or passed through 
 each, passes successively through the entire 
 circuit from the first to the last. 
 
 Circuit, Short. A shunt or by-path of compara- 
 tively small resistance around the poles of an 
 electric source, or around any portion of a cir- 
 cuit, by which so much of the current passes 
 through the new path, as virtually to cut out 
 the part of the circuit around which it is 
 placed, and so prevent it from receiving an 
 appreciable current. 
 
 Circuit, Shunt. A branch or additional circuit 
 provided at any part of a circuit, through which 
 the current branches or divides, part flowing 
 through the original circuit, and part through 
 ^ the new branch. 
 
 Circular Mil. A unit of area employed in measur- 
 ing the cross-section of wires, equal, approxi- 
 mately, to 0.7854. square mils. The area of a 
 circle one mil in diameter. (See page 21.) 
 
 Circular Millaze. The areas of cross-sections of 
 wires or conductors expressed in circular mils. 
 
 Clearance. The gap space between the surface 
 of a rotating armature and the opposed polar 
 surface of the field magnets of a dynamo or 
 motor. 
 
 Clearing=out Drops. Electro-magnetic drop- 
 shutters placed in a telephone exchange in cir- 
 . cuit with a pair of communicating subscribers, 
 so that the falling of the shutter when they 
 "ring off" indicates that the conversation is 
 ended. Ring-off drops. 
 
 Clearing Signal. A ring-off signal. A signal in a 
 telephone exchange to indicate that a telephonic 
 conversation has ended. 
 
 Cleat, Electric, A suitable shaped piece of wood, 
 porcelain, hard-rubber or other non-conducting 
 material used for fastening and supporting 
 electric conductors to ceilings and walls. 
 
 Clock Meter. An electric meter in which clock- 
 work is employed. 
 
 Clockwise Motion. A rotary motion whose direc- 
 tion is the same as that of the hands of a clock, 
 viewed from the face. 
 
 Closed=circuit Transformer. A term sometimes 
 employed for closed iron-circuit transformer. 
 
 CIosed=circuit Voltmeter. A voltmeter intended 
 to be in permanent connection with the pressure 
 it is designed to measure. 
 
 Closed=coil Winding. Any winding by which the 
 armature coils are connected in closed circuit 
 during the operation of the machine. 
 
 Closed Magnetic Circuit. A magnetic circuit 
 which lies wholly in iron or other substance of 
 high magnetic permeability. 
 
 Closet System of Parallel Distribution. A system of 
 parallel distribution and house wiring in which 
 the various receptive devices are collected in 
 groups each of which is supplied with a separate 
 and independent supply circuit back to the 
 service; as distinguished from a tree system. 
 
 Coefficient of Expansion. The fractional in- 
 crease in the length of a bar or rod, when heated 
 from 32 to 33 degrees Fahr., or from o to i de- 
 gree Cent. 
 
 Coefficient of Hysteresis. The work expended 
 hysteretically in a cubic-centimetre of iron, or 
 other magnetic substance, in a single cycle of 
 unit magnetic flux density. The coefficient 
 which multiplied by the volume of iron, the 
 frequency of alternation, and the i-6th power 
 of the maximum flux density gives the hyster- 
 etic activity. 
 
 Coefficient of Inductance. A constant quantity 
 such that, when multiplied by the current 
 strength passing through any coil or circuit, will 
 numerically represent the flux linkage with that 
 coil or circuit due to that current. A term 
 sometimes used for coefficient of self-induction. 
 The ratio of the C.E.M.F. of self-induction in a 
 coil or circuit to the time-rate-of-change of the 
 inducing current. 
 
 Coefficient of Induction. A term sometimes used 
 for coefficient of magnetic induction. 
 
 Coefficient of Mutual Inductance. The ratio of 
 the electromotive force induced in a circuit to 
 the rate-of-change of the inducing current in a 
 magnetically associated circuit. The ratio of 
 the total flux-linkage with a circuit proceeding 
 from an associated inducing circuit, to the 
 strength of current flowing in the latter. 
 
 Coefficient of Self=induction. Self-inductance. 
 The ratio in anv circuit of the flux induced by 
 and linked with a current, to the strength of 
 that current. The ratio in any circuit of the 
 E.M.F. of self-induction to the rate-of-change 
 of the current. 
 
 Coherer. A detector of electro-magnetic waves 
 consisting of conducting particles forming a 
 semi-conducting bridge between two electrodes 
 
 Coil, Electric. A convolution of insulated wire 
 through which an electric current may be 
 passed. A number of turns of wire, or a spool 
 of wire, through which an electric current may 
 be passed. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 Coil, Induction. An apparatus consisting of two 
 parallel coils of insulated wire employed for 
 the production of currents by mutual induction. 
 A rapidly interrupted battery current, sent 
 through a coil of wire called the primary coil, 
 induces alternating currents in a coil of wire 
 called the secondary coil. 
 
 As heretofore made, the primary coil con- 
 sists of a few turns of a thick wire, and the 
 secondary coil of many turns, often thousands, 
 of fine wire. Such coils are generally called 
 Ruhmkorff coils, from the name of a celebrated 
 manufacturer of them. 
 
 Cold Light. Luminous radiation unaccompanied 
 by obscure radiation. Radiation confined 
 within the limits of the visible spectrum. The 
 light of a fire-fly or glow-worm. 
 
 Collation. The repetition of a message or im- 
 portant parts of the same by an operator at a 
 telegraph station who has received it over the 
 line, to the transmitting operator at the send- 
 ing station. 
 
 Collecting Rings for Alternators. Metallic rings 
 connected with the terminals of the armature 
 coils of an alternator on which brushes rest to 
 carry off the alternating currents. 
 
 Collector, Electric. Devices employed for col- 
 lecting electricity from a moving electric 
 source. 
 
 Collector of Alternators. The collecting rings. 
 
 Comb Lightning=arrester. A form of lightning- 
 arrester in which the line wires are connected to 
 two metallic plates provided with serrations 
 like the teeth of a comb, and placed near to an- 
 other ground-connected plate, which may or 
 may not be furnished with similar serrations. 
 
 " Come Along." A small portable vise capable 
 of ready attachment to an aerial telegraph or 
 telephone cable, and used in connection with a 
 line dynamometer to pull up the wire to its 
 proper tension. 
 
 Commercial Efficiency. The useful or available 
 energy produced by any machine or apparatus 
 divided by the total energy it absorbs. 
 
 Common Return. A return conductor common to 
 several circuits. 
 
 Commutating Machine. A rotary transformer. 
 
 Commutation. The act of commuting or causing 
 a number of electromotive forces or currents 
 to take one and the same direction. 
 
 Commutation, Diameter of. In a dynamo-elec- 
 tric machine a diameter on the commutator 
 cylinder on one side of which the difference of 
 potential, produced by the movement of the 
 coils through the magnetic field, tend to pro- 
 duce a current in a direction opposite to those 
 on the other side. 
 
 That diameter on the commutator cylinder 
 of an open-circuited armature that joins the 
 points of contact of the collecting brushes. 
 
 Commutator. Any device for changing in one 
 portion of a circuit the directions of electro- 
 motive forces or currents in another portion. 
 A device for changing alternating into con- 
 tinuous currents, or vice versa. 
 
 Commutator Bar. One of the insulated segments 
 of a commutator. 
 
 Commutator Coils. Coils wound around an 
 armature core for the purpose of preventing 
 sparking, connected at one of their ends to the 
 main windings at points between the coil sec- 
 tions, and at the other end, to the commutator 
 segments. 
 
 Commutator Segments. The insulated bars of a 
 commutator. 
 
 Compensated Alternator. A separately excited 
 alternator, which automatically compensates 
 for the drop in voltage in its armature, or in its 
 armature or the line, by sending around its 
 field a rectified portion of the main current, or 
 of the current derived from a series transformer 
 in the main circuit. 
 
 Compensated Galvanometer. A differential gal- 
 vanometer for indicating pressure at a distant 
 point of a continuous-current circuit, having 
 
 one coil in shunt and the other in series with Electrical 
 said circuit. 
 
 Compensated Resistance-coil. A resistance-coil Dictionary 
 so arranged as to be compensated for the effect 
 of temperature upon its resistance. 
 
 Compensated Voltmeter. A central-station volt- 
 meter connected to the bus-bars in such a 
 manner that its indications are automatically 
 corrected for the drop of pressure in some 
 particular feeder or group of feeders, so that its 
 readings correspond to the pressure supplied to 
 the mains. 
 
 Compensated Wattmeter. A wattmeter so wound 
 as to be compensated for the effect of reactance 
 in its shunt circuit. 
 
 Compensating Line. An artificial line employed 
 in duplex telegraphy. 
 
 Compensating Pole. A small bar electro-magnet, 
 or electro-magnetic coil, placed perpendicu- 
 larly between the pole-pieces of a dynamo to 
 compensate for the cross magnetization of the 
 armature currents. 
 
 Compensator. An auto-transformer. 
 
 Compensator Potential Regulator. Sometimes 
 called Contact Regulators. An apparatus in 
 which a number of turns of one of the coils are 
 adjustable. 
 
 Complete Wave. Two successive alternations, 
 of a double alternation of a periodically-alter- 
 nating quantity. A cycle. 
 
 Complex Quantities. Any quantity made up of 
 two parts, one of which is measured along an axis 
 of reference, and the other in a direction at 
 right angles to such axis, these axes being 
 sometimes described as the real and imaginary 
 axes respectively. 
 
 Components of Impedance. The energy com- 
 ponent or effective resistance and the wattless 
 component or effective reactance. 
 
 Composite Excitation. Any excitation of the 
 field magnets of a dynamo in which more than 
 a single winding is employed, such as a shunt 
 and a series winding. 
 
 Composite Field. The field of a compositely- 
 excited dynamo. 
 
 Composite Wire. A wire provided with a steel 
 core and an external copper sheath, possessing 
 sufficient tensile strength to enable it to be 
 used in long spans without excessive sagging. 
 A bimetallic wire. 
 
 Compound. An asphaltic composition employed 
 in the sheathing of submarine cables. A term 
 often applied to insulating materials. 
 
 Compound Alternator. A compound-wound al- 
 ternator. 
 
 Compound Magnet. A number of single magnets 
 placed parallel, side by side, and with their 
 similar poles adjacent. 
 
 Compound Winding. A method of winding dy- 
 namos or motors in which both shunt and 
 series coils are placed on the field magnets. 
 
 Concentric Cable. A cable provided with both a 
 leading and return conductor insulated from 
 each other, and forming respectively the central 
 core or conductor, and the enclosing tubular 
 conductor. A cable having concentric con- 
 ductors. (See Index.) 
 
 Concentric Conductors. Cylindrical coaxial con- 
 ductors insulated from each other. 
 
 Concentric Mains. Mains employing concentric 
 cables. 
 
 Condensance. Capacity reactance. 
 
 Condenser. A device for increasing the capacity 
 of an insulated conductor by bringing it near 
 another earth-connected conductor but sep- 
 arated therefrom by any medium that will 
 permit electrostatic induction to take place 
 through its mass. Any variety of electrostatic 
 accumulator. 
 
 Condenser Capacity. The capacity of a condenser. 
 
 Condenser Circuit. Any circuit in which a con- 
 denser is inserted. 
 
 Condenser Pressure. The difference of potential 
 at the terminals of a condenser. 
 
194 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Electrical Conduct. To pass electricity through conducting 
 . substances. To carry, or to possess the power 
 
 Dictionary of carrying an electric current. 
 
 Conductance. A word sometimes used in place 
 of conducting power. The reciprocal of resist- 
 ance. In a continuous-current circuit the 
 ratio of the current strength to the E.M.F. 
 In an alternating-current circuit the quantity 
 whose square added to the square of the suscep- 
 tance is equal to the square of the admittance. 
 
 Conductance, Electric. Conducting power for 
 electricity. 
 
 Conduction, Electric. The so-called flow or pas- 
 sage of electricity through a metallic or other 
 similar substance. The ability of a substance 
 to determine the direction in which electric 
 energy shall be transmitted through the ether 
 surrounding it. The ability of a substance to 
 determine the direction in which a current of 
 electricity shall pass from one point to another. 
 
 Conduction, Electrolytic. A term sometimes em- 
 ployed to indicate the passage of electricity 
 through an electrolyte. 
 
 Conductive. Possessing the power of conducting. 
 
 Conductivity, Electric. The reciprocal of electric 
 resistivity. The conductance of a substance 
 referred to unit dimensions. 
 
 Conductivity Resistance. The resistance offered 
 by a substance to electric conduction or to the 
 passage of electricity through its mass. 
 
 Conductor. Any substance which will permit 
 the so-called passage of an electric current. 
 A substance which possesses the ability of de- 
 termining the direction in which electric energy 
 shall pass through the ether in the dielectric 
 surrounding it. 
 
 Conduit, Electric. An underground space, either 
 single or provided with a number of separate 
 spaces called ducts, employed for the reception 
 of electric wires or cables. 
 
 Conduit Trolley=system. A single or double- 
 trolley-system in which the trolley wire or wires 
 are placed in an underground slotted conduit, 
 the trolley wheel being replaced by a plow or 
 sled pushed or drawn through the slot. 
 
 Connecting Jack. A jack for introducing a loop 
 into a telephone circuit. 
 
 Connecting Sleeve. A metallic sleeve employed 
 as a connector for readily joining the ends of 
 two or more wires. 
 
 Connection in Cascade. A term sometimes em- 
 ployed for connection in series. 
 
 Connection, Multiple. Such a connection of a 
 number of separate electric sources, or electro- 
 receptive devices, or circuits, that all the posi- 
 tive terminals are connected to one main or 
 positive conductor, and all the negative termi- 
 nals are conducted to one main or negative 
 conductor. 
 
 Connection, Series. The connection of a number 
 of separate electric sources, or electro-receptive 
 devices, or circuits, so that the current passes 
 successively from the first to the last in the cir- 
 cuit. 
 
 Consequent Pole. A magnet pole formed by two 
 free north or two free south poles placed to- 
 gether. A magnet pole developed at some 
 point of a magnet other than its extremities. 
 
 Consonance. A phase agreement between two 
 simple-periodic waves or vibrations. The re- 
 inforcement of sound waves, or their increase in 
 intensity, by means of vibrating bodies that are 
 . not in resonance with, or are tuned to vibrate 
 in unison with, the sounding body. Forced 
 unison. 
 
 Consonance, Electric. In an alternating-current 
 circuit the co-phasing of the impressed E.M.F. 
 with the primary current, due to the influence of 
 capacity in an inductively associated secondary 
 circuit. A circuit in which the capacity and 
 the inductance are equal and opposite in effect. 
 
 Constant. Of an electrical instrument is that 
 quantity which used as a factor with indications 
 of instruments gives results in the desired unit. 
 Of a watt-hour meter is 3600 x watt-hours 
 
 passing through the circuit during one revolu- 
 tion of the meter disc. 
 
 Constant Current. A direct current or one that 
 always flows in the same direction. A current 
 whose strength is unvarying. 
 
 Constant=current Transformer. A transformer 
 which is intended to raise or reduce a current 
 strength in a given constant ratio. A trans- 
 former designed to maintain a constant strength 
 of current in its secondary circuit, despite 
 changes of load. 
 
 Constant=potential Circuit. A circuit whose po- 
 tential is maintained approximately constant. 
 A multiple-arc or parallel-connected circuit. 
 
 Constant=potential Dynamo. A dynamo that fur- 
 nishes an approximately constant difference of 
 potential or electromotive force despite changes 
 in its resistance or load. A shunt or compound- 
 wound dynamo. 
 
 Contact Breaker. A device for breaking or open- 
 ing an electric circuit. 
 
 Contact Regulator. See Compensator Potential 
 Regulator. 
 
 Contact Resistance. Resistance produced at the 
 contact of two or more surfaces. 
 
 Contact Rings of Alternator. The collector rings 
 of an alternator. 
 
 Contact Screw. A screw the end of which is 
 provided with a platinum or other contact, 
 employed to close the circuit of any electric 
 device in whose circuit it is placed. 
 
 Contacts. Conducting pieces or plates intro- 
 duced into electric circuits at points where it is 
 desired to open and close the circuit. A var- 
 iety of fault occasioned in any circuit by the 
 accidental contact of any part of the circuit 
 with a conducting body. A metallic cross or 
 faulty connection between two telegraphic or 
 telephonic circuits. 
 
 Continuous=alternating Transformer. A secon- 
 dary generator for transforming continuous into 
 alternating currents. A dynamometer, mo- 
 tor-dynamo, or rotary transformer. 
 
 Continuous Current. An electric current which 
 flows in one and the same direction. A steady 
 or non-pulsating direct current. 
 
 Continuous=current Generator. Any generator 
 capable of furnishing continuous currents. 
 
 Continuous=current Transformer. A dynamo or 
 motor-dynamo. A transformer from one con- 
 tinuous pressure and current to another. 
 
 Controller. The magnet employed in a system 
 of automatic constant-current regulation, 
 whose coils are traversed by the main current, 
 employed automatically to throw a regulator 
 magnet into or out of the main circuit on 
 changes of the current passing. Any electric 
 mechanism for controlling a circuit or system. 
 An electric switching mechanism for controlling 
 the speed of a motor or motors. A street- 
 railway car controller. 
 
 Controller Switch. The switch operating the 
 switch cylinder of a street-car controller. Any 
 switch employed in connection with a street- 
 car controller. 
 
 Controlling Magnet. Any magnet which con- 
 trols some particular action, as, for example, 
 the attraction of a needle in a galvanometer. 
 A name sometimes given to the controller in 
 an automatic system of current regulation. 
 
 Convection Currents. Currents produced by the 
 bodily carrying forward of static charges in 
 convection streams. 
 
 Convective Discharge. The discharge which oc- 
 curs from the points of a highly charged con- 
 ductor, through the electrostatic repulsion of 
 similarly charged air particles, which thus 
 carry off minute charges. 
 
 Converter. A dynamo-electric machine having 
 one armature and one field for converting alter- 
 nating current to direct current, or direct cur- 
 rent to alternating current. The term to be 
 preceded by the words "alternating current- 
 direct current" (A.C.-D.C.) or " direct current" 
 (B.C.). 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 W I 
 
 RES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 195 
 
 Converted Currents. Electric currents whose 
 strengths have been increased or decreased by 
 means of a transformer. 
 
 Co=periodic. Possessing the same periodicity. 
 
 Co=phase. Coincidence in phase of co-periodic 
 motions. Such a phase relation between two 
 periodic but non-co-periodic quantities as tends 
 to increase the amplitude of the motion. 
 
 Copper, Cu. At. wt. 63.2, Sp. gr. 8.81 to 8.95. 
 Fuses at about 1930 F. Distinguished from 
 all other metals by its reddish color. Very 
 ductile and malleable and its tenacity is next 
 to iron. Tensile strength 20,000 to 30,000 
 Ibs. per square inch. Heat conductivity 
 73.6% of that of silver and superior to that of 
 other metals. Electric conductivity equal to 
 that of gold and silver. Expansion by heat 
 from 32 to 212 F. 0.0051 of its volume. 
 (Kent) (See Index.) 
 
 Copper Loss. The total loss of energy produced 
 by the passage of a current through the copper 
 wire of a dynamo, motor, or conducting system 
 generally. 
 
 Copper Tape. Rectangular straps or bars of 
 copper employed for armature windings. 
 
 Copper Voltameter. A voltameter whose indica- 
 tions are dependent on the electrolysis of a so- 
 lution of a copper salt. 
 
 Cord, Electric. A flexible, insulated electric 
 conductor, generally containing two parallel 
 wires. 
 
 Core, Lamination of. Structural subdivisions of 
 the cores of magnets, armatures, and pole- 
 pieces of dynamo-electric machines, electric 
 motors, or similar apparatus, in order to pre- 
 vent heating and subsequent loss of energy 
 from the production of local, eddy or Foucault 
 currents. 
 
 These laminations are obtained by forming 
 the cores of sheets, rods, plates, or wires of iron 
 insulated from one another. (See Silico-Mag- 
 netic Core Steel.) 
 
 Core Losses. The hysteresis and the Foucault or 
 eddy-current losses of the core of a dynamo, 
 motor or transformer. 
 
 Core of Cable. The insulated wires employed for 
 the transmission of the current through a con- 
 ducting cable. The electric conductor and in- 
 sulator as distinguished from the mechanical 
 serving and sheathing of a cable. 
 
 Corona. The name given to a brush discharge 
 surrounding aerial conductors which carry 
 high potential current. The discharge is red 
 violet in color, gives a hissing sound and is 
 probably intermittent in character. 
 
 Corona, Electrostatic. A luminous effect pro- 
 duced on the surface of a thin sheet of mica, or 
 other similar insulating material, when placed 
 between two electrodes between which dis- 
 charges of comparatively high difference of 
 potential are passing. 
 
 Corrective Motor. A synchronous motor running 
 either idle or under load, whose field charge may 
 be varied so as to modify the power- factor of the 
 circuit to which it is connected or through such 
 modification to also influence the voltage of the 
 circuit (this term is proposed instead of the 
 term "rotating condenser"). 
 
 Corrosion, Electrolytic. A term frequently em- 
 ployed for the corrosion of water or gas pipes 
 or other masses of metal buried in the earth by 
 electrolytic action. 
 
 Cosine. One of the trigonometrical functions. 
 The ratio of the base to the hypothenuse of a 
 right-angled triangle in which the hypothenuse 
 is the radius vector, and the angle between the 
 base and hypothenuse the angle whose cosine 
 is considered. 
 
 Coulomb. The practical unit of electric quantity. 
 Such a quantity of electricity as would pass in 
 one second through a circuit conveying one 
 ampere. 
 
 The quantity of electricity contained in a 
 condenser of one farad capacity, when subjected 
 
 to the E.M.F. of one volt. 
 Coulomb.) 
 
 (See International Electrical 
 
 Coulomb Meter. A meter for measuring in cou- Dictionary 
 lombs, the quantity of electricity which passes 
 through any circuit. 
 
 Coulomb=volt. A word sometimes employed for 
 the volt-coulomb or joule. 
 
 Counter=electromotive Force. An opposed or re- 
 verse electromotive force which tends to set up 
 a current in the opposite direction to that ac- 
 tually produced by a source. In an electric 
 motor, an electromotive force produced by the 
 rotation of the armature and opposed to that 
 produced by the driving current. 
 
 Counter=electromotive Force of Induction. The 
 counter electromotive force of self or mutual 
 induction. 
 
 Couple. In mechanics, two equal and parallel, 
 but oppositely directed forces, not acting in the 
 same line, and tending to produce rotation. 
 The two elements in a voltaic cell or thermo- 
 electric cell. 
 
 Couple, Thermo=electric. Two dissimilar metals 
 which, when connected at their ends only, so 
 as to form a completed electric circuit, will pro- 
 duce a difference of potential, and hence an 
 electric current, when one of the ends is heated 
 more than the other. 
 
 Couple, Voltaic. Two materials, usually two dis- 
 similar metals, capable of acting as an electric 
 source when dipped in an electrolyte, or ca- 
 pable of producing a difference of electric po- 
 tential by mere contact. 
 
 Cradle Dynamometer. A dynamometer in which 
 the dynamo to be tested is supported in a 
 cradle, and the mechanical energy it receives or 
 transmits is measured by the torque developed 
 by the cradle about its axis. 
 
 Critical Current. The current strength at which 
 a certain critical result is reached. 
 
 Critical=speed of Compound=wound Dynamo. The 
 speed at which both the series and shunt coils 
 of a dynamo give the same difference of poten- 
 tial when the full load is on the machine, as the 
 shunt coil would have if used alone on open- 
 circuit. The speed at which a dynamo com- 
 mences to build up its excitation. 
 
 Crookes' Effect. The effect produced in high- 
 vacuum tubes due to the characteristic motions 
 possessed by heated or electrified molecules 
 when in the ultra-gaseous or radiant state. 
 
 Crookes' Tubes. Glass tubes containing high 
 vacua, provided with platinum leading-in wires 
 terminating in suitably shaped metallic sur- 
 faces, employed in demonstrating the peculiar- 
 ities of the radiant or ultragaseous condition of 
 matter. A name frequently given to X-ray 
 tubes. 
 
 Cross. See Cross, Electric. 
 
 Cross Arm. A horizontal beam attached to a 
 pole for the support of the insulators of tele- 
 graph, electric light, or other electric wires. 
 A telegraphic arm. 
 
 Cross Bonding. In an electric railway the bond- 
 ing between the ground feeder and the track 
 for the purpose of ensuring a good conducting 
 return circuit. 
 
 Cross=connection of Armature Windings. Arma- 
 ture windings in which the wires are intercon- 
 nected at the corresponding segments of the 
 commutator. 
 
 Cross Current. Current passing between the 
 armatures of alternating current generators, 
 or motors, operated in parallel, and due to dif- 
 ferences in the phase or magnitude of the 
 E.M.F.'s in the machines. 
 
 Cross, Electric. A connection, generally me- 
 tallic, accidentally established between two 
 conducting lines. A defect in a telegraph, tele- 
 phone, or other circuit, caused by two wires 
 coming into contact by crossing each other. 
 
196 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
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 COMPANY 
 
 Electrical Cross Induction. An induction produced by the 
 . . armature current whose magnetization is at 
 
 Dictionary right-angles to that produced by the field. 
 Cross magnetization. 
 
 Cross Magnetization. A magnetization set up by 
 the currents circulating in the armature turns, 
 which is at right-angles to the magnetization 
 set up by the field flux. 
 
 Cross-talk. Cross-fire conversation over one 
 telephone circuit which is heard in neighboring 
 telephone circuit. Interference between neigh- 
 boring telephone circuits. 
 
 Crow=foot Zinc. A crow-foot-shaped zinc em- 
 ployed in the gravity voltaic cell. 
 
 Crucible Steel. (See Index.) 
 
 Current Commuter. Any device that causes 
 alternating currents to flow in one and the same 
 direction. A commutator. 
 
 Current Density. The current strength which 
 passes in any part of a circuit, divided by the 
 area of cross-section of that part of the circuit. 
 The ratio of the current strength through any 
 surface of section of active conductor to the 
 area of that surface, assumed perpendicular to 
 the current. 
 
 Current Distribution. The spreading or ramifica- 
 tion of electric currents through a conducting 
 mass or network. 
 
 Currents, Eddy. See Eddy Currents. 
 
 Current, Electric. The quantity of electricity 
 per-second which passes through any con- 
 ductor or circuit , when the flow is uniform. The 
 rate at which a quantity of electricity flows or 
 passes through a circuit. The ratio, expressed 
 in terms of electric quantity per-second, exist- 
 ing between the electromotive force causing a 
 current and the resistance which opposes it. 
 
 The unit of current, or the ampere, is equal 
 to one coulomb per second. (See Ampere, 
 and Coulomb.) 
 
 The word current must not be confounded 
 with the mere act of flowing; electric current 
 signifies rate of flow, and always supposes an 
 electromotive force to produce the current, 
 and a resistance to oppose it. 
 
 The electric current is assumed to flow out from 
 the positive terminal of a source, through the 
 circuit and back into the source at the negative 
 terminal. It is assumed to flow into the positive 
 terminal of an electro receptive device such as 
 a lamp, motor, or storage battery, and out of 
 its negative terminal; or, in other words, the 
 positive pole of the source is always connected 
 to the positive terminal of the electro-receptive 
 device. 
 
 The current that flows or passes in any circuit 
 is, in the case of a constant current, equal to the 
 electromotive force, or difference of potential, 
 divided by the resistance, as: 
 
 (See Law of Ohm.) 
 
 The flow of an electric current may vary in any 
 manner whatsoever. 
 
 A current which continues flowing in the 
 same direction no matter how its strength may 
 vary, is called a continuous current, or some- 
 times a direct current. If the strength of such 
 a current is constant, it is called an unvarying 
 current; if its strength is not constant, it is a 
 varying continuous current. A regular varying 
 continuous current is called a pulsatory cur- 
 rent. A current which alternately flows in 
 opposite directions, no matter how its strength 
 may vary, is called an alternating current. 
 This may be periodic or non-periodic. 
 Current, Electric, Method of Propagation of, 
 Through a Circuit. When an electric current 
 is propagated through a wire or other con- 
 ductor, it is not sent or pushed through the 
 conductor, like a fluid through a pipe or 
 other conductor, but is, so to speak, handed 
 on from particle to particle. 
 
 The following taken from the "Electrical 
 World," March 3, 1910, represents the latest 
 hypothesis concerning these phenomena: 
 
 " In the normal unelectrified state all the 
 copper molecules are substantially neutral. 
 When an electric potential difference, or voltage', 
 is applied to the ends of the copper wire, the 
 negative electrons at the positive pole jump out 
 of the adjacent molecules, leaving them posi- 
 tively electrified. These, in their turn, at- 
 tract more negative electrons out of the next 
 layer of neutrals beyond and so on, back to the 
 negative pole, until there is a complete bucket 
 brigade, formed by the molecules, the buckets 
 being the negative electrons and the firemen 
 being the nearly stationary molecules, which 
 pass negative electricity all along the line." 
 
 Current, Faradic. In electro-therapeutics, the 
 current produced by an induction coil, or by a 
 magneto-electric machine. A rapidly alternat- 
 ing current, as distinguished from a uniform 
 voltaic current. 
 
 Current, Foucault. A name sometimes applied to 
 eddy currents, especially in armature cores. 
 
 Current, Periodic. A simple periodic current. 
 
 Current, Polyphase. Currents differing in phase 
 from one another and, therefore, requiring 
 separate circuits for use. 
 
 Current Retarder. A term sometimes employed 
 for rheostat. 
 
 Current Reverser. A switch or other apparatus 
 designed to reverse the direction of a current. 
 A current changer. 
 
 Current, Rotating. A term applied to the cur- 
 rent which results by combining a number of 
 alternating currents whose phases are dis- 
 placed with respect to one another. 
 
 Current Rush. The impulsive rush of current 
 that occurs when a transformer is first switched 
 on, or connected with, an alternating-current 
 circuit. 
 
 Current, Simple Periodic. Currents, the flow of 
 which is variable, both in strength and dura- 
 tion, and in which the flow of electricity, passing 
 any section of the conductor, may be repre- 
 sented by a simple periodic curve. 
 
 Current Strength. In a direct-current circuit the 
 quotient of the total electromotive force di- 
 vided by the total resistance. The time-rate- 
 of-flow in a circuit expressed in amperes, or 
 coulombs per second. In an alternating cur- 
 rent the quotient of the total electromotive 
 force divided by the impedance. (See Alter- 
 nating Currents.) 
 
 Current Transformation. The act of changing the 
 strength of a current by changes effected in its 
 electromotive force. The act of changing a 
 direct into an alternating current, or the re- 
 verse, or a uniphase-alternating current into a 
 multiphase-alternating current. 
 
 Current Transformer. A device for changing in 
 one circuit the strength of current which flows 
 in another. 
 
 Current Turns. The product of the number of 
 turns in a coil by the current flowing through 
 them. A word sometimes used for ampere- 
 turns. 
 
 Current, Undulatory. Currents the strength and 
 direction of whose flow gradually change. 
 
 Cut=out. A device for removing an electro- 
 receptive device or loop from the circuit of an 
 electric source. A safety fuse. 
 
 Cut=out Block. A block containing a fuse wire 
 or safety catch. 
 
 Cut=out Cabinet. Any enclosed space provided 
 in a building for the reception of cut-outs or 
 fuses. 
 
 Cut=out Switch. A short-circuiting switch by 
 means of which an arc-light is cut out from its 
 feeding circuit. 
 
 Cycle. A succession of events which periodically 
 recur, reckoning from any stage of the disturb- 
 ance to the moment at which that stage next 
 occurs. A complete recurrence of any periodic 
 change. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
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 197 
 
 Cycle of Alternations. The cycle of a periodically- 
 alternating electromotive force, current or flux. 
 
 D. 
 
 d. A symbol for diameter. 
 
 D.C. A contraction for direct current. 
 
 D.P. Cut=out. A contraction for double-pole 
 cut-out. 
 
 D.P. Switch. A contraction for double-pole 
 switch. 
 
 Damped Magnetic Needle. A magnetic needle so 
 placed as to come quickly to rest after it has 
 been set in motion. 
 
 Damper. A metallic cylinder so arranged as to 
 partially or completely surround the iron core 
 of an induction coil for the purpose of varying 
 the intensity of the currents produced in the 
 secondary. A dash-pot, or similar apparatus, 
 provided for preventing the too sudden move- 
 ments of a lever or other part of a moving de- 
 vice. Any device employed for damping a 
 magnetic needle. 
 
 Damping Magnet. Any magnet employed for the 
 purpose of checking the motions of a moving 
 body or magnet. 
 
 Damping Suspension. A suspension which is 
 rendered dead-beat, or aperiodic, by the appli- 
 cation of any retarding force or damping mech- 
 anism. 
 
 Daniell's Voltaic Cell. A zinc-copper couple 
 whose elements are immersed respectively in 
 electrolytes of dilute sulphuric acid and a satu- 
 rated solution of copper sulphate. 
 
 d'Arsonval Galvanometer. The class of galva- 
 nometers in which the needle or mirror is at- 
 tached to and actuated by a small coil which is 
 suspended by means of a fine wire between the 
 poles of a permanent magnet. The axis of the 
 coil is normally at right angles with the lines of 
 the field. Current is lead into the coil by 
 means of the small suspension wire and leaves 
 the coil by a flexible wire usually in the form 
 of a helical spring attached underneath the coil. 
 
 Dead=beat Galvanometer. An aperiodic galva- 
 nometer, or one whose needle comes quickly to 
 rest instead of repeatedly swinging to-and-fro. 
 A heavily damped galvanometer. 
 
 Dead=ended Conductor or Wire. A conductor or 
 wire whose end is deliberately left open or in- 
 sulated as, for example, by being wound around 
 an insulator. 
 
 Dead Ground or Grounding. Such a grounding 
 as will ensure a ground of negligible resistance. 
 
 Dead Man. A support for raising a pole and sup- 
 porting it in place while securing it in the 
 ground. 
 
 Deci=ampere. One-tenth of an ampere. 
 
 Deflecting Magnet. The permanent magnet of a 
 magnetometer, employed for deflecting a small 
 magnetic needle suspended at a definite dis- 
 tance, in order to compare its influence with 
 that of the earth's horizontal magnetic force. 
 The compensating magnet of a galvanometer. 
 
 Deka=ampere. Ten amperes. 
 
 Delta Connection. The connection of circuits 
 employed in a delta triphase-system. 
 
 Delta Current. The current between adjacent 
 wires or terminals of a triphase-system. The 
 ring current. 
 
 Delta Triphase=system. A triphase-system in 
 which the terminal connections resemble the 
 Greek letter delta, or triangle. 
 
 Demagnetizing Current. The current which 
 serves to remove the magnetization of some 
 magnetic device. 
 
 Demand. Demand is a load specified, contracted 
 for or used, expressed in terms of power as K.- 
 W. or P. 
 
 Demand Factor. Unless otherwise specified, de- 
 mand factor shall be the maximum connected 
 kilowatts of capacity divided into the actual 
 kilowatts of demand, and expressed in terms of 
 per cent. 
 
 Demand Rate. The price, or part of the price, of Electrical 
 
 Eower charged for the demand as designated p.. . 
 Dr the price paid for the kilowatt-hour con- Dictionary 
 sumption. 
 
 Density. Mass of unit volume, compactness. 
 
 Density, Electric. The quantity of free elec- 
 tricity on any unit of area of surface of a 
 charged body. 
 
 Density of Current. The quantity of current that 
 passes per-unit-of-area of cross-section in any 
 part of a circuit. 
 
 Density of Field. The quantity of magnetic flux 
 that passes through any field per-unit-of-area 
 of cross-section. 
 
 Depolarize. To deprive of polarization. 
 
 Detector Galvanometer. Any rough form of gal- 
 vanometer or galvanoscope employed for de- 
 tecting the presence of electric currents. 
 
 Detector, Ground. See Ground Detector. 
 
 Developed Winding. A winding of a dynamo- 
 electric machine developed or expanded upon a 
 drawing of plane. 
 
 Dial Telegraphy. A system of telegraphy in 
 which the messages are received by the move- 
 ments of a needle over a dial plate. 
 
 Diamagnetic. The property possessed by sub- 
 stances like bismuth, phosphorus, antimony, 
 zinc and others, of being apparently repelled 
 when placed between the poles of powerful 
 magnets. 
 
 Diameter of Commutation. The diameter of the 
 commutator cylinder of a dynamo at which the 
 brushes are applied. That diameter on the 
 commutator cylinder of an open-circuit arma- 
 ture, which joins the points of contact of the 
 collecting brushes. 
 
 Dielectric. Any substance which permits electro- 
 static induction to take place through its mass. 
 The substance which separates the opposite 
 coatings of a condenser is called the dielectric. 
 All dielectrics are non-conductors. 
 
 All non-conductors or insulators are dielec- 
 trics, but their dielectric power is not exactly 
 proportional to their non-conducting power. 
 
 Substances differ greatly in the degree or 
 extent to which they permit induction to take 
 place through or across them. Thus, a certain 
 amount of inductive action takes place between 
 the insulated metal plates of a condenser 
 across the layer or air between them. 
 
 A. dielectric may be regarded as pervious to 
 rapidly reversed periodic currents, but opaque 
 to continuous currents. There is, however, 
 some conduction of continuous currents. 
 
 Dielectric Capacity. A term employed in the 
 same sense as specific inductive capacity. 
 
 Dielectric Hysteresis. A variety of molecular 
 friction, analogous to magnetic hysteresis pro- 
 duced in a dielectric under charges of electro- 
 static stress. That property of a dielectric by 
 virtue of which energy is consumed in reversals 
 of electrification. (See page 20.) 
 
 Dielectric Resistance. The resistance which a 
 dielectric offers to mechanical strains produced 
 by electrification. The resistance of a dielec- 
 tric to displacement currents. 
 
 Dielectric Strain. The strained condition of the 
 glass or other dielectric of a condenser produced 
 by the charging of the condenser. The de- 
 formation of a dielectric under the influence of 
 an electro-magnetic stress. 
 
 Difference of Electric Potential. That quantita- 
 tive property in space whereby work is done 
 when an electric charge is moved therein. The 
 electric work done on a unit charge in an excur- 
 sion between two points. 
 
 Differential Coils. Coils that are differentially 
 wound, or that act differentially. 
 
 Differential Galvanometer. A galvanometer con- 
 taining two coils, so wound as to tend to de- 
 flect its needle in opposite directions. 
 
 Differential Rate. A rate consisting of two op- 
 posed factors; one tending to give a high rate 
 and the other tending to give a low rate. 
 
198 
 
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 S T EEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Electrical Differential Relay. A telegraphic relay contain- 
 _ . . ing two differentially wound coils of wire on its 
 
 L/ictionary magnet core. 
 
 Differential Speed. In an induction machine, the 
 angular velocity of the field relatively to the 
 rotor. 
 
 Differential Voltmeter. A voltmeter consisting 
 of two separate decomposition cells, one placed 
 in a circuit of known resistance, and the other 
 in a circuit whose resistance is to be determined. 
 Differential Winding. Such a double winding of 
 magnet coils that the two poles produced 
 thereby are opposed to each other. 
 
 Dimmer. A choking coil employed in an alter- 
 nating-current system of distribution for regu- 
 lating the current strength passing through in- 
 candescent lamps. 
 
 Djp. The inclination of a magnetic needle. 
 
 Diphase alternating Currents. Two separate al- 
 ternating electric currents whose phase differ- 
 ence is a quarter of a cycle. Two-phase cur- 
 rents. Quarter-phase currents. 
 
 Diphase Alternator. An alternator that pro- 
 duces diphase E.M.F.'s. 
 
 Diphase Circuit. A circuit, consisting either of 
 three or four separate wires, employed for the 
 transmission of diphase currents. 
 
 Diphase Generator. A generator capable of pro- 
 ducing diphase E.M.P.'s. A diphase alternator. 
 
 Diphase=triphase Transformer. A transformer 
 for converting diphase into triphase currents. 
 
 Dipolar. Possessing two poles. Bipolar. 
 
 Dipping. An electro-metallurgical process where- 
 by a thin coating or deposit of metal is obtained 
 on the surface of another metal by dipping it in 
 a solution of a readily decomposable metallic 
 salt. Cleansing surfaces for electro-plating by 
 immersing them in various acid liquors. 
 
 Dipping Magnetic=needle. A magnetic needle 
 suspended so as to be free to move in a vertical 
 plane only, and employed to determine the 
 angle of dip or magnetic inclination. An in- 
 clination compass. 
 
 Direct=current. A current whose direction is con- 
 stant, as distinguished from an alternating 
 current. A unidirectional current. 
 
 Direct-current Converter. Converts from a direct 
 current to a direct current of different voltage. 
 
 Direct=current Generator. Any dynamo-electric 
 machine capable of furnishing direct currents, 
 that may or may not be continuous. 
 
 Direct=current Transformer. A transformer in- 
 tended to vary the strength of continuous cur- 
 rents. A direct-current secondary-generator. 
 
 Direct Excitation. The excitation of a muscle, 
 resulting from the placing of an electrode di- 
 rectly on the muscle itself. The excitation of 
 a dynamo-electric machine by a separate source 
 of direct currents, as distinguished from its 
 excitation by commuted currents taken from 
 its own armature. 
 
 Disc Armature. The armature of a dynamo-elec- 
 tric machine whose windings consist of flat coils 
 supported on the surface of a disc. An arma- 
 ture having the form of a disc. 
 
 Discharge. The equalization of the difference of 
 potential between the terminals of a condenser 
 or source, on their connection by a conductor. 
 The removal of a charge from a conductor by 
 connecting the conductor to the earth or to an- 
 other conductor. The removal of a charce 
 from an insulated conductor by means of a 
 ^tream of electrified air particles. 
 
 Discharge Key. A key employed to pass the dis- 
 charge from a condenser or cable through a 
 galvanometer. 
 
 Disconnector. A key or other device for opening 
 or breaking an electric circuit or for removing 
 an electro-receptive device therefrom. 
 
 Discriminating Rate. A rate which does not give 
 the same price to two or more customers, when 
 all other conditions are equal. 
 
 Dispersion Factor. The factor applied to light 
 intensity after dispersion, which gives the in- 
 tensity if the dispersion agent were removed. 
 
 Displacement Current. The rate-of-change of 
 electric displacement. An electric current 
 produced in a dielectric by electric displace- 
 ment, as opposed to a conduction current. 
 Disruptive Discharge. A sudden and more or less 
 complete discharge that takes place across an 
 intervening non-conductor or dielectric. 
 Disruptive Strength of Dielectric. The strain a 
 dielectric is capable of bearing without suffer- 
 ing disruption, or without permitting a dis- 
 ruptive discharge to pass through it. 
 Dissipation of Energy. The expenditure or loss 
 
 of available energy. 
 
 Distributed Capacity. The capacity of a circuit 
 considered as distributed over its entire length, 
 so that the circuit may be considered as shunted 
 by an infinite number of infinitely small con- 
 densers, placed infinitely near together, as dis- 
 tinguished from localized capacity, in which the 
 capacity is distributed in discrete aggregations. 
 Distributed Inductance. Inductance distributed 
 through the entire length of a circuit or portion 
 thereof, as distinguished from inductance inter- 
 posed in a circuit in bulk at some one or more 
 points. 
 Distributing Mains. The mains employed in a 
 
 feeder system of parallel distribution. 
 Distributing Station. A station from which 
 
 electricity is distributed. A central station. 
 Distributing Center. In an electrical distribution 
 system a center or sub-center of distribution. 
 A ramifying point. 
 
 Diurnal Currents. Earth currents through tele- 
 graph circuits of normal strength and execut- 
 ing diurnal cycles. 
 
 Diversity Factor. A diversity factor is used 
 to express the relation between the simulta- 
 neous demand of all individual customers and 
 the sum of the maximum demand made by 
 these customers; the sum of the maximum de- 
 mand of the customers, no matter at what 
 time they occurred, divided into the simultan- 
 eous greatest maximum demand when ex- 
 pressed in per cent will give the diversity factor. 
 Double Alternation. A complete cycle or double 
 vibration. A complete to-and-fro movement. 
 Double=break Switch. A double-pole switch. A 
 switch which breaks a circuit in two places as 
 distinguished from a switch which breaks a cir- 
 cuit at a single point only. 
 Double-current Generator. One which produces 
 
 both direct and alternating currents. 
 Double=current Working. A method of tele- 
 graphic working or transmission by means of 
 double currents. 
 
 Double filament Lamp. An incandescent lamp, 
 frequently employed for the side-light of a ship, 
 and provided with two carbon filaments so ar- 
 ranged that should one break, the other will 
 continue burning. A twin-filament lamp. 
 An incandescent lamp having two filaments con- 
 nected in series, and therefore, requiring twice 
 the electric pressure of an ordinary lamp. 
 Double=loop. In telegraphy, any pair of asso- 
 ciated loops. A pair of loops connecting a pair 
 of branch offices with a central office. 
 Double=pole Switch. A switch which simulta- 
 neously breaks the circuit of both positive and 
 negative leads. 
 
 Double=throw Switch. A switch capable of being 
 thrown into either of two contacts or pairs of 
 contacts. A switch which has three positions. 
 A throw-over switch. 
 
 Double-transmission. The simultaneous sending 
 of two messages over a single wire in opposite 
 directions. Duplex or contraplex telegraphy. 
 Double-trolley. Two separate trolleys placed on 
 the same car, and moving over two separate 
 trolley wires which form a metallic circuit, in 
 any double-overhead system. 
 
 Draw Vise. A device employed in stringing over- 
 head wires. A portable vise for holding and 
 drawing up an overhead wire. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 199 
 
 Drop. A word frequently used for drop of poten- 
 tial, pressure, or electromotive force. The fall 
 of potential which takes place in an active con- 
 ductor by reason of its resistance. 
 
 Drop of Magnetic Potential. A fall of magnetic 
 potential. 
 
 Drop of Potential. The fall of potential, equal in 
 any part of a circuit to the product of the cur- 
 rent strength and the resistance of that part of 
 the circuit. 
 
 Drop of Voltage. The drop or difference of po- 
 tential of any part of a circuit. 
 
 Drum Armature. A dynamo armature whose 
 coils are wound longitudinally over the surface 
 of a cylinder or drum. 
 
 Dry Battery. A number of separate dry voltaic 
 cells, connected so as to act as a single source. 
 A dry pile. 
 
 Dry Cell. A dry voltaic cell. 
 
 Dry Voltaic Cell. A misnomer for a voltaic cell in 
 which the fluid electrolyte is held in suspension 
 by sawdust, gelatine, or other suitable material. 
 A sealed voltaic cell, which can, therefore, be 
 inverted without danger of spilling liquid. 
 
 Duct. A space left in an underground conduit 
 for a sparate wire or cable. 
 
 Duplex Cable. A cable containing two separate 
 conductors placed parallel to each other. 
 
 Duplex Circuit. A circuit arranged for duplex 
 transmission. A metallic circuit. 
 
 Duplex Telegraphy. A system of telegraphy where- 
 by two messages can be simultaneously trans- 
 mitted in opposite directions over a single wire. 
 
 Duplex Transmission. The sending of two tele- 
 graphic or telephonic messages simultaneously 
 in opposite directions over the same wire. 
 
 Duplex Wire. An insulated conductor containing 
 two separate parallel wires. 
 
 Dust Telephone=transmitter. A form of micro- 
 phone transmitter in which finely granulated 
 carbon or carbon dust is contained within a suit- 
 ably shaped box, connected with the terminals 
 of the transmitter. A granular telephone 
 transmitter. 
 
 Dynamic Electricity. A term sometimes em- 
 ployed for current electricity, in contradistinc- 
 tion to static electricity. 
 
 Dynamo. A dynamo-electric machine or gen- 
 erator. 
 
 Dynamo Battery. The combination of several 
 separate dynamos to act as a single electric 
 source. 
 
 Dynamo=electric Machine. A machine for the 
 conversion of mechanical energy into electric 
 energy, by means of electro-dynamic induction. 
 A dynamo. 
 
 Dynamo Regulator. A name given to a form of 
 rheostat employed in the regulation of a dy- 
 namo. 
 
 Dynamo Terminals. The main terminals of a 
 dynamo. 
 
 Dynamometer. A general name given to a va- 
 riety of apparatus for measuring power. 
 
 Dynamotor. A particular type of rotary 
 transformer. A motor-generator, in which a 
 generator and a motor armature are rotated 
 through a common magnetic field. A trans- 
 forming device. 
 
 Dyne. The C.G.S. unit of force. The force which 
 in one second can impart a velocity of one centi- 
 metre-per-second to a mass of one gramme. 
 
 E. 
 
 E. or e. A symbol for electromotive force. 
 
 E.H.P. A contraction for electrical horse-power. 
 
 E.M.F. A contraction for electromotive force. 
 
 E.M.F. of Self-induction. The E.M.P. generated in 
 a loop of wire during the filling or emptying of 
 that loop by magnetic flux from its own current. 
 
 Ear. A metal piece supported by an insulator 
 to which the trolley wire is fastened. A trolley 
 
 Earth. A fault in a telegraphic or other line Electrical 
 caused by the accidental contact of the line _ . 
 with the ground or earth, or with some other Dictionary 
 ground-connected conductor. That part of the 
 earth or ground which forms a part of an elec- 
 tric circuit. 
 
 Earth Circuit. A circuit in which the ground or 
 earth forms part of the conducting path. 
 
 Earth Currents. Electric currents flowing through 
 the earth, caused by the difference of potential 
 of its different parts. 
 
 Earth Plates. Plates of metal, buried in the 
 earth or in water, connected to the terminals 
 of earth wires. 
 
 Earth Return. That portion of a grounded cir- 
 cuit in which the earth forms its conducting 
 path. 
 
 Earth's Field. The magnetic field produced in 
 any place by the earth's flux. 
 
 Earth s Flux. The magnetic flux produced by 
 the earth by virtue of its magnetized condition. 
 
 Easement. A permit obtained from the owner 
 of a property for the erection of poles or attach- 
 ments for telephone, telegraph, or other aerial 
 lines. 
 
 Ebonite. A hard, tough, black substance, com- 
 posed of India rubber and sulphur, possessing 
 both high powers of insulation and high spe- 
 cific inductive capacity. Vulcanite. 
 
 Economic Coefficient. The ratio between the net 
 electric power, or the output of a dynamo, and 
 the gross electric power, or power actually con- 
 verted in the dynamo. 
 
 Economizer. An apparatus placed between a 
 boiler furnace and a smoke stack to utilize a 
 portion of the heat of the flue gases that would 
 otherwise be lost. It is made up of a series of 
 tubes over which the gases have to pass and 
 through which the boiler feed water flows. A 
 portion of the waste heat of the flue gases thus 
 passes into the water and raises its temperature. 
 
 Eddy Currents. Useless currents produced in the 
 pole-pieces, armature, and field-magnet cores 
 of dynamos or motors, or in metallic masses 
 generally, either by their motion through mag- 
 netic flux, or by variations in the strength of 
 electric currents flowing near them. 
 
 Effective Ampere=turns. The resultant magnet- 
 izing force in a magnetic circuit. The square 
 root of the mean square of the ampere-turns 
 in a periodically-varying magnetizing force. 
 
 Effective Current=strength. The strength of an 
 alternating or sinusoidal-electric current, de- 
 termined by its heating effect; or, in other 
 words, the thermally effective current strength. 
 That value of the current strength of a sinu- 
 soidal or alternating current which is equal to 
 the square root of the mean square of the in- 
 stantaneous values of the current during one or 
 more cycles. The square root of the time 
 average of the square of the current. 
 
 Effective Demand. The demand taken at the 
 time of the system's greatest maximum. 
 
 Effective Electromotive Force. The difference 
 between the direct and the counter-electro- 
 motive force. The square root of the time 
 average of the square of the E.M.F. The vir- 
 tual E.M.F. 
 
 Effective Load=factor. The meaning suggested is 
 the main load of a part of a system determined 
 by the load at the time of the system's maxi- 
 mum. This value would be infinity if the ser- 
 vice were off at the time of the system's maxi- 
 mum as in the case of non-peak service. The 
 term " effective demand" is suggested as a sub- 
 stitute. 
 
 Effective Reactance. In an alternating-current 
 circuit, the ratio of the wattless component of 
 an electromotive force to the total current. 
 Apparent reactance. 
 
 Effective Resistance. In an alternating-current 
 circuit, the ratio between the energy component 
 of an electromotive force and the total current. 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Electrical Efficiency. The efficiency of an apparatus is the 
 . ratio of its output to its input. The output 
 
 Dictionary and input may be in terms of watt-hours, 
 watts, volt-amperes, amperes, or any other 
 quantity of interest, thus respectively denning 
 energy efficiency, power efficiency, apparent- 
 power efficiency, current efficiency* etc. Unless 
 otherwise specified, however, the term efficien- 
 cy is ordinarily assumed to refer to power 
 efficiency. 
 
 When the input and output are expressed in 
 terms of the same unit, the efficiency is a 
 numerical ratio, otherwise it is a physical 
 dimensional quantity. 
 
 Elastic Limit. This may be defined as that point 
 at which the deformation ceases to be propor- 
 tional to the stresses, or, the point at which the 
 rate of stretch or other deformations begin to 
 increase. It is also defined as the point at 
 which the first permanent set becomes visible. 
 
 Elasticity, Electric. The quotient arising from 
 dividing the electric strain by the electric 
 stress. 
 
 Electric. Of or pertaining to electricity. 
 
 Electric Current. See Current, Electric. 
 
 Electrical. An orthography for electric. 
 
 Electrically Retarded. Decreased speed of tele- 
 graphic signalling by means of electrostatic in- 
 duction. 
 
 Electricity. The name given to the unknown 
 cause of electric phenomena. (See Current, 
 Electric.) 
 
 Electrification. The production of an electric 
 charge. 
 
 Electrochemical. Of or pertaining to electro- 
 chemistry. 
 
 Electro-chemical Series. A list of chemical ele- 
 ments so arranged that each will displace from 
 its compounds any elements lower in the list 
 than itself. 
 
 Electro-chemistry. That branch of electric 
 science which treats of electric combinations 
 and decompositions effected by the electric 
 current. The science which treats of the re- 
 lation between the laws of electricity and chem- 
 istry. 
 
 Electro-deposition. The deposit, usually of a 
 metallic substance, by means of electrolysis. 
 Electrolytic deposition. 
 
 Electro-dynamic Force. A mechanical force ex- 
 erted on the substance of a wire or conductor 
 due to the dissymmetrical distribution of mag- 
 netic flux in its neighborhood. 
 
 Electro-dynamic Machinery. Any apparatus de- 
 signed for the production, transference, utiliza- 
 tion, or measurement of energy by the medium 
 of electricity. 
 
 Electro-dynamic Potential. An electric potential 
 produced by electro-dynamic induction. 
 
 Electro-dynamics. That branch of electric 
 science which treats of the action of electric 
 currents on one another, on themselves, or on 
 magnets. 
 
 Electro-magnet. A magnet produced by the 
 passage of an electric current through a circuit 
 of insulated wire. A magnetizing coil sur- 
 rounding a soft iron core, that is capable of be- 
 ing magnetized and demagnetized instantly on 
 the closing and opening of the circuit. 
 
 Electro-magnetic Field. The field produced 
 either by an electro-magnet or by an electric 
 current. 
 
 Electro-magnetic Flux. Magnetic flux produced 
 by means of an electro-magnet or by an electric 
 current. 
 
 Electro-magnetic Induction. A variety of elec- 
 tro-dynamic induction in which electric cur- 
 rents are produced by the motion either of 
 e'ectro-magnets, or electro-magnetic solenoids. 
 
 Electro-magnetic Separator. A device for sepa- 
 rating iron ore from the dross in finely-pulver- 
 ized, low-grade iron ores. A device for mag- 
 netically removing particles of iron from brass 
 filings or other non-magnetic material, and 
 thus freeing such material from impurities. 
 
 Electro=magnetic Strain. The effect produced by 
 an electro-magnetic stress. 
 
 Electro-magnetic Stress. The force or pressure in 
 an electro-magnetic field which produces a 
 strain or deformation in a piece of glass or other 
 substances placed therein. 
 
 Electro-magnetic Telegraph. A general term 
 embracing the apparatus employed in a system 
 of electro-magnetic telegraphy. 
 
 Electro-magnetic Units. A system of C.G.S. units 
 employed in electro-magnetic measurements. 
 Units based on the attraction and repulsions 
 capable of being exerted between two unit 
 magnetic poles at unit distance apart, or be- 
 tween a unit magnetic pole and a unit electric 
 current. 
 
 EIectro=magnetic Voltmeter. A form of volt- 
 meter in which the difference of potential is 
 measured by the movements of a magnetic 
 needle in the field of an electro-magnet. 
 
 EIectro=magnetism. Magnetism produced by 
 means of electric currents. 
 
 Electro-metallurgy. That branch of electric 
 science which relates to the electric reduction 
 or treatment of metals. Electro-metallurgical 
 processes effected by the agency of electricity. 
 Electro-plating or electro-typing. 
 
 Electronegative. In such a state as regards 
 electricity as to be repelled by bodies negatively 
 electrified, and attracted by those positively 
 electrified. The ions or radicals which appear 
 at the anode or positive electrode of a decom- 
 position cell. 
 
 Electronegative Ions. The negative ions, or 
 groups of atoms or radicals, which appear at 
 the anode or positive terminal of a decompo- 
 sition cell. The anions. 
 
 Electro=plating. The process of covering any 
 conducting surface with a metal, by the aid of 
 an electric current. 
 
 Electro=positive. In such a state, as regards an 
 electric charge, as to be attracted by a body 
 negatively electrified, and repelled by a body 
 positively electrified. The ions or radicals 
 which appear at the cathode or negative elec- 
 trode of a decomposition cell. 
 
 Electro=positive Ions. The cathions or groups of 
 atoms or radicals which appear at the cathode 
 of a decomposition cell. 
 
 Electro-pyrometer. An apparatus for the deter- 
 mination of temperature by the measurement 
 of the electric resistance of a platinum wire 
 exposed to the temperature which is to be 
 measured. 
 
 Electro-refining. Various processes for the elec- 
 tric refining of metals. 
 
 Electro-smelting. The separation or reduction 
 of metallic substances from their ores, by means 
 of the heat developed by electric currents. 
 
 Electro=technics. The science which treats of the 
 technical applications of electricity and the 
 general principles involved therein. 
 
 Electro-therapeutics. The application of elec-; 
 tricity to the human body for the curing of 
 disease or the improvement of health. Elec- 
 tro-therapy. 
 
 Electro=thermic. Of or pertaining to the genera- 
 tion of heat by means of electricity. 
 
 Electro=type. To produce a fac-simile by electro- 
 lytically depositing metals in a mould. 
 
 Electrode. Either of the terminals of an electric 
 source. Either of the terminals of an electric 
 source that are placed in a solution in which 
 electrolysis is taking place. Either of the 
 electro-therapeutic terminals of an electric 
 source. 
 
 Electrograph. A curve produced by a recording 
 electrometer. A word sometimes used for 
 radiograph. 
 
 Electrolier. A chandelier for holding electric 
 lamps, as distinguished from a chandelier for 
 holding gas burners. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 201 
 
 Electrolysis. Chemical decomposition effected by 
 means of an electric current. The decompo- 
 sition of the molecule of an electrolyte into its 
 ions or radicals. Electrolytic decomposition. 
 
 Electrolysis of Salts. The electrolytic decompo- 
 sition of a salt into its constituent ions or rad- 
 icals. 
 
 Electrolyte. Any compound liquid which is sep- 
 arable into its constituent ions or radicals by 
 the passage of electricity through it. The ex- 
 citing liquid in a voltaic cell. 
 
 Electrolytic. Of or pertaining to electrolysis. 
 
 Electrolytic Bath. An electrolytic cell. 
 
 Electrolytic Cell. A cell or vessel containing an 
 electrolyte in which electrolysis is carried on. 
 A plating cell or vat. 
 
 Electrolytic Corrosion. The corrosion by electro- 
 lytic action of water-pipes, gas-pipes or other 
 masses of metal, buried in moist earth. 
 
 Electrolytic Decomposition. The separation of a 
 molecule into its constituent ions or radicals 
 by the action of an electric current. 
 
 Electrolytic Heating. A method of electric heat- 
 ing consisting in plunging the metal to be 
 heated beneath the surface of a conducting 
 liquid, while held in a metal clamp that is con- 
 nected to the negative pole of a continuous- 
 current source, while the positive pole of such 
 source is connected to the metal lining of the 
 vessel containing the conducting liquid. 
 
 Electrolyze. To separate or decompose by means 
 of electricity. 
 
 Electrometer. An apparatus for measuring dif- 
 ferences of electric potential. 
 
 Electromotive Force. The force which starts or 
 tends to start electricity in motion. The max- 
 imum or total generated difference of potential 
 which exists in a circuit. 
 
 Electromotive Force of Induction. The electro- 
 motive force developed by any inductive 
 action. 
 
 Electron. A word formerly used for amber. 
 The electric atoms whose projection from the 
 cathode of a high- vacuum tube is supposed to 
 constitute the cathode rays or streamings. An 
 alloy of gold and silver. 
 
 Electrophorus. A simple form of electrostatic 
 induction apparatus. 
 
 Electroscope. An apparatus for showing the 
 presence of an electric charge, or determining 
 its character, whether positive or negative, but 
 not for measuring its amount or value. 
 
 Electrostatic Capacity. The quantity of elec- 
 tricity which must be imparted to a given con- 
 ductor as a charge, in order to raise its poten- 
 tial to unity, all neighboring conductors being 
 at zero potential. 
 
 Electrostatic Corona. A luminous effect pro- 
 duced on the surface of a thin sheet of mica, or 
 other insulating material, when placed between 
 two electrodes, subjected to a comparatively 
 high difference of potential. 
 
 Electrostatic Discharge. A term sometimes em- 
 ployed for a disruptive discharge. 
 
 Electrostatic Field. The region of electrostatic 
 influence surrounding a charged body. A 
 region traversed by electrostatic flux. 
 
 Electrostatic Force. The force which produces 
 the attractions or repulsions of charged bodies. 
 
 Electrostatic Induction. The induction of an 
 electric charge produced in a conductor 
 brought into an electrostatic field. 
 
 Electrostatic Lines of Force. Lines of force pro- 
 duced in the neighborhood of a charged body, 
 by the presence of the charge. Lines extending 
 in the direction in which the force of electro- 
 static attraction or repulsion acts. 
 
 Electrostatic Potential. The power of doing elec- 
 tric work possessed by a unit quantity of posi- 
 tive electricity residing on the surface of an 
 insulated body. That property in space by 
 virtue of which work is done when an electric 
 charge is moved therein. 
 
 Electrostatic Units. Units based on the attrac- 
 tions or repulsions of two unit charges of elec- 
 tricity at unit distance apart. 
 
 Emergency Cable. A small, comparatively in- 
 expensive and easily handled cable, employed 
 in the case of breaks in a pole line due to floods, 
 railroad wrecks, etc., for opening up communi- 
 cation during repairs of the break. 
 
 Emergency Switch. An accessory switch placed 
 on a car controller for reversing the motion of 
 a car when necessary. 
 
 Empanelled Wires. Wires placed inside mould- 
 ings, or behind panels. 
 
 Enamelled Rheostat. A rheostat whose coils con- 
 sist of wires imbedded in a mass of enamel, in 
 close juxtaposition to a mass of iron or other 
 heat-conducting material. 
 
 Enamelled Wire. Wire having a very thin 
 insulation of enamel. 
 
 Enclosed Arc=Iamp. An arc-lamp whose carbons 
 are enclosed by a closely fitting globe, so as to 
 maintain an atmosphere around the arc prac- 
 tically devoid of oxygen, thus diminishing the 
 rate of consumption of the carbons. 
 
 Endoscopic Lamp. A lamp provided for the 
 examination of a bodily cavity through its 
 natural outlet. 
 
 End=to=end Joint. A term frequently employed 
 in place of butt-joint. 
 
 End Windings. End connections. Conductors 
 for connecting up bar windings at the end of an 
 armature. 
 
 Energy. The power of doing work. 
 
 Energy Component of Current. In an alternating- 
 current circuit the component of current which 
 is in phase with the impressed E.M.P. In an 
 alternating-current circuit, the product of the 
 E.M.P. and the effective conductance. 
 
 Energy Component of E.M.F. In an alternating- 
 current circuit the component of E.M.P. which 
 is in phase with the current. In an alternating- 
 current circuit, the product of the current and 
 the effective resistance. 
 
 Energy, Electric. The power which electricity 
 possesses of doing work. 
 
 Energy Resistance. In an alternating-current 
 circuit, the energy component of impedance. 
 
 Entrefer. The gap of non-magnetic material 
 through which the field flux has to pass at the 
 surface of the armature of a dynamo-electric 
 machine, composed either of an air-gap or of 
 air and copper. The width of the non-mag- 
 netic gap, as distinguished from the width of 
 the clearance or simple air-gap of a smooth 
 cored armature. 
 
 Equalizer. An equalizing bar. A term em- 
 ployed for an equalizer wire. A device for 
 equalizing electric pressure over a system. 
 
 Equalizer Feeder. A feeder whose sole or prin- 
 cipal purpose is to equalize the pressure be- 
 tween the ends of two or more other feeders, as 
 distinguished from supplying current to feeding 
 points. 
 
 Equalizing Current. The current passing through 
 an equalizing bar between two dynamos. 
 
 Equalizing Dynamo. A dynamo employed in 
 systems of three or five-wire distribution to 
 supply one pair of mains which may be unduly 
 loaded so as to equalize the pressure. 
 
 Equalizing Wires. Two wires or conductors one 
 of which is employed for connecting the posi- 
 tive brushes and the other for connecting the 
 negative brushes of compound-wound dyna- 
 mos, when connected in parallel. Wires con- 
 necting corresponding segments in a multi- 
 polar armature winding. 
 
 Equ {potential . Of or pertaining to an equality 
 of potential. 
 
 Equivalent Conductivity. The molecular conduc- 
 tivity of a solution divided by the valency. 
 
 Equivalent Resistance. A single resistance which 
 may replace a number of resistances in a circuit 
 without alternating the current traversing, it. 
 Such a resistance in a simple-harmonic-current 
 circuit as would permit energy to be absorbed, 
 
 Electrical 
 Dictionary 
 
202 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Electrical with the same effective current strength, at the 
 
 . same rate as an actual resistance in a complex- 
 
 Dictionary harmonic-current circuit. The effective re- 
 sistance of an alternating-current system or 
 conductor. 
 
 Erg. The C.G.S. unit of work, or the work done 
 when unit C.G.S. force is overcome through 
 unit C.G.S. distance. The work accomplished 
 when a body is moved through a distance of one 
 centimetre with the force of one dyne. A dyne- 
 centimetre. 
 
 Excitation. ' The production of electrification by 
 any means. The production of magnetism by 
 any means. The energizing of any electro or 
 magneto-receptive device. The production of 
 the magnetic field in a dynamo or motor. The 
 stimulation of a muscle or nerve fibre. 
 
 Exciter Dynamo. A dynamo used for the sepa- 
 rate excitation of another dynamo. 
 
 Expansion, Electric. The increase in volume 
 produced in a body by giving it an electric 
 charge. 
 
 Expansion Joint. A joint suitable for tubes or 
 pipes exposed to considerable changes of tem- 
 perature, in which a sliding joint is provided to 
 safely permit a change in length on expansion 
 or contraction. 
 
 Exploring Needle. A form of exploring probe. 
 A magnetic needle employed in exploring a 
 magnetic field. 
 
 External Characteristic of Dynamo. A curve 
 showing the E.M.P. at the terminals of a dy- 
 namo under varying currents, as distinguished 
 from an internal characteristic showing the 
 internal E.M.F. 
 
 External Magnetic Field. That portion of a mag- 
 netic field which lies outside the body of a 
 magnet. 
 
 Extra Currents. Currents produced in a circuit 
 by self-induction. 
 
 Extra-polar. Lying beyond or outside the poles. 
 
 F. 
 
 8 A symbol for magnetomotive force. 
 
 Facsimile Telegraphy. A system whereby a fac- 
 simile or copy of a chart, diagram, picture or 
 signature, is telegraphically transmitted from 
 one station to another. Pan-telegraphy. 
 
 Fahrenheit Thermometric Scale. The thermo- 
 metric scale in which the length of the ther- 
 mometer tube, between the melting point of ice 
 and the boiling point of water, is divided into 
 1 80 equal parts or degrees. 
 
 Fall of Potential. The drop of potential. 
 
 False Resistance. A resistance arising from a 
 counter electromotive force, and not directly 
 from the dimensions of the circuit, or from its 
 specific resistance. 
 
 Farad. The practical unit of electric capacity. 
 Such a capacity of a conductor or condenser 
 that one coulomb of electricity is required to 
 produce therein a difference of potential of one 
 volt. (See International Farad.) 
 
 Faradic Current. In electro-therapeutics, a cur- 
 rent produced by an induction coil, or magneto- 
 electric machine. A rapidly alternating cur- 
 rent, as distinguished from a direct current. 
 
 Faradic Machine. Any machine for producing 
 faradic currents. 
 
 Fatigue of Iron or Steel, Magnetic. The change 
 of magnetic hysteresis loss with time of service, 
 ng of magnetic material. 
 To supply with an electric current. To 
 move or regulate one of both of the carbon 
 electrodes in an arc-lamo. 
 
 Feeder. An electric circuit, used to supnlv power 
 to a station or service, as distinguished from cir- 
 cuits confined to a single station or used for 
 other purposes than supplying power. 
 
 Feeder Distribution. A feeder-and-main system 
 of distribution. 
 
 Feeding Point. A point of connection between a 
 feeder and the mains. A feeding center. 
 
 Ferranti Effect. An increase in the electromotive 
 force or difference of potential of mains or 
 conductors carrying alternating currents, which 
 exists towards the end of the same furthest 
 from the terminals that are connected with the 
 source. A negative drop in pressure. 
 
 Fibre Suspension. Suspension of a needle or 
 other system by a fibre of unspun silk, quartz 
 or other suitable material. 
 
 Fibre, Quartz. A fibre suitable for suspending 
 galvanometer needles, etc., made of quartz. 
 
 The quartz fibre is obtained by fusing quartz 
 and drawing out the fused material as a fine 
 thread, in a manner similar to the production 
 of glass fibres. Quartz fibres possess marked 
 advantage over silk fibres, in that they are 5.4 
 stronger for equal diameters, and especially, in 
 that they return to the zero point, after very 
 considerable deflections. 
 
 Field. A term sometimes used for a magnetic 
 field. A term sometimes used for an electro- 
 static field. 
 
 Field, Electrostatic. The region of electrostatic 
 influence surrounding a charged body. 
 
 Field, Magnetic. The region of magnetic influ- 
 ence surrounding the poles of a magnet. 
 
 A space or region traversed by lines of mag- 
 netic force. 
 
 A place where a magnetic needle, if free to 
 move, will take up a definite position, under 
 the influence of the lines of magnetic force. 
 
 Field Magnets. The magnets which produce 
 the magnetic field or flux in which the armature 
 of a dynamo or motor rotates. 
 
 Field of Force. The space traversed by electro- 
 static or magnetic flux. An electrostatic or 
 magnetic field. 
 
 Fish Plate. In a system of electric railroads, the 
 plate connecting contiguous rails by bolts. 
 
 Fishing of Wires. The process of drawing a wire 
 into its place in a building through floors, walls, 
 or ceilings by placing a wire in a hole at one end 
 engaging it by a hook from the other, so as to 
 draw it through. 
 
 Fittings. The sockets, holders, arms, etc., re- 
 quired for holding and supporting incandescent 
 electric lamps. Incandescent light fixtures. 
 
 Fixture, Electric. Fittings for electric light. A 
 support or electrolier for one or more incan- 
 descent lamps rigidly fastened to a wall or 
 ceiling. Any electric apparatus forming part 
 of a permanent installation. 
 
 Fixture, Wire. A class of insulated wire suitable 
 for use in electric fixtures. (See page 128.) 
 
 Flaming Arc Lamp. A recent type of arc lamp in 
 which the two carbons or electrodes meet at a 
 very oblique angle and the arc formed between 
 them is arched downward. The electrodes used 
 are composed of or charged with substances 
 that give off at the temperature of the arc 
 strongly illuminous vapors which serve as a 
 source of light. The arc is formed in a shallow 
 cup-like recess which becomes coated with the 
 white calcium oxide fumes and serves as a very 
 fair reflector. The electrodes carry the vapor- 
 producing substance in various ways, usually in 
 a relatively soft core, the arc is long, and is the 
 chief, almost the sole source of light. This is said 
 to be one of the much efficient sources of light. 
 
 Flaming of Carbon Arc. An irregular burning of 
 a voltaic arc, which occurs when the carbons 
 are too far apart, and the current strength 
 somewhat exceeds the normal. 
 
 Flashing. Subjecting carbons to the flashing 
 process. 
 
 Flashing of Dynamo=electric Machine. A name 
 given to long flashing sparks at the commu- 
 tator of a dynamo, due to the short-circuiting 
 of the external circuit at the commutator. 
 
 Flat Rate. Method of charging for electric ser- 
 vice only a fixed sum per month, or per annum, 
 for a specified service, as supplying a certain 
 number of outlets, or up to a certain maximum 
 demand without reference to the quantity of 
 electricity actually consumed. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 203 
 
 Flats. Those parts of commutator segments, the 
 surfaces of which, through wear or otherwise, 
 have become lower than the other portions. 
 Flexible Cable. A stranded cable, or one which 
 
 can be readily flexed or bent. 
 Flexible Lamp=cord. See Lamp Cord. (See 
 Index.) 
 
 Flow, Electric. Electric current. 
 
 Flush Plate. A plate on which flush push-buttons 
 are mounted. 
 
 Flux. Magnetic or electric flux. A surface in- 
 tegral of a vector quantity. 
 
 Flux Density. The quantity of magnetic flux 
 per unit of area of normal cross-section. 
 
 Flux, Electric. Electrostatic flux. 
 
 Flux, Intensity. The density of a flux. The sur- 
 face density of a vector quantity at a point. 
 
 Flux, Magnetic. The number of lines of mag- 
 netic force that pass or flow through a mag- 
 netic circuit. The total number of lines of 
 magnetic force in any magnetic field. 
 
 Flux of Magnetism. The flow of magnetic induc- 
 tion. The surface integral of magnetic induc- 
 tion through a given surface. 
 
 Focusing Arc=lamp. An arc-lamp designed for 
 use in connection with a reflector or lens, whose 
 mechanism feeds both carbons, and so permits 
 the arc to be maintained at the focus of the 
 reflector or lens. 
 
 Foot=candle. A unit of illumination equal to the 
 normal illumination produced by a standard 
 candle at the distance of one foot. 
 
 Foot=pound. A unit of work. The amount of 
 work required to raise one pound vertically 
 through a distance of a foot. 
 
 Foot=pound=per=second. A unit of activity. A 
 rate-of-doing work equal to the expenditure of 
 one foot-pound per second. 
 
 Force, Electric. The force exerted between 
 electrostatic charges. 
 
 Force, Electromotive. See Electromotive Force. 
 
 Form Factor of Alternating=current. A factor 
 equal to the square root of the mean square 
 divided by the true mean value of the alter- 
 nating electro-motive force or current. 
 
 Formers. The forms employed in obtaining 
 formed armature or other windings. 
 
 Forward Lead of Dynamo Brushes. A displace- 
 ment of the brushes on the commutator of a 
 dynamo in the direction of rotation of the arma- 
 ture. 
 
 Foucault Currents. A name sometimes applied to 
 eddy currents, especially when in armature 
 cores. Useless currents developed in a con- 
 ducting mass, through which varying mag- 
 netic flux is moving. 
 
 Fountain, Electric. A fountain operated by elec- 
 tric motors, provided with a variety of jets 
 that are electrically illumined by different 
 colored lights. 
 
 Four=point Switch. A switch whose circuit can 
 be completed through four points, either singly 
 or simultaneously. A four-pole switch. 
 
 Four=wire System. A system similar to its gen- 
 eral arrangement to the three- wire system, in 
 which three dynamos are connected to four 
 wires or conductors. 
 
 Fractional Electrolysis. Successive electrolysis 
 of different substances by gradually raising the 
 E.M.F. 
 
 Free Charge. The condition of an electric charge 
 on a conductor isolated from other conductors. 
 
 Free Magnet Pole. A pole in a piece of iron or 
 other paramagnetic substance which acts as if 
 it existed as one magnetic pole only. 
 
 French Standard Candle. The bougie-decimale 
 or the twentieth part of a Violle. 
 
 Frequency of Alternation. The number of cycles 
 or periods executed by an alternating current 
 in unit time. The periodicity. The two 
 standard frequencies are now 25 and 60. 
 
 Frequency Changer. A piece of apparatus for 
 changing from one frequency to another, con- 
 sisting of a motor driving either an ordinary 
 alternating-current generator or a machine 
 
 constructed like an induction motor In the Electrical 
 former case the term is to be preceded by the _. . 
 words "motor generator," and in the latter Dictionary 
 case by the word "induction." 
 
 Frequency Converter. A machine for converting 
 from an alternating-current system of one fre- 
 quency to an alternating- current system of 
 another frequency. 
 
 Frequency Setter. In an alternating-current cir- 
 cuit having induction machines, an alternator 
 which supplies them with a definite frequency. 
 
 Frictional Electricity. The electricity developed 
 by friction. 
 
 Frog. A metallic guide placed on one side of a 
 single track, where a car has to be driven from 
 one track to another, so as to guide the car in 
 the required direction. A grooved piece of 
 metal, serving as a guide, at the intersection of 
 two rails in a track- crossing. A trolley frog. 
 
 Full load Efficiency of Motor. The efficiency of a 
 motor when operating at full load. 
 
 Fundamental Frequency. The nominal or lowest 
 frequency of a complex harmonic electro- 
 motive force, flux or current. 
 
 Fundamental Units. The units of length, time, 
 and mass, to which all other quantities can be 
 referred. Units of length, time and mass, as 
 distinguished from their derivations, or derived 
 
 Furnace, Electric. A furnace in which electrically 
 generated heat is employed for effecting diffi- 
 cult fusions, for the extraction of metals from 
 their ores, or for other metallurgical opera- 
 tions. 
 
 Fuse Block. A block containing a safety fuse or 
 fuses. 
 
 Fuse Box. A box containiug a safety fuse. A 
 box containing fuse wires. 
 
 Fuse, Electric. A conductor designed to melt or 
 fuse at a certain value of current and time and 
 by so doing to rupture the circuit. 
 
 Fuse Links. Strips or plates of fusible metal in 
 the form of links employed for safety fuses. 
 
 Fusing Current. A term sometimes applied to 
 the current which causes a fuse to blow or melt. 
 
 Q. 
 
 g. An abbreviation or symbol for the gravitation 
 constant, or the force with which the earth acts 
 upon unit mass at any locality. An abbrevia- 
 tion proposed for gramme, the unit of mass in 
 physical investigations. 
 
 Gains. The spaces cut in the faces of telegraph 
 poles for the support and placing of the cross 
 arms. 
 
 Galvanic Battery. An unadvisable term some- 
 times used in place of voltaic battery. 
 
 Galvanizing. Covering iron with an adherent 
 coating of zinc by dipping it in a bath of molten 
 metal. Subjecting a nerve or muscle to the 
 action of galvanism. (See Index.) 
 
 Galvanometer. An apparatus for measuring the 
 strength of an electric current by the deflection 
 of a magnetic needle. A current measurer. 
 
 The galvanometer depends for its operation 
 on the fact that a conductor, through which an 
 electric current is flowing, will deflect a mag- 
 netic needle placed near it. This deflection is 
 due to the magnetic field caused by the cm 
 rent. 
 
 The needle is deflected by the current from 
 a position of rest, either in the earth's magnetic 
 field or in a field obtained from a permanent or 
 an electro-magnet. In the first case, when in 
 use to measure a current, the plane of the galva- 
 nometer coils must coincide with the planes of 
 the magnetic meridian. In the other case, the 
 instrument may be used in any position in 
 which the needle is free to move. _ 
 
 Galvanometers assume a variety of forms 
 according either to the purposes for which they 
 are employed, or to the manner in which their 
 deflections are valued. 
 
204 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Electrical Galvanometer Constant. The constant of cali- 
 
 P.. . bration of the galvanometer scale. The numer- 
 
 LJictionary [ ca \ factor connecting a current passing through 
 
 a galvanometer with the deflection produced by 
 
 such current. The value of one division of the 
 
 galvanometer scale in terms of resistance or 
 
 current strength. 
 
 Galvanometer Shunt. A shunt placed around a 
 sensitive galvanometer in order to protect it 
 from the effects of a strong current, or for re- 
 ducing its sensibility. 
 
 Galvanoscope. A galvanometer intended to show 
 the existence of a current rather than to meas- 
 ure its strength. A crude or simple form of 
 galvanometer. 
 
 Gap Space. The air-gap or entrefer. 
 
 Gassing. The evolution of gas from the plates of 
 a secondary or storage battery. 
 
 Gauss. The name proposed in 1894 by the 
 American Institute of Electrical Engineers for 
 the C.G.S. unit of magnetic flux density. A 
 unit of intensity of magnetic flux, equal to one 
 C.G.S. unit of magnetic flux per-square-centi- 
 metre of area of normal cross-section. A name 
 proposed for the C.G.S. unit of magnetic po- 
 tential or magnetomotive force by the British 
 Association in 1895. 
 
 Geissler Tubes. Glass tubes, provided with plat- 
 inum electrodes passed through and fused into 
 the glass, containing the residual atmospheres 
 of gases at a comparatively low vacuum, either 
 with or without fluorescent liquids, or solids, or 
 both, employed to obtain various luminous 
 effects on the passage of electric discharges. 
 
 Gem Lamp. An incandescent lamp using a car- 
 bon filament, which has a positive temperature 
 coefficient or resistance. 
 
 Generator. A dynamo-electric machine. One 
 which transforms mechanical into electrical 
 power. 
 
 German=silver Alloy. An alloy, employed for the 
 wires of resistance coils, usually consisting of 
 fifty parts of copper, twenty-five of zinc and 
 twenty-five of nickel. 
 
 Gilbert. A name proposed for the C.G.S. unit of 
 magnetomotive force. A unit of magnetomo- 
 tive force equal to that produced by T . 2 5BS of 
 one ampere-turn. 
 
 Globe Strain=insulators. Insulators provided for 
 the support of the strain wires in an overhead 
 trolley system. 
 
 Glow=lamp, Electric. A lamp whose light is pro- 
 duced by glow illumination. A term some- 
 times used for incandescent lamps. 
 
 Goose=neck Pull=off. An insulator, with a sup- 
 port shaped like a goose neck, employed on 
 curves to hold the trolley wire in position, and 
 provided with a single point for the attachment 
 of the strain wire. 
 
 Gradient, Electric. The rapidity of increase or 
 decrease of the strength of an electromotive 
 force or current. The vector space-rate of 
 descent of electric potential at any point. 
 
 Gramme. A unit of mass equal to 15.43235 
 grains. The mass of a cubic centimetre of 
 water at the temperature of its maximum 
 density. 
 
 Gramme Armature=winding. The winding orig- 
 inally employed by Gramme on the armature 
 of his dynamo-electric machine. 
 
 (irammi; caloric. The amount of heat required 
 to raise a gramme of water one degree Centi- 
 grade. The gramme-degree-Centigrade. 
 
 Gramme=ring Transformer. A transformer whose 
 primary and secondary coils are placed on a 
 closed iron ring. A transformer resembling a 
 Gramme-ring armature. 
 
 Graphite. A variety of soft carbon suitable for 
 writing on paper or on similar surfaces. 
 
 Graphite is used for rendering surfaces to be 
 electro-plated, electrically conducting, and also 
 for the brushes of dynamos and motors. For 
 the latter purpose it possesses the additional 
 advantage of decreasing the friction by means 
 of its marked lubricating properties. 
 
 Gravity Ammeter. A form of ammeter in which 
 the magnetic needle is moved against the 
 force of gravity by the magnetic influence of the 
 current it is measuring. 
 
 Gravity Voltmeter. A form of voltmeter in which 
 the potential difference is measured by the 
 movement of a magnetic needle against the pull 
 of a weight. 
 
 Grid. A lead plate provided with perforations or 
 other irregularities of surface, and employed 
 in storage cells for the support of the active 
 material. The support provided for the active 
 material on the plate of a secondary or storage 
 cell. 
 
 Ground. A general term for the earth when em- 
 ployed as a return conductor. 
 
 Ground Circuit. A circuit in which the ground 
 forms part of the path through which the 
 current passes. 
 
 Ground Detector. In a system of incandescent 
 lamp distribution, a device placed in a central 
 station for indicating, by the brightness of a 
 lamp, the existence of a ground on the system. 
 An instrument for detecting or measuring 
 grounds or leaks. 
 
 Ground=return. A general term used to indicate 
 the use of the ground or earth for part of an 
 electric circuit. The earth or ground which 
 forms part of the return path of an electric 
 circuit. 
 
 Ground Wire. The wire or conductor leading to 
 or connected with the ground or earth in a 
 grounded circuit. 
 
 Grounding. A word sometimes employed in 
 electro-metallurgy for the preparatory process 
 of burnishing. Connecting a circuit to earth 
 or ground. 
 
 Grove's Voltaic Cell. A zinc-platinum couple 
 immersed respectively in electrolytes of sul- 
 phuric and nitric acid. 
 
 Guard Wire. A wire hung above any active 
 conductor, such as a trolley wire in order to 
 prevent it from coming into electric contact 
 with falling wires. 
 
 (iutta pcrchn. A resinous gum obtained from a 
 tropical tree, and valuable electrically for its 
 high insulating powers and for its indestructi- 
 bility when employed in sub-marine cables. 
 
 Guy. A rod, chain, rope, or wire employed for 
 supporting or stiffening any structure such as a 
 telegraph pole. 
 
 Guy Wire. A wire employed as a guy. 
 
 H. 
 
 H. A contraction for the henry or practical unit 
 of self induction. 
 
 9C A contraction for the magnetizing force that 
 exists at any point, or, generally for the inten- 
 sity of magnetic force. 
 
 H. A symbol for field intensity. 
 
 " H.B." Curves. Curves indicating the relations 
 between magnetizing force and magnetic flux 
 density in a magnetic substance. A term some- 
 times employed for magnetization curves. 
 
 H.P. A contraction for horse-power. 
 
 Hall Effect. A transverse electromotive force 
 produced by a magnetic field in substances 
 undergoing electric displacement. 
 
 Hanger Board. A form of board provided for 
 the ready replacement or removal of an arc-lamp 
 from a circuit. 
 
 Hard=drawn Copper Wire. Copper wire that is 
 hardened by being drawn three or four times 
 without annealing. Copper wire not annealed 
 after leaving the die. (See Index.) 
 
 Harmonic Currents. Periodically alternating 
 currents varying harmonically. Currents which 
 are harmonic functions of time. Sinusoidal 
 currents. 
 
 Head of Liquid. The vertical distance from the 
 level of a liquid in a containing vessel to the 
 center of gravity of an orifice placed therein. 
 Difference of liquid elevation or level. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 205 
 
 Heat. A form of energy. A mode of motion. 
 A vibratory motion impressed on the molecules 
 of matter by the action of any form of energy. 
 A wave motion impressed on the universal 
 ether by the action of some form of energy. 
 
 Heat Unit. The quantity of heat required to 
 raise a unit mass of water through one degree 
 of the thermometric scale. The calorie. 
 There are a number of different heat units. 
 The most important are: 
 
 The British Heat Unit, or Thermal Unit, or 
 the amount of heat required to raise i pound of 
 water i degree Fahr. This unit represents an 
 amount of work equal to 772 foot pounds. 
 
 The Greater Calorie, or the amount of heat 
 required to raise the temperature of 1,000 
 grammes of water i degree C. 
 
 The Smaller Calorie, or the amount of heat 
 required to raise the temperature of one gramme 
 of water i degree C. 
 
 The Joule, or the quantity of heat developed 
 in one second by the passage of a current of one 
 ampere through a resistance of one ohm. 
 i joule equals .0002407 large calories, 
 i joule equals .2407 small calories, 
 i foot-pound equals 1.356 joules. 
 
 Hefner. See Candle-Lumen. 
 
 Hekto. A prefix for one hundred. 
 
 Helicon Lamp. An incandescent lamp having a 
 carbon filament treated with a volatile silicon 
 compound instead of the usual hydro-carbon 
 gases. 
 
 Henry. The practical unit of self-induction. An 
 earth-quadrant, or io 9 centimetres. (See 
 International Henry.) 
 
 Hertzian Waves. Electro-magnetic waves given 
 off by an electro-magnet whose intensity is 
 undergoing rapid periodic variations, or by a 
 current whose strength is undergoing rapid 
 periodic variations. Electro-magnetic waves 
 given off from a circuit through which an oscil- 
 latory discharge is passing. 
 
 Hewitt's Mercury Arc Lamp. In this form of 
 lamp there is an arc formed between mercury 
 electrodes or metallic terminal and mercury 
 electrode in a long exhausted tube, the arc 
 being usually struck by tilting the tube so that 
 the current follows the trickling mercury. Once 
 thus formed the mercury vapor maintains a 
 very steady and powerful glow under the elec- 
 tric discharge which it permits. 
 
 High Frequency. A frequency so high that 
 Ohm's Law does not apply even approximately. 
 
 High=potential Current. A term loosely applied 
 for a current produced by high electromotive 
 forces. 
 
 High=potential Insulator. An insulator suitable 
 for use on high-potential circuits. 
 
 High=tension Circuit. A circuit employed in con- 
 nection with high electric pressures. 
 
 Hittorf Tubes. Various forms of high-vacuum 
 tubes employed by Hittorf in his researches in 
 electrical discharges through high vacua. 
 
 Holophane. A form of glass globe or enclosing 
 chamber for a source of light, which has its 
 external surface cast into lenticular ridges for 
 the more general diffusion of the emerging light. 
 
 Holtz Influence Machine. A particular form of 
 electrostatic influence machine. 
 
 Homopolar Dynamo. A dynamo whose conduc- 
 tor moves continuously past poles of one po- 
 larity only. A commutatorless dynamo. A 
 so-called unipolar dynamo. 
 
 Horizontal Candle Power. The intensity of light 
 emitted by any source in a horizontal direction. 
 The luminous intensity of a source taken in a 
 horizontal direction, as measured in units of 
 luminous intensity. 
 
 Horizontal Component. That portion of a force 
 which acts in a horizontal direction. 
 
 Horizontal Intensity of Light. The intensity of a 
 light measured in a horizontal direction. 
 
 Horse=power. A commercial unit of power, ac- 
 tivity, or rate-of-doing-work. A rate-of-doing- 
 work. A rate-of-doing-work equal to 33,000 
 
 pounds raised one foot-per-minute, or 550 
 pounds raised one foot-per-second. A rate-of- 
 doing-work equal to 4,562 kilograms raised 
 one metre per minute. 
 
 Horse=power, Electric. Such a rate-of-doing 
 electrical work as is equal to 746 watts, or 746 
 volt-coulombs per second. 
 
 Horse=power=hour. A unit of work equal to the 
 work done by one horse-power acting for an 
 hour. 1,980,000 foot-pounds. 
 
 Horseshoe Magnet. A magnetized bar of steel or 
 hardened iron, bent in the form of a horse-shoe, 
 or letter U. 
 
 Hot=wire Voltmeter. A voltmeter whose indica- 
 tions are based on the increase in the length 
 of a metallic wire placed in the circuit of the 
 electromotive force that is to be measured. 
 
 Mouse Mains. The conductors connecting the 
 service wires with the street mains, in a sys- 
 tem of multiple incandescent lamp distribution. 
 
 Hummer, Electric. A word sometimes employed 
 for an electric buzzer. 
 
 Hunting of Parallel=connected Alternators. A 
 periodic increase and decrease in the speed of 
 alternators, when running under certain con- 
 ditions in parallel connections as motors or 
 dynamos. Imperfect synchronous running. 
 
 Hydro=electric System. An electric system with 
 generator driven by water-power. 
 
 Hysteresis. A lagging behind of magnetization 
 relatively to magnetizing force. Apparent 
 molecular friction due to magnetic change of 
 stress. A retardization of the magnetizing 
 or demagnetizing effects as regards the causes 
 which produce them. That quality of a para- 
 magnetic substance by virtue of which energy 
 is dissipated on the reversal of its magnetiza- 
 tion. 
 
 Hysteresis Coefficient. The hysteretic coefficient. 
 The energy dissipated in a cubic centimetre of 
 magnetic material by a single cyclic reversal 
 of unit magnetic density. 
 
 Hysteretic Cycle. A cycle of complete magnetiza- 
 tion and reversal. 
 
 Hysteretic Lag. The lag in the magnetization of 
 a transformer due to hysteresis. 
 
 I. A symbol for strength of current. 
 
 ?. A symbol for inductance. 
 
 I.H.P. A contraction for indicated horse-power. 
 
 I. 2 R. Activity. The activity expended in a circuit, 
 equal to the square of the current strength in 
 amperes by the resistance in ohms. The C 2 R 
 activity. 
 
 I. 2 R. Loss. The loss of power in any circuit equal 
 to the square of the current in amperes by the 
 resistance in ohms. The C 2 R. loss. 
 
 Idle Coil. Any coil through which for the time 
 no current is passing. Any coil which is not 
 passing through a magnetic field or generating 
 an E.M.F. 
 
 Idle Current of Alternating=current Dynamo. The 
 wattless current of an alternating-current cir- 
 cuit, as distinguished from the active or work- 
 ing current. 
 
 Impedance. Generally, opposition to current 
 flow. The sum of the ohmic resistance, and 
 the spurious resistance of a circuit, measured 
 in ohms. In a simple-harmonic current circuit 
 the square root of the sum of the squares of the 
 resistance and reactance. The apparent re- 
 sistance of a circuit containing both resistance 
 and reactance. (See Alternating Currents.) 
 
 Impedance Circuit. A circuit containing im- 
 pedance. 
 
 Impedance Coils. A term sometimes applied to 
 choking coils, reactance coils, or economy 
 coil. 
 
 Impedance Rush. The rush of current produced 
 on closing an inductive circuit. An impulsive 
 current rush. 
 
 Electrical 
 Dictionary 
 
206 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Electrical Impressed Electromotive Force. The electromo- 
 tive force brought to act in any circuit to pro- 
 Dictionary duce a current therein. In an alternating- 
 current circuit, the impressed electromotive 
 force due to an impressed source, in contradis- 
 tinction to the effective electromotive force, or 
 that which is active in producing current, or the 
 electromotive forces due to, or opposed to, self 
 or mutual induction. An applied E.M.F. as 
 distinguished from a resultant, active or watt- 
 less E.M.F. 
 
 Impulsive Inductance. The apparent inductance 
 of a conductor or circuit when subjected to an 
 impulsive discharge. 
 
 Incandescence, Electric. The shining or glowing 
 of a substance, generally a solid, by means of 
 heat of electric origin. 
 
 Incandescent Filament. The incandescing con- 
 ductor of an incandescent electric lamp, 
 whether of small or of comparatively large 
 cross-section, though generally of the former. 
 Incandescent Electric Lamp. An electric lamp 
 whose light is produced by the electric incan- 
 descence of a strip or filament of some refrac- 
 tory substance, almost invariably carbon. 
 India Rubber. A resinous substance obtained 
 from the milky juices of a tropical tree. Caout- 
 chouc. (See Index, Rubber.) 
 Indicator, Electric. A general term applied to 
 various devices operated by the deflection of a 
 magnetic needle, or the ringing of a bell, or by 
 both, for indicating at some distant point, the 
 condition of an electric circuit, the strength of 
 current passing through any circuit, the head of 
 water or other liquid, the pressure on a boiler, 
 the temperature, the speed of an engine or 
 lines of shafting, the working of a machine, or 
 other similar events or occurrences. A term 
 sometimes used in place of annunciator. Any 
 electric or magnetic signalling apparatus. 
 Induced. Set up or caused by induction. Not 
 
 produced by metallic communication. 
 Induced Current. A current produced by electro- 
 dynamic induction. 
 Induced Electromotive Forces. E.M.F. 's set up 
 
 by electro-dynamic induction. 
 Induced IW.M.F. Any magnetomotive force pro- 
 duced by induction. The aligned or structural 
 magnetomotive force as distinguished from the 
 prime magnetomotive force. 
 
 Inductance. The capacity for induction pos- 
 sessed by an active circuit on itself, or on neigh- 
 boring circuits. Self-induction. That prop- 
 erty, in virtue of which a finite electromotive 
 force impressed on a circuit does not imme- 
 diately generate the full current due to the 
 resistance of the circuit, and which, when the 
 electromotive force is withdrawn, requires a 
 finite time for the current strength to fall to its 
 zero value. A property, by virtue of which 
 the passage of an electric current is necessarily 
 accompanied by the absorption of electric 
 energy in producing a magnetic field. A con- 
 stant quantity in a circuit at rest, and devoid of 
 iron, depending only upon its geometrical ar- 
 rangement, and usually expressed in henrys, or 
 in centimetres. 
 
 Inductance Coil. An impedance, reactance, or 
 choking coil. A coil placed in a circuit, for the 
 purpose of preventing an impulsive current- 
 rush in that circuit, by means of the counter- 
 electromotive force developed in the coil on 
 being magnetized. 
 
 Inductanceless Circuit. A circuit practically de- 
 void of inductance. A circuit whose magnetic 
 field is negligible, such, for example, as an 
 ordinary incandescent lamp, or a double- wound 
 resistance coil. 
 
 Induction. The influence exerted by a charged 
 body or by a magnetic field, on neighboring 
 bodies without apparent communication. The 
 influence produced through a dielectric by the 
 action of electrostatic or magnetic flux 
 
 Induction Coil. An apparatus consisting of two 
 associated coils of insulated wire employed for 
 the production of currents by mutual induction. 
 
 Induction Generator. A machine similar to the 
 induction motor, but driven as an alternating- 
 current generator. 
 
 Induction, Magnetic. The production of mag- 
 netism in a magnetizable substance by bringing 
 it into a magnetic field. 
 
 Induction, Mutual. Induction produced by two 
 neighboring circuits on each other by the 
 mutual interaction of their magnetic fields. 
 
 Induction Screen. A plate of metal placed be- 
 tween two adjacent electrified bodies, or mag- 
 netic coils, for the purpose of preventing or 
 modifying the inductive action they exert on 
 one another. A conducting screen wholly or 
 partially opaque to inductive action. 
 
 Induction, Self. Induction produced in a circuit 
 at the moment of starting or stopping the cur- 
 rents therein by the induction of the current 
 on itself. 
 
 Induction Starter. A device used in starting in- 
 duction motors, converters, etc., when they are 
 started by voltage control, consisting of an 
 auto-transformer in connection with a suitable 
 switching device. 
 
 Inductive Circuit. Any circuit in which induction 
 occurs. 
 
 Inductive Disturbance. Any disturbance in the 
 operation of a telephone or telegraph line 
 produced by induction. 
 
 Inductive Reactance. Reactance due to self in- 
 duction as distinguished from reactance due 
 to a condenser. 
 
 Inductive Resistance. A resistance possessing 
 self-induction. The reactance of a circuit. 
 
 Inductor Alternator. An alternating-current gen- 
 erator in whose armature windings the field 
 magnetic flux pulsates but never reverses. 
 
 .Influence, Electric. Electrostatic induction. 
 
 Influence Machine. A name sometimes used for 
 an electrostatic-induction machine. 
 
 In -put . The power absorbed by any machine in 
 causing it to perform a certain amount of 
 work. 
 
 Inside Wiring. In a system of incandescent 
 lighting, the conductors that lead to the interior 
 of a house or other building to be lighted. 
 Any conductors placed inside a building. 
 
 Installation. A general term embracing the en- 
 tire plant and accessories required to perform 
 any specified work. The act of placing, ar- 
 ranging or erecting a plant or apparatus. 
 
 Instantaneous Peak. The highest value reached 
 by the quantity under consideration as mea- 
 sured by some device which indicated high 
 actual value of the quantity at every moment. 
 
 Insulate. To so cover or protect a body as to 
 prevent electricity from being conducted to or 
 removed from it. 
 
 Insulated Wires. Wires provided with insulating 
 coverings or coatings. (See Index.) 
 
 Insulating Joint. A joint in an insulating ma- 
 terial or covering in which the continuity of the 
 insulating material is ensured. 
 
 Insulating Tape. A ribbon of flexible material 
 impregnated with rubber, or other similar 
 material, and generally containing some ad- 
 hesive substance, employed for insulating 
 wires or electric conductors at joints, or other 
 exposed places. 
 
 Insulating Varnish. An electric varnish formed 
 of any good insulating material. 
 
 Insulation Resistance. The resistance existing 
 between a conductor and the earth or between 
 two conductors in a circuit through insulating 
 materials lying between them. A term applied 
 to the resistance of the insulating material of a 
 covered wire or conductor to an impressed 
 voltage tending to produce a leakage of current. 
 The resistance of any insulation. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 207 
 
 Insulator, Electric. A body or substance which 
 offers such resistance to the passage of electric 
 current that it is used to prevent the passage of 
 current. Any device employed for insulating 
 a wire or other body. 
 
 Insulator Pin. The bolt by which an insulator 
 is attached to a bracket, polearm, or support. 
 
 Intake of Machine. The activity required to 
 operate a machine. 
 
 Intensified Arc Lamp. A term used for an arc 
 lamp, with one of the carbons of small diameter 
 to give a large current density per unit of arc, 
 on which the arc plays to thereby intensify the 
 light. 
 
 Intensity of Field. The strength or density of a 
 magnetic field as measured by the quantity of 
 magnetic flux that passes through it per-unit- 
 of-area of normal cross-section. 
 
 Intensity of Magnetic Flux. The quantity of 
 magnetic flux per-unit-of-area of normal 
 cross-section. The density of magnetic flux. 
 
 Interior Conduit. A conduit provided inside the 
 walls of a house, or in other convenient spaces 
 within a house, for the reception of the house 
 wires. A conduit in the walls or floors of a 
 building, provided for accommodating electric 
 conductors. 
 
 Intermittent Current. A current that does not 
 flow continuously, but which flows and ceases 
 to flow at intervals, so that electricity is prac- 
 tically alternately present and absent from the 
 circuit. 
 
 Internal Characteristic of Dynamo. A curve 
 showing the E.M.F. generated in a dynamo 
 under varying excitation, as distinguished 
 from the external characteristic showing the 
 E.M.F. at terminals. 
 
 Internal Circuit. That part of a circuit which is 
 included within the electric source. 
 
 Internal Poles of Dynamo. The inwardly pro- 
 jecting field poles of a dynamo. Magnetic 
 field-poles internal to an armature. 
 
 International Ampere. The value of the ampere 
 as adopted by the International Congress of 
 1893, at Chicago. The value of an ampere 
 equal to the one-tenth of a unit of current in 
 the C.G.S. system of electro-magnetic units, 
 and represented with sufficient accuracy for 
 practical purposes, by the unvarying current, 
 which, when passed through a solution of ni- 
 trate of silver in water, in accordance with cer- 
 tain specifications, deposits silver at the rate of 
 0.001118 of a gramme-per-second. 
 
 International Coulomb. The value of the cou- 
 lomb as adopted by the International Electrical 
 Congress of 1893, at Chicago. The quantity of 
 electricity equal to that transferred through a 
 circuit by a current of one International am- 
 pere in one second. 
 
 International Farad. The value of the farad as 
 adopted by the International Electrical Congress 
 of 1 893 , at Chicago. The capacity of a conductor 
 charged to a potential of one International volt 
 by one International coulomb of electricity. 
 
 International Henry. The value of the henry as 
 adopted by the International Electrical Con- 
 gress of 1893, at Chicago. The value of the 
 induction in a circuit, when the electromotive 
 force induced in the circuit is one International 
 volt, and the inducing current varies at the 
 rate of one ampere per second. 
 
 International Joule. The value of the joule as 
 adopted by the International Electrical Con- 
 gress of 1893. at Chicago. A value equal to io 7 
 units of work of the C.G.S. system and repre- 
 sented with sufficient accuracy for practical 
 purposes by the energy expended in one second 
 by one ampere in one International ohm. 
 
 International Morse Code. A term sometimes 
 employed for the International telegraphic 
 alphabet, as distinguished from the American 
 Morse Code. 
 
 International Ohm. The value of the ohm as 
 adopted by the International Electrical Con- 
 gress of 1893, at Chicago. A value of the ohm 
 
 equal to io 9 units of resistance of the C.G.S. 
 system of electro-magnetic units, and repre- 
 sented by the resistance offered to an unvary- 
 ing electric current by a column of mercury 
 at the temperature of melting ice, 14.4521 
 grammes in mass, of a constant cross-sectional 
 area, and of the length of 106.3 centimetres. 
 
 International Volt. The value of the volt as 
 adopted by the International Electrical Con- 
 gress of 1893, at Chicago. Such an electro- 
 motive force that steadily applied to a conductor 
 whose resistance is one International ohm will 
 produce a current of one International ampere, 
 and which is represented with sufficient accu- 
 racy for practical use by ^2f of the electromo- 
 tive force between the poles or electrodes of the 
 voltaic cell known as Clark's cell, at a tempera- 
 ture of 15 Cent, when prepared in accordance 
 with certain specifications. 
 
 International Watt. The value of the watt as 
 adopted by the International Electrical Con- 
 gress of 1893 at Chicago. A value equal to io 7 
 units of activity in the C.G.S. system, and 
 equal to the work done at the rate of one joule- 
 per-second. 
 
 Interrupter. Any device for interrupting or 
 breaking a circuit. 
 
 Ions. The groups of atoms or radicals into which 
 a molecule is separated by electrolytic decom- 
 position. 
 
 Ionic Conductivities. Specific conductivities of 
 ?.ons, so selected that their sums give molecular 
 conductivities for any combination of ions. 
 
 Iron=armored Conduit. A conduit provided with 
 an exterior iron casing or covering. A conduit 
 in which each duct has an iron casing or cover- 
 ing. 
 
 Iron-Clad. Protected or covered with iron. 
 
 Iron clad Armature. The armature of a dynamo 
 or motor, whose insulated coils are entirely or 
 nearly surrounded by the iron of the armature 
 core. An armature in which the conductors 
 are buried in slots, grooves, or tunnels below 
 the surface of the armature core. 
 
 Iron=core. The mass of iron on which are placed 
 the magnetizing coils of an electro-magnet or 
 solenoid. 
 
 Iron=core=loss. The hysteretic and Foucault 
 losses due to the presence of an iron core. 
 
 Irreciprocal Conduction. Conduction in which 
 the magnitude of the current is altered when its 
 direction is reversed. The electric conduction 
 in an assymmetrical resistance. 
 
 Isotropic Dielectric. A dielectric possessing the 
 same powers of inductive capacity in all direc- 
 tions 
 
 J. 
 
 Jack Panel. The panel of a telephone switch- 
 board provided for the support of the jacks. 
 
 Jack Switch. A switch operated by means of a 
 spring jack. 
 
 Jacobi's Law. The maximum activity is per- 
 formed by an electric motor when its counter- 
 electromotive force is equal to one-half of the 
 impressed electromotive force. 
 
 Joint Reluctance. The combined reluctance of 
 a number of parallel-connected reluctances. 
 
 Joint Resistance. The combined resistance of a 
 number of parallel-connected resistances. 
 
 Joule. A volt-coulomb or unit of electric energy 
 or work. The amount of electric work re- 
 quired to raise the potential of one coulomb of 
 electricity one volt. Ten million ergs. (See 
 International Joule.) 
 
 Joule Effect. The heating effect produced by the 
 passage of an electric current through a con- 
 ductor, arising from its resistance only. 
 
 Joule's Equivalent. The mechanical equivalent 
 of heat. 
 
 Joule's Law. The heating power of a current is 
 proportional to the product of the square of its 
 strength and the resistance of the circuit 
 through which it passes 
 
 Electrical 
 Dictionary 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Electrical Jumper. A temporary shunt or short circuit put 
 P.. . around a source, lamp or receptive device on a 
 
 Uictionary series-connected circuit, to enable it to be 
 
 readily removed or repaired. 
 
 Jump Spark. A disruptive spark obtained be- 
 tween two opposed conducting surfaces, as dis- 
 tinguished from a spark obtained by or fol- 
 lowing a wiping contact. 
 
 Junction Box. A moisture-proof box provided 
 in a system of underground conductors to re- 
 ceive the terminals of the feeders, and in which 
 connection is made between the feeders and the 
 mains, and through which the current is dis- 
 tributed to the individual consumers. 
 
 K. 
 
 K.W. A contraction for kilowatt. 
 
 kg. An abbreviation for kilogramme, a practical 
 unit of mass. 
 
 kgm. An abbreviation for kilogramme- metre, a 
 practical unit of the moment of a couple or of 
 work. 
 
 Kaolin. A variety of white clay sometimes em- 
 ployed for insulating purposes. 
 
 Kick of Coil. The discharge from an electro- 
 magnetic coil. 
 
 Kicking Coil. A choking coil. 
 
 Kilo. A prefix for one thousand times. 
 
 Kilo-volt. One thousand volts. 
 
 Kilo-watt. One thousand watts. 
 
 Kilo=watt=hour. The amount of work equal to 
 that performed by an activity of one kilowatt 
 maintained steadily for one hour. An amount 
 of work equal to 3,600,000 joules. 
 
 Knife-switch. A switch which is opened or 
 closed by the motion of a knife contact between 
 parallel contact plates. A knife-edge switch 
 or knife switch. 
 
 L. A symbol for coefficient of inductance. 
 
 L,l A contraction for length. 
 
 Lag. Falling behind. To fall behind. 
 
 Lagging Current. A periodic current lagging 
 behind the impressed electromotive force which 
 produces it. 
 
 Laminated Core. An iron core that has been sub- 
 divided in planes parallel to its magnetic flux- 
 paths, in order to avoid the injurious produc- 
 tion of Foucault or eddy currents. 
 
 Lamination. The sub-division of an iron core into 
 laminae. 
 
 Lamp, Arc, Electric. See Arc Lamp, Electric. 
 
 Lamp Bulb. The chamber or globe in which the 
 filament of an incandescent lamp is placed. 
 
 Lamp Circuit. A circuit containing an electric 
 lamp or lamps. 
 
 Lamp Cord. A flexible cord containing two sep- 
 arately insulated wires suitable for use in con- 
 nection with an incandescent lamp. (See 
 Index.) 
 
 Lamp Dimmer. A reactive coil, employed on an 
 alternating circuit for the purpose of varying 
 the intensity of incandescent lights connected 
 with such circuit. 
 
 Lamp Efficiency. Commonly, but illogically the 
 watts consumed by a lamp per candle-power 
 delivered. More nearly correctly the recipro- 
 cal of this; or the number of candles obtained 
 from an incandescent lamp per watt supplied 
 to it. 
 
 Lamp Filament. The filament of an incandescent 
 lamp. 
 
 Lamp-hour. Such a service of electric current 
 as is required to maintain one electric lamp 
 during one hour. Such a quantity of electricity, 
 or of electric energy as will maintain one 
 standard lamp in normal operation for one 
 hour. 
 
 Lap Joint. The joint effected by over-lapping 
 short portions near the ends of the things to be 
 joined, and securing them to each other while in 
 
 that position. A joint between the ends of 
 two conducting wires in which the two ends 
 after being laid together, side by side, are lapped 
 firmly together by a piece of separate wire. 
 
 Lap Winding. A winding for a drum armature in 
 which the successive conducting loops are ar- 
 ranged on the surface of the armature over- 
 lapping one another. 
 
 Law of Ohm. The law of non-varying current 
 strength in a circuit not subject to variation. 
 Ohm's law. The strength of a continuous cur- 
 rent is directly proportional to the difference 
 of potential or electromotive force in the circuit 
 and inversely proportional to the resistance of 
 the circuit, i. e., is equal to the quotient arising 
 from dividing the electromotive force by the 
 resistance. 
 Ohm's law is expressed algebraically thus: 
 
 = ^; orE = IR;orR 
 
 If the electromotive force is given in volts, and 
 the resistance in ohms, the formula will give 
 the current strength directly in amperes. 
 
 The current in amperes is equal to the elec- 
 tromotive force in volts divided by the resist- 
 ance in ohms. 
 
 The electromotive force in volts is equal to 
 the product of the current in amperes and the 
 resistance in ohms. 
 
 The resistance in ohms is equal to the electro- 
 motive force in volts divided by the current in 
 amperes. 
 
 The quantity of electricity in coulombs is 
 equal to the current in amperes multiplied by 
 the time in seconds. 
 
 Lay. The helical disposition of wires in a strand 
 or sheath, in which each wire makes a com- 
 plete revolution about the axis. 
 
 Lead. A very malleable and ductile metal of low 
 tenacity and high specific gravity. Tensile 
 strength 1600 to 2400 per square inch. Elas- 
 ticity very low, and the metal flows under a 
 very slight strain. Lead dissolves to some 
 extent in pure water, but water containing 
 carbonates or sulphates forms over it a film of 
 insoluble salt which prevents further action. 
 Atomic weight 206.9. Specific gravity 11.07 
 to 11.44. Melts at about 625 F.; softens and 
 becomes pasty at 617 F. (Kent). 
 
 Lead encased Cable. A cable provided with a 
 sheathing or coating of lead on its external 
 surface. (See Index.) 
 
 Lead of Current. An advance in the phase of an 
 alternating current beyond that of the electro- 
 motive force producing the current. 
 
 Lead of Motor Brushes. The angular displace- 
 ment from the normal position in the direction 
 contrary to that of the rotation of the arma- 
 ture, which it is necessary to give the brushes 
 on an electric motor, when its load is increased, 
 in order to obtain freedom from sparking. 
 
 Lead Sheathing. The coating of lead placed on 
 the outside of a lead-covered cable. 
 
 Lead Sleeve. A lead tube provided for making a 
 joint in a lead-covered cable. 
 
 Leading Current. An alternating-current wave 
 or component, in advance of the electromotive 
 force producing it. 
 
 Leading-in Wires. The wires that pass from an 
 aerial circuit into a house or building. The 
 wires or conductors which lead the current 
 through an incandescent electric lamp; i. e., 
 into and out of a lamp. Wires leading a cir- 
 cuit into a house, room, box or apparatus. 
 
 Leads. In a system of parallel distribution, the 
 conductors connected to the positive and nega- 
 tive terminals of a source. Conductors which 
 lead the current to or from any source, circuit 
 or device. In electric testing the insulating 
 conductors leading the testing current to the 
 circuit or conductor tested. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 Leak. Any loss or escape by leaking. 
 
 Leakage Current of Primary. The magnetizing 
 current which flows into the primary circuit of a 
 a transformer when the secondary circuit is 
 open. A current employed in magnetizing 
 only, as distinguished from a current usefully 
 transformed. 
 
 Leakage Factor. In a dynamo-electric machine, 
 the ratio of the total flux which passes through 
 the field-magnet cores of a dynamo or motor, 
 to the total useful flux passing from them 
 through the armatures. 
 
 Leakage Reactance. That portion of the react- 
 ance of any induction apparatus which is due to 
 stray flux. 
 
 Left=handed Winding. The winding of a solenoid 
 or helix in a counter-clockwise direction. 
 
 Leg of Circuit. A branch of a bifurcated or di- 
 
 vided circuit. A loop or offset in a series circuit 
 
 Legal Ohm. See International Ohm, and Ohm. 
 
 Lenz's Law. In all cases of induction the direc- 
 tion of the induced current is such as to oppose 
 the motion which produces it. 
 
 Leyden=jar. A condenser in the form of a jar, in 
 which the metallic coatings are placed opposite 
 each other respectively on the outside and in- 
 side of the jar. 
 
 Light. That particular form of radiant energy 
 by means of which objects are rendered visible. 
 The flow or flux of light emitted from a lumi- 
 nous source. 
 
 Lightning Arrester. A device by means of which 
 the apparatus placed in any electric circuit is 
 protected from the destructive effects of a flash 
 or discharge of lightning. 
 
 Lightning Bolt. A lightning flash or discharge. 
 
 Lightning Rod. A rod, strap, wire or stranded 
 cable, of good conducting material, placed on 
 the outside of a house or other structure, in 
 order to protect it from the effects of a light- 
 ning discharge. 
 
 Line Circuit. The wires or other conductors in 
 the main line of a telegraphic or other circuit. 
 A transmission circuit for electric energy. 
 
 Line Drop. In a telephone switchboard, an 
 electro-magnetic drop connected to a line. 
 
 Lines of Force. Lines of magnetization. 
 
 Lines of Magnetization. A term sometimes ap- 
 plied for lines of magnetic induction. A term 
 sometimes applied to those portions of the lines 
 of magnetic force which lie within the magnet- 
 ized substance. 
 
 Linear Capacity. The quotient of the capacity 
 of a line or conductor by its length. 
 
 Link=fuse. A link-shaped leaden plate, provided 
 with suitable ends for connection with the 
 copper fuse-wire terminals. 
 
 Listening Cam. In a telephone system a metallic 
 cam or lever-key by means of which an oper- 
 ator readily places her telephone in circuit with 
 a subscriber. 
 
 Live Wire. A wire through which current is pass- 
 ing. A wire connected with an electric pres- 
 sure or source. 
 
 Load. The work thrown on any machine. 
 
 Load=factor. The fraction expressed in per cent, 
 obtained by dividing the average load over any 
 given period of time by the highest average load 
 for any one minute during the same period of 
 time. 
 
 Load=factor Rate. A rate based on load-factor. 
 
 Local Currents. A term sometimes used for eddy 
 currents. 
 
 Lock, Electric. A lock that is automatically re- 
 leased by the aid of a distant push-button. 
 
 Locomotive, Electric. A Ipcomotor whose mo- 
 tive power is electricity. An electrically 
 driven locomotive engine. 
 
 Lodestone. A name given to a piece of naturally 
 magnetized iron ore. 
 
 Log, Electric. An electric device for measuring the 
 speed of, or the distance traversed by, a vessel. 
 
 Logarithm. The exponent, or the power to which 
 it is necessary to raise a fixed number called 
 the base, in order to produce a given number. 
 
 Longdistance Transmission. Transmission of 
 electric energy over fairly considerable dis- 
 tances. 
 
 Loop Test. A localization test for a fault in a 
 loop of two telegraphic wires, or in a complete 
 metallic circuit. 
 
 Low=potential Sysfem. In the National Electric 
 Code a system having a pressure less than 550 
 and more than 10 volts. 
 
 Low-pressure Circuit. A circuit designed for use 
 in connection with low electric power. 
 
 Low Tension. A relative term used to designate 
 a winding or conductor of less voltage than that 
 with which it is related or compared. 
 
 Luminous Efficiency. The ratio which the 
 luminous radiation emitted by a source bears 
 to the total radiant energy emitted by such 
 source in a given time. 
 
 Luminous Radiation. Radiation capable of af- 
 fecting the eye. 
 
 M. 
 
 m. A symbol for strength of magnetic pole. 
 
 m. An abbreviation for metre, a practical unit 
 of length. 
 
 M,m. An abbreviation for mass. 
 
 yU. A symbol for magnetic permeability or induc- 
 tivity. 
 
 mm. A contraction for millimetre. 
 
 M.M.F. A contraction for magnetomotive force. 
 
 Machine Telegraphy. Automatic or high-speed 
 telegraphy. 
 
 Magnet. Any body producting magnetic flux. 
 A body possessing the power of attracting the 
 unlike pole of another magnet, or of repelling 
 the like pole, or of inducing magnetism in mag- 
 netizable bodies. 
 
 Magnet Coil. A coil of insulated wire surround- 
 ing the core of an electro-magnet , through which 
 the magnetizing current is passed. 
 
 Magnet Cores. Bars or cylinders of iron on which 
 the magnetizing coils of wire are placed. 
 
 Magnetic Air=gap. Any gap in an aero-ferric 
 magnetic circuit filled with air. 
 
 Magnetic Attraction. The mutual attraction 
 exerted between unlike magnetic poles. 
 
 Magnetic Axis. The line along which a magnetic 
 needle, free to move, but which has come to 
 rest in a magnetic field, can be turned without 
 changing the direction in which it comes to 
 rest. The line connecting the poles of a bar 
 magnet or needle. 
 
 Magnetic Circuit. The path through which mag- 
 netic flux passes. 
 
 Magnetic Clutch. A form of clutch in which 
 magnetic attraction is substituted for ordinary 
 mechanical force, to obtain the friction re- 
 quired in the clutch. A clutch operated 
 electro-magnetically. 
 
 Magnetic Couple. The couple which turns or 
 tends to turn a magnetic needle, placed in the 
 earth's field, into the plane of the magnetic 
 meridian. 
 
 Magnetic Density. The strength of magnetism as 
 measured by the amount of magnetic flux 
 which passes through unit area of normal cress- 
 section. Intensity of magnetic induction. 
 
 Magnetic Dip. The deviation of a freely sus- 
 pended magnetic needle from a true horizontal 
 position. The magnetic inclination. 
 
 Magnetic Fatigue. An increase in the hysteretic 
 coefficient of iron due to an assumed fatigue 
 after many cyclic reversals. 
 
 Magnetic Field. The region of magnetic influ- 
 ence surrounding the poles of a magnet. The 
 space or region traversed by magnetic flux in 
 which a magnet needle, free to move, will as- 
 sume a definite position. 
 
 Magnetic Flux. The streamings that issue from 
 and return to the poles of a magnet. The total 
 number of lines of magnetic force in any mag- 
 netic field. The magnetic flow that passes 
 through any magnetic circuit. 
 
 Electrical 
 Dictionary 
 
210 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Electrical Magnetic Flux-paths. Paths taken by magnetic 
 _ . . flux in any magnetic circuit. 
 
 Dictionary Magnetic Force. The force which causes the at- 
 tractions and repulsions of magnetic poles. 
 
 Magnetic Hysteresis. See Hysteresis. 
 
 Magnetic Induction. In air, the density of mag- 
 netic force; in iron or other magnetic material 
 the sum of the prime flux, or magnetic force, 
 and the magnetic flux thereby produced in the 
 iron. Total magnetic flux-density. The pro- 
 duction of magnetism in a magnetizable sub- 
 stance on its being brought into magnetic flux. 
 
 Magnetic Intensity. Magnetic flux-density. The 
 quantity of magnetic flux per-unit-of-area of 
 normal cross-section. Magnetic induction. 
 
 Magnetic Leakage. A useless dispersion of mag- 
 netic flux of a dynamo or motor by its failure to 
 pass through the armature. Any useless dis- 
 persion of magnetic flux by its failure to pass 
 through a magneto-receptive device placed in 
 the magnetic circuit. 
 
 Magnetic Needle. A magnetized steel needle or 
 thin straight strip or rod. A straight bar of 
 magnetized steel, supported at or above its 
 centre of gravity, and free to move in a hori- 
 zontal plane only, in a vertical plane only, or 
 in both. 
 
 Magnetic Permeability. Conductivity for mag- 
 netic flux. The ratio between the magnetic 
 induction produced in a magnetic substance, 
 and the magnetizing force producing such mag- 
 netic induction. 
 
 Magnetic Poles. Those parts of a magnetic 
 source from or at which the flux emerges or 
 enters. 
 
 Magnetic Reactance. In an alternating-current 
 circuit the reactance of a coil as distinguished 
 from the reactance of a condenser. 
 
 Magnetic Reluctance. The resistance offered by 
 a medium to the passage through it of magnetic 
 flux. 
 
 Magnetic Saturation. The maximum magnet- 
 ization which can be imparted to a magnetic 
 substance. The condition of iron, or other mag- 
 netic substance, when its intensity of mag- 
 netization is so great that it fails to be further 
 magnetized by any magnetizing force, however 
 great. 
 
 Magnetic Solenoid. A spiral coil of wire, which 
 acts like a magnet when an electric current is 
 sent through it. 
 
 Magnetic Traction. Tractive or supporting 
 power exerted by a magnet. Hauling or car- 
 rying effected magnetically. 
 
 Magnetic Units. Units based on the force ex- 
 erted between magnet poles. Units employed in 
 dealing with magnets and magnetic phenomena. 
 The magnetic system of C.G.S. electromagnetic 
 units, as distinguished from the electrostatic 
 system. 
 
 Magnetism. That property or condition of mat- 
 ter which accompanies the production of mag- 
 netic flux. Magnetic flux or streamings. 
 That branch of science which treats of the 
 nature and properties of magnets and of mag- 
 netic flux. 
 
 Magnetizing Force. The vector space-rate of 
 descent of magnetic potential. The prime flux- 
 density impressed upon a body, and which may 
 induce magnetism in the same. The force at 
 any point with which a unit magnetic pole 
 would be acted on. The impressed flux- 
 density of a field as distinguished from the 
 total flux-density. 
 
 Magneto. A magneto-generator. A small mag- 
 neto-electric dynamo machine. 
 
 Magneto Call-bell. A call-bell operated by a 
 magneto-electric machine. 
 
 Magneto-electric Dynamo. A dynamo-electric 
 machine whose field magnets are formed of 
 permanent magnets. 
 
 Magnetometer. An apparatus for the measure- 
 ment of magnetic force. Any apparatus for 
 measuring the elements of the earth's magnetic 
 force. 
 
 Magneto-motive Force. The force which pro- 
 duces magnetic flux. The force that moves or 
 tends to move magnetic flux. 
 
 Magnet Wire. Insulated wire suitable for wind- 
 ing magnets and usually cotton-covered. (See 
 Index.) 
 
 Mains. In a parallel system of distribution the 
 parallel conductors carrying the main current, 
 and to which translating devices are connected. 
 In a system of parallel distribution, the prin- 
 cipal conductors which extend from the risers, 
 or service wires, along the corridors or pas- 
 sages along the floor to be lighted. 
 
 Make=and=break. The operation of alternately 
 completing and opening a circuit. 
 
 Man=hole of Conduit. An opening communicat- 
 ing from the surface of the road bed with an 
 underground conduit, of sufficient size to ad- 
 mit a man. 
 
 Man-power. A unit of power equal to the one- 
 tenth of a horse-power, or about 75 watts. 
 
 Marconi Rays. Electro-magnetic waves em- 
 ployed in the Marconi system of wireless tel- 
 egraphy. 
 
 Marconi Waves. Electromagnetic waves em- 
 ployed in the Marconi system of wireless tel- 
 egraphy. 
 
 Mariner's Compass. A compass mounted in 
 such a manner as to be serviceable on board 
 ship. A name often applied to an azimuth 
 compass. 
 
 Mass. Quantity of matter contained in a body. 
 
 Matt. A word employed in electro-plating to 
 designate the appearance presented by an 
 electro-plating of silver in which the deposit is 
 interlaced and closely massed together. A 
 fused mass of impure copper employed as the 
 raw material in electrolytic refinement. 
 
 Maximum Demand. The maximum demand may 
 be stated in kilowatts, horse-power, i6-cp 
 equivalents, or any other term specified, but 
 preferably should be stated in terms which leave 
 no opportunity for error, and wherever possible 
 should be stated in kilowatts. Unless specified, 
 it should always mean absolutely the greatest 
 actual maximum demand. If the greatest 
 actual maximum demand is not intended, but 
 it is intended to express the greatest maximum 
 demand for a given day or a given minute, then 
 it should be so stated. 
 
 Maximum Instantaneous Demand. The highest 
 load reached as measured by indicating or re- 
 cording instruments at any moment. 
 
 Maximum Simultaneous Demand. A maximum 
 simultaneous demand should be used to express 
 the greatest absolute aggregate sum of certain 
 individual demands, such as: 
 
 !a) Customers, 
 b) Classes of customers, 
 c) Classes of current, 
 
 and all rules made to define maximum demand 
 shall apply to simultaneous maximum demand. 
 
 Mean Current. The time average of a current 
 strength. In an alternating-current circuit, 
 the time average of a current strength without 
 regard to sign or direction. 
 
 Mean Electromotive Force. The average electro- 
 motive force. In an alternating-current cir- 
 cuit the time average of the E.M.F. without 
 regard to sign or direction. 
 
 Mean Horizontal Intensity of Light. The average 
 intensity of light in a horizontal plane contain- 
 ing the source. 
 
 Mean Spherical Candle=power. An average candle- 
 power numerically equal to the total quantity 
 of light emitted by a point source divided by 
 12,566. The average candle-power of a source 
 taken at all points of the surface of a sphere. 
 
 Mechanical Equivalent of Heat. The amount of 
 mechanical energy converted into heat that 
 would be required to raise the temperature of a 
 unit mass of water one degree of the thermo- 
 metric scale. The quantity of energy mechan- 
 ically equivalent to one heat unit. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 211 
 
 Meg or Mega. A prefix for one million times. 
 
 Megohm. One million ohms. 
 
 Mercurial Contact. An electric contact effected 
 through the medium of mercury. 
 
 Mercury Break. A form of circuit breaker oper- 
 ated by the removal of a conductor from a 
 mercurial surface. 
 
 Mercury Cup. A cup partly filled with mercury 
 employed as a mercurial contact. 
 
 Mercury Tube. A sealed glass tube containing 
 mercury arranged to emit fluorescent light 
 when agitated. A resistance formed of a 
 thread of mercury contained in a tube. 
 
 Messenger Rope. In cable-work a rope drive for 
 operating a drum or winch at a distance. A 
 rope supporting guide sheaves. 
 
 Metallic Arc. An arc formed between metallic 
 electrodes. 
 
 Metallic Circuit. A circuit which is metallic 
 throughout, in contradistinction to an earth- 
 return circuit. 
 
 Metallic Contact. A contact of a metallic con- 
 ductor obtained by bringing it into firm con- 
 nection with another metallic conductor. 
 Contact between metal and metal. 
 
 Metallic Cross. A fault due to the actual contact 
 between two or more wires or conductors, so 
 that the current from one line passes to another. 
 
 Metallic Resistance. A term sometimes applied 
 to the resistance of wires or conductors, in 
 contradistinction to the resistance of insulating 
 materials. 
 
 Meter, Electric. An apparatus for measuring 
 commercially the quantity of electricity that 
 passes in a given time through a consumption 
 circuit. 
 
 Meter=motor. A small motor employed in oper- 
 ating an electric meter. A meter comprising a 
 small motor. 
 
 Metre. A unit of length equal, approximately, to 
 one ten-millionth part of a quadrant of a me- 
 ridian of the earth taken through Paris; or, ap- 
 proximately, to 39.37 inches. 
 
 Metric Horse=power. A unit of power in which 
 the rate-of-doing-work is equal to 75 kil- 
 gramme-metres per second. 
 
 Mho. The unit of conductance. Such a con- 
 ductance as is equal to the reciprocal of one 
 ohm. A unit of electric conductance of the 
 value of io- 9 absolute units. 
 
 Mica. A refractory, mineral substance employed 
 as an insulator. A double silicate of alumina 
 or magnesia and potash or soda. 
 
 Micanite. A variety of insulating material made 
 from and built up of small mica sheets bound 
 together by some insulating cement. 
 
 Micro. A prefix for the one-millionth. 
 
 Microfarad. One-millionth of a farad. 
 
 Micrometer Wire=gauge. A sensitive form of 
 wire gauge, usually constructed with a fine 
 thread screw, having a graduated head for 
 close measurements of wire diameters. (See 
 page 21.) 
 
 Microhm. The millionth of an ohm. 
 
 Mil. A unit of length used in measuring the 
 diameter of wires equal to the one-thousandth 
 of an inch. 
 
 Mil=foot. A resistance standard consisting of a 
 foot of wire, or other conducting material, one 
 mil in diameter. A standard of comparison of 
 resistivity or conductivity of wires. (See page 
 15.) 
 
 Milli-ammeter. A milli-ampere meter. 
 
 Milli=ampere. The thousandth of an ampere. 
 
 Milli=henry. A thousandth part of a henry. 
 
 Milli=volt. The thousandth of a volt. 
 
 Minus Charge. A negative charge. 
 
 Mirror Galvanometer. A galvanometer whose 
 readings are obtained by the movements of a 
 spot of light reflected from a mirror attached 
 to the needle or its suspension system. 
 
 Modulus of Elasticity. The ratio of the simple 
 stress required to produce a small elongation or 
 
 compression in a rod of unit area of normal Electrical 
 cross-section, to the proportionate change of rv . 
 length produced. Young's modulus. Dictionary 
 
 Moisture=proof Insulation. Water-proof insula- 
 tion. A t^roe of insulation which is not 
 strictly water-proof, but which is capable of 
 being immersed for a short time without suffer- 
 ing serious loss of insulation. 
 
 Momentary Peak. The highest average load 
 carried during any fifteen seconds of a specified 
 period. 
 
 Monocylic System. A system of alternating, 
 current distribution suitable for electric light- 
 ing with the additional capability of operating 
 triphase induction motors. A system for the 
 distribution of alternating currents employing 
 three wires, between two of which an ordinary 
 Uniphase pressure is maintained, while between 
 either of them and the third, there is a diphased 
 pressure. 
 
 Moonlight Schedule. A schedule of burning 
 hours for lamps which are not lighted when the 
 moon shines. 
 
 Morse Recorder. An apparatus for automatic- 
 ally recording the dots and dashes of the 
 Morse telegraphic dispatch, on a fillet of paper 
 drawn under an indenting or marking point on a 
 striking lever connected with the armature of 
 an electro-magnet, as distinguished from a Morse 
 inker. 
 
 Morse System of Telegraphy. A system of teleg- 
 raphy in which makes and breaks, occurring at 
 intervals corresponding to the dots and dashes 
 of the Morse alphabet, are received by an 
 electro-magnetic sounder, or other receiver. 
 
 Motor Converter. A combination of an in- 
 duction motor with a synchronous converter, 
 the secondary of the former feeding the arma- 
 ture of the latter with current at some fre- 
 quency other than the impressed frequency; 
 i. e., it is a synchronous converter concatenated 
 with an induction motor. 
 
 Motor=dynamo. An electrically driven motor, 
 rigidly connected to the armature of a dynamo, 
 and employed for transforming or changing the 
 
 Eressure of a direct-current circuit. The com- 
 ination, in a continuous current generator of 
 a motor and a dynamo, in separate structures, 
 mechanically connected to form a single ma- 
 chine or structure. 
 
 Motor, Electric. A device for transforming elec- 
 tric power into mechanical power. 
 
 Motor=generator. A motor coupled to a gen- 
 erator. A motor-dynamo. A transforming 
 device. 
 
 Motorman. The man who operates a trolley car. 
 
 Motor Starting=rheostat. An adjustable rheostat 
 provided for preventing an abnormal rush of 
 current through a shunt-wound motor, on the 
 starting of the same. 
 
 Motor Torque. The rotary effort developed by an 
 electric motor. 
 
 Mouth=pieces. Circular openings into air cham- 
 bers, placed over the diaphragms of telephones, 
 phonographs, gramophones, or graphophones, 
 to permit the ready application of the mouth in 
 speaking, so as to set the diaphragm in vibra- 
 tion. 
 
 Multi=conductor Cable. A cable provided with a 
 plurality of conducting circuits. 
 
 Multiphase Apparatus. A general term for multi- 
 phase alternators, motors, or other receptive 
 apparatus, suitable for use on multiphase cir- 
 cuits. 
 
 Multiple-arc Circuit. A term often used for mul- 
 tiple circuit. 
 
 Multiple Circuit. A circuit in which a number of 
 separate sources or separate receptive devices, 
 or both, have all their positive poles connected 
 to a single positive lead or conductor, and all 
 their negative poles connected to a single negar 
 tive lead or conductor. 
 
 Multiple parallel Circuit. A term sometimes 
 employed for a multiple of parallel circuits. 
 
212 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Electrical Multiple-series Circuit. A circuit in which a num- 
 
 PJ. . ber of separate sources, or receptive devices, or 
 
 dictionary both, are connected in a number of separate 
 
 groups in series, and these separate groups 
 
 subsequently connected in multiple. 
 
 Multiple Telegraphy. A system for the simul- 
 taneous telegraphic transmission over the same 
 wire of more than a single message in the same 
 direction. 
 
 Multiple Telephony. The simultaneous trans- 
 mission over the same wire of a number of 
 separate telephonic despatches, in the same 
 direction. 
 
 Multiple Windings. Independent windings sym- 
 metrically disposed upon the same armature, 
 insulated from each other, but brought to 
 different segments of the commutator. 
 
 Multiplex Telegraphy. A system of telegraphy 
 for the simultaneous transmission in opposite 
 directions of more than two separate messages 
 over a single wire from each end. A term 
 sometimes used for multiple telephony or simul- 
 taneous transmission of more than one message 
 in the same direction over a single wire. 
 
 Multipolar Armature. An armature suitable for 
 use in a multipolar field. 
 
 Multipolar Dynamo. A dynamo provided with a 
 multipolar field. 
 
 Mutual Induction. Induction produced on each 
 other by two neighboring circuits through the 
 mutual inter-connection of their magnetic 
 fluxes. Induction produced in neighboring 
 charged conductors by the inter-connection of 
 their electrostatic fluxes. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. A symbol for the whole number of lines of 
 magnetic flux or induction in any magnetic 
 circuit. 
 
 n. A symbol employed for frequency. A con- 
 traction for a number. 
 
 Needle. A word frequently used for a magnetic 
 needle. 
 
 Negative Charge. According to the double-fluid 
 hypothesis, a charge of negative electricity. 
 According to the single-fluid hypothesis, any 
 deficit of an assumed electric fluid. An elec- 
 tric charge of the same character as that pro- 
 duced on silk when rubbed by glass. 
 
 Negative Conductor. The conductor connected 
 to the negative terminal of an electric source. 
 
 Negative Currents. In telegraphy, a term ap- 
 plied to the currents sent over a line from the 
 negative pole of the battery. 
 
 Negative Electricity. One of the phases of elec- 
 tric excitement. The kind of electric charge 
 produced on resin when rubbed with cotton. 
 
 Negative Electromotive Force. Such an E.M.F. 
 as is produced at the free pole of a battery or 
 other source whose positive pole is grounded. 
 
 Negative Electrode. The electrode connected 
 with the negative terminal of a source. 
 
 Negative Feeders. The feeders connecting the 
 negative mains with the negative poles of the 
 generators. 
 
 Negative Potential. A potential such as deter- 
 mines a tendency of electricity to flow towards 
 it from the earth or from any point of positive 
 potential. Generally, the lower potential or 
 lower level. That property of a point in space 
 by virtue of which electric work is done by the 
 movement of a small positive charge to that 
 point from an infinite distance. 
 
 Negative Rays. The molecular streams given off 
 at the negative electrode or cathode of an in- 
 duction tube, on the passage of electric dis- 
 charges through the tube. 
 
 Negative Terminal. The terminal of a voltaic 
 cell connected with the positive plate or ele- 
 ment. The terminal of a source connected 
 with the negative pole. The terminal of a 
 translating device connected with the negative 
 pole of the source. 
 
 Nernst Lamp. A form of incandescent light in 
 which a substance called the glower is the 
 source of light. When cold the glower is a 
 non-conductor and it must be artificially heated 
 to bring it into action. 
 
 Neutral Conductor. The neutral wire in a three- 
 wire system. 
 
 Neutral Feeder. In a three-wire system, a feeder 
 connected with the neutral bus-bar. 
 
 NeutraUline of Dynamo Armature. A line passing 
 through the armature, symmetrically disposed 
 as regards its entering and emerging flux. A 
 line of zero polarity. 
 
 Neutral Point. A term sometimes employed in 
 electro-therapeutics for indifferent point. 
 
 Neutral Wire. In a three-wire system of electric 
 distribution the wire connected to the neutral 
 dynamo-terminal. The balance wire of a 
 three-wire system. 
 
 Nigger. A term sometimes employed for a fault 
 in any electric apparatus or system. 
 
 Non=arcing Fuse. A fuse wire formed of non- 
 arcing metal, which, therefore, blows without 
 the formation of a voltaic arc. 
 
 Non-conductor. Any substance whose conduc- 
 tivity is low, or whose electric resistance is 
 great. 
 
 Non=ferric. Devoid of iron. 
 
 Non-inductive Resistance. A resistance devoid 
 of self-induction. 
 
 Non=peak Rate. See " Off-peak Rate." 
 
 Non=reactive Circuit. A circuit which possesses 
 neither inductance nor capacity, and, therefore, 
 has ohmic resistance only. 
 
 Normal Current. The current strength at which 
 a system or apparatus is designed to be oper- 
 ated. 
 
 North Magnetic Pole. That pole of a magnetic 
 needle which points approximately to the 
 earth's geographical north. 
 
 O. 
 
 O. An abbreviation for ohm, the practical unit 
 of resistance. 
 
 O.K. A telegraphic signal of acquiescence mean- 
 ing "all right" and said to be a perversion of 
 the initial letters of the phrase "all correct." 
 
 a). A symbol sometimes employed for angular 
 velocity. 
 
 Oersted. The name used for the C.G.S. unit of 
 magnetic reluctance. The reluctance offered 
 to the passage of magnetic flux by a cubic cen- 
 timetre of air when measured between parallel 
 faces. 
 
 Off=peak Rate. A rate conditioned on the non- 
 use of service during specified hours of central- 
 station peak-load. 
 
 Ohm. The practical unit of electric resistance. 
 Such a resistance as would limit the flow of 
 electricity under an electromotive force of one 
 volt, to a current of one ampere, or one-cou- 
 lomb-per-second. (See International Ohm.) 
 
 Ohmic. Of or pertaining to the ohm. Having 
 the nature of an electric resistance. 
 
 Ohmic Drop. The drop in pressure due to the 
 ohmic resistance. 
 
 Ohmic Resistance. The true resistance of a con- 
 ductor due to its dimensions and conductivity, 
 as distinguished from the spurious resistance 
 produced by counter-electromotive force. A 
 resistance such as would be measurable in ohms 
 by the usual methods of continuous-current 
 measurement. 
 
 Ohm's Law. See Law of Ohm. 
 
 Oil Insulator. A fluid insulator containing oil. 
 
 Oil Transformer. A transformer immersed in oil 
 in order to ensure and maintain high insulation. 
 An oil-insulated transformer. 
 
 Omnibus Bars. Heavy bars of copper connected 
 directly to the poles of a dynamo in a central 
 station, and, therefore, receiving their entire 
 current. Main conducts common to two or 
 more dynamos in an electrical generating plant. 
 
E L E C T R 
 
 I C 
 
 A L 
 
 W 
 
 I R 
 
 E S 
 
 A N 
 
 D 
 
 C A 
 
 B L 
 
 E S 
 
 213 
 
 Open Circuit. A broken circuit, or a circuit 
 
 whose conducting continuity is broken. 
 Open=circuit Transformer. A transformer whose 
 magnetic circuit is partly completed through 
 air. An aero-ferric-circuit transformer. 
 Open=coil Armature. An armature, some of 
 whose coils are on open-circuit during a portion 
 of the rotation of the armature. 
 Open Wiring. Wiring that has been purposely 
 left exposed to view. Wiring supported on 
 cleats or insulators as distinguished from chan- 
 nelled, panelled, or covered wiring. 
 Opening a Circuit. Breaking a circuit. 
 Operating Time=f actor. The ratio of the number 
 of hours of operation to the number of hours in 
 the interval considered. This can best be fixed 
 by an example: There are 8760 hours in the 
 year. If a given shop operates ten hours a day, 
 for 300 days in a year, it may be said to have an 
 operating factor of 34.1 1 per cent. 
 Operating Time Load=factor. The load-factor 
 considered only during the time of operation. 
 This can also best be defined by example, and 
 would be used to express the load-factor for the 
 running time of a shop. That is, if a shop 
 operates ten hours a day and 300 days in a year, 
 the divisor would be 3000 hours, or such other 
 number of hours, as represented the time of 
 running instead of the usual divisor of 8760 
 hours in the year. 
 Ordinate. In graphics, a distance taken on a 
 
 line called the axis of ordinates. 
 Oscillating Current. An oscillatory current. A 
 periodically alternating current and of dimin- 
 ishing amplitude. 
 
 Oscillator, Electric. A device for producing 
 electric currents of a constant period, inde- 
 pendently of variations in its driving force. 
 Oscillatory Current. A current which oscillates 
 or performs periodic vibrations usually of 
 diminishing amplitude. 
 
 Oscillograph. An instrument for recording rapid 
 variations of an electrical current or pressure, 
 usually consisting of a combination of a suitable 
 form of galvanometer with a photographic 
 recording apparatus. A cathode-ray tube in 
 which the cathode rays are deflected by the 
 application of a magnetic field. 
 Osmose, Electric. The unequal difference of dif- 
 fusion between two liquids placed on opposite 
 sides of a diaphragm, produced by the passage 
 of an electric current through the diaphragm. 
 Outboard Bearing. A journal bearing projecting 
 beyond the base frame of a machine for giving 
 adequate support to a long or heavy shaft. 
 A separate journal bearing supported outside 
 the frame of a machine. 
 
 Outlet. A place where branch wires come out in 
 a wall or ceiling for connection to a switch, 
 lamp or other device. In a system of incan- 
 descent-lamp distribution the place in the 
 building where the fixtures or lamps are at- 
 tached. 
 
 Output of Dynamo=electric Machine. The elec- 
 tric power of the current developed by a dy- 
 namo-electric generator or transformer, at its 
 delivery terminals expressed in volt-amperes, 
 watts, or kilowatts. The available mechanical 
 power developed by a motor, or the power de- 
 livered at its pulley or shaft. 
 Overhead Conductor. An aerial conductor. 
 Overload Switch. A switch designed to automat- 
 ically open a circuit upon the occurrence of an 
 overload. 
 
 Overtone Currents. Electric currents of har- 
 monic frequencies accompanying a funda- 
 mental periodic current. 
 
 P. 
 
 P. A symbol for power. 
 < A symbol for quantity of magnetic flux. 
 P.O. or p.d. A contraction frequently employed 
 for potential difference. 
 
 Page Effect. Faint sounds produced when a Electrical 
 
 piece of iron is rapidly magnetized and de- ,-^. . 
 magnetized. Dictionary 
 
 Paper Cable. A paper-insulated cable. A cable 
 in which paper is the solid insulator employed. 
 (See Index.) 
 
 Paper Insulation. Insulation obtained by paper. 
 
 Paraffine. A solid hydro-carbon possessing high 
 insulating powers. 
 
 Parallel Circuit. A term sometimes used for 
 multiple circuit. 
 
 Parallel=working of Dynamo=electric Machines. 
 The working of two or more dynamos in paral- 
 lel. 
 
 Paramagnet. A magnet produced by iron or 
 other magnetic substance. A ferromagnet. 
 
 Paramagnetic. Possessing the properties ordi- 
 narily recognized as magnetic. Possessing the 
 power of concentrating lines of magnetic force. 
 Ferromagnetic. 
 
 Party Line. A telephone circuit which serves for 
 more than one customer. 
 
 Paying=out. The operation of passing submarine 
 cable out of the ship while laying it. 
 
 Peak. The highest average load carried during 
 one minute of any specified period. 
 
 Peak-load. The highest average load carried dur- 
 ing one hour of any specified period. 
 Note: In the case of momentary peak load= 
 factor, peak=loads, the terms may be preceded 
 by the qualifying terms " hourly," " daily," 
 " monthly," " yearly," etc. 
 
 Peltier Effect. The heating effect produced by 
 the passage of an electric current across a 
 thermo-electric junction, or surface of contact 
 between two different metals, as distinguished 
 from a Joulean effect or heat due to resistance 
 merely. 
 
 Pendant Cord. A flexible conductor provided 
 for conveying the current to a pendant lamp 
 or rush. 
 
 Pendant Socket. An attachment provided with a 
 chain or chains for turning on or off a lamp not 
 readily accessible. 
 
 Pendulum, Electric. A pendulum so arranged 
 that its to-and-fro motions send electric im- 
 pulses over a line, either by making or breaking 
 contacts. An electric tuning fork whose to- 
 and-fro movements are maintained by electric 
 impulses. 
 
 Percentage Conductivity of Wire. The conduc- 
 tivity of a wire in terms of the conductivity of 
 pure copper. The conductivity of a particular 
 copper wire compared with the conductivity 
 of a standard wire of the same dimensions. 
 The conductivity of a wire referred to Matthies- 
 sen's standard of conductivity for copper. 
 
 Period. The interval of time between two suc- 
 cessive passages of a vibration through a given 
 point of its path taken in the same direction. 
 The time occupied in performing a complete 
 cycle. 
 
 Periodic Alternating Electromotive Force. An 
 electromotive force whose direction periodi- 
 cally varies. 
 
 Periodic Current. A current whose strength and 
 direction periodically vary. A simple har- 
 monic or sinusoidal current. A periodically 
 alternating current. 
 
 Periodicity. The number of periods executed per 
 second by a periodically alternating quantity. 
 The number of cycles executed in unit time by 
 an alternating current. The frequency of an 
 alternating current. 
 
 Peripheral Speed. The speed of a point on the 
 circumference of a rotating cylinder or wheel. 
 
 Permanent Magnet. A name sometimes given 
 to a magnet composed of hardened steel, whose 
 magnetic retentivity is high. 
 
 Permeability Bridge. A device for measuring the 
 magnetic permeability of a medium, operating 
 on the principle of a Wheatstone bridge. 
 Permittance. Electrostatic capacity. The capa- 
 bility of a condenser or dielectric to hold a 
 charge. 
 
214 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Electrical Personal Equation. A constant observational 
 error peculiar to an observer, and depending 
 Dictionary upon his psychological condition. 
 
 Petticoat Insulator. An insulator provided with 
 a petticoat, or deep internal groove, around its 
 lower extremity, or stalk. A line-wire vertical 
 insulator provided with an insulating inverted 
 cup having a form resembling a petticoat. An 
 ordinary telegraph or telephone single-cup 
 insulator. 
 
 Phantom Circuit. Any of the additional circuits 
 established on a telegraphic line by means of 
 any variety of multiplex telegraphy. An 
 imaginary circuit virtually created by multi- 
 plexing a telegraph circuit. 
 
 Phase. The fractional part of a period, which has 
 elapsed since a vibrating body last passed 
 through the extreme point of its path in the 
 positive direction. 
 
 Phase Angle. The angle of phase, in a simple- 
 harmonic motion, or the angular distance 
 through which the corresponding circularly 
 moving point has passed from the point of last 
 maximum positive elongation. 
 
 Phase Indicator. A device for indicating when 
 the pressure of an alternator is in phase and 
 synchronism with the pressure of the circuit 
 with which it is to be connected. A term 
 sometimes employed for a synchronizer. 
 
 Phone. A contraction frequently employed for 
 telephone. A message sent by telephone. 
 
 Phone. To send a message by telephone. 
 
 Photometer. An apparatus for measuring the 
 intensity of the light emitted by any luminous 
 source. 
 
 Pile. A word frequently used for voltaic or 
 thermo-electric pile, though more frequently 
 for the former. A voltaic or thermo-electric 
 battery. 
 
 Pilot Brush. A small accessory brush placed on 
 the commutator cylinder for the purpose of 
 determining the variations in the electromotive 
 force produced in various segments. 
 
 Pilot Lamp. A lamp connected across the ter- 
 minals of a dynamo to show roughly the pres- 
 sure which it is producing. A lamp placed in a 
 central station, generally on the dynamo itself, 
 to indicate the difference of potential at the 
 dynamo terminals by means of the intensity 
 of the emitted light. 
 
 Pilot Wires. The wires leading directly to the 
 generating station from different parts of the 
 mains, in order to determine the difference of 
 potential at such parts. Wires provided for 
 connection to a pilot lamp, or other device for 
 indicating the maintenance of normal pressure. 
 
 Pins. Wooden pegs for supporting pole line in- 
 sulators. 
 
 Pitch. The frequency of an electrically produced 
 tone. The distance between successive cor- 
 responding conductors on a dynamo armature. 
 In an armature winding divided into coils or 
 segments, the number of coils through which 
 advance must be made in making end con- 
 nections between the coils. 
 
 Pitch Line. A circle drawn around the external 
 surface of an armature through the middle of 
 the length of the inductors placed thereon. 
 
 Pitch of Windings. In alternators, usually the 
 distance measured along the pitch ^ine be- 
 tween the centers of a pair of successive poles 
 of opposite sign; or, in some alternators, half 
 this distance. In a continuous-current arma- 
 ture, the pitch. 
 
 Pith-ball Electroscope. An electroscope whose 
 indications are obtained by the attractions or 
 repulsions of pith balls. 
 
 Plane Vector. A quantity which possesses not 
 only magnitude but also direction in a single 
 plane. 
 
 Planimeter. An instrument for automatically 
 integrating the areas of plane curves, around 
 the contour of which a fiducial point on the 
 instrument is carried. 
 
 Platinum. A heavy, refractory and not readily 
 oxydizable metal of a tin-white color. 
 
 Plow Steel. See Index. 
 
 Plug Resistances. A number of separate resist- 
 ances that can be introduced into a circuit by 
 unplugging. The resistances of the ordinary 
 resistance box. 
 
 Plug Switch. A switch operated by the insertion 
 of a metallic plug between two insulated 
 metallic segments connected to a circuit, and 
 separated by air-spaces for the reception of the 
 plug key. 
 
 Plumbago. An allotropic modification of carbon. 
 
 Plunger Switch. A switch, the operating lever 
 cylinder of which passes through a bushing in a 
 switchboard, so as to make and break contacts 
 at the back of the switchboard. 
 
 Polarity. The possession of poles, or of opposite 
 properties, at opposite ends. The condition of 
 electric or magnetic differentiation between 
 properties of electric or magnetic flux depending 
 on and inherent in the direction of such flux. 
 
 Polarization of Dielectric. A molecular strain 
 produced in the dielectric of a Leyden jar, or 
 other condenser, by the attraction of the elec- 
 tric charges on its opposite faces, or by electro- 
 static stress. A term sometimes employed for 
 electric displacement. 
 
 Pole Changer. A switch for reversing the direc- 
 tion of a current. A reverser. A generator of 
 alternating currents at a telephone exchange, 
 consisting of an electro-magnetically driven 
 pendulum which periodically reverses a call 
 battery. 
 
 Pole Guys. A guy employed for stiffening a pole. 
 
 Pole Steps. Steps permanently fastened to a 
 wooden or iron pole to facilitate climbing. 
 (See page 8 1.) 
 
 Polyphase. Possessing more than a single phase. 
 
 Polyphase Alternator. An alternator capable of 
 supplying polyphase currents. 
 
 Polyphase Armature. An armature so wound 
 as either to produce polyphase currents, or to 
 be operated by such currents. 
 
 Polyphase Circuits. The circuits employed in 
 polyphase-current distribution. 
 
 Polyphase Currents. Currents differing in phase 
 from one another by a definite amount, and 
 suitable for the operation of polyphase motors 
 or similar apparatus. 
 
 Polyphase Generator. A generator which produces 
 currents differing symmetrically in phase. 
 
 Polyphase Motor. A motor operated by means of 
 polyphase currents. 
 
 Polyphase Transformer. A transformer suitable 
 for use in connection with polyphase circuits. 
 
 Polyphase Transmission. Transmission of power 
 by means of polyphase currents. 
 
 Polyphaser. A term sometimes employed for a 
 polyphase alternator, or generator. A multi- 
 phaser. 
 
 Pony Insulators. A name given to a particular 
 type of glass telegraph insulator. 
 
 Porcelain. A variety of insuifting substance, 
 made from kaolin. 
 
 Portable Conductors. Plsxible cords containing 
 insulated wires suitable for use with porta- 
 ble lamps, motors, or other devices. 
 
 Positive Charge. According to the double : fluid 
 hypothesis, a charge of positive electricity. 
 According to the single-fluid hypothesis, any 
 excess of an assumed electric fluid. A charge 
 of electricity having a positive potential. 
 
 Positive Currents. A term employed in teleg- 
 raphy for currents sent over a line from the 
 positive pole of a battery. 
 
 Positive Electricity. One of the phases of electric 
 excitement. That kind of electric charge pro- 
 duced on cotton when rubbed against resin. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 215 
 
 Positive Lead. In a system of parallel distribu- 
 tion, a lead connected with the positive gen- 
 erator-terminal, or with the positive bus-bars. 
 
 Positive Pole. That pole of an electric source out 
 of which the current is assumed to flow. 
 
 Positive Wire. The wire connected with the 
 positive pole of a source. 
 
 Potential, Electric. The power of doing electric 
 work. Electric level. 
 
 Potential Energy. Stored energy. Potency or 
 capability of doing work. Energy possessing 
 the power or potency of doing work but not 
 actually performing such work. 
 
 Potential Indicator. An apparatus for indicating 
 potential difference. 
 
 Potential of Conductors. The relation existing 
 between the quantity of electricity in a con- 
 ductor and its capacity. That property of a 
 conductor whereby electric work is done when 
 an electric charge is moved towards it. 
 
 Power. Rate-of-doing-work, expressible in watts, 
 joules-per-second, foot pounds-per-hour, etc. 
 Activity. 
 
 Power Circuits. Circuits employed for the elec- 
 tric transmission of power. 
 
 Power Factor. The ratio of the true watts to 
 the apparent volt-amperes in an alternating- 
 current conductor, circuit, or device. It equals 
 the cosine of the angle of lag of the alternating 
 current. 
 
 Power=factor Indicator. A device to indicate the 
 power-factor of an electric current. 
 
 Power=house. A house provided with the plant 
 necessary for the production of the electric 
 power required in a system of electric distribu- 
 tion. 
 
 Practical Units. Definitely related multiples or 
 sub-multiples of the absolute or centimetre- 
 gramme-second units. 
 
 Prepayment Meter. A device whereby a certain 
 electric service is given by means of an electric 
 penny-in-the-slot apparatus. 
 
 Pressure Equalizer. An automatic device em- 
 ployed in connection with a storage battery to 
 maintain a uniform pressure at its terminals 
 under different loads. A regulating device 
 employed in a system of electric distribution 
 for maintaining the pressure uniform. 
 
 Pressure Indicator. Any device for indicating 
 the electric pressure in a circuit. 
 
 Pressure Wires. Small insulated copper con- 
 ductors, employed in a system of underground 
 street mains, extending from points of junction 
 between the feeders and the mains to the cen- 
 tral station, to indicate in the central station 
 the pressure supplied to the mains. 
 
 Primary. That winding of an induction motor or 
 of a transformer which directly receives power. 
 The term is to be preceded, in the case of trans- 
 formers, by the words "high voltage" or "low 
 voltage," in the case of induction motors by 
 "rotating" or "stationary." 
 
 Primary Battery. The combination of a number 
 of separate primary cells to form a single elec- 
 tric source. 
 
 Primary Cell. A term sometimes employed for 
 a voltaic cell. 
 
 Primary Coil of Transformer. That coil of an in- 
 duction coil or transformer on which the pri- 
 mary electromotive force is impressed. The coil 
 which receives energy prior to transformation. 
 
 Primary Currents. Currents flowing in a pri- 
 mary circuit, as distinguished from currents 
 flowing in a secondary circuit. 
 
 Primary Electromotive Force. The electromotive 
 force applied to the primary coil of a transformer. 
 
 Primary Winding is that winding of an induction 
 motor or of a transformer which receives power 
 from an external source. 
 
 Prime Magneto=motive Force. The magneto- 
 motive force due to the magnetizing current in 
 a ferric circuit. 
 
 Prony Brake. A mechanical device for measuring 
 the power of a driving shaft by the application 
 
 of a brake to the periphery of a wheel firmly Electrical 
 keyed on the shaft. ^ . . 
 
 Proportionate Arms. The two resistances or Dictionary 
 
 arms of an electric bridge, whose relative or 
 proportionate resistances only are required to 
 be known, in order to determine in connection 
 with a known resistance, the value of an un- 
 known resistance placed in the remaining arm 
 of the bridge. 
 
 Pull=off. An insulator employed on curves to 
 hold the trolley wire in proper position. A 
 steel wire attached to a trolley wire through an 
 insulator, and employed to pull the trolley 
 wire into position over a curve in the track. 
 
 Pulsating Current. A current equivalent to the 
 superposition of an alternating current upon 
 a continuous current. 
 
 Pulse, Electric. An electric oscillation. A 
 momentary flow of electricity through a con- 
 ductor which gradually varies from zero value 
 to the maximum, and then to zero value again, 
 like a pulse or vibration in an elastic medium. 
 
 Pumping of Alternating=current Dynamo. A 
 pulsation in the motion of a synchronously 
 running alternating-current generator or mo- 
 tor, due to imperfect synchronism. 
 
 Push Button. A device for closing an electric 
 circuit by the movement of a button. 
 
 Push Contact. A name sometimes applied to a 
 push button. 
 
 Pyrometer, Electric. A device for determining 
 the temperature of a body by the measure- 
 ment of the electric resistance of a platinum 
 wire exposed to the heat to be measured. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Q or q. A symbol for electric quantity. 
 
 Quadrant Electrometer. An electrometer in 
 which an electrostatic charge is measured by 
 the attractive and repulsive force exerted by 
 four plates or quadrants on a light needle of 
 aluminum suspended between them. 
 
 Quadrature. A term applied to express the fact 
 that one simple-harmonic quantity lags 90 
 behind another. 
 
 Quadruplex. Of or pertaining to quadruplex 
 telegraphy. 
 
 Quadruplex Telegraphy. A system tor the simul- 
 taneous transmission of four messages over a 
 single wire, two in one direction and two in the 
 opposite direction. 
 
 Quadruplex Telephony. The simultaneous trans- 
 mission of four telephonic messages, two in 
 one direction and the remaining two in the 
 opposite direction. 
 
 Quantity, Electric. The amount of electricity 
 present in any current or charge. 
 
 Quantity Increment Rate. See " Block Rate." 
 
 Quarter Phase. A term implying the supplying 
 of power through two circuits. The vector 
 angle of this voltage is 90 degrees. This term is 
 recommended instead of the term " two-phase." 
 
 Quarter=phase System. A two-phase system of 
 alternating-current distribution employing two 
 currents dephased by a quarter period. 
 
 Quartze Fibre. (See Fibre, Quartz.) 
 
 Quick=break Switch. A switch by means of 
 which a circuit may be rapidly broken. 
 
 R. 
 
 R. A contraction for ohmic resistance. 
 
 r. A symbol for radius. 
 
 R.M.S. A term sometimes used for the square 
 root of the mean square of the current. The 
 effective current. 
 
 R.P.M. An abbreviation for revolutions per 
 minute. 
 
 Radian. A unit angle. An angle whose circular 
 arc is equal in length to its radius; or, approxi- 
 mately 57 17' 45". 
 
 Radian=per Second. A unit of angular velocity 
 of a rotating body. 
 
216 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Electrical Radiation, Electric. The transference of electric 
 _. . energy by means of electro-magnetic waves 
 
 Dictionary se t up in the surrounding ether. That prop- 
 erty of a rapidly oscillating or alternating-cur- 
 rent circuit by virtue of which energy is ex- 
 pended by the circuit in the form of electro- 
 magnetic waves. 
 
 Radius of Gyration. In a rotating body, a radial 
 distance from the center of rotation at which, 
 if the entire mass of the body were collected, its 
 moment of inertia would remain the same. 
 
 Rail-bond, Electric. Any device whereby the 
 ends of contiguous rails are placed in good 
 electrical contact with one another, so that the 
 resistance of the rails, employed as a portion 
 of the return circuit, may be as small as pos- 
 sible. 
 
 Railway Return Circuit. A term frequently em- 
 ployed for the ground return of a trolley sys- 
 tem. The return circuit, generally a grounded 
 circuit, employed in trolley systems. 
 
 Rate-of-doing=work. Activity. Power. 
 
 Ratio of Transformation. The ratio between the 
 electromotive force produced at the secondary 
 terminals of an induction coil or transformer, 
 and the electromotive force impressed on the 
 primary terminals. 
 
 Reactance. The inductance of a coil or circuit 
 multiplied by the angular velocity of the sinu- 
 soidal current passing through it. A quantity 
 whose square added to the square of the resist- 
 ance gives the square of the impedance, in a 
 simple-harmonic current circuit. 
 
 Reactance Coil. A coil for producing difference 
 of phase or for eliminating current. A magnet- 
 izing coil surrounded by a conducting covering 
 or sheathing which opposes the passage of 
 rapidly alternating currents less when directly 
 over the magnetizing coil than when a short 
 distance from it. A choking coil or reactor. 
 
 Reactance Factor. The ratio of the reactance 
 of a coil, or circuit, to its ohmic resistance. 
 
 Reactive Circuit. A circuit containing either 
 inductance or capacity alone, or both induct- 
 ance and capacity. 
 
 Reactive Drop. The drop in a circuit or conduc- 
 tor due to its reactance, as distinguished from 
 the drop due to its ohmic resistance. 
 
 Reactive Electromotive Force. In an alternating- 
 current circuit, that component of the electro- 
 motive force that is in quadrature with the 
 current and is employed in balancing the 
 C.E.M.F. of inductance. 
 
 Reactive Factor. The ratio of the wattless volt- 
 amperes to the total volt-amperes. 
 
 Receiver. A name given to a receiving instru- 
 ment of a gramophone, graphophone, tele- 
 phone or telegraph instrument. 
 
 Recording Ammeter, Recording Voltmeter, Re- 
 cording Wattmeter. Instruments which record 
 upon a time-chart a continuous record of the 
 value of quantities they measure. 
 
 Recording Drum. A cylindrical drum covered 
 by a sheet or strip of paper on which a chrono- 
 graphic or other record is made. 
 
 Recording Wattmeter. A recording form of 
 wattmeter. 
 
 Rectified. Commuted, or caused to take one and 
 the same direction. 
 
 Rectilinear Current. A current flowing through 
 a straight or rectilinear portion of a circuit. 
 
 Reed Interrupter. A form of automatic make- 
 and-break contact, operated by the vibrations 
 of a reed. 
 
 Re-entrant Armature-windings. Armature wind- 
 ings, which, when followed in either direction, 
 lead back to the starting point. 
 
 Reflecting Galvanometer. A term sometimes ap- 
 plied to a mirror galvanometer. 
 
 Regenerative Arc Lamp. A flaming enclosing arc 
 lamp in which the products of combustion are 
 
 circulating and brought rapidly in contact with 
 the arc. The objects accomplished thereby are : 
 i. To conserve the heat; 
 2. To condense and deposit the solid prod- 
 ucts of combustion where they will 
 not obstruct the light, and 
 3. To exclude the oxygen and utilize rapidly 
 the chemicals in the circulating gases. 
 
 Regulation. The regulation of a machine or 
 apparatus in regard to some characteristic 
 quantity, such as current or terminal voltage, 
 is the ratio of the deviation of that quantity 
 from its normal value at rated-load to the nor- 
 mal rated-load value. Sometimes called in- 
 herent regulation. 
 
 Relative Inductivity. The ratio of the inductiv- 
 ity of a medium to the inductivity of vacuum. 
 
 Relay. In telegraphy, an electro-magnet pro- 
 vided with contact points placed on a delicately 
 supported armature, the movements of which 
 open or close a local receiver circuit. 
 
 Relay Magnet. A term sometimes given to a 
 relay. The permanent magnet of a polarized 
 relay. The electro-magnet of a relay. 
 
 Reluctance. A term applied to magnetic resist- 
 ance. In a magnetic circuit the ratio of the 
 M.M.F. to the total magnetic flux. 
 
 Reluctivity. The specific magnetic resistance of 
 a medium. 
 
 Repeating Relay. A relay employed in a re- 
 peater. The relay in a telegraph circuit which 
 repeats the signals into another circuit. 
 
 Repulsion Motor. An electric motor deriving its 
 power from the repulsion between electric 
 charges. An alternating-current motor de- 
 riving its power from the repulsion between 
 electric currents. An alternating-current mo- 
 tor in which the armature is provided with 
 temporarily short-circuited windings by means 
 of a commutator and brushes. 
 
 Residual Charge. The charge remaining in a 
 Leyden jar after it has been disruptively 
 discharged. 
 
 Residual Magnetism. The magnetism remaining 
 in a core of an electromagnet on the opening 
 of the magnetizing circuit. The small amount 
 of magnetism retained by soft iron when re- 
 moved from any magnetic flux. 
 
 Resin. A general term applied to a variety of 
 dried juices of vegetable origin. 
 
 Resinous Electricity. A term formerly employed 
 in place of negative electricity. 
 
 Resistance. A word sometimes used for electric 
 resistance. Obstruction to flow. 
 
 Resistance Box. A term employed for a box 
 containing graduated resistance coils. 
 
 Resistance Coil. A coil of wire, strip, or con- 
 ductor, possessing electric resistance. A coil of 
 wire, of known electric resistance, employed 
 for measuring an unknown electric resistance. 
 
 Resistance, Electric. The ratio between the 
 electromotive force of a circuit and the current 
 that passes therein. The reciprocal of electric 
 conductance. (See page 79.) 
 
 Resistivity. The specific resistance of a substance 
 referred to the resistance of a cube of unit 
 volume. Specific resistance, or the inverse of 
 specific conductivity. 
 
 Resonance. In a simple-harmonic current, cir- 
 cuit or branch, containing both inductance and 
 capacity, the neutralization or annulment of 
 inductance-reactance by capacity-reactance, 
 whereby the impedance of the circuit or 
 branch is reduced to the ohmic resistance. 
 In an alternating-current circuit, or branch, 
 containing localized inductance and capacity, 
 the re-enforcement of condenser pressure, in- 
 ductance pressure, or current strength, due to 
 the mutual neutralization or opposition of in- 
 ductance and capacity-reactances. In an al- 
 ternating-current circuit, or branch, the at- 
 tunement of a circuit, containing a condenser 
 to the same natural undamped frequency of 
 oscillation as the frequency of impressed 
 E.M.P. whereby the circuit responds to this 
 
E L 
 
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 A L 
 
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 I R 
 
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 CABLES 
 
 217 
 
 frequency more than to any other. In an al- 
 ternating-current circuit, or branch, the an- 
 nulment of inductance-reactance by capacity- 
 reactance, whereby the impedance of the cir- 
 cuit or branch is not only reduced to its phmic 
 resistance, but its current is in phase with its 
 impressed E.M.P. 
 
 Resonant Capacity. The capacity of a resonant 
 circuit, or such a capacity as will render an 
 alternating-current circuit resonant. 
 
 Resonant Circuit. A circuit whose dimensions 
 are such as to bring it into resonance with a 
 neighboring circuit. A circuit containing dis- 
 tributed inductance and capacity, in which 
 resonant effects are thereby produced. 
 
 Resonant Inductance. The inductance of a 
 resonant circuit, or the inductance which will 
 render it resonant. 
 
 Resultant Magnetic Field. A single magnetic 
 field produced by two or more co-existing 
 magnetic fields. 
 
 Return Circuit. That part of a circuit by which 
 an electric current returns to the source. 
 
 Return Current. In telegraphy the electro-static 
 discharge from a cable or underground wire. 
 
 Reverse Currents. A name sometimes applied to 
 alternating currents. A name sometimes ap- 
 plied to double current. 
 
 Reverse=current Relay. A relay used on a direct- 
 current circuit, which operates when the cur- 
 rent flows in the direction opposite to the nor- 
 mal direction. 
 
 Reverse=power Relay. A relay which operates 
 when the power in the circuit flows in the direc- 
 tion opposite to the normal direction. 
 
 Reversing Switch. A switch employed in re- 
 versing a circuit or current. 
 
 Rheostat. An adjustable resistance. 
 
 Ribbon Conductor. A flat, ribbon-shaped con- 
 ductor. 
 
 Right-handed Rotation. A direction of rotation 
 which is the same as that of the hands of a 
 watch, when one looks directly at the face of 
 the watch. Negative rotation. 
 
 Ring Armature. An armature provided with a 
 ring-shaped core. 
 
 Ring Core. A ring-armature core. 
 
 Ring=off. A term employed for a signal sent by 
 a telephone correspondent when the conver- 
 sation is finished. 
 
 Ring Windings. Windings suitable for use in a 
 ring-wound armature. 
 
 Ringing Key. In a telephone switch-board, a 
 key employed to ring up a subscriber. 
 
 Risers. Supply wires which lead the current 
 from the service wires to the different floors of 
 a building. The supply wires which rise to the 
 various floors, as distinguished from floor 
 mains, submarine, or branches, which run along 
 each floor. 
 
 Rocker Arm. An arm on which the brushes of a 
 dynamo or motor are mounted for the purpose 
 of shifting their position on the commutator. 
 
 Rodding a Conduit. The process of introducing 
 a drawing-in wire through the ducts of an un- 
 derground conduit by pushing a number of 
 short sections of jointed rods through such 
 ducts. 
 
 Roentgen Effects. The peculiar effects produced 
 by Roentgen or X-rays. 
 
 Roentgen Rays. A peculiar radiation emitted in 
 the neighborhood of that portion of a high 
 vacuum tube on which the cathode rays fall. 
 
 Roentgen Tube. Any high-vacuum tube capable 
 of producing Roentgen rays. 
 
 Rosette. An ornamental plate provided with 
 service wires and placed in a wall or ceiling for 
 the ready attachment of an electric lamp or 
 electrolier. A word sometimes used in place 
 of ceiling rose. 
 
 Rotary, Converter. A secondary generator for 
 transforming alternating into continuous cur- 
 rents or vice- versa, consisting of an alternating- 
 current machine whose armature winding is 
 connected with a commutator; or of a contin- 
 
 uous-current machine, whose armature is 
 tapped at symmetrical points and connected to 
 
 Electrical 
 
 collector rings; so that, when the armature Dictionary 
 runs it is an alternator on one side and a direct 
 current machine on the other. A rotary trans- 
 former. 
 
 Rotary Current. A name applied to any system 
 of polyphase currents which are capable of pro- 
 ducing a rotary field. A rotating-current dis- 
 tribution. 
 
 Rotary Electric Field. 
 field. 
 
 Rotary=field Motor. A 
 motor. 
 
 Rotary=magnetic Field. 
 
 A rotary electro-static 
 rotary-field induction- 
 
 A field produced by a 
 
 rotary current. A magnetic field in which a 
 set of magnet poles is produced, whose suc- 
 cessive positions are such that a rotation of the 
 field is effected. 
 
 Rotary Phase Converter. A machine which con- 
 verts from an alternating-current system of one 
 or more phases to an alternating-current sys- 
 tem of a different number of phases, but of the 
 same frequency. 
 
 Rotary Transformer. A term generally employed 
 for the combination of a motor and generator 
 in one machine having a single armature-wind- 
 ing traversed both by alternating and con- 
 tinuous currents. A secondary generator for 
 transforming from alternating to continuous 
 currents or vice-versa. A rotary converter. 
 
 Rotor. The rotating member, whether primary 
 or secondary, of any alternating - current 
 machine. 
 
 Rubber Tape. A form of adhesive, insulating; 
 tape made of rubber. 
 
 Ruhmkorff Coil. An early form of induction coil 
 or step-up transformer. An induction coil 
 having an iron- wire core, and a fine wire second- 
 ary coil of many turns for the production of 
 powerful induced E.M.F.'s usually excited 
 from a battery or continuous current source 
 through a suitable current breaker. 
 
 S. A contraction for second. 
 
 S.P. Cut=out. A contraction for single-pole cut- 
 out. 
 
 S.W.Q. A contraction for Stubb's wire gauge. 
 
 Saddle Bracket. A bracket holding an insulator 
 and fastened to the top of a telegraph or tele- 
 phone pole. 
 
 Safety Cut-out. A safety fuse. 
 
 Safety Fuse. A wire, bar, plate or strip of readily 
 fusible metal, capable of conducting, without 
 fusing, the current ordinarily employed on the 
 circuit, but which fuses and thus automatically 
 breaks the circuit on the passage of an abnor- 
 mally strong current. 
 
 Safety Lamp, Electric. An incandescent lamp, 
 provided with thoroughly insulated leads, 
 employed in mines or other similar places 
 where the explosive effects of readily ignited 
 substances are to be feared. A portable elec- 
 tric incandescent lamp and battery for use in 
 mines where explosive gases may be found. 
 
 Sag of Conductor or Line Wire. The dip of an 
 aerial wire or conductor, between two adjacent 
 supports, due to its weight. 
 
 Saturating Flux. The flux required to produce 
 magnetic saturation in any circuit. 
 
 Saturation Factor. This is the ratio of a small 
 percentage increase in field excitation to the 
 corresponding percentage increase in the volt- 
 age thereby produced. 
 
 Scratch Brush. A brush made of wires, or stiff 
 bristles, employed for cleansing the surfaces of 
 metallic objects before subjecting them to the 
 electro-plating process. 
 
 Screen, Electric. A closed conductor placed 
 over a body in order to protect or screen it 
 from the effects of external electrostatic field. 
 
218 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 W I R 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Electncal Secohmmeter. An apparatus for measuring the 
 
 TV self-inductance, the mutual inductance, or 
 
 dictionary the capac i t y O f conductors. 
 
 Secondary Ampere-turns. Ampere-turns in the 
 secondary of a transformer or induction coil. 
 
 Secondary. That portion of an induction motor 
 or of a transformer which receives power by in- 
 duction. The term is to be preceded by the 
 same words as in the case of "primary." 
 
 Secondary Battery. A word frequently used for 
 storage battery. 
 
 Secondary Coil of Transformer. The coil of a 
 transformer into which energy is transferred 
 from the primary line and primary coil. The 
 secondary winding of a transformer or induc- 
 tion coil. The coil in the external circuit of 
 which there is no directly impressed E.M.F. 
 
 Secondary Currents. The currents produced in 
 the secondary of a transformer. The currents 
 produced by secondary batteries. Currents in 
 any secondary circuit. 
 
 Secondary Electromotive Forces. A name some- 
 times given to the electromotive forces pro- 
 duced by a secondary cell or battery. 
 
 Secondary Resistance. The resistance of a sec- 
 ondary coil or circuit. 
 
 Secondary Winding is that winding of an induc- 
 tion motor or of a transformer which receives 
 power from the primary by induction. 
 
 Note : The terms "High-tension winding" 
 and Low- tension winding" are suitable for dis- 
 tinguishing between the windings of a trans- 
 former where the relations of the apparatus to 
 the source of power are not involved. 
 
 Section Circuit-breaker. A magnetic circuit- 
 breaker controlling a trolley-wire section. 
 
 Section Insulator. An insulator in a trolley-wire 
 system, which electrically disconnects one 
 trolley section from another. 
 
 Section Switch. In a system of railway or power- 
 distribution, a switch controlling and supply- 
 ing a section. 
 
 See=sawing. A term employed to characterize 
 the condition of two parallel-connected alter- 
 nators when they do not synchronize properly. 
 
 Self-excitation. An excitation of the field mag- 
 nets of a generator obtained by leading a por- 
 tion or all of its own current through its field 
 coils, as distinguished from separate excitation. 
 
 Sell induced Current. A current induced in a 
 circuit on the opening or closing of the circuit, 
 by changes in its own strength. 
 
 Self-induction. Induction produced in a circuit 
 by the induction of the current on itself at the 
 moment of starting or stopping the current 
 therein. 
 
 Self-induction Coil. A coil of wire possessing 
 self-induction. A choking coil. 
 
 Sensitive Discharge. A thin, thread-like dis- 
 charge that occurs between the terminals of a 
 high-frequency induction coil. 
 
 Sensitive Tube. A coherer. 
 
 Separate Excitation. The excitation of the field 
 magnets produced by a source external to the 
 machine. 
 
 Series Circuit. A circuit in which the separate 
 sources or separate electro-receptive devices, 
 or both, are so placed that the current pro- 
 duced in it or passed through it passes succes- 
 sively through the entire circuit from the first 
 to the last. 
 
 Series Distribution. A distribution of electric 
 energy in which the receptive devices are placed 
 one after another in succession upon a single 
 conductor, extending throughout the entire 
 circuit from pole to pole. 
 
 Series Dynamo. A dynamo having series wind- 
 ing. 
 
 Series Motor. A motor suitable for use in a series 
 circuit. A series-wound motor. 
 
 Series-multiple Car=controller. A controller pro- 
 vided for starting and stopping a double 
 motor car, for varying its speed, or the torque 
 
 of its motors, by connecting the motors either 
 in series or in parallel with or without resist- 
 ances. 
 
 Series=multiple Circuit. A compound circuit in 
 which a number of separate sources, or sepa- 
 rate electro-receptive devices, or both, are con- 
 nected in a number of separate groups in multi- 
 ple arc, and these separate groups subsequently 
 connected in series. 
 
 Series-multiple Connection. Such a connection 
 of a number of separate electro-receptive de- 
 vices that the devices are placed in multiple 
 groups or circuits and these separate groups 
 afterwards connected with one another in 
 series. 
 
 Series-parallel Controller. A series-multiple car- 
 controller. 
 
 Series Winding A winding of a dynamo electric 
 machine in which a single set of magnetizing 
 coils are placed on the field-magnet cores and 
 connected in series with the armature and the 
 external circuit. 
 
 Series-wound Field. The field of a dynamo in 
 which the armature current passes through the 
 magnetizing coil. 
 
 Service Conductors. Service wires. 
 
 Service Wires. The wires which lead into a 
 building and which are connected to the supply 
 mains or supply circuits. The wires through 
 which service is given to a consumer. Delivery 
 wires. 
 
 Sextipolar Field. A field produced by six magnet 
 poles. 
 
 Sheathing Wires. The metallic wires which form 
 the armor of a submarine cable. 
 
 Shed of Insulator. A petticoat or inverted cone 
 of a telegraph insulator. 
 
 Shell Transformer. A transformer whose primary 
 and secondary coils are laid on each other, 
 and the iron core is then wound through and 
 over them, so as to completely enclose them. 
 A form of iron-clad transformer. 
 
 Shellac. A resinous substance obtained from 
 the roots and branches of certain tropical 
 plants, which possesses high insulating powers, 
 and high specific inductive capacity. 
 
 Short Circuit. A shunt or by-path of negligible 
 or comparatively small resistance, placed 
 around any part of an electric circuit through 
 which so much of the current passes as to vir- 
 tually cut out the parts of the circuit to which 
 it acts as a shunt. An accidental direct con- 
 nection between the mains or main terminals of 
 a dynamo or system producing a heavy over- 
 load of current. To accidentally produce a 
 short circuit. 
 
 Short=circuited Conductor. A conductor which 
 has a short-circuit established past it. 
 
 Short-circuiting Plug. A plug which when in- 
 serted in its receptacle short circuits the device 
 connected therewith. 
 
 Short=shunt Compound-winding. A compound 
 winding of a dynamo-electric machine in which 
 the shunt coil is connected directly, or through 
 resistance, with the armature brushes, as dis- 
 tinguished from a long-shunt compound- 
 winding. 
 
 Shunt. An additional, or by-path established 
 for the passage of an electric current or dis- 
 charge. 
 
 Shunt-circuit. A derived circuit. A branch or 
 additional circuit, provided in any part of a 
 circuit, through which the current branches or 
 divides, part flowing in the original circuit and 
 part through the new branch or shunt. A cir- 
 cuit for diverting or shunting a portion of the 
 current. 
 
 Shunt Dynamo. A shunt-wound dynamo-elec- 
 tric machine. 
 
 Shunt for Ammeter. A shunt coil connection in 
 multiple with the coils of an ammeter for the 
 purpose of changing the value of the readings. 
 A reducteur. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 Shunt Ratio. The ratio existing between a shunt 
 and the circuit it shunts. The ratio existing 
 between the total current strength and the 
 current strength in the branch to which the 
 shunt is applied. 
 
 Shunt Turns of Dynamo. The ampere turns in 
 the shunt circuit of a shunt-wound or com- 
 pound-wound dynamo. 
 
 Shunt Winding. A term sometimes employed 
 for the shunt field coils on a shunt-wound dy- 
 namo or motor. 
 
 Shunt=wound Dynamo Electric Machine. A dy- 
 namo electric machine whose field-magnet coils 
 are placed in shunt with the armature circuit, 
 so that only a portion of the current generated 
 passes through the field magnet coils, but all 
 the difference of potential of the armature acts 
 at the terminals of the field circuit. 
 
 Shuttle Armature. A variety of drum armature 
 in which a single coil of wire is wound in an 
 H-shaped groove formed in a bobbin-shaped 
 core. The old form of Siemens' armature. 
 
 Side=pole Trolley=line Construction. A method 
 for the suspension of aerial trolley lines in 
 which the trolley and feed wires are suspended 
 from poles placed on one side of the street or 
 road. (See page 62.) 
 
 Siemens=Martin Steel. See Index. 
 
 Signal Arm. A semaphore arm. 
 
 Silico=magnetic Core Steel. (See page 52.) 
 
 Silver Voltameter. A voltameter in which the 
 quantity of electricity passing is determined 
 by the weight of silver deposited. 
 
 Simple Alternating = currents. Sinusoidal - alter- 
 nating currents. Simple-harmonic currents. 
 
 Simple=harmonic Electromotive Forces. Electro- 
 motive forces which vary in such a manner as to 
 produce simple-harmonic currents; or, electro- 
 motive forces whose variations can be correctly 
 represented by a simple-harmonic curve. 
 
 Simple=periodic Motion. Simple-harmonic mo- 
 tion. 
 
 Simultaneous Demand. The sum of the demands 
 of a number of services occurring at the same 
 time. 
 
 Simultaneous Demand Factor. The ratio of the 
 simultaneous demand divided by the connected 
 load. 
 
 Simultaneous Maximum Demand. See "Maxi- 
 mum Simultaneous Demand." 
 
 Sine Law. A law of magnitude defined by the 
 sines of angles. A magnitude which follows 
 the sines of successive angles. 
 
 SingIe=Phase. Uniphase. Monophase. Pertain- 
 ing to ordinary alternating currents in a simple 
 alternating-current system as distinguished 
 from multiphase currents. 
 
 Single-phase Alternating Current. A uniphase 
 alternating current. 
 
 Single=phase Alternator. An alternator capable 
 of producing simple or single-phase currents. 
 
 Single=phase Induction Motor. An induction 
 motor intended to be operated on a single- 
 phase alternating-current circuit. 
 
 Single=phase Winding. A single-phase armature 
 winding. 
 
 Single-pole Cut=out. A cut-out by means of 
 which the circuit is broken or cut in one of the 
 two leads only. 
 
 Single=pole Switch. A switch which opens or 
 closes a circuit at one of its leads only. 
 
 Single=throw Switch. A switch having but two 
 positions, one for opening, and the other for 
 closing the circuit it controls, as distinguished 
 from a double-throw switch. 
 
 Sinusoidal Alternating Electromotive Forces. 
 Alternating electromotive forces whose varia- 
 tions in strength are correctly represented by a 
 sinusoidal curve. Simple-harmonic E.M.F.'s. 
 
 Sinusoidal Curve. A curve of sines. A sinusoid. 
 A curve which to rectangular co-ordinates has 
 an ordinate at each point proportionate to the 
 sine of an angle proportionate to the abscissa. 
 
 Skin Currents. A term applied to rapidly alter- Electrical 
 nating currents which are limited to the surface p.. . 
 of a conductor. Dictionary 
 
 Skin Effect. The tendency of rapidly alternating 
 currents to avoid the central portions of solid 
 conductors and flow, for the greater part, 
 through the superficial portions. (See page 
 19.) 
 
 Sleeve Joint. A junction of the ends of conduct- 
 ing wires obtained by passing them through 
 tubes, and subsequently twisting and soldering. 
 Slide Bridge. A bridge whose proportionate 
 arms are formed of a single thin wire, of uni- 
 form diameter and of comparatively high re- 
 sistance, of some material whose temperature 
 coefficient is low. 
 
 Sliding Contact. A contact connected with one 
 part of a circuit that closes or completes that 
 circuit by jeing slid over a conductor connected 
 with another part of such circuit. 
 Slip of Induction Motor. The proportional differ- 
 ence between the speed of the rotary magnetic 
 field which drives the motor and the speed of 
 the rotor. 
 
 Slip of Rotor. The proportional difference be- 
 tween the speed of a rotary magnetic field and 
 the speed of a rotor. 
 
 Slotted Armature. An armature provided with 
 slots or grooves for the reception of the wires. 
 An iron-clad armature. 
 
 Smooth=core Armature. An armature which 
 presents a continuously smooth cylindrical sur- 
 face before the armature coils are wound on it. 
 A surface-wound armature as distinguished 
 from an iron-clad armature. 
 
 Snap Switch. A switch in which the transfer of 
 the contact points from one position to another 
 is accomplished by a quick motion obtained by 
 the operation of a spring. 
 
 Socket. In a telephone switchboard a jack or 
 
 receptacle for a plug. The barrel of a jack, as 
 
 distinguished from the contact of the jack 
 
 placed behind the barrel. 
 
 Soft=drawn Copper Wire. Copper wire that is 
 
 softened by annealing after being drawn. 
 Solder Ear. An ear or hanger in a trolley system 
 
 to which the trolley is secured by solder. 
 Soldering Flux. Any chemical suitable for use 
 in connection with solder to cleanse the sur- 
 faces of the articles to be soldered. 
 Solenoid. A cylindrical coil of wire whose con- 
 volutions are circular. An electro-magnetic 
 helix. 
 
 South Magnetic Pole. That pole of a magnetic 
 needle which points approximately to the 
 earth's geographical south. 
 
 Span Wires. Wires tightly stretched across a 
 street from pole to pole, for the purpose of sup- 
 porting trolley wires. 
 
 Spark Arrester. A device for preventing an arc 
 lamp from scattering sparks or particles of 
 incandescent carbon. 
 
 Spark Coil. A coil of insulated wire connected 
 with the main circuit in a system of electric 
 gas lighting, whose extra spark produced on 
 breaking the circuit is employed for electrically 
 igniting gas jets. 
 
 Spark, Electric. A term sometimes applied to a 
 disruptive discharge. The phenomena pro- 
 duced by a disruptive discharge in the air- 
 space or gap through which the discharge 
 passes. 
 
 Spark Gap. The air-space or gap through which 
 a disruptive discharge passes. A gap forming 
 part of a circuit between two opposing con- 
 ductors and filled with air or other dielectric, 
 across which a spark passes when a certain 
 difference of potential has been reached. 
 Sparking of Dynamo=electric Machine. An ir- 
 regular and injurious operation of a dynamo 
 attended with sparks at its collecting brushes. 
 Specific Capacity. Specific inductive capacity. 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Electrical Specific Conductivity. The particular conduc- 
 
 ._. . tivity of a substance for electricity. The spe- 
 
 L/ictionary cific or particular resistance of a given length 
 
 and area of cross-section of a substance, as 
 
 compared with the same length and area of 
 
 cross-section of some standard substance. 
 
 Conductivity with reference to Matthiessen's 
 
 standard conductivity. 
 
 Specific Dielectric Capacity. A term sometimes 
 employed in place of specific inductive ca- 
 pacity. 
 
 Specific Energy. Volumetric energy. Energy 
 per unit of volume. 
 
 Specific Inductive Capacity. The ability of a 
 dielectric to permit induction to take place 
 through its mass as compared with the ability 
 possessed by a vacuous space of the same di- 
 mensions, under precisely the same conditions. 
 The relative power of bodies for transmitting 
 electrostatic stresses and strains, analogous to 
 permeability in metals. The ratio of the ca- 
 pacity of a condenser whose coatings are sep- 
 arated by a dielectric of a given substance, to 
 the capacity of a similar condenser, whose 
 plates are separated by a vacuum. 
 
 Specific Magnetic Reluctance. A term some- 
 times used for specific magnetic resistance. 
 
 Specific Resistance. The particular resistance a 
 substance offers to the passage of electricity 
 through it, compared with the resistance of 
 some standard substance. In absolute meas- 
 urements, the resistance in absolute units be- 
 tween opposed faces of a centimetre cube of a 
 given substance. In the practical system, the 
 above resistance in ohms. Resistivity, ex- 
 pressed in electro-magnetic absolute units as 
 square-centimetres per second. (See page 14.) 
 
 Spelter. A name sometimes given to commercial 
 zinc. (See Zinc.) 
 
 Spherical Candle=power. The total flux of light 
 emitted by a luminous source divided by 
 12.566. The candle-power of a point-source, 
 which emits with uniform intensity in all direc- 
 tions, as much light as does an actual lamp. 
 The average candle-power of a luminous source 
 taken in all directions, or considered over the 
 entire surface of an enveloping sphere. 
 
 Spider. A radial bracket or support for support- 
 ing an armature or machine on a revolving 
 shaft. 
 
 Splice Bar. A fish plate employed for connecting 
 together the ends of a rail. 
 
 Splicing Ear. A trolley ear for uniting the ends 
 of a trolley wire. A splicing suspension ear. 
 
 Splicing Sleeve. A tube of conducting material 
 employed for covering a splice in a conducting 
 wire. 
 
 Split Phase. A difference produced between the 
 phases of two or more alternating current into 
 which a uniphase alternating current has di- 
 vided. 
 
 Spring Ammeter. A form of ammeter (n which a 
 magnetic core or needle is moved against the 
 action of a spring by the field of the current it 
 is measuring. 
 
 Spring Contact. A contact which either opems or 
 closes under the action of a spring. A spring- 
 supported contact, connected with one part of 
 a circuit, that completes the circuit on being 
 moved so as to touch another contact con- 
 nected with the other part of the circuit. A 
 circuit-closing or circuit-opening device nor- 
 mally maintained in one position and condition 
 by the action of a spring. 
 
 Spurious Resistance. A false or apparent resist- 
 ance arising from the development of a coun- 
 ter-electromotive force. 
 
 Square Mil. A unit of area employed in measur- 
 ing the areas of cross-section of wires, equal to 
 .ooooor square inch. A unit of area equal to 
 1.2732 circular mils. 
 
 Standard Ohm. A length of wire having a re- 
 sistance of the value of one ohm, employed in 
 standardizing resistance coils (See Inter- 
 national Ohm.) 
 
 Standard Resistance. A known resistance used 
 for comparison with, or determination of, an 
 unknown resistance. 
 
 Star Grouping of Polyphase Circuits. A method 
 of grouping a triphase circuit consisting of 
 making a common junction at one point and 
 branching them star-wise. 
 
 Star Triphase=winding. A connection of three 
 triphase windings in which all three are con- 
 nected together at a common point or junction 
 point, and the three free ends connected to the 
 terminals. 
 
 Starting Box for Electric Motor. A resistance 
 provided for starting an electric motor. 
 
 Starting Current of Motor. The current travers- 
 ing the coils of a motor at its moment of start- 
 ing. 
 
 Starting Resistance. A resistance employed in 
 the starting box for an electric motor. 
 
 Starting Rheostat. Coils of wire mounted in a 
 suitable manner, and so connected as to be 
 successively placed in the circuit of a motor 
 while it is being started. 
 
 Starting Torque of Motor. The torque required 
 in starting a motor. The torque developed by a 
 motor in starting. 
 
 Static Discharge. A name sometimes given to a 
 disruptive discharge. 
 
 Static Electricity. A term applied to electricity 
 produced by friction. 
 
 Static Voltmeter. A voltmeter operating by 
 electrostatic action, as opposed to a voltmeter 
 operating electro-magnetically. A voltmeter 
 in which the moving system is displaced by 
 electrostatic forces. A voltmeter of the 
 electroscope or electrometer type. 
 
 Station Indicator. A name sometimes given to a 
 station voltmeter. Any indicator situated at 
 a central station. 
 
 Station Load. The total load existing on a cen- 
 tral station at any time. 
 
 Stationary Motor. A motor that is fixed in place 
 in contradistinction to a locomotor. 
 
 Stator. The stationary member, whether pri- 
 mary or secondary, of any alternating-current 
 machine. 
 
 Stay Rod. A rod of iron or steel, used to stay or 
 support a telegraph or telephone pole. 
 
 Steady Current. A current whose strength does 
 not vary from time to time. 
 
 Step=down Converter. A stepdown transformer. 
 
 Step=down Transformer. A transformer in which 
 a small current of comparatively great differ- 
 ence of potential is converted into a large cur- 
 rent of comparatively small difference of po- 
 tential. An inverted Ruhmkorff induction 
 coil. 
 
 Step Rate. Method of charging for electric ser- 
 vice at definite successive rates per kilowatt- 
 hour consumed. Each rate applying to the en- 
 tire quantity purchased during the period 
 covered. As, for example, during each month 
 ten kilowatt-hours or less at 15 cents per kilo- 
 watt hour. If over ten kilowatt-hours and less 
 than 20 kilowatt-hours are used all are charged 
 for at 1 2 cents per kilowatt-hour. If 20 or more 
 kilowatt-hours are registered during the month, 
 all are charged for at 10 cents per kilowatt-hour. 
 
 Step-up Transformer. A transformer in which a 
 large current of comparatively small difference 
 of potential is converted into a small current of 
 comparatively great difference of potential. 
 
 Storage Battery. A number of separate storage 
 cells connected so as to form a single electric 
 source. 
 
 Storage Cell. Two relatively inert plates of 
 metals or metallic compounds immersed in an 
 electrolyte incapable of acting on them until 
 after an electric current has been passed 
 through the liquid from one plate to the other 
 and has thus changed their chemical relations. 
 One of the cells required to form a secondary 
 battery. A term sometimes given to the jar 
 containing a single cell. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 221 
 
 Straight-line Trolley Hanger. A trolley-hanger 
 employed on a straight trolley line, suitably 
 supported by a span wire so as to have a ver- 
 tical strain only. 
 
 Strain. Any change of size or shape, any de- 
 formation. 
 
 Strain Insulator. An insulator used for the dou- 
 ble purpose of taking the mechanical strain at a 
 bend or at the end of a conductor, and also in- 
 sulating the same electrically. 
 
 Stranded Conductor. A conductor formed of a 
 number of smaller interlaced or twisted con- 
 ductors, either for the purpose of reducing self- 
 induction, or eddy currents, or for increasing 
 its flexibility. 
 
 Strap Copper. Copper conductors formed of bars 
 or straps, employed in connection with a bar- 
 armature winding. 
 
 Stray Currents. A term sometimes used for eddy 
 currents. 
 
 Stray Field. Leakage magnetic flux. That por- 
 tion of a magnetic field which does not pass 
 through an armature or other magneto-recep- 
 tive device. 
 
 Strength of Current. A general term for the 
 magnitude of the current in a circuit. Am- 
 perage. 
 
 Stress. Any action between two bodies that 
 causes a strain, or deformation. 
 
 Striking an Arc. Separating the carbon electrodes 
 for the formation of an arc between them. 
 
 Sub-mains. Conductors which branch off from 
 the mains. Mains which are themselves 
 branches of mains. 
 
 Sub=marine Cable. A cable designed for use 
 under water, generally under the ocean. 
 
 Sub=station. An auxiliary station. 
 
 Subway, Electric. An accessible underground 
 way or passage provided for the reception of 
 electric-light wires or cables. 
 
 Supply Mains. A term sometimes applied to the 
 mains in a system of incandescent light or 
 power distribution. 
 
 Surface Density. The quantity of electricity- 
 per-unit-of-area at any point on a charged sur- 
 face. 
 
 Surging Discharge. A discharge accompanied by 
 ele_ctric surgings. An oscillatory discharge. 
 
 Surgings, Electric. Electric oscillations set up in 
 a conductor that is undergoing rapid discharg- 
 ing, or in neighboring conductors that are being 
 rapidly charged and discharged. Electric os- 
 cillations, direct or induced. 
 
 Switch. Any device for readily opening or closing 
 an electric circuit. In telephony, a name 
 sometimes given to a switchboard. 
 
 Switch Blade. A conducting strip or knife-blade 
 of a switch. 
 
 Switch=board. A board, slab or frame of insu- 
 lating material, upon which are supported con- 
 ducting bars, pieces, frames or masses, with or 
 without switches and instruments, for the 
 ready establishment of electrical connections 
 between circuits connected therewith. 
 
 Symmetrical Alternating Current. Any alternat- 
 ing current whose successive semi-periods, 
 waves, or alternations passes opposite but 
 equal values, or correspond in all respects save 
 in direction. 
 
 Synchronism. Unison of frequencies in alternat- 
 ing-current systems or apparatus. Generally, 
 the co-periodicity and co-phase of two periodi- 
 cally recurring events. The coincidence in 
 cyclic recurrence of two or more periodic vari- 
 ables, without regard to amplitude. 
 
 Synchronous Compensator. A synchronous 
 machine, running either idle or under load, 
 whose full excitation may be varied so as to 
 modify the power-factor of the circuit, or 
 through such modification, to influence the 
 voltage of the circuit. 
 
 Synchronism Indicator. A phase indicator. A 
 device for indicating the phase relation or the 
 condition of synchronism between two or more 
 periodic quantities. 
 
 Synchronous Converter. A machine which con- 
 verts from an alternating to a direct current, or 
 vice versa, commonly called a rotary con- 
 verter. 
 
 Synchronous Generator. A generator of alter- 
 nating currents, operating or capable of operat- 
 ing in synchronism with another generator. 
 
 Synchronpscope. A synchronizing device which, 
 in addition to indicating synchronism, shows 
 whether the machine is synchronized fast or 
 slow. 
 
 T. 
 
 T,t. A symbol employed for time. 
 
 Tachometer. An apparatus for indicating at any 
 moment on a dial the number of revolutions 
 per minute of a shaft or machine with which it 
 is connected. A speed indicator. 
 
 Tangent Galvanometer. An instrument in which 
 the deflecting coil consists of a coil of wire 
 within which is placed a needle, supported at 
 the center of the coil, and very short by com- 
 parison with the diameter of the coil. 
 
 Tap. A conductor attached as a shunt to a 
 larger conductor. A derived circuit for carry- 
 ing off a share of the main current. A wire 
 taken from the junction between the short and 
 long sections of a quadruplex battery. 
 
 Taping. Covering a wire or a joint with an insu- 
 lating tape. A covering of tape applied to a 
 cable sheathing. 
 
 Tapping a Circuit. Introducing a loop or branch 
 in a telegraphic or telephonic circuit, for the 
 purpose of intercepting the messages sent over 
 the circuit. 
 
 Taps. A general term employed, in a system of 
 incandescent lamp distribution for branches or 
 sub-branches that are carried from the mains 
 into the rooms of a building or to the fixtures in 
 the halls. 
 
 Teaser, Electric. A coil of fine wire placed on the 
 field magnets of a dynamo in a shunt across the 
 main circuit, in addition to the field magnet 
 series coil. A series coil placed on a field mag- 
 net, in addition to a regular shunt field, for the 
 purpose of preliminary excitation. 
 
 Telautograph. A telegraphic system for the 
 fac-simile reproduction of writing at a distance. 
 
 Telegraph. A general name for the instrument or 
 combination of instruments employed for con- 
 veying a communication or despatch to a dis- 
 tance by means other than that of the unas- 
 sisted voice. A general term for any appar- 
 atus employed in telegraphy. 
 
 Telegraph, Electric. A general term for any 
 apparatus employed in electric telegraphy. 
 
 Telegraph Loop. A pair of wires extending from 
 a telegraphic station to a branch office. 
 
 Telegraphic Cable. A cable designed to establish 
 telegraphic communication between different 
 points. 
 
 Telegraphic Ground-circuit. An earth circuit 
 used in any system of telegraphy. 
 
 Telegraph Interrupter. A device for making and 
 breaking a circuit at a definite rate. A tele- 
 graphic key, or other analogous device. 
 
 Telegraphic Key. The key employed for sending 
 over the line successive makes-and-breaks cor- 
 responding to the dots and dashes of the Morse 
 alphabet, or to the deflections of the needle in a 
 needle telegraph. 
 
 Telegraphic Repeater. Any telegraphic device 
 whereby the relay, sounder or registering ap- 
 paratus is caused to repeat into another circuit 
 the signals received. An apparatus for main- 
 taining telegraphic communication between 
 two circuits not in conductive connection. 
 
 Telegraphone. An instrument whereby the in- 
 dentations on the cylinder of a graphophone 
 can be reproduced upon another cylinder at 
 the same time that the vocal sounds repie- 
 sented by the indentations are being rendered 
 audible. 
 
 Electrical 
 Dictionary 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Electrical Telegraphy. Any system by means of which a 
 __. . communication or despatch is transmitted to a 
 
 L/lctionary distance, by means other than that of the un- 
 assisted voice. 
 
 Telephone. To communicate by means of a 
 telephone. 
 
 Telephone. An instrument for the electric trans- 
 mission of articulate speech. 
 
 Telephone Cable. A cable, either aerial or sub- 
 terranean, suitable for the transmission of tele- 
 phonic despatches. Generally a cable whose 
 conductors are twisted in pairs, for the purpose 
 of avoiding the disturbance produced by cross- 
 talk. 
 
 Telephone Call=wire. A wire employed in certain 
 telephone systems, by the subscriber, for the 
 purpose of calling the central office. A special 
 calling wire in a telephone system. 
 
 Telephone Exchange. A central office provided 
 with circuits, switches and other devices, by 
 means of which any one of a number of sub- 
 scribers, connected either directly or indirectly 
 with the exchange, may be placed in communi- 
 cation with any other subscriber, or with some 
 other exchange. 
 
 Telephone Head=gear. Any apparatus placed on 
 the head for readily attaching a telephone re- 
 ceiver to the ear of the operator. 
 
 Telephone Indicator. An indicator employed on 
 a telephone circuit to indicate the number of 
 the correspondent calling. A telephone drop 
 annunciator. 
 
 Telephone Meter. An apparatus employed on 
 telephone circuits for registering the number of 
 connections between subscribers and the time 
 or duration of the same. A calculagraph. 
 
 Telephone Set. A general term for the apparatus 
 employed by a telephone subscriber at his office. 
 
 Telephonic. Of or pertaining to a telephone. 
 
 Temperature. State of matter in respect to heat. 
 
 Temperature Coefficient. A coefficient of varia- 
 tion in a quantity, per degree of change in 
 temperature. The coefficient by which a 
 change of temperature must be multiplied in 
 order to arrive at the change in a quantity due 
 to the change of temperature. 
 
 Tension, Electric. A term loosely applied to sig- 
 nify indifferently surface density, electro- 
 motive force, electromotive intensity, dielectric 
 stress, or difference of potential. 
 
 Terminal Board. A small switchboard situated 
 on a dynamo. 
 
 Terminal Insulator. An insulator at the terminus 
 
 of a line. A telegraph line insulator provided 
 
 with two grooves for the reception of two ends 
 
 which may be kept insulated from each other. 
 Terminal Voltage. The terminal electromotive 
 
 force. 
 Terminals. A name differently applied to the 
 
 poles or to the electrodes of a voltaic battery. 
 Terrestrial Magnetism. A name applied to the 
 
 magnetism of the earth. 
 Tesla Coil. A form of oil-insulated induction coil 
 
 or transformer. 
 Test Wires. The wires in a multiple telephone 
 
 switch-board, by which the busy test is made. 
 
 Any wires or circuits used in making a test. 
 
 Wires to be tested or undergoing a test. 
 
 Testing Jacks. In a multiple telephone switch- 
 board, or distributing board, special jacks 
 sometimes inserted in any circuit for testing 
 such circuits. 
 
 Testing Switch. In a quadruplex telegraphic 
 system, a switch for throwing the line from the 
 sending battery to ground through a suitable 
 resistance, for the purpose of enabling the dis- 
 tant station to obtain a balance. 
 
 Theater Dimmer. A dimmer employed in thea- 
 ters for varying the intensity of the illumina- 
 tion. A rheostat or choking coil employed in a 
 theater-lighting circuit. 
 
 Thermal Activity. The activity possessed by a 
 body, arising from its heat energy. The rate 
 of doing thermal work. 
 
 Thermo=electric Battery. A combination, as a 
 single thermo-electric source, of a number of 
 separate thermo-electric cells or couples. 
 
 Thermo=electric Cell. A name applied to a 
 thermo-electric couple. 
 
 Thermo=electric Couple. Any two dissimilar 
 metals which, when connected at their ends 
 only, so as to form a complete electric circuit, 
 will produce an electric current when one end is 
 more highly heated than the other. 
 
 Thermo=electric Current. A current produced 
 by a thermo-electromotive force. 
 
 Thermo=electric Junction. A junction of a 
 thermo-electric couple. 
 
 Thermo=electric Pile. A thermo-electric battery. 
 
 Thermo=electricity. The electromotive force de- 
 veloped by a thermo-electric cell or battery. 
 Electricity produced by differences of tem- 
 perature at the junction of dissimilar metals. 
 
 Thermometer. Any apparatus for measuring 
 temperature. 
 
 Thermometer, Electric. A device for determining 
 the effects of an electric discharge by the move- 
 ments of a liquid column due to the expansion 
 of a confined mass of air through which the dis- 
 charge is passed. 
 
 Thermo=pile. A thermo-electric battery. 
 
 Thermostat. An instrument for automatically 
 maintaining a given temperature by closing an 
 electric circuit through the expansion of a 
 solid or liquid. 
 
 Thomson Effect. The production of an electro- 
 motive force in unequally heated homogeneous 
 conducting substances. The increase or de- 
 crease in the difference of temperature in an 
 unequally heated conductor, produced by the 
 passage of an electric current through the con- 
 ductor. 
 
 Three=phase Armature. An armature possessing 
 a three-phase winding. 
 
 Three=phase Circuit. Any circuit suitable for the 
 transmission of three-phase currents. 
 
 Three=phase Currents. Three alternating-cur- 
 rents differing in phase from one another by 
 one- third of a cycle. 
 
 Three=phase Generator. Any generator capable 
 of producing three-phase currents. 
 
 Three=phaser. A three-phase generator. 
 
 Three=phase Meter. A meter suitable for opera- 
 tion on a three-phase system, for recording the 
 energy delivered on all three branches. 
 
 Three=phase Motor. Any motor suitable for 
 operation by three-phase currents. 
 
 Three=phase Transformer. Three separate trans- 
 formers employed for the transformation of 
 triphase currents. 
 
 Three=phase Transmission. Transmission by 
 means of three-phase currents. 
 
 Three=way Switch. A three-point switch. 
 
 Three-wire Circuit. A circuit employed in a 
 three-wire system. A three-wire diaphase 
 system. A three- wire triphase system. 
 
 Three=wire Mains. The mains employed in a 
 three-wire system of distribution. 
 
 Three=wire System. A system of electric distri- 
 bution for lamps or other multiple-connected 
 translating devices, in which three conductors 
 are employed in connection with two dynamos 
 connected in series, the central or neutral con- 
 ductor being connected to the junction of the 
 dynamos, and the two other conductors to the 
 remaining free terminal of each. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 Three=wire Transmission. Transmission by the 
 three-wire system. Transmission by means 
 of the three-wire diphase or three-wire triphase 
 systems. 
 
 Throw=over Switch. A switch for readily and 
 rapidly changing a circuit from one source to 
 another or one system to another. A switch 
 which is thrown over from one set of contacts 
 to another, by movement about an axis. 
 
 Tie=wire. Binding wire of an insulator. Wire 
 which binds an overhead wire to the groove of 
 its insulator. 
 
 Time=constant of Circuit. The time in which a 
 current will fall in a circuit when the E.M.P. 
 is suddenly removed, in a ratio whose Naperian 
 logarithm is unity. The ratio of the inductance 
 of a circuit to its resistance. 
 
 Time Cut=out. An automatic cut-out arranged 
 so as to permit a translating device to operate 
 for a certain time, after which it is cut out of 
 the circuit. 
 
 Time Switch. A switch arranged to open or close 
 a circuit at a certain time or after the lapse of a 
 certain time. An automatic switch in which 
 a predetermined time is required either to in- 
 sert a resistance into or remove it from a circuit. 
 
 Torque. The moment of a force applied to a 
 dynamo or other machine which causes its 
 rotation. The mechanical rotary or turning 
 force which acts on the armature of a dynamo- 
 electric machine, or motor, and causes it to 
 rotate. The ratio of the mechanical activity 
 of a motor, at its belt or pulley, to the angular 
 velocity. 
 
 Torsion Galvanometer. A galvanometer in which 
 the strength of a deflecting current is measured 
 by the torsion exerted on the suspension 
 system. 
 
 Tractive Effort. The torque in pounds developed 
 at the rim of the wheels divided by total train 
 weight in tons. This term is usually expressed 
 in pounds per ton of train weight and includes 
 train resistance losses. 
 
 Transformer. A stationary piece of apparatus for 
 transforming, by electro-magnetic induction, 
 power from one circuit to another, or for chang- 
 ing, through such transformation, the values of 
 the electromotive force. 
 
 Transformer-Balancer. An auto-transformer 
 for dividing a voltage in constant proportions, 
 and usually into two equal portions. 
 
 Transformer Stampings. Sheet steel stampings 
 of such shape as is suitable for building up the 
 laminated core of a transformer. 
 
 Transmission Circuit, Electric. The circuit em- 
 ployed to receive the apparatus necessary in 
 any transfer of electric energy from the gen- 
 erators to the receptive devices. In alternating- 
 current constant-potential transmission cir- 
 cuits the following average voltages are in gen- 
 eral use. 6,600, 11,000, 22,000,33,000,44,000, 
 66,000, 88,000, 110,000. 
 
 Transmission, Electric. The transference of 
 energy from one point to another by means of 
 electric currents. 
 
 Transmission Line. A transmission circuit. 
 
 Transmitter, Electric. A general name applied 
 to the various electric apparatus employed in 
 telegraphy or telephony to transmit or send 
 electric impulses over a line wire or conductor. 
 Any electric-transmitting instrument, as dis- 
 tinguished from a receiving instrument. 
 
 Transposing. In a system of telephonic com- 
 munication, a device for a voiding the bad effects 
 of mutual induction, by alternately crossing 
 equal lengths of consecutive sections of the line. 
 
 Travelling of Arc. An unsteadiness produced in 
 the light of a carbon arc occasioned by the 
 shifting of the position of the arc between the 
 electrodes. 
 
 Triphase. A word frequently employed for 
 
 three-phase 
 
 Triphase=current A three-phase current 
 Triple Petticoat Insulator. An aerial line insula- 
 tor provided with a triple petticoat. 
 
 Triple=pole Switch. A switch consisting of a 
 combination of three separate switches for 
 opening or closing three circuits at the same 
 instant A switch employed to open or close 
 three contacts. A switch employed to open or 
 close triphase circuits. 
 
 Trolley. A rolling contact-wheel that moves 
 over a trolley line and carries off the current 
 required to drive the motor cars. 
 
 Trolley Ear. A metal piece supported by an in- 
 sulator, to which the trolley wire is fastened. 
 
 Trolley Hanger. A device for supporting and 
 properly insulating a trolley wire. 
 
 Trolley Insulator. A name sometimes applied to 
 a trolley ear. 
 
 Trolley Switch. A switch placed on a track for 
 the purpose of changing the car from one track 
 to another. An overhead switch provided at a 
 turn of a trolley load for guiding the trolley 
 to another line when the frogs on the track 
 beneath have thrown the wheels of the car into 
 another track. 
 
 Trolley Wire. The bare overhead wire employed 
 in a trolley system for supplying the driving 
 current to the car motors through the inter- 
 vention of the trolley mechanism. (See Index.) 
 
 True Watt. The activity in an alternating- 
 current circuit, as given by the reading of a 
 correctly calibrated wattmeter connected with 
 such circuit. 
 
 Trunk=Iine Wires. Through wires extended be- 
 tween two distant stations, provided with re- 
 ceiving and transmitting instruments at their 
 ends only. In telephony, main line wires con- 
 necting two terminal offices for connection to 
 sub-offices or subscribers. A main line wire 
 connecting two important terminals for re- 
 ceiving telephone traffic. 
 
 Turbo=generator. A steam turbine coupled to an 
 electrical generator. 
 
 Twin Conductors. Two parallel conductors, laid 
 side-by-side, and covered by a simple coating 
 of braid. 
 
 Twin=wire Circuit. A circuit formed of twin con- 
 ductors. 
 
 Twisted Pair Cable. A cable containing one, 
 several, or many twisted pairs of conductors, 
 suitable for metallic circuits. 
 
 Twisted Pairs of Conductors. An assemblage of 
 twisted pairs of conductors, for metallic cir- 
 cuits. 
 
 Twisted Wires. A term sometimes employed for 
 transposed aerial telephone wires. 
 
 Two=circuit Armature=winding. An armature 
 winding which provides only two circuits 
 through an armature between the commu- 
 tator brushes, no matter how great may be the 
 number of poles. 
 
 Two=circuit Dynamo. A dynamo provided with 
 a two-circuit armature winding. 
 
 Two=phase Armature. A diphase armature. 
 
 Two=point Switch. A switch by means of which 
 a circuit can be completed through two different 
 contact points. 
 
 Two=way Switch. A switch provided with two 
 contacts connected with two separate and dis- 
 tinct circuits. 
 
 Two=wire Mains. A name for the mains em- 
 ployed in the ordinary system of multiple dis- 
 tribution, as distinguished from a three- wire 
 main, or that used in a three- wire system. 
 
 Electrical 
 Dictionary 
 
224 
 
 AMERICAN STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Electrical 
 
 U. 
 
 Dictionary Underground Cab i e . A cable suita ble for being 
 placed underground. 
 
 Underground=cable Terminal. The place where a 
 cable emerges from the ground. A cross-con- 
 necting or distributing board placed where an 
 underground cable enters or leaves the ground, 
 in order to facilitate the making and changing 
 of the connections. 
 
 Underground Conductor. An electric conductor 
 placed underground, either by actual burial or 
 by passing it through underground conduits or 
 subways. 
 
 Underground Electric Conduit. See Conduit, 
 Electric. 
 
 Uni=directed Currents. Currents that have been 
 caused to take the same direction by means of a 
 commutator. 
 
 Uniform Potential. A potential whose value does 
 not vary from point to point. A constant po- 
 tential. 
 
 Uniphase. Single phase. 
 
 Unipolar. Possessing a single pole. 
 
 Unipolar Armature. A dynamo-electric machine 
 armature whose polarity is not reversed during 
 its rotation in the field of the machine. 
 
 Unipolar Magnet. A term proposed for a magnet 
 in the shape of a long bar, one pole of which lies 
 in the axis of rotation, the axis being placed 
 near to the other pole which is balanced by a 
 counterpoise. 
 
 Universal Switch. A pin switchboard composed 
 of horizontal and vertical metallic bars capable 
 of inter-connection by means of pins. 
 
 Unvarying Current. A current whose strength 
 does not vary from time to time. A current of 
 constant strength and direction. 
 
 Upper Harmonics of Current. The higher fre- 
 quencies of a simple-periodic or alternating 
 current. 
 
 V. 
 
 V. A contraction for volt. 
 
 V. A contraction sometimes used for velocity. 
 
 Vacuum Tubes. Glass tubes in which the air or 
 other gas has been partially removed, and 
 through which electric discharges are passed 
 for the production of luminous effects. A name 
 sometimes applied to Crookes, Roentgen, or 
 other high-vacuum tubes. 
 
 Variable Resistance. A resistance, the value of 
 which can be readily varied or changed. An 
 adjustable resistance. 
 
 Vector. A direct quantity. A quantity pos- 
 sessing both direction and magnitude. 
 
 Vector Diagram. A diagram representing the 
 relations of vector quantities. 
 
 Vector Quantity. A quantity possessing both 
 diction and magnitude. 
 
 Vector Sum. The geometrical sum of two or 
 more vector quantities. 
 
 Ventilated Armature-windings. Armature wind- 
 ings provided with means for cooling by forcing 
 currents of air over them. 
 
 Vernier Wire=gauge. A micrometer wire-gauge. 
 
 Virtual Amperes. Amperes measured in an al- 
 ternating-current as the square root of the 
 mean square of the current, and determined by 
 an ammeter calibrated by constant currents. 
 Effective amperes. 
 
 Virtual Counter Electromotive Force. Effective 
 C.E.M.F. in an alternating-current circuit. 
 
 Virtual Current. The virtual amperes. 
 
 Virtual Resistance. The apparent resistance of a 
 circuit. 
 
 Volt. The practical unit of electromotive force. 
 Such an electromotive force as is induced in a 
 conductor which cuts lines of magnetic flux 
 at the rate of 100,000,000 per second. Such 
 an electromotive force as would cause a current 
 of one ampere to flow against a resistance of one 
 ohm. Such an electromotive force as would 
 charge a condenser of the capacity of one farad 
 with a quantity of electricity equal to one 
 coulomb. io 8 absolute electro-magnetic units 
 of electromotive force. (See International 
 Volt.) 
 
 Volt=ampere. The watt. 
 
 Voltage. The value of the electromotive force or 
 difference of potential of any part of a circuit, 
 expressed in volts. 
 
 Voltaic Arc. See Arc, Voltaic. 
 
 Voltaic Battery. The combination as a single 
 source of a number of separate voltaic cells. 
 
 Voltaic Cell. The combination of two metals, 
 or of a metal and a metalloid which, when 
 dipped into a liquid or liquids called electro- 
 lytes, and connected by a conductor, will pro- 
 duce a current of electricity. A voltaic couple 
 and its accompanying electrolytes. 
 
 Voltaic Couple. Any two materials, generally 
 dissimilar metals, which are capable of acting 
 as an electric source when dipped into an 
 electrolyte. 
 
 Voltaic Electricity. The difference of potential 
 produced by a voltaic cell or battery. 
 
 Voltaic Elements. Two metals or substances 
 which form a voltaic couple. 
 
 Voltaic Pile. A word sometimes used for voltaic 
 battery. 
 
 Voltameter. An electrolytic cell employed for 
 measuring the quantity of electric current 
 passing through it, by the amount of chemical 
 decomposition affected in a given time. 
 
 Voltmeter. Any instrument employed for meas- 
 uring differences of potential. 
 
 A volt meter may be constructed on the 
 principle of a galvanometer, in which case it 
 differs from an ammeter, or ampere meter, 
 which measures the current, principally in that 
 the resistance of its coils is greater, and that 
 in an ampere meter the coils are placed as a 
 shunt to the circuit. 
 
 In the ordinary operation of a voltmeter, 
 the action of the current in passing through a 
 coil of insulated wire is to produce a magnetic 
 field, which causes the deflection of a magnetic 
 needle. Since the resistance of the voltmeter 
 is constant, the current passing, and hence the 
 deflection of the needle, will vary with the 
 value of the voltage. The magnetic field pro- 
 duced by the current deflects the magnetic 
 needle against the action of another field, 
 which may be either the earth's field, or an 
 artificial field produced by a permanent or an 
 electro-magnet. Or, it may deflect it against 
 the action of a spring, or against the force of 
 gravity acting on a weight. There thus arise 
 varieties of voltmeters, such as permanent- 
 magnet voltmeters, spring voltmeters, and 
 gravity voltmeters. 
 
 Voltmeter Compensator. A device used in con- 
 nection with a voltmeter to reduce its reading 
 by the amount of the line drop, and thus cause it 
 to indicate the voltage delivered at the end or 
 at any other predetermined point of the line. 
 
 Vulcanite. A variety of vulcanized rubber, 
 possessing high powers of insulation and spe- 
 cific inductive capacity. Ebonite. 
 
 Vulcanized Fibre. A variety of insulating ma- 
 terial suitable for purposes requiring the highest 
 insulation. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 W. 
 
 W. A contraction for watt. 
 
 W.P. A contraction for waterproof, or weather- 
 
 proof. 
 w.h. An abbreviation for watt-hour, a practical 
 
 unit of electric energy. 
 
 Wall Bracket. An insulator bracket attached to 
 a wall. A more or less ornamental support 
 for one or more incandescent lamps attached 
 to the wall of a room, hall or corridor. 
 Wall Socket. A socket placed in a wall and pro- 
 vided with openings for the insertion of a wall 
 plug with which the ends of a flexible twin-lead 
 are connected. 
 
 Water=proof Wire. Wire covered by a water- 
 proof material. 
 
 Water Rheostat. A rheostat whose resistance is 
 obtained by means of a mass of water between 
 the electrodes. 
 
 Watt. A unit of electric power. A volt-ampere. 
 The power developed when 44-25 foot-pounds 
 of work are done in a minute, or 0.7375 foot- 
 pound of work is done in a second. (See Inter- 
 national Watt.) 
 
 Watt=hour. A unit of electric work. A term 
 employed to indicate the expenditure of an 
 electric power of one watt for an hour; 
 Watt=hour Meter. An instrument for registering 
 
 total watt-hours. 
 
 Wattless Component Indicator. A device for 
 measuring the product of voltage of a circuit, 
 and the component of current at 90 degrees 
 with the voltage. This product is the heating 
 effect in excess of the heating that would be 
 given by a circuit of the same voltage and 
 power at 100 per cent load-factor. The device 
 is a wattmeter with coils connected to measure 
 volts times current at 90 degrees from the volt- 
 age phase. 
 
 Wattless Component of Current. In an alter- 
 nating-current circuit, that component of the 
 current which is in quadrature with the im- 
 pressed E.M.F. and which, therefore, takes 
 from or gives no energy to the circuit. In an 
 alternating-current circuit the product of the 
 E.M.F. and the effective susceptance. 
 Wattless Component of Electromotive Force. In 
 an alternating-current circuit, that component 
 of the E.M.F. which is in quadrature with the 
 current strength, and, therefore, does no work 
 on the current. In an alternating-current 
 circuit the product of the current and the effec- 
 tive reactance. 
 
 Wattless Current. That component of an alter- 
 nating electric current which is in quadrature 
 with the pressure and which, therefore, does no 
 work. The idle current. In an alternating- 
 current circuit the product of the effective sus- 
 ceptance and the E.M.F. 
 
 Wattless E.M.F. The wattless component of 
 E.M.F. in an alternating-current circuit. The 
 reactive E.M.F., as distinguished from the 
 active E.M.F. of an alternating-current cir- 
 cuit. In an alternating-current circuit, the 
 product of the E.M.F. and the effective or 
 apparent conductance. 
 Wattmeter. An instrument for measuring the 
 
 power in any circuit. 
 Wave, Electric. An electric periodic disturbance 
 
 in an elastic medium. 
 
 Wave Winding. Undulatory winding. Contin- 
 uous winding. A winding which, when de- 
 veloped, has the form of a wave. 
 Weatherproof Insulation. A trade-name for a 
 character of insulation consisting of one or 
 more layers of braided material soaked in an 
 insulating compound. (See Index.) 
 Weatherproof Wire. A wire provided with 
 weather-proof insulation. (See Index.) 
 
 Weber. The practical unit of magnetic flux. 
 A unit of magnetic flux having the value of one 
 
 Electrical 
 
 un p. . . 
 
 absolute unit or line. A term proposed by Uictionary 
 
 Clauius and Siemens, but not adopted, for a 
 
 magnetic pole of unit strength. 
 Weber Turns. Flux linkages in C.G.S. units of 
 
 flux and the turns through which they pass. 
 Weight=per=mile=ohm. A standard of conduc- 
 
 tivity of wires. The weight per mile of a wire, 
 
 multiplied by its resistance per mile at a given 
 
 temperature. (See page 15.) 
 Welding, Electric. Effecting the welding union of 
 
 metals by means of heat of electric origin. 
 Welding Transformer. A low voltage step- 
 
 down transformer employed in electric welding. 
 Wheatstone's Electric Bridge. A Wheatstone's 
 
 electric balance. 
 Windings. A general name applied to the coils 
 
 placed on an armature of a dynamo or motor, 
 
 or on the core of an electro-magnet. 
 Wire. A conductor that forms part of a circuit. 
 
 A telegram. 
 Wire Core. A form of laminated core obtained 
 
 by the use of a number of iron wires. 
 Wire Splice. A splice effected between two 
 
 pieces of wire. 
 Wireless Telegraphy. A general term for any 
 
 form of telegraphic communication which can 
 
 be effected without wire circuits. Induction 
 
 telegraphy. Conduction telegraphy through 
 
 the medium of the earth. 
 Wiring. Placing or installing the wires required 
 
 in any circuit. Collectively, the wires or 
 
 electric conductors employed in any circuit of 
 
 electric distribution. 
 Work. The product of force by the distance 
 
 through which it acts. 
 Work, Electric. The joule. A volt-coulomb, or 
 
 the work done by the passage of one conduct 
 
 through one volt. 
 Working Current. In an alternating-current cir- 
 
 cuit, a name sometimes given to an active cur- 
 
 rent, or that component of the current which is 
 
 in phase with the pressure. Any current in a 
 
 circuit which does work. A current operating 
 
 a translating device. 
 Working Speed of Cable. A term employed for 
 
 the number of signals that can be sent over a 
 
 cable in a given time. 
 
 X=ray Tube. A name sometimes given to a 
 Roentgen ray tube. 
 
 X=rays. A name frequently given to X-radiation. 
 The invisible rays emitted by an electrically 
 excited Crookes tube, and which are capable 
 of penetrating many substances opaque to 
 light, and of producing actinic or fluorescent 
 effects. The unknown rays emitted by an 
 X-ray tube from some point generally opposite 
 the cathode, which receives cathode-ray bom- 
 bardment. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Y=connected Three=phase Armature. A triphase 
 armature haying three circuits connected to a 
 common point. A star-connected triphase 
 armature. 
 
 Y=connector. A connector resembling the letter 
 Y in shape for joining a conductor to two* 
 branch wires. 
 
 Y-current. The current between any wire of a 
 triphase system and the neutral point. 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Electrical 
 Dictionary 
 
 Zeeman Effect. The broadening of the lines in 
 the spectrum of a heated substance when 
 placed in the flux of a powerful magnetic field. 
 
 Zero Method. Any method employed in elec- 
 trical measurement, in which the value of the 
 electromotive force, the resistance, current or 
 other similar quantities, are determined by 
 balancing against such quantities equal values 
 of the same units, and ascertaining the equality 
 not by the deflection of a needle of a galva- 
 nometer or electrometer, but by the absence of 
 such deflections. A null method. 
 
 Zero Potential. An arbitrary potential-level 
 from which electric levels are measured. The 
 earth's potential. 
 
 Zinc, Zn. At. wt. 65. Sp. gr. 7.14. Melts at 780 F 
 Volatilizes and burns in the air when melted, 
 with bluish-white fumes of zinc oxide. It is 
 ductile and malleable but to a much less extent 
 than copper, and its tenacity, about 5000 to 
 6000 Ibs. per square inch, is about one-tenth 
 that of wrought iron. It is practically non- 
 corrosive in the atmosphere, a thin film of 
 carbonate of zinc forming upon it. Cubical 
 expansion between 32 and 212 P., 0.0088. 
 Specific heat .096. Electric conductivity 29, 
 heat conductivity 36, silver being 100. Its 
 principal uses are for coating iron surfaces, 
 called " galvanizing," and for making brass and 
 other alloys. (Kent.) 
 
 Zinc Currents. A term sometimes used for nega- 
 tive currents. 
 
 Zinc Plating. Electro-plating with zinc Gal- 
 vanizing. 
 
ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 227 
 
 PRODUCTS OF THE AMERICAN STEEL AND 
 WIRE COMPANY 
 
 WIRE OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, round, flat, square, triangular, and odd- 
 shaped. Music wire. Mattress, broom, weaving and market wires in all finishes. 
 Special wires adapted to all purposes. 
 
 WIRE HOOPS, for use on lime barrels, sugar, salt, produce, apple, cracker, cement 
 and flour barrels and other slack cooperage. 
 
 ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES of all kinds, bare and insulated. 
 W. & M. TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE WIRE. Pole steps. 
 
 RAIL BONDS, for electric railroads. We make a very complete line, also tools for 
 installing bonds. 
 
 AMERICAN WIRE ROPE, heavy cables and hawsers. Elevator, tramway, 
 dredging and derrick ropes, ships, rigging, extra flexible rope, sash cord and 
 clothes lines. 
 
 BALE TIES for baling hay, straw, flax and all kinds of fibrous materials ; also for 
 bundling lumber, mouldings, staves and heading. 
 
 NAILS, STAPLES, SPIKES AND TACKS of all kinds. Standard wire nails in 
 all sizes and shapes. Miscellaneous fine nails. Wire brads. Tacks in count 
 and weight packages. Dowel pins. Railroad spikes. 
 
 BARBED WIRE, both two and four point; Glidden, Baker Perfect, Ellwood, 
 Waukegan, Lyman and Iowa brands. 
 
 WOVEN WIRE FENCING. "American," "Ellwood" and "Royal" fences. 
 
 CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT for buildings, bridges, sewers, water mains, 
 columns, walls, stacks, power plants and other concrete work requiring steel 
 reinforcement. 
 
 SPRINGS. Clock, motor, car, furniture, agricultural and all kinds of fine and 
 heavy springs. 
 
 SULPHATE OF IRON, for water purification; for the eradication of farm weeds; 
 for fertilizing ; for chemicals, disinfectant, dyeing, purification of gas ; for plate 
 glass polishing, and for woocl preservative. 
 
 POULTRY NETTING, galvanized before weaving. All meshes and sizes. 
 WIRE RODS of open hearth and bessemer steel. 
 
 HORSESHOES, "Juniata" brand, iron and steel, in all sizes and patterns. Also 
 toe calks. 
 
 SHAFTING, COLD DRAWN STEEL, free cutting screw steel, pump rods. 
 Roller bearing rods, rounds, squares, hexagons, flats and special shapes. 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 Ind 
 
 ex 
 
 Page 
 Advances on Annunciator Wire . . 94 
 
 Bare Copper Cables 65 
 
 Magnet Wire 86 
 
 Office Wire 95 
 
 Weatherproof Wires and Cables 100-101 
 Alternating Current Heating Effects . 19 
 Aluminum, Physical Properties of . 14 
 American Special Brewery Cord . . 113 
 American Steel and Wire Gauge . . 22 
 
 Annunciator Wire 94, 96 
 
 Annunciator Wire, Black Core . . 94 
 Annunciator Wire, Damp-proof . . 94 
 Annunciator Wire, Special ... 96 
 Asbestos and S. C. C. Magnet Wire . 89 
 Armature Binding Wire ... 80-81 
 Armor Wire for Cables ... 81, 149 
 Automobile Ignition Wires and Cables 145 
 Automobile Lighting Cord . . . Ill 
 
 Bare Wire and Cables .... 58-82 
 Bare Copper Wire and Cables . . 64 
 Bare Copper Wire Advances ... 64 
 Binding Wire, Armature . . . 80-81 
 Birmingham Wire Gauge .... 22 
 Black Core Annunciator Wire . 94 
 
 Black Core Office Wire .... 95 
 Black Finish, Slow Burning Wires . 106 
 Bond Wire, Extra Galvanized . . 74 
 
 Bonds, Rail 67-70 
 
 Braiding Machine 99 
 
 Braiding for Rubber Insulation . . 120 
 Braiding for Weatherproof Wires . 99 
 
 Brewery Cord 132 
 
 Brewery Cord, American Special . . 113 
 Bridle Wire, Telephone .... 129 
 Brown & Sharpe Gauge . . . 21-22 
 
 Border Light Cables 132 
 
 Hunched Strand . 27 
 
 Cable Joints .... 
 Cables 
 
 Bare Copper Advances 
 
 Bare Wire and 
 
 Border Light . 
 
 Car 
 
 Concentric 
 
 Deck 
 
 176, 180-181 
 . . 27-35 
 . . . 65 
 . . 58-82 
 . . . 132 
 . . . 138 
 . . . 32 
 132 
 
 Page 
 Duplex Concentric Mining Machine 
 
 139-140 
 
 Elevator Control 132 
 
 Elevator Lighting 132 
 
 Extra Flexible 66 
 
 Hemp Core 65-67 
 
 Joining of .... 176-177, 180-181 
 
 Mining Machine 139-140 
 
 Submarine 164 
 
 Theater or Stage 133 
 
 Varnished Cambric 163 
 
 Calories 16 
 
 Cambric Cables, Varnished . . . 163 
 
 Canvasite Cord 113 
 
 Car Cables 138 
 
 Carrying Capacities of Conductors 16-18 
 Catenary Construction .... 60-63 
 
 Catenary Wire 77 
 
 Chemical Laboratories . 120-121 
 
 Circles, Properties of .... 54-56 
 
 Circular Mils 21 
 
 Clamp, Three-bolt Strand .... 79 
 Clamp, Crosby Wire Rope ... 79 
 Coils, Dimensions of .... 48-49 
 Coils, Stringing Wire from . . 46-47 
 
 Coils of Wire 45-49 
 
 Coils, Weatherproof Wires and Cables 102 
 
 Conduit Systems 167 
 
 Cord, American Special Brewery . . 113 
 Automobile Lighting .... Ill 
 
 Brewery 132 
 
 Canvasite 113 
 
 Electric Heater 114 
 
 Lamp 108-109 
 
 Packing House 131 
 
 Reinforced Portable 110 
 
 Cord for Portables Ill 
 
 Compound Strand 32-35 
 
 Concentric Cables 32 
 
 Conductance and Resistance ... 12 
 
 Conductivity 12-13 
 
 Conductors, List of 12 
 
 Contents 8 
 
 Control Cable, Elevator .... 132 
 
 Conversion Tables 52-56 
 
 Copper 12, 14, 35 
 
 Copper Couplings 175 
 
AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Index 
 
 Copper, Impurities in ..... 39 
 Copper, Telephone and Telegraph 
 
 Wire ........ 64 
 
 Copper, Physical Properties of . . 14 
 Copper Wire Advances .... 65 
 
 Cotton-covered Magnet Wire . 85-87 
 Cotton-covered Special Magnet Wire 91 
 Cotton Yarn ........ 85 
 
 Couplings, Copper ...... 175 
 
 Crosby Wire Rope Clip .... 79 
 
 Crown Duplex Wires and Cables . . 137 
 Crown Feeder Cables ..... 136 
 
 Crown Fireproof Cables .... 138 
 
 Crown Flexible Cables ..... 136 
 
 Crown Lead-covered Cables . . 150-154 
 Crown Rubber-insulated Wires and 
 
 Cables ....... 133-140 
 
 Crude Rubber ....... 116 
 
 Cutting Wire to Lengths .... 65 
 
 Damp-proof Annunciator Wire . . 94 
 Damp-proof Office Wire .... 95 
 
 Data, Tabulated ...... 52-56 
 
 Data, General ...... 12-56 
 
 Deck Cables ........ 132 
 
 Diameters, Rubber-covered Wires and 
 
 Cables ........ 146 
 
 Dictionary, Electrical ..... 183 
 
 Dielectric . ....... 20 
 
 Dielectric Hysteresis ..... 20 
 
 Dimensions of Coils, Standard . 48-49 
 Drawing Cables into Ducts . . . 173 
 Drawing Wire ...... 42-43 
 
 Drop Wire, Telephone ..... 131 
 
 Duplex Concentric Mining Machine 
 
 Cables ....... 139-140 
 
 Duplex Wires and Cables, Crown . 137 
 Duplex Wires and Cables, Globe . 127 
 
 Electric Heater Cord ..... 114 
 Electrical Dictionary ..... 183 
 Electrical Laboratories .... 120-121 
 Elevator Control Cable ..... 132 
 Elevator Lighting Cable .... 132 
 Elongation of Copper Wire . 43-44, 67 
 Extra High Strength Steel Strand 76-78 
 
 Fireproof Cables, Crown 
 Fixture Wire, Globe 
 Flexible Cables, Crown 
 Flexible Cables, Extra . 
 Flexible Cables, Globe . . . 
 Foucoult or Eddy Current Loss 
 
 Page 
 138 
 128 
 136 
 
 66 
 126 
 
 20 
 
 Facilities .... 
 Feeder Cables, Crown 
 Feeder Cables, Globe 
 
 136 
 126 
 
 Galvanizing Wire 44, 72 
 
 Galvanized Bond Wire, Extra ... 74 
 Galvanized Steel Signal Wire ... 75 
 Galvanized Telephone and Telegraph 
 
 Wire 71 
 
 Gauges, Wire 21-22 
 
 General Data . ... 12-56 
 
 Globe Duplex Wires and Cables . . 127 
 
 Globe Feeder Cables 126 
 
 Globe Fixture Wire 128 
 
 Globe Flexible Cables 126 
 
 Globe Insulated Telephone Wire . 128-131 
 Globe Rubber Insulated Wires and 
 
 Cables 124-133 
 
 Grade A, Lamp Cord .... 108-109 
 Grade C, Lamp Cord 109 
 
 Handling Lead Cables 167 
 
 Heater Cord, Electric 114 
 
 Heating Perfects, Alternating Current . 19 
 Heating of Conductors .... 16, 19 
 Hemp Cord Cables .... 65-67 
 High Strength Steel Strand . . 76, 78 
 High Strength Steel Strand, Extra 76, 78 
 Hysteresis, Dielectric 20 
 
 I 2 R Loss 19 
 
 Ignition Wires and Cables, Automobile 145 
 Inquiries Concerning Cables . . 149-150 
 Inside Telephone Wire .... 129 
 Installation of Underground Cables 166-181 
 
 Insulation, Rubber 116-119 
 
 Insulation, Weatherproof .... 99 
 
 International Ohm ...... 13 
 
 Iron, Physical Properties of ... 14 
 
 Iron and Steel 39-42 
 
 Iron and Steel Telephone and Tele- 
 graph Wire 71-74 
 
 Iron Wire, Weatherproof . . . 102-103 
 
 Jointing of Cables 176-177 
 
 Jointing Materials 178 
 
 Joints in Galvanized Telephone and 
 
 Telegraph Wire 73 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 Joints in Hard Drawn Copper 
 Joints in Magnet Wire . 
 Joints of Lead Cables . 
 Jumper Wire, Telephone . 
 
 Page 
 
 . 67 
 
 . 92 
 
 180-181 
 
 131 
 
 Laboratories, Electrical and Chemi- 
 cal 120-121 
 
 Lagging for Reels 50 
 
 Lamp Cord 108-109 
 
 Lamp Cord Products .... 108-114 
 
 Lamp Cord, Grade C 109 
 
 Lamp Cord, Grade A .... 108-109 
 Lay or Pitch of Strand .... 28-29 
 Lead-covered Cables, Crown . . 150, 154 
 Lead-covered Cables, Inquiries Con- 
 cerning 149-150 
 
 Lead-covered Cable, Rubber Insu- 
 lated 150, 154 
 
 Lead Encased Wires and Cables . 148, 166 
 
 Lead Sheaths 148 
 
 Lead Sheathed Cables, Paper Insu- 
 lated 155-162 
 
 Lengths, Cutting Wire to .... 65 
 Lightning Protection for Transmission 
 
 Lines 77 
 
 List of Products . 227 
 
 Magnet Wire 
 
 Magnet Wire, Asbestos and S . C . 
 Magnet Wire, Cotton-covered 
 Magnet Wire, Paper-covered . 
 Magnet Wire, Rectangular . 
 Magnet Wire, Silk Covered . . 
 Magnet Wire, Special C. C 
 Magnet Wire, Square .... 
 Magnetic-core Steel, Silico 
 
 Manholes 
 
 Manufacture of Wire . 
 
 Messenger Strand 
 
 Metric Tables 
 
 Micrometer Screw 
 
 Mil-foot Ohms per 
 
 Mils 
 
 Mils, Circular 
 
 Mining Machine Cables 
 
 84-91 
 
 C. 89 
 
 85-87 
 
 . 91 
 
 89-90 
 
 . 88 
 
 . 91 
 
 90 
 
 . 82 
 
 168-170 
 
 35-44 
 
 . 76 
 
 52-53 
 
 . 21 
 
 15,17 
 
 . 21 
 
 . 21 
 
 139-140 
 
 National Electric Code Rules for Rub- 
 ber-covered Wire 122 
 
 National Electric Code Rules for 
 
 Weatherproof Wire . .90 
 
 Non Conductors, List of 
 
 Office Wire .... 
 Office Wire, Black Core 
 Office Wire, Damp-proof 
 Office Wire, Special . 
 Ohm, International . 
 Ohms per Mil-foot . 
 Orders, Regarding . 
 
 Page Index 
 12 
 
 . 95 
 
 . 95 
 
 . 95 
 
 . 96 
 
 . 13 
 
 14-15, 17 
 
 10 
 
 Outside Distributing Telephone Wire 128 
 
 Packing and Shipping .... 44-51 
 
 Packing House Cord 131 
 
 Paper-covered Magnet Wire ... 91 
 Paper - insulated Lead Sheathed 
 
 Cables 155, 162 
 
 Paper-insulated Lead-covered Cables, 
 
 Specifications for .... 157, 159 
 
 Physical Data 55-56 
 
 Physical Properties of Conductors . 14 
 Pitch or Lay of Strand .... 28-29 
 Pole Data, Telephone and Telegraph . 74 
 
 Pole Steps 81-82 
 
 Portable Cord, Reinforced .... 110 
 
 Portables, Cord for Ill 
 
 Pot Head Telephone Wire ... 129 
 Pounds per Mile ohm of Copper . 15, 19 
 Products, Lamp Cord . . . . 108-114 
 
 Products, List of 227 
 
 Protection of Insulation .... 120 
 
 Racks for Cables 171 
 
 Rail Bonds 67 
 
 Rail Bond Tools 70 
 
 Rectangular Magnet Wire . . . 89-90 
 
 Reels 49-50, 65 
 
 Reels, Lagging 50 
 
 Regarding Orders 10 
 
 Reinforced Portable Cord . . . . 110 
 Reliance Weatherproof Iron Wire 102-103 
 Reliance Weatherproof Wires and 
 
 Cables 98-105 
 
 Resistance 13 
 
 Resistance, per Mil-foot of Copper 15, 17 
 Resistance, of Copper Strand ... 32 
 Resistance, Resistivity .... 13-15 
 
 Resistance, Specific 14 
 
 Resistance Wire 80 
 
 Rodding Sticks 173 
 
 Rope Strand 32, 35 
 
232 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 STEEL 
 
 AND 
 
 WIRE 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 Index Page 
 
 Rubber Compound 116, 119 
 
 Rubber-covered Iron Telephone Wire 130 
 Rubber-covered Wires and Cables 116-145 
 
 Rubber, Crude 116 
 
 Rubber Insulation 116-119 
 
 Rubber- insulated Lead-covered 
 
 Cables 150-154 
 
 Rubber-insulated Wires and Cables, 
 
 Crown 133-140 
 
 Rubber-insulated Wires and Cables, 
 
 Diameters and Weights . . . 146 
 Rubber-insulated Wires and Cables, 
 
 Globe 124-133 
 
 Rubber-insulated Wires and Cables, 
 
 Thirty Per Cent 140-145 
 
 Rubber Tape 120 
 
 Sales Offices 4 
 
 Seals for Galvanized Telephone and 
 
 Telegraph Coils 71 
 
 Semaphore Wire 75 
 
 Shipping of Rubber-covered Wire . 124 
 Shipping of Weatherproof Wires and 
 
 Cables 44, 102-103 
 
 Siemens Martin Steel Strand . . 76, 78 
 Signal Wires and Cables . . . 143-145 
 Signal Wire, Extra Galvanized Steel . 75 
 Signal Wires and Cables, Specifica- 
 tions for 144-145 
 
 Silico- Magnetic- Core Steel .... 82 
 
 Silk Thread 85 
 
 Silk-covered Magnet Wire .... 88 
 
 Skin Effect 19-20 
 
 Slow Burning Wires and Cables . . 104 
 Slow Burning Wires, Black Finish . 106 
 
 Snake Wire 173 
 
 Special Magnet Wire, Cotton-covered 91 
 Special Weatherproof and Slow Burn- 
 ing Wires 105-106 
 
 Specifications for Cotton- covered Mag- 
 net Wire 91-92 
 
 Galvanized Telephone and Tele- 
 graph Wire 72 
 
 Hard Drawn Copper Wire ... 66 
 Paper Insulated Lead-covered 
 
 Cables 157-159 
 
 Signal Wires and Cables . . 144-145 
 Thirty Per Cent. Rubber-insulated 
 
 Wires and Cables .... 141 
 Weatherproof Wires and Cables . 105 
 
 Page 
 Spider Wire, Telephone .... 131 
 
 Square Magnet Wire 90 
 
 Stage Cables, Theater or .... 133 
 Steel Armor Wire for Cables ... 81 
 Steel, Physical Properties of Siemens 
 
 Martin 14 
 
 Steel, Iron and 39-42 
 
 Steel and Iron Telephone and Tele- 
 graph Wire 71-74 
 
 Steel Strand, Extra High Strength 76-78 
 High Strength . . . . . 76-78 
 
 Siemens Martin 76-78 
 
 Special Extra Galvanized ... 76 
 
 Standard 75 
 
 Strand 27-35 
 
 Clamp, Three-bolt 79 
 
 Compound 32 
 
 Concentric 27 
 
 Extra High Strength Steel . . 76-78 
 High Strength Steel .... 76-78 
 
 Messenger 76 
 
 Resistance of Copper .... 32 
 
 Rope 32-35 
 
 Siemens Martin Steel . . . 76-78 
 Special Extra Galvanized . . 76-78 
 
 Standard Steel 75 
 
 Tables 30-31 
 
 Stringing Wire from Coils .... 46 
 
 Submarine Cables 164 
 
 Sub-station Telephone Wire . . . 129 
 
 Tables, Wiring 24-31 
 
 Telegraph and Telephone Wire, Cop- 
 per, Hard Drawn 64 
 
 Iron and Steel 71-74 
 
 Telephone Cables 130 
 
 Telephone and Telegraph Pole Data . 74 
 Telephone and Telegraph Wire, Extra 
 
 Galvanized W. & M. . . . 71-74 
 Telephone and Telegraph Wire, Prop- 
 erties of ' . . 73-74 
 
 Telephone Rubber-covered Iron Cables 130 
 Telephone Wire, Copper, Bridle . . 129 
 
 Drop . . .' 131 
 
 Globe Insulated 128 
 
 Inside 129 
 
 Jumper 131 
 
 Outside Distributing 128 
 
 Pot Head 129 
 
 Spider 131 
 
ELECTRICAL 
 
 WIRES 
 
 AND 
 
 CABLES 
 
 
 Page 
 
 
 Page Index 
 
 Telephone Wire Continued 
 
 
 Varnished Cambric Cables 
 
 . . 163 
 
 Sub-station 
 
 129 
 
 Vulcanizing: Rubber 
 
 119 
 
 Temperature Coefficients . . . 14-15 
 Temperature Effects on Resistance 15-18 
 Tensile Strength of Steel .... 14 
 Tensile Strength of Copper Wire . 14, 26 
 Three-bolt Strand Clamp .... 79 
 
 Tico Resistance Wire 80 
 
 Tinned Copper Wire Advances . . 64 
 Tinning and Galvanizing Wire . . 44 
 Theater and Stage Cables .... 133 
 Thirty Per Cent. Rubber- insulated 
 
 Wires and Cables .... 140-145 
 Thirty Per Cent. Rubber- insulated 
 
 Wire Specifications .... 141 
 Transmission Lines, Lightning Protec- 
 tion for 77 
 
 Transmission Lines, Long Span . . 77 
 Trolley Wire, Catenary Method of Sup- 
 porting 77 
 
 Construction Notes .... 60-63 
 
 Copper 58-63 
 
 Dimensions of 59 
 
 Pole Data 60-63 
 
 Specifications for 59 
 
 Underground Cables, Installation of 166-181 
 
 Weatherproof Coils of Wire . . . 102 
 
 Insulation . 99 
 
 Iron Wire 102-103 
 
 Weatherproof and Slow Burning Wire, 
 
 Special 105-106 
 
 Weatherproof White Finish Wires . 106 
 Weatherproof Wires and Cables, Re- 
 liance 98-105 
 
 Weight of Copper Wire ... 14, 26 
 Weight per Mile-ohm .... 14, 19 
 Weights, Rubber-covered Wires and 
 
 Cables 146 
 
 White Finish Wires, Weatherproof . 106 
 Wire, Bare, and Cables . . . 58-82 
 
 Wire Drawing 42-43 
 
 Wire Gauges 21-22 
 
 Wire, Manufacture of .... 35-44 
 
 Wire Rope 75-78 
 
 Wire Rope Clip, Crosby .... 79 
 Wires and Cables, Lead Encased . 148-166 
 Wires and Cables, Signal . . . 143-145 
 
 Wiring Formulas 2223 
 
 Wiring Tables 24-31 
 
 Index to Electric Lighting Material 
 
 Crown Rubber- covered Wires and 
 
 Cables 134-138 
 
 Globe Rubber - covered Wires and 
 
 Cables 125-133 
 
 Lamp Cord 108-110 
 
 Paper - insulated, Lead Encased 
 
 Cables . 156-162 
 
 Rubber- insulated, Lead Encased 
 
 Cables 150-154 
 
 Slow Burning Wires and Cables . 104-105 
 
 Submarine Cables 164 
 
 Varnished Cambric Cables .... 163 
 Weatherproof Wires and Cables . 98-103 
 
 Index to Electric Railway Material 
 
 Armature Binding Wire ... 80 
 
 Bare Copper Wires and Cables . 64-65 
 
 Car Cables 133 
 
 Crown Rubber-insulated Wires and 
 
 Cables 133-138 
 
 Globe Rubber-insulated Wires and 
 
 Cables 125-127 
 
 Lamp Cord 108-110 
 
 Magnet Wire . . . . 85-91 
 
 Paper-insulated, Lead Encased Cables 
 
 150-154 
 
 Pole Steps 81 
 
 Rail Bonds 67-70 
 
 Resistance Wire 80 
 
 Rubber-insulated, Lead Encased Ca- 
 
 bles 150-154 
 
 Slow Burning Wires and Cables 104-105 
 Specifications for Hard Drawn Copper 66 
 
234 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY 
 
 Index P a g e Page 
 
 Galvanized Telephone and Telegraph Thirty Per Cent. Rubber-insulated 
 
 Wire 71-74 Wires and Cables .... 140-143 
 
 Steel Strand 75-76 Trolley Wire 58-63 
 
 Strand Clips, Galvanized .... 79 Weatherproof Wires and Cables . 98-103 
 Submarine Cables 164 
 
 Index to Telephone and Telegraph Material 
 
 Bare Copper Telephone and Telegraph 
 
 Wire 64 
 
 Bare Galvanized Telephone and Tele- 
 graph Wire ...*... 71-74 
 
 Globe Insulated Telephone and Tele- 
 graph Wires and Cables . . 128-131 
 Bridle Wire 129 
 
 Inside Wire .... 
 Jumper Wire .... 
 Outside Distributing Wire 
 Pot Head Wire . . . 
 Spider Wire .... 
 Sub-station .... 
 Telegraph Cables 
 
 Drop Wire 
 
 . . 131 Pole Steps 
 
 129 
 131 
 
 128 
 129 
 131 
 129 
 130 
 81 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 LIBRARY 
 
 Due two weeks after date. 
 SEP * 1916 
 
270317 
 
 ire 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY