UC-NRLF 501 Electrical Wires Cables nd Handbook .4 :: >:::",'::.:.: St^-el ^o \\ r i.i ; e Ca GIFT OF Electrical Wires and Cables Errat a Page 21. Title underneath illustration should read Micrometer Calipers. Page 54. Diameter 1 has been omitted in first column of first table. Page 56. Fourth line should read 980 cm. per second. Page 80. Fourth line from bottom should read rope wire instead of piano wire. Page 100. Each of last 5 lines of 8th and 16th columns should read pounds instead of feet. Page 114. Second line from top should read No. 32 B. & S. instead of No. 81. Page 145. Second paragraph, first line, 145 should read page 144. Page 164. Title under first illustration should read served in place of sewed. Page 165. Second line should read " taped over all. " Page 178. In first column of table, list number opposite I/O should read 262 S instead of 250 S. Page 56. Under caption Electrical Data, equations should read as follows : The ampere " ohm 14 volt " henry " farad : : 10" 1 cm. 5 g. 5 sec." 1 : 10* cm. sec." 1 : 10 s cm. 3 g. % sec." 2 : 10 9 cm. = 10~ 9 cm." 1 sec. 2 Electrical Wires and Cables Sales Offices CHICAGO 115 Adams Street NEW YORK 30 Church Street WORCESTER North Works BOSTON 120 Franklin Street PITTSBURG . Frick Building CLEVELAND Western Reserve Building ST. LOUIS Third National Bank Building MONTREAL Bank of Ottawa Building ST. PAUL-MINNEAPOLIS . Pioneer Press Building, St. Paul DENVER, COLO First National Bank Building SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH . . 736 South 3 d West Street SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. . . . i6th and Folsom Streets PORTLAND, ORE Ninth and Irving Streets SEATTLE, WASH. . Fourth Ave., S., and Connecticut St. LOS ANGELES, CAL 160 Central Avenue LONDON, ENG 36 New Broad Street, E. C. EXPORT SALES AGENTS United States Steel Products Company 30 Church Street, New York, N. Y. Catalogue and Handbook of Electrical Wires and Cables American Steel & Wire Company Chicago New York Worcester Denver San Francisco -r Copyright 1910 by American Steel and Wire Company * * . '-' : r r /-l '''' r i- Preface THIS Catalogue-Handbook presents in serviceable form information interest- ing to customers, engineers and students. All types of bare and insulated electrical wires and cables now in com- mon use are fully described herein. A con- siderable amount of engineering data and descriptive matter, including an abridged dictionary of electrical terms, has been in- troduced for the purpose of making the book a fairly complete treatise on electrical con- ductors. Much of the information may be found in books of reference, but some of it is published here for the first time. The data have been carefully compiled and arranged with a view of rendering the customer all possible assistance in select- ing and specifying the material best suited to his requirements. 270317 Contents THIS book conveniently and logically divides into nine sections, the first of which contains in descriptive and tabulated form general engineering data relating to copper, iron and alu- minum electrical conductors. PAGE GENERAL DATA . . . . . n The following seven sections constitute the cata- logue portion of the book, in which is given not only a complete list of all bare and insulated electrical wires and cables manufactured by this company, but also some general information regarding standard specifications and the uses and construction of con- ductors. PAGE BARE WIRES AND CABLES 57 MAGNET WIRE ..... 83 ANNUNCIATOR AND OFFICE WIRES . 93 WEATHERPROOF WIRES AND CABLES . 97 LAMP CORD PRODUCTS . . . 107 RUBBER-COVERED WIRES AND CABLES 115 LEAD ENCASED WIRES AND CABLES AND THEIR INSTALLATION . . . 147 The final section has been compiled with consider- able care for use as a dictionary of electrical terms. ABRIDGED ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY OF PAGE COMMON WORDS, TERMS AND PHRASES 183 The book concludes with a very complete index, having conveniently arranged cross references to materials used specially for electric light, electric railway and telephone and telegraph work. PAGE INDEX ....... 229 Facilities HE first electrical wire factory of the American Steel and Wire Company, estab- lished in 1834, is here represented. In this and in later buildings, the most im- portant improvements in the manufactur- ing of all kinds of wire were invented and adopted. The business and the plant have developed rapidly. About twenty years ago preparations were made for producing our first insulated electrical wire. Shortly after this the first enlarged terminal stud rail bonds were made in these works. Since that date vast changes and advances have taken place in every branch of electrical engineering, and these have been accompanied by a corresponding growth in our man- ufacturing facilities. Reinforcing our extensive factory equipment, there are well equipped chemical, physical and electrical laboratories, wherein the problems incident to the solution of every difficulty encountered are handled by thoroughly reliable experts and up - to - date methods. All steel and copper used by us is rolled and drawn in our own mills and under our own super- vision throughout every operation. All raw materials are tested and inspected before being used, the manufacturing processes are constantly checked, and finally the finished material is subjected to an exhaus- tive series of tests that determine beyond question whether or not it is of proper quality. With such facili- ties at our disposal we are enabled to manufacture electrical conductors of all kinds to the severest speci- fications, and to give to the users of our product a standard of quality that is unexcelled. I Regarding Orders N order to avoid errors, delays and misunder- standings, purchasers should carefully note the following: 1. Orders and correspondence regarding orders should always be sent to the nearest sales office, list of which is given on page 4. 2. Describe fully material ordered. List numbers are provided in this catalogue to facili- tate ordering. 3. When referring to orders always give the number or date of the order. 4. State distinctly how goods are to be shipped, whether by freight, express or mail. If any special route is preferred it should be men- tioned in the order. We reserve the right to route all shipments upon which we pay or allow freight. 5. Before returning reels or other material, please secure from us shipping directions. 6. No claims for allowances will be enter- tained unless made within ten days after arrival of the goods, and no allowance will be made beyond the original invoice price of material. 7. All prices are subject to change without notice. 8. All agreements are contingent upon strikes, accidents or other causes beyond our control. General Data Page Conductance and Resistance 12 Physical Properties of Conductors 14 Temperature Effects on Resistance .... 15 Carrying Capacities of Conductors .... 18 Resistance of Copper at Different Temperatures and Conductivities 17-19 Alternating Current Heating Effects .... 19 Measurements of Wires, Wire Gauges ... 21 Comparative Table of Wire Gauges .... 22 Wiring Formulae and Tables 22-26 Strands 27 Concentric Cables . 32 Rope Strands 32 The Manufacture of Wire 35 Copper 35 Iron and Steel 39 Wire Drawing 42 Tinning and Galvanizing Wire .... 44 Packing and Shipping 44 Coils 45 Reels 49-50 Miscellaneous Tabulated Data . . 52-56 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY General Data Conductance and Resistance ELECTRICAL energy is always transferred from the generating source to the receiving device through, or by means of, some form of conductor. This is one of the three necessary parts of any electrical circuit. With the various kinds of metallic conductors we shall be chiefly concerned in this catalogue. Electricity may be transmitted through any substance, though in widely vary- ing degrees. The following table gives a list of materials which are arranged approximately in order of their conducting powers : Conductors Non-Conductors or Insulators All metals Dry air Ebonite Well-burned charcoal Shellac Gutta-percha Plumbago Paraffin India rubber Acid solutions Resins Silk Metallic ores Sulphur Dry paper Living vegetable substances Moist earth Wax Glass Dry leather Porcelain Water Mica Oils The conducting power of any substance depends largely upon its physical state. For instance, the conductivity of air decreases very rapidly as its pressure increases, while rarefied air makes a good conductor of electricity. The conduc- tivity of all substances materially alters with change of temperature. The number of substances which are used for conductors of electricity in commercial work is, however, limited to three of the useful metals, copper, iron and aluminum. Of these, the first is pre-eminently the best, while next in order come aluminum and iron. Pure copper possesses many physical properties of great engineering value in addition to that of its high conductivity. It has to a very high degree the qualities of malleability and ductility which make it an ideal metal for wire drawing. Its strength and hardness are greater than that of any other metal except iron and steel. It has the power of resisting oxidation, it takes a fine polish, is easily worked, and can be forged more easily than iron. The precious metals, platinum, gold and silver, are used as conductors only to a limited extent in laboratories and for scientific purposes. A list of the common metals, arranged in order of their relative conducting properties, is given in the following table : Relative Conductivity of Pure Metals (Matthiessen's Standard) Metals Relative Conductivity Metals Relative Conductivity Silver, annealed 108 Iron, wrought 17.6 Copper, annealed 102 Nickel 13.0 Gold, annealed 78 Tin 120 Aluminum, annealed 63 Lead 8.0 Zinc 28 Mercury 1.7 ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES Since the conductivity of any one wire will in general differ from that of any General other, it becomes necessary in comparing or specifying wires to refer to some Data standard or system of units. We cannot describe anything except by comparing it with some standard which is recognized by and familiar to all. The conducting power of a substance is usually expressed in terms of its electric resistance rather than in terms of conductivity. The resistance of a wire is the reciprocal of its conductivity. A wire that is high in conductivity is low in resistance and vice versa. Resistance is that property of a conductor by virtue of its form and molecu- lar structure which modifies the strength of current flowing through it. It is an inherent property of all electrical conductors; even the best conductors possess appreciable resistance. The commercial standard of conductivity in this country is the one established by Dr. Matthiessen in 1861. It is that of a piece of supposedly pure copper wire of constant cross-section having the following specifications: Specific gravity, 8.89. Length, 1 meter or 39.8704 inches. Weight, 1 gram or 15.432 grains. Resistance, 0.141729 ohms at C. Specific resistance, 1.594 microhms per cubic centimeter, or Specific resistance, 0.6276 microhms per cubic inch at C Much of the copper now being made is higher in conductivity than Dr. Matthiessen's standard by one or two per cent., owing to improved methods of refining copper. It is usual, however, to specify that soft drawn copper shall have 98 per cent, conductivity and hard drawn copper 97 per cent, of Matthiessen's standard. The practical unit of resistance is the International Ohm, which is the resist- ance offered to an unvarying electric current by a column of pure mercury at a temperature of melting ice, 14.4521 grams (0.51 ounces) in mass, of a constant cross-sectional area, and 106.3 centimeters (41.85 inches) in length. To obtain a concrete idea of this unit it may be remembered that a copper wire having a diameter of one tenth of an inch, has at 68 F. a resistance of approximately one ohm per thousand feet, or 5.28 ohms per mile. Resistance varies greatly with different metals and is in general less for a pure metal than for any of its alloys. Its value will in every case depend upon the relation of three factors. The length of the wire, its cross-sectional area, and the nature or chemical composition of the metal, all of which vary with temperature. Increasing or decreasing the length (L) of any conductor will increase or decrease the resistance (R) of the conductor in direct proportion. Increasing or decreasing its sectional area (A) will inversely affect its resistance, that is, as the section of the conductor increases the resistance becomes proportionately less, and conversely. The term conductor as used in this connection should be taken in its broadest sense, meaning the whole length of any circuit or any portion of a circuit under consider- ation, whether it be in a straight line or wound in a coil. For example: One mile of any given wire will have twice the resistance of one-half mile of the same wire, or 5.28 times the resistance of 1,000 feet. Again, if we have two wires of equal length, one of which has a sectional area five times as great as that of the other, then, assuming uniform quality and treatment, the elec- trical resistance of the larger wire will be one-fifth that of the smaller, and as the AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY weight per unit length varies directly as the sectional area, it follows that the resistance of a wire weighing, for example, 500 pounds per mile, will equal one-fifth the resistance of a wire weighing 100 pounds per mile, assuming uniform quality and treatment as before. Algebraically, these relations may be expressed thus: R = K^ A Where (K) is a constant for any metal and represents its resistivity or specific resistance. Resistivity, a factor depending only on the material or structure of the metal as compared with pure copper as unity, may be expressed in a number of different ways, all being equivalent to the resistance of some unit of cross-section. This unit may be expressed either in linear dimensions or as a combination of weight and dimensions. It may represent the resistance measured between opposite faces of a unit cube of the metal. Or, another and more common way of expressing resis- Physical Properties of Copper, Aluminum, Iron and Steel Wire Copper Aluminum no T> r* * Iron Steel Physical Properties Annealed Hard Drawn yy .rer Cent. Pure (Ex. B. B.) (Siemens Martin) Conductivity , Matthiessen's st&ndHTcl 99 to 102 96 to 99 61 to 63 16.8 8.7 Ohms per mil-foot at 68 F. = 20 C. (K) 10.36 10.57 16.7 62.9 119.7 Ohms per mile at 68 F. - 20 C. ( 54,600 ' cir. mils 55,700 88,200 332,000 632,000 cir. mils cir. mils cir. mils cir. mils Pounds per mile-ohm at 68 F. = 20 C. 875 896 424.0 4700 8900 Temperature co-efficient per degrees F. Mean values . .00233 .00233 .0022 .0028 Temperature co-efficient per degrees C. Mean values . .0042 .0042 .0040 .0050 Specific gravity. Mean values Pounds per 1,000 feet per cir- 8.89 8.94 2.68 7.77 7.85 cular mil .003027 .003049 .000909 .002652 .002671 Weight, in pounds per cubic inch .320 .322 .0967 .282 .283 Specific heat Mean values . . .093 .093 .214 .113 .117 Melting point in degrees F. Mean values 2012 2012 1157 2975 2480 Melting point in degrees C. Mean val 1fS 1100 1100 COX 1635 1360 Mean co-efficient of linear ex- pansion. Degrees F. . . . .00000950 .00000950 .00001285 .00000673 .00000662 Mean co-efficient of linear ex- pansion. Degrees C. . . . .0000171 .0000171 .0000231 .000120 .000118 Tensile strength i 30,000 to i 42,000 45,000 to 68,000 20,000 to 35,000 50,000 to 55,000 100,000 to 120,000 SOLID WIRE Pounds per Elastic limit . . 1 6,000 to / 16,000 25,000 to 45,000 j- 14,000 -j 25,000 to 30,000 50,000 to 72,000 square inch Modulus of elas- ticity .... { 7,000,000 to 1 17,000,000 13,000,000 to 18,000,000 10,500,000 to 11,500,000 22,000,000 to 27,000,000 22,000,000 to 27,000,000 CON- Tensile strength I 29,000 to / 37,000 43,000 to 65,000 j- 25,800 | . . . 98,000 to 118,000 CENTRIC STRAND Elastic limit . . 1 5,800 to "| 14,800 23,000 to 42,000 [ 13,800 \ ... 45,000 to 55,000 Pounds per square inch Modulus of elas- ticity .... I 5,000,000 to "/ 12,000,000 12,000,000 to 14,000,000 Approx. 10,000,000 16,000,000 to 22,00,000 ELECTRICAL \V RES AND CABLES 15 tivity is in terms of ohm s per mil-foot, meaning the resistance of a round wire one foot long, having a diameter of one mil or .001 inch and an area of one circular mil. With this unit, the resistance of any wire is found by multiplying its length (L) by its resistivity (K see page 14) in ohms per mil-foot and dividing this product by the section area expressed in circular mils. For telephone and telegraph conductors it is customary to use still another unit of resistivity weight per mile-ohm. This is the weight of a conductor one mile in length, which has a resistance of one ohm. It equals the product of the resistance per mile and the weight per mile. However great may be the variation in weight of wires of different sizes, the variation in resistance is equally great inversely, and so the balance is preserved. To illustrate: If the mile-ohm be 5,000, the resistance of a wire weighing 1,000 pounds per mile will be 5 ohms, while a similar wire weighing 5 pounds per mile will have a resistance of 1,000 ohms. This method of expressing resistance is more direct than the others, which require interpretation before the results may be used in any calculation. Values for these various units will be found tabulated on page 14. Temperature Effects on Resistance The question of temperature bears an important part in all tests and calcula- tions of electrical conductors, as the resistance varies directly with temperature. The resistance of copper wire increases about twenty-three one-hundredths and that of iron wire about twenty-eight one-hundredths per cent, for each additional degree F. Dr. Matthiessen, while experimenting with copper conductors, derived the fol- lowing formula for the change of resistance with temperature in copper wire : R=R (1 + .00387t+ .0000059t 8 ) Later experiments have shown that for practical engineering purposes all terms below the second may be dropped, and that the above equation for temperature changes in copper wire may now be written : R t =R (l + .0042t) for t in degrees C. or Rt=R (l-l- .0023t) for t in degrees F. Where R = Resistance at C. R t = Resistance at any temperature t The general equation for any conductor is usually written: Rt=R (l + at), where a is called the temperature coefficient of the conductor. These coefficients vary considerably with the purity of metals, and they change slightly even in the purest metals. The following average values of the temperature coefficient have been found experimentally, at C. Metals Centigrade Fahrenheit Aluminum .0040 .0022 Copper, annealed Gold .0042 .0038 .0023 .0021 Mercury .0007 .0004 Platinum .0025 .0014 Silver, annealed .0040 .0022 Soft iron .0050 .0028 Tin .0044 .0025 Zinc .0041 .0023 For convenience in determining the resistivity of copper conductors at vari- ous temperatures, we give on page 17 the resistance per mil-foot at temperatures AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY General ranging from -10 C. to 45C. at 97 per cent., 98 per cent, and at 100 per cent. Data conductivity Matthiessen's standard. We also give, on page 19, the weight per mile-ohm at various temperatures and conductivities within practical limits. If a continuous current of electricity flows through any conductor, a certain definite portion of the electrical energy supplied to the conductor will be required to overcome its resistance and transmit the current between any two points in the conductor. This energy of transmission, as it is called, is never lost, but is trans- formed into heat energy. Heat will be developed whenever any electric current flows through any conductor, or part of conductor, the amount of heat being directly proportional to the resistance of the conductor and to the square of the current flowing. The amount of heat measured in calories will equal H=0.24IRt Where H represents calories of heat produced I " current in amperes R ' ' resistance of conductor in ohms, and t ' ' time in seconds that the current flows. If heat be developed in the conductor faster than it can be dissipated from the surface by radiation and convection the temperature will rise. The allowable safe temperature rise is one of the limiting features of the current carrying capacity of any conductor. Since the rate at which heat will be dissipated from any conductor will depend upon many conditions, such as its size and structure, the kind and amount of insulation, if any, and its location with respect to other bodies, it is not possible to give any general definite rule for carrying capacity that will be true for all conditions. The following empirical formula* will give approximate values for the current I flowing through a solid conductor, or through each conductor of a multiple conductor cable which will cause a rise in temperature of t degrees C. 1= Tc In this, d represents the diameter of the bare wire or strand, K is the resistance per mil-foot of the wire at allowable elevated temperature t taken from the curves given on next page, and C is a constant having the following values for different conditions. Location and Kind of Conductor Values of A/ d 3 Constant C in Expression Cf/ * "^ Solid Conductor Stranded Conductor Bare overhead wires out of doors Bare wires in doors, exposed Single conductor rubber covered cable in still air . Single conductor rubber covered lead sheathed cable in underground single duct conduit Single conductor paper covered lead sheathed cable in underground single duct conduit Three-conductor rubber covered lead sheathed cable in underground single duct conduit Three-conductor paper covered lead sheathed cable in underground single duct conduit 1250 660 530 530 470 400 350 1100 610 490 490 370 * Taken by permission from Foster's Electrical Engineer's Pocket Book published by D. Van Nostrand Company, New York. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 17 General Data Resistance per Mil- Foot of Pure Copper at Various Temperatures and Conductivities Values of K in expression C j/ t ^ IV The heat radiating surface of any conductor varies as the diameter of the con- ductor, while the current carrying capacity, depending on the number of circular mils, will vary as the square of the diameter. In consequence, the current density in large conductors will be less than in small conductors for an equal temperature rise. It has been found impracticable on this account to use insulated conductors larger than 2,000,000 c. m., except in special cases. (See page 172.) 18 E R I C A N STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY General Data Carrying Capacities of Insulated Wires and Cables Published in National Electrical Code of 1909 B. & S. Gauge Number Capacity Circular Mils. Amperes Rubber Insulation Weatherproof Insulation 18 1,624 3 5 16 2,583 6 8 14 4,107 12 16 12 6,530 17 23 10 10,380 24 32 8 16,510 33 46 6 26,250 46 65 5 33,100 54 77 4 41,740 65 92 3 52,630 76 110 2 66,370 90 131 1 83,690 107 156 105,500 127 185 00 133,100 150 220 000 167,800 177 262 200,000 200 300 0000 211,600 210 312 .... 300,000 270 400 ... 400,000 330 500 500,000 390 590 600,000 450 680 700,000 500 760 800,000 550 840 900,000 600 920 .... 1,000,000 650 1,000 1,100,000 690 1,080 .... 1,200,000 730 1,150 .... 1,300,000 770 1,220 .... 1,400,000 810 1,290 1,500,000 850 1,360 .... 1,600,000 890 1,430 .... 1,700,000 930 1,490 1,800,000 970 1,550 1,900,000 1,010 1,610 .... 2,000,000 1,050 1,670 Drop of potential is not taken into consideration in the above table. These amperages for rubber-covered wires are adopted because to exceed them may cause gradual deterioration of the insulation even though the chance of ignition from overheating may be small. Wires smaller than No. 14 should not be used except as prescribed in Underwriters' rules. For aluminum wire the carrying capacity of any given size should be taken as 84 per cent, of the value given in the above table. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES Pounds per Mile-Ohm of Copper Wire at Various Temperatures and Conductivities General Data Per Cent. Pounds per Mile-Ohm Per Cent. Pounds per Mile-Ohm Conductivity Matthiessen's Standard Conductivity Matthiessen's Standard At 32 F. 0C. At 60 F. 15.6 C. At 68 F 20 C. At 104 F. 40 C. At 32 F. C. At 60 F. 15. 6 C. At 68 F. 20 C. At 104 F. 40 C. 96.0 841.9 893.4 908.7 980.8 99.0 816.4 866.3 881.1 951.0 .2 840.2 891.5 906.8 978.7 .2 814.8 864.6 879.4 949.1 .4 838.4 889.7 904.9 976.7 .4 813.1 862.8 877.6 947.2 .6 836.7 887.8 903.0 974.7 .6 811.5 861.1 875.8 945.3 .8 835.0 886.0 901.2 972.7 .8 809.9 859.4 874.1 943.4 97.0 833.2 884.2 899.3 970.6 100.0 808.2 857.6 872.3 941.5 .2 831.5 897.4 968.7 .2 806.6 855.9 870.6 939.6 .4 829.8 880^5 895.6 966.7 .4 805.0 854.2 868.8 937.8 .6 828.1 878.7 893.8 964.7 .6 803.4 852.5 867.1 935.9 .8 826.4 876.9 891.9 962.7 .8 801.8 850.8 865.4 934.1 98.0 824.7 875.1 890.1 960.7 101.0 800.2 849.2 863.7 932.2 .2 823.1 873.4 888.3 958.8 .2 798.7 847.5 862.0 930.4 .4 821.4 871.6 886.5 956.8 .4 797.1 845.8 860.3 928.5 .6 819.7 869.8 884.7 954.9 .6 795.5 844.1 858.6 926.7 .8 818.1 868.1 882.9 953.0 .8 794.0 842.5 856.9 924.9 102.0 792.4 840.8 855.2 923.1 Alternating Current Heating Effects If an alternating current be transmitted through a conductor, portions of the electrical energy supplied may be transformed into heat in four different ways, each resulting in an energy loss and in a corresponding reduction of the current carrying capacity of the conductor. 1. A definite amount of electrical energy will be required to overcome the ohmic resistance of the conductor, just as in the case with continuous currents. This is commonly known as the PR loss, where I is the effective current. 2. Under certain conditions there will be loss of energy due to the skin effect of alternating currents. A current induced in a conductor builds up from the surface, and an appreciable period of time is required for the current to penetrate to the interior portions of the conductor. If the frequency be high the central por- tion of large conductors may contribute nothing to the conducting powers of the conductor. This is equivalent to increasing the resistance of the conductor, or in effect the conductor will have a spurious resistance which will be greater than its real resistance. The effect is much greater in iron than in copper, owing to the high magnetic permeability of iron. It also increases directly with the frequency of alternations. With the two standard frequencies now being used, 25 and 60, the skin effect in copper does not become appreciable until a diameter of conductor of about three- quarters of an inch has been reached. In distribution systems which conduct heavy currents of high frequency, the conductor wires may be built up into cables about a hemp core, thus offering a greater amount of surface by placing the copper where it will do the greatest service without increasing its weight. AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY General Approximate values of the effective resistance of straight copper conductors Data at 68 degrees F. can be obtained by multiplying the actual ohmic resistance by factors given in the following table: Factors to Obtain Effective Resistance from Ohmic Resistance Diameter Bare Approxi- mate Area Frequency Diameter Bare Approxi- mate Area Frequency Conductor Inches in Circular Mils 25 60 130 Copper Conductor Inches in Circular Mils 25 60 130 2.00 4.000000 .265 .826 2.560 1.000 1,000,000 1.020 1.111 1.397 1.75 3,062,500 .170 .622 2.272 .75 563,500 1.007 1.040 1.156 1.50 2,500,000 .098 .420 1.983 .50 250,000 1.002 1.008 1.039 1.25 1,562,500 .053 .239 1.694 .46 211,6UO 1.001 1.006 1.027 1.125 1,265,825 1.0.J5 .168 1.545 3. Foucoitlt or eddy currents may be induced in the conductor itself, or in the lead sheathing or in the steel armor wires by the rapidly changing alternating mag- netic flux. Foucoult currents are produced at the expense of energy supplied the conductor, and they are dissipated in the form of heat. This loss would be much greater in single-conductor cables carrying alternating current than in two-conduc- tor or three-conductor cables, in which the outer resultant magnetic field should be very small. Placing a single-conductor alternating current cable in an iron conduit would very greatly increase the energy loss, and for that reason it is seldom done. This loss will be greater in solid conductors than in stranded conductors of equal section, and it will increase with thickness of lead sheath and with the diameter of the armor wires. 4. Dielectric hysteresis losses in the insulating material. This loss is some- what similar in kind to the magnetic hysteresis loss in iron. A dielectric is a poorly conducting material used for insulating conductors, through which an electro- motive force establishes a molecular strain or an electro-static field of flux. The total dielectric loss is due to the sum of a direct PR leakage of current through the dielectric and to the dielectric hysteresis loss, which is thought to be a function of the insulation resistance, varying inversely. The hysteresis loss in the dielectric of a cable is constant and independent of load. It increases with voltage, with the length of cable and with frequency. It may be lessened by increasing the thickness of the dielectric, by using a dielectric of low specific inductive capacity and by working at low voltage and low frequency. The loss is thought to be negligible in direct current systems and in low voltage alternating current distribution systems. While the amount of heat developed under ordinary service conditions by any one of the last three mentioned causes would probably be small, yet the ag- gregate amount tends to increase the temperature of the conductor, which increases its resistance, reduces its carrying capacity and shortens the life of the insulation. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES Measurements of Conductors General Data The diameter of a conductor is usually expressed in mils. A mil is a thou- sandth part of an inch. The direct measurement of diameters in mils is made by wire gauges, of which there are several different types on the market. One type in common use is shown in the cut below. Micrometer Screw The circular mil is very generally taken as the unit of area in considering the cross-section or capacity of electrical conductors. This is the area of a circle whose diameter is one mil, or one-thousandth of an inch. It equals .7854 of a square mil. This unit area possesses several advantages in making wiring calculations and in determining the relations between different wires having known diameters. The cross-section of any solid round wire in circular mils is found by squaring the diam- eter of the wire in mils, and conversely, the diameter of a wire in mils is obtained by extracting the square root of the section expressed in circular mils. The constant -, which expresses the ratio between the circumference and diameter of any circle, does not enter into these calculations, thus greatly simplifying them. Circular mils square inches .0000007854 = (diameter in mils) 2 Square inches = circular mils X .0000007854 One circular mil = .0005067087 square millimeters One square millimeter = 1,973 circular mils The weight in pounds per 1,000 feet of any conductor may be found by multi- plying its area in circular mils by the "pounds per 1,000 feet per circular mil," tabulated on page 14. Wire Gauges The sizes of wires are ordinarily expressed in certain gauge numbers arbi- trarily chosen. There are unfortunately several independent gauge systems, and it is necessary in each case to specify the particular wire gauge used. Though the gauge numbers have the advantage of enabling manufacturers to carry wires in stock from which purchasers may choose with a reasonable assurance of quick de- livery, there is nevertheless a tendency to do away with all gauge numbering methods and to distinguish different electrical wires by their diameters expressed in mils. The Brown & Sharpe gauge is used in America as the standard for copper wire vised for electrical purposes. In this gauge both the sizes and the areas vary in geometrical progression. The diameters of wires are obtained from the geometric series, in which the first number, No. 4/0, = 0.46 inch in diameter, and No. 36 = .005 inch, the nearest fourth significant figure being retained in the areas and diameters AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY General so obtained. It will be seen upon examining a wiring table that' an increase Data of three in the wire number corresponds to doubling the resistance and halving the cross-section and weight. Also, that an increase of ten in the wire number increases the resistance ten times and diminishes the cross-section and weight to one-tenth their original values. The American Steel and Wire gauge is used almost universally in this country for steel and iron wires. The Birmingham gauge is used largely in England as their standard, and in this country for steel wires, and for other wires not used especially for electrical purposes. The following table gives the numbers and diameters in decimal parts of an inch for the various wire gauges used in this country and England: Comparative Sizes Wire Gauges in Decimals of an Inch g & s l .y ? So *j Mg , h hf\ 3 31 ! &% A . . lg.6 h s3l jig _; oj Ss*3 11 |II OX) -^ .Sw s IS.-S M 6 $ M C/3 5 <u 51 8*3 P a o * M E 3 *-"w ^ c e * w PQ o ^ n PQ o 0000000 .4900 500 18 .0475 04030 049 048 .0490 238 000000 .4R15 .58000 .464 19 .0410 ! 035*9 !042 !040 .0400 .250 00000 .4305 .51650 isoo .432 20 .0348 .03196 .035 .036 .0350 .263 0000 .3938 .46000 .454 .400 '.4540 21 .0317 .02846 .032 .032 .0315 .279 000 .3625 .40964 .425 .372 .4250 22 .0286 .02535 .028 .028 .0295 .290 00 .3310 .36480 .380 .348 .3800 23 .0258 .02257 .025 .024 .0270 .303 .30fi5 .32486 .340 .324 .3400 24 .0230 .02010 .022 .022 .0250 .316 1 .2830 .28930 .300 .300 .3000 !633 25 .0204 .01790 .020 .020 .0230 .331 2 .2625 .25763 .284 .276 .2840 .040 26 .0181 .01594 .018 .018 .0205 .342 3 .2437 .22942 .259 .252 .2590 .050 27 .0173 .01420 .016 .0164 .01875 .356 4 .2253 .20431 .238 .232 .2380 .063 28 .0162 .01264 .014 .0148 .01650 .371 5 .2oro .18194 .220 .212 .2200 .068 29 .0150 .01126 .013 .0136 .01550 .383 6 .1920 .16202 .203 .192 .2030 .083 30 .0140 .01003 .012 .0124 .01375 .394 7 .1770 .14428 .180 .176 .1^00 .097 31 .0132 .00893 .010 .0116 .01225 .408 8 .1620 .12849 .165 .160 .1650 .110 32 .0128 .00795 .009 .0108 .01125 .419 9 .1483 .11443 .148 .144 .1480 .120 33 .0118 .00708 .008 .0100 .01025 .431 10 .1350 .10189 .134 .128 .1340 .185' 34 .0104 .00630 .007 .0092 .00950 .448 11 .1205 .09074 .120 .116 .1200 .149 35 .0095 .00561 .005 .00*4 .00900 .458 12 .1055 .08081 .109 .104 .1090 .162 36 .0090 .00500 .004 .0076 .00750 .472 13 .0915 .07196 .095 .092 .0950 .172 37 .0085 .00445 .0068 .00650 .485 14 .0800 .06408 .083 .080 .0880 .185 88 .0080 .00396 .0060 .00575 .499 15 .0720 .05706 .072 .072 .0720 .197 89 .0075 .00353 .0052 .00500 .509 16 .0625 .050^2 .065 .064 .0650 .212 40 .0070 .00814 .0018 .00450 .524 17 .0540 .04525 .058 .056 .05SO .225 *Also called New British or English Legal Standard. Wiring Formulae and Tables The current carrying capacity of a conductor is not only limited by its allow- able temperature rise, as already explained, but also by the allowable drop of potential. The potential difference required to transmit a given electric current through a conductor will vary directly as the resistance of the conductor and inversely as its cross-sectional area. The diameter of conductors used for long distance transmission purposes is usually determined by the drop of potential allowable, rather than from other electrical considerations. For most practical purposes the following formulae can be used to determine the size of copper conductors, current per wire, and weight of copper per circuit for any system of electrical distribution. D X W Area of conductor in circular mils = P X Current in main conductor W T. P = K== C. M. D X W C. M. X K ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES Weight of copper D* X W X K X A pounds. X E 8 X 1,000,000 In these equations the symbols used denote the following quantities : W = total watts delivered. D = distance of transmission, one way in feet. E = voltage between main conductors at the receiving or consumers' end of circuit. P = loss in line in per cent, of power delivered, i. e. , of W, this being a whole number. K, T and A are constants given in the following table: General Data Wiring Formulae Constants System Values of A Values of K Values of T Per Cent. Power Factor Per Cent. Power Factor 100 95 90 85 80 100 95 90 85 80 1 -phase, and D. C. 2-phase-4 wire 3-phase-3 wire 6.04 12.08 9.06 2160 1080 1080 2400 1200 1200 2660 1330 1330 3000 1500 1500 3380 1690 1690 1.00 .50 .58 1.05 .53 .61 1.11 .55 .64 1.17 .59 .68 1.25 .66 .72 These constants depend upon the system of distribution as well as the condi- tions of the circuit. For continuous current K=2160, T=l and A= 6.04. For any particular power factor the value of K is obtained by dividing 2160, the value for continuous current, by the square of the power factor for single-phase, and by twice the square of the power factor for three- wire three-phase or four-wire two-phase. In continuous current Edison three-wire systems, the neutral should be made of one-third the section obtained by the formula for either of the outside mains. In both continuous and alternating current systems, the neutral conductor, for secondary mains (i. e., service connections) and house wiring, should be taken as large as the other conductor. The three wires of a three-phase circuit and the four wires of a two-phase circuit should all be of the same size, and each conductor should be of the cross-section, as obtained by the proper application of the first formula. The following assumed values of power factors for circuits may be used in any calculation when their exact values are not known. Incandescent lighting and synchronous motors, 95 per cent. Lighting and induction motors, 85 per cent. Induction motors alone, 80 per cent. For continuous currents and for short branch circuits in wiring buildings, for lamp and motor outlets, the following formula for determining area of conductor is found more convenient to use. 10.8 X Amperes X Length of circuit in feet. Volts permissible drop in wire. For example: What size of wire would be required for an 800-foot circuit carrying current to a 500-volt, 20-kilowatt, direct current motor, allowing 2 per cent, drop in the circuit. 20 kilo watts=20, 000 watts. 20,000-^500=40, amperes in line. 1 per cent, loss in each wire or branch of circuit=500 X .01=5 volts. Length of each wire=800 feet. 10 8 X 40 X 800 Circular mils = - =69,120 or No. 2 B. & S. wire say for each branch of the circuit. Circular mils= General Data 24 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Bare Copper Wire Table The data from which these tables have been computed are as follows: Matthies- sen's standard resistivity, Matthiessen's temperature coefficients, specific gravity of copper = 8.89. Resistance in terms of the international ohm. Diameter of Wire Cross-sectional Area Brown & Sharpe Gauge In Inches Allowable Variation in Per Cent. In Millimeters Circular Mils (d 2 ) d = .001 Inch Square Inch (d 2 x .7854) Square Millimeter Either Way 0000 .4600 .45 11.68 211600. .166190 107.219 000 .4096 .50 10.40 167772. .131770 85.011 00 .3648 .50 9.266 133079. .104520 67.432 .3250 .50 8.255 105625. .082958 53.521 1 .2893 .50 7.348 83694. .065733 42.408 2 .2576 .50 6.543 66358. .052117 33.624 3 .2294 .75 5.827 52624. .041331 26.665 4 .2043 .75 5.189 41738. .032781 21.149 5 .1819 .75 4.620 33088. .025987 16.766 6 .1620 .75 4.115 26244. .020612 13.298 7 .1443 .75 3.665 20822. .016354 10.550 8 .1285 1.00 3.264 16512. .012969 8.3666 9 .1144 1.00 2.906 13087. .010279 6.6313 10 .1019 1.00 2.588 10384. .0081553 5.2614 11 .0907 .00 2.804 8226.5 .0064611 4.1684 12 .0808 .25 2.052 6528.6 .0051276 3.3081 13 .0720 .25 1.829 5184.0 .0040715 2.6267 14 .0641 .25 1.628 4108.8 .0032271 2.0819 15 .0571 .25 .450 3260.4 .0025607 1.6520 16 .0508 .50 1.290 2580.6 .0020268 1.3076 17 .0453 1.50 .151 2052.1 .0016117 1.0398 18 .0403 1.50 1.024 1624.1 .0012756 .82294 19 .0359 1.75 .9119 1288.8 .0010122 .65304 20 .0320 1.75 .8128 1024.0 .00080425 .51887 21 .0285 1.75 .7239 812.25 .00063794 .41157 22 .0253 1.75 .6426 640.09 .00050273 .32434 23 .0226 2.00 .5740 510.76 .00040115 .25880 24 .0201 2.00 .5105 404.01 .00031731 .20471 25 .0179 2.00 .4547 320.41 .00025165 .16235 26 .0159 2.00 .4039 252.81 .00019856 . 12810 27 .0142 2.00 .3607 201.64 .00015837 .10217 28 .0126 2.00 .3200 158.76 .00012469 .08044 29 .0113 2.00 .2870 127.69 .00010029 .06470 30 .0100 2.50 .2540 100.00 .000078540 .05067 31 .00893 3.00 .2268 79.74 .000062631 .04040 32 .00795 3.00 .2019 63.20 .000049639 .03202 33 .00708 3.00 .1798 50.18 .000039369 .02540 34 .00630 3.50 .1600 39.69 .000031173 .02011 35 .00561 4.00 .1425 81.47 .000024718 .01594 36 .0050 4.50 .1270 25.00 .000019635 .01266 37 .00445 5.00 .1130 19.80 .000015553 .01003 38 .00396 6.00 .1006 15.68 .000012816 .00794 39 .00353 7.00 .08966 12.46 .0000097868 .00631 40 .00314 8.00 .07976 9.86 .0000077437 .00499 ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 25 Bare Copper Wire Table Giving dimensions, weights, lengths and resistances of bare round solid wires, Matthiessen's Standard of Conductivity. While these values are theoretically cor- rect, slight variation should be expected in practice. General Data Pounds per Ohms pei- Feet per Brown & Ohm at Pound at 1000 Feet at 1000 Feet at Ohm at Sharpe 1000 Feet 20 C. 20 C. 20 C. 50 C. Pound 20 C. Gauge 68 F. 68 F. 68 F. 122 F. 68 F. 640.5 13,090 .0000764 .04893 .05467 1.561 20,440 0000 508.0 8,232 .0001215 .06170 .06893 1.969 16,210 000 402.8 5,177 .0001931 .07780 .08692 2.482 12,850 00 319.5 3,256 .0003071 .09811 .1096 3.130 10,190 253.8 2,048 .0004883 .1237 .1382 3.947 8,088 1 200.9 1,288 .0007765 .1560 .1743 4.977 6,410 2 159.3 810.0 .001235 .1967 .2198 6.276 5,084 3 126.4 509.4 .001963 .2480 .2771 7.914 4,031 4 100.2 320.4 .003122 .3128 .3495 9.980 8,197 5 079.46 201.5 .004963 .3944 .4406 12.58 2,535 6 063.02 126.7 .007892 .4973 .5556 15.87 2,011 7 49.98 79.69 .01255 .6271 .7007 20.01 1,595 8 39.63 50.12 .01995 .7908 .8835 25.23 1,265 9 31.43 31.52 .03173 .9972 1.114 31.82 1,003 10 24.93 19.82 .05045 1.257 1.405 40.12 795.3 11 19.77 12.47 .08022 1.586 1.771 50.59 630.7 12 15.68 7.840 .1276 1.999 2.234 63.79 500.1 13 12.43 4.931 .2028 2.521 2817 80.44 396.6 14 9.858 3.101 .3225 3.179 3.552 101.4 314.5 15 7.818 1.950 .5128 4.009 4.479 127.9 249.4 16 6.200 1.226 .8153 5.055 5.648 161.3 197.8 17 4.917 .7713 1.296 6.374 7.122 203.4 156.9 18 3.899 .4851 2.061 8.038 8.980 256.5 124.4 19 3.092 .3051 3.278 10.14 11.32 323.4 98.66 20 2.452 .1919 5.212 12.78 14.28 407.8 78.24 21 1.945 .1207 8.287 16.12 18.01 514.2 6205 22 1.542 .07589 13.18 20.32 22.71 648.4 49.21 23 1.223 .04773 20.95 25.63 28.63 817.6 39.02 24 .9699 .03002 33.32 32.31 36.10 1,031 30.95 25 .7692 .01888 52.97 40.75 45.52 1,300 24.54 26 .6100 .01187 84.23 5138 57.40 1,639 19.46 27 .4837 .007466 133.9 64.79 72.39 2,067 15.43 28 .3836 .004696 213.0 81.70 91.28 2,607 12.24 29 .3042 .002953 338.6 103.0 115.1 3.287 9.707 30 .2413 .001857 538.4 129.9 145.1 4,145 7.698 31 .1913 .001168 856.2 161.8 183.0 5,227 6.105 32 .1517 .0007346 1,361 206.6 230.8 6,591 4.841 38 .1203 .0004620 2.165 260.5 291.0 8,311 3.839 34 .09543 .0002905 3,441 328.4 866.9 10,480 8.045 35 .07568 .0001827 5,473 414.2 462.7 13,210 2.414 86 .06001 .0001149 8.702 522.2 583.5 16,660 1.915 37 .047f,<.) .00007210 13,870 658.5 735.7 21,010 1.519 38 .03774 .00004545 22,000 830.4 927.7 26,500 1.204 39 .02993 .00002858 34,980 1047.0 1170.0 33,410 0.955 40 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY General Data Weight per 1 ,000 Feet of Bare Copper Wire in Pounds Number American Standard (B. & S.) American Steel & Wire Co. Birmingham or Stubs' British Imperial Standard 000000 1017. 643.9 650.4 00000 806.6 560.3 755.9 564.3 0000 639.8 468.9 623.2 483.8 000 507.3 397.3 546.1 418.4 00 402.4 331.3 436.6 366.2 319.4 284.0 349.5 317.4 1 253.0 242.1 272.1 272.1 2 200.6 208.3 243.9 230.3 3 159.1 179.6 202.8 192.0 4 126.2 153.5 171.8 162.7 5 100.0 129.6 146.3 135.9 6 79.85 111.5 124.6 111.5 7 62.96 94.72 97.96 93.66 8 49.92 79.35 82.31 77.40 9 39.57 66.49 66.23 62.69 10 31.39 56.10 54.29 49.54 11 24.87 43.90 43.54 40.68 12 19.74 33.65 35.92 32.70 18 15.67 25.31 27.29 25.59 14 12.42 19.35 20.83 19.35 15 9.858 15.67 15.67 15.67 16 7.802 11.81 12.77 12.38 17 6.204 8.816 10.17 9.482 18 4.910 6.822 7.259 6.966 19 3.897 5.082 5.333 4.838 20 3.096 3.662 3 704 3.918 21 2.456 3.038 3.096 3.096 22 1.935 2.473 2.370 2.370 23 1.544 2.013 1.890 1.742 24 1.222 1.599 1.463 1.4H3 25 0.9688 1.258 1.209 1.209 26 0.7644 0.9905 0.9796 0.9796 27 0.6097 0.9049 0.7740 0.8132 28 0.4*00 0.7935 0.5926 0.6623 29 0.3861 0.6803 0.5110 0.5592 30 0.3023 0.5926 0.4354 0.4649 31 0.2411 0.5268 0.3023 0.4068 32 0.1911 0.4954 0.2449 6.3527 33 0.1516 0.4210 0.1935 0.3023 34 0.1200 0.3270 0.1481 0.2559 35 0.09515 0.2729 0.07559 0.2133 36 0.07559 0.2449 0.04838 0.1746 37 0.05987 0.2184 0.1398 38 0.04741 0.1935 0.1088 39 0.03768 0.1701 0.08175 40 0.02981 0.1481 0.06966 1000 feet of pure copper wire of one circular mil capacity weighs 0.003027057 pound. Tensile Strength of Pure Copper Wire in Pounds Hard Drawn Annealed Hard Drawn Annealed Size B. & S. Actual Average per Square Inch Actual Average per Square Inch Size B. &S. Actual Average per Square Inch Actual Average per Square Inch 0000 8260. 49,700 5320. 32,000 7 1050. 64,200 556. 34,000 000 6550. 49,700 4220. 32,000 8 843. 65.000 441. 84,000 00 5440. 52,000 3340. 32,000 9 678. 66,000 350. 34,000 4530. 54,600 2650. 32,000 10 546. 67,000 277. 34,000 1 3680. 56.000 2100. 32,000 12 343. 67,000 174. 34,000 2 2970. 57,000 1670. 32,000 14 219. 68,000 110. 34,000 3 2380. 57,600 1323. 32.000 16 138. 68,000 68.9 34,000 4 1900. 58,000 1050. 82,000 18 86.7 68,OiK) 43.4 34,000 5 1580. 60,800 884. 34,000 19 68.8 68,000 34.4 84,000 6 1300. 68,000 700. 84,000 20 54.7 68,000 27.3 84,000 ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 27 Strand " Data If a solid copper wire be made larger in diameter than 0.46 inch it becomes hard to splice and difficult to handle, owing to its size and stiffness. Conductors larger than this are nearly always built up of small wires twisted into a strand or cable. The flexibility of a cable will increase as the size of the constituent wires decreases or as the number of wires increases, and it will depend somewhat upon the method of laying up the cable. While it is possible to build up a cable from any number of wires, there are certain combinations only that can be used to obtain a smooth and symmetrical cable. These combinations are governed by well established geometrical rules which should be observed whenever possible. Seven-layer Strand A bare cable may be defined as consisting of any group of wires twisted together helically, or it may be composed of any number of such groups. The term wire indicates the individual solid wires in a cable. A strand is a group of single wires in one or more layers, twisted together helically and symmetrically with a uniform pitch around a single central wire or neutral axis. This construction is sometimes called concentric strand. The term bunched strand is sometimes applied to a collection of straight or twisted wires which are grouped together with little regard to their geometrical arrangements. The above cut represents the manner in which a concentric strand with 7 layers is built up. The first layer consists of six wires twisted spirally around the central wire or core. The second layer has 12 wires or 6 + 6, the third 18 wires or 12 + 6, and so on, each succeeding layer having 6 more wires than the one underneath. The total number of wires in this type of strand would be, For 1 layer, 1 + 6 = 7 2 layers, 7 + 12 19 3 layers, 19 + 18 = 37 4 layers, 37 + 24= 61 7 layers, 127 + 42 = 169 This can be expressed by the following formula, where n is the number of layers over the core : Total number of wires = 3n(l + n) + 1. AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY General In this type of strand, all wires are of the same size and each successive layer Data of wires after the second is twisted in a reverse direction from the preceding one, making the external diameter symmetrical and cylindrical. It is the most compact form, it has the smallest diameter for a given capacity and presents the smoothest and most uniform external surface possible to obtain. These are very necessary qualifications for the production of a high grade insulated cable. The insulation, whether it be rubber, paper, cambric or other material, will have a more uniform thickness on a concentric strand than on any other, due to the evenness of its external diameter. Stranding Machine As the successive layers are wound in opposite directions, the wires will not fit into the grooves between the wires underneath. The diameter of such a strand will therefore equal the sum of the diameters of the individual wires crossing each other in any diameter. It will equal d(2n + 1), where d is the diameter of each wire and n the number of layers. The axial length of one complete turn of a wire in a strand is called the pitch, or the lay of the strand. This is often expressed in terms of the diameter of the strand. There is no one fixed standard pitch used by all cable makers. An extended experi- ence in cable making has shown us that the particular system of laying wires in a strand outlined in the following table gives best results. This is based on placing the wires in the strand at a uniform angle with the core. The "per cent, take-up of whole strand " represents also the per cent, increase in weight of a strand over a solid wire of equal cross-section. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 89 Standard Pitch of Concentric Copper Strand General Data Number of Wires in Strand Number in Outside Layer Per Cent. Take-up Each Layer Per Cent Take-up of Whole Strand Approx- imate Diameters Pitch Angle of Wire Cosine Angle Approximate Weight per 100,000 Circular Mils per 1,000 Feet Strand 1 302.7058 7 'e 6.97 6.83 15 V-o'" !9902 305.218 19 12 2.63 1.97 11 13-0' .9744 308.669 37 18 2.63 2.29 12 13-0' .9744 309.638 61 24 2.63 2.42 12 13-0' .9744 310.031 91 80 2.63 2.49 12^ 13-0' .9744 310.248 127 36 2.63 2.53 12^ 13-0' .9744 310.364 169 42 2.63 2.55 12^ 13-0' .9744 310.425 217 48 2.63 2.57 12^ 13-0' .9744 310.485 7 x 7 = 49 6 Wires 0.97 15 8-0' .9903 309.244 Rope Strand 6 Strands 1.54 2.16 12 10 -0' .9848 If a longer twist were used than that given in the above table, the wires in the strand would not bind together properly, and if a shorter twist be employed, the per cent, of take-up of the wires and the weight would be increased. The best copper strands are made on machinery which permits the wires to be laid into the strand without torsion. Where torsion is present, it has a bad effect on the strand and on the physical characteristics of the wire. The sectional area of a cable in circular mils is obtained by multiplying the area of each wire in circular mils measured at right angles to its axis, by the number of wires. Copper strands larger in sectional area than 4/0 B. & S. gauge are usually classified according to their total area in circular mils; smaller copper cables are nearly always classified in the B. & S. gauge. The area in circular mils (d~) of any one wire equals the circular mils of the cable divided by the number of wires in the cable. The diameter of any wire in mils will equal, as explained elsewhere, the square root (j/d*) of the area of the wire expressed in circular mils. The indi- vidual wires of a cable can seldom be drawn to any of the standard gauge numbers, because the diameter of the wire is fixed by the required size of the cable, and the number of wires composing it. AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY General Data Diameters of Strands and Component Wires 7 -Wire Strand 19 -Wire Strand 37- Wire Strand 61 -Wire Strand Size in Circular Mils Diameter Diameter Diameter Diameter Diameter Diameter Diameter Diameter of Each of of Each of of Each of of Ea ch of Wire Strand Wire Strand Wire Strand Wire Strand 100,000 .1196 .3588 .0726 .3628 .0520 .3640 .0405 .3645 125,000 .1887 .4011 .0811 .4055 .0581 .4167 .0453 .4077 150,000 .1463 .4389 .0889 .4445 .0636 .4442 16 .4464 175,000 .1581 .4743 .0960 .4800 .0688 .4716 !oss S .4815 200.000 .1690 .5070 .1026 .5130 .0735 .5145 .0573 .5157 225,000 .1793 .5879 .1088 .5440 .0780 .5460 .06C r .5463 250.000 .1890 .5670 .1147 .5735 .0822 .5754 .0640 .5760 275,000 .1982 .5946 .1203 .6015 .0862 .6034 .06? i .6039 300,000 .2070 .6210 .1257 .6285 .0901 .6307 .070 i .6309 325,000 .2155 .6465 .1308 .6540 .0937 .6559 .0730 .6570 350.000 .2236 .6708 .1357 .6785 .0973 .6811 .075 7 .6813 375,000 .2312 .6986 .1405 .7025 .1007 .7049 .078 4 .7056 400,000 .2391 .7173 .1451 .7255 .1040 .7280 .0810 .7290 425,000 .2464 .7392 .1495 .7475 .1072 .7504 .088 5 .7515 450,000 .2535 .7605 .1539 .7695 .1103 .7721 .085 9 .7781 475,000 .2604 .7812 .1581 .7905 .1133 .7931 .088 2 .7938 500,000 .2672 .8016 .1622 .8110 .1162 .8184 .090 5 .8145 525,000 .2788 .8217 .1662 .8310 .1191 .8837 .092 8 .8352 550,000 .2803 .8409 .1701 .8505 .1219 .8533 .0950 .8550 575.000 .2866 .8608 .1740 .8700 .1247 .8729 .097 1 .8739 600,000 .2928 .8784 .1778 .8890 .1273 .8911 .099 .8928 625,000 .2988 .8964 .1814 .9070 .1299 .9093 .1012 .9108 650000 .3047 .9141 .1850 .9250 .1325 .9275 .103 8 .9288 675,000 .3106 .9316 .1885 .9425 .1351 .9457 .1052 .9468 700,000 .3163 .9489 .1919 .9595 .1375 .9625 .10? 1 .9639 725.000 .3218 .9654 .1953 .9765 .1400 .9800 .109 .9810 750,000 .3273 .9819 .1986 .9930 .1424 .9968 .1109 .9981 775,000 .3328 .9984 .2019 1.0095 .1447 .0129 .112 7 1.0103 800.000 .3380 .0140 .2052 1.0260 .1470 .0290 .1145 1.0305 825,000 .3433 .0299 .2084 1.0420 .1493 .0451 .116 3 .0467 850,000 .3484 .0452 .2115 1.0575 .1516 .0612 .118 1 .0629 875,000 .3535 .0605 .2146 1.0730 .1538 .0766 .1198 .0782 900,000 .3586 .0758 .2176 1.0880 .1559 .0918 .121 5 .0935 925,000 .3635 .0905 .2206 .1030 .1582 .1074 .1231 .1079 950.000 .3684 .1052 .2236 .1180 .1602 .1214 .124 8 .1232 975,000 .3732 .1196 .2265 .1325 .1623 .1361 .126 4 .1376 1,000,000 .3780 1.1340 .2294 .1470 .1644 .1508 .1280 .1520 1,100,000 .3964 1.1892 .2406 .2030 .1724 .2068 .134 3 .2087 1,200.000 .4140 1.2420 .2513 .2565 .1801 .2607 .14C 12 .2618 1,250,000 .422J 1.2678 .2565 .2825 .1838 .2866 .1431 .2879 1,300.000 .4309 1.2927 .2616 .3080 .1874 .3018 .145 9 .3131 1,400.000 .4472 1.3416 .2714 .3570 .1945 .3615 .151 5 .3635 1,500,000 .4629 1.3887 .2810 .4050 .2013 .4091 .1568 .4112 1,600,000 .4780 1.4340 .2902 .4510 .2079 .4553 .161 9 .4571 1,700.000 .4931 1.4793 .2991 .4955 .2143 .5001 .1669 .5021 1,750-000 .5000 1.5000 .3034 .5170 .2175 1.5225 .16S 4 .5246 1,800000 .5071 1.5213 .3078 .5390 2205 1.5435 .171 8 .5462 1,900,000 .5210 1.5630 .3162 .5810 .2266 1.5862 .1765 .5885 2,000,000 .5345 1.6035 .3243 .6215 2325 1.6275 .1810 1.6900 7 -Wire Strand 19 -Wire Strand 37 -Wire Strand Size of Strand B. & S. Diameter of Diameter of Diameter of Diameter of Diameter of Diameter of Each Wire Strand Each Wire Strand Each Wire Strand 10 .0385 .1155 .0233 .1165 .0168 .1176 9 .0435 .1305 .0262 .1310 .0187 .1309 8 .0485 .1455 .0293 .1465 .0211 .1477 7 .0545 .1635 .0331 .1655 .0237 .1659 6 .0612 .1836 .0372 .1860 .0266 .1862 5 ' .0687 .2061 .0417 .2085 .0299 .2093 4 .0772 .2316 .0168 .2340 .0335 .2345 3 .0867 .2601 .0526 .2630 .0377 .2639 2 .0973 .2919 .0592 .2960 .0423 .2961 1 .1093 .3279 .0668 .3315 .0475 .3325 .1228 .3684 .0746 .3780 .0534 .3738 00 .1878 .4134 .0836 .4180 .0599 .4193 000 .1548 .4644 .0940 .4700 .0673 .4711 0000 .1736 .5208 .1055 .5275 .0756 .5292 E L C T R I C A L WIRES AND CABLES Diameters of Strands and Component Wires 91-Wire Strand 127-Wire Strand 169-Wire Strand 217-Wire Strand Size in Circular Diameter of Diameter of Diameter of Diameter of Diameter of Diameter of diameter of Diameter of Mils. Each Wire Strand Each Wire Strand Each Wire Strand Each Wire Strand 0331 .3641 .0281 .3653 .0243 .3645 .0215 .3655 100,000 .0371 .4081 .0314 .4082 .0272 .4080 .0240 .4080 125,000 .0406 .4466 .0343 .4459 .0298 .4470 .0263 .4471 150,000 .0438 .4818 .0371 .4823 .0822 .4830 .0284 .4828 175,000 .0469 .5159 .0397 .5161 .0344 .5160 .0304 .5168 200,000 0497 .5467 .0421 .5473 .0365 .5475 .0322 .5474 225,000 .0524 .5764 .0444 .5746 .0384 .5760 .0340 .5780 250,000 .0549 .6039 .0465 .6045 .0403 .6045 .0356 .6052 275,000 0573 .6303 .0486 .6318 .0421 .6315 .0372 .6324 300,000 .0597 .6567 .0506 .6579 .0438 .6570 .0387 .6579 825,000 0620 .6820 .0526 .6838 .0455 .6825 .0401 .6817 3:,0,000 .0642 .7062 .0543 .7059 .0471 .7065 .0415 .7055 375,000 .0663 .7293 .0561 .7293 .0487 .7305 .0429 .7293 400,000 .0683 .7513 .0579 .7527 .0501 .7515 .0442 .7514 425,000 .0703 .7733 .0595 .7735 .0516 .7740 .0455 .7735 450,000 0722 .7942 .0612 .7956 .0530 .7950 .0468 .7956 475,000 .0741 .8151 .0627 .8151 .0544 .8160 .0480 .8160 500,000 .0759 .8349 .0643 .8359 .0557 .8355 .0492 .8364 525,000 .0777 .8547 .0658 .8554 .0570 .8550 .0503 .8551 550,000 .0795 .8745 .0673 .8749 .0583 .8745 .0514 .8738 575,000 .0812 .8932 .0687 .8931 .0596 .8940 .0526 .8942 600,000 .0829 .9119 .0702 .9126 .0608 .9120 .0537 .9129 625,000 .0845 .9295 .0716 .9308 .0620 .9300 .0547 .9299 650,000 .0861 .9471 .0729 .9487 .0632 .9480 .0558 .9486 675,000 .0883 .9713 .0742 .9646 .0644 .9660 .0568 .9656 700,000 .0892 .9812 .0756 .9828 .0655 .9825 .0578 .9826 725,000 .0908 .9988 .0768 .9984 .0666 .9990 .0588 .9996 750,000 .0923 1.0153 .0781 1.0153 .0677 1.0155 .0598 1.0166 775,000 .0937 1.0307 .0794 1.0322 .0688 1.0320 .0607 1.0319 800,000 0952 .0472 .0806 1.0478 .0698 1.0470 .0617 1.0489 825,000 .0966 .0626 .0818 1.0634 .0709 1.0635 .0626 1.0642 850,000 .0981 .0791 .0830 1.0790 .0719 1.0785 .0635 1.0795 875,000 .0994 .0934 .0841 1.0933 .0730 1.0950 .0644 1.0948 900,000 .1008 .1088 .0853 1.1089 .0740 1.1100 .0653 1.1101 925,000 .1021 .1231 .0864 1.1232 .0750 1.1250 .0662 1.1254 950,000 .1035 .1385 .0876 1.1388 .0760 1.1400 .0671 1.1407 975,000 .1048 .1528 .0887 1.1531 .0769 1.1535 .0679 1.1543 1,000,000 .1099 .2089 .0931 1.2103 .0807 1.2105 .0712 1.2104 1,100,000 .1148 .2628 .0972 1.2636 .0843 1.2645 .0744 1.2648 1,200,000 .1172 .2892 .0992 1.2896 .0860 1.2900 .0759 1.2903 1,250,000 .1195 .3145 .1011 1.3143 .0877 1.3155 .0774 1.3158 1,300,000 .1240 .3640 .1050 1.3650 .0910 1.3650 .0803 1.3651 1,400,000 .1284 .4124 .1087 1.4132 0942 1.4130 .0831 1.4127 1,500,000 .1326 .4526 .1122 1.4586 .0973 1.4595 .0859 1.4603 1,600,000 .1366 .5026 .1157 1.5041 .1003 1.5045 .0885 1.5045 1,700,000 .1386 .5246 .1174 1.5262 .1018 1.5270 .0898 1.5266 1,750,000 .1406 .5466 .1190 1.5470 .1032 1.5480 .0911 1.5487 1,800,000 .1445 .5895 .1223 1.5899 .1060 1.5900 .0936 1.5912 1,900,000 .1482 .6302 .1255 1.6315 .1088 1.6320 .0960 1.6320 2,000,000 61-Wire Strand 91-Wire Strand 127-Wire Strand Size of Strand Diameter of Diameter of Diameter of Diameter of Diameter of Diameter of B. &S. Each Wire Strand Each Wire Strand Each Wire Strand .0129 .1161 .0106 .1166 .0090 .1170 10 .0146 .1314 .0120 .1820 .0101 .1313 9 .0164 .1476 .0135 .1485 .0114 .1482 8 .0184 .1656 .0151 .1661 .0128 .1664 7 .0207 .1863 .0169 .1859 .0143 .1859 6 .0233 .2097 .0190 .2090 .0161 .2093 5 .0261 .2349 0214 .2454 .0179 .2327 4 .0294 .2646 .0240 .2640 .0203 .2639 3 .0329 2943 .0269 .2959 .0228 .2964 2 0370 3330 0303 .3333 .0252 .3276 1 .0416 .3744 .0340 .3740 .0288 .3744 .0467 .4203 .0382 .4202 .0328 .4199 00 .0525 .4725 0429 .4719 .0863 .4719 000 .0589 .5301 .0482 .5302 .0408 .5304 0000 General Data AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY General Data Resistance of Copper Strand * There is a division of opinion as to whether the electrical resistance of an annealed copper strand is equal to or greater than that of a solid annealed con- ductor of equal sectional area. The separate wires, on account of being laid up spirally, are longer than they would be if laid up parallel to the core, by an amount given in the table on page 29. If the electric current flows spirally through the separate wires and not through the strand as a unit, from wire to wire, then the effective length of the circuit has been increased, and also the resistance. On the other hand, the weight of the strand is greater than that of a solid wire by a proportionate amount, and this would reduce the resistance in strands where the current flowed from wire to wire. In any event the difference would rarely exceed one per cent. In case of hard drawn copper, however, there is no question as to the strand having a higher resistance than a solid wire of equal section. Concentric Cables Smooth symmetrical cables can be built up about a core of more than one wire, though this is seldom done in practice. Wires in Concentric Cables Core of One Wire Core of Two Wires Core of Three Wires Core of Four Wires TV n H of Layers Wires Total Wires Total Wires Total Wires Total per Number per Number per Number pei- Number Layer of Wires Layer of Wires Layer of Wires Layer of Wires i 6 7 8 10 9 12 10 14 2 12 19 14 24 15 27 16 30 8 18 37 20 44 21 48 22 52 4 24 61 26 70 27 75 28 80 5 30 91 32 102 33 108 34 114 6 36 127 88 140 39 147 40 154 ' 42 169 44 184 45 192 46 200 Rope Strands A bare rope strand consists of a group of strands twisted together helically and symmetrically with a uniform pitch around a central strand. A rope is some- times called a compound strand and sometimes cable laid strand. It differs from the concentric strand already considered, in that it is more flexible and that strands are substituted for individual wires. The number and arrangement of strands in such a cable are similar to those of wires in a concentric strand. The total number of wires in a rope strand would equal the number of wires in a correspondingly constructed concentric strand, multi- plied by the number of wires in the core. Or, expressed by formula, the total number of wires would equal C X [3n (1 + n) + 1] Where C is the number of wires in the core or central strand, preferably 7, and n is the number of layers over the core. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 3:: Wires in Rope Strand General Data Number of Number of Total Number of Wires Layers Over Core Strands in Cable 7 Wires per Strand 19 Wires per Strand 1 7 49 133 2 19 133 361 3 37 259 703 4 61 427 1159 5 91 637 1729 6 127 889 2413 The diameter of a rope strand would equal D (1 + 2n) Where D is the diameter of each strand and n is the number of layers over the core. As explained on page 29, D d (1 + 2n) where d is the diameter of the single wire. For example: The outside diameter of 4-layer 61 X 7 rope-strand in which the diameter of each strand D=0.3 inch would be .3(1 + 2 X 4) = 2.7 inches. The diameters so obtained are usually about 5 per cent, larger than the finished diameter of the rope stranded cable owing to inherent characteristics of this type of construction. Rope Strand The manner of building up a rope-stranded cable is shown in the above cut. The number of wires in each strand which it is preferable to use is seven. Groups of such strands around a central core will form successively a 7 X 7, 19 X 7, 37 X 7, 61 X 7 and 127 X 7 rope strand. Such expressions as "19 X 7" mean 19 strands of 7 wires each, the number of strands always being given first. Wherever this method of designating compound strands is used it will be understood in this manner. The better construction for electrical conductors is to use, say, a 37-strand of 7 wires instead of a 7-strand of 37 wires, because the former is more compact and has a smoother external surface around which to place the insulation. This will be evident from a casual glance at a sectional view of such a cable. The 7 X 7 construction is not advisable on large conductors, as it is unwieldy and uneconomical. Its use is confined to the smaller sizes like 4 B. & S. gauge and smaller. AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY General Data Data Ralating to Bare Copper Strand Approximate Values B. &S. Gauge Circular Mils Number Wires in Strand Diameter Each Wire Inches Diameter of Strand Inches Weight per 1000 Foot Strand Pounds Area Strand Square Inches Resistance per 1000 Feet at 68 F. or 20 C. 2,000,000 91 .1482 .6302 6204.8 1.56874 .00530 1,750,000 91 .1387 .5257 5429.3 1.36494 .00607 1,500,000 91 .1284 .4124 4658.6 1.17881 .00707 1,250,000 91 .1172 .2892 3878.0 .98170 .00852 1,000,000 61 .1280 .1520 3100.3 .78494 .01060 950,000 61 .1248 .1232 2945.3 .74618 .01115 900,000 61 .1215 .0935 2790.3 .70724 .01179 850,000 61 .1181 .0629 2635.3 .66852 .01247 800,000 61 .1145 1.0305 2480.2 .62810 .01325 750,000 61 .1109 .9981 2325.2 .58922 .01413 700,000 61 .1071 .9639 2170.2 .54954 .01514 650,000 61 .1032 .9288 2015.2 .51020 .01630 600,000 61 .0992 .8928 1860.2 .47146 .01767 550,000 87 .1219 .8533 1703.0 .48181 .01925 500,000 37 .1162 .8184 1548.2 .39287 .02116 450,000 87 .1103 .7721 1393.4 .35284 .02349 400,000 37 .1040 .7280 1238.5 .31431 .02648 350.000 37 .0973 .6811 1083.84 .27512 ! 03026 300,000 19 .1256 .6285 926.01 .23591 .03581 250,000 19 .1147 .5738 771.67 .19685 .04233 0000 211,600 19 .1055 .5275 653.14 .16609 .04997 000 167,772 19 .094 .4700 512.07 .13187 .06293 00 133,079 7 .1380 .4134 406.98 .10429 .07985 105,625 7 .1228 .3684 322.39 .08303 .10007 1 83,694 7 .1093 .3279 255.45 .06559 .12617 2 66,358 7 .0973 .2919 202.5 .05205 .15725 3 52,624 7 .0867 .2601 160.6 .04182 .19827 4 41,788 7 .0772 .2316 127.4 .03276 .25000 6 26,244 7 .0612 .1836 80.1 .02059 .39767 8 16,512 .0486 .1458 50.4 .01298 .62686 10 10,384 7 .0885 .1155 31.7 .00815 1.00848 12 6,528 7 .0305 .0915 19.9 .00511 1.59716 14 4,108 7 .0242 .0726 12.5 .00322 2.54192 ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES Sizes of Wire for Rope Strands General Data Capacity of Cable in Cir. Mils. 49 Wires 7x7 183 Wires 19x7 259 Wires 37x7 427 Wires 61x7 637 Wires 91x7 100000 .0452 .0274 .0197 .0153 .0125 125000 .0505 .0306 .0220 .0171 .0140 150000 .0553 .0836 .0242 .0188 .0154 175000 .0597 .0363 .0260 .0202 .0166 200000 .0638 .0388 .0278 .0216 .0177 225000 .0677 .0411 .0295 .0230 .0188 250000 .0714 .0435 .0311 .0242 .0198 275000 .0749 .0455 .0326 .0254 .0208 800000 .0783 .0475 .0341 .0265 .0217 325000 .0814 .0494 0354 .0276 .0226 350000 .0845 .0513 .0368 .0286 .0235 375000 .0875 .0531 .0381 .0296 .0243 400000 .0904 .0548 .0393 .0306 .0251 425000 .0931 .0565 .0405 .0315 .0259 450000 .0958 .0581 .0418 .0324 .0266 475000 .0984 .0598 .0428 .0333 .0273 500000 .1010 .0613 .0439 .0342 .0280 525000 .1035 .0628 .0450 .0350 .0287 550000 .1059 .0643 .0461 .0359 .0294 575000 .1083 .0658 .0472 .0367 .0301 600000 .1107 .0672 .0483 .0375 .0307 625000 .1129 .0686 .0492 .0883 .0313 (550000 .1152 .0699 .0501 .0390 .0319 675000 .1174 .0712 .0510 .0398 .0325 700000 .1195 .0726 .0520 .0405 .0331 725000 .1216 .0738 .0529 .0412 .0337 750000 .1237 .0751 .0538 .0419 .0343 775000 .1258 .0763 .0546 .0426 .0349 800000 .1278 .0776 .0556 .0433 .0354 825000 .1297 .0788 .0565 .0440 .0360 850000 .1317 .0799 .0574 .0446 .0365 875000 .1336 .0811 .0583 .0453 .0371 900000 .1355 .0822 .0591 .0459 .0376 025000 .1374 .0834 .0599 .0466 .0381 950000 .1392 .0845 .0606 .0472 .038(5 975000 .1411 .0856 .0614 .0478 .0391 1000000 .1429 .0867 .0621 .0484 .0396 1100000 .1498 .0909 .0652 .0508 .0416 1200000 .1565 .0951 .0683 .0530 .0434 1250000 .1597 .0969 .0695 .0541 .0443 1300000 .1627 .0988 .0708 .0552 .0452 1400000 .1690 .1026 .0735 .0573 .0469 1500000 .1750 .1062 .0761 .0593 .0485 1600000 .1807 .1096 .0786 .0612 .0501 1700000 .1862 .1130 .0811 .0631 .0517 1750000 .1889 .1147 .0823 .0640 .0525 1800000 .1916 .1162 .0836 .0649 .0532 1900000 .1969 .1196 .0857 .0667 .0546 2000000 .2020 .1226 .0878 .0685 .0560 The Manufacture of Wire The metals used, almost to the exclusion of all others, for the conduction of electrical currents are, as before stated, copper and steel. It will not be out of place to give here some account of the method of winning these metals from their ores, the subsequent processes for their purification, and a short description of the means employed for giving the purified metals their final shape for use in electrical apparatus. Copper Copper is by far the most important material for conductors, both on account of its high conductivity and on account of its physical characteristics. Standing, as it does, next to silver, the best conductor, occurring in such quantities as to make its AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY General supply adequate to the demand, and necessitating a fairly inexpensive though complex Data process for recovery, it is only natural that copper should have met with the greatest favor, and that the increase in its use should have been phenomenal. In fact, the wonderful growth and development in electrical apparatus have been made possible chiefly by the fact that we have two such metals as copper and iron, which possess the necessary conductivities for electricity and magnetism. We find the ores of copper occurring in many and varied forms and widely dis- tributed over the earth. In the United States there are three localities in which the copper mineralization is of considerable magnitude. The most important districts, in which about 95 per cent, of the total copper ore of the country is mined, are the Lake Superior region and the deposits of the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevadas. The Lake district is one of the most interesting localities, mineralogically speaking, in the world. The copper bearing rocks are very distinctly stratified beds of trap, sandstones and conglomerates which rise at an angle of about 45 degrees from the horizontal sandstone which forms the basin of Lake Superior. One peninsula extending out into the lake has developed copper in profitable amounts, which is present here for the most part in the metallic state, almost chemically pure. The amount of copper in these ores averages only about 3 per cent., the balance being rock, which is so intimately mixed with the metal that both must be taken out together. On account of this large amount of worthless matter, the ores are first subjected to a mechanical process whereby the metal is concentrated into a small bulk and the rock rejected. "Lake" copper is so pure that it is merely put through the final melting without the refining usually necessary. The deposits in the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevadas comprise a terri- tory nearly one-half the area of the United States, and in geological formations and nature of mineralization show all the phases from the original unaltered sulphide deposits to the most highly altered oxides and carbonates. In this district we find the mystery-shrouded names of Butte, Bisbee, Leadville, Clifton, Globe and Black Range, names which have spelled fortune or despair, rejoicing or suffering, to the thousands of prospectors who have discovered and rediscovered their wonderful richness. The third and least important district is that of the Atlantic Coast beds. From the far north latitudes to Florida there extends an almost unbroken chain of miner- alization, profitable at some locations, and bearing only traces of metallic deposits at others. In the North, where the earth's surface is comparatively new, having only yesterday, as it were, been shaved by a glacier, the minerals are in their original sulphide form. In the more southern portions, however, where this glacial abrasion has not taken place, and the oxidation and weathering of the surface has continued for no one knows how many centuries, the ore has been almost entirely decomposed and washed out from the surface. The result of this is that at greater depths the deposits are at times enormously enriched and concentrated. At a little greater depth, however, this concentration is lost and at times a meager vein with only traces of copper destroys all hope of profitable operation, and adds one more to the list of abandoned mines. On account of the extremely low percentage of copper in most of its ores, the usual method.of procedure, as we have seen, is to first obtain this metallic portion in as small a bulk as possible. This is a mechanical process and results in concen- trating the heavy minerals, and washing away, or otherwise separating the worthless ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 37 rocky portion, or "gangue" as it is called. The "concentrates" resulting from General this process are afterward treated to obtain the copper in the same manner as an ore. Data A "sulphide ore," that is, an ore in which copper appears in chemical combi- nation with sulphur, is in some cases first "roasted " or heated so that the sulphur is burned off, leaving the copper and iron, which is almost always present, in an oxidized or burned form. This is then smelted with coke. In another process, however, the raw sulphide ore is thrown into a blast furnace and is made to smelt itself. This is one of the very simple discoveries that have meant so much to the copper industry. Formerly a copper mine had a dozen or more great smouldering heaps piled up in its yard, breathing out clouds of stifling sulphur fumes. Nothing would grow for miles around, the men themselves had a white, bleached-out appear- ance, and besides, thousands upon thousands of dollars worth of precious fuel was being wasted. This has all been changed, the "raw" unroasted ore is now thrown into the furnaces, the sulphur itself burned and made to smelt the mass, producing, on account of its chemical nature, a highly impure, yet very valuable, compound with iron and sulphur, called "matte." This "matte" which consists of about half copper is poured while yet molten from the furnace into a "converter," a large vessel shaped like a barrel laid on its side, and the iron and sulphur are burned out by blowing through great volumes of air. Here again the despised and hated element, sulphur, by burning and generating heat, has made possible one of the most labor and time saving processes known to the metallurgy of copper. The result of this operation is "blister" copper, so called on account of the blistered appearance of the surface caused by the quantities of gases absorbed by the metal. If copper ore occurs in an oxidized or carbonate form, or roasted ore is used, a blast furnace is also utilized for the reduction. Oxidized or sulphide ores are also often mixed and the matte is " blown" and blister copper produced as before. This blister copper contains about 99 per cent, of copper but is much too impure for commercial use. The refining now depends upon whether the copper has a sufficient amount of the precious metals to pay for utilizing the electrolytic process. If so, the blister copper is cast into plates of a suitable size and shape, and the copper is dissolved and deposited almost chemically pure on other plates by means of an electric current passing through an acid solution of copper sulphate. The impurities and other metals do not deposit with the copper, but are dropped as a residue or " slime " on the bottom of the tank, to be recovered and refined later. The blister copper or " electrolytic" copper, as the case may be, is then charged into a refining furnace and melted by means of a very pure fuel, so that the metal may not occlude any deleterious gases. A charge of 12 to 20 tons of pig copper is put in the furnace a simple bowl-shaped hearth, covered and provided with doors for skimming and stirring and the metal is melted as quickly as possible. The process is now one which depends greatly upon the skill of the refiner. After the metal is melted, and the last traces of sulphur have been removed by combination with the oxygen from the flame, the process known as "rabbling" or " flapping" is begun. This is a violent agitation of the metal by means of small rabbles or pokers through one of the side doors. This motion so far has not been duplicated mechan- ically, and it means a tedious and slow operation of about two hours' duration. During the flapping, samples are frequently taken in a hemispherical mould about an inch in diameter. When the "set" or appearance of the solidified metal in this mould indicates that sufficient work has been done upon it, the surplus oxygen must be removed to prevent the extreme brittleness and lack of conductivity of an over- oxidized metal. This is done by "poling" the bath. A stick of green hardwood as large as possible is introduced into the bath. The stick burns and the metal is AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY General violently agitated by the gases given off. The surface of the bath is covered with Data charcoal to prevent further oxidation, and samples are very frequently taken. This is continued an hour, more or less, according to the size of the bath and the amount of oxidation, until the test piece shows "tough pitch " or the removal of the excess of oxygen, and that the metal is in its toughest condition. This "tough pitch" condition is absolutely essential for the requirements of rolling and wire drawing, Copper Billets as copper in this state possesses at the same time the highest degree of conductivity and an extremely tough and ductile nature. The metal is now poured into ingot- moulds or wire bars, in which condition it comes to our works for conversion into all manner of sizes and shapes for electrical conductors. The refining of copper and its separation from the multitude of alloying metals is a complex metallurgical process, but a very necessary one. Even traces of ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 89 other metals affect the conductivity to a remarkable degree, as the following table General will show: Data Element Per Cent. Present in Copper Per Cent. Conductivity Carbon . . 0.05 77.87 Sulphur . . 0.18 92.08 Arsenic . . 0.10 73.89 Silver . . 1.22 90.34 Tin . 1.33 50.44 Aluminum . . 0.10 86.49 With these figures in mind it is not difficult to appreciate why copper must be of the highest degree of chemical purity to be suitable for electrical conductors. Iron and Steel The distribution of iron ores follows in a general way that of copper. Here again the wonderfully mineralized Lake Superior region plays an important part in the supply, statistics showing that the states of Michigan, Wisconsin and Min- nesota produced in 1908 over 78 per cent, of the total ore mined in the United States. The Southern states, Alabama, the Virginias, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Maryland and North Carolina contributed about 12 per cent, of the country's supply. The balance is distributed quite widely along the Atlantic Coast range, the Missis- sippi Valley and Rocky Mountains. The separation of the metal from an iron ore is a much simpler problem in some respects than that which we considered in the case of copper. Practically all of the ores commercially utilized are already in an oxide or carbonate combination so that a simple heating to the reducing point of the ore in contact with a proper reducing material is sufficient to bring about the first step in the process. The ore, as mined, consists exactly as in the case of copper, of two main con- stituents, the valuable mineral which contains the iron, and quantities of rock and other materials from which the metallic part must be separated. With copper ores we can at times mechanically concentrate the metallic portions as we have already seen, but with an iron ore that is usually not feasible, the ore being charged as a whole into the furnace, and the proper mixing with non-metallic substances relied upon to form final products which are easily fusible, and from which the liquid iron will separate itself by reason of its greater specific gravity. The ' ' flux, " as these additions are called, is usually limestone, as the gangue is usually of a silicious nature. The ore, fuel and fluxes are charged into a blast furnace. This is a huge cylin- drical stack 80 to 100 feet high and about 20 feet in diameter at its largest point, with suitable arrangements for blowing in great volumes of air near its base. The fuel used is coke, which heats the charge up to its melting point and at the same time frees the iron from its chemical bonds in the ore. The earthy portions of the ore are eargerly sought for by the limestone and unite with it to form a waste product, the slag. The carbon in the coke singles out the iron in combination with oxygen and in a brief moment destroys the associations of hundreds of thousands of years and starts the iron on its path toward its destination, which may be a part 40 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY General of some noble structure, a rail upon whose soundness many lives mafy depend, Data a wire whose message may bring joy or sorrow, or any of the innumerable products of this the " Iron Age." A Typical Michigan Iron Ore Mining Scene The metal from these furnaces is called "pig iron " and is employed mainly in this shape as a stepping stone toward other products. The selection of our material is begun when the ore is mined. The various grades of ore, each differing from the others in some essential characteristic, are mixed carefully according to proportions which are the result of long years of experience ; the resulting pig iron is carefully graded and the proper grades carefully preserved for making such grades of steel as are required for the manufacture of wire. The next step is the conversion of the "pig" into shape for the manufacture of wire. The pig itself is coarse-grained, brittle and full of impurities, which must be removed before we can obtain the metal in a condition suitable for wire. This is done by melting the pig in mixture with steel scrap of a highly selected grade and subjecting the molten mass to the purifying action of an intensely hot flame. After several hours, in which the various impurities are literally "boiled out," the metal is poured into a huge flat bottomed "ladle " and thence through a small hole in the bottom of the ladle. The liquid stream pours into cast-iron moulds, which shape it into ingots nearly a foot and a half square and six feet tall. These ingots are taken out of the mould after the outside has firmly solidified and are plunged into a deep, white-hot abyss in which they "soak" until the temperature is uniform throughout. After this soaking an immense crane seizes an ingot in its vise-like grip and carries it to the rolling mill, where the mechanical operations commence. The first series of operations takes place on what is called a "blooming mill," the resulting products of which are styled "blooms." Here the ingot is passed back and forth between heavy chilled steel rolls, each pass elongating the ingot and ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES making its section smaller. Back and forth this goes, turned like a stick of wood General by the wonderful mechanical fingers of the mill until the particular size desired is Data reached. In our case, the metal has been squeezed in and out, through and through, until the section has been reduced to four inches square and the length increased from six feet to over one hundred. This long mass is now cut into pieces about four feet long, which have become so cool that they must be reheated before reducing the size further. Steel Billets From this point on, the treatment of copper and these blooms is practically the same. The copper wire bars are received in approximately the same size and length and are heated to a cherry redness in the same furnaces. Through roll after roll, each doing its share toward reducing their sizes, the billets pass in succession ; as the size grows less the speed increases and the rod elongates until finally our stubby bloom four feet long has produced a rod which may be a quarter of an inch in diameter and nearly a quarter of a mile in length. Up to this point the metal has been handled hot, but during the processes of wire drawing it is worked in the cold state. The first step after the rod has left the rolling mill and has cooled down, is to immerse it in a weak solution of sulphuric acid to take off the scale which has formed on the rod while it was cooling in the air. This done, the rods are washed in a stream of high pressure water and dipped into a vat of lime which coats them and prevents rusting. They are now "baked 42 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY General out" in huge ovens to counteract the ill effects of the acid bath, and 4 are then in Data proper condition for drawing. Wire Drawing The drawing process consists, briefly, in reducing the diameter of the wire by pulling it through tapering holes in iron or steel plates, thus reducing its diameter and increasing its length with each draft until the wire has undergone a sufficient number of drafts and consequent reductions to bring it to the proper diameter. When the finer sizes of wire are to be produced, the total reduction cannot be made in one series of drafts, as we are limited in the size of a hot-rolled rod, and the wire therefore must be treated at intervals to relieve the internal strains produced by the cold working. This treatment, called annealing, consists in heating the metal uniformly to a sufficiently high temperature to remove the internal molecular strains and to make the metal once more soft and ductile. A scale forms on the wire as a result of the annealing. This is again removed in an acid bath, and the wire limed and baked and sent to the drawing frames. This may be repeated many times before the necessary amount of reduction has been attained. Copper is generally handled somewhat differently in the annealing process, as precautions are taken to prevent the formation of scale. Especially is this true in the case of fine magnet wires, for instance, where oxidation would seriously affect the properties of the wire. This is done by "bright annealing," which is accom- plished in various ways by preventing the metal, while it is at a high temperature, from coming in contact with the air. By this means we obtain an annealed wire as bright as when it comes from the drawing frames. So the process goes, drawing as far as feasible, annealing and drawing again until the finest sizes of magnet wire are finally produced, by drawing through holes skillfully drilled in diamonds. As the physical condition of the wire depends largely upon the number and amount of the drafts, the proper regulation of these to produce the best results, especially in the case of hard drawn copper, requires much study and long experi- ence. Many drafts, each giving only a slight reduction, produce an entirely different effect from few drafts, even though the ultimate reduction in area be the same. Drawing the same size of wire on blocks of different diameters will vary the physical characteristics. Various methods of annealing will produce various re- sults, and so on. There is a multitude of details, each of which has its own effect. Cold drawing or cold rolling a rod or annealed wire invariably increases its hardness, stiffness, elasticity and tensile strength and at the same time decreases its elongation, ductility and electrical conductivity. The amount of these changes, however, is not directly proportional to the per cent, of reduction in sectional area or to the amount of work expended on the metal. Statements have been made to the contrary, but our many experiments and careful observations have estab- lished beyond a doubt the accuracy of the foregoing. The actual change in the physical properties of a wire by cold working are affected by many factors, as we have already stated, and the final effect is difficult to forecast; hence long experience with these problems is exceedingly valuable both to the maker and to the user of wire. The tensile strength and elongation of wire vary considerably with its size. Annealed or soft copper wire varies in tensile strength from 30,000 pounds per square inch in the coarser sizes to 42,000 pounds in the fine sizes. Hard drawn copper varies in tensile strength from 45,000 to 68,000 pounds per square inch, according to size. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 43 The elongation also varies according to size, as a ten-inch length will show 45 General per cent, in coarse wire, while a fine wire will elongate only about 15 per cent, in the same length. The per centum elongation obtained depends very largely upon the length of test specimen, the highest elongation being obtained in the shortest length. To illustrate: a 12-inch linear section of annealed copper wire, 600 mils in diameter, will elongate about 45 per cent. The elongation occurring in shorter sections of the same specimen will be approximately as follows: Data Elongation of Annealed Copper Wire Per Cent. Elongation Calculated on Measured Length of 12 Inches 10 Inches 8 Inches 6 Inches 4 Inches 3 Inches 2 Inches 1 Inch 600 45 46 48 50 53 58 63 75 The foregoing fact of a variable elongation dependent upon the length of test specimen is equally true of hard drawn wire. While the figures for hard wire differ widely from those for soft wire, the proportionate variation in elongation of hard wire due to length of test specimen is even greater than for soft wire. This is illustrated by the following figures, which are approximately correct for 2/0 B. & S. hard copper trolley wire and for No. 4 B. & S. hard drawn copper wire. Drawing Wire Through a Die AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY General Data Elongation of Hard Drawn Copper Wire Size B. &S. Diameter in Mils Per Cent. Elongation Calculated on Measured Length of 12 Inches 10 Inches 8 Inches 6 Inches 4 Inches 3 Inches 2 Inches 1 Inch 00 4 364.8 204.3 4.0 1.8 4.5 2.1 5.0 2.4 6.0 3.0 7.5 4.0 10.0 5.2 13.0 7.2 22.0 12.0 This fact is of considerable importance in drawing up specifications, as it is readily seen that a specified elongation is of little value unless the measured length is given. Tinning and Galvanizing Wire Copper conductors are often tinned and telegraph wire is usually galvanized. The methods of supplying these coatings while simple to describe are nevertheless in actual performance complex, requiring careful supervision and expert workmanship. The principle of the process is to pass a wire first through a tank of acid whose function is to clean the wire, next through a water tank where the acid is washed off, next through a flux, and then into the molten tin or zinc. It is not hard to get the tin or zinc to adhere over almost all of the surface, but the absolute perfection demanded by the trade requires that every portion of the wire must be covered with a uniform thickness of metal which must be bright and which will not peel or crack. This has justified the elaborate equipment and painstaking operation em- ployed in maintaining the quality of our product. Packing and Shipping Many can no doubt remember the time when neither the manufacturer nor the purchaser gave any particular attention as to how goods were packed or shipped so long as they arrived at their destination in comparatively good condition. But these conditions have changed steadily within the past few years, and to-day practically all complete and up-to-date specifications make special mention of the ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 45 method of packing and shipping. We have, after many years of careful attention General to this subject, developed a system which is very complete in all details, having Data made use of data accumulated from all kinds and conditions of shipments, from the smallest spool of delicate silk covered magnet wire of only a few ounces in weight, to the largest reel of aerial, underground or submarine cables of many tons weight, to destinations near by or to remote points in foreign countries. Coils of Wire It is necessary that wire be properly coiled to prevent snarling and other difficulties. Our coils are formed to standard dimensions, evenly wound and securely bound with strong and durable material, both ends of the coil being accessible for test purposes and only one length in a coil, unless otherwise specified. These coils are protected by paper or burlap, or both if conditions require it. The covering materials are selected for the purpose, cut to proper dimensions so as to protect the wire in the most complete way, without giving a surplus amount of material which would increase the tare weight. All wires are inspected when being wound into coils and also at the time of papering or burlapping. Each individual coil is papered or bur- lapped by hand, which gives a good opportunity to detect any visible mechanical defects. All coils are accurately measured or weighed before shipment, and properly tagged with strong, durable tags on which are given full details. 16 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY General The size of the coil is arranged so as to be most convenient for handling, pack- Data ing or shipping, according to the kind and size of wire in the coil. We ship coils according to the customer's requirements, packed in boxes or barrels and so arranged in these that there will be no unnecessary waste space ; or they may be shipped loosely in carload lots when specified. All large coils are protected with paper and burlap and are generally shipped loose. Stringing Wire from Coils When wire is purchased for the purpose of stringing on poles, the general im- pression is that it is easier to handle if placed on reels than in coils; but if this question were given a little thought, we believe that persons having such an idea would be convinced otherwise. They should take into consideration the transpor- tation of wire in coils as against wire on reels, the increased amount of coiled wire that can be stored in a given space as compared with the same amount placed on reels; the increased cost of freight, due to weight of reels, the necessity of keeping Wrapping Coils ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 47 General Data Stringing Heavy Wire from Coils AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY General reels in good condition after being emptied, the amount of handling incurred Data because of empty reels, return transportation charges and the necessary clerical work and supervision required. With coils, all labor and responsibility cease after the wire is strung. We do not recommend coiling solid wire that is larger than 1/0 B. & S. gauge, except in special cases. A suitably constructed blade, such as shown on the previous page, will fit any standard coil. With the lead arm and swivel sheave it makes the uncoiling of the wire during process of stringing on poles or other places a very economical and easy process, and avoids the possibility of snarls, provided the coil is properly placed upon the blade. With this lead arm and sheave, the wire may be drawn over a cross- arm on a pole, when the coil is almost directly under the cross-arm, if lack of space requires this to be done. This system of handling wire also reduces the amount of apparatus that would be required for operating reels, such as bars, jacks, and so on. Blades of similar construction can be placed on any ordinary wagon, and, with the exception of lifting coils of the largest sizes of wire, one man, usually the team- ster, can operate the uncoiling of wire. After finishing the day's work of stringing wire by the coil method, there are no empty reels to be collected, cared for and returned to the manufacturer, and no credit to be looked out for. Standard Dimensions of Coils Solid Copper Weatherproof Wire Size B. & S. Approximate Weight per Coil, Pounds Approximate Outside Diameter of Coil Approx. Diameter of Eye of Coil Approx. Thickness of Coil Inches Covering of Coil How Shipped 2 Braids 3 Braids Inches Inches 0000 360 383 30 to 84 19 7^ 1 000 352 377 30 to 34 19 7^ 00 326 350 30 to 34 19 7& o 301 325 30 to 34 19 I 1 /* 1 2 294 310 316 338 30 to 34 30 to 34 19 19 7% 7^ - Paper and I Loose ) Coils 3 305 330 30 to 34 19 ' 72. Burlap 4 317 344 30 to 34 19 7*1^ 5 317 350 30 to 34 19 7^ 6 320 180 30 to 34 19 6 8 171 195 30 to 34 19 6 J 10 50 50 18 to 20 12 5 1 12 40 40 18 to 20 12 5 ( Coils 14 40 40 18 to 20 12 5 Paper 1 Packed in 16 30 30 18 to 20 12 5 ( Barrels 18 30 30 18 to 20 12 5 J Weatherproof Iron Wire Size B.W. G. Approx. Weight per Coil Pounds Approx. Outside Diameter Approx. Diameter of Eye of Coil Approximate Thickness of Coil Inches Covering of Coil How Shipped Length in a Coil 2 Braids 3 Braids Inches Inches 2 Braids 3 Braids Feet 6 222 247 30 to 84 19 6 IVz '} 1760 8 9 10 12 235 200 175 113 263 225 200 180 30 to 34 30 to 34 30 to 34 30 to 84 19 19 19 19 6 6 6 6 7^ I ? 1 A ! 7^ f 7^ 1 Paper and Burlap ( Loose } Coils 2640 2640 2640 2640 14 78 87 22 to 24 12 5 5 J 2640 I ELECTRICAL W I R E S A B L E S lit Standard Dimensions of Coils -Continued Slow- burning Wire Size B. & S. Approx. Weight per Coil Pounds Approx. Outside Diameter of Coil Inches Approx. Diameter of Eye of Coil Inches Approx. Thickness of Coil Inches Covering of Coil How Shipped 8 50 18 to 20 12 5 10 12 14 16 40 55 40 30 18 to 20 18 to 20 18 to 20 18 to 20 12 12 12 12 5 5 ! i 5 1 Paper ( Loose Coils -! Packed in ( Barrels 18 24 18 to 20 12 5 1 General Data Lamp Cords Unless otherwise ordered this material is always shipped in approximately 250 feet coils wrapped with paper and packed in boxes containing either 1000 feet or 1000 yards (3000 feet), as ordered. Rubber Insulated and Braided Wire No. 6 and finer single conductor rubber insulated and braided wires are shipped in approximately 500-foot coils, having a 12-inch eye, wrapped in paper, and packed in boxes or barrels, unless otherwise specified. No. 10 and finer duplex parallel rubber insulated and braided are shipped in approximately 500-foot coils, having a 12-inch eye, and in other respects the same as the single conductor. No. 12 and finer twisted pair rubber insulated and braided are shipped in approximately 500-foot and 1000-foot coils, and in other respects the same as the single conductor. Wooden Reels The reels used for shipping electric wires and cables are so constructed as to give the greatest protection to this class of material. We have on hand at all times a large supply of the different kinds and sizes of reels, as shown in the following table. These reels are always kept in good repair and can be supplied at a very short notice. The various sizes of reels are numbered for convenience in dis- tinguishing them. Material put on the reel is so arranged as to give the customer the least incon- venience in handling. The kind and size of wire to be shipped governs the size of the reel to be used. Careful attention is always paid to the diameter of the barrel selected so that cables will not be bent to a diameter which would in any way injure the cable. Reels are never loaded to their full capacity, for we consider it advisable to allow a few inches clearance between the rim of the reel and the cables to prevent any possibility of damage to the wire when the reels are rolled about. All large reels before shipment are lagged with strong and durable strips of wood of suitable dimensions, in accordance with the size of reel. The wire on spools or small reels is protected by paper, burlap, or sheet iron. 50 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY General Data Standard Dimensions of Reel Lagging 2 x 4 x 35 inches 2 x 4 x 37X inches 2 x 4 x 41 inches 2 x 4 x 50 inches 2 x 4 x 56 inches 2 x 4 x 63 X inches 2 x 4 x 70 inches 2 x 4 x 76 inches % x 2 x 11 inches % x 2 x 16 inches % x 2 x 20X inches 2 x 4 x 27X inches 2 x 4 x 29 inches Lagging is made from well seasoned lumber, free from knots, having in view the minimum possibility of breaking. Reels and spools for magnet wire are specially made for this particular product and are so designed and constructed as to give the best protection to the delicate grade of wire which they hold. Standard Shipping Reels for Electrical Wires and Cables List No. Burned in Head of Reel Symbol Dimensions are given in Inches Average Weight in Pounds Price per Reel Diameter of Head Diameter of Barrel Width Inside Width Outside Arbor Hole 302 W 80. 14. 8. 11.50 1.125 O 43. $2.00 304 A 3.25 1. 3.75 5.125 .375 O .312 305 A 2.75 1. 3. 4.375 .875 O .218 306 A 6. 1.375 8.1875 4.0625 .625 O .5 \ \ 313 M 22. 15. 6. 9.50 1.375 O 22. i.50 315 ' W 38. 16. 22.50 27.75 1.625 O 165. 5.00 316 W 32. 16. 14.50 19.75 1.625 O 93. 5.00 321 M 28. 22. 6. 9.50 1.375 O 37. 2.00 322 W 30. 12. 11. 14.50 1.125 O 50. 2.00 324 W 60. 28. 32. 38.25 2.625 O 500. 10.00 330 W 44. 24. 23. 27. 2.625 O 190. 4.00 333 W 50. 28. 32. 37.25 2.625 O 340. 10.00 334 R 36. 24. 11. 16.25 1.625 O 102. 4.00 835 R 36. 24. 15. 20.25 1.625 O 115. 5.00 836 R 58. 38. 35. 40.75 2.625 O 430. 12.00 338 M 13.50 6. 5. 6.50 1.125 O 5.7 0.75 341 M 24. 15. 6.50 9.50 1.375 O 24. 2.00 342 M 24. 15. 6.50 9.50 1.375 O 29. 2.00 343 M 7. 2.375 2.75 3.75 .625 O .95 344 M 22. 15. 5.75 9.25 1.375 O 22. 2.00 345 M 3.50 1.875 2.75 3.75 .625 O .25 347 M 4.50 1.75 2.75 3.75 .625 O .33 349 M 9. 4.50 4. 6. 1 O 3.50 '.40 350 M 12. 6. 5. 7.50 l!25 O 7.50 .75 351 M 6. 2.375 2.75 3.75 .625 O .72 .20 352 28. 14. 13.50 17. 4. O 51. 2.00 354 M 16. 8. 5.50 8.50 1.25 O 15. 1.25 355 R 66. 42. 35. 41.25 2.625 O 780. 15.00 356 A 3.75 1. 3.75 5.25 .375 O .50 .15 1002 R 42. 30. 24. 29.25 2.625 O 205. 5.00 1004 R 80. 18. 8. 11.50 1.625 O 45. 2.00 1013 R 48. 36. 24. 29.25 2.625 O 262. 10.00 1015 R 66. 42. 35. 40.75 2.625 O 510. 15.00 1020 R 54. 36. 30. 35.25 2.625 O 320. 10.00 1021 R 62. 40. 85. 40.75 2.625 O 465. 10.00 1022 R 63. 30. 45. 50.75 2.625 O 600. 15.00 1023 R 76. 36. 45. 51.25 2.625 O 1040. 15.00 1025 R 92. 48. 53. 68.50 7.25O,D 2140. 50.00 1026 R 80. 56. 48. 56. 7. 25 on 1600. 30.00 1027 R 96. 32. 59. 71. 7.25Q,D 2400. 65.00 1028 R 72. 42. 42. 50. 7.25Q,D 1490. 30.00 1029 R 104. 36. 64. 76. 7. 25 OD 3650. 70.00 A=reels for annunciator wire. R=reels for rubber, paper or cambric insulated wires and cables. M=reels for magnet wire. W=reels for weatherproof wires and cables. These reels are well constructed and are expensive to make. They should be carefully handled. If promptly returned, with slats, and in good condition, they will be credited at the price quoted above, less transportation to our factory. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 51 All reels and spools of magnet wire, when being prepared for shipment, are General individually weighed, marked and labelled so that the customer will be able to Data determine the exact weight of each package of wire, no matter how small. Packing Magnet Wire One of the commonest ways of injuring insulated wires or cables is by putting them on reels of incorrect capacity. For the convenience of our readers who may have occasion to load reels, a safe formula for figuring the capacity of reels is given in the following : Let d = diameter of cable in inches C = minimum clearance in inches (2 inches ordinary) B = diameter of barrel or reel D = YZ (diameter of head-B-2C) = radius of head less clearance, less radius of barrel ; or available space from barrel to edge of head. W = length of barrel. Then L = number of layers D = 5- (take largest whole number) N = number of turns per layer W = 3 (take largest whole number) F = feet per reel with minimum clearance = .262X (B + D)X NL. For example : To determine the number of feet of a cable 1.3 inches in diameter, that a No. 1002 reel will hold: Head of reel 42 inches in diameter, allowable clear- ance 2 inches. Barrel of reel 30 inches in diameter. Width between heads 24 inches, from table above. =y z (42-30)-2 = 4; C = 2"; B 6-2 4 or 3 layers = 24" 24 N = ^3= 18. + or 18 turns per layer F = .262 X (30 + 4) X 18 X 3 = .262 X 34 X 18 X 3 = 481 feet. 52 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY General Metric Weights and Measures Data Linear 1 meter = 39.3704 inches = 3.281 feet = 1.094 yards. Centimeter (1-100 meter) = 0.3937 inch. 1 millimeter (mm.) = .03937 inch = 39.37 mils. 1 inch = 25.3997 millimeters = .083 foot = 2.54 centimeters. 1 kilometer = 1,000 meters or 3,281 feet = .6213 mile. For the purpose of memory, a meter may be considered as 3 feet 3^ inches. Surface Measures Centare (1 square meter) = 1,550 square inches = 10.764 square feet. Are (100 square meters) = 119.6 square yards. 1 square centimeter = 0.155 square inch = 197,300 circular mils. 1 square millimeter = .00155 square inch = 1973 circular mils. 1 square inch = 6.451 square centimeters = .0069 square foot. 1 square foot = 929.03 square centimeters = .0929 square meter. Weights Milligram (1-1,000 gram) = 0.0154 grain. Centigram (1-100 gram) = 0.1543 grain. Decigram (1-10 gram) = 1.5432 grains. Gram = 15.432 grains. Decagram (10 grams) = 0.3527 ounce. Hectogram (100 grams) = 3.5274 ounces. Kilogram (1,000 grams) = 2.2046 pounds. Myriagram (10,000 grams) = 22.046 pounds. Quintal (100,000 grams) = 220.46 pounds. Millier or tonne ton (1,000,000 grams) = 2,204.6 pounds. Volumes Milliliter (1-1,000 liter) = 0.061 cubic inch. Centiliter (1-100 liter) = 0.6102 cubic inch. Deciliter (1-10 liter) = 6.1023 cubic inches. Liter = 1,000 cu. cm. = 61.023 cubic inches. Hectoliter (100 liters) = 2.838 bushels. Kiloliter (1,000 liters) = 1,308 cubic yards. Liquid Measures Milliliter (1-1,000) = 0.0338 fluid ounce. Centiliter (1-100 liter) = 0.338 fluid ounce. Deciliter (1-10 liter) = 0.845 gill. Liter = 0.908 quart = 0.2642 gallon. Decaliter (10 liters) = 2.6418 gallons. Hectoliter (100* liters) = 26.418 gallons. Kiloliter (1,000 liters) = 264.18 gallons. E L E C T R A L IRES AND A B L E S Conversion of Mils to Millimeters Mils Milli- meters Mils Milli- meters Mils Milli- meters Mils Milli- meters Mils; Milli- meters 1 81 .0254 21 .5334 41 1.0414 61 1.5494 2.0574 2 .0508 22 .5588 42 1.0668 62 1.5748 82 2.0828 3 .0702 23 .5842 43 1.0922 63 1.6002 83 2.1082 4 .1016 24 .6096 44 1.1176 64 1.6256 84 2.1336 5 .1270 25 .6350 45 1.1430 65 1.6510 85 2.1590 6 .1524 26 .6604 46 1.1684 66 1.6764 86 2.1844 7 .1778 27 .6858 47 1.1938 67 1.7018 87 2.2098 8 .2032 28 .7112 48 1.2192 68 1.7272 88 2.2352 9 .2286 29 .7366 49 1.2446 69 1.7526 89 2.2606 10 .2540 30 .7620 50 1.2700 70 1.7780 90 2.2860 11 .2794 31 .7874 51 1.2954 71 1.8034 91 2.3114 12 .3048 32 .8128 52 1.3208 72 1.8288 92 2.3368 13 .3302 33 .8382 53 1.3462 73 1.8542 93 2.3622 14 .3556 34 .8636 54 1.3716 74 1.8796 94 2.3876 15 .3810 35 .8890 55 1.3970 75 1.9050 95 2.4130 16 .4064 36 .9144 56 1.4224 76 1.9304 96 2.4384 17 .4318 37 .9398 57 1.4478 77 1.9558 97 2.4638 18 .4572 38 .9652 58 1.4732 78 1.9812 98 2.4892 19 .4826 39 .9906 59 1.4986 79 2.0066 99 2.5146 20 .5080 40 1.0160 60 1.5240 80 2.0320 100 2.5400 General Data Conversion of Millimeters to Mils Milli- meters Mils Milli- meters Mils Milli- meters Mils Milli- meters Mils Milli- meters Mils 1 39.370 21 826.77 41 1614.17 61 2401.57 81 3188.97 2 18.740 22 866.14 42 1653.54 62 2440.94 82 3228.34 3 118.110 23 905.51 43 1692.91 63 2480.31 83 3267.71 4 157.48 24 944.88 44 1732.28 64 2519.68 84 3307.08 5 196.85 25 984.25 45 1771.65 65 2559.05 85 3346.45 6 236.22 26 1023.60 46 1811.02 66 2598.42 86 3385.82 7 275.59 27 1063.00 47 1850.39 67 2637.79 87 3425.19 8 314.96 28 1102.40 48 1889.76 68 2677.16 88 3464.56 9 354.33 29 1141.70 49 1929.13 69 2716.53 89 3503.93 10 393.70 30 1181.10 50 1968.50 70 2755.90 90 3543.30 11 433.07 31 1220.50 51 2007.87 71 2795.27 91 3582.67 12 472.44 32 1259.80 52 2047.24 72 2834.64 92 3622.04 13 511.81 33 1299.20 53 2086.61 73 2874.01 93 3661.41 14 515.18 34 1338.60 54 2125.98 74 2913.38 94 3700.78 15 590.55 35 1378.00 55 2165.35 75 2952.75 95 3740.15 16 629.92 36 1417.30 56 2204.72 76 2992.12 96 3779.52 17 669.29 37 1456.70 57 2244.09 77 3031.49 97 3818.89 18 708.66 38 1496.10 58 2283.46 78 3070.86 98 3858.26 19 748.03 39 1535.40 59 2322.83 79 3110.23 99 3897.63 20 787.40 40 1574.80 60 2362.20 80 3149.60 100 3937.00 54 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY General Data Areas and Circumferences of Circles Diam- eter Circum- ference Area Diam- eter Circum- ference Area Diam- eter Circum- ference Area . .049087 .00019 1. }f 6.08684 2.9483 4. H 15.5116 19.147 i .098175 .00077 2. 6.28819 3.1416 5. 15.7080 19.635 B\ .147262 .00173 A 6.47958 3.8410 A 15.9043 20.129 1 .196350 .00307 y* 6.67588 3.5466 jl 16.1007 20.629 3 .294524 .00690 6.87223 3.7583 16.2970 21.135 y& .392699 .01227 % 7.06858 3.9761 % 16.4934 21.648 .490874 .01917 A 7.26498 4.2000 T5 16.6897 22.166 3 .589049 .02761 y% 7.46128 4.4801 y& 16.8861 22.691 7 .687223 .03758 A 7.65768 4.6664 7 17.0824 23.221 y .785898 .04909 y 2 7.85398 4.9087 y* 17.2788 23.758 .883578 .06213 9 8.05083 5.1572 17.4751 24.801 A .981748 .07670 H 8.24668 5.4119 H 17.6715 24.850 11 .07992 .09281 11 8.44303 5.6727 IB 17.8678 25.406 H .17810 .11045 K 8.68938 5.9396 y. 18.0642 25.967 13 .27627 .12962 It 8.83573 6.2126 IB 18.2605 26.535 7 .37445 .15033 % 9.03208 6.4918 % 18.4569 27.109 if .47262 .17257 IB 9.22843 6.7771 16 18.6532 27.688 y .57080 .19635 3. 9.42478 7.0686 6. 18.8496 28.274 17 1.66897 .22166 A 9.62113 7.3662 y& 19.2423 29.465 V 1.76715 .24850 y* 9.81748 7.6699 y* 19.6350 30.680 19 1.86532 .27688 10.0138 7.9798 H 20.0277 31.919 y 1.96350 .30680 /% 10.2102 8.2958 20.4204 33.183 21 2.06167 .33824 A 10.4065 8.6179 'y^ 20.8131 34.472 11 2.15984 .87122 % 10.6029 8.9462 y 21.2058 35.785 32 2.25802 .40574 1 7 H 10.7992 9.2806 % 21.5984 37.122 y 2.35619 .44179 1^ 10.9956 9.6211 7. 21.9911 38.485 i 2.45487 .47937 Iff 11.1919 9.9678 y& 22.3838 39.871 13 2.55254 .51849 ^8 11.8883 10.321 i/ 22.7765 41.282 V 2.65072 .55914 11 11.5846 10.680 3 /8 23.1692 42.718 % 2.74889 .60132 K 11.7810 11.045 23.5619 44.179 32 2.84707 .64504 13 11.9778 11.416 y^ 23.9546 45.664 2.94524 .69029 K 12.1737 11.793 K 24.3473 47.173 11 3.04842 .78708 IB 12.8700 12.177 % 24.7400 48.707 3.14159 .78540 4. 12.5664 12.566 8. 25.1327 50.265 A 3.88794 .88664 A 12.7627 12.962 y& 25.5254 51.849 y 3.53429 .99402 12.9591 13.864 y 25.9181 53.456 A 3.78064 1.1075 13.1554 13.772 H 26.3108 55.088 i/ 3.92699 .2272 13.3518 14.186 y z 26.7035 56.745 s 4.12384 .3530 ia 13.5481 14.607 y^ 27.0962 58.426 26 4.31969 .4849 II 13.7445 15.038 K 27.4889 60.182 4.51604 .6230 13.9408 15.466 % 27.8816 61.862 4.71239 .7671 i/ 14.1372 15.904 9. 28.2743 63.617 16 4.90874 .9175 A 14.8335 16.349 H 28.6670 65.397 y 5.10509 2.0739 y 14.5299 16.800 29.0597 67.201 11 5.80144 2.2365 11 14.7262 17.257 y% 29.4524 69.029 li 5.49779 2.4053 y* 14.9226 17.721 y z 29.8451 70.882 IS 5.69414 2.5802 13 15.1189 18.190 y. 30.2378 72.760 % 5.89049 2.7612 n 15.8153 18.665 y. 30.6305 74.662 Decimals of an Inch and Millimeters for each 1 -64 Inch ja 13 J| . a H .2 d j. 13 . E 1 _ c l x 13 . E | c 3 || Is "s Q~ 8E Q i tn 5 5 Q~ I 1 | HS -8 l~ gi p 1 5 -B Q'-H O 1 .015625 .8968 17 .265625 6.7467 83 .515625 13.0966 49 .765625 19.4465 2 .03125 .7937 9 18 .28125 7.1436 17 84 .53125 13.4934 25 50 .78125 19.8433 3 .046875 1.1906 19 .296875 7.5404 85 .546875 18.8903 51 .796875 20.2402 4 .0625 1.5874 A 10 20 .3125 7.9373 i n n 18 80 .5625 14.2872 A 20 52 .8125 20.6371 5 .078125 1.9843 21 .328125 8.3342 87 .578125 14.6841 53 .828125 21.0339 6 .09875 2.3812 11 22 .34375 8.7310 19 ^ .59375 15.0809 27' 54 .84375 21.4308 7 .109375 2.7780 .359375 9.1279 .009375 15.4778 55 .859375 21.8277 8 .125 3.1749 y* 12 24 .875 9.5248 H 20 40 .625 15.8747 >H 28 50 .875 22.2245 9 .140625 8.5718 25 .390625 9.9216 41 .640625 16.2715 57 .890625 22.6214 10 .15625 8.9686 18 .40625 10.3185 21 42 .65625 16.6684 29 58 .90625 23.0183 11 .171875 4.8655 27 .421875 10.7154 48 .671875 17.0653 59 .921875 23.4151 12 .1875 4.7624 IS 14 28 .4875 11.1122 ft 22 44 .6875 17.4621 u 80 GO .9375 23.8120 18 .208125 5.1592 29 .458125 11.5091 45 .708125 17.8590 01 .953125 24.2089 14 .21875 5.5561 15 30 .46875 11.9060 28 40 .71875 18.2559 81 02 .96875 24.6057 15 .284875 5.9530 31 .484875 12.3029 47 .734875 18.6527 08 .984375 25.0026 16 .25 6.8498 1/4 16 32 .5 12.6997 1/2 24 48 .75 19.0496 K 82 04 1. 25.3995 ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 55 Fundamental Units General Data The electrical units are derived from the following mechanical units : The centimeter, the unit of length. The gramme, the unit of mass. The second, the unit of time. The centimeter equals .3937 of an inch, or one thousand-millionth part of a quadrant of the earth. The gramme is equal to 15.432 grains, the mass of a cubic centimeter of water at 4 C. The second is the time of one swing of the pendulum, making 86,464.09 swings per day, or the 1-86400 part of a mean solar day. Mensuration Circumference of circle whose diameter is 1 = TT = 3. 14159265. Circumference of any circle = diameter x T. Area of any circle = (radius) 3 X T, or (diameter) 8 X 0.7854. Surface of sphere = (diameter) 2 X TT, or = circumference X diameter. Volume of sphere = (diameter) 3 X 0.5236, or = surface X i diameter. Area of an ellipse = long diameter X short diameter X 0.7854. 7T 2 = 9.8696; Tri = 1.772454; J = 0.7854. VT = 0.31831; logTr = 0.4971499. Basis of natural log ? = 2.7183; log f = 0.43429. Modulus of natural logarithm M = ,-i - = 2.3026. 144 Ib. per sq. foot. 51.7116 mm. of mercury. 1 Ib. per sq. inch = 2.30665 feet of water. 0.072 ton (short) per sq. foot. 0.0680415 atmosphere. One mile = 320 rods = 1760 yards = 5280 feet - 63,360 inches. One fathom = 6 feet ; 1 knot = 6080 feet. 1728 cubic inches = 1 cubic foot. 231 cubic inches = 1 liquid gallon = 0.134 cubic foot. 1 pound avoirdupois = 7000 grains = 453.6 grammes. The angle of which the arc is equal to the radius, a Radian = 57.2958. Physical Data The equivalent of one B.t.u. of heat = 778 foot-pounds. The equivalent of one calorie of heat = 426 kg-m., = 3.968 B.t.u. One cubic foot of water weighs 62.355 pounds at 62 F. One cubic foot of air weighs 0.0807 pound at 32 F. and one atmosphere. One cubic foot of hydrogen weighs 0.00557 pound. One foot-pound 1.3562 X 10 7 ergs. One horse-power hour 33,000 X 60 foot-pounds. 56 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY General One horse-power = 33,000 foot-pounds per min. =550 foot-pounds *per second = Data 746 watts = 2545 B.t.u. per hour. Acceleration of gravity (g) = 32.2 feet per second. = 980 mm. per second. One atmosphere = 14.7 pounds per square inch. = 2116 pounds per square foot. = 760 mm. of mercury. Velocity of sound at cent, in dry air = 332.4 metres per sec. = 1091 feet per sec. Velocity of light in vacuum = 299,853 km. per sec. = 186,325 miles per sec. Specific heat of air at constant pressure = 0.237. A column of water 2.3 feet high corresponds to a pressure of 1 pound per square inch. Coefficient of expansion of gases = ^l r$ = 0.00367. Latent heat of water = 79.24. Latent heat of steam = 535.9 CENTIGRADE DEGREES. To convert into the corresponding one in Fahrenheit degrees, multiply by 9 / 5 and add 32. To convert it into the one in Reaumur degrees multiply by */-. To convert it into the one on the Absolute scale, add 273. FAHRENHEIT DEGREES. To convert into the one in Centigrade degrees, subtract 32 and then multiply by 5 / <) , being careful about the signs when the reading is below the melting point of ice. To convert it into the one in Reaumur degrees, subtract 32 and multiply by 4 / 9 . To convert it into the one on the Absolute scale, subtract 32, then multiply by 5 / 9 and add 273; or multiply by 5, add 2297, and divide by 9. Electrical Data The ampere, I = unit of current = 0.1 cm. 1 / 2 g.^ sec. 1 . The ohm = unit of resistance = 10. !) cm. sec. 1 . The volt, U = unit of e. m. f. = 10. 8 cm. I g.^ sec. 8 The henry, L = unit of inductance = 10. 9 cm. l sec. - The farad, C = unit of capacity = 10 6 cm. l ( = unit of electric power = h. p. X 746. Watts ] = current X volts X power factor. ( = foot pounds per sec. -f- 1.355. Joules, W = work done = watts X seconds. f 3412 B. t. u. I 2,654,536 foot-pounds. 1 kw. hour = -! 3.53 pounds water evaporated at 212 F. I 22.8 pounds water raised from 62 to 212 F. t 0.235 pounds carbon oxidized at 100 per cent. eff. Bare Wires and Cables Page Copper Trolley Wire 58 Wire and Cables 64-65 Hemp Core Cables 65 Extra Flexible Cables 66 Specifications for H. D. Copper Wire . . 66 Rail Bonds 67-70 Iron or Steel Telephone and Telegraph Wires . . . 7 1 -74 Specifications for galvanized Telephone and Telegraph Wires 72 Bond Wire, extra galvanized .... 74 Steel Signal Wire, extra galvanized ... 75 Standard Steel Strand 75 Special Steel Strands 76 Galvanized Strand Clips 79 Resistance Wire 80 Armature Binding Wire 80 Armor Wire 81 Pole Steps 81 Silico-Magnetic-Core Steel 82 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Bare Wires and Cables Bare Conductors We make copper wire for all purposes in any required shape or size ; copper cables of all capacities and degrees of flexibility ; hard drawn or annealed, bare or insulated. We also make galvanized iron and steel wire in all shapes and sizes, bare or insulated, and for all purposes; telephone and telegraph wires, armor wires, strand and wire rope of all kinds. Copper Trolley Wire Since a trolley wire serves a double purpose, as conductor and as feeder to the moving current collector, it must be of high conductivity, and strong and durable. Copper can be readily drawn into any desired section and can be easily handled. Trolley wire is generally made of hard drawn copper in three shapes, round, grooved and figure 8. The latter form is not extensively used for two principal reasons. Owing to its unsymmetrical section, it is difficult to handle and to place in position. The non-uniformity in section, as made by different wire manufacturers, has rendered it impossible to make a uniform style of mechanical clamping ear for supporting the trolley. Though seldom called upon to make trolley wire larger than 4/0 or smaller than 1/0 B. & S. gauge, we are prepared to make other sizes. The various styles and sizes are shown dimensioned below: Round Grooved Figure 8 ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 59 Dimensions of Hard Drawn Copper Trolley Wire Section of Trolley Wire Size B.&S. Sectional Area in Cir. Mils. Approximate Dimensions (See Figure, Page 58) A B C D E F G R Round 00 000 0000 105,600 183,200 168,100 211,600 .325 .365 .410 .460 .1625 .1825 .2045 .230 Grooved "American Standard" 00 000 0000 133,200 168,100 211,600 .392 .430 .482 .196 .215 .241 | 20 22 25 78 78 78 27 27 27 51 51 51 .015 .015 .015 Figure 8 00 000 0000 138,200 168,100 211,600 .480 .540 .600 .852 .400 .450 .108 .130 .150 196 222 250 Specifications for Hard Drawn Copper Trolley Wire 1. Conductivity, weight and strength. Round, Grooved and Figure 8 Copper Trolley Wire Size B. & S. 00 000 0000 Approximate Weight, Pounds Electrical Conductivity (Minimum) Per Mile Per 1,000 Feet 1685 2132 2690 3386 319 404 509 641 Mile ohm @ 68 degrees Fahr. not to exceed 890.1 equals 98$ Matthiessen's Standard Round Trolley Wire Size B. & S. Tensile Strength, Pounds Size B. & S. Tensile Strength, Pounds Actual Per Square Inch Actual Per Square Inch 00 4522 5550 54500 52800 000 0000 6735 8140 51000 49000 The physical tests of all shapes shall be made in the same manner as those upon round wire. The tensile strength of grooved wire shall be at least 95 per cent, of that required for round wire of the same sectional area ; the elongation shall be the same as that required for round wire of equal sectional area, given on page 67. 2. Sizes 1/0 and 2/0 approximately one mile on each reel; size 3/0 and 4/0 approximately one-half mile on each reel. 3. Round wire is to be cylindrical in form and of uniform size throughout. All forms to be uniform in quality, free from scale, flaws, splits and other defects inconsistent with the best commercial practice. 4. Round trolley wire may vary in diameter one per cent, either way. Shaped trolley wire may vary in diameter four per cent, over or under in weight per unit length from standard. 5. Wire to be shipped on firmly built reels suitable for proper handling and for the efficient protection of the wire in transit. Base and Advances on Trolley Wire Round hard drawn copper Grooved and figure 8 Base cent per pound advance over round AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE C O M P A N Y Bare Wires and Cables Trolley Construction Notes A mile of trolley wire strung in position is generally figured in calculations as 5350 feet, allowing 70 feet for sag and waste. The trolley wire is usually suspended about 20 feet above the center of the track or to one side. It may be supported either from steel strands spanning the track between two side poles, from brackets extending out from the poles or from catenary construction. The trolley wire is supported by trolley "ears" which mechanically clamp the shaped wire, or which are soldered to the round wire. The trolley ears are attached to the supports by means of insulated trolley hangers. P, A Overhead Construction, N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R. The following extracts from the specifications adopted by a leading railway company for overhead trolley construction are fairly representative of American electric railway practice. Poles, Pole Framing and Pole Setting Poles shall be of commercially straight, round chestnut, and shall conform to the dimensions shown in following table. Holes for the poles shall be excavated as here tabulated : Round Pole Data Length in Feet Circumference Top in Inches Depth in Earth in Feet Circumference 5 Feet from Butt in Inches Depth in Rock in Feet 30 22 6.0 36 5.0 35 22 6.0 38 5.5 40 22 6.5 44 5.5 45 22 6.5 47 6.0 50 22 7.0 50 6.5 55 22 7.5 53 6.5 60 22 8.0 56 7.0 65 22 8.5 58 7.0 70 22 9.0 58 7.0 ELECTRICAL WIRE AND CABLE Poles are to be delivered barked and with knots trimmed. Bare Wires They shall be sound and free from butt rot or hollows in butts which would and Cables impair strength above ground. They shall be free from unsound knots and shall have no more than one crook, this crook to be in one way only. Contractor shall point the tips, saw the butts off square, smooth all knots with draw knife, shave the entire pole, if so directed by the engineer, and paint the tips and gains of each pole with two coats of an approved metallic paint before installation. Pole Setting Poles shall be spaced 100 feet apart on tangents, and shall have a rake of 6 inches away from track at a height of 24 feet above top of track rail with bracket construction. With span construction the rake shall be 12 inches at same height above top of rail. Poles to have above rakes after taking final strain. For longer poles and on side banks and fills, depths will be determined by inspect- ing engineer. Face of pole shall be spaced at a minimum distance of 5 feet from outside of rail head, and shall not exceed this measurement to appreciable extent unless conditions so require. The earth around poles shall be thoroughly tamped with suitable tampers. When poles are set in concrete, the concrete shall consist of one part of an approved brand of Portland cement, three parts clean sharp sand and five parts broken stone, which will go through a 2-inch ring. Amount of concrete to be determined by inspecting engineer, and concrete to be put on in layers of 6 inches and each layer thoroughly tamped. Top of concrete filling to be above ground and sloped off from pole with smooth finish so as to shed water. Curve Construction Pull-offs on curves shall be spaced according to following table: Radius of Curve in Feet Distance between Hangers in Feet Radius of Curve in Feet Distance between Hangers in Feet Radius of Curve in Feet Distance between Hangers in Feet Radius of Curve in Feet Distance between Hangers in Feet 40 5.0 85 7.0 400 20.0 900 40.0 50 5.5 100 7.5 550 25.0 1000 45.0 (50 6.0 200 10.0 680 30.0 1500 60.0 75 0.5 300 15.0 800 35.0 1910 80.0 The distance between poles on curves is dependent on weight of feed wire, length of curve, and in towns, on local conditions. In general, the minimum distance between poles shall be 50 feet. Up to 1910 feet radius, space poles from 50 to 90 feet. Above 1910 feet radius, space poles 100 feet apart. Span Construction On single-track street railway lines use -j^-inch extra galvanized steel strand, tensile strength not less than 3300 pounds ; on double-track street railway lines and on electrified steam lines, use -Hi-inch extra galvanized steel strand, tensile strength not less than 4700 pounds, and use ^-inch x 16-inch galvanized eye-bolts with thread cut 5 inches. All spans to be installed with eye-bolts at same level and allowance made for sag of 1 foot in 20 feet of span, with eye-bolts at full length. AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Bare Wires and Cables | - MACH. BOLTS 10 X-|- ' CROSS ARM a"x 4-r-x 34" Side Pole Bracket Construction GALV BRACES \ " ' LAG SCREWS 4 H. BOLTS 1o"xf" - CROSS ARMS 6 X4|'x 3-|" i r r^\ _L Span Construction ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES I ^ o^ CROSS ARM 8 " x *T" 3 l" 1 ^ ' '-^ -* - CGE. BOLTS 4i'x|/' Bare Wires and Cables ^N/- M . - ___y'g^ .-_>] jt '" i 1- ,- : Center Pole Construction Recent Catenary Construction on N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R., near Glenbrook, Conn. (54 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Bare Wires and Cables Bare Copper Wire and Cables Made in all sizes, hard drawn or annealed, and for all purposes. For telephone and telegraph, high voltage long distance transmission, and industrial purposes in general. Full information concerning the properties of bare copper wire with tabulated data is given in the foregoing section, pages 14 and 25. Bare Copper Wire Advances Advances per pound over and above base prices for annealed and hard drawn copper wire : B. & S. Gauge Number Advance per Pound Cents 0000 to 8 Base 9 and 10 Add y 8 11 and 12 Add y. 13 and 14 Add y. 15 and 16 Add X 17 and 18 Addl 19 and 20 Addl^ 21 and 22 Add \y z 23 and 24 Add 2^ For wire finer than 24 B. & S. gauge, special prices on application. Orders for copper wire will be filled by standard B. & S. gauge un- less otherwise specified. Tinned Copper Wire Advances Advances per pound over and above prices for corresponding sizes of annealed bare copper wire. B. & S. Gauge Number Advance per Pound Cents B. & S. Gauge Number Advance per Pound Cents 0000 to 8 H 18 and 19 1# 9 and 10 H 20 lj 11 and 12 % 21 I 3 / 13 and 14 i 22 2 15 and 16 i 23 2K 17 i 24 3 Hard Drawn Copper Telegraph and Telephone Wire Size B. & S. Gauge British Imperial, or English Legal Standard Gauge Number Diamc.er in Decimal of an Inch Approximate Weight per Mile in Pounds Number Diameter in Decimal of an Inch Approximate Weight per Mile in Pounds 8 .1285 264 8 .160 409 9 .1144 209 9 .144 331 10 .1019 166 10 .128 262 12 0808 104 12 .104 173 14 .0641 66 14 .080 102 ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CARLES 66 Cutting to Lengths Bare Wires For lengths less than 20 feet, add a minimum of y 2 cent per pound to the schedule ; an< * Cables 20 feet or over, add X cent P er pound. For very short lengths of fine wire, such as tag wire, the price increases rapidly as the length decreases. Reels Will be charged at prices quoted on page 50. When returned in good condition, with slats, within six months from date of shipment, freight prepaid to the factory, customers will receive credit for the full amount originally charged. Bare Copper Cables, Annealed and Cleaned, or Hard Drawn These extras apply both on concentric and rope laid conductors. See pages 29 and 34 for wiring tables, giving complete information about copper cables. To determine the price of any bare stranded cable, add to the price for the wire of which the strand is composed the extras as given below. When the following sizes of wire, B. & S. gauge, are used: Number Advance per Pound Cents Number Advance per Pound Cents 8 or coarser 9 to 13 inclusive 14 to 16 inclusive l| 17 to 20 inclusive 21 to 24 inclusive 25 and smaller 2 5 Prices on request Intermediate sizes of wire take extra applying to next smaller gauge. For example, in determining prices of cables 500,000 circular mils, 61 wires concentric strand. Each wire has 8196 circular mils and is approximately 12 B. & S. gauge. Price bare wire, base size $15.00 per 100 pounds Advance for size (12 B. & S. gauge) . .25, see page 64 Advance for stranding .75, see above Freight Hemp Core Cables In order to reduce the skin ef- fect in conductors carrying heavy alternating currents of high fre- quency, it is customary to use a specially constructed cable having a hemp center. This style of cable is also required in many long distance transmission lines in order to in- crease the diameter enough to pre- vent corona effects due to very high potentials. We are prepared to manufac- ture this style of cable to any speci- fications. 66 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Bare Wires Extra Flexible Cables and Cables We manufacture bare copper cables having a high degree of flexibility due to their being made up of a large number of small wires. These cables are for flexible connectors, for commutator brushes, third rail shoes and similar purposes. They are made both concentric and rope lay and price is figured from same schedule of advances. Specifications for Hard Drawn Copper Wire 1. The material shall be copper of such quality and purity that when drawn hard it shall have the properties and characteristics herein required. 2. These specifications cover hard drawn round wire and hard drawn cable or strand as hereinafter described. 3. The wire in all shapes must be free from all surface imperfections not con- sistent with the best commercial practice. 4. (a) Package sizes for round wire and for cable shall be agreed upon in the placing of individual orders. (b) The wire shall be protected against damage in ordinary handling and shipping. 5. For the purpose of calculating weights, cross-sections, etc., the specific grav- ity of copper shall be taken as 8.90. 6. All testing and inspecting shall be made at the place of manufacture, and when the wire is found to meet specifications it shall then and there be accepted by purchaser. The manufacturer shall afford the inspector representing the purchaser all reasonable facilities to enable him to satisfy himself that the material conforms to the requirements of these specifications. Hard Drawn Round Wire 7. (a) Sizes shall be expressed as the diameter of the wire either in decimals of an inch or in mils, or in the B. & S. gauge. (b) Permissible variations from actual gauge diameter shall be as shown in the table, page 24. 8. The wire shall be so drawn that its tensile strength and elongation shall be at least equal to the value stated in the following table. Tensile tests shall be made upon fair samples and the elongation shall be determined as the permanent increase in length, due to the breaking of the wire in tension, measured between bench marks placed upon the wire originally 10 inches apart. The fracture shall be between the bench marks and not closer than 1 inch to either mark. If upon testing a sample from any coil of wire, the results are found to be below the values stated in the table, tests upon two additional samples shall be made, and the average of the three tests shall determine acceptance or rejection of the coil. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 67 Properties of Hard Drawn Copper Wire (Adopted by the A. S. T. M.) Bare Wires and Cables Size B. & S. Diameter Inches Area Circular Mils Tensile Strength Pounds per Sq. Inch Per Cent. Elongation in 10 Inches Size B. & S. Diameter Inches Area Circular Mils Tensile Strength Pounds per Sp. Inch Per Cent. Elongation in 10 Inches 0000 0.460 211,600 49,000 3.75 8 0.128 16,380 63,400 1.4 000 0.410 168,100 51,000 8.20 9 0.114 12,996 64,200 1.8 00 0.365 133,200 52,800 2.70 10 0.102 10,404 64,800 1.2 0.825 105,600 54,500 2.4 11 0.091 8,281 65,400 1.1 1 0.289 83,520 56,000 2.1 12 0.081 6,561 65,700 1.0 2 0.258 66,560 57,500 2.0 13 0.072 5,184 66,000 0.9 3 0.229 52,440 58,500 1.9 14 0.064 4,096 66,200 0.9 4 0.204 41,620 59,500 1.8 15 0.057 3,249 66,400 0.8 5 0.182 83,120 60,500 1.7 16 0.051 2,601 66,600 0.8 6 0.162 26,240 61,500 1.6 17 0.045 2,025 66,800 0.7 7 0.144 20,740 62,500 1.5 18 0.040 1,600 67,000 0.7 For wire whose nominal diameter is between listed sizes, the requirements shall be determined by interpolation from those included in the table. 9. Electrical conductivity shall be determined upon fair samples by resistance measurements at a temperature of 20 C. (68 F.). The wire shall not exceed the following limits: For diameters 0.460 to 0.325 inch, 890.1 pounds per mile-ohm at 20 C., equal to 98 per cent. Matthiessen's standard. For diameters 0.324 to 0.102 inch, 899.3 pounds per mile-ohm at 20 C., equal to 97.0 per cent. Matthiessen's standard. For diameters 0.101 to 0.040 inch, 908.7 pounds per mile-ohm at 20 C., equal to 96.0 per cent. Matthiesson's standard. Hard Drawn Copper Wire Strand 10. For the purpose of these specifications, standard strand shall be that made up of hard drawn wire laid concentrically about a hard drawn wire center. Cable laid up about a hemp center or about a soft wire core is to be subject to special specifications to be agreed upon in individual cases. 11. The wire entering into the construction of strand shall, before stranding, meet all the requirements of round wire hereinbefore stated. 12. The tensile strength of standard strand shall be at least 90 per cent, of the total strength required of the wires forming the strand. 13. Brazes, made in accordance with the best commercial practice, will be per- mitted in wire entering into strand. The brazed joint shall have at least 95 per cent, of the strength specified for the wire. 14. The lay of standard strand shall not be less than 12, nor more than 16 diameters of the strand. Rail Bonds The subject of rail bonds is properly included with that of other bare electrical conductors. We are exceptionally well equipped to make rail bonds of any de- sired type, capacity or length to meet any requirements. We manufacture all standard types of terminal stud bonds from which any particular style of 68 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Bare Wires bond can be selected that will best serve for any given set of track conditions. Our and Cables bonds are distinguished by accurate workmanship, superior grade of material and simplicity of design, qualities which will insure lasting and economical service. We make four styles of rail bonds : Crown rail bonds, with round wire conductors ; United States rail bonds, with flat wire conductors; Twin Terminal bonds to be attached to the heads of rails, and Soldered rail bonds. Only pure annealed copper of high conductivity is used in any portion of these bonds. The solid terminals, after being forged to shape from rolled copper rods, are heated and drop forged to the flexible conductor portion, producing a union having all the merits of homogeneous copper. There are two styles of stud terminals shown on the Crown and on the United States bonds. One is a tubular terminal, and is applied by driving a long taper punch through the hollow terminal, distending it radially, after which a short drift pin is driven into the terminal, expanding it J -inch more. The other style of terminal has a solid stud and is installed with a compressor. When correctly installed, either style will give equally good results. The stud portion of all terminals is milled smooth and accurate to size, thus insuring a most efficient and lasting contact. The Twin Terminal bond is applied by hammer compression. This makes an ideal bond in all respects for exposed T-rail joints. We make two styles of Rail Bond Testers, each having special merits. The A. S. & W. tester is suitable for very accurate measurements. The Crown is very easily handled, less expensive and is used to indicate the presence of poor bonding. The durability and efficiency of a bond installation will depend largely upon the effectiveness of the tools used. Even the best workmen cannot do good work with poor bonding tools. In developing our bonding tools no expense has been spared nor time considered. First and foremost, the aim has been to produce tools of the greatest effectiveness and perfect suitability for the service to which they were to be put ; to make them as perfect in every detail as possible, and to make them light, durable and reasonable in cost. A new and revised rail bond catalogue describing our complete bonding equip- ment will be sent on request. Correspondence is solicited, and data and estimates will gladly be furnished. Only a few of the bonds and tools which we make are shown below and on next page. Crown Rail Bond,-Type C P-03 ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES Crown Rail Bond, Type C P S United States Rail Bond, Type U S 1 Bare Wires and Cables * '* Twin Terminal Rail Bond, Form B Soldered Stud Rail Bond Twin Terminal Bond Applied 70 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Bare Wires and Cables Bonding Tools We make and constantly keep in stock, special high grade tools for the correct installation of each type of rail bond. For ease of handling and adjusting, rapidity of action and general effectiveness, these bonding tools have no equal. We also contract for the complete installation of any type of bond manufactured by us. Single Spindle Drill, No. 21 This drill should always be used in connection with our Crown and United States bonds. The machine grips the rail head rigidly and is fed automatically. In con- sequence the hole is true to size and has a smooth wall. It is light and durable, easily operated by one man and is driven forward by each stroke of the lever. No. 61. Screw Hydraulic Compressor ( Patented ) Four-Spindle Motor Drill Used with Installation of Twin Terminal and Soldered Stud Bonds (Patented) ELECTRICAL WIRES AND C A H L E S Extra Galvanized W. & M. Telephone and Telegraph Wire There are three standards of extra galvanized telephone and telegraph wire in general com- mercial use: " EXTRA BEST BEST" (E.B.B.). Made by improved continuous pro- cess and stands highest in con- ductivity of any telegraph wire with a weight per mile ohm of from 4700 to 5000 pounds. Uniform in quality, pure, tough and pliable. It is largely used by telegraph companies and in railway telegraph service. "BEST BEST" (B.B.). Superior to theE.B.B. in mechanical quali- ties and equal in galvanizing, but of somewhat lower electrical value. Weight per mile ohm, 5600 to 6000 pounds. This grade is used very largely by telephone companies. "STEEL "(or homogeneous metal). More expressly designed for short-line telephone service, where a measure of conductivity can be exchanged for high tensile strength in a light wire. Weight per mile-ohm, 6500 to 7000 pounds. Around each bundle is securely riveted a metal seal stamped W. & M. E. B. B., W. & M. B. B., or W. & M. Steel, as follows: Bare Wiies and Cables Seals for Telephone and Telegraph Coils of Wire The arbitrary designation of these different qualities, as E. B. B., B. B., and Steel, was adopted several years ago. The three grades are all made from the very best materials by improved processes under the careful supervision of skilled and experienced men. 7:2 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Bare Wires While these three grades differ in physical characteristics, there is fio difference and Cables in the standard as regards galvanizing. All grades are galvanized to the highest commercial standard a standard which is the result of more than half a century's experience. A complete description of the processes involved in the manufacture of W. & M. Iron and Steel Telephone and Telegraph Wire is given on pages 39 to 44. Every bundle of wire before shipment is tested physically and electrically to insure a uniform product of high standard and the galvanizing is tested to determine that the zinc coating is continuous, is elastic and of sufficient thickness and fully up to the highest commercial standard. The latter test is a chemical, not merely a visual, one. The life of a galvanized wire depends primarily upon the thickness and grade of galvanizing and not upon the color of the galvanizing. No greater mistake could be made than to buy telephone wire on what is properly termed "looks." Under the corroding influences of smoke and air, the "looks" of the wire soon fade and something other than this is required in order that efficient and economical service and long life be rendered. Machine for Testing Telegraph Wire Specifications for Galvanized Telephone and Telegraph Wire Testing Facilities, The manufacturer shall provide suitable facilities for making the tests hereinafter specified. Finish. The wire shall be cylindrical in form and free from scales, inequalities, flaws, splints and other imperfections. The finish of the wire shall be in accordance with the best commercial practice. Each coil shall be warranted not to contain any weld, joint or splice in the rod before drawn. Galvanizing. The wire shall be well galvanized in accordance with the fol- lowing specifications: The galvanizing shall consist of a continuous coating of pure zinc of practically uniform thickness, and so applied that it adheres firmly to the surface of the wire. No. 12 B. W. G. and coarser sizes of wire shall be capable of withstanding the following test : TESTING SOLUTION. A standard solution shall be prepared by selecting from commercial sulphate of copper crystals, those which are clean and LECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES have a clear blue color, and dissolving them in lukewarm water. The solution shall be allowed to stand for at least twelve hours with occasional stirring. Some undissolved crystals should remain at the bottom of the vessel at the end of this time. The solution shall be neutralized by the addition of an excess of cupric oxide. The neutralized solution shall then be filtered before using. (See note below.) METHOD OF TESTING. Samples of wire previously cleaned with gasoline or benzine shall be immersed, to a distance of at least four inches, in a glass vessel containing not less than one pint of the standard solution and allowed to remain for one minute. They shall then be removed, washed in clear water and wiped dry with soft cotton cloth or waste. This process shall be repeated three times, making four immersions in all. Note. A saturated solution of sulphate of copper thus prepared should have a specific gravity of 1.186 at a temperature of 65 degrees F. In case of No. 14 B. W. G. wire, the fourth immersion shall be of one-half minute duration instead of one minute. The temperature of the solution during the test shall not be above 68 degrees F. or below 62 degrees F. Not more than seven samples of wire shall be immersed at one time, and no solution shall be used for more than one set of four immersions. If a bright copper deposit appears on the steel after the fourth immersion, thus indicating that the wire is exposed, the galvanizing of the lot of wire represented by the samples shall be considered faulty. Copper deposits on zinc or within one inch of the cut end shall not be considered causes for rejection. Physical and Electrical Requirements. The galvanized wire shall conform to the following physical requirements with respect to resistances, weights and breaking strains. Torsion. The wire shall be capable of withstanding at least fifteen (15) twists in a length of six (6) inches. In the case of wire less than 0.134 inch in diameter one-third (y) of the coils may have two (2) pieces to a coil joined by the ordinary twist joint carefully soldered and galvanized. In the case of wire 0.134 inch in diameter and larger, each coil may consist of two pieces only joined by the ordinary twist joint carefully soldered and galvanized. Binding. Each coil of wire shall be securely bound in at least four places with galvanized iron wire. A tag shall be attached to each coil, giving the size and grade of wire in the coil. Bare Wires and Cables Properties of Galvanized Telephone and Telegraph Wires Based on Standard Specifications Size Diameter in Area />:,., .1^*. Approximate Weight in Pounds Approximate Breaking Strain in Pounds Resistance per Mile ( Interna- tional Ohms) at 68 F. or20C. B. W. G Mils=^ in Circular Mils=^ 2 Per 1000 Feet Per Mile Ex. B. B. B. B. Steel Ex. B. B. B. B. Steel 340 115,600 313 1,655 4,138 4,634 4,965 2.84 3.38 3.93 1 300 90,000 244 1,289 3,223 3,609 3,867 3.65 4.34 5.04 2 284 80,656 218 1,155 2,888 3,234 8,465 4.07 4.85 5.63 8 259 67,081 182 960 2,400 2,688 2,880 4.90 5.83 6.77 4 238 56,644 153 811 2,028 2,271 2,433 5.80 6.91 8.01 5 220 48,400 131 693 1,732 1,940 2,079 6.78 8.08 9.38 6 203 41,209 112 590 1,475 1,652 1,770 7.97 9.49 11.02 7 180 32,400 87 463 1,158 1,296 1,389 10.15 12.10 14.04 8 165 27,225 74 390 975 1,092 1,170 12.05 14.86 16.71 9 148 21,904 60 314 785 879 942 14.97 17.84 20.70 10 184 17,956 49 258 645 722 774 18.22 21.71 25.29 11 120 14,400 39 206 515 577 618 22.82 27.19 31.55 12 109 11,881 32 170 425 476 510 27.65 32.94 38.23 13 95 9,025 25 129 310 347 372 37.90 45.16 52.41 14 83 6,889 19 99 247 277 297 47.48 56.56 65.66 15 72 5,184 14 74 185 207 222 63.52 75.68 87.84 16 65 4,225 11 61 152 171 183 77.05 91.80 106.55 74 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Bare Wires and Cables W. & M. Telephone Wire Continued Prices quoted on application Sizes Birming- ham Wire Gauge Diameter in Decimals of an Inch Bdls. per Mile Weight 1000 6 Feet in Pounds Weight per Mile in Pounds Sizes Birming- ham Wire Gauge Diameter in Decimals of an Inch Bdls. per Mile Weight lOOoVeet in Pounds Weight per Mile in Pounds 4 0.238 4 153 811 10 0.134 2 49 258 6 0.203 3 112 590 11 0.120 2 39 206 8 0.165 2 74 390 12 0.109 2 32 170 9 0.148 2 60 314 14 0.083 2 19 99 Data Concerning Telephone and Telegraph Poles Length of Pole, Feet Diameter Six Inches from Butt Inches Diameter at Top Inches Depth Pole Should be Placed in Ground, Feet Length of Pole, Feet Diameter Six Inches from Butt Inches Diameter at Top Inches Depth Pole Should be Placed in Ground, Feet 25 9 to 10 6 to 8 5 55 16 to 17 6 to 8 7% 30 9 to 11 6 to 8 5* 60 16 to 18 6 to 8 VA 35 9 to 12 6 to 8 5K 65 16 to 19 6 to 8 8 40 9 to 13 6 to 8 6 70 16 to 20 6 to 8 8 45 9 to 14 6 to 8 6^ 75 16 to 21 6 to 8 8^ 50 9 to 15 6 to 8 7 80 16 to 22 6 to 8 9 Sizes and Weights of White Cedar Poles (Northwestern Cedarmen's Association specifications) Description Length Feet Top Diameter Inches Weight Pounds Length Feet Top Diameter Inches Weight Pounds Length Feet Top Diameter Inches Weight Pounds 20 4 100 35 6 450 55 6 1,850 20 5 130 35 7 600 55 7 1,700 20 6 190 85 8 850 55 8 2,200 25 4 150 40 6 625 60 6 1,700 25 5 200 40 7 850 60 7 2,200 25 6 250 40 8 1,100 60 8 2,500 25 7 350 45 6 900 65 6 2,200 30 5 275 45 7 1,100 65 7 2,500 30 6 350 45 8 1,350 65 8 3,000 30 7 450 50 6 1,150 70 6 2,500 30 8 575 50 7 1,350 70 7 3,000 85 5 876 50 8 1,700 70 8 4,000 Extra Galvanized Bond Wire Used for signal bonding on steam roads. Extra B. B. extra galvanized telephone wire is nearly always used for this purpose. Cut and straightened to lengths at a small extra charge. Usually 3 to 5 feet long, and of any gauge number desired. LECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES Extra Galvanized Steel Signal Wire This wire is used as a connection from a lever or other pulling device to a semaphore signal which is operated mechanically. The two sizes of Extra Galvan- ized Signal Wire in common use are : No. 8 B. W. gauge, with an approximate breaking strength of 2350 pounds. No. 9 B. W. gauge, with an approximate breaking strength of 1900 pounds. The wire is made especially to meet the important requirements of this service. It is extra galvanized, and of a quality that possesses high strength and as low elong- ation as is practicable without sacrificing toughness. The coils are 5 feet in diam- eter, and approximately one-half mile in length without welds or joints. Bare Wires and Cables Steel Strand for Guying Poles and for Span Wire Galvanized or Extra Galvanized Seven Steel Wires Twisted into a Single Strand Standard Steel Strand Galvanized or Extra Galvanized Diameter in Inches Approximate Weight per 1000 Feet Pounds Approximate Strength in Pounds List Prices 100 P Feet Diameter in Inches Approximate Weight per 1000 Feet Pounds Approximate Strength in Pounds List Prices 100 Feet ! 510 415 295 210 125 8500. 6500. 5000. 3800. 2300. |4.50 3.75 2.75 2.25 1.75 1 95 75 55 32 20 1800. 1400. 900. 500. 400. $1.50 1.25 1.15 1.00 .80 This strand is used chiefly for guying poles and smoke stacks, for supporting trolley wire, and for operating railroad signals. For overhead catenary construction suspending trolley wire, the special grades of strand are considered preferable because they possess greater strength and toughness. 76 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Bare Wires and Cables Extra Galvanized Special Strands Seven Steel Wires Twisted into a Single Strand We manufacture three special grades of Extra Galvanized Strand which will meet all requirements for durability, strength, toughness and light weight. Extra Galvanized Siemens-Martin Strand. Extra Galvanized High Strength (crucible steel) Strand. Extra Galvanized Extra High Strength (plow steel) Strand. Strands of all three grades are composed of seven wires each, and they have a very heavy coating of galvanizing, which insures long life. Extra Galvanized Siemens- Martin Strand Extra Galvanized High Strength Strand Extra Galvanized Extra High Strength Strand c 1 C M C jy v IfJ S .gta 3 H-3 III Sjj a!- 1 - ^'ScS |fa E +: j S . c S S-2-g ^ <n |J 1a| ffi S .gfa Is +J C .G S'^ c || W g fcg 31 Sc K g o M u u SJ M E c || ^8 o^ 1 5 s l^.s .12 ^ J & rt LI S -5. S Q.S 1 .st ^^ w ^= Q.S |S ^R j^; w sjs S /8 19,000 $4.35 50 10.0 ^ 25,000 $6.25 55 6 y 42,500 18.75 60 4 1^ 11,000 2.80 50 10.0 \/ 18,000 3.95 55 6 It 27,000 5.50 60 4 I 7 e 9,000 2.30 50 10.0 I 7 B 15,000 3.45 55 6 1 7 B 22,500 4.60 60 4 a 6,800 1.80 50 10.0 3/, 11,500 2.70 55 6 3/8 17,250 3.55 60 4 1% 4.860 1.35 j50 10.0 8,100 2.10 55 6 12,100 2.70 60 4 4,380 1.10 '50 10.0 3*> 7,300 1.75 55 6 10,900 2.10 60 4 i^ 3,060 1.00 50 10.0 K 5,100 1.50 55 6 M 7,600 1.90 60 4 i 3 s 2,000 .85 50 10.0 T 3 B 3,300 1.30 55 6 T 3 S 4,900 1.60 60 4 Mi 900 .55 50 10.0 1^ 1,500 .80 55 6 y& 2,250 1.05 60 4 Special A 6,000 1.35 When intermediate sizes or strengths are called for, if they are exactly midway between two sizes provided for, the average price of the two sizes shall apply, other- wise the price of the nearest size and strength shall apply. The use of these special grades of Extra Galvanized Strand is constantly increas- ing. We will consider briefly some of the principal uses to which they are par- ticularly adapted. MESSENGER STRAND. The heavy encased telephone cables are not in themselves sufficiently strong, without an unusual deflection, to safely withstand the strain incident to stringing these cables between poles at considerable distances apart. It is common practice now to stretch from pole to pole, with very little sag, T \-inch diameter Extra Galvanized Siemens-Martin Strand ; or Extra Galvanized High Strength Strand of ^ inch or ^ inch diameter, and from this messenger strand the heavy telephone cable is suspended by means of clips, wire, cord, or marline ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 77 at short intervals. The messenger strand thus sustains most of the stress due to Bare Wires weight of cable, wind or ice load. We have mentioned the sizes and qualities now and Cables generally employed by the largest telephone companies. The Extra Galvanized Extra High Strength Strand, while affording the greatest strength for its weight, is naturally stiff and springy and not so easy to fasten. The so-called common gal- vanized strand should never be used for messenger lines, as it does not possess the requisite strength and uniform toughness of the special grades of steel. CATENARY METHOD OF SUPPORTING TROLLEY WIRE. In the ordinary electric railway overhead construction, the copper trolley wire dips and sags between the supporting points, which are opposite poles, and from 100 to 125 feet apart. The catenary method of carrying the trolley wire consists of one or more messenger strands stretched over the center of the tracks. Every few feet along the mes- senger strand are pendant hangers that clamp on the trolley wire and retain it in a rigid, straight horizontal line, an especially desirable feature for the operation of electric cars at high speed. The catenary construction also makes it possible to space the poles at greater distances apart, but this necessarily causes great tension on the messenger strand and poles. The common galvanized strand is not suitable for this work. The selection of the best size and quality of strand depends upon the length of span, the deflection of the messenger strand, and the weight of the trolley wire. In general, however, for a single messenger strand carrying a 4/0 copper trolley wire, we would recommend the following : For spans 125 to 150 feet, ^g-inch or T 7 ^-inch diameter Extra Galvanized Siemens- Martin Strand. For longer spans up to 225 feet, ^-inch or T 7 ^-inch Extra Galvanized High Strength Strand. These two grades have been found the best for catenary work. The messenger strand and trolley wire may be made to follow track curves by increasing the number of poles at the curves, but this is obviated by attaching to the hangers near the center of span what are known as "pull-off" strands. Our ^-inch or T \-inch diameter Extra Galvanized Siemens-Martin Strand is usually employed for this purpose. For reasons already explained, the poles should be well guyed, especially at the curves, with %-inch or T 5 -inch diameter Extra Galvanized Siemens-Martin Strand. LIGHTNING PROTECTION FOR TRANSMISSION LINES. In erecting high-tension current transmission lines on tall steel towers, it is customary to stretch between the highest points of the towers a ^-inch diameter Extra Galvanized Siemens- Martin Strand, known as an "overhead ground wire." This strand is employed almost invariably for such purposes. LONG SPANS IN HIGH-TENSION CURRENT TRANSMISSION LINE. Long spans cannot always be made with copper cables, because hard drawn copper has a strength of only 65,000 pounds per square inch. Where it is necessary to cross over rivers, lakes and bays with power transmission lines, the current may be conducted through an extra galvanized strand of one of the three special grades of steel above described, of such size and strength as will show a safety factor of at least five. It is not necessary to suspend bare copper cables beneath a steel messenger strand, as the steel strand itself will serve as the conductor. An entire power transmission line of very high potential could be economically constructed with Extra Galvanized Siemens-Martin Strand, the adop- tion of which in place of copper cable would reduce the number of supporting towers which are often the cause of energy loss and trouble. 78 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Bare Wires and Cables Steel Strand Used as Conductors on Long Distance Transmission Line Properties of Special 'Grades Extra Galvanized Special Strands Diameter of Strand, Inches Number of Wires in Strand Strength S. M. Strand Tons Strength Crucible Strand Tons Strength Plow Strand Tons Approximate Weight per Foot Pounds 61 55 91.5 121 4.75 la 61 45.5 76 100 8.95 JT/ 37 38 63.5 85 3.30 iVg 37 32.5 54 72 2.62 1 37 25.5 43.7 60 2.25 % 19 19 32 45 1.70 % 19 14.2 23.7 35 1.25 y* 19 10 16.5 23.5 .81 ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 79 "Crosby" Wire Rope Clip Light, durable and convenient. Easily applied. These are galvanized drop- forged clips that securely hold wire rope or strand. List Prices Bare Wires and Cables Inch Price Inch Price Inch Price Inch Price Inch Price Inch Price I ':! 16 jl $ .45 .45 H % .65 .75 1/^8 1*4 $ .95 1.10 1% w% $1.50 3.50 2 V/4 $ 7.50 9.50 H .40 y* .55 1 .85 1& 1.25 IK 5.50 v/ 2 11.50 " Crosby " Wire Rope Clip Galvanized Three-bolt Strand Clamp Three-bolt Strand Clamp This is known as the standard A. T. & T. Co. hot galvanized rolled steel strand clamp or guy clamp; made from open hearth bar steel. Will hold any size of strand from %-inch to ^-inch diameter. Prices on application. AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Bare Wires and Cables Resistance Wire In conductors used for transmission or distribution purposes, the specific resistance has to be very low so as to avoid consumption of electric energy and a consequent heavy voltage drop in the line. In some constant potential devices, however, such as electric heaters and rheostats, it is desirable to have conductors of very high specific resistance for the express purpose of transforming electrical energy into heat. We handle a high grade of nickel-steel resistance wire known to the trade as Tico Resistance Wire, made for such purposes where a high specific and uniform resistance is required. In addition to this standard resistance wire, we make many grades and sizes of steel wire that can be used where close regulation is not an essential feature. Tico Resistance Wire B. & S. Gauge Price per Pound Diameter in Mils Area Circular Mils Area Square Inches Weight Pounds 1000 6 Feet Feet per Pound Resistance Ohms per Foot Ohms per Pound Feet per Ohm Pounds per Ohm 4 $1.10 204.81 41743 .032784 110.5 9.05 .0124 .112 80.9 8.94 5 1.10 181.94 33102 .025999 87.7 11.40 .0156 .178 64.2 5.63 6 1.10 162.02 26250 .020618 69.54 14.4 .0197 .283 50.8 3.53 1.10 144.29 20820 .016351 55.14 18.1 .0248 .450 40.3 2.22 8 1.10 128.49 16510 .012967 43.73 22.9 .0813 .715 82.0 1.40 9 1.10 114.42 13092 .010283 34.68 28.8 .0394 1.14 25.4 .879 10 1.15 101.90 10384 .008155 27.50 36.4 .0497 1.81 20.1 .553 11 1.15 90.74 8234 .006467 21.81 45.8 .0627 2.88 16.0 .348 12 1.15 80.81 6530 .005129 17.70 57.8 .0791 4.57 12.6 .219 13 1.20 71.96 5179 .004067 13.72 72.9 .0997 7.29 10.0 .137 14 1.20 64.08 4107 .003225 10.88 92 .1257 11.6 7.95 .0865 15 1.20 57.07 3257 .002558 8.625 116 .1585 18.4 6.31 .0544 16 1.25 50.82 2583 .002029 6.842 146 .2000 29.2 5.00 .0342 17 1.25 45.26 2048 .001609 5.425 184 .252 , 46.5 3.97 .0215 18 1.80 40.30 1624 .001276 4.302 232 .318 73.9 3.15 .0135 19 1.30 35.89 1288 .001012 8.411 293 .401 117 2.49 .00851 20 1.30 31.96 1022 .0008023 2.707 369 .505 187 1.98 .00535 21 1.35 28.46 810.1 .0006363 2.146 466 .638 297 1.57 .00337 22 1.35 25.35 642.5 .0005046 1.702 588 .804 473 1.24 .00212 23 1.35 22:57 509.5 .0004002 1.350 741 1.014 751 .986 .00133 24 1.40 20.10 404.1 .0003173 1.070 934 1.278 1194 .782 .000837 Armature Binding Wire We manufacture tinned steel Armature Binding Wire in large quantities. This is made in four grades designated as A, B, Cl and C2, which vary in tensile strength. Grade A. Used to bind armatures of small motors and dynamos. Grade B. Commercial grade. Used on motors and dynamos of ordinary commercial size and speed. Grade C 1. Made of high grade piano wire and used where great strength is required. Grade C 2. Used when very high tensile strength is required, as on motors and dynamos of unusual size and high speed. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES Tensile Strength of Tinned Steel Armature Binding Wire Tensile Strength in Pounds. (Minimum) B. & S. Gauge Diameter in Mils "A" Grade " B " Grade " C 1 " Grade " C 2 " Grade Actual Per Sq. In. Actual Per Sq. In. Actual Per Sq. In. Actual PerSq.In. 10 101.9 938 1631 1957 2447 11 90.7 743 1292 1551 1938 12 80.8 590 1026 1231 1538 13 72.0 468 814 977 1221 14 64.1 371 645 774 968 15 57.1 294 512 615 768 16 50.8 233 405 486 608 17 45.3 185 322 387 484 18 40.3 147 115,000 255 - 200,000 806 240,000 383 - 300,000 19 35.9 116 202 248 804 20 32.0 92.5 161 193 241 21 28.5 73.4 128 153 191 22 25.3 57.8 101 121 151 23 22.6 46.1 80.2 96.3 120 24 20.1 86.5 63.5 76.2 95.2 25 17.9 28.9 50.3 60.4 75.5 26 15.9 22.8 39.7 47.7 59.6 Bare Wires and Cables Extra Galvanized Steel Armor Wire for Cables Made of medium strength steel, extra galvanized, in any size or quantity speci- fied. Used as a protection to the insulation of cables, or to the lead sheathing. This wire is made to conform to the standard specifications of the United States Signal Corps. Pole Steps Plain and Extra Galvanized Button Head Pole Step AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Bare Wires and Cables Pole Steps Continued Prices Quoted on Application Sizes Approximate Weight per 100 Pole Steps Sizes Approximate Weight per 100 Pole Steps Plain Galvanized Plain Galvanized 8 x %inch 9 x % inch 10 x ^i inch 10K x % inch 73 pounds 78 pounds 85 pounds 89 pounds 75 pounds 81 pounds 88 pounds 93 pounds 8 l / 2 x & inch 9 x ^g inch W/ 2 x T 9 B inch 9 x y 2 inch 58 pounds 62 pounds 71 pounds 51 pounds 61 pounds 65 pounds 74 pounds 54 pounds For the use of electric light, street railway and telephone companies. The above are with our regular spike and button heads. Lengths given are measurements over all. Each step carefully threaded with screw thread. Special shapes or lengths of heads made to order. A keg of pole steps weighs about 200 pounds. Silico- Magnetic-Core Steel This special silicon steel is the best known material for all magnetic core purposes. The permeability of this steel at densities of 12,000 lines per square centimeter or under, is extremely high, thus making it possible to obtain a high magnetization from any given number of ampere turns. Its hysteresis constant is low, and the specific resistance is high four to five times higher than that of other grades. These properties result in a very low combined hysteresis and eddy current loss. The material is non-ageing. If anything, it improves with age, so that the efficiency of the material remains unimpaired with time of service. These properties combine to make an excellent core material for all kinds of electro-magnets, induc- tion coils, spark coils, and so on. Drawn to any size, and supplied in any quantities required. Prices quoted on application. Magnet Wire Page Cotton -covered 85-87 Silk-covered 88 Asbestos and Cotton-covered 89 Rectangular Magnet Wire 89-90 Square Magnet Wire 90 Paper-covered 91 Special Magnet Wire 91 Specifications 9 1 84 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Magnet Wire Magnet Wire All copper wire drawn for magnet purposes is thoroughly annealed by processes which insure uniform and extreme softness, highest conductivity and ease of hand- ling. Before the cover is applied all wire is carefully inspected for size and uniformity of dimensions, and to see that it is free from scale and all surface im- perfections. All magnet wire is insulated in special machines by skilled operators. We are not only prepared to produce large quantities of the ordinary commercial sizes of cotton-covered magnet wire, but we are also in a position to and do furnish large amounts of fine and special work, both silk and cotton. The magnet wire is not only inspected during process, for knots, skips, smoothness and evenness of insula- tion, but it is also given a final thorough inspection and test for continuity before packing. A large supply of the common sizes of magnet wire is con- stantly kept in stock in our various warehouses. We cover magnet wire with single, double or triple cotton or silk, with asbestos and cotton and with paper. We also are prepared Magnet Wire Covering Machim ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 85 Magnet Wire to make special kinds of magnet wire which may be specified. The effectiveness of these materials for dielectric purposes depends very largely upon their quality and their freedom from foreign or gritty substances. The covers are wound spirally about the wire, successive layers being wound in opposite directions. Magnet yarn is composed of a number of unit threads called "ends up," which are laid on par- allel about the wire. The thickness and evenness of the cover will depend not only upon the quality and size of the thread, but also upon its lay, and this is governed by the relative speed of the spindles and the travel of the wire through the machine. Cotton. While there are five or six species of cotton having commercial value, the bulk of the product may be divided into two kinds, Upland and Sea Island cotton. The former, which grows over a very wide range of tropical country, has a comparatively coarse staple that seldom reaches \y 2 inches in length. The Sea Island species alone is used for magnet purposes, and furnishes the finest and most valuable fibre grown. The staple in this is from \y 2 inches to 2^ inches long, and is of a very soft, hairy texture. It produces a soft and even yarn that makes an ideal magnet covering. Cotton yarn is numbered according to the number of hanks contained in a pound of 7000 grains. \*/i yards =. 1 thread or round of the cotton yarn. 120 yards = 80 threads = 1 skein, ley or lea. 840 yards = 560 threads = 7 skeins = 1 hank. The number of hanks in one pound is the number of the cotton yarn, or the number of cotton yarn equals the number of yards that weigh 8.33 grains. An Italian Tram Silk composed of the finest selected fibres is used to cover all of our silk magnet wire. The silk-worm forms a cocoon of two parallel filaments of silk ; three to six cocoons are usually reeled off together, making a thread of raw silk containing six to twelve filaments. One authority states that 500 yards of five twin filaments weigh about 2.5 grains. The number of drachms (27.34 grains) that 1000 yards of this raw silk weighs is the number of the silk. Full dimensions and all properties of copper used for magnet wire will be found fully described on pages 14 and 26. D. C. C. Magnet Wire AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Magnet Wire Round Cotton-covered Magnet Wire Advances on Coarse Sizes Single Cotton Covered Double Cotton Covered Tiiple Cotton Covered Approxi- Number ~r Size B. &S. List Number Advances Over Base per 100 Approxi- mate Pounds per 1000 List Number Advances Over Base per 100 Approxi- mate Pounds per 1000 List Number Advances Over Base per 100 mate Quantity on Reels Pounds OI Reel (See Page 50) Pounds Feet Pounds Feet Pounds 5000 Base 321 5100 Base 322 6000 Base 150 321 1 5001 Base 254 5101 Base 256 6001 Base 150 313 2 5002 Base 202 5102 Base 203 6002 Base 150 313 3 5003 Base 160 5103 Base 161 6003 Base 150 313 4 5004 Base 127 5104 Base 128 6004 Base 150 313 5 5005 Base 101 5105 Base 101.5 6005 Base 150 313 6 5006 Base 80.1 5106 Base 80.6 6006 Base 150 313 7 5007 $0.25 63.6 5107 $0.25 64.1 6007 $0.25 150 313 8 5008 .50 50.4 5108 .75 50.9 6008 .75 150 313 9 5009 .75 40.1 5109 1.25 40.4 6009 1.25 150 313 10 5010 1.00 31.9 5110 1.75 32.1 6010 2.00 150 313 11 5011 1.50 25.3 5111 2.25 25.5 6011 2.75 150 313 12 5012 2.00 20.1 5112 2.75 20.3 6012 3.50 150 313 13 5013 2.50 16 5113 3.50 16.2 6013 4.75 150 313 14 5014 3.00 12.7 5114 4.25 12.9 6014 6.00 150 318 15 5015 3.50 10.1 5115 5.00 10.3 6015 7.25 150 313 16 5016 4.00 7.99 5116 5.75 8.15 6016 8.50 50 338 17 5017 4.50 6.36 5117 6.75 6.51 6017 10.00 50 838 18 5018 5.25 505 5118 7.75 5.19 6018 11.50 50 338 19 5019 6.00 4.04 5119 8.75 4.15 6019 13.00 15 343 Fine Sizes Round Magnet Wire List Price per Pound Single Cotton Covered Double Cotton Covered Triple Cotton Covered Approxi- Size mate Quantity Number of B. & S. List List Price Appro x. Pounds List List Price Appro x. Pounds List List Price on Spools Spool Number per Pound per 1000 Feet Number per Pound per 1000 Feet Number per Pound Pounds 20 5020 $0.58 3.22 5120 $0.64 3.33 6020 $0.76 14 343 21 5021 .60 2.57 5121 .70 2.66 6021 .90 18J4 343 22 5022 .62 2.03 5122 .74 2.12 6022 .98 13 343 23 5023 .65 1.68 5128 .78 1.70 6023 1.04 12 343 24 5024 .68 1.30 5124 .84 1.37 6024 1.16 11 343 25 5025 .73 1.04 5125 .92 1.11 6025 1.30 4^ 347 26 5026 .80 .822 5126 .00 .898 6026 1.40 4 347 27 5027 .86 .662 5127 .10 .730 6027 1.58 4 347 28 5028 .92 .526 5128 .20 .588 6028 1.76 4 347 29 5029 .98 .428 5129 .30 .485 6029 1.94 4 847 30 5030 1.08 .337 5130 .42 .388 6030 2.22 2 845 31 5031 1.19 .274 5131 .54 .318 6031 2.38 2 345 32 5032 1.27 .222 5132 .64 .264 6032 2.44 2 345 33 5033 1.44 .181 5133 .88 .221 6033 2.76 2 345 34 5034 1.64 .148 5134 2.20 .186 6034 3.32 1% 345 35 5035 1.86 .122 5135 2.50 .147 6035 8.78 V/2 345 36 5036 2.12 .101 5136 3.00 .126 6036 4.76 IX 845 37 5037 2.70 .080 5137 4.30 .109 6087 7.50 IK 345 38 5038 3.60 .066 5138 5.70 .0884 6038 9.90 1 345 39 5039 4.70 .056 5139 7.20 .0762 6039 12.20 1 345 40 5040 6.00 .048 5140 9.00 .0665 6040 15.00 1 345 ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES Round Cotton-covered Magnet Wire Coarse Sizes Magnet Wire Single Cotton Covered Double Cotton Covered Allowable Rated Area Approximate Values Approximate Values Size B &S. Diameter Inches Variation Either Wav in Per Cent. in Cir. Mils. Outside Diameter Inches Feet per Pound Outside Diameter Inches Feet per Pound 0.3249 Kofi 105,625 .333 3.1 .339 3.1 1 .2893 Ysof 1 83,694 .297 3.9 .303 3.9 2 .2576 Kofi 66,358 .266 5. .272 4.9 3 .2294 3of 1 52,624 .237 6.2 .243 6.2 4 .2043 -Kofi 41,738 .212 7.8 .218 7.8 5 .1819 Kofi 33,088 .190 9.9 .196 9.9 6 .1620 Kofi 26,244 .170 12.5 .176 12.4 7 .1443 Kofi 20,822 .152 15.7 .158 15.6 8 .1285 1 16,512 .136 19.8 .142 19.6 9 .1144 1 13,087 .121 24.9 .125 24.7 10 .1019 1 10,384 .108 31.4 .113 31.1 11 .0907 1 8,226 .097 39.5 .102 39.1 12 .0808 1# 6.528 .087 49.6 .092 49.2 13 .0720 ig 5,184 .078 62.5 .083 61.7 14 .0641 IK 4,108 .070 78.6 .075 77.5 15 .0571 IK 3,260 .063 98.9 .068 97 16 .0508 IK 2,580 .056 125 .060 122 17 .0453 IK 2,052 .050 157 .054 153 18 .0403 IK 1,624 .045 198 .050 192 19 .0359 IK 1,288 .041 248 .045 240 Fine Sizes Single Cotton Covered Double Cotton Covered 0' _ Allowable Rated Area Approximate Values Approximate Values bize B. & S. Diameter Inches Variation Either Way in Per Cent. in Cir. Mils. Outside Diameter Inches Feet per Pound Outside Diameter Inches Feet per Pound 20 21 0.0320 .0285 51 1,024 812.2 0.0365 .0330 311 389 .0410 .0375 300 376 22 .0253 IK 640.0 .0298 492 .0343 473 23 .0226 2 510.7 .0271 613 .0316 588 24 .0201 2 404.0 .0246 769 .0291 729 25 .0179 2 320.4 .0224 961 .0269 900 26 .0159 2 252.8 .0204 1217 .0249 1114 27 .0142 2 201.6 .0187 1510 .0232 1370 28 .0126 2 158.7 .0171 1900 .0216 1700 29 .0113 2 127.6 .0158 2336 .0203 2060 30 .0100 2 l / 2 100.0 .0140 2967 .0190 2611 31 .0089 3 79.74 .0129 3650 .0179 3144 32 .0080 3 63.20 .0120 4504 .0169 8788 33 .0071 3 50.13 .0111 5525 .0160 4520 34 .0063 3K 39.69 .0103 6756 .0153 5376 35 .0056 4 31.47 .0096 8197 .0141 6803 36 .0050 4K 25 .0090 9901 .0135 7937 37 .0045 5 19.80 .0084 12500 .0129 9174 38 .0040 6 15.68 .0085 15151 .0119 11310 39 .0035 7 12.46 .0075 17857 .0115 18120 40 .0031 8 9.860 .0071 20833 .0111 15037 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Magnet Wire Fine Sizes Silk-covered Round Magnet Wire List Price per Pound Single Silk Double Silk Triple Silk Size Approx- imate List Approx- imate List List Number of Spool Two Covers B. & S. List Quantity Price List Quantity Price List Price (See Silk and Number on Spools per Pound Number on Spools per Pound Number per Pound Page 50) Cotton Pounds Pounds 20 5220 14 $0.88 5320 13 $1.12 6120 $1.24 343 $0.94 21 5221 13K .90 5321 12 1.15 6121 1.26 343 1.00 22 5222 13 .92 5322 11 1.22 6122 1.34 343 1.04 23 5223 12 .96 5323 10 1.28 6123 1.44 343 1.09 24 5224 11 1.02 5324 9 1.88 6124 1.62 343 1.18 25 5225 6 1.10 5325 5 1.48 6125 1.88 347 1.29 26 5226 6 1.20 5326 5 1.65 6126 2.10 347 1.40 27 5227 5 1.30 5327 4 1.85 6127 2.38 347 1.54 28 5228 45* 1.40 5328 4 2.00 6128 2.76 347 1.66 29 5229 1.53 5329 4 2.22 6129 8.40 847 1.80 80 5230 2K 1.70 5830 2 2.56 6130 4.48 345 2.00 31 5231 2^ 1.92 5331 2 3.08 6131 5.72 345 2.18 32 5232 2 2.16 5332 IK 3.40 6182 6.24 345 2.38 38 5283 2 2.46 5333 IK 4.00 6138 7.52 345 2.68 34 5234 IK 2.90 5334 1J4 4.60 6134 8.72 345 3.10 35 5235 iu 8.38 5335 1% 5.28 6135 9.24 845 3.52 36 5286 \i/ 2 3.93 5336 \\/ 5.98 6136 10.00 345 4.28 37 5237 1 V 4.66 5337 1 7.37 6137 11.40 345 5.80 38 5238 \i/ 5.58 5338 1 8.43 6138 12.40 345 7.00 39 5239 1 6.76 5839 K 9.75 6139 14.60 345 8.70 40 5240 1 8.14 5340 B 11.53 6140 16.40 345 11.00 Properties of Fine Sizes Silk-covered Round Magnet Wire Single Silk Double Silk Size B.& S. Diameter Inches Area Cir. Mils. Maximum Outside Approxi- mate Approxi- mate Maximum Outside Approxi- mate Approxi- mate Diameter Feet per Pounds per Diameter Feet per Pounds per Inches Pound 1000 Feet Inches Pound 1000 Feet 20 .0820 1,024 .0340 316 3.160 .0360 313 3.190 21 .0285 812.2 .0305 398 2.510 .0325 393 2.543 22 .0253 640.0 .0273 502 1.990 .0293 492 2.013 23 .0226 510.7 .0246 632 1.581 .0266 623 1.604 24 .0201 404 .0221 796 1.257 .0241 781 1.280 25 .0179 320.4 .0199 1000 1.000 .0219 977 1.023 26 .0159 252.8 .0179 1258 .794 .0199 1233 .811 27 .0142 201.6 .0162 1569 .637 .0182 1531 .653 28 .0126 158.7 .0146 1996 .501 .0166 1934 .517 29 .0118 127.6 .0138 2463 .406 .0153 2380 .420 30 .0100 100.0 .0120 3125 .320 .0140 3003 .833 31 .0089 79.70 .0109 3906 .256 .0129 8731 .268 32 .0080 63.20 .0100 4878 .205 .0120 4651 .215 83 .0071 50.13 .0091 6060 .165 .0111 5714 .175 34 ,0068 39.69 .0083 7575 .132 .0103 7092 .141 35 .0056 31.47 .0076 9433 .106 .0096 8695 .115 36 .0050 25 .0070 11627 .086 .0090 10637 .094 87 .0045 19.80 .0065 14492 .069 .0085 12987 .077 38 .0040 15.68 .0060 17857 .056 .0080 15625 .064 89 .0035 12.46 .0055 22222 .045 .0075 18518 .054 40 .0031 9.860 .0051 27027 .037 .0071 22222 .045 ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 8'. Asbestos and Single Cotton-covered Round Asbestos and S. C. C. Magnet Wire Order by List Numbers Magnet Wire 1 Round Round Asbestos and Size B. & S. List Number for Asbestos and Single Cotton Cover Approximate Pounds per 1000 Feet Approximate Diameter Over Insulation Inches Approximate Quantity on Reels Pounds Asbestos and Single Cotton Covered Advances Over Base 100 Pounds Double Cotton Covered Advances Over Base 100 Pounds Shipped on Reels Number Special 0000 5440 .482 150 Base Base 321 000 5430 .432 150 Base Base 321 00 5420 .387 150 Base Base 321 5400 325 .347 150 Base Base 321 1 5401 258 .311 150 Base Base 313 2 5402 205 .280 150 Base Base 313 3 5403 163 .251 150 Base Base 313 4 5404 130 .226 150 Base Base 313 5 5405 103 .204 150 Base Base 313 6 5406 82 .184 150 Base Base 313 7 5407 66 .166 150 $0.25 $0.25 313 8 5408 52 .150 150 .75 .75 313 9 5409 42 .136 150 1.25 1.25 313 A very thin asbestos tape is first applied to the wire. This tape is strong and flexible and uniform in texture. It serves as an excellent fire protection. Over this asbestos is wound one or sometimes two covers of cotton. This magnet wire is used largely for railway motor purposes. For information regarding reels, see page 50. Rectangular Magnet Wire Double Cotton-covered 90 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Magnet Wire Rectangular Magnet Wire Continued Size Square Mils Advances per 100 Pounds Size Square Mils Advances per 100 Pounds Size Square Mils Advances per 100 Pounds 30,001 and over Base 8,001 to 9,000 $4.75 2,501 to 3,000 $1(5.75 25,001 to 30,000 $0.25 7,001 to 8,000 5.75 2,001 to 2,500 21.75 20.001 to 25,000 .75 6,001 to 7,000 6.75 1,501 to 2,000 28.75 15,001 to 20,000 1.75 5,001 to 6,000 8.75 1,001 to 1,500 43.75 10,001 to 15,000 2.75 4,001 to 5.000 10.75 501 to 1,000 63.75 9,001 to 10,000 3.75 3,001 to 4,000 13.75 500 and under 88.75 To obtain size in square mils, when width and thickness are given, multiply the dimensions in mils. Example. 340 mils wide X 40 mils thick =13, 600 square mils. Circ. mils is obtained by dividing square mils by 0.7854. Square Magnet Wire f Square Magnet Wire D. C. C. Order by List Numbers Size B. & S. List Number Approximate Radius of Corners Inches Approximate Diameter Over Insulation Double Cotton Covered Approximate Quantity on Reel Pounds Square Double Cotton Covered Advances Over Base per 100 Pounds Square Triple Cotton Covered Advances Over Base per 100 Pounds Shipped on Reel Number 0000 5540 ! .481 150 Base Base 321 000 5530 X .431 150 Base Base 321 00 5520 X .386 150 Base Base 321 5500 X .346 150 Base Base 321 1 5501 In .310 150 Base Base 813 2 5502 .279 150 Base Base 313 3 5503 I .250 150 Base Base 313 4 5504 B 3 ! .225 150 Base Base 813 5 5505 6 .200 150 Base Base 313 6 5506 V .180 150 $0.25 $0.25 313 7 5507 A .163 150 .75 .75 313 8 5508 *\ .146 150 1.25 1.25 313 9 5509 .02 .130 150 1.75 2.00 313 10 5510 .02 .117 150 2.25 2.75 313 11 5511 .02 .106 150 2.75 3.50 313 12 5512 .02 .096 150 4.00 5.25 313 18 5513 .02 .087 150 4.75 6.50 313 Each side measures the same as the diameter of round wire of corresponding gauge number. Copper 98 per cent, conductivity and annealed extremely soft. Used largely in street railway motors. Full dimensions of reels given on page 50. LECTRICAL W I R E AND C ABLE Paper-covered Magnet Wire To reduce the amount of space taken up by the insulation of double cotton- covered magnet wire, we have perfected machinery for covering wire with a very thin paper insulation. The space required by this paper insulation is less than half that required for a double cotton covering, thus allowing more ampere turns in a given space. The paper remains in place when the wire is bent to a short radius and does not readily carbonize. Magnet Wire Paper-covered Magnet Wire The very best grade of manila rope paper is used, containing no particles of iron or wood pulp and no trace of alkali or acid. Cheap paper means low dielectric strength and rapid deterioration due to the presence of chemicals in the paper. This makes a very fine magnet cover, and paper covered magnet wire is used in large quantities for various purposes. Special Magnet Wire We are well prepared to supply special magnet wire that may be required for any unusual purpose. We mention here only a few of such types which we make. Round duplex magnet wire in which both conductors either bare or insulated , are laid parallel and covered with one, two or three coverings of silk or cotton. Magnet wire also furnished with stranded conductor, if desired. We supply tinned magnet wire in any shape. We solicit your correspondence and shall be pleased to quote you on magnet wire made to any of the above special requirements. Special attention given to the manufacture of magnet wire to the customers' own specifications. Specifications for Cotton-covered Magnet Wire ANNEALING. All wire must be thoroughly and uniformly annealed, so as to show the following characteristics on tensile test. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. The wire must be clean and free from all roughness, cracks and laminations, due to making joints or other causes. Diameter of Wire Ultimate Tensile Strength per Square Inch Pounds Elongation in 10 Inches Per Cent. .0179 inch and smaller Larger than .0179 inch and smaller than .0508 inch .0503 inch and larger Not more than 38,000 Not more than 36,000 Not less than 25 Not less than 30 Not less than 32 92 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Magnet CONDUCTIVITY. The conductivity of the copper used must not be less than 98 Wire per cent., 100 per cent, conductivity being based on copper having a resistance of 9.59 ohms per circular mil-foot at O C. INSULATION. The insulation wrappings shall consist of a good quality of cotton yarn. These wrappings must be firmly applied, and free from "skips," and must form a smooth, continuous and uniform insulation at all points on the wire. Suc- cessive layers to be wound in opposite directions. VARIATION IN DIMENSIONS. Bare copper wire must not vary either way from the diameter specified, in excess of the amounts tabulated on page 24. INSULATION. The insulated diameter of the wire must not be greater than that given in the table for cotton-covered wire, page 87. JOINTS. It is preferred that all wires be furnished in continuous lengths, free from joints ; any necessary joints must be so made that the wire at these points is identical in strength, softness and dimensions with the rest of the wire. Annunciator and Office Wire 94 A M K R I C A N STEEL AND WIRE C O M P A N Annunciator and Office Wire Annunciator Wire This wire as its name implies, is used in primary battery circuits, for call bell or annunciator wiring in hotels, offices or houses. Commercially pure, soft copper wire varying in size from No. 14 B. & S. to No. 22 B. & S. is used. This is insulated with two firm winds of cotton, applied in opposite directions and saturated with our specially prepared paraffine wax compound. The outside wrap is made of any color or combination of colors, the most common being bright and fast red or blue with white. This wire is put up on spools weighing about seven pounds net. Annunciator Wire Order bv List Number Size List Advance over Base Approximate Length Size List Advance over Base Approximate Length B. & S. Number per 100 Pounds in One Pound Feet B. & S. Number per 100 Pounds in One Pound Feet 14 3114 $3.00 67 20 3120 $6.00 221 16 3116 4.00 101 22 3122 8.00 311 18 8118 5.00 155 " Black Core " or " Damp-proof " Annunciator Wire Finished in colors as above, shipped on spools of about seven pounds net. This wire is made with the inside wind saturated with our Weatherproof Compound. This permits its use in damp places. The outside wind of cotton which is made in colors is saturated with our special paraffine wax compound, and finished so as to present a smooth and highly polished surface, that will not catch dust. Order by List Number Size B. & S. List Number Advance over Base 100 Pounds Approximate Length in One Pound Feet Size B. & S. List Number Advance over Base 100 Pounds Approximate Length in One Pound Feet 14 3214 $3.00 60 20 3220 $6.00 200 16 3216 4.00 90 22 3222 8.00 280 18 3218 5.00 130 ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES Office Wire Our standard grade of office wire consists of a copper conductor, in size varying from 14 B. & S. to 20 B. & S., insulated with one wind and one braid of cotton both of which are applied tight and even. These two cotton covers are thoroughly saturated with our special paraffine wax compound. The outer braid is given a high polish and is made in any color or combination of colors specified. The standard colors are red and white or blue and white. This wire is put up in coils of about 20 pounds. It is used largely by telephone and telegraph companies for inside wiring, extending from the instruments to the junction where they connect with the outside wires and cables as they enter a building. The wire is also used as a high grade bell and annunciator wire. Annunciator and Office Wire Office Wire Order bv List Numbers Size B. & S. List Number Advance over Base per 100 Pounds Approximate Length in One Pound Feet Size B. & S. List Number Advance over Base 100 Pounds Approximate Length in One Pound Feet 14 16 3314 3316 $3.00 4. DO 56 80 18 20 3318 3320 $5.00 6.00 115 154 "Black Core" or "Damp-proof" Office Wire Black Core" Office Wire Order by List Numbers Size B. & S. List Number Advance over Base per 100 Pounds Approximate Length in One Pound Feet Size B. & S. List Number Advance over Base per 100 Pounds Approximate Length in One Pound Feet 14 16 3414 3416 $3.00 4.00 53 72 18 20 3418 3420 $5.00 6.00 98 135 Damp-proof office wire has two inside cotton winds applied in opposite directions which are thoroughly impregnated with black weatherproof compound. The outside braid is finished as described above for the regular office wire. This wire is used where a higher grade of insulation is required. It is packed the same as regular office wire. 96 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Annunciator and Office Wire Special Annunciator and Office Wire We are prepared to furnish such special kinds of annunciator or office wire as may be specified. While we have mentioned standard sizes, we can furnish conductors of other sizes, either solid or stranded. Untinned copper wire is used in our regular product, but tinned wire will be furnished if required. Annunciator and office wire can be shipped in special sized packages, ranging from a half-pound to five pounds or over, as may be required, or in coils of specified weights, in cartons, or wrapped in paper and packed in boxes or barrels. Multiple Conductors We can supply any of these insulated wires, two in parallel or twisted in pairs, in three-conductor cables or in cables having any number of conductors. Same can be covered with one or more braids or with tape and braid and finished in any manner specified. Annunciator Wire Made in any color or combination of colors. Placed on spools containing about seven pounds net Reliance Weatherproof and Slow Burning Wires and Cables Copper and Iron AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Reliance Weather- proof and Slow Burn- ing Wires and Cables Weatherproof Wires and Cables There is a large demand for electrical wires and^cables having a moderate degree of insulation and which are less expensive than rubber insulated conductors. For outdoor service our double and triple braid "Reliance" Weatherproof wire meets these requirements in every particular, while for indoor purposes we offer a superior grade of Slow Burning wire. We make wires and cables in strict accordance Reliance Weatherproof Feeder Cables Stranded Copper Conductor Triple Braid Black Finish with all the requirements of the National Board of Fire Underwriters, the sizes vary- ing from No. 20 B. & S. to the largest feeder cables used. Sizes 4/0 B. & S. and smaller are usually made of solid wires, while larger sizes have stranded conductors. Unless hard drawn copper be specified, wires of the purest grade of annealed copper, uniform in softness and having a minimum conductivity of 98 per cent. Matthiessen's standard will be used. All the wire used, whether copper or iron, is uniform in section and free from surface imperfections. Complete information regarding the dimensions and properties of bare copper wire will be found on pages 14 and 25, while iron wire will be found fully described on pages 71 to 74. The insulating material on this class of wire, as will be more fully described below, consists of two or three covers of closely braided fibrous yarn, thoroughly saturated with weatherproof or slow-burning compounds. To combine the three elements, the wire, the braided coverings and the saturating compound so as to produce wires and cables perfectly uniform in weight throughout all portions, would require many refinements which would make the cost prohibitive. In practice it is reasonable and to the advantage of both consumer and manufacturer to allow a vari- ation in weight of approximately 3 per cent, from the tabulated data of weights. While the National Board of Fire Underwriters specify that the insulation of this class of wire must consist of at least three braids, there are many conditions in which a wire having a good quality of two-braid insulation can be used to advantage. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 9'.) Reliance Weatherproof Insulation. The wires are first covered by two or three closely and evenly woven braids of strong fibrous material, after which they are placed in a hot bath of weatherproof insulating compound. They remain in this bath long enough to completely and thoroughly satu- rate the fibrous insulation. After thoroughly drying, the wire then receives a dressing of mineral wax, after which the surface is thoroughly burnished and polished, reduc- ing to a minimum trouble from sleet and ice. The superior grade of compounds used in our Reliance Weatherproof insula- tion for wires and cables imparts a high degree of dielectric strength, and overcomes the destructive action of the elements. This insulation is firm, durable and tough and possesses great mechanical strength, which enables it to withstand pressure and mechanical abrasion. The compounds con- tain no solvents which subsequently evap- orate, leaving the compound to dry and fall out, thus destroying the insulation. They will withstand all ordinary climatic condi- tions. This wire is for use outdoors where moisture is certain and where fireproof qualities are not necessary. Also where, on account of small separation, bare wires would be liable to swing into contact with each other or with other low tension cables. Reliance Weather, proof and Slow Burn- ing Wires and Cables Braiding Machine Extracts from the National Board of Fire Underwriters' Rules (1909) 44. Weatherproof Wire. a. The insulating covering shall consist of at least three braids, all of which must be thoroughly saturated with a dense moisture-proof compound, applied in such a manner as to drive any atmospheric moisture from the cotton braiding, thereby securing a covering to a great degree waterproof and of high insulating power. This compound must retain its elasticity at degrees Fahr. (minus 18 degrees Cent.) and must not drip at 160 degrees Fahr. (71 degrees Cent. ). The thickness of insulation must not be less than that given in the table page 100, and the outer surface must be thoroughly slicked down. 100 AMERICA STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Reliance Weather- proof and Slow Burn- ing Wires and Cables I 3.S 1C 1C 1C W5 < TO 5? 5? 5s ' Cfl t/5 5 t/3 t/3 fo'o'c'o'o OOOOO i-r^r^-Tof of so ic -. .=1 3 ^ 'i.y f M 51 I-H -T-I 1-1 K M M ffl P2 PC CQ M M D5 .^ < > 8 o~ ( ll Ill u tCtCICiCt 5? io 5? 5? e ^ ,2,^2 g 8S88SSSSSSS88888S TH i-i T- o T-I 01 co ~f i ELECTRICAL W I R K S O o I - ~ 'x^/c SSS^SSw-S 3888j,88||8 : 11- If3 rH oc4x;Z TO TH CX xi- ?C > TH co m t- a*offlinc:r-ic<j<N:cioeoi-i>-no' ^^^^ = Si;^s^^n:2; OO 2 o o o c s. si 00 c III ' Is? 102 A <R ! C A Jffl u C $- E EL AND WIRE COMPANY Reliance Weather- proof and Slow Burn- ing Wires and Cables Data Concerning Solid Copper Weatherproof Coils Size B.&S. Approximate Weight per Coil, Pounds Approximate Outside Diameter of Coil Inches Approx. Diameter of Eye of Coil Inches Approx. Thickness of Coil Inches Covering of Coil How Shipped 2 Braids 3 Braids 0000 360 383 30 to 34 19 7J^ 000 352 377 30 to 34 19 7^ 00 326 350 30 to 34 19 7i/ 301 325 30 to 34 19 7^ 1 2 294 310 316 338 30 to 34 30 to 34 19 19 7^ Paper and Loose f*r\i lo 3 305 330 30 to 34 19 7^ Burlap V_/O11.S 4 317 344 30 to 34 19 71^ 5 317 350 30 to 34 19 7^ 6 820 180 30 to 34 19 6 8 171 195 30 to 34 19 6 10 50 50 18 to 20 12 5 "I 12 40 40 18 to 20 12 5 Coils 14 40 40 18 to 20 12 5 \ Paper Packed in 16 30 30 18 to 20 12 5 Barrels 18 30 30 18 to 30 12 5 J Reliance Weatherproof Iron Wire Double Braid Order by List Numbers Prices Quoted on Application List Numbers Size B. W. G. Approximate Weights per Mile Pounds Approximate Length of Coil Feet B. B. Extra B. B. Extra Galvanized Extra Galvanized 4 2704 2804 860 1320 6 2706 2806 665 1760 8 2708 2808 470 2640 9 2709 2809 400 2640 10 2710 2810 350 2640 12 2712 2812 225 2640 14 2714 2814 145 2640 16 2716 2816 100 5280 18 2718 2818 65 5280 ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES Reliance Weatherproof Iron Wire Reliance Weather- proof and Slow Burn- ing Wires and Cables Triple Braid Order by List Numbers List Numbers Size B. W. G. Approximate Weights per Mile Pounds Approximate Length of Coil Feet B. B. Extra B. B. Extra Galvanized Extra Galvanized 4 2904 3004 940 1320 6 2906 3006 740 1760 8 2908 3008 525 2640 9 2909 8009 450 2640 10 2910 3010 400 2640 12 2912 3012 260 2640 14 2914 3014 175 2640 16 2916 3016 125 5280 18 2918 3018 85 5280 USES. For fire alarm, telephone, telegraph and burglar alarm construction, where danger of short circuits with other wires or trees exists. Data Concerning Weatherproof Iron Wire Coils Size B.W.G. Approximate Weight per Coil Pounds Approx. Outside Diameter nf Pnil Approx. Diameter of Eye of Tnil Approximate Thickness of Coil Inches Covering of Coil How Shipped Approx. Length in a Coil 2 Braids 3 Braids Inches Inches 2 Braids 3 Braids Feet 6 222 247 30 to 34 19 6 7^ 1 { 1760 8 235 263 30 to 34 19 6 7/^ i 2640 9 200 225 30 to 34 19 6 71^ 1 Pa P? r I Loose 2640 10 12 175 113 200 180 30 to 34 30 to 84 19 19 6 6 ?! 1 Burlap I Coils 2640 2640 14 78 87 22 to 24 12 5 5 J ( 2640 104 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Reliance Slow Burning Wires and Cables This, as its name implies, has an insulation that will not carry flame. It is especially useful in hot, dry places where ordinary insulations would perish, and where wires are brought together, as on the back of a large switchboard or in a wire tower, where the accumulation of rubber or weatherproof insulations would result in an objectionably large mass of highly inflammable material. This wire is made in strict accordance with the requirements of the National Board of Fire Underwriters in all respects. The insulation is somewhat similar to that on the old so-called " Underwriters" wire. Each insulating braid is completely saturated with our white slow burning compound, and the outside is thoroughly slicked down and given a hard, smooth, white surface. Solid Conductor Triple Braid White Finish National Electrical Code Standard Order by List Numbers Prices Quoted on Application Stranded Solid *Size List Number Advance Over Base per 100 Pounds Approx. Weights List Number Advance Over Base per 100 Pounds Approx. Weights Standard Packages Approx. Amounts Feet Shipped on Reel Number (See Page 50) Pounds 1000 e Feet Pounds per Mile Pounds per 1000 Feet Pounds per Mile 2000000 2400A $0.75 7540 39800 600 1750000 2401 A .75 6700 35400 700 1500'iOQ 2402A .75 5830 30800 850 1250000 2403 A .75 4940 26100 1000 10 A 0000 2404A .75 3980 21000 1320 324 900 '00 2406 A .75 3640 19200 1320 324 800000 2408A .75 3280 17300 1320 324 700' '00 2410 A .75 2920 15400 1320 333 60000') 2412 A 1.00 2460 13000 1320 333 30"000 2414A .75 2080 11000 1320 333 450000 2415 A .75 1900 10000 1320 333 400000 2416A .75 1700 9000 1320 333 350000 2417A 1.00 1500 7900 2640 383 300010 2418A .75 1310 6900 2640 333 250000 2419A .75 1120 5900 2640 333 0000 2640 .75 960 5070 2440 $0.50 925 4890 2000 315 000 2630 1.00 785 4150 2430 .50 760 4020 2000 315 00 2620 .75 625 3300 2420 .50 600 3170 2640 315 2600 .75 510 2700 2400 .50 495 2610 2640 315 ] 2601 .75 380 2000 2401 .50 365 1930 1000 302 2 2602 1.00 335 1770 2402 .50 320 1690 1300 302 3 2603 1.00 280 1480 2403 .50 270 1425 1600 302 4 2604 1.50 230 1220 2404 .50 220 1160 2100 302 5 2605 1.50 195 1030 2405 .50 190 1000 2500 322 6 2606 2.00 165 870 2406 .50 160 845 3400 322 8 2608 2.50 105 555 2408 .50 100 530 40-60 Ibs. Coils 10 2410 1.50 80 420 35-50 Ibs. Coils 12 2412 2.50 55 290 25- 50 Ibs. Coils 14 2414 3.50 40 210 25-40 Ibs Coils 16 2416 4.50 30 160 25-40 Ibs. Coils 18 2418 5.50 24 130 20-30 Ibs. Coils *Size and number of wires in strand same as in weatherproof cables, page 101. ELECTRICA WIRE S A N D CABLES A Specification for Three-braid Weatherproof Wires and Cables General Description. The finished product desired under these specifications consists of copper, either annealed or hard drawn, covered with weatherproof braids hereinafter specified. Condiictors. Soft drawn copper shall be uniformly annealed and shall have a conductivity of 98 per cent, or higher. Hard drawn copper shall meet all physical and electrical requirements called for in the specifications for hard drawn copper wire, as given on page 66. The conductor shall be uniformly cylindrical in form, and free from scales, inequalities, flaws, splints and other imperfections. The finish of the conductors shall be in accordance with the best commercial practice. Covering. The conductor shall be covered with not less than three (3) closely woven braids of cotton or other approved material. This braided covering shall be thoroughly saturated with a permanent weatherproof compound, which shall be applied in sufficient quantity to fill all interstices in the braided covering, and shall have a continuous coating of compound over the braided covering. The weatherproof compound shall be insoluble in water. The compound shall not melt when the finished wire is subjected to a temperature of one hundred and twenty-five (125) degrees Fahrenheit. The compound shall not crack when the wire is subjected to a temperature of ten (10) degrees below zero Fahrenheit, the sample being examined without bending. The qualities of the compound used and the method of application shall be such as not to injure the covering or the wire. Stranded Copper Conductor Triple Braid White Finish Special Weatherproof and Slow Burning Wires Conductors for special purposes are often required to have a combined insulation of black weatherproof and white slow burning coverings. The wires may have a single coating of each kind, or they may have three coatings, two of slow burning and one of weatherproof, or conversely, as may be specified. The several braids are closely and evenly woven and of the proper thickness as required by the National Board of Fire Underwriters. 106 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Reliance When the weatherproof covering is on the inside, the conductor is known gen- Weather- erally as "White Finish Weatherproof," and when the flame-proof covering is on proof and the inside it is called "Black Finish Slow Burning." The weatherproof and the Slow Burn- slow burning compounds used to impregnate these braids are the same as used on ing Wires our "Reliance" Weatherproof and Slow Burning wires. In all cases the outside and Cables surfaces are finished smooth and hard, and the finished saturated braids present a high degree of insulation and are strong, durable and elastic. The white finish weatherproof wire only is approved by the National Electrical code. We are also prepared to furnish any of these various kinds of weatherproof or slow burning wires twisted into pairs, or formed into cables having any number of conductors, the conductors so formed being encased in one or more finished braids or with tape and braid as may be specified. Lamp Cord Products Page Lamp Cord 108 Reinforced Portable Cord .... 1 10 Cord for Portables Ill Automobile Lighting Cord . . . . Ill Canvasite Cord 113 American Special Brewery Cord . . 113 Electric Heater Cord 114 108 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Lamp Cord Products Lamp Cord Incandescent lamp cord is used in short lengths for exposed wiring in offices and residences to connect the concealed wiring with drop lights, brackets and portables. It is also used for bell and annunciator wiring, and for other purposes where a short flexible connecting conductor having an ornamental insulation would be desirable. The conductor consists of a number of small untinned annealed copper wires, each No. 30 B. & S. gauge, having a diameter of .01 inch, twisted into a cable of the required carrying capacity. This conductor is then covered with a tight, close wind of fine cotton, after which it is insulated with seamless rubber and then covered with an ornamental braid of silk or cotton. Two of these finished conductors are then twisted about each other, or laid parallel and braided over all with silk or cotton, thus forming the two branches of a circuit. Two grades of lamp cord are made. Grade "A" Lamp Cord Grade "A' made to latest National Electrical Code Standard which requires that a solid vulcanized rubber insulation of at least ^ inch thickness be placed over the cotton covering of each conductor. Tested and approved by the Wire Inspec- tion Bureau. ELECTRICAL W I R F. S AND CABLES Grade "A" Lamp Cord Order by List Numbers Lamp Cord Products Number of Wires in Strand, each No. 30 B. & S. Equal in Capacity to ' B. & S. Cotton Covered List Number Silk Covered List Number 104 10 4010 4110 65 12 4012 4112 41 14 4014 4114 26 16 4016 4116 16 18 4018 4118 10 20 4020 4120 6 22 4022 4122 All sizes put up in coils of 250 feet each. Sizes 16 and 18 having largest sale, in packages containing 1000 feet and 3000 feet each, as desired. A combination of green and yellow is the color usually furnished for outside braid. Other colors to order. See separate list for prices, page 112. Grade "C" Lamp Cord Grade "C" or "Commercial" Lamp Cord made in accordance with the older requirements of the National Electrical Code has a seamless insulation of -^ rubber placed over a tight close wind of fine cotton. The conductors are composed of fine copper wires, No. 30 B. & S. twisted together as in Grade "A," covered with a wind of fine cotton, insulated with rubber, then covered with an ornamental braid of silk or cotton. Two of these finished conductors are then twisted together into a "twisted pair." Order by List Number Number of Wires in Equal in Cotton Covered Silk Covered Strand, each No. 30 B. & S. Capacity to B. & S. List Number List Number 104 10 4210 4310 65 12 4212 4312 41 14 4214 4314 26 16 4216 4316 16 18 4218 4318 10 20 4220 4320 C) 22 4222 4322 All sizes put up in coils of 250 feet each. Sizes 16 and 18, the sizes having largest sale, in packages containing 1000 feet and 3000 feet as desired. A combination of green and yellow is the color usually furnished for outside braid. Other colors to order. The same cotton wound and rubber covered and braided conductors may be laid parallel (instead of twisted) and braided over all, same colors of cotton or silk. See separate list for prices, page 112. 110 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Lamp Cord Products Reinforced Portable Cord National Electrical Code Wire Grade "A" Made with regular National Electric Code cotton covered lamp cord, over which is placed a supplementary insulation of rubber, making the whole cylindrical. This is covered with one strong braid of silk, dry hard glazed cotton or black waxed cotton. The waxed cotton or "slicked" finish differs from the dry, hard glazed in having the cotton braid thoroughly saturated with weatherproof compound, waxed and polished. Serves as a reinforced or protected lamp cord. Order by List Numbers Size B. &S. Cotton Covered Dry Finish List Number Silk Covered List Number Size B. &S. Cotton Covered Dry Finish List Number Silk Covered List Number 12 4612 4712 18 4618 4718 14 4614 4714 20 4620 4720 16 4616 4716 Grade "C" Made with regular ' ' commercial " cotton covered lamp cord, over which is placed a supplementary insulation of vulcanized J rubber, making the whole cylin- drical. This is covered with one firm braid of silk, dry glazed or waxed cotton. Order by List Numbers Size B. &S. Cotton Covered Dry Finish List Number Silk Covered List Number Size B. & S. Cotton Covered Dry Finish List Nunber Silk Covered List Number 12 4612A 4712A 18 4618A 4718A 14 4614A 4714A 20 4620A 4720A 16 4616A 4716A Black is the standard color for the outside braid, and will be furnished unless otherwise specified. Special colors to order. All sizes, both grades put up in coils of 500 feet each. See separate list for prices, both grades, page 112. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 111 Cord for Portables National Electrical Code Wire Lamp Cord Products Used for portable lamps, small portable motors, or any device which may be carried about. The outer braid is made strong and durable. Made with regular Na- tional Electrical Code cotton-covered Grade "A" twistedpair lamp cord, over which is placed a supplementary insulation of vulcanized rubber -^ inch thick, making the whole cylindrical. This is covered with a strong cotton braid thoroughly saturated with weatherproof compound, then waxed and polished. Order by List Numbers Size B. & S. List Number Size B. & S. List Number 12 14 16 4812 4814 4816 18 20 4818 4820 All sizes put up in coils of 500 feet each. This material also made with Grade C " conductors upon request. See separate list for prices, page 112. Automobile Lighting Cord A cord suitable for wiring to the side and rear lamps of automobiles can be constructed as follows : Two cotton-covered lamp cord conductors are laid parallel and covered with a strong hard-glazed cotton or a heavy saturated weatherproof cotton braid over the pair. Made of any size conductors specified. Prices quoted on application. 112 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Lamp Cord l_j st Prices for Lamp Cord, Reinforced Portable Cord, and Cord for Portables Products Grade "A" National Electrical Code Standard. Grade "C" Commercial (Old Code) Lamp cord is put up in coils of about 250 feet. Sizes 16 and 18 Brown & Sharpe put up in coils of 250 feet and packed in boxes as follows: No. 1 box, containing 4 coils, total 1,000 feet. No. 2 box, containing 12 coils, total 3,000 feet. Cord for Portables takes price of cotton covered Reinforced Portable Cord. Standard Schedule Bases in Dollars and Cents per 1000 Feet c/5 < y) 12c. 13c. 14c. Lamp Cord Reinforced Cord Lamp Cord Reinforced Cord Lamp Cord Reinforced Cord Silk Cotton Silk Cotton Silk Cotton Silk Cotton Silk Cotton Silk Cotton 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 136.8 91.5 66.3 48.0 40.5 35.0 31.5 105.5 69.0 45.0 30.5 24.3 21.3 17.8 199.3 154.0 117.5 91.8 79.3 70.0 64.0 136.8 104.0 76.3 61.8 51.8 45.0 42.8 140.0 93.8 67.3 48.8 41.0 35.3 31.8 108.8 71.3 46.0 31.3 24.8 21.5 18.0 202.5 156.3 118.5 92.5 79.8 70.3 61.8 140.0 106.3 77.3 62.5 45^3 43.0 143.5 95.8 68.8 49.5 41.5 35.5 32.0 112.3 73.3 47.5 32.0 25.3 21.8 18.3 206.0 158.3 120.0 93.3 80.3 70.5 64.5 143.5 108.3 78.8 63.3 52.8 45.5 43.3 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 15c. 16c. 17c. 146.8 98.0 70.0 50.3 42.0 35.8 32.3 115.5 75.5 48.8 32.8 25.8 22.0 18.5 209.3 160.5 121.3 94.0 80.8 70.8 64.8 146.8 110.5 80.0 64.0 53.3 45.8 43.5 150.0 100.0 71.3 51.3 42.5 36.3 32.5 118.8 77.5 50.0 33.8 26.3 22.5 18.8 212.5 162.5 122.5 95.0 81.3 71.3 65.0 150.0 112.5 81.3 65.0 53.8 46.3 43. S 153.3 102.0 72.5 52.3 43.0 36.8 32.8 122.0 215.8 79.5 164.5 51.3 123.8 34.8 96.0 26.8 81.8 23.0 71.8 19.0 65.3 153.3 114.5 82.5 66.0 54.3 46.8 44.0 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 18c. 19c. 20c. 156.5 104.3 73.8 53.0 43.5 37.0 33.0 125.3 81.8 52.5 35.5 27.3 23.3 19.3 219.0 166.8 125.0 96.8 82.3 72.0 65.5 156.5 116.8 83.8 66.8 54.8 47.0 44.3 160.0 106.3 75.3 53.8 44.0 37.3 33.3 128.8 83.8 54.0 36.3 27.8 23.5 19.5 222.5 168.8 126.5 97.5 82.8 72.3 65.8 160.0 118.8 85.3 67.5 55.3 47.3 44.5 163.3 108.5 76.3 54.5 44.5 37.5 33.5 132.0 86.0 55.0 37.0 28.3 23 8 19.8 225.8 171.0 127.5 98.3 83.3 72.5 66.0 163.3 121.0 86.3 68.3 55.8 47.5 44.8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 21c. 22c. 23c. 166.5 110.5 77.8 55.3 45.0 38.0 33.5 135.3 88.0 50. 5 37.8 28.8 24.3 19.8 229.0 173.0 129.0 99.0 83.8 73.0 66.0 166.5 123.0 87.8 69.0 56.3 48.0 44.8 169.8 112.5 79.0 56.3 45.5 38.5 33.8 138.5 90.0 57.8 38.8 29.3 24.8 20.0 232.3 175.0 130.3 100.0 84.3 73.5 66.3 169.8 125.0 89.0 70.0 56.8 48.5 45.0 173.0 114.8 80.3 57.0 46.0 38.8 34.0 141.8 92.3 59.0 39.5 29.8 25.0 20.3 235.5 177.3 131.5 100.8 84.8 73.8 66.5 173.0 127.3 90.3 70.8 57.3 48.8 45.3 24c. 25c. 26c. 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 176.5 116.8 81.8 57.8 46.5 39.0 34.3 145.3 94.3 60.5 40.3 30.3 25.3 20.5 239.0 179.3 133.0 101.5 85.3 74.0 66.8 176.5 129.3 91.8 71.5 57.8 49.0 45.5 179.8 119.0 82.8 58.5 47.0 39.3 34.5 148.5 96.5 61.5 41.0 30.8 25.5 20.8 242.3 181.5 134.0 102.3 85.8 74.3 67.0 179.8 131.5 92.8 72.3 58.3 49.3 45.8 188.0 121.0 84.3 59.3 47.5 39.8 34.5 151.8 98.5 63.0 41.8 31.3 26.0 20.8 245.5 183.5 135.5 103.0 86.3 74.8 67.0 183.0 138.5 94.8 73.0 58.8 49.8 45.8 Discounts quoted on application ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 118 Canvasite Cord Lamp Cord Products Consists of the regular Code Grade "A" twisted cotton- covered lamp cord, braided over all with one cotton braid saturated with weatherproof compound, then waxed and polished. Order by List Numbers Equal to B. & S. G. List Number Equal to B. & S. G. List Number 10 12 14 4850 4852 4854 16 18 20 4856 4858 4860 All sizes put up in coils of 500 feet each. See separate list for prices, page 114. American (Special) Brewery Cord Made from the regular Code Grade "A" twisted lamp cord over which is placed a supplementary insulation of vulcanized rubber J inch thick. It is then braided over with two heavy cotton braids saturated with weatherproof compound, then waxed and polished. Used for incandescent lighting in breweries and other damp places. Order by List Numbers Size B. & S. List Number Size B. & S. List Number 12 14 16 4912 4914 4916 18 20 4918 4920 All sizes put up in coils of 500 feet each. See separate list for prices, page 114. 114 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Lamp Cord Products Electric Heater Cord A flexible cord used for connecting to portable electric heating devices, such as electric sad irons, hair curlers, toasters, etc. No. 31 B. & S. annealed copper wires are braided into a conductor of the required size, cotton wound, rubber insulated and covered with a substantial braid of asbestos, and this is sometimes covered with an outside braid of hard glazed cotton. Two such finished conductors are then twisted into a pair, then covered over all with one or two braids of hard glazed cotton of desired colors. Made in any size or quantity required. List Prices for American (Special) Brewery and Canvasite Cords National Electrical Code Standard Standard Schedule Bases in Dollars and Cents per 1000 Feet Example: 82.8 Reads $82.80 American (Special) Brewery Cord Size, B. & S. 12c. 13c. 14c. 15c. 16c. 10 12 14 16 18 20 150.5 114.4 83.9 68.0 57.0 49.5 154.0 116.9 85.0 68.8 57.5 49.8 157.9 119.1 86.7 69.6 58.1 50.1 161.5 121.6 88.0 70.4 58.6 50.4 165.0 123.8 89.5 71.5 59.2 50.9 Size, B. & S. 17c. 18c. 19c. 20c. 21c. 10 12 14 16 18 20 168.6 126.0 90.8 72.6 59.7 51.5 172.2 128.5 92.2 78.5 60.3 51.7 176.0 180.7 93.8 74.3 60.8 52.0 179.6 133.1 94.9 75.1 61.4 52.8 188.2 135.3 96.6 75.9 61.9 52.8 Size, B. & S. 22c. 23c. 24c. 25c. 26c. 10 12 14 16 18 20 186.8 137.5 97.9 77.0 62.5 53.4 190.8 140.0 99.3 77.9 63.0 58.7 194.2 142.2 101.0 78.7 63.6 53.9 197.8 144.7 102.1 79.5 64.1 54.2 201.8 146.9 103.7 80.3 64.7 54.8 Canvasite Cord Size, B. & S. 12c. 13c. 14c. 15c. 16c. 10 12 14 16 18 20 101.0 80.0 64.3 54.8 47.3 39.0 102.5 81.0 64.8 55.3 47.5 39.3 104.3 82.8 65.5 55.5 47.8 39.3 105.8 83.3 66.0 56.0 48.0 39.5 107.5 84.3 66.8 56.3 48.3 39.8 Size, B. & S. 17c. 18c. 19c. 20c. 21c. 10 12 14 16 18 20 109.8 85.8 67.5 56.8 48.5 39.8 110.8 86.5 68.0 57.3 48.8 40.0 112.5 87.5 68.5 57.5 49.0 40.0 114.3 88.5 69.5 58.0 49.3 40.8 115.8 89.5 70.0 58.3 49.5 40.5 Size, B. & S. 22c. 23c. 24c. 25c. 26c. 10 12 14 16 18 20 117.5 90.5 70.8 58.8 49.8 40.8 119.0 91.5 71.8 59.3 50.0 41.0 120.8 92.8 72.0 59.5 50.3 41.0 122.3 93.8 72.5 60.0 50.5 41.3 124.0 94.8 73.3 60.8 50.8 41.5 Rubber-covered Wires and Cables Page Rubber Insulation 116 Application of Rubber Compound . . . 118 Kinds of Insulation 119 Vulcanizing 119 Protection of Insulation 1 20 Electrical Tests 1 20 Globe Rubber Insulated Wires and Cables . 1 24 Telephone Wires and Cables . . . . 1 28 Packing House Cord 131 Elevator Lighting Cables 1 32 Brewery Cord 1 32 Border Light Cables 1 32 Deck Cables 1 32 Elevator Control Cables 1 32 Theatre or Stage Cables 133 Crown Rubber Insulated Wires and Cables . 1 33 Car Cables 1 38 Mining Machine Cables 139 High Grade 30 Per Cent. Rubber and Special Insulated Wires and Cables 140 Signal Wires and Cables 143 Automobile Ignition Wires and Cables . . 145 116 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Rubber - Rubber-covered Wires covered v,^. Rubber-covered wire as used for general purposes comprise three essential parts and Cables ^ G con ^ uctor ' tne wa ^ of rubber insulation, and some form of protection over the rubber, such as braid, tape and braid or sheathing. The conductor consists of uni- formly soft annealed commercially pure copper wire. It may be used in the solid form up to size 1/0 B. & S., or in special cases even to 4/0, or in the stranded form. All conductors are thoroughly and evenly coated with tin to protect the copper from making chemical union with any sulphur in the rubber insulation. Rubber Insulation There are various grades of crude rubber found in commerce. Rubber producing trees and vines of one kind or another are found in all tropical countries. They belong to widely differing botanical families, and the methods of extracting and preparing the rubber differ also indifferent countries, hence there is much variation in the qualities of the different crude rubbers, depending chiefly on the kind of impurities, and probably in some degree to obscure differences in the chemical composition of the pure rubber itself. The exact nature of such differences has not yet been definitely explained because of the complexity of the problem. Crude Rubber The different grades of crude rubber are known usually under the name of the country or seaport whence they come. Thus we have the terms "Para", " Ceylon," etc., as names of particular grades of rubber. The first step in the preparation of rubber for insulation purposes is to free the crude rubber from impurities, such as bark and sand. This is done by passing it several times between corrugated steel rolls, revolving at different speeds and under a constant stream of water. Thus the rubber is washed clean from such impurities and is delivered in a sheet ready to be dried. There are few practical uses for rubber in its raw condition, for in this state it is most susceptible to physical change, due to external conditions. Crude rubber is affected very much by changes in temperature, hardening with cold, and softening and losing its shape with heat. In this uncured state it readily oxidizes and is particularly susceptible to the action of certain solvents. To obtain the properties needed in the insulation of a wire, the rubber must be compounded with other materials and then vulcanized. Compounding consists of mixing the rubber with other substances, chiefly powdered minerals, including a small percentage of sulphur. After the crude rubber has been warmed to a plastic condition in the heated mixing rolls, which are smooth and run at different speeds, the compounding ingredients are added to the ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES rubber and the whole is thoroughly kneaded together by the action of the mixing rolls, until the resulting compound is homogeneous in nature and of suitable physical condition for the work that is expected of it. Another object of compound- ing is that of economy, the price of pure rubber being relatively high, and it fortunately happens that for insulation purposes a compounded rubber is more suit- able than the pure gum. The composition of the compound and the manner in which it is mixed are matters of prime importance. A practical experience of many years combined with exhaustive tests and experiments have enabled us to develop insulating compounds for various conditions that are unexcelled for serviceability and durability. Rubber- covered Wires and Cables Calenders 118 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Application of the Rubber Compound Rubber- covered Wires A compounded rubber before vulcanizing is plastic, cohesive, but slightly elastic, and Cables and can be shaped into any form desired. It is in this condition when applied to the wire. Two different methods are commonly in use for applying the rubber insulation to the wire. In one a machine similar in action to a lead press is used. The rubber is forced by a revolving worm into a closed chamber at high pressure, at the same time being heated by a steam jacket to a soft and plastic state. The wire enters this same chamber through a nozzle of its own diameter, and leaves it from a nozzle having the diameter of the intended insulation. The wire thus comes out with a seamless coating of rubber, forced on at high pressure. In the other method of application the rubber is sheeted on a calender having heavy smooth rolls, and the sheets thus made are cut into narrow strips, the width and thickness of which depend upon the size of the wire to be insulated and the number of covers to be used. By this method the wire is passed between two or more pairs of grooved rolls running tangent to each other. As the wire enters each pair of rolls, strips of rub- ber enter at the same time and the grooves fold a uniform thick- ness of rubber about the wire, the edges meeting in a contin- uous seam. All sur- plus rubber is cut off by the rolls at the seams. These seams being made between two pieces of the same unvulcanized cohesive stock under very great pressure, become in- visible in the finished wire and can be de- termined only by a ridge along the insu- lation. In the process of vulcanizing, the rubber at the seams is kneaded together so that the insulation at this point is as dense and homogeneous as at any other part of the insulation. This is the more generally approved method of insulating wire, particularly high grade wires, and is the method employed for many years by the leading wire manufacturers of the world. A good rubber compound will last indefinitely submerged in pure or salt water, but if the water contains sewage, acids, oils or other destructive agents, then the rubber should be further protected with a lead sheath. If subjected to extremes in temperature or to high temperature combined with wet and dry conditions, or if likely to be injured by external agencies, rubber should be protected with sheathing. Machine for Applying Rubber Insulation to Wires ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 119 Kinds of Rubber Insulation Rubber- covered We make three standard grades of rubber compound for rubber-covered conduc- Wires tors: Globe, or ordinary compound ; Crown, or intermediate compound ; and a a nd Cables High Grade Thirty Per Cent. Compound. In addition, we insulate wire to any specifications covering particular requirements such as 20 or 40 per cent, rubber compounds. Globe Rubber. This is regularly furnished on wires and cables for 600-volt National Electrical Code requirements. It can however be used for potentials as high as 2500 volts, if the service conditions be favorable to rubber, or if the conductor be lead encased. Crown Rubber. This rubber has better physical properties than the Globe, is more durable, stronger and has a higher factor of safety. It is a high grade com- pound for all National Electrical Code requirements and can be recommended for service conditions in which the working pressure is 7000 volts or under. High Grade Thirty Per Cent. Rubber Compound contains only the best grade of pure Para rubber, and is used for high voltage circuits. This makes an unsur- passed dielectric for all high voltages and for exacting service conditions ; it has great strength and elasticity, high insulation qualities and long life. All of these compounds make solid black rubber. We are prepared to furnish a thin white core of rubber containing no sulphur for use next to the copper under any of these compounds when so specified, but we do not recommend this, for years of experience have demonstrated to us that this white core is not needed in connection with our tin-coated wire and black rubber compounds. Every wire insulated with any one of our standard compounds has a distinguishing tracer thread embedded in the rubber under the braid. With Globe and 30 Per Cent. Compound, this tracer thread is white in color, while in Crown it is purple. Vulcanizing To vulcanize rubber compounds they are subjected to temperatures somewhat above the melting point of sulphur, which temperatures are usually obtained by use of steam under pressure. This operation causes the sulphur in the compound to unite chemically with the rubber and other ingredients of the compound, with the result that the rubber is no longer plastic, but becomes firm, elastic, strong, less susceptible to heat and cold, to the action of the air and less readily affected at ordinary tem- peratures by the usual solvents of unvulcanized rubber. Its mechanical properties depend considerably on the time and temperature of vulcanization as well as on the amount of sulphur used. As can be readily understood this is an operation that requires a thorough practical knowledge and most constant attention in order that the rubber insulation may have the physical properties that are required under service conditions. In producing high grade insulation, proper vulcanization is fully as important as the selection of the rubber and ingredients. The process may be compared to that of making bread, no matter how good the dough may be, it has to be baked just right in order to secure good results. 120 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Rubber- covered Wires and Cables Protection of Insulation Rubber insulation for most purposes has to be protected by a winding of tape, or by a braid, or a tape and one or more braids, and it is advisable to place some pro- tection on the rubber before vulcanizing the rubber so as to hold the plastic compound in position and to prevent it swelling out of shape and becoming porous during the vulcanizing process. The tape used consists of a good grade of cloth filled with a high class rubber compound. The braiding consists of a strong cotton yarn, knitted tightly and evenly about the insulation by a machine resembling a stocking machine. The braid is then saturated with a black weatherproof compound, waxed and polished, or it is thoroughly saturated in a white flame-proof compound, and polished, as may be required. It is sometimes specified that the outer braid on wires or cables be of asbestos braid to serve as a fire protection, and this may be saturated either in black or white compound as desired. Or it may consist of a hard cotton of any color or combination of colors. Electrical and Chemical Laboratories Our electrical testing department is equipped in the most up-to-date manner for the fulfillment of any conditions likely to be incorporated in the different speci- fications to which the various kinds of insulated wire and cables are manufactured, as well as to meet the manufacturer's own requirements. Chemical Laboratory ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 121 We have three high potential alternating current testing sets, the largest of which has a capacity of 90 kilowatts and a maximum available pressure of 200,000 volts. These testing sets are in daily use, not only for purposes set forth by pur- chasers' specifications and the National Electrical Code, but also for our own assurance as to the high electrical quality of our productions. The high potential tests are followed by tests for insulation resistance and, when required, electrostatic capacity. These are made to prove the soundness of the dielectric, after the application of high voltage. In order to make such tests, the company uses the best apparatus procurable, and applies the most highly scientific methods known. No length of insulated wire or cable is allowed to leave the factory until after it has been found, by the foregoing tests, to be in perfect electrical condition. Special apparatus is also available for the exact measurement of the conductivity of any conductor whether bare or insulated. Rubber - covered Wires and Cables Immersion Tanks The company's tanks, for immersion tests, are supplied by an artesian well, from a depth of about 500 feet. The temperature of this water throughout the year runs very close to 60 degrees Fahrenheit, which in itself is valuable, when it is con- sidered that almost all specifications call for electrical tests at 60 degrees Fahrenheit. We also have two thoroughly equipped chemical laboratories, one of which is used exclusively for organic chemical research work in connection with insulating materials for our electrical wires and cables. These laboratories are operated by a corps of practical and highly skilled attendants who have had years of training in their respective lines of investigation. AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Rubber- The Wire Inspection Bureau of New York City inspects every coi} of National covered Electric Code wires made by us. All coils tested and passed by their inspectors Wires carry the certificate of the Wire Inspection Bureau. After ten hours' immersion and Cables in water, an alternating current of 1500 volts from a generator of 5 kilowatts capacity is applied to the coil for five seconds. If the insulation successfully with- stands this test, the coil is then electrified for one minute with a current of at least 150 volts, and measured for insulation resistance in megohms per mile according to the following table : Capacity Capacity Size Megohms Size Megohms Circular Megohms Circular Megohms Mils Mils 14 12 200 180 2 and 3 1 140 135 250,000 \ 300,000 f 115 650,0001 to V 105 10 160 130 350,000] 800,000 } 8 and 6 150 00 125 to V 110 850,000 5 and 4 145 000 120 600,000 i and [ 100 0000 115 larger \ Extracts from 1909 National Electrical Code Rules and Requirements 41. Rubber-covered wire. a. Copper for conductors must be thoroughly tinned. Insulation for Voltages, to 600 Inclusive b. Must be rubber or other approved substances, homogeneous in char- acter, adhering to the conductor, and of a thickness not less than that given in the following table : Brown & Sharpe Gauge Thickness, Inch Circular Mils Thickness, Inch 18 to 16 15 to 8 7 to 2 1 to 0000 1 250,000 to 500,000 500,000 to 1,000,000 Over 1,000,000 \ % Measurements of insulating wall are to be made at the thinnest portion of the dielectric. c. The complete coverings must show an insulation resistance of at least 100 megohms per mile during thirty days' immersion in water at 70 degrees Fahrenheit (21 degrees Centigrade). d. Each foot of the completed covering must show a dielectric strength sufficient to resist throughout five minutes the application of an electro-motive force proportionate to the thickness of insulation in accordance with the follow- ing table : Thickness in 64ths of an Inch Breakdown Test on 1 Foot Volts, Alternating Current Thickness in 64ths of an Inch Breakdown Test on 1 Foot Volts, Alternating Current 1 2 8 4 5 6 3,000 6,000 9,000 11,000 13,000 15,000 7 8 10 12 14 16 16,500 18,000 21,000 23,500 26,000 28,000 ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 123 The source of alternating electro-motive force shall be a transformer of at least one kilowatt capacity. The application of the electro-motive force shall first be made at 4,000 volts for five minutes and then the voltage increased by steps of not over 3,000 volts, each held for five minutes until the rupture of the insulation occurs. The tests for dielectric strength shall be made on a sample of wire which has been immersed in water for seventy-two hours. One foot of the wire under test is to be submerged in a conducting liquid held in a metal trough, one of the transformer terminals being connected to the copper of the wire and the other to the metal of the trough. Rubber- covered Wires and Cables Insulation for Voltages, 601 to 3,500 Inclusive e. The thickness of the insulating wall must not be less than that given- in the following table: Brown & Sharpe Gauge Thickness, Inch Circular Mils Thickness, Inch 14 to 1 to 0000 & 3 j Covered by 32 j tape or braid 250,000 to 500,000 Over 500,000 3 3 5 j Covered by JHj | tape or braid /. The requirements as to insulation and breakdown resistance for wires for low potential systems shall apply, with the exception that an insulation resistance of not less than 300 megohms per mile shall be required. Insulation for Voltages Over 3,500 g. Wire for arc light circuits exceeding 3,500 volts potential must have an insulating wall not less than three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness, and shall withstand a breakdown test of at least 23,500 volts and have an insulation of at least 500 megohms per mile. The tests on this wire to be made under the same conditions as for low potential wires. Specifications for insulations for alternating currents exceeding 3,500 volts have been con- sidered, but on account of the somewhat complex conditions in such work it has so far been deemed inexpedient to specify general insulations for this use. General h. The rubber compound or other approved substance used as insulation must be sufficiently elastic to permit all wires smaller than No. 7 B. & S. gauge and larger than No. 11 B & S. gauge to be bent without injury to the insulation around a cylinder twice the diameter of the insulated wire measured over the outer covering. All wires No. 11 B. & S. gauge and smaller to be bent without injury to the insulation around a cylinder equal to the diameter of the insulated wire measured over the outer covering. /. All of the above insulations must be protected by a substantial braided covering properly saturated with a preservative compound. This covering must be sufficiently strong to withstand all the abrasions likely to be met with in practice, and must substantially conform to approved samples submitted by the manufacturer. 124 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Rubber- Shipping of Rubber Insulated and Braided Wire covered Wires No. 6 and finer single conductor rubber insulated and braided are shipped in and Cables 500-foot coils, having a 12-inch eye, wrapped in paper, and packed in boxes or barrels, unless otherwise specified. Larger sizes as a rule are shipped on reels, as tabulated. No. 10 and finer duplex parallel rubber insulated and braided are shipped in 500- foot coils, having a 12-inch eye, and in other respects the same as the single con- ductor. No. 12 and finer twisted pair rubber insulated and braided are shipped in 500- foot and 1,000-foot coils, and in other respects the same as the single conductor. Globe Rubber Insulated Wires and Cables For Incandescent Lighting, Street Railway Feeders, Power Transmission Lines and Telegraph and Telephone Service The conductivity of all copper used in the manu- facture of Globe Wire is 98 per cent, or higher, Matthiessen's standard. All wires are thoroughly annealed, tinned and insulated to meet the require- ments of the National Electrical Code Standard. An excellent rubber-covered wire for low potential lines, 600 volts or less. All finished wire is inspected, tested and stamped by the Wire Inspection Bureau. White distinguishing tracer worsted thread placed between braid and rubber. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 125 3 I J5 jO o I 111 a, .x o s a -- < l! 9 1 > fc - . * 3 o 3 Fll fill ? (0-213 U2 t/) tfl CO CO O O O O O oouuo 'r-i C-i M tf O 3D < X' X X* r-t-t-os zz 11 o S s Ssooooooo OCJOOOUO u-r! u^= .OCQ< "Sj-S .-S3 gggg^gggggg** 5 **** c SS-^'S SSSSSSSwSSSSSS^S 2 S ssssssssssssss; >oo^ Rubber- covered Wires and Cables \i .-) C ^ Z* *3!&i tin I! ! > r! ^ o:^ . * AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Rubber- covered Wires and Cables S 2 >2 <D O - 31 rt .,_, '^3 aj g J >> & # 1 fe O T3 ^5 o fc 'H S X.A 8 ss I: II ii i Iii C/3 I* "OOOOO OOOOOOOOOOO x' ' x' * x' x x x x' x' ) 03 CO SO! XXXXXXXXXXX cococococoSSSSSS 8-3 M i> g cc" -d 111 * .2^- X 3 'C .2 > o ."o fiJ8|| ^|pg S |i^2^4 IlliP .-:- .SS.SZ ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 127 Globe Duplex Wires and Cables Rubber- covered Wires and Cables Tinned Copper Conductors, Insulated and Braided, Black Finish Two insulated conductors are laid paralled with one braid over all National Electrical Code Standard For low potential, 0-600 volts Order by List Numbers. Prices Quoted on Application. Thickness Approximate Diameters over Single Braid List Number Shipped Size of on B & S. Rubber Reel Inches Solid Inches Strand Inches Solid Strand Number 0000 5-64 48-64 x 91-64 52-64 x 99-64 1280C 1300C 1020 000 5-64 44-64 x 82-64 48-64 x 92-64 1280B 1300B 1013 00 5-64 41-64 x 77-64 44-64 x 83-64 1280 A 1300A 1013 5-64 38-64 x 71-64 41-64 x 78-64 1280 1300 1013 1 5-64 35-64 x 66-64 38-64 x 72-64 1281 1301 1002 2 4 64 31-64 x 58-64 34-64 x 63-64 1282 1302 1002 3 4-64 29-64x54-64 31-64 x 58-64 1283 1303 1002 4 4-64 28-64 x 51-64 30-64 x 54-64 1284 1304 325 5 4-64 26-64 x 48-64 27-64 x 50-64 1285 1305 335 6 4-64 25-64 x 45-64 26-64 x 48-64 1286 1306 335 8 3-64 21-64 x 31-64 22-64 x 39-64 1288 1308 1004 10 3-64 19-64 x 33-64 20-64 x 35-64 1290 1310 Coils 12 3-64 17-64 x 81-64 18-64 x 32-64 1292 1312 Coils 14 3-64 16-64 x 28-64 17-64 x 29-64 1294 1314 Coils 16 2-64 13-64 x 22-64 14-64 x 23-64 1296 1316 Coils 18 2-64 12-64 x 21-64 1298 Coils Specifications. Tinned annealed copper wires or strands of highest conductivity, each conductor insulated with code thickness of vulcanized rubber and protected by saturated tape or braid ; two finished conductors laid parallel, covered with a heavy cotton braid over all, saturated in black weatherproof compound. Special finish for conduit work. Sizes 14 B. & S. and larger, inspected and tested by the Wire Inspection Bureau. The underwriters' rules permit the use of these wires in conduits, sizes No. 14 and larger. No. 8 and larger shipped on reels containing approximately 1,000-foot lengths, No. 10 and smaller shipped in approximately 500-foot coils. Regarding reels see page 50. 128 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Rubber- covered Wires and Cables Globe Fixture Wire Light Insulation Solid Tinned Copper Conductor, Rubber Insulation, Single Braid Black Finish Size B. & S. Thickness of Rubber Inches Approximate Diameter over Braid Inches List Number Standard Coils Approximate Quantities Feet 12 14 16 18 19 20 1-64 1-64 1-64 1-64 1-64 1-64 9-64 8-64 6-64 5-64 5-64 5-64 1362 1364 1366 1368 1369 1370 500 500 1000 1000 1000 1000 Specifications. Solid tinned annealed copper wire of highest conductivity, insulated with ^ inch vulcanized rubber, covered with single braid of cotton, saturated in black weatherproof compound, and smoothly polished. Used only in arms of fixtures not exceeding 24 inches in length, and to supply not more than one 16 candle-power lamp. For heavy insulation fixture wire, see page 125, list Nos. 312 to 318 inclusive. Rubber-covered Copper Telephone Wire While there are many sizes and kinds of conductors under this heading, the following are considered standard by the larger telephone companies : No. 14 B. & S. Twisted Pair "Outside Distributing 'Wire " Each conductor hard drawn tinned copper wire, insulated to a diameter of 3% of an inch over rubber and covered with a cotton braid, saturated with black weatherproof compound, wax finish, one conductor having a raised tracer to dis- tinguish it from the other. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES No. 18 B. & S. Twisted Pair "Bridle Wire" Rubber- covered Wires and Cables Each conductor soft drawn tinned copper wire, insulated to a diameter of ^ 7 of an inch over rubber and covered with a cotton braid, saturated with black weather- proof compound, wax finish, one conductor having a raised tracer to distinguish it from the other. No. 19 B. & S. Single Conductor, Twisted Pair, and Triple Conductor "Inside" or "Sub-station" Wire Conductors soft drawn tinned copper insulated to a diameter of ^ of an inch over rubber, covered with a single hard glazed cotton braid. Single conductors are braided with plain colored cotton, while in the twisted pair one conductor contains a differently colored tracer thread, and in triple conductor two of the three wires contain different colors or different design of tracer threads, thus making no two of the conductor braids alike. Sometimes a differently colored cotton braid is used, one for each conductor, for purposes of distinction. "Pot Head" Wires, Plain Telephone Conductors Furnished in the smaller sizes, 18, 19, 20 or 22 B. & S. gauge, either single con- ductor or twisted pair. Soft tinned copper conductors insulated to a diameter of /g of an inch over rubber without any outer braid or protection. In case of twisted pairs, one conductor is sometimes made of a differently colored rubber than the other so as to discriminate between them. 130 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Rubber- The following table includes the foregoing telephone wires and others not other- covered wise described. Any of the sizes can be furnished in single or multiple conductors. Wires and Cables Telephone Wires, Twisted Pairs 5 List Numbers Size B. &S. Finish Over Rubber Approximate Weight per 1000 Feet No Test 100 Megohms Over 100 Megohms 14 Braided 11-64 9141 9040 9040A 75 14 Braided 5-32 9145 9045 9045A 68 16 Braided 5-32 9165 9065 9065A 72 16 Braided 9-64 9169 9069 9069A 55 16 Braided 4-32 9164 9064 9064A 40 18 Braided 4-32 9184 9084 9084A 35 18 Braided 7-64 9187 9087 9087A 82 19 Braided 7-64 9197 9097 9097A 30 19 Braided 3-32 9193 9098 9093A 28 20 or 22 Braided 3-32 (9120 19122 9020 9022 9020A ) 9022A) 26 19 Plain 3-32 9193 P 9093 P 9093 B 20 20 or 22 Plain 8-32 (9120P \9122P 9020 P 9022 P 9020 B ) 9022B } 24 Telephone Cables These are made to include any number of single conductors or twisted pairs of telephone wires either plain or braided, bunched together or laid up con- centrically, with a tape or cotton braid or other fibrous covering over all. They are frequently encased in a lead sheath, or armored. These cables vary greatly in construction and are furnished to buyers' requirements and specifications. Rubber -covered Iron Telephone Wire Single Conductor These conductors are generally No. 12 or No. 14 B. W. G. galvanized iron wire insulated with code thickness of vulcanized rubber, either single or double cotton braid weatherproof saturated and wax polished. Thickness Single Braid Double Braid B. W. G. Rubber Inches List Number Approximate Weight per 1000 Feet List Number Approximate Weight per 1000 Feet 12 B 3 1512 100 1512A 140 14 1514 75 1514A 100 When furnished in twisted pairs, one conductor contains a raised tracer thread to distinguish it from the other conductor. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 131 In addition to the above styles of telephone wire, we manufacture the following: Spider Wire The accepted interpretation of this term is synonymous with Bridle wire, except that it is used singly instead of in pairs. Braids and finish are the same. Rubber- covered Wires and Cables Drop Wire No. 14 B. & S. twisted pair, 5 inch over insulation, with black saturated weatherproof braid, and raised marker in one conductor. Hard drawn copper. This service involves the drop from the pole terminal to the house bracket. No. 16 B. & S. insulated to 3% inch is extensively used, but on account of the severe service to which this type of wire is put, necessitating great resistance to climatic conditions, No. 14 B. & S. is considered the standard, because of its in- creased tensile strength. Jumper Wire This is often confused with Spider and Bridle wire in outside construction, but by the more general acceptance of the term, it applies to the wire used for cross- connecting service on the main distributing frame. It is usually a No. 20 or No. 22 B. & S. wire insulated to \ inch with flame-proof braids ; if twisted pair, one is red and one white. Packing House Cord For Low Potential, 0-600 Volts Order by List Number Prices Quoted on Application Size B. &S. Thickness of Rubber Inches List Number Approximate Weight per 1000 Feet Pounds Size B. &S. Thickness of Rubber Inches List Number Approximate Weight per 1000 Feet Pounds 10 3-64 4950 142 16 2-64 4956 52 12 3-64 4952 107 18 2-64 4958 41 14 3-64 4954 84 20 2-64 4960 33 Specifications. Each conductor made up of a seven-tinned copper wire strand, insulated with code thickness of vulcanized rubber, covered with a cotton braid, saturated with weatherproof compound. Two such finished conductors twisted into pairs, the interstices of which are filled with jute laterals to make the whole cylindrical, and then braided over all with two heavy cotton braids, saturated with a weatherproof compound, and given a wax polish finish. Used for incandescent lighting in packing houses and similar places. AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Rubber - covered Elevator Lighting Cable This consists of two No. 14 B. & S. rubber insulated and braided conductors, d C bl twisted into a cable (with cushioned steel supporting strand if required) and finished with three hard glazed or weatherproof saturated cotton braids. Brewery Cord For Low Potential, 0-600 Volts Size B. & S. Thickness of Rubber Inches List Number Approximate Weight per 1000 Feet Pounds Size B. &S. Thickness of Rubber Inches List Number Approximate Weight per 1000 Feet Pounds 10 3-64 4930 120 16 2-64 4936 39 12 3-64 4932 89 18 2-64 4938 30 14 3-64 4934 (.8 20 2-64 4940 23 Specifications. Each conductor made up of a seven-tinned copper wire strand, insulated with code thickness of vulcanized rubber, covered with a cotton braid and saturated with weather- proof compound, wax polish finish. Two such finished conductors are then twisted into pairs, forming a flexible cord. Border Light Cables The construction of these cables corresponds exactly with that of Theater or Stage cables (see next page), but consists of more than two conductors. Deck Cables Each conductor made up of a seven-tinned copper wire strand insulated with code thickness of vulcanized rubber and covered with a cotton braid. Two such conductors are then twisted into pairs (the interstices of which are filled with jute laterals to make the whole cylindrical), over which is placed a supplementary layer of vulcanized rubber -^ inch thick, then braided over all with one cotton braid saturated with weatherproof compound, wax polish finish. Size B. & S List Number Size B. & S List Number 10 12 14 4960 4962 4964 16 18 4966 4968 Elevator Control Cable This consists of any number of stranded copper conductors insulated with vul- canized rubber, braided, all stranded into a cable and covered over all with three strong cotton braids saturated with weatherproof compound, wax polish finish. Steel supporting strands can be included if desired. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 133 Theater or Stage Cables Rubber- covered Wires and Cables Consists of two extra flexible strands of tinned copper wires, each strand in- sulated with code thickness of vulcanized rubber, protected with a cotton braid saturated with weatherproof compound. Two such finished conductors are then twisted into pairs, the interstices of which are filled with jute laterals to make the whole cylindrical, and over which is then placed two heavy cotton braids, saturated with a weatherproof compound, wax polish finish. Size, B. & S. Number of Wires in Strand List Number Size, B. & S. Number of Wires in Strand List Number 1 259 4971 8 49 4978 2 210 4972 10 31 4980 3 151 4973 12 21 4982 4 133 4974 14 14 4984 6 49 4976 Crown Rubber Insulated Wires and Cables For Incandescent Lighting, Telegraph and Telephone Service, Street Railway Feeders and Power Transmission Lines. Recommended Specially for Office Buildings and Municipal Wiring A High Grade Rubber Insulation for Electrical Code Standard National Crown wire has an insulation which has made a record for long life and for high insulating qualities. The thickness of rubber placed on all code wires and cables provides a wide margin of safety and gives a high grade insulation for all voltages up to 3500, and for arc light circuits of 7000 volts or less. The conductors are made of tinned annealed copper, of highest conductivity. Covered with code thickness of rubber, protected with one or two closely woven strong and elastic cotton braids, or with tape and braid, saturated in a weather- proof preservative compound and smoothly finished. Purple distinguishing tracer thread embedded in rubber lengthwise of wire and under braid. 134 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Rubber- covered Wires and Cables o -g A . o a O . 1 I a id - ca 33-8 3 S < Q W^ i tai .f? J2,2 jf? 'o 'o'o'o ) CD < :si3S3&53i ) eo coeo co co >oo^ (M CO * 10 CO 00 O <S 24J OJ II 113 iii 111 s 8 o' i t2 j+ E> "2 "'7 ""T ' | I 1 I I | | | ,go^c |6j- SB9S S HI ' - , aSS'3 82 i a'd ^ T^-j tw >-4-l O m 0^5 o o l^la^ $3 a> o JVC rt a -a>;~ cj^]^3^ pj _^-H "o ~ J 3 ? '3.9 .81M3I ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 135 w 2 o s I 1 I lliil T3 jtf ^ PH BIJgs Cfl PH <3 ^-^ ai W ^ fa 33 s e-6 a, W * ^^uooo i i i , i i i i i i i i *4-OCDCOOt--lOCOOJ> ^^ CCOO5OCD5OCOCOCOi3DtOC0'.O ^Hl*-COOI^-'Tt ( G^Or^rG<?T IO OTt^TfcoMicro^wcj'NOi ! (N Oi C ,=0=00 ) co to t iSS )00^ IM co * > oo o X.A g OJ II I ill EH S^^ > o c o o "JUOO ooooggggggoc,^ i-rH-^Tt-^-^Tf-^rtiTf-^ & 11!? Sill Rubber- covered Wires and Cables 136 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Rubber- covered Wires and Cables , atf S Ssl *i c/i 'tl o Hf^ -|J Ji'o^ S .a -S^ s - o o Nil "S 8 x- ni M o -^1 ^ C <f>i3 ill! 3 O O O O O "CJUOOU ^, v; > CO CD C j co S : ?????f??Sij isssr- Iff}; oqoooqooooo XXXXXXXXXXX ragg o e cr> X. -"-> n+Jo'S "8 M w fl-S CM g oT "2^2 I- W ^$3 53 05 ilia d o a; - ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 137 I -O </) I BM s * MT3 e'S .SPQ P^ w'w; H o > CO CO CO C ^> 'SSSSS ,5000 '-'OOO ) K> CO CO CO CO CO < ) CO CO CO CO CO CO ! b II u w . > O O O O O 'UUOOU 300^t< ! OJ N(M ( xxxxxxxxxxxxxx ThTt<T)<rhTtl-<*TfTl<Ttl'^ l O^n'COCOCO(MNN xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Rubb " and Cables ^o _- Essi';jj ^felb, s/ - ^, fififill S ^^ * M S 0-5 tS $ (H AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Rubber- covered Wires and Cables u < J IIIoll < p I aaOOSOTHN 44444 t be ~ e IJ' per strand of ton or paper otected by with black ic cars and conductors ound on the which leaves p d ct d w annealed c ind of fine c lation. This ughly satura circuits in e ubber insula ton or pape removed a opso ^g-5 g <s S-elaJs " ' id'" 1 t-i cifications Car cables consist of tin conductivity, over which is placed ode thickness of vulcanized rubber in of closely woven cotton braid, tho roof compound and finished smooth cable is used for both power and li ad cables. It differs from the othe escribed, in having a layer of fine r underneath the rubber, which is e uctor clean for jointing. Spec highest and a co a braid weather his lea y d cto nd a T motor alread condu the co rand of highest conductivity, ade vulcanized rubber, pro- heavy cotton braids, each of -proof compound, smoothly e suggestion of many super- are using it for wiring their braid will not ignite or carry 1000-foot lengths. ber of ds, saturated in fire ted by heavy braids, thoroughl vering possesses good mechanic reels, see page 50. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 139 Mining Machine Cables Rubber- covered Wires and Cables Tinned Copper Duplex Parallel Flexible Conductors For Low Potential, 0-600 Volts Size B. & S. Number and Diameter of Wires in Strand, Inches Thickness of Rubber Inches Approximate Dimensions of 3-Braid Finished Cable, Inches Approximate Weight per 1000 Feet 3-Braid, Lbs. List Number for 3 Outer Braids Shipped on Reel Number Crown Insulation Globe Insulation 2 49 x .0369 4-64 1.174 x .700 748 290 1342 1002 3 49 x .0327 4-64 1.081 x .650 597 291 1343 1002 4 49 x .0292 4-64 1.000 x .608 468 292 1344 335 5 49 x .026 4-64 .930 x .565 408 292A 1344A 335 6 49 x .023 4-64 .920 x .545 344 293 1346 335 8 49 x .0184 3-64 .880 x .515 232 294 1348 1004 9 49 x .0163 3-64 .696 x .420 204 294A 1348A 1004 10 49 x .0145 3-64 .659 x .400 177 295 1350 1004 Specifications. Mining machine cables consist of two flexible strands of tinned annealed copper of highest conductivity, each of which is insulated with code thickness of vulcanized rubber and protected with a braid of cotton saturated with weatherproof compound. The two finished cables are then placed side by side and covered with two or three strong cotton braids, thoroughly saturated in \\eatherproof compound. This construction will withstand the most severe abrasions. While this cable is commonly used in sizes from 2 to 10 B. & S., we are prepared to make other sizes to specifications. Hard spun cotton cord braids will be substituted for the regular cotton braid at a slightly advanced price, when same is required for extra hard usage. As its name indicates, this cable is especially suited for mining purposes or for any other portable service where the cable will receive rough handling. Regarding reels, see page 50. Duplex Concentric Stranded Mining Machine Cables 140 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Rubber- covered Wires and Cables Duplex Concentric Stranded Mining Machine Cables Continued For Low Potential, 0-600 Volts Number of Wires Thickness of Rubber Maximun Out- Size B. &S. Inner Outer Inner Outer List Number side Diameter over One Braid Conductor Conductor Conductor Conductor Inch 4 49 37 4-64 4-64 1354 .825 6 49 37 4-64 4-64 1356 .760 8 49 37 3-64 3-64 1358 .642 Specifications, Grade "A" The inner conductor is made up of tinned annealed copper wires, stranded into a flexible cable and insulated with code thickness of high grade vulcanized rubber. This is taped or braided as required. Over this tape or braid is stranded the outer conductor, consisting of a number of tinned annealed copper wires, equal in area to the central conductor. These wires are insulated with code thickness of high grade vulcanized rubber and protected with braid or with tape and braid of strong cotton thoroughly saturated in weatherproof compound. Hard spun cotton cord braids will be substituted for the regular cotton braid at a slightly advanced price, when same is required for extra hard usage. Grade "B." Made the same as Grade "A" without the outside belt of rubber. This concentric mining cable is sometimes used as a substitute for the duplex parallel mining cables. It is not so flexible as the duplex parallel and it offers greater difficulties in making connections to the terminal lugs. On the other hand, under certain conditions, the cylindrical form of conductor has advantages over the duplex parallel oval form. High Grade 30 Per Cent, and Special Rubber Insulated Wires and Cables For Station Wiring, Arc Light and Signal Service, Street Railroad Feeders and High Voltage Power Transmission Lines Rubber-covered wires and cables made to the most exacting specifications; in any size or finish and for all services and voltages. Insulated with rubber compounds containing only the highest grades of Para rubber and other necessary preservative ingredients. The exact composition of the rubber compound used and the thickness of the rubber insulation will in every case be determined by the working voltage and by the nature of the service. The conductors will be furnished solid, stranded or extra flexible as ordered, annealed and heavily tinned. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 141 We Manufacture Wires and Cables to the Following Specifications for 30 Per Rubber- Cent. Rubber Insulating Compound which have been Accepted covered by the Leading American Engineers Wires The compound shall contain not less than 30 per cent, by weight of fine dry Para rubber which has not previously been used in rubber compounds. The composi- tion of the remaining 70 per cent, shall be left to the discretion of the manufacturer. Chemical The vulcanized rubber compound shall contain not more than 6 per cent, by weight of Acetone Extract. For this determination, the Acetone extraction shall be carried on for five hours in a Soxhlet extractor, as improved by Dr. C. O. Weber. Mechanical The rubber insulation shall be homogeneous in character, shall be placed con- centrically about the conductor, and shall have a tensile strength of not less than 800 pounds per square inch. From any wire on which the wall of insulation does not exceed ^ inch, a sample of vulcanized rubber compound not less than 4 inches in length shall be cut with a sharp knife held tangent to the copper. Marks should be placed on the sam- ple 2 inches apart. The sample shall be stretched until the marks are 6 inches apart and then immediately released ; one minute after such release, the marks shall not be over 2^ inches apart. The sample shall then be stretched until the marks are 9 inches apart before breaking. In case the wall of insulation exceeds ^ inch, the return required shall be 2> inches instead of 2^ inches, and the stretch before breaking shall be 8 inches instead of 9 inches. For the purpose of these tests, care must be used in cutting to obtain a proper sample, and the manufacturer shall not be responsible for results obtained from samples imperfectly cut. These tests are made at a temperature not less than 50 degrees F. For high tension service, it is recommended that the above mechanical require- ments of the rubber be eliminated. Electrical Each and every length of conductor shall comply with the requirements given in the following table. The tests shall be made at the works of the manufacturer when the conductor is covered with vulcanized rubber and before the application of other covering than tape or braid. Tests shall be made after at least twelve hours' submersion in water and while still immersed. The voltage specified shall be applied for five minutes. The insulation test shall follow the voltage test, shall be made with a battery of not less than 100 nor more than 500 volts, and the reading shall be taken after one minute's electrifi- cation. Where tests for acceptance are made by the purchaser on his own premises, such tests shall be made within ten days of receipt of wire or cable by purchaser. Inspection The purchaser may send to the works of the manufacturer, a representative who shall be afforded all necessary facilities to make the above specified electrical and mechanical tests, and also to assure himself that the 30 per cent, of the rubber above specified is actually put into the compound, but he shall not be privileged to inquire what ingredients are used to make up the remaining 70 per cent, of the compound. 142 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Rubber- covered Wires and Cables Specifications Continued Voltage Test for Five Minutes For Thirty Minutes' Test, Take 80 Per Cent, of These Figures Size Thickness of Insulation in Inches A A 6 5 J A 6 7 5 A A A 7 32 A 1000000) to V 550000 i 6000 8000 12000 16000 19000 22000 500000) to V 250000 j 5000 7000 9000 13000 16000 19000 22000 4/0 1 to > 4000 6000 8000 10000 13000 16000 19000 22000 to [ 3000 5000 7000 9000 11000 14000 16000 18000 20000 8 | to [ 14 f 3000 4500 6000 7500 9000 10000 11000 12000 Megohms per Mile 60 Degrees F. One Minute Electrification Thickness of Insulation in Inches Size A A A A A A A A A 8 1000000 C. M. 300 840 420 490 560 630 900000 C. M. 320 360 440 510 590 660 800000 C. M. 330 380 460 540 610 690 700000 C. M. 350 400 490 570 650 730 600000 C. M. 380 430 520 610 690 770 500000 C. M. . . 360 410 460 570 660 750 830 400000 C. M. 400 450 510 620 720 820 910 300000 C. M. | ' 450 520 580 700 810 910 1010 250000 C. M. 490 560 630 750 870 980 1090 4/0 Strand 450 530 610 680 820 940 1060 1170 3/0 Strand 500 590 670 740 890 1020 1150 1270 2/0 Strand . . 560 650 740 820 980 1130 1260 1380 1/0 Strand 600 710 800 890 1060 1210 1350 1470 1 Solid 750 870 970 1080 1270 1440 1600 1740 2 Solid . . 680 820 950 1070 1170 1380 1560 1720 1870 3 Solid 750 900 1040 1160 12SO 1490 1680 1850 2000 4 Solid 820 980 1130 1260 1380 1610 1800 1980 2140 5 Solid 910 1070 1230 1370 1500 1740 1940 2180 2290 6 Solid 990 1160 1330 1480 1610 1860 2070 2260 2430 8 Solid 950 1170 1370 1560 1720 1870 2140 2360 2570 2750 9 Solid 1040 1280 1490 1680 1850 2000 22SO 2520 2730 2910 10 Solid 1130 1390 1610 1810 1990 2150 2440 2680 2890 3000 12 Solid 1340 1620 1860 2080 2270 2440 2750 3000 3220 3420 14 Solid 1550 i860 2120 2360 2560 2740 3060 3320 3550 3750 ELECT RICAL WIRES AND CABLES 143 Signal Wires and Cables Rubber- covered Wires and Cables Solid Conductor, Insulated and Braided Duplex Signal Wires, Insulated and Braided Armored Torpedo Cable Wires and cables under this head are made to meet, in every respect, the rigid specifications of the Railway Signal Association. They are insulated with 30 per cent. Para rubber or a higher grade, as may be required by the leading railroads of the country. These signal wires and cables may consist of single rubber-covered conductors or of any number of such conductors stranded into a cable. While the construction used by one railroad may differ in some minor respects from that re- quired by another company, in the main, the following extracts from the Railway Signal Association specifications fairly represent standard practice : CONDUCTORS are of soft drawn copper of 98 per cent, conductivity or higher, thoroughly annealed and well tinned, in sizes generally from No. 6 to No. 18 B. & S. inclusive, though other sizes are made to order. 144 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Rubber- Specifications for Signal Wires and Cables Continued ^ ver RUBBER INSULATION to consist of vulcanized rubber compound containing not * re !, less than 30 per cent, of fine dry Para rubber carefully selected and prepared. The conductors are insulated to the required thickness, depending on whether for aerial or underground use, as per the following tables: Wires for Aerial Cables Wires for Underground Cables Size B. & S. Diameter Mils Thickness of Insulation, Inches Size B. &S. Area Cir. Mils Thickness of Insulation, Inches 6 8 . 10 12 14 16 18 162 129 114 102 80.8 64.1 50.8 40.3 5-64 5-64 5-64 1-16 1-16 1-16 3-64 8-64 6 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 26,250 16,509 13,090 10,380 6,530 4,107 2,583 1,624 3-32 3-32 5-64 5-64 5-64 5-64 1-16 1-16 Taping and Braiding (a) The rubber insulation is protected with a layer of cotton tape thoroughly filled with a rubber insulating compound, lapped one-half its width and so worked on as to insure a smooth surface. (b) The outer braid consists of one layer of closely woven cotton braiding at least one thirty-second ( 1-32) of an inch thick, saturated with a black insulating weatherproof compound which shall have no injurious effect upon the braid at a temperature of 200 degrees Fahrenheit. Electrical Tests of Rubber Insulation The circular mils cross-section, the thickness of the rubber insulation (measured at the thinnest point) , the minimum insulation resistance in megohms per mile and the dielectric strength for the various sizes of wire conform to the following table : Size B. & S. Area in Cir. Mils Thickness of Insula- tion, Inches Insulation Resistance Megohms per mile Test Voltage Alter- nating Current 6 26,250 3-32 1300 9,000 8 16,509 3-32 1600 9,000 9 13,090 5-64 1500 7,000 10 10,380 5-64 1600 7,000 12 6,530 5-64 1900 7,000 14 4,107 5-64 2100 7,000 16 2,583 1-16 4,000 18 1,624 1-16 4,000 Specifications for Multiple Conductor Aerial Signal Cables, Braided Conductors furnished in cables must conform to the above table, without tape or braided covering, except tracing wire, which may be taped or braided. The core of the cable must be made up cylindrical in form, with one wire in each layer taped or braided for tracer. Each layer of core must have a spiral lay, each consecutive layer being spiraled in reverse direction from the preceding one. All interstices between conductors in each layer to be filled with jute, each layer of cable to be wrapped with one layer of over-lapping tape. Tape must be of closely woven ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 145 cotton, saturated with a permanent moisture- repelling compound which shall not Rubber- act injuriously on the insulating compound, cotton tape or braid. Over the taped covered core shall be wrapped a bedding of jute not less than 1-16 inch thick, saturated with Wires tar, one layer of over-lapping tape laid on in reverse order to winding of jute, and a and Cables closely woven braid saturated with a permanent weatherproofing compound which is not soluble in water. Cables of more than three and less than seven conductors must be made up with a jute or sisal center. Underground Multiple Conductor Signal Cables, Braided Conductors furnished in cables must conform to the table, page 145, each conductor to be taped or braided, tracing wire to be marked in such a manner as to be readily identified. The core of cable must be made up cylindrical in form, with one wire in each layer marked for tracer ; each layer of core must have a spiral lay, each consecutive layer being spiraled in reverse direction from the preceding one. Cables of more than three and less than seven conductors must be made up with a jute or sisal center, each layer of cable to be wrapped with one layer of over-lapping tape. Tape must be of closely woven cotton, saturated with a permanent moisture- repelling compound and which shall not act injuriously on the insulation compound, cotton, tape or braid. The taped core shall be covered with a closely woven braid saturated with a permanent weatherproofing compound which is not soluble in water. Lead Encased Signal Cables for Aerial Use Cables to be constructed under specifications for aerial cables, except that the outside wraps of jute and braid are omitted and the cable protected by a lead sheath of not less than the thickness indicated below: Diameter of Taped Cable Thickness of Lead, Inches If inch or smaller 1 16 Larger than i| inch and not exceeding Ij 5 6 inches Larger than Ij 5 ,, inches and not exceeding 2 inches Larger than 2 inches 5-64 3-32 1 8 Automobile Ignition Wires and Cables We are prepared to manufacture automobile wires and cables for both primary and secondary circuits to customers' specifications or samples. These wires are made by the most approved methods and of carefully selected insulating materials. They are designed not only to withstand the severe electrical stresses met with in automobile service, but also the unusual physical conditions that are encountered, such as heat, oil, etc. All of the materials entering into these wires, as well as the finished wires themselves, are carefully tested in our laboratories so that we can guarantee for our automobile wires and cables long life and efficient service. 146 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Rubber- coveted Wires and Cables 8.3 l 1 - - OS S w S "53 "S N ' I! ill gS S jii T- f*O^O^ iSSgl > j> n co i^< > O O O O ( Lead Encased Wires and Cables Page Multiple Conductor Cables 148 Lead Sheaths 148-158 Rubber Insulated Lead Encased Cables . . 150 Paper Insulated Lead Encased Cables . . . 155 Specifications for Paper Lead Cables . . 157 Varnished Cambric Cables 163 Submarine Cables 164 Installation of Underground Cables . . . 166 148 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Lead En- cased Wires and Cables Electric Light and Power Cables, Lead Encased or Armored We are extensive makers of lead encased or armored electric light and power cables of all types, aerial, underground and submarine. We are thoroughly equipped to make these to the most rigid specifications, in any quantity, size or length, for any voltage, and finished for any service, single or multiple conductor or concentric laid. Only the very best of materials, selected and prepared with the greatest of care and skill, enter into the construction of these cables. When left to us, we use that particular thickness and arrangement of insulating material, and apply it in such manner as our extensive experience has shown to be best for the purpose for which the cable is to be used. We also contract for the complete installation of underground or submarine cables, or superintend installations as may be required, having a large and well equipped department for this class of work, as fully described on page 166. Multiple Conductor Cables In the construction of multiple conductor cables, insulated with rubber, paper or varnished cambric, lateral fillers of jute are generally used to make the conduc- tor solid and cylindrical in form, and to avoid open spaces between insulation and sheath, through which static discharges could take place. The required thickness of insulation can be placed about each separate conductor before it is laid up into the core, or, as is more general, especially with paper and varnished cambric, a portion of the required amount of insulation can be placed in the form of a belt about the assembled conductors. This latter method makes a more even distribu- tion of the insulating material. When a three-conductor cable is used in a star-connected A. C. circuit with grounded neutral, the thickness of insulation between conductors and ground need be but 0.6 of that between conductors. Separately insulated pressure wires can be incorporated in the core of any form of multiple or single conductor or concentric cable, as may be required. These are used mostly in low tension distributing systems to enable the station attendant to readily determine the voltage at outlying points of the system. Lead Sheaths ELECTRICAL % WIRES AND CABLES 149 In general, cables are sheathed with lead for the purpose of excluding moisture Lead En- and for protection of the insulation against mechanical injury and other destructive casedWires agencies. The purest lead possible to obtain is used for sheathing. It is some- and Cables times required to harden and strengthen the lead sheath by the addition of one, two or three per cent, of tin. It is a question among engineers as to whether much is gained by the addition of tin to the lead. The two metals do not alloy uniformly and in consequence when much tin is used, hard or brittle sections may develop, due to the segregation of one of the metals. The following thicknesses of lead are generally used on our rubber and varnished cambric cables, unless otherwise speci- fied. For paper cables, the sheath should be from one to two sixty-fourths thicker, as specified on page 158. Outside Diameter of Core (or Inside Diameter of Lead Pipe), Inches Thickness of Lead Sheath Inches Outside Diameter of Core (or Inside Diameter of Lead Pipe), Inches Thickness of Lead Sheath Inches Up to % X tO S/ 8 H to \y 4 ! Ifc to 15/s Ifjj and larger A '/s to & This company will not be responsible for the failure of any cable which may be due to openings in the lead sheath caused by electrolysis or other means beyond its control. Extra Galvanized Steel Armor Wire for Cables Armor wire is used as a mechanical protection either to the sheath, or as in case of rubber or varnished cambric cables, it is sometimes used to protect the insulation without the sheath. In places where severe vibration would crystallize and break the sheathing, it is customary to use armor wire as a substitute for the sheathing. Heavily galvanized and pliable medium strength steel is used for armor wire. The particular size of wire and the number of wires best to use, the length and angle of lay, will in every case depend upon conditions of service and installation, matters that are determined by experience. See page 81. One, two or three layers of jute heavily saturated in petroleum compounds are usually placed over the sheathing or the armor to lessen electrolytic action of stray earth currents and to prevent corrosion from acids. Inquiries We make such a great variety of electric light and power cables, they are made in so many different sizes and with so many different thicknesses of insula- tion, and finished in so many different ways that it would be impracticable to attempt to tabulate them all. Hence only a few of the more common sizes will be listed. This class of our product is making an enviable record, and is well and favorably known in all parts of the country. We solicit inquiries containing full information. In making inquiries for special cables please state : (a} Quantity and size of conductor, and construction of the conductor, solid or stranded. (b) If it is to be a multiple conductor cable, give the number and arrangement of conductors desired. 150 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Lead En- ( c) Kind of insulation, whether rubber, paper, or varnished cambric. casedWires (d) Thickness of insulation about each conductor, and of supplementary and Cables insulation. (e} Finish of cable, whether braided, plain lead sheath, lead and jute, armor, armor and jute, etc. (f) Kind of current to be transmitted, whether D. C. or A. C., and amount of current. (g) The normal working voltage of the circuit, and if three-conductor A. C., whether connected in Y or A . Also full requirements regarding the test pressure. (^) Purpose for which the cable is intended, whether aerial, underground, submarine, station wiring, arc light, etc. ( /') Number and location of pressure wires, if any. Rubber Insulated, Lead-covered Cables We make a specialty of heavy rubber cables, lead sheathed, armored, or lead- encased and armored, for all services and voltages, and finished in any style. These are made to meet the most exacting requirements, such as those specified for govern- ment and for railway signal service, underground, submarine, or aerial. While taped and braided rubber wires and cables are used for inside and submarine service with entire satisfaction without any lead sheathing, experience has demon- strated the advisability of enclosing the cable in a sheath whenever it is to be used in conduits for underground work, or where it would be exposed to acids, gases, extreme temperature changes, or other destructive agencies. The composition and properties of our rubber insulations have already been described on pages 116 to 122. Great care is taken in the preparation of our rubber compounds, and in the selection of the rubber and the necessary mineral ingredients. The rubber compound is applied to the conductor in layers under great pressure, thus insuring the centralization of the conductor, and also preventing the formation of air holes in the body of the dielectric. Any number of conductors thus insulated can be stranded into a core or cable, the interstices between the conductors usually being rounded out with jute fillers. In this condi- tion, the cable is ready for the application of the tape and lead sheath, or as some- times required, a supplementary belt of rubber insulation, and then the tape and sheath or other protection as shown below. All copper conductors are annealed thoroughly and heavily and evenly tinned, and have a guaranteed conductivity of 98 per cent, or better. Rubber insulated cables may be finished in any one of the following ways, as may be specified : Taped and leaded. Taped, leaded and braided, weatherproof, soapstone or flame- proof finish. Taped, leaded and juted. Taped, leaded, juted and armored. Taped, leaded, juted, armored and juted. Taped, juted and armored. Taped, juted, armored and juted. A tracer thread is always laid underneath the tape. Cables may be taped and braided instead of taped, and in each case one, two or three reverse layers of jute can be used. Other combinations are sometimes required which can be made as specified. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 151 iiffl ill 3^ = Ho >^-j4O <NCO-^< if* Tf< TJI t-t-l-fc-t- t-t-l>t>t J< O <0 10 1 - t-t-l> GOOC GOGOGC n s ?o -r-t m m t- i-H GO to g op oo 55 * o: -^ J> 1-1 1> os os o 35 55 j>5ir^ 1-1 O 00 t- Tf CO (M (N 1-1 1-1 O5 t- S 3K: 444- iiH-*<OaOOW* s.s Lead En- casedWires and Cables o>rt P. P 152 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Lead En- cased Wires and Cables Crown Lead-covered Cables Stranded Tinned Copper Conductor Rubber Insulated Taped and Lead Encased Order by List Number Prices quoted on Application Size in Circular Mils Number of Wires in Stranded Conductor Approx. Diameter of Stranded Conductor Inches Thickness of Rubber Inches Approx. Thickness of Lead Inches List Number Approx. Diameter Over Lead Inches Approx. Weight per 1000 Feet Pounds 250,000 37 .575 3-32 8-32 801 63-64 2,236 800,000 37 .630 3-32 3-32 802 67-64 2,523 350,000 37 .681 3-34 3-32 803 70-64 2,773 400,000 37 .728 3-32 3-32 804 73-64 3,004 450,000 3? .772 3-32 3-32 805 76-64 3,212 500,000 61 .814 3-32 3-32 806 79-64 3,479 250,000 37 .575 5-32 3-32 1075 72-64 2,576 300,000 37 .630 5-32 3-32 1076 74-64 2,809 350,000 37 .681 5-32 3-32 1077 76-64 3,041 400.000 37 .728 5-3:2 3-32 1078 82-64 3.344 450,000 37 .772 5-32 3-32 1079 84-64 3.568 500,000 61 .814 5-32 3-32 1080 86-64 3,819 500000 61 .814 5-32 4-32 1081 91-64 4483 600,000 61 .892 5-32 4-32 1083 96-64 4,983 750,000 61 .998 5-32 4-32 1085 102-64 5.696 1,000,000 61 1.152 5-32 4-32 1087 112-64 6,891 1,250,000 91 1.289 5-82 4-32 1089 120-64 7,940 1,500,000 91 1.413 5-32 4-82 1091 128-64 9,005 2,000,000 127 1.631 5-32 4-32 1093 142-64 11,091 B-LECTR1CA WIRES AND CABLES 153 Crown Lead Encased Cables Order by List Number Prices Quoted on Application Lead En- cased Wires and Cables Size in Circular Mils Number Wires in Stranded Conductor Approx. Diameter of Stranded Conductor Inches Thickness of Rubber Inches Approx. Thickness of Lead Inches Approx. Diameter Over Lead Inches List Number Approx. Weight lOOO^eet Pounds Approx. Length on a Reel Feet SoO.OOO 37 .575 4-32 3-32 66-64 1050 2379 1000 300,000 37 .630 4-32 3-32 70-64 1051 2711 1000 350.000 37 .681 4-32 3-32 74-64 1052 2980 1000 400.000 37 .728 4-32 3-32 78-64 1053 3190 1000 450,000 37 .772 4-32 3-32 80-64 1054 3357 1000 500,000 61 .814 4-32 3-32 83-64 1055 3668 1000 500000 61 .814 4-32 4-32 87-64 1056 4317 1000 600.000 61 .892 4-32 3-32 87-64 1057 4078 1000 600,000 61 .892 4-32 4-32 91-64 1058 4755 1000 750,000 61 .998 4-32 3-32 94-64 1059 4745 1000 750,000 61 .998 4-32 4-32 98-64 1060 5470 1000 .000000 61 .152 4-32 3-32 104-64 1061 5938 750 .000,000 61 .152 4-32 4-32 108-64 1062 6719 750 1.250.000 91 .289 4-32 3-32 113-64 1063 6904 750 ,250 000 91 .289 4-32 4-32 117-64 1064 7780 750 ,500,000 91 .413 4-32 3-32 120-64 1065 8010 500 ,500,000 91 .413 4-32 4-32 124-64 1066 8945 500 2.000,000 127 1.631 4-32 3-32 135-64 1067 9890 500 2,000,000 127 1.631 4-32 4-32 189-64 1068 10932 500 We are prepared to manufacture wires and cables of any style or to any ifir>a firm specification. Four-conductor, Stranded, Rubber, Tape, Jute and Lead 154 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE C O M P A N Y Lead En- cased Wires and Cables TJ 03 !=! 111 H o 111 H *> s? g co too to co< cSjooTHob in < 5OiO O ^*Tf ' XX XXX XXXXX XXXXX > ^3 50 < M ^cititJ. SScitLt!. >oo^ Qoaoooaooo lid 111 zj rTJ r* 1 * ^ OO ^O OO XXXX (^CD^O^O tt Tfl Tt 533 ,go ^< >go ^ ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 155 Paper Insulated Lead Sheathed Cables Lead En- casedWires For many years past we have manufactured large quantities of paper cables, a nd Cables single and multiple conductor. Our factory equipment is unexcelled for making this class of material to the most exacting specifications. In the construction of paper cables, for electric light and power purposes, narrow and very thin strips of pure Manila paper are wound spirally about the conductor in sufficient number of layers for the required dielectric strength. The material which we use is the very best grade of Manila rope paper, uniform in texture, containing no particles of mineral substances, wood pulp or low grade materials, no pin holes and no trace of alkalies or residual chemicals. The selec- tion of a high grade paper is most essential for permanence and for good dielectric properties. After the paper covering has been applied to the single conductor, or to the core of conductors in the form of a belt, every trace of air and moisture is removed from the cable by special processes, and while in this condition the core is thor- oughly saturated and all interstices completely filled with hot insulating compounds. The cable is then put through a hydraulic press and covered with a closely fitting lead sheathing so as to exclude all air and moisture and to retain the insulating compound. A tracer thread is placed lengthwise of all cables underneath the sheath. The dielectric value of paper not only depends upon the quality of the paper and the manner of applying it to the conductor, but to a great extent upon the com- position of the insulating compound. Increasing the fluidity of the compound within certain limits will improve the puncture test and increase the flexibility of the cable, but will reduce the megohm test, and vice versa. A dense thick com- pound will result in a very stiff cable, but one having a higher insulation resistance. The insulation of such a cable would be very liable to crack or break if bent at a low temperature, and this would lead to burn-outs. Paper cables are generally cheaper and have a lower electro-static capacity than rubber or varnished cambric cables. The insulation is strong and uniform in quality, and except when frozen solid, is quite flexible. Paper cables can be worked safely at a higher temperature than can other kinds, and experience has demon- strated that their useful life is practically determined by the integrity of the sheath- ing. For this reason the thickness of the lead sheath should in general be greater than for corresponding sizes of rubber or cambric cables, by one or two sixty-fourths of an inch. See page 149. Paper is less liable than rubber to deterioration from excessive electro-static strains. In short, the paper insulated cable when properly constructed and sheathed can be recommended as one of the best for most conditions. 156 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Lead En- cased Wires and Cables (Actual Size) Three-conductor Paper Insulated Lead Encased Cable 4/0 three-conductor, 87 wires each; diameter of each copper conductor, .53 inch ; thickness of paper over each conductor, ^ inch ; thickness of supplementary paper, -fa inch; thickness of lead, % inch; diameter over lead, 2.281 inches. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 157 General Cable Specifications for Paper Insulated Lead-covered Cables for Electric Light, Railway and Power Service Lead En- cased Wires and Cables Rating of Cable The rating of a cable shall be understood to be the highest E. W. P. (equiva- lent working pressure) in volts corresponding to any of the specified conditions of service or test. Such rating shall be determined from the following Rating Table, all unlisted intermediates taking the next higher listed figure. Working Pressure in Volts Test at Factory in Volts Test After Installation by Manufacturer in Volts 5 Minutes 30 Minutes 60 Minutes 5 Minutes 30 Minutes 60 Minutes 500 1000 1500 1250 2500 3750 1000 2000 3000 1000 1600 2400 1000 2000 3000 1000 1600 2400 1000 1300 1950 2000 2500 3000 5000 6250 7500 4000 5000 6000 3200 4000 4800 4000 5000 6000 3200 4000 4800 2600 3250 3900 4000 5000 6000 10000 12500 15000 8000 10000 12000 6400 8000 9600 8000 10000 12000 6400 8000 9600 5200 6500 7800 7000 8000 9000 17500 20000 22500 14000 16000 18000 11200 12800 14400 14000 16000 18000 11200 12800 14400 9100 10400 11700 10000 11000 12000 25000 27500 30000 20000 22000 24000 16000 17600 19200 20000 22000 24000 16000 17600 19200 13000 14300 15600 13000 14000 15000 32500 &5000 37500 26000 28000 30000 20800 22400 24000 26000 28000 30000 20800 22400 24000 16900 18200 19500 16000 17000 18000 40000 42500 45000 32000 34000 36000 25600 27200 28800 32000 34000 36000 25600 27200 28800 20800 22100 23400 19000 20000 21000 47500 50000 52500 38000 40000 42000 30400 32000 33600 38000 40000 42000 30400 32000 33600 24700 26000 27300 22'JOO 23000 24000 55000 57500 60000 44000 46000 48000 35200 36800 38400 44000 46000 48000 35200 36800 38400 28600 29900 31200 25000 26000 27000 62500 65000 67500 50000 52000 54000 40000 41600 43200 50000 52000 54000 40000 41600 43200 32500 33800 35100 28000 29000 30000 70000 72500 75000 56000 58000 60000 44800 46400 48000 56000 58000 60000 44800 46400 48000 36400 37700 39000 Factors 2.5 2.0 1.6 2.0 1.6 1.3 For street railway service (nominal 500-volt D. C.), the E. W. P. shall be 2500 volts for all cables to be operated with a maximum regular working voltage not exceeding seven hundred and fifty (750) volts D. C. and a maximum momentary pressure (thirty (30) seconds or less) not exceeding fifteen hundred (1500) volts D. C. 158 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Lead En- cased Wires and Cables Conductors Each conductor shall consist of soft drawn copper wires having at least ninety- eight (98) per cent, conductivity based upon Matthiessen's standard (as printed in the supplement to the "Transactions" A. I. E. E., October, 1903), concentrically stranded together and having an aggregate cross-sectional area when measured at right angle to the axes of the individual wires at least equal to that corresponding to the specified size. Insulation The insulation shall consist of paper applied helically and evenly to the conductor, and shall be capable of withstanding the test and service conditions corresponding to the highest E. W. P. as determined from the Rating Table set forth on page 157. In the case of cables consisting of more than one (1) conductor (except concentric cables and figure eight (8) or flat form of duplex cables) the separately insulated conductors shall be twisted together with a suitable lay, and the interstices rounded out with jute before the belt insulation is applied. The minimum insulation thickness or thicknesses shall in no case be less than ninety (90) per cent, of the agreed average thickness or thicknesses. All of the insulation shall be thoroughly saturated with an insulating compound. Sheath The sheath shall have an average thickness of approximately that indicated in the tabulation next following, and the minimum thickness shall in no place be less than ninety (90) per cent, of the required average thickness. Diameter of Core in Mils Corresponding Thickness of Sheath in Inches Diameter of Core in Mils Corresponding Thickness of Sheath in Inches 0- 299 800- 699 700-1249 5-34 3-32 7-64 1250-1999 2000-2699 2700- over 1-8 9-64 5-32 The sheath shall consist of commercially pure lead for all cables having a core diameter (i. e., internal diameter of the sheath) less than two inches (2000 mils) ; for cables having a core diameter equal to two (2) inches or more, the sheath shall consist of an alloy of lead and tin containing not less than ninety-eight (98) per cent, of commercially pure lead and not less than one (1) per cent, of commercially pure tin. Factory Tests The manufacturer shall, when so stipulated in the order, notify the company in writing when the cables are ready for test, so that proper tests may be made at the works of the manufacturer by the duly accredited representative of the company. Free access to the testing department shall be given to said representative at all times while cables are being tested hereunder, and the requisite facilities and apparatus for the tests described in these specifications shall be supplied by the manufacturer without extra charge. In case the representative appointed by the company to make factory tests is not wholly and permanently in the employ of the company, said appointment shall be subject to the approval of the manufacturer. DIELECTRIC STRENGTH: Each length of cable shall withstand a test at factory of a voltage corresponding to the rating (highest E. W. P.) of the cable as detemined from the Rating Table set forth on page 157. Unless otherwise specified by the company at or prior to time of test, the latter shall be the listed five (5) minute ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 159 factory test set forth in said Rating Table. The conditions and conduct of test Lead En- shall conform to the recommendations of sections 227 to 259, both inclusive, of cased Wires the Standardization Rules of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, as and Cables adopted June 21, 1907. INSULATION RESISTANCE: The insulation resistance shall be determined on each length of cable and shall not be less than fifty (50) megohms per mile when measured at, or corrected to, 60 degrees Fahrenheit. This test shall be made subsequent to the test for dielectric strength, at the end of one minute electrification. TESTING APPARATUS AND METHODS: Any disagreement as to the accuracy of testing apparatus or methods not specifically covered by this specification, shall be referred to the Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. Paper-insulated and Lead-covered Cables i a Size B. & S. Number and Diam. of Wires in Strand Inches Thickness of Paper Insulation Inches Approx. Outside Diameter Inches Thickness of Lead Inches List Number Approx. Weight per 1000 Feet Pounds 0000 37 x .0756 3-32 .937 7-64 1800 2161 000 37 x .0673 3-32 .879 7-64 1801 1919 00 37 x .0599 3-32 .796 3-32 1802 1518 19 x .0746 3-32 .750 3-32 1803 1357 1 19 x .0663 3-32 .708 3-32 1804 1221 2 19 x .0592 3-32 .641 5-64 1805 947 3 19 x .0526 3-32 .608 5-64 1806 858 4 7 x .0772 3-32 .577 5-64 1807 783 5 7 x .0687 3-32 .551 5-64 1808 722 6 7 x .0612 3-32 .498 1-16 1809 547 8 7 x .0485 3-32 .460 1-16 1810 472 4 Solid 3-32 .550 5-64 1811 742 5 Solid 3-32 .527 5-64 1812 685 6 Solid 3-32 .476 1-16 1813 518 8 Solid 3-32 .443 1-16 1814 451 0000 37 x .0756 4-32 1.031 1-8 1820 2553 000 37 x .0673 4-32 .941 7-64 1821 2061 00 37 x .0599 4-32 .890 7-64 1822 1851 19 x .0746 4-32 .812 3-32 1823 1678 1 19 x .0663 4-32 .771 3-32 1824 1342 2 19 x .0592 4-32 .735 3-32 1825 1222 3 19 x .0526 4-32 .702 3-32 1826 1123 4 7 x .0772 4-32 .639 5-64 1827 882 5 7 x .0687 4-32 .614 5-6* 1528 819 6 7 x .0612 4-32 .591 5-64 1829 769 8 7 x. 0485 4-32 .558 5-64 1830 681 4 Solid 4-32 .612 5-64 1831 839 5 Solid 4-32 .590 5-64 1882 781 6 Solid 4-32 .570 5-64 1833 738 8 Solid 4-32 .536 5-64 1834 656 Shipped on reels containing approximately 1000-foot lengths. 160 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Lead En- cased Wires and Cables Paper Insulated and Lead Encased Cables Order by List Number Prices Quoted on Application Size B.&S. Number and Diam. of Wires in Strand Inches Thickness of Paper Insulation Inches Approximate Outside Diameter Inches Thickness of Lead Inches List Number Approximate Weight per 1000 Feet Pounds 0000 37 x .0756 5-32 1.093 1-8 1840 2,717 000 37 x .0673 5-32 1.035 1-8 1841 2,454 00 37 x .0599 5-32 .952 7-64 1842 1,995 19 x .0746 5-32 .906 7-64 1843 1,819 1 19 x .0663 5-32 .864 7-64 1844 1,668 2 19 x .0592 5-32 .798 3-32 1845 1,344 3 19 x .0526 5-32 .765 3 32 184(5 1.212 4 7 x .0772 5-32 .733 3-32 1847 1.159 5 7 x .0687 5-32 .708 3-32 1848 1,090 6 7x .0512 5-32 .654 5-64 1849 869 8 7x .0485 5-32 .616 5-64 1850 780 4 Solid 5-32 .706 3-32 1851 1,108 5 Solid 5-32 .652 5 64 1852 882 6 Solid 5-32 .632 5-64 1853 831 8 Solid 5-32 .599 5-64 1854 754 0000 37 x .0756 6-32 1.156 1-8 1860 2,882 000 37 x .0673 6-32 1.098 1-8 1861 2,619 00 37 x .0599 6-32 1.046 1-8 1862 2,390 19 x .0746 6-32 .968 7-64 1863 1.980 1 19 x .0663 6-32 .927 7-64 1864 1.808 2 19 x .0592 6-32 .891 7-64 1865 1.677 3 19 x .0526 6-32 .858 7-64 1866 1,566 4 7 x .0772 6-82 .796 3-32 1867 1.279 5 7x .0687 6-32 .770 3-32 1868 1,208 6 7 x .0612 6-32 .748 3-32 1869 1,148 8 7x .0485 6-32 .710 3-32 1870 .047 4 Solid 6-32 .768 3-32 1871 .226 5 Solid 6-32 .746 3-32 1872 ,160 6 Solid 6-32 .726 3-32 1873 .104 8 Solid 6-32 .691 3-32 1874 .017 Shipped on reels containing approximately 1000-foot lengths. We are prepared to manufacture wires and cables of any style or to any specification. See page 50 for prices of reels. Duplex Lead Encased Paper Cable ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 161 L- s ~sw-s Us* .-s3s 833.3 IS~ <j 1-8-c Sslll 11^ ^Q <''5<f CO CO~ of ) o e* T}< 10 50 ao < fo o to o * COiO -^ Tf C ~ lt-1 I s * 111' HP 23.1s 3 u o o oi" os os' ao'od 06 1-' > j> i co sfeo of ) O 01 Tj* to O 00 < ) OC QO S QC S QO C Lead En- cased Wires and Cables AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Lead En- cased Wires and Cables JI o -o 2 as ^3 5**? ct U *~ a -a JI M | |?ii 2^8 &>l^ <^^ al |ilj g^2 E-g 111! S S<n .* ' ! iO OS GO CO J> C3 O5 (J3 l> *O < tja >Q- I 1CQOC5 ( ' T? CO CO ( >^ t-(N * O iO(ftt ;t-iOC4 OO^^t^; " "co'co'co" I- l-C 7J i s5 w i-i i QO CO CC O5 QO XXXXXX XXXXXX 333333 SeooSwcooo ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 163 Varnished Cambric Cables Lead En- cased Wires and Cables A single-conductor varnished cambric cable is made by winding tapes of thin varnished cotton or muslin cloth spirally about the conductor in a sufficient number of smooth, tightly drawn layers to make the required thickness of dielectric. The cotton fabric is saturated with several applications of special non-hardening insulating varnish. The dielectric strength of this material is very high, as a single thickness of cotton well treated with our special varnish will withstand a stress of from eight to twelve thousand volts for five seconds, depending upon the number of coats of varnish with which the cloth has been treated. The varnish prevents the tape from unwrapping when the cable is cut, and permits the adjoining layers of varnished cambric to slide upon each other, thus insuring a concentric condition when the cable is bent. This compound of varnish prevents capillary absorption of moisture between the layers of tape, seals any possible skips in films and precludes air spaces. In multiple-conductor cables, it is usual to place a portion of the required thick- ness of insulation in the form of a belt about the core of conductors, as in the case with paper cables. (See page 155. ) This class of cables is in general more flexible than paper cables, more imper- vious to moisture, reasonable in cost, and can be used in dry places such as for station wiring without lead sheathing. When no sheathing is required the cable is protected by a cotton braid, or with an asbestos braid for fire protection. These braids are saturated in weatherproof compounds or in slow-burning compounds, as may be required. We make these cables in any quantity, of any size or type and for any voltage or service condition, to the most rigid specifications. Inquiries containing full information as to working conditions are solicited and prices will be quoted on application^ 164 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Lead En- cased Wires and Cables Submarine Cables Two-conductor Submarine Cable, Lead Encased, Jute Sewed and Armored Multiple Conductor Rubber Insulated Signal Cable We manufacture and install large quantities of submarine cables of every class, for street railways, telegraph and telephone companies and electric light and power plants. These are used for crossing rivers, bays, ponds or lakes. We are well prepared for furnishing this class of material to the most exacting specifications. Full information as to the purpose for which the cable is to be used, location, depth of water and working conditions should accompany requests for prices. Inquiries solicited. ELECTRICA WIRES AND CABLES 165 % I I | j S'S ^ 5H 2 1 o - O ^ 3 c fd o d . 0) 0) <u .2 5-i g H > Lead En- o cased Wires 'S and Cables <u en _Q ^ cn ' 5 . bo bo o .^ ^ bo bo o d w <= QQ s.s^- B ^ tJ c .S cd 43 ^^ en m '5 50 o ^^ d ,2 * g - 5 2 ^ d ta ^ ^ 8 3 .2 .2 - en ^ .d en 3 bbH 2 (< r^ CD CO '^ 2 Jf< Oi ^^ C^ Q 1^ 11^ <-M 3 o ^ S ^ iil o 3 S .til 166 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Installation of Under- ground Cables Installation of Underground Cables In this article no attempt will be made to indicate all the details of cable laying, but rather to outline very briefly the general method of installing underground cables and to emphasize the importance of some parts of the work in connection therewith. As stated elsewhere, this company will furnish, install and guarantee its underground cables for almost any class of service. Rubber covered telephone or telegraph cables, electric light and power cables, single or multiple conductors insulated with rubber, paper or varnished cambric, made to carry current for any service at any pressure within practical working limits. We maintain a fully equipped cable department, supervised by experienced and able engineers and manned by competent cable workmen, which has for many years and with marked success attended to all matters pertaining to underground and submarine cable installations. Through this department, we are at all times prepared to install cables, to make estimates or to advise customers regarding specifications, costs of installations and so on, or to furnish competent supervisors for installations made by the customer himself. Unloading Reels ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CA.BLES 167 Handling Lead Cables Installation Cables are shipped from the factory on well constructed wooden reels of suit- of Under- able size to accommodate one or more lengths of cable. As explained on page 50, ground credit will be allowed for empty reels when they are returned to our factory in Cables good condition. When coiling a cable on a reel, the first end, usually termed the test end, is put through a slanting smooth hole in the side of the reel, so as to have both ends of the cable accessible for testing before shipment. After testing, both ends are capped or sealed, thus protecting the cable insulation from moisture. Each reel is given the most rigid inspection before leaving the factory, and the test end. protruding through the side of the reel from 12 to 18 inches is boxed over. The reel itself is lagged from flange to flange with heavy wooden slats nailed to the flanges and finally secured with heavy wires encircling the slats so as to thoroughly protect the cable from injury in transit or while standing on the street. Transporting such reels of cable from the railroad to the manhole is intrusted only to experienced truckmen, and if a low wagon is not available and a high wagon must be used, the reels of cable are carefully lowered from the wagon by means of a windlass and skids and are not allowed to drop to the ground. To avoid the loosening of the cable, the reels are rolled in the direction pointed by the arrow painted on the side of the reel. The reel of cable is then placed at the manhole over the duct into which the cable is to be drawn, in such a way that the cable will unwind from the top of the reel. It is next mounted on screw jacks and not until then are the slats removed, care being taken that no nails come into contact with the cable or are left in the flanges to do damage. The utmost care is always taken not to bend the cable sharply, not to break through, cut, abrade, kink or dent the lead sheath, and above all not to allow the slightest trace of moisture to enter the ends of the cable after the seals have been broken. A failure to observe these points may lead to the ruination of the cable. The useful life of an underground cable is determined by that of the insulation, which in turn usually depends upon the integrity of the lead sheath. The Conduit System When cables were first put under ground a trench was dug to a safe distance below the street surface, into which the cable was laid. It was then covered with sand and the trench filled in. Later, this method was improved by first placing in these trenches long rectangular boxes or troughs made of yellow pine thoroughly creosoted with dead oil or tar. The cable was laid into this box and was entirely surrounded with hot pitch or other bituminous compound. A wood cover was then placed on the trough, after which the trench would be filled in. Such solid systems are still extensively used in foreign countries and to some extent here in private rights of way, and are considered quite safe under certain conditions. However, in this case, when a cable becomes defective, the whole trench has to be dug up in order to replace or repair such defects. This led to the adoption of what is known as the flexible duct or drawing-in system, which is built under the pavement of streets in thickly settled portions of a city, in a manner that will permit of drawing in the wires and cables at any time after the completion of the subway. This system also allows extensions or rearrangements of cables as may be deemed advisable from time to time. At the AMERIC'AN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Installation present time there is a large number of different kinds of conduits. They are of Under- made of Bituminized Fibre, Iron and Cement, Terra-Cotta, and so on, each type ground of which has some redeeming quality of its own. Cables Any type of conduit for lead encased cables should possess the following qualities. It should afford a thorough mechanical protection to the enclosed cable, securing it from accident during street excavations. It should be absolutely proof against fire, acid, gas, water and electrolysis, thus protecting the cable, and main- taining it for a long period of time. The conduit should also have sufficient mechanical strength to resist the ordinary destructive influences to which street structures are exposed. The bore of the ducts should be smooth, straight, and in perfect alignment. The latter, however, does not always receive sufficient atten- tion by contractors. A few years ago a three-inch diameter duct was considered sufficiently large, but for feeder cables called for to-day, which are often over three inches in diameter, nothing less than a three and one-half-inch bore should be used, and if very long sections of cables are to be installed, the bore should be even larger. After a conduit contractor has finished building the underground duct system, and before he leaves it, the system should not be accepted until after it has been tested by drawing through each duct a test mandrel about twenty-four inches in length and one-quarter of an inch less in diameter than the bore of the duct. Manholes Manholes are usually built at street intersections or turns in the conduit line to afford a place for jointing the cables. The distance between these manholes depends upon local conditions. It is safe to say that this limiting distance where large cables are to be installed should be 500 feet, for in pulling larger lengths the cable sheath is subjected to a severe strain, and this should be avoided. Man- holes, especially for high tension cables, should, whenever possible, be built spacious, be well drained, well ventilated, and they should be kept clean and dry. Their design should be such as to afford the best opportunity for bending the cable ends projecting from the ducts to a position on the wall where they are to be racked and jointed. On the following two pages are shown in outline a typical two-way and a four-way manhole as recommended by the Committee on Power Distribution of the Railway Engineering Association. This construction should be followed whenever possible. Ample facilities should be provided in each manhole, either by shelves or adjustable racks for supporting the cables in place. Many cables are ruined on account of insufficient and inadequate fittings. Some attention should also be given to locating the lower and the top ducts in a manhole, so as to enable the cables to be drawn in without damaging them. The manhole cover should be over the center of the manhole, making it easy to set a rigging when installing cables, and making it more difficult for careless workmen to use the cables as steps in entering or leaving the manhole, which practice will soon ruin any cable. When possible, a good ground should be provided in each manhole for the pur- pose of bonding cables, when it becomes necessary to do this in order to protect the cables against stray currents which might destroy the lead sheath and finally the insulation by electrolysis. Choice of Ducts Before drawing any cables into a new conduit system, it is often a question to decide which of the ducts shall first be used. Workmen when about to install ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES Installation of Under- ground Cables 170 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Installation of Under- ground Cables ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 171 * I Installation of Under- ground Cables Arrangement of Cables in Manhole Appliances Used in Connection with Installation of Cables Typical Manhole Racks for Cables 172 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Installation cables may have been told to use any one of the ducts, and naturally they draw of Under- into those which are most convenient, without any consideration for other cables ground that may be installed later. There are cases where the manhole is completely Cables blocked by the first few cables installed. But there is another important reason why the ducts to be used for power cables should be very carefully selected, as will be seen from the following. We are often requested by customers to stipulate the amperage and to guarantee a cable for such current carrying capacity. It is not possible to foretell the exact current carrying capacity of a cable without previously knowing all the controlling factors which would influence the temperature rises in such a cable. Some of the most important factors are the natural temperature of ducts and manholes, amount of moisture present, condition and kind of soil surrounding the conduit, and exact location of the cable in the duct with respect to other cables which have previously been installed. All of these greatly influence both the radiation or dissi- pation of heat generated in each conductor or cable, and the current carrying capacity of the conductor. Usually, the coolest and best heat radiating ducts are those located at the lower corners of the system, next are those nearest to the outside of the system, and lastly the middle and top ducts which not only take up heat from the lower cables, but must dissipate heat through adjoining ducts. Attention to these points when planning a new system may prove very profitable in the end. Regarding the selection of cables, it should be borne in mind that those insulated with rubber compound dissipate heat more readily than those insulated with paper or other fibrous material, other conditions being equal. On the other hand it has been found that a cable insulated with an oil saturated paper will stand its load for a longer period of time at a high temperature than one insulated with rubber compound, without showing signs of deterioration, that is, if not too much resinous material has been used in making up the paper insulation. High tension cables insulated with varnished cambric should not be operated continuously at higher temperatures than rubber insulated cables, preferably not above 145 degrees Fahrenheit, whereas paper cables may be operated for short periods at about 160 degrees Fahrenheit. It should also be borne in mind that under similar conditions a single conductor cable dissipates the heat faster than two or more conductors enclosed in a single sheath. To economize in space, as many as six cables are at times drawn into one duct. This may be an advantage, but it also has its disadvantages, for the reason that if one cable should burn out there is every possibility of burning up the remaining cables, and all six would be out of commission and would have to be replaced. But, nevertheless, the two wires of the same circuit should always be brought as near together as possible, so as to reduce the passage of magnetic flux between them, whether this flux proceed from themselves or from other wires. It has been recommended by the committee of railway engineers on power distribution that all cables passing through iron pipes be covered with a weather- proof braid. As explained on page 20, no single conductor carrying an alternating current should be placed in an iron duct. To minimize the loss due to self-induc- tion, the two, three or four legs of a single-phase, three-phase or quarter-phase alternating circuit should, whenever possible, be made up into one multiple-con- ductor cable having a common lead sheath. Pressure wires may be included whenever required. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 173 Drawing Cables into Ducts After having decided upon the duct into which the cable is to be drawn, prep- arations are made to wire the duct and to thoroughly clean and free it from any obstructions which might injure the cable when being drawn in. To accomplish this, a snake wire or a rodding stick, of which there are several types, one of which is shown below, is worked through the duct. These rodding sticks are one inch in diameter and from three to five feet in length and have on each end a coupling for jointing the rods into one continuous length as they are pushed into the duct. Installation of Under- ground Cables Rodding Sticks and Snake Wire A workman pushes one of these rods into the duct, couples a second onto the first rod and again pushes it ahead and so continues the operation until the first rod put into the duct extends through to the next manhole. Then to the end of the last 174 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Installation rod a No. 10 or No. 12 B. W. gauge galvanized wire of sufficient length is attached ot Under- and this is drawn through the duct with the rods. This operation is continued from ground manhole to manhole until all the ducts have been wired. Cables If the sections of ducts are of short lengths, rods may not be necessary, and a snake wire alone may be used. This latter is also better adapted to wiring ducts with curves, but it cannot be used in very long lengths, owing to the friction encountered. By means of the galvanized wire, a suitable rope to which is attached scrapers, gauges and brushes or swabs, is next drawn through the duct, so as to make sure that all is clear for the cable. These gauges should be about three-eighths of an inch larger than the cables to be installed. The sealed ends of the cable are examined to see that they are perfect, and then a wire pulling grip of some form (see below) is drawn over the cable end. To the end of this grip is next fastened the end of a steel or manila pulling rope, which in the meantime has been drawn through the duct ready for pulling. Proper cable protectors are placed in the mouth of the duct. These protectors are usually made of leather and are so placed in the end of the duct that the cable will not be damaged. The cable should now reach from the top of the reel to the mouth of the duct by a grace- ful curve, without touching at any intermediate point, as shown on next page. The pulling can be done by capstan, winch, motor truck, horses or, if it is a small cable, by hand. When guiding the cable into the duct, a small amount of common grease should be spread on to the cable so as to allow it to slide more easily and lessen the strain on the cable. Enough ex- tra cable should be drawn into the manhole to provide for racking around the manhole and making the joints. At times a long length of cable has to be drawn, and for this reason a rigging as illustrated is used. This has large sheaves that will not damage the cable. Many times cables are injured by pulling them over sheaves which are too small for the cable. During the installation no cable should be bent sharper than a radius equal to ten diameters of the cable. If it is not intended to join the cables as soon as they are drawn in, the caps or seals should be examined to see that they are safe before leaving the work. The cable should be protected at the edge of the duct and it should not be left hanging loosely or lying on the bottom of the manhole, but should be placed on the racks provided for it. Appliances Used During Installation of Underground Cables ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 175 Installation of Under- ground Cables Unreeling Cable into Duct Pulling in Cable with Capstan Copper Couplings 176 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Installation ^ tne cables have paper insulation, they should never be installed at a temper- of Under- ature below 40 degrees Fahrenheit without first warming them up by charcoal fires ground or other means, so as to make them more flexible and avoid any possibility of crack- Cables m g tn e insulation. Also when cables are being racked around the manhole they should be thoroughly warmed if the temperature is low. Before jointing, cut the ends back far enough to be positive that there is no moisture present. A test for moisture should be made if there is any reason to suspect its presence. The Jointing of Cables It is generally admitted that the greater part of trouble which occurs on high tension cables is due to poorly made joints, or to the presence of moisture or cracks in the insulation near the joints. With good material and careful and competent workmen, the insulation of the joint can be made as reliable and as durable as that on any other part of the cable. The construction of a joint is therefore of prime consideration, and unless the purchaser has at his command experienced and thoroughly reliable cable workmen, he would do well to contract with the manufac- turer, who has every facility for doing this class of work, for the complete installa- tion of the cable. In the making of a perfect joint, (a] High grade insulating materials are carefully chosen to suit the special conditions. (b) The work is done by reliable and experienced cable men under the super- vision of an expert who critically inspects all work. (<:) Every trace of moisture is excluded from the joint and adjacent parts of the cable. (d) The cable should never be bent to a radius of less than eight times its diameter for rubber or cambric insulation, or ten diameters for paper insulation. The latter as already explained should in extreme cold weather be warm before being bent at all. (<?) The layers of insulating tape are drawn tight to exclude air and are made to overlap each other. (f ) The lead sleeve is properly proportioned, well wiped on and entirely filled with compound previously heated to the correct temperature. Two holes are made in the top of the finished lead sleeve, one near each end as shown on next page, to permit of filling with the compound. As the compound settles, the sleeves have to be refilled from time to time until they are entirely full, then the holes through the sleeve are sealed. The length of a joint should be in proportion to the size of the conductor, avoiding short joints where it is possible and the insulation on a joint should be at least 20 per cent, thicker than that on the cable itself. Before drawing the lead sleeve over the newly made joint, the new insulation should be well dried out to remove all trace of moisture taken up from the hands of the workmen or elsewhere. The various steps in the making of a 3-conductor high tension cable joint are fully illustrated on the next page. Sections of a straight-way joint, also of three and four-way branch joints of suitable design, are shown on pages 177 and 178. The Y-shape or parallel branch joint are more easily made, take up less space and are stronger than the right angle joint. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 177 Installation of Under- ground Cables Showing the Various Steps in the Making of a Three-conductor, Paper Insulated Lead-covered Cable Joint 178 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Installation Jointing Materials of Under- ground ^ ne of tne most important features to be considered in making a joint as Cables already mentioned, is in the choice of correct jointing materials. These should in all cases be of the very best quality. We keep on hand at all times a large supply of all high grade insulating materials used in jointing the various styles of cables listed in this catalogue. Rub- ber tapes of various kinds and sizes, pure rubber and rubber compounds. All sizes of treated paper and varnished cambric tapes, high grade compounds which we have developed during the past few years and which are giving perfect results. We can furnish on short notice, lead sleeves of any style or dimensions, and all special tools and appliances ordinarily used in cable installations, many of which are illustrated herein. Our copper jointing sleeves are made from pure copper. They are made in the most suitable lengths for regular underground joints, tinned and well finished. Each is provided with an opening along its entire length so as to permit of the solder flowing freely throughout the joint when made, thus insuring a good soldered union. Both ends of the sleeve are beveled off, and sharp edges which would have a tendency to cause a puncture through the insulation after the joint has been finished are removed. Specials, such as Y or T sleeves, are made up on short notice when customers' requirements are known. Standard Dimensions of Copper Sleeves for Jointing Cables List Number Size of Conductor Outside Diameter of Conductor Inches Outside Diameter of Sleeve Inches Thickness of Copper Inches Length of Sleeve Inches Weight per 100 Sleeves Pounds 2000 S 2,000,000 1.6302 2.168 .268 6.00 280 1750 S 1,750,000 1.5246 2.027 .251 5.65 242 1500 S 1,500.000 1.4124 .879 .233 5.30 200 1250 S 1,250,' 00 1.2892 .715 .212 4.90 150 1000 S 1,000,001) 1.1520 .532 .190 4.45 110 900 S 900,000 1.0985 .454 .180 4.25 88 800S 800,000 1.0305 .360 .170 4.05 7b 750 S 750,000 .9981 .327 .162 3.95 67 700 S 700,000 .9639 .282 .159 3.80 62 600S 600,000 .8928 .187 .147 3.60 52 600 S 500.000 .8134 .082 .134 3.35 45 400S 400,000 .7280 .968 .120 2.10 86 300 S 300,000 .6321 .841 .104 2.75 23 250 S 250,000 .5754 .766 .095 2.60 16 254 S 0000 .5275 .702 .087 2.45 14 258 S 000 .4700 .625 .078 2.25 10 251 S 00 .4180 .556 .068 2.10 7 250 S .3730 .496 .062 1.95 4 255 S 1 .3315 .441 .055 1.80 256 S I .2919 .388 .048 1.70 257 S 3 .2601 .347 .043 1.60 258 S 4 .2316 .308 .038 1.50 259 S 5 .2061 .275 .034 .40 260 S 6 .1836 .244 .030 .25 231 S 7 .1635 .218 .027 .25 262 S 8 .1455 .194 .024 .25 263 S 9 .1305 .172 .022 .25 264 S 10 .1155 .154 .020 .25 ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 179 Installation of Under- ground Cables HI 1 Making Underground Cable Joints in Stormy Weather Testing Instrument End Bell for Three-conductor Cable 180 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Installation of Under- ground Cables LE SULATION * AD C SLEEVE OMPOUND JOINT INSULATION COPPER SLEEVE OPENING FOR COMPOUND /I W.PEC Straight-way Single Conductor Cable Joint Single Conductor Y-shape Branch Joint Single Conductor Right Angle Branch Joint Two Parallel Conductor Branch Joint ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 181 Two Right Angle Conductor Branch Joint Straight-way Three-conductor Cable Joint Three-conductor Right Angle Branch Joint Installation of Under- ground Cables Insulated Single Conductor Cable Connection to a Bare Cable 182 AMERICAN STEEL AN'D WIRE COMPANY Installation of Under- ground Cables Apparatus for Making High Potential Tests An Abridged Dictionary of Electrical Words, Terms and Phrases In compiling this Dictionary we have quoted chiefly from Houston's " Dictionary of Electrical Terms, Words and Phrases," by courtesy of The McGraw- Hill Book. Company, of New York- 184 AMERICAN S T L A N I) W I R C O M P A N Y Electrical Dictionary a. A symbol for acceleration. A.C. A contraction for alternating-current. Absolute Temperature. That temperature which is reckoned from the absolute zero, -273 C , or 459 F. Acceleration. A change of motion. The time- rate of change of velocity. Accumulator. A word sometimes applied to a current accumulator. A Leyden jar or con- denser. A secondary or storage battery. Acheson Effect. The change in the electromotive force of the secondary of a transformer due to changes of temperature in its core. Aclinic Line. A line connecting places on the earth's surface which have no magnetic inclina- tion. The magnetic equator of the earth. Acoutemeter, Electric. An apparatus for electri- cally testing the delicacy of hearing. Actino=electricity. Electricity produced in crys- talline substances by the action of radiant energy. Active Component of Exciting Current. The active current in an alternating current circuit as dis- tinguished from the wattless current. In an alternating-current circuit the component of current which is in phase with the E.M.F. and the effective and apparent conductance. Active Current. A working component of a cur- rent in an alternating-current circuit as dis- tinguished from a wattless component of cur- rent. The component of an alternating-cur- rent that is in phase with the impressed electro- motive force. Active Loop. A single loop in a circuit that is traversed by an electric current. Activity. Power. Rate-of-doing work. The work done per second, in uniform working. Activity, Unit of. A rate of working that will per- form one unit of work per second. In C.G.S. units, the activity of one erg per second. This unit is very small. The watt is taken as the practical unit of power and is equal to ten mil- lion ergs per second. Seven hundred and forty- six watts equals one horse-power. Acylic Machine. Sometimes called unipolar. A continuous current generator in which the voltage generated in the active conductors maintains the same direction with respect to those conductors. Adapter. A screw-nozzle fitted to an incandescent electric lamp and provided with a screw-thread to enable it to be readily placed on a gas bracket, or chandelier, in the place of an ordinary gas burner. A device which permits incandescent electric lamps of one manufacture to be readily placed in the socket of a lamp of another manufacture. Adhesive Tape. A tape covered with insulating material and possessing adhesive properties, employed for covering bared conductors, at joints, or other similar places. Adjuster for Lamp Pendant. Any device for ad- justing or altering the height or position of a pendant lamp. Admittance. The reciprocal of the impedance in an alternating-current circuit. The apparent conductance of an alternating-current circuit or conductor. Advanced Quadrature. In an alternating-current circuit the condition of being 90 in phase ahead of some particular E.M.F., flux, or current. Aerial Conductor. An overhead conductor. Aero-ferric=circuit Transformer. An open-circuit transformer =- Ageing of Electric Incandescent Lamp. A grad- ual decrease in the efficiency of an electric in- candescent lamp due either to the age coating of its chamber, or to the deterioration of its fila- ment. Ageing or Transformer Core. Increase in the hys- teretic coefficient in the iron of a transformer core during the first few months of its commer- cial operation, from its continued magnetic re- versals at comparatively high temperature. Agone. A line connecting places on the earth's sur- face where the magnetic needle points to the true geographical north. The line of no declination. Air=condenser. A condenser in which air is the dielectric. Air=core Transformer. A transformer which is destitute of a core other than that of air. Air=gap. In a magnetic circuit, any gap or open- ing containing air only. Air=path. The path a disruptive discharge takes through the air. Air=reluctance. The reluctance of that portion of a magnetic circuit which consists of air. Air=space. The space that exists between the surface of an armature and the polar surface within which it rotates. The space between opposed surfaces of a comb lightning-arrester. Alarm, Electric. Any automatic electric device by which attention is called to the occurrence of certain events, such as the opening of a window, the stepping of a person on a mat, the rise or fall of temperature beyond a certain predeter- mined point, etc., by the closing or opening of an electric circuit. A device for calling a person to a telegraphic or telephonic instrument. Alive. A name sometimes given to a live wire or circuit. An active wire or circuit. Alternating. Periodically changing in direction. Alternating Continuous=current Commutating Machine. A secondary generator for trans- forming from alternating to continuous cur- rents by the aid of a commutator. Alternating-current Dynamo=electric Machine. A dynamo-electric machine producing alternat- ing currents in its external circuit. Alternating=current Phase=meter. An instru- ment used to determine the phase difference between two alternating currents. A!ternating=current Potentiometer. A potentio- meter suitable for measuring the difference of pressure in an alternating-current circuit. Alternating=current Power. The product of the effective alternating-current strength, the ef- fective pressure under which that current is supplied, and the power factor. With sinu- soidal electromotive forces and currents, the product of the effective current strength, the effective pressxire under which that current is supplied, and the cosine of the phase-differ- ence between the two. Alternating=current Rotary Transformer. A rotary transformer for transforming alternating into continuous-currents, or vice- versa. Alternating Currents. Currents which flow alter- nately in opposite directions. Currents whose directions are periodically reversed and which, when plotted, consist of half-waves of equal area in successively opposite directions from the zero line. An alternating current equals the electromotive force divided by the impedance, or E E This expression represents Ohm's law for alter- nating currents. It may be solved by complex quantities or vectorilly. Z = |/ R* + ^Impedance of circuit. A' = Ohmic resistance of circuit. X = Reactance of circuit in ohms. L = Coefficient of self induction in benrvs. ELECTRICAL W IRES AND CABLES J Capacity of the circuit in farads. co =2 irf, angular velocity, where / =the number of cycles per second or fre- quency. For a circuit consisting of two parallel copper wires each of a radius r, and having an inter- axial distance d between them, the total length of the entire circuit being / feet, the co- efficient of self induction in henrys will be 30.5 / (-5 + 4-6 Log j, L = and for iron wire when the current density is low the self induction in henrys will be 30.5 / (75 + 4-6 Log -J The radius r, and the distance d, must be ex- pressed in similar units of length. The drop in voltage for an alternating-current circuit = (See Current, Electric.) Alternation. A change in direction. A change or reversal in the direction of an electromotive force or current. A single vibration or oscilla- tion as distinguished from a complete cycle or double vibration. Alternation, Periodicity of. The number of alter- nations per second produced by a generator. When any particular periodicity or frequency is spoken of, as, for example, 250 alternations per second, 125 complete periods or cycles per second are meant. Commercially the word alternations is used for half-periods or double-frequencies. A dy- namo with 250 alternations per second has 125 periods per second. Alternator, or AIternating=Current Generator. One which produces alternating currents, either single-phase or polyphase. Alternator, Compensated. An alternating-current dynamo-electric machine for sustaining a uni- form voltage at some point of its circuit under varying loads, in which the field magnets are excited partly by rectified or commuted cur- rents taken from separate armature coils, and partly by currents furnished by the commuted current from a small transformer, whose pri- mary coil is placed in the main circuit. Alternator, Compound. An alternating current dynamo-electric machine whose field magnets are compound-wound. The current from the machine is commonly run through a series transformer whose sec- ondary winding is connected with the field magnets through a commutator. Alternator, Three=phase. An alternating-current dynamo capable of producing three-phase cur- rents. Usually these three separate currents are 120 in phase with respect to each other, their algebraic sum at any instance being zero. Aluminum. A soft, ductile, weak, malleable metal of white color approaching silver, but with a bluish cast. Does not readily oxidize. Melts at a low temperature. Cannot readily be welded, or brazed or soldered. Very electro- positive, and is eaten away in presence of salts and other metals. Atomic weight 27.1. Specific gravity 2.6 to 2.7. The lightest of all useful metals next to magnesium. Expands greatly with increasing temperature. For equal cpn- ductivitv, aluminum has about twice the size, but one-half the weight of copper. Tenacity about one-third that of wrought-iron. (See page 14.) Amalgam. A combining of a metal with mercury. Tin is very commonly used for this purpose. American Twist Joint. A joint between two con- ducting wires in which each end is twisted around the other. American Wire Gauge. The name generally given to the Brown and Sharpe wire gauge, in which the largest wire, No. oooo, has a diameter of .46", the wire No. 36 .005", and all other diameters are in geometrical progression. (See page 21.) Ammeter. A form of galvanometer in which the value of the current is measured directly in amperes. (See Galvanometer.) An ampere-meter or ammeter is a commercial form of galvanometer in which the deflections of a magnetic needle are calibrated or valued in amperes. As a rule the coils of wire in an am- meter are of lower resistance than in a volt- meter. The magnetic needle is deflected from its zero position by the field produced by the current whose strength in amperes is to be measured. This needle is held in the zero posi- tion by the action of a magnetic field, either of a permanent or an electromagnet, by the ac- tion of a spring, or by a weight under the influ- ence of gravity. There thus exist a variety of ammeters, viz.: permanent-magnet ammeters, electromagnetic ammeters, spring ammeters and gravity ammeters. Amperage. The number of amperes passing in a circuit in a given time. Ampere. The practical unit of electric current. A rate of flow of electricity transmitting one coulomb per second. The current of electricity which would pass through a circuit whose re- sistance is one ohm, under an electromotive force 9f one volt. A current of such a strength as will deposit i . 1 1 8 milligrammes of silver per second from a specifically prepared solution of silver nitrate. (See International Ampere.) Ampere=hour. A unit of electrical quantity equal to the quantity of electricity conveyed by one ampere flowing for one hour. A quantity of electricity equal to 3600 coulombs. Ampere-hour Meter. An instrument giving the total time integral of the amperes. Ampere=meter. An ammeter. Ampere=second. A unit of electric quantity equal to the quantity of electricity conveyed by one ampere flowing for one second. A coulomb. Ampere=turn. A unit of magneto-motive force equal to that produced by one ampere flowing around a single turn of wire. Ampere=volt. A word sometimes used for volt- ampere or watt. Amplitude of Vibration or Wave. The extent of the excursion of a simply vibrating particle on either side of its vibrating point or point of rest. Anchor Log. A log partially buried in the ground and serving as an anchor for a telegraphic pole. Anchor Strain=ear. In an overhead trolley sys- tem a trolley ear or insulator employed for anch- oring the trolley wire, or maintaining it taut, so as to ensure good and continuous contact with the trolley wheel. Anchored Filament. An incandescent lamp fila- ment supported as its centre to prevent injury to it by excessive vibration. Angle of Declination. The angle which measures the deviation of the magnetic needle to the east or west of the true geographical north. The angle of variation of a magnetic needle. Angle of Dip. The angle which a magnetic needle, free to move in both a vertical and horizontal plane, makes with the horizontal line passing through its point of support. The angle of in- clination of a magnetic needle. Angle of Inclination. The angle of dip. Angle of Lag of Current. An angle whose tangent is equal to the ratio of the inductive to the ohmic resistance in a circuit; whose cosine is equal to the ohmic resistance divided by the impedance of a circuit; and whose cosine is the ratio of the real to the apparent power in an alternating- current circuit. Electrical Dictionary 186 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Electrical Angle of Lead. The forward angular deviation _ . . from the normal position which must be given Dictionary to the collecting brushes on the commutator of a continuous-current generator in order to ob- tain quiet commutation. Angular Velocity. The velocity of a point moving relatively to a centre of rotation or to some se lected point, and usually measured in degrees per second, or in radians per second. In a sin- usoidal current circuit the product of 6.2832 and the frequency of the current. Anion. The electro-negative ion or radical of a molecule. Annunciator Drop. An annunciator signal whose dropping indicates the closing or opening of the circuit of a particular electromagnet connected therewith. Annunciator Wire. A class of insulated wire pre- pared for use in annunciator circuits (see page 94) . Anode. The conductor or plate of a decompo- sition cell connected with the positive terminal of a battery or other electric source. The ter- minal of an electric source out of which the cur- rent flows into the electrolyte of a decomposing cell or voltameter. In an electrolytic cell, bath, or receptive device, the terminal at which the current enters, as distinguished from the cathode, at which the current leaves. Anodic Currents. In a polarized voltaic couple immersed in acidulated water, the electric cur- rents produced by the agitation of the plate connected with the anode. Anomalous Magnet. A magnet possessing more than two free poles. Antenna. A vertical wire supported by a mast and grounded at its lower end through a spark gap. Used as an oscillator in sending wireless messages. Anti=induction Telephone Cable. A telephone cable in which the conductors are so arranged as to neutralize the effects of induction pro- duced by neighboring circuits. A telephone cable in which the effects of electrostatic in- duction from neighboring circuits is avoided by a metallic covering or sheathing that is grounded at suitable intervals. Aperiodic Galvanometer. A galvanometer whose needle comes to rest without any oscillation. A dead-beat galvanometer. Apparent Conductor=resistance. The impedance of a conductor which forms part of an alternat- ing current containing both resistance and re- actance. Apparent Efficiency. The efficiency of a genera- tor, motor, or other apparatus in an alternating- current circuit which equals the ratio of net power output to volt-ampere input. Apparent Electromotive Force. The E.M.F. ap- parently acting in a circuit as measured by the drop of pressure due to the resistance of the cir- cuit and the current strength passing through it. Apparent Power. In an alternating-current cir- cuit, the apparent watts, or the product ob- tained by multiplying the volts by the am- peres, as read directly from a voltmeter and ammeter. Apparent Reluctance. The reluctance of a mag- netic circuit, or portion thereof, under the in- fluence of a complex of such superposed mag- netic fluxes as may practically be developed, as distinguished from its reluctance under a single magnetizing force. Apparent Resistance. The impedance in an alter- nating-current circuit or portion thereof. Apparent Watts. The apparent power in an al- ternating-current circuit as distinguished from the real power. Arc. A voltaic arc. A portion of a circle or other plane conic section. Arc-lamp, Electric. The arc lamp is an electrical apparatus in which an electric arc is struck and maintained between two or more electrodes, giv- ing a brilliant illumination, the color and in- tensity of which depends upon the composition and diameter of the electrodes, the kind of cur- rent supplied and the watts consumed. Arc=lamp, Enclosed. An arc lamp in which the arc and exposed carbons are completely en- closed in a small inner globe which is nearly air- tight. Used in both alternating and direct cur- rent circuits. Arc=lamp, Flaming. See Flaming Arc Lamp. Arc=lamp Compensator. A reactive or chocking coil, placed in the circuit of a lamp for the pur- pose of automatically regulating the amount of current passing through the lamp. Arc=light Regulator. A device, generally auto- matic, for maintaining the carbons of an arc- lamp a constant distance apart during the opera- tion of the lamp. Arc, Voltaic. The brilliant light which appears between the electrodes or terminals, generally of carbon, of a sufficiently powerful source of electricity, when separated a short distance from each other. The source of light of the electric arc lamp. It is called the voltaic arc because it was first obtained by the use of the battery invented by Volta. The term arc was given to it from the shape of the luminous bow or arc formed be- tween the carbons. To form the voltaic arc the carbon electrodes are first placed in contact and then gradually separated. A brilliant arc of flame is formed between them, which consists mainly of volat- ilized carbon. The electrodes are consumed, first, by actual combination with the oxygen of the air; and, second, by volatilization under the combined influence of the electric current and the intense heat. As a result of the formation of the arc, a crater is formed at the end of the positive carbon, and appears to mark the point out of which the greater part of the current flows. The crater is due to the greater volatilization of the electrode at this point than elsewhere. It marks the position of highest temperature of the electrodes, and is the main source of the light of the arc. When, therefore, the voltaic arc is employed for the purpose of illumination with vertically opposed carbons, the positive carbon should be made the upper carbon, so that the focus of greatest intensity of the light may be favorably situated for illumination of the space below the lamp. When, however, it is desired to illumine the side of a building above an arc lamp, the lower carbon should be made positive. The positive carbon is consumed about twice as rapidly as the negative, both because the nega- tive oxygen attacks the points of the positive carbon, and because the positive carbon suffers the most rapid volatilization. Armature. A mass of iron or other magnetizable material placed on or near the poles of a mag- net. The armature of a dynamo-electric machine. Armature Bars. Heavy copper bars of rectan- gular or trapezoidal cross-section or of imbri- cated rectangular strips, or of rectangular bars of compressed stranded wire, or of special forg- ings, employed on large drum armatures in place of the ordinary wire windings. Heavy conductors employed for armature windings. Armature Binding Wires. Coils of wire bound on the outside of the armature wires for the pur- pose of preventing their separating from the armature core by centrifugal force. (See page 80.) Armature Bore. The space between the pole- pieces of a dynamo or motor provided for the rotation of the armature. Armature Core-discs. The thin discs of sheet- iron that form, when assembled, the laminated core of the armature of a dynamo or motor. Armature Core of Dynamo. The mass of lam- inated iron on which the armature coils or con- ductors of a dynamo or motor are placed. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 187 Armature Inductors. The bars, strips or coils placed on the dynamo armature core, in which electromotive forces are induced by rotation. Armature of Dynamo. Coils of insulated wire together with the iron core on or around which such coils are wound. That part of a dynamo in which useful differences of potential or use- ful currents are generated. Generally that part of a dynamo which is revolved between the pole-pieces of the field magnets. That mem- ber of a dynamo in which the magnetic flux is caused to successively fill and empty the coils and thereby generate E.M.F.'s. Armature Reaction. The reactive magnetic in- fluence produced by the current in the arma- ture of a dynamo or motor, on the magnetic circuit of the machine. Armature Slots. Slots provided in an armature core for the reception of the armature coils. Armature Spider. A metal frame-work keyed to the armature shaft, and provided with radial arms for firmly holding the armature core. Armature Stamping. Stampings of soft sheet iron intended for the core discs of a laminated arma- ture core. Armature Teeth. The armature core projections between armature slots. Armature Varnish. An insulating varnish some- times applied to armature windings for the pur- pose of increasing their powers of resisting moisture and friction. Armor of Cable. The protecting sheathing or metallic covering of a submarine or other elec- tric cable. (See page 149.) Arrester Plate of Lightning Protector. The ground-connected plate of a comb lightning- arrester. Artificial Cable. A circuit containing associated resistance and capacity, and employed in a system of duplex submarine telegraphy corres- ponding to the artificial line in duplex aerial line telegraphy. Asbestos. A hydrous silicate of magnesia, i. e., silicate of magnesia combined with water. A fire-proofing material sometimes used by itself or in connection with other material for insu- lating purposes. Astatic. Devoid of magnetic directive power. Astatic Couple. Two magnets of equal strength so placed one above the other in a vertical plane as completely to neutralize each other's effects. Astatic Galvanometer. A galvanometer provided with an astatic needle or circuit. Astatic Needle. A compound magnetic needle of great sensibility, possessing little or no directive power. An astatic needle consisting of two separate needles rigidly connected and placed parallel one directly over the other with oppo- site poles opposed. Asynchronism. Devoid of synchronism. Asynchronous Alternating-Current Motor. A motor whose speed is not synchronous with that of its driving generator, both machines having the same number of poles. Atonic Interrupter. This is a mechanical form of interrupter that can be adjusted to operate at any frequency within very wide limits. It is actuated by a magnetic core. Attachment Plug. A plug provided for insertion in a screw socket or spring jack, for the ready connection of a lamp or other receptive device to a circuit. Attraction, Electro=Magnetic. The mutual at- traction of the unlike poles of electro-magnets. Attraction, Electrostatic. The mutual attraction exerted between unlike electric charges, or bodies possessing unlike electric charges. Auto Balancer. An auto transformer for equaliz- ing the load or voltage when a three, or more, wire circuit is derived from a two-wire circuit. Auto=exciting. Self-exciting. Autographic Telegraphy. Facsimile telegraphy. A writing telegraph. Automatic Repeater. A telegraphic repeater which is automatically operated, in contradis- tinction to a manual repeater which is operated or controlled by hand. Electrical Automatic Circuit=breaker. A device for auto- Dictionary matically opening a circuit when the current passing through it is excessive. Automatic Contact=breaker. A device for causing an electric current to rapidly make and break its own circuit. Automatic Electric Bell. A trembling or vibrat- ing bell. An automatic electric alarm-bell. Automatic Switch. A switch which is automat- ically opened or closed on the occurrence of certain predetermined events. In double-cur- rent telegraphy an electro-magnetic switch which enables the distant station to stop the sending operator at the home station. Auto=starter. A self-starting mechanism. A self-starting ink-writer. A self-starting motor. Auto=transformer. A one-coil transformer con- sisting of a choking coil connected across a pair of alternating-current mains, and so arranged that a current or pressure differing from that supplied by the mains can be obtained from it by tapping the coil at different points. Called also a compensator. A transformer in which a part of the primary winding is used as the sec- ondary winding, or conversely. Average Efficiency of Motor. The efficiency of an electric motor based on its average or mean load. The ratio of all the work that a motor delivers in a given time to the electric energy it has absorbed in that time. Axes of Coordinates. A vertical and a horizontal line, usually intersecting each other at right angles, and called respectively the axes cf ordi- nates and abscissas, from which the ordinates and abscissas are measured. Axis of Abscissae or Abscissas. The horizontal line in the axes of co-ordinates. Axis of Magnetic Needle. A straight line drawn through a magnetic needle, and joining its poles. Axis of Ordinates. The vertical line, in the axes of co-ordinates. Azimuth and Range Telegraph. On a war-ship a combined telegraph to the guns of the azimuth and range of a target. B. 8 A symbol for magnetic flux-density, usually expressed in C.G.S. units per normal square centimetre. B.A. Ohm. The British Association ohm. The resistance of a column of mercury one square millimeter in area of normal cross-section, and 104.9 centimetres in length, at the temperature of zero centigrade. B.A. Unit. The British Association unit of re- sistance or ohm. B. & S. Q. A contraction for Brown and Sharpe's wire gauge. B.T.U. A contraction for British thermal unit. A contraction for Board of Trade unit. B.W.Q. A contraction for Birmingham wire gauge. Back Ampere=turns. Ampere-turns on a dynamo armature which tend to oppose the flux pro- duced by the field magnets. Back Electromotive Force. A term sometimes used for counter-electromotive force. Back Induction. An induction opposed to the field and tending to weaken or neutralize it. Back Pitch. The backward pitch of the armature windings. Back=turns of Armature. Those turns on an armature whose current tends to demagnetize the field. The back ampere-turns. Balanced Circuit. A telephonic, telegraphic or other circuit which has been so erected and ad- justed as to be free from mutual inductive dis- turbances from neighboring circuits. 188 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE C O M P A N Y Electrical Balanced Load. A load which is symmetrically . divided between two or more generating units, Dictionary as in the three-wire, five-wire multiple, or poly- phase systems of distribution. Balanced Resistance. A resistance so placed in a bridge or balance as to be balanced by the remaining resistances in the bridge. Balancing Coil of Armature. An auxiliary field- winding in series with an armature, and having its magnetomotive force equal and opposite to that of the armature current, so that their total magnetic effect upon the field is zero, and the field flux remains unchanged at all loads. Balancing Relay. A differentially wound relay. Ballistic Galvanometer. A galvanometer de- signed to measure the total quantity of elec- tricity in a discharge lasting for a brief interval, as, for example, the current caused by the dis- charge of a condenser. A galvanometer, in which the movable part is as little damped as possible, suitable for measuring electric charges or discharges, and usually adjusted to have a long period of vibration or slow swing. Bank of Lamps. A group of electric lamps col- lected together in a common structure, usually for the purpose of obtaining a load. Bar Armature. An armature whose conductors are formed of bars. Barretter. A special and very sensitive form of thermal detector of Marconi signals. Used as a receiver for wireless messages. It consists of a fine platinum wire about .00006" in diameter and a few hundredths of an inch long, connected in series with a small source of E.M.F. and a telephone receiver. Designed by Professor R. A. Fessenden. Barrow=reel. A reel supported on a barrow for convenience in paying out an overhead con- ductor during its installation. Battery. A name frequently used for an electric- battery. Battery, Dry. A number of separate dry voltaic cells combined so as to act as a single source. Battery, Closed=circuit. A voltaic battery which may be kept constantly on close-circuit without serious polarization. The gravity battery is a closed circuit bat- tery. As employed for use on most telegraph lines, it is maintained on a closed circuit. When an operator wishes to use the line he opens his switch, thus breaking the circuits and calling his correspondent. Such batteries should not polarize. Battery, Electric. A general name applied to the combination, as a single source of a number of separate electric sources. Battery, Galvanic. Two or more separate voltaic cells so arranged as to form a single source. Battery Gauge. A form of portable galvanom- eter suitable for ordinary battery testing work. Battery Jar. A jar provided for holding the electrolyte of each of the separate cells of a primary or secondary battery. Battery, Open-circuit. A voltaic battery which is normally on open-circuit, and which is used continuously only forcomparatively small dura- tions of time in closed-circuit. Battery Pole-changer. A form of transmitter em- ployed in duplex telegraphy for readily revers- ing the direction of the main battery so as to send signals to the line. Battery, Secondary. The combination of a num- ber of separate secondary or storage cells, so as to form a single electric source. Battery Solution. The exciting liquid or electro- lyte of a primary or secondary cell. Battery, Storage. A number of separate storage cells connected so as to form a single electric source. Battle Circuit. A circuit on a warship, connected with the conning tower and provided for use during action. Beaded Cable. A form of cable employed for high-tension transmission, provided with a sheathing of strung porcelain beads. Beg=ohms. One billion ohms, or one thousand megohms. Belt Circuit. A series lighting circuit extending in the form of a wide loop, belt, or circle, as opposed to a circuit formed of two closely as- sociated parallel wires. Belt, Electric. A belt suitably shaped so as to be capable of being worn on the body, consisting either of imaginary or real voltaic or thermo- electric couples, and employed for its alleged therapeutic effects. Bicro. A prefix for one-billionth, one thousand millionth, or io 9 . Bifilar Suspension. Suspension by means of par- allel vertical wires or fibres as distinguished from suspension by a single wire or fibre. Bifilar Winding. The method of winding em- ployed in resistance coils to obviate the effects of self-induction, in which the wire, instead of being wound in one continuous length, is doubled on itself before winding. Bight of Cable. A single loop or bend of cable. Bimetallic Wire. A compound telephone or telegraph wire consisting of a steel core and a copper envelope, suitable for long-span over- head-construction. Binding Post. A metallic binding screw, rigidly fixed to some apparatus or support, and em- ployed for conveniently making firm electric connections. Binding Wire. Coils of wire, wound on the out- side of the armature coils and at right angles thereto, to prevent the loosening of the arma- ture coils during rotation by centrifugal force. (See page 80.) Bioscopy, Electric. The determination of the presence of life or death by the passage of elec- tricity through the nerves or muscles. Bipolar. Having two poles. Bipolar Armature. An armature suitable for use in a bipolar field. Bipolar Armature=winding. Any armature wind- ing suitable for use in a bipolar field. Bipolar Dynamp=electric Machine. A dynamo- electric machine with a bipolar field. Bird Cage, Electri;. A bird-cage-shaped wire screen employed by Hertz in his investiga- tions of the propagation of electro-magnetic waves for screening the spark micrometer. Birmingham Wire Gauge. An English wire gauge. (See page 22.) Black Lead. Plumbago or graphite. Blasting, Electric. The electric ignition of pow- der or other explosive material in a blast. Bleaching, Electri :. A bleaching process in which the bleaching agents are liberated as required by electrolytic decomposition. Block Rate. Method of charging for electric ser- vice at different successive rates per kilowatt- hour consumed, each successive rate applying only to a corresponding successive block or quantity of the total current purchased during the period covered; as an example, during each month io kilowatt-hours or less at 15 cents per kilowatt-hour. The next io kilowatt-hours over the first are charged for at 12 cents per kilowatt-hour. All current in excess of the foregoing 20 kilowatt-hours is charged for at io cents per kilowatt-hour. Blow. To melt or fuse a safety fuse. Blowing a Fuse. The fusion or volatilization of a fuse wire or safety strip by the current passing through it. Blowing Point of Fuse. The current strength at which a fuse blows or melts. Board of Trade Unit. A unit of electric supply, or the energy contained in a current of 1,000 amperes flowing for one hour under a pressure of one volt. A kilowatt-hour. Bobbin, Electric. A ceil of insulated wire suitable for the passage of an electric current for any purpose, as, for example, energizing an electro- magnet. Bolt. A lightning discharge. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES Bond, Electric Rail. See Rail Bond, Electric. (See page 67.) Booster. A dynamo, inserted in series in a special feeder or group of feeders in a distribu- tion system, for the purpose of raising the pres- sure of that feeder or group of feeders above that of the rest of the system. Bore, Armature. The space provided between the pole pieces of a dynamo or motor for the rotation of the armature. Boucherizing. A process for preserving wooden telegraph poles, or railroad sleepers, by inject- ing a solution of copper sulphate into the pores of the wood. Bound Charge. The condition of a charge on a conductor placed near another conductor, but separated from it by a medium through which electrostatic induction can take place. Bracket=arm. An arm supported by a bracket for carrying a line insulator. Brake, Prony. A mechanical device for measur- ing the power of a driving shaft. Braided Wire. A wire covered with a braiding of insulating material. Branch Block. A porcelain block provided with suitable grooves in which the terminals or con- ductors are placed for connecting a pair of branch wires to the mains. Branch Circuits. Additional circuits provided at points of a circuit where the current branches or divides, part of the current flowing through the branch, and the remainder flowing through the original circuit. A shunt circuit. Branch Conductor. A conductor placed in a branch or shunt circuit. A smaller or sub- conductor tapping a main. Branch Cut=out. A safety fuse or cutout, in- serted between a pair of branch wires and the mains supplying them. Brass. An alloy of copper and zinc. Break=down Switch. A panel switch employed in small three-wire systems, for connecting the positive and negative bus-bars so as to con- vert the system into a two- wire system, and thus, in case of a break-down, to permit the system to be supplied with current from a single dynamo. Break, Mercury. A form of circuit breaker oper- ated by the removal of a conductor from the mercury surface. Mercury breaks assume a variety of forms. One end of the circuit is connected with the mercury, and the other with the conductor. Breaking Down of Insulation. The failure of an insulating material, as evidence by the disrup- tive passage of an electric discharge through it. Breast Plate. The breast support for the micro- phone transmitter of a central telephone sta- tion operator. Bridge Arms. The arms of an electric bridge or balance. Bridge Duplex. The bridge method of duplex telegraphy, as distinguished from the differen- tial method. Bridge, Electric. A device whereby an unknown electric resistance is readily measured. A de- vice for measuring an unknown resistance by comparison with two fixed resistances and an adjustable resistance. Bridge=wire. The wire in a Wheatstone's Bridge in which the galvanometer is inserted. Bridging Coils. In telephony, coils which are connected across a telephone circuit, as dis- tinguished from coils placed in series in the circuit. Bridging Relay. In telephony or telegraphy a relay which is connected in shunt across a cir- cuit instead of in series. Britannia Joint. A telegraphic or telephonic joint in which the ends of the wires are laid side-by-side bound together, and subsequently soldered. Bronze. An alloy of copper and tin. Brush=and=Spray Discharge. A streaming form of high-potential discharge possessing the appear- ance of a spray of silvery white sparks, or of a Electrical branch of thin silvery sheets around a powerful brush, obtained by increasing the frequency of Dictionary the alternations. Brush Discharge. The faintly luminous dis- charge which takes place from a positive charged pointed conductor. Brush Rocker. In a dynamo or motor any device for shifting the position of the brushes on the commutator cylinder. Brushes of Dynamo=electric Machines. Strips of metal bundles of wire or wire gauze, slit plates of metal, or plates of carbon, that bear on the commutator cylinder of a dynamo, and carry off the current generated. Bucking. A term employed in the operation of street-railway passenger cars for a sudden stopping of the car as if by a collision, due to opposition between two motors. Bug. A term employed in quadruplex telegraphy to designate any fault in the operation of the apparatus. Generally, a fault in the operation of any electric apparatus. A particular fault or difficulty in quadruplex telegraphy consisting of an interference between the A and B-sides. " Building=up " of Dynamo. The action whereby a dynamo-electric machine rapidly reaches its maximum E.M.F. after starting. " Built-up " Magnet. A composite permanent magnet. Bulb, Lamp. The chamber or globe in which the filament of an incandescent electric lamp is placed. The chamber or globe of a lamp must be of such construction as to enable the high vacuum necessary to the operation of the lamp to be maintained. Bunched Cable. A cable containing more than a single wire or conductor. Burglar-alarm, Electric. An electric device for automatically announcing the opening of a door, window, or safe, or the passage of a per- son through a hallway, or on a stairway. Burglar=alarm Matting. A matting provided with a number of invisible contacts connected with an alarm bell, whose circuits are closed by treading on the matting. Burn-out. The destruction of an armature, or any part of an electric apparatus, by the pas- sage of an excessive current due to short-cir- cuit or other cause. Burner, Electric. A gas-burner that is capable of being electrically lighted. Bus. A word generally used instead of omnibus. Heavy copper bar conductors usually attached to switch-boards, etc. Bus=bars. Heavy bars of conducting metal con- nected directly to the poles of one or more dynamo-electric machines, and, therefore, re- ceiving the entire current produced by the machines. Busy Test. A simple test whereby a telephone operator at a multiple switchboard can readily tell whether any wire or circuit connected with the switchboard is or is not in use at any mo- ment of time. Butt Joint. An end-to-end joint. A joint ef- fected in wires by placing the wires end on end subsequently soldering or welding them. Buzzer, Electric. A call, not as loud as that of an electric bell, employing a humming sound by the use of a sufficiently rapid automatic con- tact-breaker. A telephone receiver for Morse circuits employing a vibrating contact key. C. A contraction for Centigrade. C. A symbol used for capacity. Farad. .ty. The defining equation is C . The same symbol is often used for current. 190 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Electrical C.E.M.F. A contraction for counter electro- . . motive force. Dictionary c.c. A contraction for cubic centimetre, the C.G.S. unit of volume. cm. An abbreviation for centimetre, the C.G.S. unit of length. C.P. A contraction for candle-power. C 2 R. Activity. The I 2 R activity, which see. C 2 R. Loss. The loss of energy in a conductor due to the ohmic resistance and the current strength. (Seepage 19.) C.G.S. Units. The centimetre-gramme-second units. Cable. An electric cable. A message trans- mitted by means of an electric cable. Cable Box. A box provided for the reception and protection of a cable head. Cable Casing. The metallic sheathing of a cable. Cable Clip. A term sometimes used for cable hanger. Cable Core. The insulated conducting wires of an electric cable. The electrically essential portion of a cable as distinguished from its sheath or protection. Cable Currents. Various currents that exist in a submarine cable and interfere with the testing, consisting of earth currents, electrostatic charge and discharge currents, and polarization currents due to a fault or break. A current flowing through a cable in the absence of any impressed E.M.F. The current which tends to flow in a broken cable from the exposed copper conductor at the fracture to the iron sheathing through the apparatus at the station. Cable Drum. In cable machinery, a drum on which cable is wound for coiling, shipping, lay- ing, or turning over. A drum or reel on which cable is wound for transport. Cable, Duplex. A conductor consisting of two separate cables placed parallel to each other. The duplex cable is used especially in the al- ternating current system. Cable, Electric. A combination of an extended length of a single insulated electric conductor, or of two or more separate insulated electric conductors, covered externally with a metallic sheathing or armor. Cable Fault. Any failure in the proper working of a cable due either to a total or partial frac- ture of the cable or to a heavy electric leakage. Cablegram. A telegraph message received by cable Cable Grip. The grip provided for holding the end of an underground cable while it is being drawn into a duct. In a cable road the grip by means of which a car is driven by the moving cable. Cable Head. A rectangular board provided with binding posts and fuse wires for the purpose of receiving the wires of overhead lines where they enter a cable. Cable House. A hut provided for securing and protecting the end of a submarine cable when it is landed. Cable Lead. A lead formed of a cable of several stranded conductors, as distinguished from a lead containing a single conductor. Cable Rack. A rack placed at the back of a mul- tiple telephone switchboard for supporting the cabled switchboard conductors and providing ready access to the same. Cable, Submarine. A cable designed for use under water. (See page 164.) Cable Telegraph. A general term including all the apparatus employed in cable telegraphy Cable Terminal. A water-tight covering pro- vided at the free end of a telephone cable to prevent injury to the cable's insulation by the moisture of the air. Cable Transformer. An alternating-current trans- former in which the primary and secondary conductors have the form of a cable overlaid by an iron sheath or magnetic circuit. Cable Vault. A vault provided in a building where cables enter from underground conduits, and where the cables are opened and connected to fusible plugs or safety catches. Cable, Underground. An electric cable placed underground. See index. Cable Well. A cable tank. Cage Lightning=Protectqr. A term sometimes employed for a lightning protector, consisting of wires in the form of a cage surrounding the body to be protected. Calculagraph. A machine employed in long- distance telephony for registering the time during which the use of a line by a subscriber continues. Calling Plug. That plug of a pair of plugs, at a central telephone switchboard, which is inserted in the jack of the subscriber wanted and through which that subscriber is called up. Call Signal. In telegraphy, the signal or group of signals indicating the particular station called. Call Wire. A speaking wire. A wire connecting two telephone exchanges, for the purpose of transmitting instructions, as distinguished from a wire employed for establishing com- munication between subscribers. A wire employed for calling the attention of a cen- tral-station operator by a subscriber, as dis- tinguished from the wires through which he communicates with other subscribers. Calorie. A heat unit. The quantity of heat re- quired to raise i gramme of water i centigrade. Calorimeter, Electric. An instrument for measur- ing the heat developed in a given time in any conductor, by an electric current. Candle. A unit of photometric intensity. The photometric intensity which would be produced by a standard candle burning at the rate of two grains per minute. Candle=foot. A unit of illumination equal to that normally produced by a standard British can- dle, at a distance of one foot, and sometimes called a lux. Candle=Lumen. The total flux of light from a source is equal to its mean spherical intensity multiplied by 477". The unit of flux is called the lumen. A lumen is the th part of the total flux of light emitted by a source having a mean spherical intensity of one candle-power. A hefner-lumen is 0.90 lumen. Candle=power. The intensity of light emitted by a luminous body estimated in standard candles. The photometric intensity of one standard candle. The hefner =0.9 this unit. Caoutchouc. A resinous substance possessing high powers of electric insulating, obtained from the milky juice of certain tropical trees. India rubber. Cap Wire. An overhead wire carried on the summit of a pole, as distinguished from an over- head wire carried on a cross-arm. Capability, Electric, of a Dynamo. The ratio of the square of the E.M.F to the brushes, divided by the internal resistance of the machine. Capacity Circuit. A circuit containing capacity but no inductance. Capacity Current of Cable. The current in a cable due to its capacity. The charging or dis- charging current in a cable. Capacity, Electrostatic. The quantity of elec- tricity which must be imparted to a given body or conductor as a charge, in order to raise its potential a certain amount. (See Potential, Electric) The electrostatic capacity of a conductor is not unlike the capacity of a vessel filled with a liquid or gas. A certain quantity of liquid will fill a given vessel to a level dependent on the size or capacity of the vessel. In the same manner a given quantity of electricity will pro- duce, in a conductor or condenser, a certain difference of electric level, or difference of po- tential, dependent on the electrical capacity of the conductor or condenser. ELECTRICA WIRES AND CABLES 191 In the same manner, the smaller the ca- pacity of a conductor, the smaller is the charge required to raise it to a given potential, or the higher the potential a given charge will raise it. The capacity C, of a conductor or condenser, is therefore directly proportional to the charge Q, and inversely proportional to the potential E ; or, From which we obtain Q=CE. The quantity of electricity required to charge a conductor or condenser to a given potential is equal to the capacity of the conductor or con- denser multiplied by the potential through which it is raised. Capacity, Electrostatic, Unit of. Such a capacity of a conductor or condenser that an electro- motive force of one volt will charge it with a quantity of electricity equal to one coulomb. The farad. (See Farad.) Capacity Factor. Ratio of the station output in kilowatt-hours to the maximum capacity of the station in kilowatts. Capacity Load. The apparent load or current of a high-tension generator due to the capacity of the distributing conductors as distinguished from the load or current usefully distributed. Capacity of Cable. The quantity of electricity required to raise a given length of cable to a given potential, divided by the potential. In a multiple cable, the amount of charge at unit potential which any single conductor will take up, the rest of the conductors being grounded. The ability of a conducting wire or cable to per- mit a certain quantity of electricity to be passed into it before acquiring a certain potential. Capacity of Line. The ability of a line to act as a condenser, and, therefore, like it, to possess capacity. Capacity Pressure. In a condenser connected with a source of alternating currents, a pressure in phase with the condenser current. A pres- sure due to a capacity. The pressure at the terminals of a condenser. Capacity Reactance. The reactance of a con- denser due to it? capacity. The condensance. Capacity, Specific Inductive. See Specific In- ductive Capacity. Capillary Electrometer. An electrometer in which difference of potential is measured by the move- ments of a drop of sulphuric acid in a tube filled with mercury. Car=brake, Electric. A car-brake that is operated by the electric current produced by the motor acting as a generator when the current is turned off and the car is rapidly moving. Car Controller. A device placed at each end of the platform of a trolley car, under the control of the motorman for starting, stopping, re- versing or changing the velocity of a trolley car. A series-parallel car-controller. Car=heater, Electric. An electric heater consist- ing essentially of suitably supported coils of insulated wire traversed by an electric current. Carbon. An elementary substance which occurs naturally in three distinct allotropic forms; graphite, charcoal and the diamond. Carbon Arc. A voltaic arc formed between car- 'bon electrodes. Carbon Holder. A device employed in an arc lamp for supporting the lower or negative carbon. Carbon Rheostat. An adjustable resistance formed of carbon plates or powder whose re- sistance can be varied by pressure. Carcel. A French photometric standard of light. The light emitted by a lamp of definite dimen- sions burning 42 grammes of Colza oil in an hour, with a flame 40 millimetres in height. Cardew Voltmeter. A voltmeter whose indica- tions are obtained by the expansion of a long fine wire by the passage through it of the cur- Electrical rent to be measured. . Carrying Capacity. The maximum current Dictionary strength that any conductor can safely trans- mit. (See page 1 8.) Cascade Connection. A term sometimes em- ployed for series connection. Casings. Grooves or panelled channels for carry- ing wires in a house. Catenary Curve. The curve described by the sag- ging of a wire, under its own weight, when stretched between two points of support. Catenary Trolley Construction. A trolley wire that is suspended at frequent intervals from a messenger wire. (See page 77.) Cathode. The conductor or plate of an electro- decomposition cell connected with the negative terminal of a battery or other electric source. The terminal of an electric source into which the current flows from the electrolyte of a de- composition cell or voltameter. The electrode of a bath, tube, body, or device by which the current leaves the same. The negative elec- trode. Cathode Rays. Radiation emitted from the cathode or negative electrode of a Crookes or X-ray tube. Cautery, Electric. The application to the human body of variously shaped platinum wires, heated to incandescence by the electric current, for removing diseased growths, or for stopping hemorrhages. Ceiling Board. An arc-light hanger board. Cell, Electrolytic. A cell or vessel containing an electrolyte, in which electrolysis is carried on. An electrolytic cell is called a voltameter when the value of the current passing is deduced from the weight of the metal deposited. Cell, Voltaic. (See Voltaic Cell.) CeU of Primary or Secondary Battery. A battery jar of a primary or secondary battery contain- ing a single couple and its electrolyte. Centigramme. The hundredth of a gramme; or, 0.1543 grain avoirdupois. Centimeter. The hundredth of a metre; or, 0.3937 inch. Centimeter=Qramme=Second System. A system based on the centimeter as the unit length, the gramme as the unit of mass, and the second at the unit of time. Center of Distribution. In a system of incandes- cent distribution any point at which the supply current is branched or radially disturbed to mains, to submains, or to translating devices. Change=over Switch. A switch provided in a cen- tral station for transferring a working circuit from one dynamo to another, or from one bat- tery of dynamos to another. Characteristic Curve. A diagram in which a curve is employed to represent the relation of certain varying values. A curve indicating the charac- teristic properties of a dynamo-electric machine under various phases of operation. A curve indicating the electromotive force of a genera- tor, as a variable dependent on the excitation . Charge Current on Telegraphic Line. The current produced by the initial rush of electricity into a telegraph line on the closing of the circuit. Charge Bound. The condition of an electric charge on a conductor placed near another con- ductor, but separated from it by a medium through which electrostatic induction can take place. Charge, Electric. The quantity of electricity that exists on the surface of an insulated electrified conductor. Charging Current. The current employed in charging a storage battery or accumulator. Chatterton's Compound. An insulating com- pound for cementing together the alternate coatings of gutta-percha employed on a cable conductor, or for filling up the space between the stranded conductors. AMERICAN STEEL WIRE COMPANY Electrical Chemical Battery. A name sometimes given to a r^. . voltaic telegraph battery as distinguished from Dictionary a dynamo. Chemical Equivalent. The quotient obtained by dividing the atomic weight of an elementary substance by its atomicity. The ratio be- tween the quantity of an element and the quan- tity of hydrogen it is capable of replacing. The quantity of an elementary substance that is capable of combining with or replacing one atom of hydrogen. Choke Coil. A reactance used in connection with lightning arresters and placed in series with the line to be protected. Choking Coil. A' coil of wire so wound on a core of iron as to possess high self-induction when used on alternating-current circuits. (See Re- actance Coils.) Chronograph, Electric. An electric apparatus for automatically measuring and registering small intervals of time. Circuit Breaker. Any device for opening or breaking a circuit. Circuit, Electric. The path in which electricity circulates or passes from a given point, around or through a conducting path, back again to its starting point. All simple circuits consist of the following parts, viz: (1) Of an electric source .which may be a voltaic battery, a thermopile, a dynamo-elec- tric machine, or any other means for producing electricity. (2) Of leads or conductors for carrying the electricity out from the source, through what- ever apparatus is placed in the line, and back again to the source. (3) Various electro-receptive devices, such as electro-magnets, electrolytic baths, electric motors, electric heaters, etc., through which passes the current by which they are actuated or operated. Circuit Indicator. A rough form of galvanometer employed to indicate the presence and direction of a current in a circuit, and, in some cases, to roughly indicate its strength. Circuit, Multiple. A compound circuit in which a number of separate sources or separate electro- receptive devices, or both, have all their posi- tive poles connected to a single positive lead or conductor, and all their negative poles to a single negative lead or conductor. Circuit, Multiple=Arc. A term often used for multiple circuit. Circuit, Open. A broken circuit. A circuit, the conducting continuity of which is broken. Circuit, Parallel. A name sometimes applied to circuits connected in multiple. (See Circuit, Multiple) Circuit, Series. A compound circuit in which the separate sources, or the separate electro-recep tive devices, or both, are so placed that the current produced in each, or passed through each, passes successively through the entire circuit from the first to the last. Circuit, Short. A shunt or by-path of compara- tively small resistance around the poles of an electric source, or around any portion of a cir- cuit, by which so much of the current passes through the new path, as virtually to cut out the part of the circuit around which it is placed, and so prevent it from receiving an appreciable current. Circuit, Shunt. A branch or additional circuit provided at any part of a circuit, through which the current branches or divides, part flowing through the original circuit, and part through ^ the new branch. Circular Mil. A unit of area employed in measur- ing the cross-section of wires, equal, approxi- mately, to 0.7854. square mils. The area of a circle one mil in diameter. (See page 21.) Circular Millaze. The areas of cross-sections of wires or conductors expressed in circular mils. Clearance. The gap space between the surface of a rotating armature and the opposed polar surface of the field magnets of a dynamo or motor. Clearing=out Drops. Electro-magnetic drop- shutters placed in a telephone exchange in cir- . cuit with a pair of communicating subscribers, so that the falling of the shutter when they "ring off" indicates that the conversation is ended. Ring-off drops. Clearing Signal. A ring-off signal. A signal in a telephone exchange to indicate that a telephonic conversation has ended. Cleat, Electric, A suitable shaped piece of wood, porcelain, hard-rubber or other non-conducting material used for fastening and supporting electric conductors to ceilings and walls. Clock Meter. An electric meter in which clock- work is employed. Clockwise Motion. A rotary motion whose direc- tion is the same as that of the hands of a clock, viewed from the face. Closed=circuit Transformer. A term sometimes employed for closed iron-circuit transformer. CIosed=circuit Voltmeter. A voltmeter intended to be in permanent connection with the pressure it is designed to measure. Closed=coil Winding. Any winding by which the armature coils are connected in closed circuit during the operation of the machine. Closed Magnetic Circuit. A magnetic circuit which lies wholly in iron or other substance of high magnetic permeability. Closet System of Parallel Distribution. A system of parallel distribution and house wiring in which the various receptive devices are collected in groups each of which is supplied with a separate and independent supply circuit back to the service; as distinguished from a tree system. Coefficient of Expansion. The fractional in- crease in the length of a bar or rod, when heated from 32 to 33 degrees Fahr., or from o to i de- gree Cent. Coefficient of Hysteresis. The work expended hysteretically in a cubic-centimetre of iron, or other magnetic substance, in a single cycle of unit magnetic flux density. The coefficient which multiplied by the volume of iron, the frequency of alternation, and the i-6th power of the maximum flux density gives the hyster- etic activity. Coefficient of Inductance. A constant quantity such that, when multiplied by the current strength passing through any coil or circuit, will numerically represent the flux linkage with that coil or circuit due to that current. A term sometimes used for coefficient of self-induction. The ratio of the C.E.M.F. of self-induction in a coil or circuit to the time-rate-of-change of the inducing current. Coefficient of Induction. A term sometimes used for coefficient of magnetic induction. Coefficient of Mutual Inductance. The ratio of the electromotive force induced in a circuit to the rate-of-change of the inducing current in a magnetically associated circuit. The ratio of the total flux-linkage with a circuit proceeding from an associated inducing circuit, to the strength of current flowing in the latter. Coefficient of Self=induction. Self-inductance. The ratio in anv circuit of the flux induced by and linked with a current, to the strength of that current. The ratio in any circuit of the E.M.F. of self-induction to the rate-of-change of the current. Coherer. A detector of electro-magnetic waves consisting of conducting particles forming a semi-conducting bridge between two electrodes Coil, Electric. A convolution of insulated wire through which an electric current may be passed. A number of turns of wire, or a spool of wire, through which an electric current may be passed. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES Coil, Induction. An apparatus consisting of two parallel coils of insulated wire employed for the production of currents by mutual induction. A rapidly interrupted battery current, sent through a coil of wire called the primary coil, induces alternating currents in a coil of wire called the secondary coil. As heretofore made, the primary coil con- sists of a few turns of a thick wire, and the secondary coil of many turns, often thousands, of fine wire. Such coils are generally called Ruhmkorff coils, from the name of a celebrated manufacturer of them. Cold Light. Luminous radiation unaccompanied by obscure radiation. Radiation confined within the limits of the visible spectrum. The light of a fire-fly or glow-worm. Collation. The repetition of a message or im- portant parts of the same by an operator at a telegraph station who has received it over the line, to the transmitting operator at the send- ing station. Collecting Rings for Alternators. Metallic rings connected with the terminals of the armature coils of an alternator on which brushes rest to carry off the alternating currents. Collector, Electric. Devices employed for col- lecting electricity from a moving electric source. Collector of Alternators. The collecting rings. Comb Lightning=arrester. A form of lightning- arrester in which the line wires are connected to two metallic plates provided with serrations like the teeth of a comb, and placed near to an- other ground-connected plate, which may or may not be furnished with similar serrations. " Come Along." A small portable vise capable of ready attachment to an aerial telegraph or telephone cable, and used in connection with a line dynamometer to pull up the wire to its proper tension. Commercial Efficiency. The useful or available energy produced by any machine or apparatus divided by the total energy it absorbs. Common Return. A return conductor common to several circuits. Commutating Machine. A rotary transformer. Commutation. The act of commuting or causing a number of electromotive forces or currents to take one and the same direction. Commutation, Diameter of. In a dynamo-elec- tric machine a diameter on the commutator cylinder on one side of which the difference of potential, produced by the movement of the coils through the magnetic field, tend to pro- duce a current in a direction opposite to those on the other side. That diameter on the commutator cylinder of an open-circuited armature that joins the points of contact of the collecting brushes. Commutator. Any device for changing in one portion of a circuit the directions of electro- motive forces or currents in another portion. A device for changing alternating into con- tinuous currents, or vice versa. Commutator Bar. One of the insulated segments of a commutator. Commutator Coils. Coils wound around an armature core for the purpose of preventing sparking, connected at one of their ends to the main windings at points between the coil sec- tions, and at the other end, to the commutator segments. Commutator Segments. The insulated bars of a commutator. Compensated Alternator. A separately excited alternator, which automatically compensates for the drop in voltage in its armature, or in its armature or the line, by sending around its field a rectified portion of the main current, or of the current derived from a series transformer in the main circuit. Compensated Galvanometer. A differential gal- vanometer for indicating pressure at a distant point of a continuous-current circuit, having one coil in shunt and the other in series with Electrical said circuit. Compensated Resistance-coil. A resistance-coil Dictionary so arranged as to be compensated for the effect of temperature upon its resistance. Compensated Voltmeter. A central-station volt- meter connected to the bus-bars in such a manner that its indications are automatically corrected for the drop of pressure in some particular feeder or group of feeders, so that its readings correspond to the pressure supplied to the mains. Compensated Wattmeter. A wattmeter so wound as to be compensated for the effect of reactance in its shunt circuit. Compensating Line. An artificial line employed in duplex telegraphy. Compensating Pole. A small bar electro-magnet, or electro-magnetic coil, placed perpendicu- larly between the pole-pieces of a dynamo to compensate for the cross magnetization of the armature currents. Compensator. An auto-transformer. Compensator Potential Regulator. Sometimes called Contact Regulators. An apparatus in which a number of turns of one of the coils are adjustable. Complete Wave. Two successive alternations, of a double alternation of a periodically-alter- nating quantity. A cycle. Complex Quantities. Any quantity made up of two parts, one of which is measured along an axis of reference, and the other in a direction at right angles to such axis, these axes being sometimes described as the real and imaginary axes respectively. Components of Impedance. The energy com- ponent or effective resistance and the wattless component or effective reactance. Composite Excitation. Any excitation of the field magnets of a dynamo in which more than a single winding is employed, such as a shunt and a series winding. Composite Field. The field of a compositely- excited dynamo. Composite Wire. A wire provided with a steel core and an external copper sheath, possessing sufficient tensile strength to enable it to be used in long spans without excessive sagging. A bimetallic wire. Compound. An asphaltic composition employed in the sheathing of submarine cables. A term often applied to insulating materials. Compound Alternator. A compound-wound al- ternator. Compound Magnet. A number of single magnets placed parallel, side by side, and with their similar poles adjacent. Compound Winding. A method of winding dy- namos or motors in which both shunt and series coils are placed on the field magnets. Concentric Cable. A cable provided with both a leading and return conductor insulated from each other, and forming respectively the central core or conductor, and the enclosing tubular conductor. A cable having concentric con- ductors. (See Index.) Concentric Conductors. Cylindrical coaxial con- ductors insulated from each other. Concentric Mains. Mains employing concentric cables. Condensance. Capacity reactance. Condenser. A device for increasing the capacity of an insulated conductor by bringing it near another earth-connected conductor but sep- arated therefrom by any medium that will permit electrostatic induction to take place through its mass. Any variety of electrostatic accumulator. Condenser Capacity. The capacity of a condenser. Condenser Circuit. Any circuit in which a con- denser is inserted. Condenser Pressure. The difference of potential at the terminals of a condenser. 194 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Electrical Conduct. To pass electricity through conducting . substances. To carry, or to possess the power Dictionary of carrying an electric current. Conductance. A word sometimes used in place of conducting power. The reciprocal of resist- ance. In a continuous-current circuit the ratio of the current strength to the E.M.F. In an alternating-current circuit the quantity whose square added to the square of the suscep- tance is equal to the square of the admittance. Conductance, Electric. Conducting power for electricity. Conduction, Electric. The so-called flow or pas- sage of electricity through a metallic or other similar substance. The ability of a substance to determine the direction in which electric energy shall be transmitted through the ether surrounding it. The ability of a substance to determine the direction in which a current of electricity shall pass from one point to another. Conduction, Electrolytic. A term sometimes em- ployed to indicate the passage of electricity through an electrolyte. Conductive. Possessing the power of conducting. Conductivity, Electric. The reciprocal of electric resistivity. The conductance of a substance referred to unit dimensions. Conductivity Resistance. The resistance offered by a substance to electric conduction or to the passage of electricity through its mass. Conductor. Any substance which will permit the so-called passage of an electric current. A substance which possesses the ability of de- termining the direction in which electric energy shall pass through the ether in the dielectric surrounding it. Conduit, Electric. An underground space, either single or provided with a number of separate spaces called ducts, employed for the reception of electric wires or cables. Conduit Trolley=system. A single or double- trolley-system in which the trolley wire or wires are placed in an underground slotted conduit, the trolley wheel being replaced by a plow or sled pushed or drawn through the slot. Connecting Jack. A jack for introducing a loop into a telephone circuit. Connecting Sleeve. A metallic sleeve employed as a connector for readily joining the ends of two or more wires. Connection in Cascade. A term sometimes em- ployed for connection in series. Connection, Multiple. Such a connection of a number of separate electric sources, or electro- receptive devices, or circuits, that all the posi- tive terminals are connected to one main or positive conductor, and all the negative termi- nals are conducted to one main or negative conductor. Connection, Series. The connection of a number of separate electric sources, or electro-receptive devices, or circuits, so that the current passes successively from the first to the last in the cir- cuit. Consequent Pole. A magnet pole formed by two free north or two free south poles placed to- gether. A magnet pole developed at some point of a magnet other than its extremities. Consonance. A phase agreement between two simple-periodic waves or vibrations. The re- inforcement of sound waves, or their increase in intensity, by means of vibrating bodies that are . not in resonance with, or are tuned to vibrate in unison with, the sounding body. Forced unison. Consonance, Electric. In an alternating-current circuit the co-phasing of the impressed E.M.F. with the primary current, due to the influence of capacity in an inductively associated secondary circuit. A circuit in which the capacity and the inductance are equal and opposite in effect. Constant. Of an electrical instrument is that quantity which used as a factor with indications of instruments gives results in the desired unit. Of a watt-hour meter is 3600 x watt-hours passing through the circuit during one revolu- tion of the meter disc. Constant Current. A direct current or one that always flows in the same direction. A current whose strength is unvarying. Constant=current Transformer. A transformer which is intended to raise or reduce a current strength in a given constant ratio. A trans- former designed to maintain a constant strength of current in its secondary circuit, despite changes of load. Constant=potential Circuit. A circuit whose po- tential is maintained approximately constant. A multiple-arc or parallel-connected circuit. Constant=potential Dynamo. A dynamo that fur- nishes an approximately constant difference of potential or electromotive force despite changes in its resistance or load. A shunt or compound- wound dynamo. Contact Breaker. A device for breaking or open- ing an electric circuit. Contact Regulator. See Compensator Potential Regulator. Contact Resistance. Resistance produced at the contact of two or more surfaces. Contact Rings of Alternator. The collector rings of an alternator. Contact Screw. A screw the end of which is provided with a platinum or other contact, employed to close the circuit of any electric device in whose circuit it is placed. Contacts. Conducting pieces or plates intro- duced into electric circuits at points where it is desired to open and close the circuit. A var- iety of fault occasioned in any circuit by the accidental contact of any part of the circuit with a conducting body. A metallic cross or faulty connection between two telegraphic or telephonic circuits. Continuous=alternating Transformer. A secon- dary generator for transforming continuous into alternating currents. A dynamometer, mo- tor-dynamo, or rotary transformer. Continuous Current. An electric current which flows in one and the same direction. A steady or non-pulsating direct current. Continuous=current Generator. Any generator capable of furnishing continuous currents. Continuous=current Transformer. A dynamo or motor-dynamo. A transformer from one con- tinuous pressure and current to another. Controller. The magnet employed in a system of automatic constant-current regulation, whose coils are traversed by the main current, employed automatically to throw a regulator magnet into or out of the main circuit on changes of the current passing. Any electric mechanism for controlling a circuit or system. An electric switching mechanism for controlling the speed of a motor or motors. A street- railway car controller. Controller Switch. The switch operating the switch cylinder of a street-car controller. Any switch employed in connection with a street- car controller. Controlling Magnet. Any magnet which con- trols some particular action, as, for example, the attraction of a needle in a galvanometer. A name sometimes given to the controller in an automatic system of current regulation. Convection Currents. Currents produced by the bodily carrying forward of static charges in convection streams. Convective Discharge. The discharge which oc- curs from the points of a highly charged con- ductor, through the electrostatic repulsion of similarly charged air particles, which thus carry off minute charges. Converter. A dynamo-electric machine having one armature and one field for converting alter- nating current to direct current, or direct cur- rent to alternating current. The term to be preceded by the words "alternating current- direct current" (A.C.-D.C.) or " direct current" (B.C.). ELECTRICAL W I RES AND CABLES 195 Converted Currents. Electric currents whose strengths have been increased or decreased by means of a transformer. Co=periodic. Possessing the same periodicity. Co=phase. Coincidence in phase of co-periodic motions. Such a phase relation between two periodic but non-co-periodic quantities as tends to increase the amplitude of the motion. Copper, Cu. At. wt. 63.2, Sp. gr. 8.81 to 8.95. Fuses at about 1930 F. Distinguished from all other metals by its reddish color. Very ductile and malleable and its tenacity is next to iron. Tensile strength 20,000 to 30,000 Ibs. per square inch. Heat conductivity 73.6% of that of silver and superior to that of other metals. Electric conductivity equal to that of gold and silver. Expansion by heat from 32 to 212 F. 0.0051 of its volume. (Kent) (See Index.) Copper Loss. The total loss of energy produced by the passage of a current through the copper wire of a dynamo, motor, or conducting system generally. Copper Tape. Rectangular straps or bars of copper employed for armature windings. Copper Voltameter. A voltameter whose indica- tions are dependent on the electrolysis of a so- lution of a copper salt. Cord, Electric. A flexible, insulated electric conductor, generally containing two parallel wires. Core, Lamination of. Structural subdivisions of the cores of magnets, armatures, and pole- pieces of dynamo-electric machines, electric motors, or similar apparatus, in order to pre- vent heating and subsequent loss of energy from the production of local, eddy or Foucault currents. These laminations are obtained by forming the cores of sheets, rods, plates, or wires of iron insulated from one another. (See Silico-Mag- netic Core Steel.) Core Losses. The hysteresis and the Foucault or eddy-current losses of the core of a dynamo, motor or transformer. Core of Cable. The insulated wires employed for the transmission of the current through a con- ducting cable. The electric conductor and in- sulator as distinguished from the mechanical serving and sheathing of a cable. Corona. The name given to a brush discharge surrounding aerial conductors which carry high potential current. The discharge is red violet in color, gives a hissing sound and is probably intermittent in character. Corona, Electrostatic. A luminous effect pro- duced on the surface of a thin sheet of mica, or other similar insulating material, when placed between two electrodes between which dis- charges of comparatively high difference of potential are passing. Corrective Motor. A synchronous motor running either idle or under load, whose field charge may be varied so as to modify the power- factor of the circuit to which it is connected or through such modification to also influence the voltage of the circuit (this term is proposed instead of the term "rotating condenser"). Corrosion, Electrolytic. A term frequently em- ployed for the corrosion of water or gas pipes or other masses of metal buried in the earth by electrolytic action. Cosine. One of the trigonometrical functions. The ratio of the base to the hypothenuse of a right-angled triangle in which the hypothenuse is the radius vector, and the angle between the base and hypothenuse the angle whose cosine is considered. Coulomb. The practical unit of electric quantity. Such a quantity of electricity as would pass in one second through a circuit conveying one ampere. The quantity of electricity contained in a condenser of one farad capacity, when subjected to the E.M.F. of one volt. Coulomb.) (See International Electrical Coulomb Meter. A meter for measuring in cou- Dictionary lombs, the quantity of electricity which passes through any circuit. Coulomb=volt. A word sometimes employed for the volt-coulomb or joule. Counter=electromotive Force. An opposed or re- verse electromotive force which tends to set up a current in the opposite direction to that ac- tually produced by a source. In an electric motor, an electromotive force produced by the rotation of the armature and opposed to that produced by the driving current. Counter=electromotive Force of Induction. The counter electromotive force of self or mutual induction. Couple. In mechanics, two equal and parallel, but oppositely directed forces, not acting in the same line, and tending to produce rotation. The two elements in a voltaic cell or thermo- electric cell. Couple, Thermo=electric. Two dissimilar metals which, when connected at their ends only, so as to form a completed electric circuit, will pro- duce a difference of potential, and hence an electric current, when one of the ends is heated more than the other. Couple, Voltaic. Two materials, usually two dis- similar metals, capable of acting as an electric source when dipped in an electrolyte, or ca- pable of producing a difference of electric po- tential by mere contact. Cradle Dynamometer. A dynamometer in which the dynamo to be tested is supported in a cradle, and the mechanical energy it receives or transmits is measured by the torque developed by the cradle about its axis. Critical Current. The current strength at which a certain critical result is reached. Critical=speed of Compound=wound Dynamo. The speed at which both the series and shunt coils of a dynamo give the same difference of poten- tial when the full load is on the machine, as the shunt coil would have if used alone on open- circuit. The speed at which a dynamo com- mences to build up its excitation. Crookes' Effect. The effect produced in high- vacuum tubes due to the characteristic motions possessed by heated or electrified molecules when in the ultra-gaseous or radiant state. Crookes' Tubes. Glass tubes containing high vacua, provided with platinum leading-in wires terminating in suitably shaped metallic sur- faces, employed in demonstrating the peculiar- ities of the radiant or ultragaseous condition of matter. A name frequently given to X-ray tubes. Cross. See Cross, Electric. Cross Arm. A horizontal beam attached to a pole for the support of the insulators of tele- graph, electric light, or other electric wires. A telegraphic arm. Cross Bonding. In an electric railway the bond- ing between the ground feeder and the track for the purpose of ensuring a good conducting return circuit. Cross=connection of Armature Windings. Arma- ture windings in which the wires are intercon- nected at the corresponding segments of the commutator. Cross Current. Current passing between the armatures of alternating current generators, or motors, operated in parallel, and due to dif- ferences in the phase or magnitude of the E.M.F.'s in the machines. Cross, Electric. A connection, generally me- tallic, accidentally established between two conducting lines. A defect in a telegraph, tele- phone, or other circuit, caused by two wires coming into contact by crossing each other. 196 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Electrical Cross Induction. An induction produced by the . . armature current whose magnetization is at Dictionary right-angles to that produced by the field. Cross magnetization. Cross Magnetization. A magnetization set up by the currents circulating in the armature turns, which is at right-angles to the magnetization set up by the field flux. Cross-talk. Cross-fire conversation over one telephone circuit which is heard in neighboring telephone circuit. Interference between neigh- boring telephone circuits. Crow=foot Zinc. A crow-foot-shaped zinc em- ployed in the gravity voltaic cell. Crucible Steel. (See Index.) Current Commuter. Any device that causes alternating currents to flow in one and the same direction. A commutator. Current Density. The current strength which passes in any part of a circuit, divided by the area of cross-section of that part of the circuit. The ratio of the current strength through any surface of section of active conductor to the area of that surface, assumed perpendicular to the current. Current Distribution. The spreading or ramifica- tion of electric currents through a conducting mass or network. Currents, Eddy. See Eddy Currents. Current, Electric. The quantity of electricity per-second which passes through any con- ductor or circuit , when the flow is uniform. The rate at which a quantity of electricity flows or passes through a circuit. The ratio, expressed in terms of electric quantity per-second, exist- ing between the electromotive force causing a current and the resistance which opposes it. The unit of current, or the ampere, is equal to one coulomb per second. (See Ampere, and Coulomb.) The word current must not be confounded with the mere act of flowing; electric current signifies rate of flow, and always supposes an electromotive force to produce the current, and a resistance to oppose it. The electric current is assumed to flow out from the positive terminal of a source, through the circuit and back into the source at the negative terminal. It is assumed to flow into the positive terminal of an electro receptive device such as a lamp, motor, or storage battery, and out of its negative terminal; or, in other words, the positive pole of the source is always connected to the positive terminal of the electro-receptive device. The current that flows or passes in any circuit is, in the case of a constant current, equal to the electromotive force, or difference of potential, divided by the resistance, as: (See Law of Ohm.) The flow of an electric current may vary in any manner whatsoever. A current which continues flowing in the same direction no matter how its strength may vary, is called a continuous current, or some- times a direct current. If the strength of such a current is constant, it is called an unvarying current; if its strength is not constant, it is a varying continuous current. A regular varying continuous current is called a pulsatory cur- rent. A current which alternately flows in opposite directions, no matter how its strength may vary, is called an alternating current. This may be periodic or non-periodic. Current, Electric, Method of Propagation of, Through a Circuit. When an electric current is propagated through a wire or other con- ductor, it is not sent or pushed through the conductor, like a fluid through a pipe or other conductor, but is, so to speak, handed on from particle to particle. The following taken from the "Electrical World," March 3, 1910, represents the latest hypothesis concerning these phenomena: " In the normal unelectrified state all the copper molecules are substantially neutral. When an electric potential difference, or voltage', is applied to the ends of the copper wire, the negative electrons at the positive pole jump out of the adjacent molecules, leaving them posi- tively electrified. These, in their turn, at- tract more negative electrons out of the next layer of neutrals beyond and so on, back to the negative pole, until there is a complete bucket brigade, formed by the molecules, the buckets being the negative electrons and the firemen being the nearly stationary molecules, which pass negative electricity all along the line." Current, Faradic. In electro-therapeutics, the current produced by an induction coil, or by a magneto-electric machine. A rapidly alternat- ing current, as distinguished from a uniform voltaic current. Current, Foucault. A name sometimes applied to eddy currents, especially in armature cores. Current, Periodic. A simple periodic current. Current, Polyphase. Currents differing in phase from one another and, therefore, requiring separate circuits for use. Current Retarder. A term sometimes employed for rheostat. Current Reverser. A switch or other apparatus designed to reverse the direction of a current. A current changer. Current, Rotating. A term applied to the cur- rent which results by combining a number of alternating currents whose phases are dis- placed with respect to one another. Current Rush. The impulsive rush of current that occurs when a transformer is first switched on, or connected with, an alternating-current circuit. Current, Simple Periodic. Currents, the flow of which is variable, both in strength and dura- tion, and in which the flow of electricity, passing any section of the conductor, may be repre- sented by a simple periodic curve. Current Strength. In a direct-current circuit the quotient of the total electromotive force di- vided by the total resistance. The time-rate- of-flow in a circuit expressed in amperes, or coulombs per second. In an alternating cur- rent the quotient of the total electromotive force divided by the impedance. (See Alter- nating Currents.) Current Transformation. The act of changing the strength of a current by changes effected in its electromotive force. The act of changing a direct into an alternating current, or the re- verse, or a uniphase-alternating current into a multiphase-alternating current. Current Transformer. A device for changing in one circuit the strength of current which flows in another. Current Turns. The product of the number of turns in a coil by the current flowing through them. A word sometimes used for ampere- turns. Current, Undulatory. Currents the strength and direction of whose flow gradually change. Cut=out. A device for removing an electro- receptive device or loop from the circuit of an electric source. A safety fuse. Cut=out Block. A block containing a fuse wire or safety catch. Cut=out Cabinet. Any enclosed space provided in a building for the reception of cut-outs or fuses. Cut=out Switch. A short-circuiting switch by means of which an arc-light is cut out from its feeding circuit. Cycle. A succession of events which periodically recur, reckoning from any stage of the disturb- ance to the moment at which that stage next occurs. A complete recurrence of any periodic change. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 197 Cycle of Alternations. The cycle of a periodically- alternating electromotive force, current or flux. D. d. A symbol for diameter. D.C. A contraction for direct current. D.P. Cut=out. A contraction for double-pole cut-out. D.P. Switch. A contraction for double-pole switch. Damped Magnetic Needle. A magnetic needle so placed as to come quickly to rest after it has been set in motion. Damper. A metallic cylinder so arranged as to partially or completely surround the iron core of an induction coil for the purpose of varying the intensity of the currents produced in the secondary. A dash-pot, or similar apparatus, provided for preventing the too sudden move- ments of a lever or other part of a moving de- vice. Any device employed for damping a magnetic needle. Damping Magnet. Any magnet employed for the purpose of checking the motions of a moving body or magnet. Damping Suspension. A suspension which is rendered dead-beat, or aperiodic, by the appli- cation of any retarding force or damping mech- anism. Daniell's Voltaic Cell. A zinc-copper couple whose elements are immersed respectively in electrolytes of dilute sulphuric acid and a satu- rated solution of copper sulphate. d'Arsonval Galvanometer. The class of galva- nometers in which the needle or mirror is at- tached to and actuated by a small coil which is suspended by means of a fine wire between the poles of a permanent magnet. The axis of the coil is normally at right angles with the lines of the field. Current is lead into the coil by means of the small suspension wire and leaves the coil by a flexible wire usually in the form of a helical spring attached underneath the coil. Dead=beat Galvanometer. An aperiodic galva- nometer, or one whose needle comes quickly to rest instead of repeatedly swinging to-and-fro. A heavily damped galvanometer. Dead=ended Conductor or Wire. A conductor or wire whose end is deliberately left open or in- sulated as, for example, by being wound around an insulator. Dead Ground or Grounding. Such a grounding as will ensure a ground of negligible resistance. Dead Man. A support for raising a pole and sup- porting it in place while securing it in the ground. Deci=ampere. One-tenth of an ampere. Deflecting Magnet. The permanent magnet of a magnetometer, employed for deflecting a small magnetic needle suspended at a definite dis- tance, in order to compare its influence with that of the earth's horizontal magnetic force. The compensating magnet of a galvanometer. Deka=ampere. Ten amperes. Delta Connection. The connection of circuits employed in a delta triphase-system. Delta Current. The current between adjacent wires or terminals of a triphase-system. The ring current. Delta Triphase=system. A triphase-system in which the terminal connections resemble the Greek letter delta, or triangle. Demagnetizing Current. The current which serves to remove the magnetization of some magnetic device. Demand. Demand is a load specified, contracted for or used, expressed in terms of power as K.- W. or P. Demand Factor. Unless otherwise specified, de- mand factor shall be the maximum connected kilowatts of capacity divided into the actual kilowatts of demand, and expressed in terms of per cent. Demand Rate. The price, or part of the price, of Electrical Eower charged for the demand as designated p.. . Dr the price paid for the kilowatt-hour con- Dictionary sumption. Density. Mass of unit volume, compactness. Density, Electric. The quantity of free elec- tricity on any unit of area of surface of a charged body. Density of Current. The quantity of current that passes per-unit-of-area of cross-section in any part of a circuit. Density of Field. The quantity of magnetic flux that passes through any field per-unit-of-area of cross-section. Depolarize. To deprive of polarization. Detector Galvanometer. Any rough form of gal- vanometer or galvanoscope employed for de- tecting the presence of electric currents. Detector, Ground. See Ground Detector. Developed Winding. A winding of a dynamo- electric machine developed or expanded upon a drawing of plane. Dial Telegraphy. A system of telegraphy in which the messages are received by the move- ments of a needle over a dial plate. Diamagnetic. The property possessed by sub- stances like bismuth, phosphorus, antimony, zinc and others, of being apparently repelled when placed between the poles of powerful magnets. Diameter of Commutation. The diameter of the commutator cylinder of a dynamo at which the brushes are applied. That diameter on the commutator cylinder of an open-circuit arma- ture, which joins the points of contact of the collecting brushes. Dielectric. Any substance which permits electro- static induction to take place through its mass. The substance which separates the opposite coatings of a condenser is called the dielectric. All dielectrics are non-conductors. All non-conductors or insulators are dielec- trics, but their dielectric power is not exactly proportional to their non-conducting power. Substances differ greatly in the degree or extent to which they permit induction to take place through or across them. Thus, a certain amount of inductive action takes place between the insulated metal plates of a condenser across the layer or air between them. A. dielectric may be regarded as pervious to rapidly reversed periodic currents, but opaque to continuous currents. There is, however, some conduction of continuous currents. Dielectric Capacity. A term employed in the same sense as specific inductive capacity. Dielectric Hysteresis. A variety of molecular friction, analogous to magnetic hysteresis pro- duced in a dielectric under charges of electro- static stress. That property of a dielectric by virtue of which energy is consumed in reversals of electrification. (See page 20.) Dielectric Resistance. The resistance which a dielectric offers to mechanical strains produced by electrification. The resistance of a dielec- tric to displacement currents. Dielectric Strain. The strained condition of the glass or other dielectric of a condenser produced by the charging of the condenser. The de- formation of a dielectric under the influence of an electro-magnetic stress. Difference of Electric Potential. That quantita- tive property in space whereby work is done when an electric charge is moved therein. The electric work done on a unit charge in an excur- sion between two points. Differential Coils. Coils that are differentially wound, or that act differentially. Differential Galvanometer. A galvanometer con- taining two coils, so wound as to tend to de- flect its needle in opposite directions. Differential Rate. A rate consisting of two op- posed factors; one tending to give a high rate and the other tending to give a low rate. 198 AMERICAN S T EEL AND WIRE COMPANY Electrical Differential Relay. A telegraphic relay contain- _ . . ing two differentially wound coils of wire on its L/ictionary magnet core. Differential Speed. In an induction machine, the angular velocity of the field relatively to the rotor. Differential Voltmeter. A voltmeter consisting of two separate decomposition cells, one placed in a circuit of known resistance, and the other in a circuit whose resistance is to be determined. Differential Winding. Such a double winding of magnet coils that the two poles produced thereby are opposed to each other. Dimmer. A choking coil employed in an alter- nating-current system of distribution for regu- lating the current strength passing through in- candescent lamps. Djp. The inclination of a magnetic needle. Diphase alternating Currents. Two separate al- ternating electric currents whose phase differ- ence is a quarter of a cycle. Two-phase cur- rents. Quarter-phase currents. Diphase Alternator. An alternator that pro- duces diphase E.M.F.'s. Diphase Circuit. A circuit, consisting either of three or four separate wires, employed for the transmission of diphase currents. Diphase Generator. A generator capable of pro- ducing diphase E.M.P.'s. A diphase alternator. Diphase=triphase Transformer. A transformer for converting diphase into triphase currents. Dipolar. Possessing two poles. Bipolar. Dipping. An electro-metallurgical process where- by a thin coating or deposit of metal is obtained on the surface of another metal by dipping it in a solution of a readily decomposable metallic salt. Cleansing surfaces for electro-plating by immersing them in various acid liquors. Dipping Magnetic=needle. A magnetic needle suspended so as to be free to move in a vertical plane only, and employed to determine the angle of dip or magnetic inclination. An in- clination compass. Direct=current. A current whose direction is con- stant, as distinguished from an alternating current. A unidirectional current. Direct-current Converter. Converts from a direct current to a direct current of different voltage. Direct=current Generator. Any dynamo-electric machine capable of furnishing direct currents, that may or may not be continuous. Direct=current Transformer. A transformer in- tended to vary the strength of continuous cur- rents. A direct-current secondary-generator. Direct Excitation. The excitation of a muscle, resulting from the placing of an electrode di- rectly on the muscle itself. The excitation of a dynamo-electric machine by a separate source of direct currents, as distinguished from its excitation by commuted currents taken from its own armature. Disc Armature. The armature of a dynamo-elec- tric machine whose windings consist of flat coils supported on the surface of a disc. An arma- ture having the form of a disc. Discharge. The equalization of the difference of potential between the terminals of a condenser or source, on their connection by a conductor. The removal of a charge from a conductor by connecting the conductor to the earth or to an- other conductor. The removal of a charce from an insulated conductor by means of a ^tream of electrified air particles. Discharge Key. A key employed to pass the dis- charge from a condenser or cable through a galvanometer. Disconnector. A key or other device for opening or breaking an electric circuit or for removing an electro-receptive device therefrom. Discriminating Rate. A rate which does not give the same price to two or more customers, when all other conditions are equal. Dispersion Factor. The factor applied to light intensity after dispersion, which gives the in- tensity if the dispersion agent were removed. Displacement Current. The rate-of-change of electric displacement. An electric current produced in a dielectric by electric displace- ment, as opposed to a conduction current. Disruptive Discharge. A sudden and more or less complete discharge that takes place across an intervening non-conductor or dielectric. Disruptive Strength of Dielectric. The strain a dielectric is capable of bearing without suffer- ing disruption, or without permitting a dis- ruptive discharge to pass through it. Dissipation of Energy. The expenditure or loss of available energy. Distributed Capacity. The capacity of a circuit considered as distributed over its entire length, so that the circuit may be considered as shunted by an infinite number of infinitely small con- densers, placed infinitely near together, as dis- tinguished from localized capacity, in which the capacity is distributed in discrete aggregations. Distributed Inductance. Inductance distributed through the entire length of a circuit or portion thereof, as distinguished from inductance inter- posed in a circuit in bulk at some one or more points. Distributing Mains. The mains employed in a feeder system of parallel distribution. Distributing Station. A station from which electricity is distributed. A central station. Distributing Center. In an electrical distribution system a center or sub-center of distribution. A ramifying point. Diurnal Currents. Earth currents through tele- graph circuits of normal strength and execut- ing diurnal cycles. Diversity Factor. A diversity factor is used to express the relation between the simulta- neous demand of all individual customers and the sum of the maximum demand made by these customers; the sum of the maximum de- mand of the customers, no matter at what time they occurred, divided into the simultan- eous greatest maximum demand when ex- pressed in per cent will give the diversity factor. Double Alternation. A complete cycle or double vibration. A complete to-and-fro movement. Double=break Switch. A double-pole switch. A switch which breaks a circuit in two places as distinguished from a switch which breaks a cir- cuit at a single point only. Double-current Generator. One which produces both direct and alternating currents. Double=current Working. A method of tele- graphic working or transmission by means of double currents. Double filament Lamp. An incandescent lamp, frequently employed for the side-light of a ship, and provided with two carbon filaments so ar- ranged that should one break, the other will continue burning. A twin-filament lamp. An incandescent lamp having two filaments con- nected in series, and therefore, requiring twice the electric pressure of an ordinary lamp. Double=loop. In telegraphy, any pair of asso- ciated loops. A pair of loops connecting a pair of branch offices with a central office. Double=pole Switch. A switch which simulta- neously breaks the circuit of both positive and negative leads. Double=throw Switch. A switch capable of being thrown into either of two contacts or pairs of contacts. A switch which has three positions. A throw-over switch. Double-transmission. The simultaneous sending of two messages over a single wire in opposite directions. Duplex or contraplex telegraphy. Double-trolley. Two separate trolleys placed on the same car, and moving over two separate trolley wires which form a metallic circuit, in any double-overhead system. Draw Vise. A device employed in stringing over- head wires. A portable vise for holding and drawing up an overhead wire. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 199 Drop. A word frequently used for drop of poten- tial, pressure, or electromotive force. The fall of potential which takes place in an active con- ductor by reason of its resistance. Drop of Magnetic Potential. A fall of magnetic potential. Drop of Potential. The fall of potential, equal in any part of a circuit to the product of the cur- rent strength and the resistance of that part of the circuit. Drop of Voltage. The drop or difference of po- tential of any part of a circuit. Drum Armature. A dynamo armature whose coils are wound longitudinally over the surface of a cylinder or drum. Dry Battery. A number of separate dry voltaic cells, connected so as to act as a single source. A dry pile. Dry Cell. A dry voltaic cell. Dry Voltaic Cell. A misnomer for a voltaic cell in which the fluid electrolyte is held in suspension by sawdust, gelatine, or other suitable material. A sealed voltaic cell, which can, therefore, be inverted without danger of spilling liquid. Duct. A space left in an underground conduit for a sparate wire or cable. Duplex Cable. A cable containing two separate conductors placed parallel to each other. Duplex Circuit. A circuit arranged for duplex transmission. A metallic circuit. Duplex Telegraphy. A system of telegraphy where- by two messages can be simultaneously trans- mitted in opposite directions over a single wire. Duplex Transmission. The sending of two tele- graphic or telephonic messages simultaneously in opposite directions over the same wire. Duplex Wire. An insulated conductor containing two separate parallel wires. Dust Telephone=transmitter. A form of micro- phone transmitter in which finely granulated carbon or carbon dust is contained within a suit- ably shaped box, connected with the terminals of the transmitter. A granular telephone transmitter. Dynamic Electricity. A term sometimes em- ployed for current electricity, in contradistinc- tion to static electricity. Dynamo. A dynamo-electric machine or gen- erator. Dynamo Battery. The combination of several separate dynamos to act as a single electric source. Dynamo=electric Machine. A machine for the conversion of mechanical energy into electric energy, by means of electro-dynamic induction. A dynamo. Dynamo Regulator. A name given to a form of rheostat employed in the regulation of a dy- namo. Dynamo Terminals. The main terminals of a dynamo. Dynamometer. A general name given to a va- riety of apparatus for measuring power. Dynamotor. A particular type of rotary transformer. A motor-generator, in which a generator and a motor armature are rotated through a common magnetic field. A trans- forming device. Dyne. The C.G.S. unit of force. The force which in one second can impart a velocity of one centi- metre-per-second to a mass of one gramme. E. E. or e. A symbol for electromotive force. E.H.P. A contraction for electrical horse-power. E.M.F. A contraction for electromotive force. E.M.F. of Self-induction. The E.M.P. generated in a loop of wire during the filling or emptying of that loop by magnetic flux from its own current. Ear. A metal piece supported by an insulator to which the trolley wire is fastened. A trolley Earth. A fault in a telegraphic or other line Electrical caused by the accidental contact of the line _ . with the ground or earth, or with some other Dictionary ground-connected conductor. That part of the earth or ground which forms a part of an elec- tric circuit. Earth Circuit. A circuit in which the ground or earth forms part of the conducting path. Earth Currents. Electric currents flowing through the earth, caused by the difference of potential of its different parts. Earth Plates. Plates of metal, buried in the earth or in water, connected to the terminals of earth wires. Earth Return. That portion of a grounded cir- cuit in which the earth forms its conducting path. Earth's Field. The magnetic field produced in any place by the earth's flux. Earth s Flux. The magnetic flux produced by the earth by virtue of its magnetized condition. Easement. A permit obtained from the owner of a property for the erection of poles or attach- ments for telephone, telegraph, or other aerial lines. Ebonite. A hard, tough, black substance, com- posed of India rubber and sulphur, possessing both high powers of insulation and high spe- cific inductive capacity. Vulcanite. Economic Coefficient. The ratio between the net electric power, or the output of a dynamo, and the gross electric power, or power actually con- verted in the dynamo. Economizer. An apparatus placed between a boiler furnace and a smoke stack to utilize a portion of the heat of the flue gases that would otherwise be lost. It is made up of a series of tubes over which the gases have to pass and through which the boiler feed water flows. A portion of the waste heat of the flue gases thus passes into the water and raises its temperature. Eddy Currents. Useless currents produced in the pole-pieces, armature, and field-magnet cores of dynamos or motors, or in metallic masses generally, either by their motion through mag- netic flux, or by variations in the strength of electric currents flowing near them. Effective Ampere=turns. The resultant magnet- izing force in a magnetic circuit. The square root of the mean square of the ampere-turns in a periodically-varying magnetizing force. Effective Current=strength. The strength of an alternating or sinusoidal-electric current, de- termined by its heating effect; or, in other words, the thermally effective current strength. That value of the current strength of a sinu- soidal or alternating current which is equal to the square root of the mean square of the in- stantaneous values of the current during one or more cycles. The square root of the time average of the square of the current. Effective Demand. The demand taken at the time of the system's greatest maximum. Effective Electromotive Force. The difference between the direct and the counter-electro- motive force. The square root of the time average of the square of the E.M.F. The vir- tual E.M.F. Effective Load=factor. The meaning suggested is the main load of a part of a system determined by the load at the time of the system's maxi- mum. This value would be infinity if the ser- vice were off at the time of the system's maxi- mum as in the case of non-peak service. The term " effective demand" is suggested as a sub- stitute. Effective Reactance. In an alternating-current circuit, the ratio of the wattless component of an electromotive force to the total current. Apparent reactance. Effective Resistance. In an alternating-current circuit, the ratio between the energy component of an electromotive force and the total current. AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Electrical Efficiency. The efficiency of an apparatus is the . ratio of its output to its input. The output Dictionary and input may be in terms of watt-hours, watts, volt-amperes, amperes, or any other quantity of interest, thus respectively denning energy efficiency, power efficiency, apparent- power efficiency, current efficiency* etc. Unless otherwise specified, however, the term efficien- cy is ordinarily assumed to refer to power efficiency. When the input and output are expressed in terms of the same unit, the efficiency is a numerical ratio, otherwise it is a physical dimensional quantity. Elastic Limit. This may be defined as that point at which the deformation ceases to be propor- tional to the stresses, or, the point at which the rate of stretch or other deformations begin to increase. It is also defined as the point at which the first permanent set becomes visible. Elasticity, Electric. The quotient arising from dividing the electric strain by the electric stress. Electric. Of or pertaining to electricity. Electric Current. See Current, Electric. Electrical. An orthography for electric. Electrically Retarded. Decreased speed of tele- graphic signalling by means of electrostatic in- duction. Electricity. The name given to the unknown cause of electric phenomena. (See Current, Electric.) Electrification. The production of an electric charge. Electrochemical. Of or pertaining to electro- chemistry. Electro-chemical Series. A list of chemical ele- ments so arranged that each will displace from its compounds any elements lower in the list than itself. Electro-chemistry. That branch of electric science which treats of electric combinations and decompositions effected by the electric current. The science which treats of the re- lation between the laws of electricity and chem- istry. Electro-deposition. The deposit, usually of a metallic substance, by means of electrolysis. Electrolytic deposition. Electro-dynamic Force. A mechanical force ex- erted on the substance of a wire or conductor due to the dissymmetrical distribution of mag- netic flux in its neighborhood. Electro-dynamic Machinery. Any apparatus de- signed for the production, transference, utiliza- tion, or measurement of energy by the medium of electricity. Electro-dynamic Potential. An electric potential produced by electro-dynamic induction. Electro-dynamics. That branch of electric science which treats of the action of electric currents on one another, on themselves, or on magnets. Electro-magnet. A magnet produced by the passage of an electric current through a circuit of insulated wire. A magnetizing coil sur- rounding a soft iron core, that is capable of be- ing magnetized and demagnetized instantly on the closing and opening of the circuit. Electro-magnetic Field. The field produced either by an electro-magnet or by an electric current. Electro-magnetic Flux. Magnetic flux produced by means of an electro-magnet or by an electric current. Electro-magnetic Induction. A variety of elec- tro-dynamic induction in which electric cur- rents are produced by the motion either of e'ectro-magnets, or electro-magnetic solenoids. Electro-magnetic Separator. A device for sepa- rating iron ore from the dross in finely-pulver- ized, low-grade iron ores. A device for mag- netically removing particles of iron from brass filings or other non-magnetic material, and thus freeing such material from impurities. Electro=magnetic Strain. The effect produced by an electro-magnetic stress. Electro-magnetic Stress. The force or pressure in an electro-magnetic field which produces a strain or deformation in a piece of glass or other substances placed therein. Electro-magnetic Telegraph. A general term embracing the apparatus employed in a system of electro-magnetic telegraphy. Electro-magnetic Units. A system of C.G.S. units employed in electro-magnetic measurements. Units based on the attraction and repulsions capable of being exerted between two unit magnetic poles at unit distance apart, or be- tween a unit magnetic pole and a unit electric current. EIectro=magnetic Voltmeter. A form of volt- meter in which the difference of potential is measured by the movements of a magnetic needle in the field of an electro-magnet. EIectro=magnetism. Magnetism produced by means of electric currents. Electro-metallurgy. That branch of electric science which relates to the electric reduction or treatment of metals. Electro-metallurgical processes effected by the agency of electricity. Electro-plating or electro-typing. Electronegative. In such a state as regards electricity as to be repelled by bodies negatively electrified, and attracted by those positively electrified. The ions or radicals which appear at the anode or positive electrode of a decom- position cell. Electronegative Ions. The negative ions, or groups of atoms or radicals, which appear at the anode or positive terminal of a decompo- sition cell. The anions. Electro=plating. The process of covering any conducting surface with a metal, by the aid of an electric current. Electro=positive. In such a state, as regards an electric charge, as to be attracted by a body negatively electrified, and repelled by a body positively electrified. The ions or radicals which appear at the cathode or negative elec- trode of a decomposition cell. Electro=positive Ions. The cathions or groups of atoms or radicals which appear at the cathode of a decomposition cell. Electro-pyrometer. An apparatus for the deter- mination of temperature by the measurement of the electric resistance of a platinum wire exposed to the temperature which is to be measured. Electro-refining. Various processes for the elec- tric refining of metals. Electro-smelting. The separation or reduction of metallic substances from their ores, by means of the heat developed by electric currents. Electro=technics. The science which treats of the technical applications of electricity and the general principles involved therein. Electro-therapeutics. The application of elec-; tricity to the human body for the curing of disease or the improvement of health. Elec- tro-therapy. Electro=thermic. Of or pertaining to the genera- tion of heat by means of electricity. Electro=type. To produce a fac-simile by electro- lytically depositing metals in a mould. Electrode. Either of the terminals of an electric source. Either of the terminals of an electric source that are placed in a solution in which electrolysis is taking place. Either of the electro-therapeutic terminals of an electric source. Electrograph. A curve produced by a recording electrometer. A word sometimes used for radiograph. Electrolier. A chandelier for holding electric lamps, as distinguished from a chandelier for holding gas burners. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 201 Electrolysis. Chemical decomposition effected by means of an electric current. The decompo- sition of the molecule of an electrolyte into its ions or radicals. Electrolytic decomposition. Electrolysis of Salts. The electrolytic decompo- sition of a salt into its constituent ions or rad- icals. Electrolyte. Any compound liquid which is sep- arable into its constituent ions or radicals by the passage of electricity through it. The ex- citing liquid in a voltaic cell. Electrolytic. Of or pertaining to electrolysis. Electrolytic Bath. An electrolytic cell. Electrolytic Cell. A cell or vessel containing an electrolyte in which electrolysis is carried on. A plating cell or vat. Electrolytic Corrosion. The corrosion by electro- lytic action of water-pipes, gas-pipes or other masses of metal, buried in moist earth. Electrolytic Decomposition. The separation of a molecule into its constituent ions or radicals by the action of an electric current. Electrolytic Heating. A method of electric heat- ing consisting in plunging the metal to be heated beneath the surface of a conducting liquid, while held in a metal clamp that is con- nected to the negative pole of a continuous- current source, while the positive pole of such source is connected to the metal lining of the vessel containing the conducting liquid. Electrolyze. To separate or decompose by means of electricity. Electrometer. An apparatus for measuring dif- ferences of electric potential. Electromotive Force. The force which starts or tends to start electricity in motion. The max- imum or total generated difference of potential which exists in a circuit. Electromotive Force of Induction. The electro- motive force developed by any inductive action. Electron. A word formerly used for amber. The electric atoms whose projection from the cathode of a high- vacuum tube is supposed to constitute the cathode rays or streamings. An alloy of gold and silver. Electrophorus. A simple form of electrostatic induction apparatus. Electroscope. An apparatus for showing the presence of an electric charge, or determining its character, whether positive or negative, but not for measuring its amount or value. Electrostatic Capacity. The quantity of elec- tricity which must be imparted to a given con- ductor as a charge, in order to raise its poten- tial to unity, all neighboring conductors being at zero potential. Electrostatic Corona. A luminous effect pro- duced on the surface of a thin sheet of mica, or other insulating material, when placed between two electrodes, subjected to a comparatively high difference of potential. Electrostatic Discharge. A term sometimes em- ployed for a disruptive discharge. Electrostatic Field. The region of electrostatic influence surrounding a charged body. A region traversed by electrostatic flux. Electrostatic Force. The force which produces the attractions or repulsions of charged bodies. Electrostatic Induction. The induction of an electric charge produced in a conductor brought into an electrostatic field. Electrostatic Lines of Force. Lines of force pro- duced in the neighborhood of a charged body, by the presence of the charge. Lines extending in the direction in which the force of electro- static attraction or repulsion acts. Electrostatic Potential. The power of doing elec- tric work possessed by a unit quantity of posi- tive electricity residing on the surface of an insulated body. That property in space by virtue of which work is done when an electric charge is moved therein. Electrostatic Units. Units based on the attrac- tions or repulsions of two unit charges of elec- tricity at unit distance apart. Emergency Cable. A small, comparatively in- expensive and easily handled cable, employed in the case of breaks in a pole line due to floods, railroad wrecks, etc., for opening up communi- cation during repairs of the break. Emergency Switch. An accessory switch placed on a car controller for reversing the motion of a car when necessary. Empanelled Wires. Wires placed inside mould- ings, or behind panels. Enamelled Rheostat. A rheostat whose coils con- sist of wires imbedded in a mass of enamel, in close juxtaposition to a mass of iron or other heat-conducting material. Enamelled Wire. Wire having a very thin insulation of enamel. Enclosed Arc=Iamp. An arc-lamp whose carbons are enclosed by a closely fitting globe, so as to maintain an atmosphere around the arc prac- tically devoid of oxygen, thus diminishing the rate of consumption of the carbons. Endoscopic Lamp. A lamp provided for the examination of a bodily cavity through its natural outlet. End=to=end Joint. A term frequently employed in place of butt-joint. End Windings. End connections. Conductors for connecting up bar windings at the end of an armature. Energy. The power of doing work. Energy Component of Current. In an alternating- current circuit the component of current which is in phase with the impressed E.M.P. In an alternating-current circuit, the product of the E.M.P. and the effective conductance. Energy Component of E.M.F. In an alternating- current circuit the component of E.M.P. which is in phase with the current. In an alternating- current circuit, the product of the current and the effective resistance. Energy, Electric. The power which electricity possesses of doing work. Energy Resistance. In an alternating-current circuit, the energy component of impedance. Entrefer. The gap of non-magnetic material through which the field flux has to pass at the surface of the armature of a dynamo-electric machine, composed either of an air-gap or of air and copper. The width of the non-mag- netic gap, as distinguished from the width of the clearance or simple air-gap of a smooth cored armature. Equalizer. An equalizing bar. A term em- ployed for an equalizer wire. A device for equalizing electric pressure over a system. Equalizer Feeder. A feeder whose sole or prin- cipal purpose is to equalize the pressure be- tween the ends of two or more other feeders, as distinguished from supplying current to feeding points. Equalizing Current. The current passing through an equalizing bar between two dynamos. Equalizing Dynamo. A dynamo employed in systems of three or five-wire distribution to supply one pair of mains which may be unduly loaded so as to equalize the pressure. Equalizing Wires. Two wires or conductors one of which is employed for connecting the posi- tive brushes and the other for connecting the negative brushes of compound-wound dyna- mos, when connected in parallel. Wires con- necting corresponding segments in a multi- polar armature winding. Equ {potential . Of or pertaining to an equality of potential. Equivalent Conductivity. The molecular conduc- tivity of a solution divided by the valency. Equivalent Resistance. A single resistance which may replace a number of resistances in a circuit without alternating the current traversing, it. Such a resistance in a simple-harmonic-current circuit as would permit energy to be absorbed, Electrical Dictionary 202 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Electrical with the same effective current strength, at the . same rate as an actual resistance in a complex- Dictionary harmonic-current circuit. The effective re- sistance of an alternating-current system or conductor. Erg. The C.G.S. unit of work, or the work done when unit C.G.S. force is overcome through unit C.G.S. distance. The work accomplished when a body is moved through a distance of one centimetre with the force of one dyne. A dyne- centimetre. Excitation. ' The production of electrification by any means. The production of magnetism by any means. The energizing of any electro or magneto-receptive device. The production of the magnetic field in a dynamo or motor. The stimulation of a muscle or nerve fibre. Exciter Dynamo. A dynamo used for the sepa- rate excitation of another dynamo. Expansion, Electric. The increase in volume produced in a body by giving it an electric charge. Expansion Joint. A joint suitable for tubes or pipes exposed to considerable changes of tem- perature, in which a sliding joint is provided to safely permit a change in length on expansion or contraction. Exploring Needle. A form of exploring probe. A magnetic needle employed in exploring a magnetic field. External Characteristic of Dynamo. A curve showing the E.M.P. at the terminals of a dy- namo under varying currents, as distinguished from an internal characteristic showing the internal E.M.F. External Magnetic Field. That portion of a mag- netic field which lies outside the body of a magnet. Extra Currents. Currents produced in a circuit by self-induction. Extra-polar. Lying beyond or outside the poles. F. 8 A symbol for magnetomotive force. Facsimile Telegraphy. A system whereby a fac- simile or copy of a chart, diagram, picture or signature, is telegraphically transmitted from one station to another. Pan-telegraphy. Fahrenheit Thermometric Scale. The thermo- metric scale in which the length of the ther- mometer tube, between the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water, is divided into 1 80 equal parts or degrees. Fall of Potential. The drop of potential. False Resistance. A resistance arising from a counter electromotive force, and not directly from the dimensions of the circuit, or from its specific resistance. Farad. The practical unit of electric capacity. Such a capacity of a conductor or condenser that one coulomb of electricity is required to produce therein a difference of potential of one volt. (See International Farad.) Faradic Current. In electro-therapeutics, a cur- rent produced by an induction coil, or magneto- electric machine. A rapidly alternating cur- rent, as distinguished from a direct current. Faradic Machine. Any machine for producing faradic currents. Fatigue of Iron or Steel, Magnetic. The change of magnetic hysteresis loss with time of service, ng of magnetic material. To supply with an electric current. To move or regulate one of both of the carbon electrodes in an arc-lamo. Feeder. An electric circuit, used to supnlv power to a station or service, as distinguished from cir- cuits confined to a single station or used for other purposes than supplying power. Feeder Distribution. A feeder-and-main system of distribution. Feeding Point. A point of connection between a feeder and the mains. A feeding center. Ferranti Effect. An increase in the electromotive force or difference of potential of mains or conductors carrying alternating currents, which exists towards the end of the same furthest from the terminals that are connected with the source. A negative drop in pressure. Fibre Suspension. Suspension of a needle or other system by a fibre of unspun silk, quartz or other suitable material. Fibre, Quartz. A fibre suitable for suspending galvanometer needles, etc., made of quartz. The quartz fibre is obtained by fusing quartz and drawing out the fused material as a fine thread, in a manner similar to the production of glass fibres. Quartz fibres possess marked advantage over silk fibres, in that they are 5.4 stronger for equal diameters, and especially, in that they return to the zero point, after very considerable deflections. Field. A term sometimes used for a magnetic field. A term sometimes used for an electro- static field. Field, Electrostatic. The region of electrostatic influence surrounding a charged body. Field, Magnetic. The region of magnetic influ- ence surrounding the poles of a magnet. A space or region traversed by lines of mag- netic force. A place where a magnetic needle, if free to move, will take up a definite position, under the influence of the lines of magnetic force. Field Magnets. The magnets which produce the magnetic field or flux in which the armature of a dynamo or motor rotates. Field of Force. The space traversed by electro- static or magnetic flux. An electrostatic or magnetic field. Fish Plate. In a system of electric railroads, the plate connecting contiguous rails by bolts. Fishing of Wires. The process of drawing a wire into its place in a building through floors, walls, or ceilings by placing a wire in a hole at one end engaging it by a hook from the other, so as to draw it through. Fittings. The sockets, holders, arms, etc., re- quired for holding and supporting incandescent electric lamps. Incandescent light fixtures. Fixture, Electric. Fittings for electric light. A support or electrolier for one or more incan- descent lamps rigidly fastened to a wall or ceiling. Any electric apparatus forming part of a permanent installation. Fixture, Wire. A class of insulated wire suitable for use in electric fixtures. (See page 128.) Flaming Arc Lamp. A recent type of arc lamp in which the two carbons or electrodes meet at a very oblique angle and the arc formed between them is arched downward. The electrodes used are composed of or charged with substances that give off at the temperature of the arc strongly illuminous vapors which serve as a source of light. The arc is formed in a shallow cup-like recess which becomes coated with the white calcium oxide fumes and serves as a very fair reflector. The electrodes carry the vapor- producing substance in various ways, usually in a relatively soft core, the arc is long, and is the chief, almost the sole source of light. This is said to be one of the much efficient sources of light. Flaming of Carbon Arc. An irregular burning of a voltaic arc, which occurs when the carbons are too far apart, and the current strength somewhat exceeds the normal. Flashing. Subjecting carbons to the flashing process. Flashing of Dynamo=electric Machine. A name given to long flashing sparks at the commu- tator of a dynamo, due to the short-circuiting of the external circuit at the commutator. Flat Rate. Method of charging for electric ser- vice only a fixed sum per month, or per annum, for a specified service, as supplying a certain number of outlets, or up to a certain maximum demand without reference to the quantity of electricity actually consumed. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 203 Flats. Those parts of commutator segments, the surfaces of which, through wear or otherwise, have become lower than the other portions. Flexible Cable. A stranded cable, or one which can be readily flexed or bent. Flexible Lamp=cord. See Lamp Cord. (See Index.) Flow, Electric. Electric current. Flush Plate. A plate on which flush push-buttons are mounted. Flux. Magnetic or electric flux. A surface in- tegral of a vector quantity. Flux Density. The quantity of magnetic flux per unit of area of normal cross-section. Flux, Electric. Electrostatic flux. Flux, Intensity. The density of a flux. The sur- face density of a vector quantity at a point. Flux, Magnetic. The number of lines of mag- netic force that pass or flow through a mag- netic circuit. The total number of lines of magnetic force in any magnetic field. Flux of Magnetism. The flow of magnetic induc- tion. The surface integral of magnetic induc- tion through a given surface. Focusing Arc=lamp. An arc-lamp designed for use in connection with a reflector or lens, whose mechanism feeds both carbons, and so permits the arc to be maintained at the focus of the reflector or lens. Foot=candle. A unit of illumination equal to the normal illumination produced by a standard candle at the distance of one foot. Foot=pound. A unit of work. The amount of work required to raise one pound vertically through a distance of a foot. Foot=pound=per=second. A unit of activity. A rate-of-doing work equal to the expenditure of one foot-pound per second. Force, Electric. The force exerted between electrostatic charges. Force, Electromotive. See Electromotive Force. Form Factor of Alternating=current. A factor equal to the square root of the mean square divided by the true mean value of the alter- nating electro-motive force or current. Formers. The forms employed in obtaining formed armature or other windings. Forward Lead of Dynamo Brushes. A displace- ment of the brushes on the commutator of a dynamo in the direction of rotation of the arma- ture. Foucault Currents. A name sometimes applied to eddy currents, especially when in armature cores. Useless currents developed in a con- ducting mass, through which varying mag- netic flux is moving. Fountain, Electric. A fountain operated by elec- tric motors, provided with a variety of jets that are electrically illumined by different colored lights. Four=point Switch. A switch whose circuit can be completed through four points, either singly or simultaneously. A four-pole switch. Four=wire System. A system similar to its gen- eral arrangement to the three- wire system, in which three dynamos are connected to four wires or conductors. Fractional Electrolysis. Successive electrolysis of different substances by gradually raising the E.M.F. Free Charge. The condition of an electric charge on a conductor isolated from other conductors. Free Magnet Pole. A pole in a piece of iron or other paramagnetic substance which acts as if it existed as one magnetic pole only. French Standard Candle. The bougie-decimale or the twentieth part of a Violle. Frequency of Alternation. The number of cycles or periods executed by an alternating current in unit time. The periodicity. The two standard frequencies are now 25 and 60. Frequency Changer. A piece of apparatus for changing from one frequency to another, con- sisting of a motor driving either an ordinary alternating-current generator or a machine constructed like an induction motor In the Electrical former case the term is to be preceded by the _. . words "motor generator," and in the latter Dictionary case by the word "induction." Frequency Converter. A machine for converting from an alternating-current system of one fre- quency to an alternating- current system of another frequency. Frequency Setter. In an alternating-current cir- cuit having induction machines, an alternator which supplies them with a definite frequency. Frictional Electricity. The electricity developed by friction. Frog. A metallic guide placed on one side of a single track, where a car has to be driven from one track to another, so as to guide the car in the required direction. A grooved piece of metal, serving as a guide, at the intersection of two rails in a track- crossing. A trolley frog. Full load Efficiency of Motor. The efficiency of a motor when operating at full load. Fundamental Frequency. The nominal or lowest frequency of a complex harmonic electro- motive force, flux or current. Fundamental Units. The units of length, time, and mass, to which all other quantities can be referred. Units of length, time and mass, as distinguished from their derivations, or derived Furnace, Electric. A furnace in which electrically generated heat is employed for effecting diffi- cult fusions, for the extraction of metals from their ores, or for other metallurgical opera- tions. Fuse Block. A block containing a safety fuse or fuses. Fuse Box. A box containiug a safety fuse. A box containing fuse wires. Fuse, Electric. A conductor designed to melt or fuse at a certain value of current and time and by so doing to rupture the circuit. Fuse Links. Strips or plates of fusible metal in the form of links employed for safety fuses. Fusing Current. A term sometimes applied to the current which causes a fuse to blow or melt. Q. g. An abbreviation or symbol for the gravitation constant, or the force with which the earth acts upon unit mass at any locality. An abbrevia- tion proposed for gramme, the unit of mass in physical investigations. Gains. The spaces cut in the faces of telegraph poles for the support and placing of the cross arms. Galvanic Battery. An unadvisable term some- times used in place of voltaic battery. Galvanizing. Covering iron with an adherent coating of zinc by dipping it in a bath of molten metal. Subjecting a nerve or muscle to the action of galvanism. (See Index.) Galvanometer. An apparatus for measuring the strength of an electric current by the deflection of a magnetic needle. A current measurer. The galvanometer depends for its operation on the fact that a conductor, through which an electric current is flowing, will deflect a mag- netic needle placed near it. This deflection is due to the magnetic field caused by the cm rent. The needle is deflected by the current from a position of rest, either in the earth's magnetic field or in a field obtained from a permanent or an electro-magnet. In the first case, when in use to measure a current, the plane of the galva- nometer coils must coincide with the planes of the magnetic meridian. In the other case, the instrument may be used in any position in which the needle is free to move. _ Galvanometers assume a variety of forms according either to the purposes for which they are employed, or to the manner in which their deflections are valued. 204 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Electrical Galvanometer Constant. The constant of cali- P.. . bration of the galvanometer scale. The numer- LJictionary [ ca \ factor connecting a current passing through a galvanometer with the deflection produced by such current. The value of one division of the galvanometer scale in terms of resistance or current strength. Galvanometer Shunt. A shunt placed around a sensitive galvanometer in order to protect it from the effects of a strong current, or for re- ducing its sensibility. Galvanoscope. A galvanometer intended to show the existence of a current rather than to meas- ure its strength. A crude or simple form of galvanometer. Gap Space. The air-gap or entrefer. Gassing. The evolution of gas from the plates of a secondary or storage battery. Gauss. The name proposed in 1894 by the American Institute of Electrical Engineers for the C.G.S. unit of magnetic flux density. A unit of intensity of magnetic flux, equal to one C.G.S. unit of magnetic flux per-square-centi- metre of area of normal cross-section. A name proposed for the C.G.S. unit of magnetic po- tential or magnetomotive force by the British Association in 1895. Geissler Tubes. Glass tubes, provided with plat- inum electrodes passed through and fused into the glass, containing the residual atmospheres of gases at a comparatively low vacuum, either with or without fluorescent liquids, or solids, or both, employed to obtain various luminous effects on the passage of electric discharges. Gem Lamp. An incandescent lamp using a car- bon filament, which has a positive temperature coefficient or resistance. Generator. A dynamo-electric machine. One which transforms mechanical into electrical power. German=silver Alloy. An alloy, employed for the wires of resistance coils, usually consisting of fifty parts of copper, twenty-five of zinc and twenty-five of nickel. Gilbert. A name proposed for the C.G.S. unit of magnetomotive force. A unit of magnetomo- tive force equal to that produced by T . 2 5BS of one ampere-turn. Globe Strain=insulators. Insulators provided for the support of the strain wires in an overhead trolley system. Glow=lamp, Electric. A lamp whose light is pro- duced by glow illumination. A term some- times used for incandescent lamps. Goose=neck Pull=off. An insulator, with a sup- port shaped like a goose neck, employed on curves to hold the trolley wire in position, and provided with a single point for the attachment of the strain wire. Gradient, Electric. The rapidity of increase or decrease of the strength of an electromotive force or current. The vector space-rate of descent of electric potential at any point. Gramme. A unit of mass equal to 15.43235 grains. The mass of a cubic centimetre of water at the temperature of its maximum density. Gramme Armature=winding. The winding orig- inally employed by Gramme on the armature of his dynamo-electric machine. (irammi; caloric. The amount of heat required to raise a gramme of water one degree Centi- grade. The gramme-degree-Centigrade. Gramme=ring Transformer. A transformer whose primary and secondary coils are placed on a closed iron ring. A transformer resembling a Gramme-ring armature. Graphite. A variety of soft carbon suitable for writing on paper or on similar surfaces. Graphite is used for rendering surfaces to be electro-plated, electrically conducting, and also for the brushes of dynamos and motors. For the latter purpose it possesses the additional advantage of decreasing the friction by means of its marked lubricating properties. Gravity Ammeter. A form of ammeter in which the magnetic needle is moved against the force of gravity by the magnetic influence of the current it is measuring. Gravity Voltmeter. A form of voltmeter in which the potential difference is measured by the movement of a magnetic needle against the pull of a weight. Grid. A lead plate provided with perforations or other irregularities of surface, and employed in storage cells for the support of the active material. The support provided for the active material on the plate of a secondary or storage cell. Ground. A general term for the earth when em- ployed as a return conductor. Ground Circuit. A circuit in which the ground forms part of the path through which the current passes. Ground Detector. In a system of incandescent lamp distribution, a device placed in a central station for indicating, by the brightness of a lamp, the existence of a ground on the system. An instrument for detecting or measuring grounds or leaks. Ground=return. A general term used to indicate the use of the ground or earth for part of an electric circuit. The earth or ground which forms part of the return path of an electric circuit. Ground Wire. The wire or conductor leading to or connected with the ground or earth in a grounded circuit. Grounding. A word sometimes employed in electro-metallurgy for the preparatory process of burnishing. Connecting a circuit to earth or ground. Grove's Voltaic Cell. A zinc-platinum couple immersed respectively in electrolytes of sul- phuric and nitric acid. Guard Wire. A wire hung above any active conductor, such as a trolley wire in order to prevent it from coming into electric contact with falling wires. (iutta pcrchn. A resinous gum obtained from a tropical tree, and valuable electrically for its high insulating powers and for its indestructi- bility when employed in sub-marine cables. Guy. A rod, chain, rope, or wire employed for supporting or stiffening any structure such as a telegraph pole. Guy Wire. A wire employed as a guy. H. H. A contraction for the henry or practical unit of self induction. 9C A contraction for the magnetizing force that exists at any point, or, generally for the inten- sity of magnetic force. H. A symbol for field intensity. " H.B." Curves. Curves indicating the relations between magnetizing force and magnetic flux density in a magnetic substance. A term some- times employed for magnetization curves. H.P. A contraction for horse-power. Hall Effect. A transverse electromotive force produced by a magnetic field in substances undergoing electric displacement. Hanger Board. A form of board provided for the ready replacement or removal of an arc-lamp from a circuit. Hard=drawn Copper Wire. Copper wire that is hardened by being drawn three or four times without annealing. Copper wire not annealed after leaving the die. (See Index.) Harmonic Currents. Periodically alternating currents varying harmonically. Currents which are harmonic functions of time. Sinusoidal currents. Head of Liquid. The vertical distance from the level of a liquid in a containing vessel to the center of gravity of an orifice placed therein. Difference of liquid elevation or level. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 205 Heat. A form of energy. A mode of motion. A vibratory motion impressed on the molecules of matter by the action of any form of energy. A wave motion impressed on the universal ether by the action of some form of energy. Heat Unit. The quantity of heat required to raise a unit mass of water through one degree of the thermometric scale. The calorie. There are a number of different heat units. The most important are: The British Heat Unit, or Thermal Unit, or the amount of heat required to raise i pound of water i degree Fahr. This unit represents an amount of work equal to 772 foot pounds. The Greater Calorie, or the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1,000 grammes of water i degree C. The Smaller Calorie, or the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gramme of water i degree C. The Joule, or the quantity of heat developed in one second by the passage of a current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm. i joule equals .0002407 large calories, i joule equals .2407 small calories, i foot-pound equals 1.356 joules. Hefner. See Candle-Lumen. Hekto. A prefix for one hundred. Helicon Lamp. An incandescent lamp having a carbon filament treated with a volatile silicon compound instead of the usual hydro-carbon gases. Henry. The practical unit of self-induction. An earth-quadrant, or io 9 centimetres. (See International Henry.) Hertzian Waves. Electro-magnetic waves given off by an electro-magnet whose intensity is undergoing rapid periodic variations, or by a current whose strength is undergoing rapid periodic variations. Electro-magnetic waves given off from a circuit through which an oscil- latory discharge is passing. Hewitt's Mercury Arc Lamp. In this form of lamp there is an arc formed between mercury electrodes or metallic terminal and mercury electrode in a long exhausted tube, the arc being usually struck by tilting the tube so that the current follows the trickling mercury. Once thus formed the mercury vapor maintains a very steady and powerful glow under the elec- tric discharge which it permits. High Frequency. A frequency so high that Ohm's Law does not apply even approximately. High=potential Current. A term loosely applied for a current produced by high electromotive forces. High=potential Insulator. An insulator suitable for use on high-potential circuits. High=tension Circuit. A circuit employed in con- nection with high electric pressures. Hittorf Tubes. Various forms of high-vacuum tubes employed by Hittorf in his researches in electrical discharges through high vacua. Holophane. A form of glass globe or enclosing chamber for a source of light, which has its external surface cast into lenticular ridges for the more general diffusion of the emerging light. Holtz Influence Machine. A particular form of electrostatic influence machine. Homopolar Dynamo. A dynamo whose conduc- tor moves continuously past poles of one po- larity only. A commutatorless dynamo. A so-called unipolar dynamo. Horizontal Candle Power. The intensity of light emitted by any source in a horizontal direction. The luminous intensity of a source taken in a horizontal direction, as measured in units of luminous intensity. Horizontal Component. That portion of a force which acts in a horizontal direction. Horizontal Intensity of Light. The intensity of a light measured in a horizontal direction. Horse=power. A commercial unit of power, ac- tivity, or rate-of-doing-work. A rate-of-doing- work. A rate-of-doing-work equal to 33,000 pounds raised one foot-per-minute, or 550 pounds raised one foot-per-second. A rate-of- doing-work equal to 4,562 kilograms raised one metre per minute. Horse=power, Electric. Such a rate-of-doing electrical work as is equal to 746 watts, or 746 volt-coulombs per second. Horse=power=hour. A unit of work equal to the work done by one horse-power acting for an hour. 1,980,000 foot-pounds. Horseshoe Magnet. A magnetized bar of steel or hardened iron, bent in the form of a horse-shoe, or letter U. Hot=wire Voltmeter. A voltmeter whose indica- tions are based on the increase in the length of a metallic wire placed in the circuit of the electromotive force that is to be measured. Mouse Mains. The conductors connecting the service wires with the street mains, in a sys- tem of multiple incandescent lamp distribution. Hummer, Electric. A word sometimes employed for an electric buzzer. Hunting of Parallel=connected Alternators. A periodic increase and decrease in the speed of alternators, when running under certain con- ditions in parallel connections as motors or dynamos. Imperfect synchronous running. Hydro=electric System. An electric system with generator driven by water-power. Hysteresis. A lagging behind of magnetization relatively to magnetizing force. Apparent molecular friction due to magnetic change of stress. A retardization of the magnetizing or demagnetizing effects as regards the causes which produce them. That quality of a para- magnetic substance by virtue of which energy is dissipated on the reversal of its magnetiza- tion. Hysteresis Coefficient. The hysteretic coefficient. The energy dissipated in a cubic centimetre of magnetic material by a single cyclic reversal of unit magnetic density. Hysteretic Cycle. A cycle of complete magnetiza- tion and reversal. Hysteretic Lag. The lag in the magnetization of a transformer due to hysteresis. I. A symbol for strength of current. ?. A symbol for inductance. I.H.P. A contraction for indicated horse-power. I. 2 R. Activity. The activity expended in a circuit, equal to the square of the current strength in amperes by the resistance in ohms. The C 2 R activity. I. 2 R. Loss. The loss of power in any circuit equal to the square of the current in amperes by the resistance in ohms. The C 2 R. loss. Idle Coil. Any coil through which for the time no current is passing. Any coil which is not passing through a magnetic field or generating an E.M.F. Idle Current of Alternating=current Dynamo. The wattless current of an alternating-current cir- cuit, as distinguished from the active or work- ing current. Impedance. Generally, opposition to current flow. The sum of the ohmic resistance, and the spurious resistance of a circuit, measured in ohms. In a simple-harmonic current circuit the square root of the sum of the squares of the resistance and reactance. The apparent re- sistance of a circuit containing both resistance and reactance. (See Alternating Currents.) Impedance Circuit. A circuit containing im- pedance. Impedance Coils. A term sometimes applied to choking coils, reactance coils, or economy coil. Impedance Rush. The rush of current produced on closing an inductive circuit. An impulsive current rush. Electrical Dictionary 206 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Electrical Impressed Electromotive Force. The electromo- tive force brought to act in any circuit to pro- Dictionary duce a current therein. In an alternating- current circuit, the impressed electromotive force due to an impressed source, in contradis- tinction to the effective electromotive force, or that which is active in producing current, or the electromotive forces due to, or opposed to, self or mutual induction. An applied E.M.F. as distinguished from a resultant, active or watt- less E.M.F. Impulsive Inductance. The apparent inductance of a conductor or circuit when subjected to an impulsive discharge. Incandescence, Electric. The shining or glowing of a substance, generally a solid, by means of heat of electric origin. Incandescent Filament. The incandescing con- ductor of an incandescent electric lamp, whether of small or of comparatively large cross-section, though generally of the former. Incandescent Electric Lamp. An electric lamp whose light is produced by the electric incan- descence of a strip or filament of some refrac- tory substance, almost invariably carbon. India Rubber. A resinous substance obtained from the milky juices of a tropical tree. Caout- chouc. (See Index, Rubber.) Indicator, Electric. A general term applied to various devices operated by the deflection of a magnetic needle, or the ringing of a bell, or by both, for indicating at some distant point, the condition of an electric circuit, the strength of current passing through any circuit, the head of water or other liquid, the pressure on a boiler, the temperature, the speed of an engine or lines of shafting, the working of a machine, or other similar events or occurrences. A term sometimes used in place of annunciator. Any electric or magnetic signalling apparatus. Induced. Set up or caused by induction. Not produced by metallic communication. Induced Current. A current produced by electro- dynamic induction. Induced Electromotive Forces. E.M.F. 's set up by electro-dynamic induction. Induced IW.M.F. Any magnetomotive force pro- duced by induction. The aligned or structural magnetomotive force as distinguished from the prime magnetomotive force. Inductance. The capacity for induction pos- sessed by an active circuit on itself, or on neigh- boring circuits. Self-induction. That prop- erty, in virtue of which a finite electromotive force impressed on a circuit does not imme- diately generate the full current due to the resistance of the circuit, and which, when the electromotive force is withdrawn, requires a finite time for the current strength to fall to its zero value. A property, by virtue of which the passage of an electric current is necessarily accompanied by the absorption of electric energy in producing a magnetic field. A con- stant quantity in a circuit at rest, and devoid of iron, depending only upon its geometrical ar- rangement, and usually expressed in henrys, or in centimetres. Inductance Coil. An impedance, reactance, or choking coil. A coil placed in a circuit, for the purpose of preventing an impulsive current- rush in that circuit, by means of the counter- electromotive force developed in the coil on being magnetized. Inductanceless Circuit. A circuit practically de- void of inductance. A circuit whose magnetic field is negligible, such, for example, as an ordinary incandescent lamp, or a double- wound resistance coil. Induction. The influence exerted by a charged body or by a magnetic field, on neighboring bodies without apparent communication. The influence produced through a dielectric by the action of electrostatic or magnetic flux Induction Coil. An apparatus consisting of two associated coils of insulated wire employed for the production of currents by mutual induction. Induction Generator. A machine similar to the induction motor, but driven as an alternating- current generator. Induction, Magnetic. The production of mag- netism in a magnetizable substance by bringing it into a magnetic field. Induction, Mutual. Induction produced by two neighboring circuits on each other by the mutual interaction of their magnetic fields. Induction Screen. A plate of metal placed be- tween two adjacent electrified bodies, or mag- netic coils, for the purpose of preventing or modifying the inductive action they exert on one another. A conducting screen wholly or partially opaque to inductive action. Induction, Self. Induction produced in a circuit at the moment of starting or stopping the cur- rents therein by the induction of the current on itself. Induction Starter. A device used in starting in- duction motors, converters, etc., when they are started by voltage control, consisting of an auto-transformer in connection with a suitable switching device. Inductive Circuit. Any circuit in which induction occurs. Inductive Disturbance. Any disturbance in the operation of a telephone or telegraph line produced by induction. Inductive Reactance. Reactance due to self in- duction as distinguished from reactance due to a condenser. Inductive Resistance. A resistance possessing self-induction. The reactance of a circuit. Inductor Alternator. An alternating-current gen- erator in whose armature windings the field magnetic flux pulsates but never reverses. .Influence, Electric. Electrostatic induction. Influence Machine. A name sometimes used for an electrostatic-induction machine. In -put . The power absorbed by any machine in causing it to perform a certain amount of work. Inside Wiring. In a system of incandescent lighting, the conductors that lead to the interior of a house or other building to be lighted. Any conductors placed inside a building. Installation. A general term embracing the en- tire plant and accessories required to perform any specified work. The act of placing, ar- ranging or erecting a plant or apparatus. Instantaneous Peak. The highest value reached by the quantity under consideration as mea- sured by some device which indicated high actual value of the quantity at every moment. Insulate. To so cover or protect a body as to prevent electricity from being conducted to or removed from it. Insulated Wires. Wires provided with insulating coverings or coatings. (See Index.) Insulating Joint. A joint in an insulating ma- terial or covering in which the continuity of the insulating material is ensured. Insulating Tape. A ribbon of flexible material impregnated with rubber, or other similar material, and generally containing some ad- hesive substance, employed for insulating wires or electric conductors at joints, or other exposed places. Insulating Varnish. An electric varnish formed of any good insulating material. Insulation Resistance. The resistance existing between a conductor and the earth or between two conductors in a circuit through insulating materials lying between them. A term applied to the resistance of the insulating material of a covered wire or conductor to an impressed voltage tending to produce a leakage of current. The resistance of any insulation. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 207 Insulator, Electric. A body or substance which offers such resistance to the passage of electric current that it is used to prevent the passage of current. Any device employed for insulating a wire or other body. Insulator Pin. The bolt by which an insulator is attached to a bracket, polearm, or support. Intake of Machine. The activity required to operate a machine. Intensified Arc Lamp. A term used for an arc lamp, with one of the carbons of small diameter to give a large current density per unit of arc, on which the arc plays to thereby intensify the light. Intensity of Field. The strength or density of a magnetic field as measured by the quantity of magnetic flux that passes through it per-unit- of-area of normal cross-section. Intensity of Magnetic Flux. The quantity of magnetic flux per-unit-of-area of normal cross-section. The density of magnetic flux. Interior Conduit. A conduit provided inside the walls of a house, or in other convenient spaces within a house, for the reception of the house wires. A conduit in the walls or floors of a building, provided for accommodating electric conductors. Intermittent Current. A current that does not flow continuously, but which flows and ceases to flow at intervals, so that electricity is prac- tically alternately present and absent from the circuit. Internal Characteristic of Dynamo. A curve showing the E.M.F. generated in a dynamo under varying excitation, as distinguished from the external characteristic showing the E.M.F. at terminals. Internal Circuit. That part of a circuit which is included within the electric source. Internal Poles of Dynamo. The inwardly pro- jecting field poles of a dynamo. Magnetic field-poles internal to an armature. International Ampere. The value of the ampere as adopted by the International Congress of 1893, at Chicago. The value of an ampere equal to the one-tenth of a unit of current in the C.G.S. system of electro-magnetic units, and represented with sufficient accuracy for practical purposes, by the unvarying current, which, when passed through a solution of ni- trate of silver in water, in accordance with cer- tain specifications, deposits silver at the rate of 0.001118 of a gramme-per-second. International Coulomb. The value of the cou- lomb as adopted by the International Electrical Congress of 1893, at Chicago. The quantity of electricity equal to that transferred through a circuit by a current of one International am- pere in one second. International Farad. The value of the farad as adopted by the International Electrical Congress of 1 893 , at Chicago. The capacity of a conductor charged to a potential of one International volt by one International coulomb of electricity. International Henry. The value of the henry as adopted by the International Electrical Con- gress of 1893, at Chicago. The value of the induction in a circuit, when the electromotive force induced in the circuit is one International volt, and the inducing current varies at the rate of one ampere per second. International Joule. The value of the joule as adopted by the International Electrical Con- gress of 1893. at Chicago. A value equal to io 7 units of work of the C.G.S. system and repre- sented with sufficient accuracy for practical purposes by the energy expended in one second by one ampere in one International ohm. International Morse Code. A term sometimes employed for the International telegraphic alphabet, as distinguished from the American Morse Code. International Ohm. The value of the ohm as adopted by the International Electrical Con- gress of 1893, at Chicago. A value of the ohm equal to io 9 units of resistance of the C.G.S. system of electro-magnetic units, and repre- sented by the resistance offered to an unvary- ing electric current by a column of mercury at the temperature of melting ice, 14.4521 grammes in mass, of a constant cross-sectional area, and of the length of 106.3 centimetres. International Volt. The value of the volt as adopted by the International Electrical Con- gress of 1893, at Chicago. Such an electro- motive force that steadily applied to a conductor whose resistance is one International ohm will produce a current of one International ampere, and which is represented with sufficient accu- racy for practical use by ^2f of the electromo- tive force between the poles or electrodes of the voltaic cell known as Clark's cell, at a tempera- ture of 15 Cent, when prepared in accordance with certain specifications. International Watt. The value of the watt as adopted by the International Electrical Con- gress of 1893 at Chicago. A value equal to io 7 units of activity in the C.G.S. system, and equal to the work done at the rate of one joule- per-second. Interrupter. Any device for interrupting or breaking a circuit. Ions. The groups of atoms or radicals into which a molecule is separated by electrolytic decom- position. Ionic Conductivities. Specific conductivities of ?.ons, so selected that their sums give molecular conductivities for any combination of ions. Iron=armored Conduit. A conduit provided with an exterior iron casing or covering. A conduit in which each duct has an iron casing or cover- ing. Iron-Clad. Protected or covered with iron. Iron clad Armature. The armature of a dynamo or motor, whose insulated coils are entirely or nearly surrounded by the iron of the armature core. An armature in which the conductors are buried in slots, grooves, or tunnels below the surface of the armature core. Iron=core. The mass of iron on which are placed the magnetizing coils of an electro-magnet or solenoid. Iron=core=loss. The hysteretic and Foucault losses due to the presence of an iron core. Irreciprocal Conduction. Conduction in which the magnitude of the current is altered when its direction is reversed. The electric conduction in an assymmetrical resistance. Isotropic Dielectric. A dielectric possessing the same powers of inductive capacity in all direc- tions J. Jack Panel. The panel of a telephone switch- board provided for the support of the jacks. Jack Switch. A switch operated by means of a spring jack. Jacobi's Law. The maximum activity is per- formed by an electric motor when its counter- electromotive force is equal to one-half of the impressed electromotive force. Joint Reluctance. The combined reluctance of a number of parallel-connected reluctances. Joint Resistance. The combined resistance of a number of parallel-connected resistances. Joule. A volt-coulomb or unit of electric energy or work. The amount of electric work re- quired to raise the potential of one coulomb of electricity one volt. Ten million ergs. (See International Joule.) Joule Effect. The heating effect produced by the passage of an electric current through a con- ductor, arising from its resistance only. Joule's Equivalent. The mechanical equivalent of heat. Joule's Law. The heating power of a current is proportional to the product of the square of its strength and the resistance of the circuit through which it passes Electrical Dictionary AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Electrical Jumper. A temporary shunt or short circuit put P.. . around a source, lamp or receptive device on a Uictionary series-connected circuit, to enable it to be readily removed or repaired. Jump Spark. A disruptive spark obtained be- tween two opposed conducting surfaces, as dis- tinguished from a spark obtained by or fol- lowing a wiping contact. Junction Box. A moisture-proof box provided in a system of underground conductors to re- ceive the terminals of the feeders, and in which connection is made between the feeders and the mains, and through which the current is dis- tributed to the individual consumers. K. K.W. A contraction for kilowatt. kg. An abbreviation for kilogramme, a practical unit of mass. kgm. An abbreviation for kilogramme- metre, a practical unit of the moment of a couple or of work. Kaolin. A variety of white clay sometimes em- ployed for insulating purposes. Kick of Coil. The discharge from an electro- magnetic coil. Kicking Coil. A choking coil. Kilo. A prefix for one thousand times. Kilo-volt. One thousand volts. Kilo-watt. One thousand watts. Kilo=watt=hour. The amount of work equal to that performed by an activity of one kilowatt maintained steadily for one hour. An amount of work equal to 3,600,000 joules. Knife-switch. A switch which is opened or closed by the motion of a knife contact between parallel contact plates. A knife-edge switch or knife switch. L. A symbol for coefficient of inductance. L,l A contraction for length. Lag. Falling behind. To fall behind. Lagging Current. A periodic current lagging behind the impressed electromotive force which produces it. Laminated Core. An iron core that has been sub- divided in planes parallel to its magnetic flux- paths, in order to avoid the injurious produc- tion of Foucault or eddy currents. Lamination. The sub-division of an iron core into laminae. Lamp, Arc, Electric. See Arc Lamp, Electric. Lamp Bulb. The chamber or globe in which the filament of an incandescent lamp is placed. Lamp Circuit. A circuit containing an electric lamp or lamps. Lamp Cord. A flexible cord containing two sep- arately insulated wires suitable for use in con- nection with an incandescent lamp. (See Index.) Lamp Dimmer. A reactive coil, employed on an alternating circuit for the purpose of varying the intensity of incandescent lights connected with such circuit. Lamp Efficiency. Commonly, but illogically the watts consumed by a lamp per candle-power delivered. More nearly correctly the recipro- cal of this; or the number of candles obtained from an incandescent lamp per watt supplied to it. Lamp Filament. The filament of an incandescent lamp. Lamp-hour. Such a service of electric current as is required to maintain one electric lamp during one hour. Such a quantity of electricity, or of electric energy as will maintain one standard lamp in normal operation for one hour. Lap Joint. The joint effected by over-lapping short portions near the ends of the things to be joined, and securing them to each other while in that position. A joint between the ends of two conducting wires in which the two ends after being laid together, side by side, are lapped firmly together by a piece of separate wire. Lap Winding. A winding for a drum armature in which the successive conducting loops are ar- ranged on the surface of the armature over- lapping one another. Law of Ohm. The law of non-varying current strength in a circuit not subject to variation. Ohm's law. The strength of a continuous cur- rent is directly proportional to the difference of potential or electromotive force in the circuit and inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit, i. e., is equal to the quotient arising from dividing the electromotive force by the resistance. Ohm's law is expressed algebraically thus: = ^; orE = IR;orR If the electromotive force is given in volts, and the resistance in ohms, the formula will give the current strength directly in amperes. The current in amperes is equal to the elec- tromotive force in volts divided by the resist- ance in ohms. The electromotive force in volts is equal to the product of the current in amperes and the resistance in ohms. The resistance in ohms is equal to the electro- motive force in volts divided by the current in amperes. The quantity of electricity in coulombs is equal to the current in amperes multiplied by the time in seconds. Lay. The helical disposition of wires in a strand or sheath, in which each wire makes a com- plete revolution about the axis. Lead. A very malleable and ductile metal of low tenacity and high specific gravity. Tensile strength 1600 to 2400 per square inch. Elas- ticity very low, and the metal flows under a very slight strain. Lead dissolves to some extent in pure water, but water containing carbonates or sulphates forms over it a film of insoluble salt which prevents further action. Atomic weight 206.9. Specific gravity 11.07 to 11.44. Melts at about 625 F.; softens and becomes pasty at 617 F. (Kent). Lead encased Cable. A cable provided with a sheathing or coating of lead on its external surface. (See Index.) Lead of Current. An advance in the phase of an alternating current beyond that of the electro- motive force producing the current. Lead of Motor Brushes. The angular displace- ment from the normal position in the direction contrary to that of the rotation of the arma- ture, which it is necessary to give the brushes on an electric motor, when its load is increased, in order to obtain freedom from sparking. Lead Sheathing. The coating of lead placed on the outside of a lead-covered cable. Lead Sleeve. A lead tube provided for making a joint in a lead-covered cable. Leading Current. An alternating-current wave or component, in advance of the electromotive force producing it. Leading-in Wires. The wires that pass from an aerial circuit into a house or building. The wires or conductors which lead the current through an incandescent electric lamp; i. e., into and out of a lamp. Wires leading a cir- cuit into a house, room, box or apparatus. Leads. In a system of parallel distribution, the conductors connected to the positive and nega- tive terminals of a source. Conductors which lead the current to or from any source, circuit or device. In electric testing the insulating conductors leading the testing current to the circuit or conductor tested. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES Leak. Any loss or escape by leaking. Leakage Current of Primary. The magnetizing current which flows into the primary circuit of a a transformer when the secondary circuit is open. A current employed in magnetizing only, as distinguished from a current usefully transformed. Leakage Factor. In a dynamo-electric machine, the ratio of the total flux which passes through the field-magnet cores of a dynamo or motor, to the total useful flux passing from them through the armatures. Leakage Reactance. That portion of the react- ance of any induction apparatus which is due to stray flux. Left=handed Winding. The winding of a solenoid or helix in a counter-clockwise direction. Leg of Circuit. A branch of a bifurcated or di- vided circuit. A loop or offset in a series circuit Legal Ohm. See International Ohm, and Ohm. Lenz's Law. In all cases of induction the direc- tion of the induced current is such as to oppose the motion which produces it. Leyden=jar. A condenser in the form of a jar, in which the metallic coatings are placed opposite each other respectively on the outside and in- side of the jar. Light. That particular form of radiant energy by means of which objects are rendered visible. The flow or flux of light emitted from a lumi- nous source. Lightning Arrester. A device by means of which the apparatus placed in any electric circuit is protected from the destructive effects of a flash or discharge of lightning. Lightning Bolt. A lightning flash or discharge. Lightning Rod. A rod, strap, wire or stranded cable, of good conducting material, placed on the outside of a house or other structure, in order to protect it from the effects of a light- ning discharge. Line Circuit. The wires or other conductors in the main line of a telegraphic or other circuit. A transmission circuit for electric energy. Line Drop. In a telephone switchboard, an electro-magnetic drop connected to a line. Lines of Force. Lines of magnetization. Lines of Magnetization. A term sometimes ap- plied for lines of magnetic induction. A term sometimes applied to those portions of the lines of magnetic force which lie within the magnet- ized substance. Linear Capacity. The quotient of the capacity of a line or conductor by its length. Link=fuse. A link-shaped leaden plate, provided with suitable ends for connection with the copper fuse-wire terminals. Listening Cam. In a telephone system a metallic cam or lever-key by means of which an oper- ator readily places her telephone in circuit with a subscriber. Live Wire. A wire through which current is pass- ing. A wire connected with an electric pres- sure or source. Load. The work thrown on any machine. Load=factor. The fraction expressed in per cent, obtained by dividing the average load over any given period of time by the highest average load for any one minute during the same period of time. Load=factor Rate. A rate based on load-factor. Local Currents. A term sometimes used for eddy currents. Lock, Electric. A lock that is automatically re- leased by the aid of a distant push-button. Locomotive, Electric. A Ipcomotor whose mo- tive power is electricity. An electrically driven locomotive engine. Lodestone. A name given to a piece of naturally magnetized iron ore. Log, Electric. An electric device for measuring the speed of, or the distance traversed by, a vessel. Logarithm. The exponent, or the power to which it is necessary to raise a fixed number called the base, in order to produce a given number. Longdistance Transmission. Transmission of electric energy over fairly considerable dis- tances. Loop Test. A localization test for a fault in a loop of two telegraphic wires, or in a complete metallic circuit. Low=potential Sysfem. In the National Electric Code a system having a pressure less than 550 and more than 10 volts. Low-pressure Circuit. A circuit designed for use in connection with low electric power. Low Tension. A relative term used to designate a winding or conductor of less voltage than that with which it is related or compared. Luminous Efficiency. The ratio which the luminous radiation emitted by a source bears to the total radiant energy emitted by such source in a given time. Luminous Radiation. Radiation capable of af- fecting the eye. M. m. A symbol for strength of magnetic pole. m. An abbreviation for metre, a practical unit of length. M,m. An abbreviation for mass. yU. A symbol for magnetic permeability or induc- tivity. mm. A contraction for millimetre. M.M.F. A contraction for magnetomotive force. Machine Telegraphy. Automatic or high-speed telegraphy. Magnet. Any body producting magnetic flux. A body possessing the power of attracting the unlike pole of another magnet, or of repelling the like pole, or of inducing magnetism in mag- netizable bodies. Magnet Coil. A coil of insulated wire surround- ing the core of an electro-magnet , through which the magnetizing current is passed. Magnet Cores. Bars or cylinders of iron on which the magnetizing coils of wire are placed. Magnetic Air=gap. Any gap in an aero-ferric magnetic circuit filled with air. Magnetic Attraction. The mutual attraction exerted between unlike magnetic poles. Magnetic Axis. The line along which a magnetic needle, free to move, but which has come to rest in a magnetic field, can be turned without changing the direction in which it comes to rest. The line connecting the poles of a bar magnet or needle. Magnetic Circuit. The path through which mag- netic flux passes. Magnetic Clutch. A form of clutch in which magnetic attraction is substituted for ordinary mechanical force, to obtain the friction re- quired in the clutch. A clutch operated electro-magnetically. Magnetic Couple. The couple which turns or tends to turn a magnetic needle, placed in the earth's field, into the plane of the magnetic meridian. Magnetic Density. The strength of magnetism as measured by the amount of magnetic flux which passes through unit area of normal cress- section. Intensity of magnetic induction. Magnetic Dip. The deviation of a freely sus- pended magnetic needle from a true horizontal position. The magnetic inclination. Magnetic Fatigue. An increase in the hysteretic coefficient of iron due to an assumed fatigue after many cyclic reversals. Magnetic Field. The region of magnetic influ- ence surrounding the poles of a magnet. The space or region traversed by magnetic flux in which a magnet needle, free to move, will as- sume a definite position. Magnetic Flux. The streamings that issue from and return to the poles of a magnet. The total number of lines of magnetic force in any mag- netic field. The magnetic flow that passes through any magnetic circuit. Electrical Dictionary 210 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Electrical Magnetic Flux-paths. Paths taken by magnetic _ . . flux in any magnetic circuit. Dictionary Magnetic Force. The force which causes the at- tractions and repulsions of magnetic poles. Magnetic Hysteresis. See Hysteresis. Magnetic Induction. In air, the density of mag- netic force; in iron or other magnetic material the sum of the prime flux, or magnetic force, and the magnetic flux thereby produced in the iron. Total magnetic flux-density. The pro- duction of magnetism in a magnetizable sub- stance on its being brought into magnetic flux. Magnetic Intensity. Magnetic flux-density. The quantity of magnetic flux per-unit-of-area of normal cross-section. Magnetic induction. Magnetic Leakage. A useless dispersion of mag- netic flux of a dynamo or motor by its failure to pass through the armature. Any useless dis- persion of magnetic flux by its failure to pass through a magneto-receptive device placed in the magnetic circuit. Magnetic Needle. A magnetized steel needle or thin straight strip or rod. A straight bar of magnetized steel, supported at or above its centre of gravity, and free to move in a hori- zontal plane only, in a vertical plane only, or in both. Magnetic Permeability. Conductivity for mag- netic flux. The ratio between the magnetic induction produced in a magnetic substance, and the magnetizing force producing such mag- netic induction. Magnetic Poles. Those parts of a magnetic source from or at which the flux emerges or enters. Magnetic Reactance. In an alternating-current circuit the reactance of a coil as distinguished from the reactance of a condenser. Magnetic Reluctance. The resistance offered by a medium to the passage through it of magnetic flux. Magnetic Saturation. The maximum magnet- ization which can be imparted to a magnetic substance. The condition of iron, or other mag- netic substance, when its intensity of mag- netization is so great that it fails to be further magnetized by any magnetizing force, however great. Magnetic Solenoid. A spiral coil of wire, which acts like a magnet when an electric current is sent through it. Magnetic Traction. Tractive or supporting power exerted by a magnet. Hauling or car- rying effected magnetically. Magnetic Units. Units based on the force ex- erted between magnet poles. Units employed in dealing with magnets and magnetic phenomena. The magnetic system of C.G.S. electromagnetic units, as distinguished from the electrostatic system. Magnetism. That property or condition of mat- ter which accompanies the production of mag- netic flux. Magnetic flux or streamings. That branch of science which treats of the nature and properties of magnets and of mag- netic flux. Magnetizing Force. The vector space-rate of descent of magnetic potential. The prime flux- density impressed upon a body, and which may induce magnetism in the same. The force at any point with which a unit magnetic pole would be acted on. The impressed flux- density of a field as distinguished from the total flux-density. Magneto. A magneto-generator. A small mag- neto-electric dynamo machine. Magneto Call-bell. A call-bell operated by a magneto-electric machine. Magneto-electric Dynamo. A dynamo-electric machine whose field magnets are formed of permanent magnets. Magnetometer. An apparatus for the measure- ment of magnetic force. Any apparatus for measuring the elements of the earth's magnetic force. Magneto-motive Force. The force which pro- duces magnetic flux. The force that moves or tends to move magnetic flux. Magnet Wire. Insulated wire suitable for wind- ing magnets and usually cotton-covered. (See Index.) Mains. In a parallel system of distribution the parallel conductors carrying the main current, and to which translating devices are connected. In a system of parallel distribution, the prin- cipal conductors which extend from the risers, or service wires, along the corridors or pas- sages along the floor to be lighted. Make=and=break. The operation of alternately completing and opening a circuit. Man=hole of Conduit. An opening communicat- ing from the surface of the road bed with an underground conduit, of sufficient size to ad- mit a man. Man-power. A unit of power equal to the one- tenth of a horse-power, or about 75 watts. Marconi Rays. Electro-magnetic waves em- ployed in the Marconi system of wireless tel- egraphy. Marconi Waves. Electromagnetic waves em- ployed in the Marconi system of wireless tel- egraphy. Mariner's Compass. A compass mounted in such a manner as to be serviceable on board ship. A name often applied to an azimuth compass. Mass. Quantity of matter contained in a body. Matt. A word employed in electro-plating to designate the appearance presented by an electro-plating of silver in which the deposit is interlaced and closely massed together. A fused mass of impure copper employed as the raw material in electrolytic refinement. Maximum Demand. The maximum demand may be stated in kilowatts, horse-power, i6-cp equivalents, or any other term specified, but preferably should be stated in terms which leave no opportunity for error, and wherever possible should be stated in kilowatts. Unless specified, it should always mean absolutely the greatest actual maximum demand. If the greatest actual maximum demand is not intended, but it is intended to express the greatest maximum demand for a given day or a given minute, then it should be so stated. Maximum Instantaneous Demand. The highest load reached as measured by indicating or re- cording instruments at any moment. Maximum Simultaneous Demand. A maximum simultaneous demand should be used to express the greatest absolute aggregate sum of certain individual demands, such as: !a) Customers, b) Classes of customers, c) Classes of current, and all rules made to define maximum demand shall apply to simultaneous maximum demand. Mean Current. The time average of a current strength. In an alternating-current circuit, the time average of a current strength without regard to sign or direction. Mean Electromotive Force. The average electro- motive force. In an alternating-current cir- cuit the time average of the E.M.F. without regard to sign or direction. Mean Horizontal Intensity of Light. The average intensity of light in a horizontal plane contain- ing the source. Mean Spherical Candle=power. An average candle- power numerically equal to the total quantity of light emitted by a point source divided by 12,566. The average candle-power of a source taken at all points of the surface of a sphere. Mechanical Equivalent of Heat. The amount of mechanical energy converted into heat that would be required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of water one degree of the thermo- metric scale. The quantity of energy mechan- ically equivalent to one heat unit. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 211 Meg or Mega. A prefix for one million times. Megohm. One million ohms. Mercurial Contact. An electric contact effected through the medium of mercury. Mercury Break. A form of circuit breaker oper- ated by the removal of a conductor from a mercurial surface. Mercury Cup. A cup partly filled with mercury employed as a mercurial contact. Mercury Tube. A sealed glass tube containing mercury arranged to emit fluorescent light when agitated. A resistance formed of a thread of mercury contained in a tube. Messenger Rope. In cable-work a rope drive for operating a drum or winch at a distance. A rope supporting guide sheaves. Metallic Arc. An arc formed between metallic electrodes. Metallic Circuit. A circuit which is metallic throughout, in contradistinction to an earth- return circuit. Metallic Contact. A contact of a metallic con- ductor obtained by bringing it into firm con- nection with another metallic conductor. Contact between metal and metal. Metallic Cross. A fault due to the actual contact between two or more wires or conductors, so that the current from one line passes to another. Metallic Resistance. A term sometimes applied to the resistance of wires or conductors, in contradistinction to the resistance of insulating materials. Meter, Electric. An apparatus for measuring commercially the quantity of electricity that passes in a given time through a consumption circuit. Meter=motor. A small motor employed in oper- ating an electric meter. A meter comprising a small motor. Metre. A unit of length equal, approximately, to one ten-millionth part of a quadrant of a me- ridian of the earth taken through Paris; or, ap- proximately, to 39.37 inches. Metric Horse=power. A unit of power in which the rate-of-doing-work is equal to 75 kil- gramme-metres per second. Mho. The unit of conductance. Such a con- ductance as is equal to the reciprocal of one ohm. A unit of electric conductance of the value of io- 9 absolute units. Mica. A refractory, mineral substance employed as an insulator. A double silicate of alumina or magnesia and potash or soda. Micanite. A variety of insulating material made from and built up of small mica sheets bound together by some insulating cement. Micro. A prefix for the one-millionth. Microfarad. One-millionth of a farad. Micrometer Wire=gauge. A sensitive form of wire gauge, usually constructed with a fine thread screw, having a graduated head for close measurements of wire diameters. (See page 21.) Microhm. The millionth of an ohm. Mil. A unit of length used in measuring the diameter of wires equal to the one-thousandth of an inch. Mil=foot. A resistance standard consisting of a foot of wire, or other conducting material, one mil in diameter. A standard of comparison of resistivity or conductivity of wires. (See page 15.) Milli-ammeter. A milli-ampere meter. Milli=ampere. The thousandth of an ampere. Milli=henry. A thousandth part of a henry. Milli=volt. The thousandth of a volt. Minus Charge. A negative charge. Mirror Galvanometer. A galvanometer whose readings are obtained by the movements of a spot of light reflected from a mirror attached to the needle or its suspension system. Modulus of Elasticity. The ratio of the simple stress required to produce a small elongation or compression in a rod of unit area of normal Electrical cross-section, to the proportionate change of rv . length produced. Young's modulus. Dictionary Moisture=proof Insulation. Water-proof insula- tion. A t^roe of insulation which is not strictly water-proof, but which is capable of being immersed for a short time without suffer- ing serious loss of insulation. Momentary Peak. The highest average load carried during any fifteen seconds of a specified period. Monocylic System. A system of alternating, current distribution suitable for electric light- ing with the additional capability of operating triphase induction motors. A system for the distribution of alternating currents employing three wires, between two of which an ordinary Uniphase pressure is maintained, while between either of them and the third, there is a diphased pressure. Moonlight Schedule. A schedule of burning hours for lamps which are not lighted when the moon shines. Morse Recorder. An apparatus for automatic- ally recording the dots and dashes of the Morse telegraphic dispatch, on a fillet of paper drawn under an indenting or marking point on a striking lever connected with the armature of an electro-magnet, as distinguished from a Morse inker. Morse System of Telegraphy. A system of teleg- raphy in which makes and breaks, occurring at intervals corresponding to the dots and dashes of the Morse alphabet, are received by an electro-magnetic sounder, or other receiver. Motor Converter. A combination of an in- duction motor with a synchronous converter, the secondary of the former feeding the arma- ture of the latter with current at some fre- quency other than the impressed frequency; i. e., it is a synchronous converter concatenated with an induction motor. Motor=dynamo. An electrically driven motor, rigidly connected to the armature of a dynamo, and employed for transforming or changing the Eressure of a direct-current circuit. The com- ination, in a continuous current generator of a motor and a dynamo, in separate structures, mechanically connected to form a single ma- chine or structure. Motor, Electric. A device for transforming elec- tric power into mechanical power. Motor=generator. A motor coupled to a gen- erator. A motor-dynamo. A transforming device. Motorman. The man who operates a trolley car. Motor Starting=rheostat. An adjustable rheostat provided for preventing an abnormal rush of current through a shunt-wound motor, on the starting of the same. Motor Torque. The rotary effort developed by an electric motor. Mouth=pieces. Circular openings into air cham- bers, placed over the diaphragms of telephones, phonographs, gramophones, or graphophones, to permit the ready application of the mouth in speaking, so as to set the diaphragm in vibra- tion. Multi=conductor Cable. A cable provided with a plurality of conducting circuits. Multiphase Apparatus. A general term for multi- phase alternators, motors, or other receptive apparatus, suitable for use on multiphase cir- cuits. Multiple-arc Circuit. A term often used for mul- tiple circuit. Multiple Circuit. A circuit in which a number of separate sources or separate receptive devices, or both, have all their positive poles connected to a single positive lead or conductor, and all their negative poles connected to a single negar tive lead or conductor. Multiple parallel Circuit. A term sometimes employed for a multiple of parallel circuits. 212 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Electrical Multiple-series Circuit. A circuit in which a num- PJ. . ber of separate sources, or receptive devices, or dictionary both, are connected in a number of separate groups in series, and these separate groups subsequently connected in multiple. Multiple Telegraphy. A system for the simul- taneous telegraphic transmission over the same wire of more than a single message in the same direction. Multiple Telephony. The simultaneous trans- mission over the same wire of a number of separate telephonic despatches, in the same direction. Multiple Windings. Independent windings sym- metrically disposed upon the same armature, insulated from each other, but brought to different segments of the commutator. Multiplex Telegraphy. A system of telegraphy for the simultaneous transmission in opposite directions of more than two separate messages over a single wire from each end. A term sometimes used for multiple telephony or simul- taneous transmission of more than one message in the same direction over a single wire. Multipolar Armature. An armature suitable for use in a multipolar field. Multipolar Dynamo. A dynamo provided with a multipolar field. Mutual Induction. Induction produced on each other by two neighboring circuits through the mutual inter-connection of their magnetic fluxes. Induction produced in neighboring charged conductors by the inter-connection of their electrostatic fluxes. N. N. A symbol for the whole number of lines of magnetic flux or induction in any magnetic circuit. n. A symbol employed for frequency. A con- traction for a number. Needle. A word frequently used for a magnetic needle. Negative Charge. According to the double-fluid hypothesis, a charge of negative electricity. According to the single-fluid hypothesis, any deficit of an assumed electric fluid. An elec- tric charge of the same character as that pro- duced on silk when rubbed by glass. Negative Conductor. The conductor connected to the negative terminal of an electric source. Negative Currents. In telegraphy, a term ap- plied to the currents sent over a line from the negative pole of the battery. Negative Electricity. One of the phases of elec- tric excitement. The kind of electric charge produced on resin when rubbed with cotton. Negative Electromotive Force. Such an E.M.F. as is produced at the free pole of a battery or other source whose positive pole is grounded. Negative Electrode. The electrode connected with the negative terminal of a source. Negative Feeders. The feeders connecting the negative mains with the negative poles of the generators. Negative Potential. A potential such as deter- mines a tendency of electricity to flow towards it from the earth or from any point of positive potential. Generally, the lower potential or lower level. That property of a point in space by virtue of which electric work is done by the movement of a small positive charge to that point from an infinite distance. Negative Rays. The molecular streams given off at the negative electrode or cathode of an in- duction tube, on the passage of electric dis- charges through the tube. Negative Terminal. The terminal of a voltaic cell connected with the positive plate or ele- ment. The terminal of a source connected with the negative pole. The terminal of a translating device connected with the negative pole of the source. Nernst Lamp. A form of incandescent light in which a substance called the glower is the source of light. When cold the glower is a non-conductor and it must be artificially heated to bring it into action. Neutral Conductor. The neutral wire in a three- wire system. Neutral Feeder. In a three-wire system, a feeder connected with the neutral bus-bar. NeutraUline of Dynamo Armature. A line passing through the armature, symmetrically disposed as regards its entering and emerging flux. A line of zero polarity. Neutral Point. A term sometimes employed in electro-therapeutics for indifferent point. Neutral Wire. In a three-wire system of electric distribution the wire connected to the neutral dynamo-terminal. The balance wire of a three-wire system. Nigger. A term sometimes employed for a fault in any electric apparatus or system. Non=arcing Fuse. A fuse wire formed of non- arcing metal, which, therefore, blows without the formation of a voltaic arc. Non-conductor. Any substance whose conduc- tivity is low, or whose electric resistance is great. Non=ferric. Devoid of iron. Non-inductive Resistance. A resistance devoid of self-induction. Non=peak Rate. See " Off-peak Rate." Non=reactive Circuit. A circuit which possesses neither inductance nor capacity, and, therefore, has ohmic resistance only. Normal Current. The current strength at which a system or apparatus is designed to be oper- ated. North Magnetic Pole. That pole of a magnetic needle which points approximately to the earth's geographical north. O. O. An abbreviation for ohm, the practical unit of resistance. O.K. A telegraphic signal of acquiescence mean- ing "all right" and said to be a perversion of the initial letters of the phrase "all correct." a). A symbol sometimes employed for angular velocity. Oersted. The name used for the C.G.S. unit of magnetic reluctance. The reluctance offered to the passage of magnetic flux by a cubic cen- timetre of air when measured between parallel faces. Off=peak Rate. A rate conditioned on the non- use of service during specified hours of central- station peak-load. Ohm. The practical unit of electric resistance. Such a resistance as would limit the flow of electricity under an electromotive force of one volt, to a current of one ampere, or one-cou- lomb-per-second. (See International Ohm.) Ohmic. Of or pertaining to the ohm. Having the nature of an electric resistance. Ohmic Drop. The drop in pressure due to the ohmic resistance. Ohmic Resistance. The true resistance of a con- ductor due to its dimensions and conductivity, as distinguished from the spurious resistance produced by counter-electromotive force. A resistance such as would be measurable in ohms by the usual methods of continuous-current measurement. Ohm's Law. See Law of Ohm. Oil Insulator. A fluid insulator containing oil. Oil Transformer. A transformer immersed in oil in order to ensure and maintain high insulation. An oil-insulated transformer. Omnibus Bars. Heavy bars of copper connected directly to the poles of a dynamo in a central station, and, therefore, receiving their entire current. Main conducts common to two or more dynamos in an electrical generating plant. E L E C T R I C A L W I R E S A N D C A B L E S 213 Open Circuit. A broken circuit, or a circuit whose conducting continuity is broken. Open=circuit Transformer. A transformer whose magnetic circuit is partly completed through air. An aero-ferric-circuit transformer. Open=coil Armature. An armature, some of whose coils are on open-circuit during a portion of the rotation of the armature. Open Wiring. Wiring that has been purposely left exposed to view. Wiring supported on cleats or insulators as distinguished from chan- nelled, panelled, or covered wiring. Opening a Circuit. Breaking a circuit. Operating Time=f actor. The ratio of the number of hours of operation to the number of hours in the interval considered. This can best be fixed by an example: There are 8760 hours in the year. If a given shop operates ten hours a day, for 300 days in a year, it may be said to have an operating factor of 34.1 1 per cent. Operating Time Load=factor. The load-factor considered only during the time of operation. This can also best be defined by example, and would be used to express the load-factor for the running time of a shop. That is, if a shop operates ten hours a day and 300 days in a year, the divisor would be 3000 hours, or such other number of hours, as represented the time of running instead of the usual divisor of 8760 hours in the year. Ordinate. In graphics, a distance taken on a line called the axis of ordinates. Oscillating Current. An oscillatory current. A periodically alternating current and of dimin- ishing amplitude. Oscillator, Electric. A device for producing electric currents of a constant period, inde- pendently of variations in its driving force. Oscillatory Current. A current which oscillates or performs periodic vibrations usually of diminishing amplitude. Oscillograph. An instrument for recording rapid variations of an electrical current or pressure, usually consisting of a combination of a suitable form of galvanometer with a photographic recording apparatus. A cathode-ray tube in which the cathode rays are deflected by the application of a magnetic field. Osmose, Electric. The unequal difference of dif- fusion between two liquids placed on opposite sides of a diaphragm, produced by the passage of an electric current through the diaphragm. Outboard Bearing. A journal bearing projecting beyond the base frame of a machine for giving adequate support to a long or heavy shaft. A separate journal bearing supported outside the frame of a machine. Outlet. A place where branch wires come out in a wall or ceiling for connection to a switch, lamp or other device. In a system of incan- descent-lamp distribution the place in the building where the fixtures or lamps are at- tached. Output of Dynamo=electric Machine. The elec- tric power of the current developed by a dy- namo-electric generator or transformer, at its delivery terminals expressed in volt-amperes, watts, or kilowatts. The available mechanical power developed by a motor, or the power de- livered at its pulley or shaft. Overhead Conductor. An aerial conductor. Overload Switch. A switch designed to automat- ically open a circuit upon the occurrence of an overload. Overtone Currents. Electric currents of har- monic frequencies accompanying a funda- mental periodic current. P. P. A symbol for power. < A symbol for quantity of magnetic flux. P.O. or p.d. A contraction frequently employed for potential difference. Page Effect. Faint sounds produced when a Electrical piece of iron is rapidly magnetized and de- ,-^. . magnetized. Dictionary Paper Cable. A paper-insulated cable. A cable in which paper is the solid insulator employed. (See Index.) Paper Insulation. Insulation obtained by paper. Paraffine. A solid hydro-carbon possessing high insulating powers. Parallel Circuit. A term sometimes used for multiple circuit. Parallel=working of Dynamo=electric Machines. The working of two or more dynamos in paral- lel. Paramagnet. A magnet produced by iron or other magnetic substance. A ferromagnet. Paramagnetic. Possessing the properties ordi- narily recognized as magnetic. Possessing the power of concentrating lines of magnetic force. Ferromagnetic. Party Line. A telephone circuit which serves for more than one customer. Paying=out. The operation of passing submarine cable out of the ship while laying it. Peak. The highest average load carried during one minute of any specified period. Peak-load. The highest average load carried dur- ing one hour of any specified period. Note: In the case of momentary peak load= factor, peak=loads, the terms may be preceded by the qualifying terms " hourly," " daily," " monthly," " yearly," etc. Peltier Effect. The heating effect produced by the passage of an electric current across a thermo-electric junction, or surface of contact between two different metals, as distinguished from a Joulean effect or heat due to resistance merely. Pendant Cord. A flexible conductor provided for conveying the current to a pendant lamp or rush. Pendant Socket. An attachment provided with a chain or chains for turning on or off a lamp not readily accessible. Pendulum, Electric. A pendulum so arranged that its to-and-fro motions send electric im- pulses over a line, either by making or breaking contacts. An electric tuning fork whose to- and-fro movements are maintained by electric impulses. Percentage Conductivity of Wire. The conduc- tivity of a wire in terms of the conductivity of pure copper. The conductivity of a particular copper wire compared with the conductivity of a standard wire of the same dimensions. The conductivity of a wire referred to Matthies- sen's standard of conductivity for copper. Period. The interval of time between two suc- cessive passages of a vibration through a given point of its path taken in the same direction. The time occupied in performing a complete cycle. Periodic Alternating Electromotive Force. An electromotive force whose direction periodi- cally varies. Periodic Current. A current whose strength and direction periodically vary. A simple har- monic or sinusoidal current. A periodically alternating current. Periodicity. The number of periods executed per second by a periodically alternating quantity. The number of cycles executed in unit time by an alternating current. The frequency of an alternating current. Peripheral Speed. The speed of a point on the circumference of a rotating cylinder or wheel. Permanent Magnet. A name sometimes given to a magnet composed of hardened steel, whose magnetic retentivity is high. Permeability Bridge. A device for measuring the magnetic permeability of a medium, operating on the principle of a Wheatstone bridge. Permittance. Electrostatic capacity. The capa- bility of a condenser or dielectric to hold a charge. 214 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Electrical Personal Equation. A constant observational error peculiar to an observer, and depending Dictionary upon his psychological condition. Petticoat Insulator. An insulator provided with a petticoat, or deep internal groove, around its lower extremity, or stalk. A line-wire vertical insulator provided with an insulating inverted cup having a form resembling a petticoat. An ordinary telegraph or telephone single-cup insulator. Phantom Circuit. Any of the additional circuits established on a telegraphic line by means of any variety of multiplex telegraphy. An imaginary circuit virtually created by multi- plexing a telegraph circuit. Phase. The fractional part of a period, which has elapsed since a vibrating body last passed through the extreme point of its path in the positive direction. Phase Angle. The angle of phase, in a simple- harmonic motion, or the angular distance through which the corresponding circularly moving point has passed from the point of last maximum positive elongation. Phase Indicator. A device for indicating when the pressure of an alternator is in phase and synchronism with the pressure of the circuit with which it is to be connected. A term sometimes employed for a synchronizer. Phone. A contraction frequently employed for telephone. A message sent by telephone. Phone. To send a message by telephone. Photometer. An apparatus for measuring the intensity of the light emitted by any luminous source. Pile. A word frequently used for voltaic or thermo-electric pile, though more frequently for the former. A voltaic or thermo-electric battery. Pilot Brush. A small accessory brush placed on the commutator cylinder for the purpose of determining the variations in the electromotive force produced in various segments. Pilot Lamp. A lamp connected across the ter- minals of a dynamo to show roughly the pres- sure which it is producing. A lamp placed in a central station, generally on the dynamo itself, to indicate the difference of potential at the dynamo terminals by means of the intensity of the emitted light. Pilot Wires. The wires leading directly to the generating station from different parts of the mains, in order to determine the difference of potential at such parts. Wires provided for connection to a pilot lamp, or other device for indicating the maintenance of normal pressure. Pins. Wooden pegs for supporting pole line in- sulators. Pitch. The frequency of an electrically produced tone. The distance between successive cor- responding conductors on a dynamo armature. In an armature winding divided into coils or segments, the number of coils through which advance must be made in making end con- nections between the coils. Pitch Line. A circle drawn around the external surface of an armature through the middle of the length of the inductors placed thereon. Pitch of Windings. In alternators, usually the distance measured along the pitch ^ine be- tween the centers of a pair of successive poles of opposite sign; or, in some alternators, half this distance. In a continuous-current arma- ture, the pitch. Pith-ball Electroscope. An electroscope whose indications are obtained by the attractions or repulsions of pith balls. Plane Vector. A quantity which possesses not only magnitude but also direction in a single plane. Planimeter. An instrument for automatically integrating the areas of plane curves, around the contour of which a fiducial point on the instrument is carried. Platinum. A heavy, refractory and not readily oxydizable metal of a tin-white color. Plow Steel. See Index. Plug Resistances. A number of separate resist- ances that can be introduced into a circuit by unplugging. The resistances of the ordinary resistance box. Plug Switch. A switch operated by the insertion of a metallic plug between two insulated metallic segments connected to a circuit, and separated by air-spaces for the reception of the plug key. Plumbago. An allotropic modification of carbon. Plunger Switch. A switch, the operating lever cylinder of which passes through a bushing in a switchboard, so as to make and break contacts at the back of the switchboard. Polarity. The possession of poles, or of opposite properties, at opposite ends. The condition of electric or magnetic differentiation between properties of electric or magnetic flux depending on and inherent in the direction of such flux. Polarization of Dielectric. A molecular strain produced in the dielectric of a Leyden jar, or other condenser, by the attraction of the elec- tric charges on its opposite faces, or by electro- static stress. A term sometimes employed for electric displacement. Pole Changer. A switch for reversing the direc- tion of a current. A reverser. A generator of alternating currents at a telephone exchange, consisting of an electro-magnetically driven pendulum which periodically reverses a call battery. Pole Guys. A guy employed for stiffening a pole. Pole Steps. Steps permanently fastened to a wooden or iron pole to facilitate climbing. (See page 8 1.) Polyphase. Possessing more than a single phase. Polyphase Alternator. An alternator capable of supplying polyphase currents. Polyphase Armature. An armature so wound as either to produce polyphase currents, or to be operated by such currents. Polyphase Circuits. The circuits employed in polyphase-current distribution. Polyphase Currents. Currents differing in phase from one another by a definite amount, and suitable for the operation of polyphase motors or similar apparatus. Polyphase Generator. A generator which produces currents differing symmetrically in phase. Polyphase Motor. A motor operated by means of polyphase currents. Polyphase Transformer. A transformer suitable for use in connection with polyphase circuits. Polyphase Transmission. Transmission of power by means of polyphase currents. Polyphaser. A term sometimes employed for a polyphase alternator, or generator. A multi- phaser. Pony Insulators. A name given to a particular type of glass telegraph insulator. Porcelain. A variety of insuifting substance, made from kaolin. Portable Conductors. Plsxible cords containing insulated wires suitable for use with porta- ble lamps, motors, or other devices. Positive Charge. According to the double : fluid hypothesis, a charge of positive electricity. According to the single-fluid hypothesis, any excess of an assumed electric fluid. A charge of electricity having a positive potential. Positive Currents. A term employed in teleg- raphy for currents sent over a line from the positive pole of a battery. Positive Electricity. One of the phases of electric excitement. That kind of electric charge pro- duced on cotton when rubbed against resin. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 215 Positive Lead. In a system of parallel distribu- tion, a lead connected with the positive gen- erator-terminal, or with the positive bus-bars. Positive Pole. That pole of an electric source out of which the current is assumed to flow. Positive Wire. The wire connected with the positive pole of a source. Potential, Electric. The power of doing electric work. Electric level. Potential Energy. Stored energy. Potency or capability of doing work. Energy possessing the power or potency of doing work but not actually performing such work. Potential Indicator. An apparatus for indicating potential difference. Potential of Conductors. The relation existing between the quantity of electricity in a con- ductor and its capacity. That property of a conductor whereby electric work is done when an electric charge is moved towards it. Power. Rate-of-doing-work, expressible in watts, joules-per-second, foot pounds-per-hour, etc. Activity. Power Circuits. Circuits employed for the elec- tric transmission of power. Power Factor. The ratio of the true watts to the apparent volt-amperes in an alternating- current conductor, circuit, or device. It equals the cosine of the angle of lag of the alternating current. Power=factor Indicator. A device to indicate the power-factor of an electric current. Power=house. A house provided with the plant necessary for the production of the electric power required in a system of electric distribu- tion. Practical Units. Definitely related multiples or sub-multiples of the absolute or centimetre- gramme-second units. Prepayment Meter. A device whereby a certain electric service is given by means of an electric penny-in-the-slot apparatus. Pressure Equalizer. An automatic device em- ployed in connection with a storage battery to maintain a uniform pressure at its terminals under different loads. A regulating device employed in a system of electric distribution for maintaining the pressure uniform. Pressure Indicator. Any device for indicating the electric pressure in a circuit. Pressure Wires. Small insulated copper con- ductors, employed in a system of underground street mains, extending from points of junction between the feeders and the mains to the cen- tral station, to indicate in the central station the pressure supplied to the mains. Primary. That winding of an induction motor or of a transformer which directly receives power. The term is to be preceded, in the case of trans- formers, by the words "high voltage" or "low voltage," in the case of induction motors by "rotating" or "stationary." Primary Battery. The combination of a number of separate primary cells to form a single elec- tric source. Primary Cell. A term sometimes employed for a voltaic cell. Primary Coil of Transformer. That coil of an in- duction coil or transformer on which the pri- mary electromotive force is impressed. The coil which receives energy prior to transformation. Primary Currents. Currents flowing in a pri- mary circuit, as distinguished from currents flowing in a secondary circuit. Primary Electromotive Force. The electromotive force applied to the primary coil of a transformer. Primary Winding is that winding of an induction motor or of a transformer which receives power from an external source. Prime Magneto=motive Force. The magneto- motive force due to the magnetizing current in a ferric circuit. Prony Brake. A mechanical device for measuring the power of a driving shaft by the application of a brake to the periphery of a wheel firmly Electrical keyed on the shaft. ^ . . Proportionate Arms. The two resistances or Dictionary arms of an electric bridge, whose relative or proportionate resistances only are required to be known, in order to determine in connection with a known resistance, the value of an un- known resistance placed in the remaining arm of the bridge. Pull=off. An insulator employed on curves to hold the trolley wire in proper position. A steel wire attached to a trolley wire through an insulator, and employed to pull the trolley wire into position over a curve in the track. Pulsating Current. A current equivalent to the superposition of an alternating current upon a continuous current. Pulse, Electric. An electric oscillation. A momentary flow of electricity through a con- ductor which gradually varies from zero value to the maximum, and then to zero value again, like a pulse or vibration in an elastic medium. Pumping of Alternating=current Dynamo. A pulsation in the motion of a synchronously running alternating-current generator or mo- tor, due to imperfect synchronism. Push Button. A device for closing an electric circuit by the movement of a button. Push Contact. A name sometimes applied to a push button. Pyrometer, Electric. A device for determining the temperature of a body by the measure- ment of the electric resistance of a platinum wire exposed to the heat to be measured. Q. Q or q. A symbol for electric quantity. Quadrant Electrometer. An electrometer in which an electrostatic charge is measured by the attractive and repulsive force exerted by four plates or quadrants on a light needle of aluminum suspended between them. Quadrature. A term applied to express the fact that one simple-harmonic quantity lags 90 behind another. Quadruplex. Of or pertaining to quadruplex telegraphy. Quadruplex Telegraphy. A system tor the simul- taneous transmission of four messages over a single wire, two in one direction and two in the opposite direction. Quadruplex Telephony. The simultaneous trans- mission of four telephonic messages, two in one direction and the remaining two in the opposite direction. Quantity, Electric. The amount of electricity present in any current or charge. Quantity Increment Rate. See " Block Rate." Quarter Phase. A term implying the supplying of power through two circuits. The vector angle of this voltage is 90 degrees. This term is recommended instead of the term " two-phase." Quarter=phase System. A two-phase system of alternating-current distribution employing two currents dephased by a quarter period. Quartze Fibre. (See Fibre, Quartz.) Quick=break Switch. A switch by means of which a circuit may be rapidly broken. R. R. A contraction for ohmic resistance. r. A symbol for radius. R.M.S. A term sometimes used for the square root of the mean square of the current. The effective current. R.P.M. An abbreviation for revolutions per minute. Radian. A unit angle. An angle whose circular arc is equal in length to its radius; or, approxi- mately 57 17' 45". Radian=per Second. A unit of angular velocity of a rotating body. 216 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Electrical Radiation, Electric. The transference of electric _. . energy by means of electro-magnetic waves Dictionary se t up in the surrounding ether. That prop- erty of a rapidly oscillating or alternating-cur- rent circuit by virtue of which energy is ex- pended by the circuit in the form of electro- magnetic waves. Radius of Gyration. In a rotating body, a radial distance from the center of rotation at which, if the entire mass of the body were collected, its moment of inertia would remain the same. Rail-bond, Electric. Any device whereby the ends of contiguous rails are placed in good electrical contact with one another, so that the resistance of the rails, employed as a portion of the return circuit, may be as small as pos- sible. Railway Return Circuit. A term frequently em- ployed for the ground return of a trolley sys- tem. The return circuit, generally a grounded circuit, employed in trolley systems. Rate-of-doing=work. Activity. Power. Ratio of Transformation. The ratio between the electromotive force produced at the secondary terminals of an induction coil or transformer, and the electromotive force impressed on the primary terminals. Reactance. The inductance of a coil or circuit multiplied by the angular velocity of the sinu- soidal current passing through it. A quantity whose square added to the square of the resist- ance gives the square of the impedance, in a simple-harmonic current circuit. Reactance Coil. A coil for producing difference of phase or for eliminating current. A magnet- izing coil surrounded by a conducting covering or sheathing which opposes the passage of rapidly alternating currents less when directly over the magnetizing coil than when a short distance from it. A choking coil or reactor. Reactance Factor. The ratio of the reactance of a coil, or circuit, to its ohmic resistance. Reactive Circuit. A circuit containing either inductance or capacity alone, or both induct- ance and capacity. Reactive Drop. The drop in a circuit or conduc- tor due to its reactance, as distinguished from the drop due to its ohmic resistance. Reactive Electromotive Force. In an alternating- current circuit, that component of the electro- motive force that is in quadrature with the current and is employed in balancing the C.E.M.F. of inductance. Reactive Factor. The ratio of the wattless volt- amperes to the total volt-amperes. Receiver. A name given to a receiving instru- ment of a gramophone, graphophone, tele- phone or telegraph instrument. Recording Ammeter, Recording Voltmeter, Re- cording Wattmeter. Instruments which record upon a time-chart a continuous record of the value of quantities they measure. Recording Drum. A cylindrical drum covered by a sheet or strip of paper on which a chrono- graphic or other record is made. Recording Wattmeter. A recording form of wattmeter. Rectified. Commuted, or caused to take one and the same direction. Rectilinear Current. A current flowing through a straight or rectilinear portion of a circuit. Reed Interrupter. A form of automatic make- and-break contact, operated by the vibrations of a reed. Re-entrant Armature-windings. Armature wind- ings, which, when followed in either direction, lead back to the starting point. Reflecting Galvanometer. A term sometimes ap- plied to a mirror galvanometer. Regenerative Arc Lamp. A flaming enclosing arc lamp in which the products of combustion are circulating and brought rapidly in contact with the arc. The objects accomplished thereby are : i. To conserve the heat; 2. To condense and deposit the solid prod- ucts of combustion where they will not obstruct the light, and 3. To exclude the oxygen and utilize rapidly the chemicals in the circulating gases. Regulation. The regulation of a machine or apparatus in regard to some characteristic quantity, such as current or terminal voltage, is the ratio of the deviation of that quantity from its normal value at rated-load to the nor- mal rated-load value. Sometimes called in- herent regulation. Relative Inductivity. The ratio of the inductiv- ity of a medium to the inductivity of vacuum. Relay. In telegraphy, an electro-magnet pro- vided with contact points placed on a delicately supported armature, the movements of which open or close a local receiver circuit. Relay Magnet. A term sometimes given to a relay. The permanent magnet of a polarized relay. The electro-magnet of a relay. Reluctance. A term applied to magnetic resist- ance. In a magnetic circuit the ratio of the M.M.F. to the total magnetic flux. Reluctivity. The specific magnetic resistance of a medium. Repeating Relay. A relay employed in a re- peater. The relay in a telegraph circuit which repeats the signals into another circuit. Repulsion Motor. An electric motor deriving its power from the repulsion between electric charges. An alternating-current motor de- riving its power from the repulsion between electric currents. An alternating-current mo- tor in which the armature is provided with temporarily short-circuited windings by means of a commutator and brushes. Residual Charge. The charge remaining in a Leyden jar after it has been disruptively discharged. Residual Magnetism. The magnetism remaining in a core of an electromagnet on the opening of the magnetizing circuit. The small amount of magnetism retained by soft iron when re- moved from any magnetic flux. Resin. A general term applied to a variety of dried juices of vegetable origin. Resinous Electricity. A term formerly employed in place of negative electricity. Resistance. A word sometimes used for electric resistance. Obstruction to flow. Resistance Box. A term employed for a box containing graduated resistance coils. Resistance Coil. A coil of wire, strip, or con- ductor, possessing electric resistance. A coil of wire, of known electric resistance, employed for measuring an unknown electric resistance. Resistance, Electric. The ratio between the electromotive force of a circuit and the current that passes therein. The reciprocal of electric conductance. (See page 79.) Resistivity. The specific resistance of a substance referred to the resistance of a cube of unit volume. Specific resistance, or the inverse of specific conductivity. Resonance. In a simple-harmonic current, cir- cuit or branch, containing both inductance and capacity, the neutralization or annulment of inductance-reactance by capacity-reactance, whereby the impedance of the circuit or branch is reduced to the ohmic resistance. In an alternating-current circuit, or branch, containing localized inductance and capacity, the re-enforcement of condenser pressure, in- ductance pressure, or current strength, due to the mutual neutralization or opposition of in- ductance and capacity-reactances. In an al- ternating-current circuit, or branch, the at- tunement of a circuit, containing a condenser to the same natural undamped frequency of oscillation as the frequency of impressed E.M.P. whereby the circuit responds to this E L E C T R I C A L W I R E S A N D CABLES 217 frequency more than to any other. In an al- ternating-current circuit, or branch, the an- nulment of inductance-reactance by capacity- reactance, whereby the impedance of the cir- cuit or branch is not only reduced to its phmic resistance, but its current is in phase with its impressed E.M.P. Resonant Capacity. The capacity of a resonant circuit, or such a capacity as will render an alternating-current circuit resonant. Resonant Circuit. A circuit whose dimensions are such as to bring it into resonance with a neighboring circuit. A circuit containing dis- tributed inductance and capacity, in which resonant effects are thereby produced. Resonant Inductance. The inductance of a resonant circuit, or the inductance which will render it resonant. Resultant Magnetic Field. A single magnetic field produced by two or more co-existing magnetic fields. Return Circuit. That part of a circuit by which an electric current returns to the source. Return Current. In telegraphy the electro-static discharge from a cable or underground wire. Reverse Currents. A name sometimes applied to alternating currents. A name sometimes ap- plied to double current. Reverse=current Relay. A relay used on a direct- current circuit, which operates when the cur- rent flows in the direction opposite to the nor- mal direction. Reverse=power Relay. A relay which operates when the power in the circuit flows in the direc- tion opposite to the normal direction. Reversing Switch. A switch employed in re- versing a circuit or current. Rheostat. An adjustable resistance. Ribbon Conductor. A flat, ribbon-shaped con- ductor. Right-handed Rotation. A direction of rotation which is the same as that of the hands of a watch, when one looks directly at the face of the watch. Negative rotation. Ring Armature. An armature provided with a ring-shaped core. Ring Core. A ring-armature core. Ring=off. A term employed for a signal sent by a telephone correspondent when the conver- sation is finished. Ring Windings. Windings suitable for use in a ring-wound armature. Ringing Key. In a telephone switch-board, a key employed to ring up a subscriber. Risers. Supply wires which lead the current from the service wires to the different floors of a building. The supply wires which rise to the various floors, as distinguished from floor mains, submarine, or branches, which run along each floor. Rocker Arm. An arm on which the brushes of a dynamo or motor are mounted for the purpose of shifting their position on the commutator. Rodding a Conduit. The process of introducing a drawing-in wire through the ducts of an un- derground conduit by pushing a number of short sections of jointed rods through such ducts. Roentgen Effects. The peculiar effects produced by Roentgen or X-rays. Roentgen Rays. A peculiar radiation emitted in the neighborhood of that portion of a high vacuum tube on which the cathode rays fall. Roentgen Tube. Any high-vacuum tube capable of producing Roentgen rays. Rosette. An ornamental plate provided with service wires and placed in a wall or ceiling for the ready attachment of an electric lamp or electrolier. A word sometimes used in place of ceiling rose. Rotary, Converter. A secondary generator for transforming alternating into continuous cur- rents or vice- versa, consisting of an alternating- current machine whose armature winding is connected with a commutator; or of a contin- uous-current machine, whose armature is tapped at symmetrical points and connected to Electrical collector rings; so that, when the armature Dictionary runs it is an alternator on one side and a direct current machine on the other. A rotary trans- former. Rotary Current. A name applied to any system of polyphase currents which are capable of pro- ducing a rotary field. A rotating-current dis- tribution. Rotary Electric Field. field. Rotary=field Motor. A motor. Rotary=magnetic Field. A rotary electro-static rotary-field induction- A field produced by a rotary current. A magnetic field in which a set of magnet poles is produced, whose suc- cessive positions are such that a rotation of the field is effected. Rotary Phase Converter. A machine which con- verts from an alternating-current system of one or more phases to an alternating-current sys- tem of a different number of phases, but of the same frequency. Rotary Transformer. A term generally employed for the combination of a motor and generator in one machine having a single armature-wind- ing traversed both by alternating and con- tinuous currents. A secondary generator for transforming from alternating to continuous currents or vice-versa. A rotary converter. Rotor. The rotating member, whether primary or secondary, of any alternating - current machine. Rubber Tape. A form of adhesive, insulating; tape made of rubber. Ruhmkorff Coil. An early form of induction coil or step-up transformer. An induction coil having an iron- wire core, and a fine wire second- ary coil of many turns for the production of powerful induced E.M.F.'s usually excited from a battery or continuous current source through a suitable current breaker. S. A contraction for second. S.P. Cut=out. A contraction for single-pole cut- out. S.W.Q. A contraction for Stubb's wire gauge. Saddle Bracket. A bracket holding an insulator and fastened to the top of a telegraph or tele- phone pole. Safety Cut-out. A safety fuse. Safety Fuse. A wire, bar, plate or strip of readily fusible metal, capable of conducting, without fusing, the current ordinarily employed on the circuit, but which fuses and thus automatically breaks the circuit on the passage of an abnor- mally strong current. Safety Lamp, Electric. An incandescent lamp, provided with thoroughly insulated leads, employed in mines or other similar places where the explosive effects of readily ignited substances are to be feared. A portable elec- tric incandescent lamp and battery for use in mines where explosive gases may be found. Sag of Conductor or Line Wire. The dip of an aerial wire or conductor, between two adjacent supports, due to its weight. Saturating Flux. The flux required to produce magnetic saturation in any circuit. Saturation Factor. This is the ratio of a small percentage increase in field excitation to the corresponding percentage increase in the volt- age thereby produced. Scratch Brush. A brush made of wires, or stiff bristles, employed for cleansing the surfaces of metallic objects before subjecting them to the electro-plating process. Screen, Electric. A closed conductor placed over a body in order to protect or screen it from the effects of external electrostatic field. 218 AMERICAN STEEL AND W I R COMPANY Electncal Secohmmeter. An apparatus for measuring the TV self-inductance, the mutual inductance, or dictionary the capac i t y O f conductors. Secondary Ampere-turns. Ampere-turns in the secondary of a transformer or induction coil. Secondary. That portion of an induction motor or of a transformer which receives power by in- duction. The term is to be preceded by the same words as in the case of "primary." Secondary Battery. A word frequently used for storage battery. Secondary Coil of Transformer. The coil of a transformer into which energy is transferred from the primary line and primary coil. The secondary winding of a transformer or induc- tion coil. The coil in the external circuit of which there is no directly impressed E.M.F. Secondary Currents. The currents produced in the secondary of a transformer. The currents produced by secondary batteries. Currents in any secondary circuit. Secondary Electromotive Forces. A name some- times given to the electromotive forces pro- duced by a secondary cell or battery. Secondary Resistance. The resistance of a sec- ondary coil or circuit. Secondary Winding is that winding of an induc- tion motor or of a transformer which receives power from the primary by induction. Note : The terms "High-tension winding" and Low- tension winding" are suitable for dis- tinguishing between the windings of a trans- former where the relations of the apparatus to the source of power are not involved. Section Circuit-breaker. A magnetic circuit- breaker controlling a trolley-wire section. Section Insulator. An insulator in a trolley-wire system, which electrically disconnects one trolley section from another. Section Switch. In a system of railway or power- distribution, a switch controlling and supply- ing a section. See=sawing. A term employed to characterize the condition of two parallel-connected alter- nators when they do not synchronize properly. Self-excitation. An excitation of the field mag- nets of a generator obtained by leading a por- tion or all of its own current through its field coils, as distinguished from separate excitation. Sell induced Current. A current induced in a circuit on the opening or closing of the circuit, by changes in its own strength. Self-induction. Induction produced in a circuit by the induction of the current on itself at the moment of starting or stopping the current therein. Self-induction Coil. A coil of wire possessing self-induction. A choking coil. Sensitive Discharge. A thin, thread-like dis- charge that occurs between the terminals of a high-frequency induction coil. Sensitive Tube. A coherer. Separate Excitation. The excitation of the field magnets produced by a source external to the machine. Series Circuit. A circuit in which the separate sources or separate electro-receptive devices, or both, are so placed that the current pro- duced in it or passed through it passes succes- sively through the entire circuit from the first to the last. Series Distribution. A distribution of electric energy in which the receptive devices are placed one after another in succession upon a single conductor, extending throughout the entire circuit from pole to pole. Series Dynamo. A dynamo having series wind- ing. Series Motor. A motor suitable for use in a series circuit. A series-wound motor. Series-multiple Car=controller. A controller pro- vided for starting and stopping a double motor car, for varying its speed, or the torque of its motors, by connecting the motors either in series or in parallel with or without resist- ances. Series=multiple Circuit. A compound circuit in which a number of separate sources, or sepa- rate electro-receptive devices, or both, are con- nected in a number of separate groups in multi- ple arc, and these separate groups subsequently connected in series. Series-multiple Connection. Such a connection of a number of separate electro-receptive de- vices that the devices are placed in multiple groups or circuits and these separate groups afterwards connected with one another in series. Series-parallel Controller. A series-multiple car- controller. Series Winding A winding of a dynamo electric machine in which a single set of magnetizing coils are placed on the field-magnet cores and connected in series with the armature and the external circuit. Series-wound Field. The field of a dynamo in which the armature current passes through the magnetizing coil. Service Conductors. Service wires. Service Wires. The wires which lead into a building and which are connected to the supply mains or supply circuits. The wires through which service is given to a consumer. Delivery wires. Sextipolar Field. A field produced by six magnet poles. Sheathing Wires. The metallic wires which form the armor of a submarine cable. Shed of Insulator. A petticoat or inverted cone of a telegraph insulator. Shell Transformer. A transformer whose primary and secondary coils are laid on each other, and the iron core is then wound through and over them, so as to completely enclose them. A form of iron-clad transformer. Shellac. A resinous substance obtained from the roots and branches of certain tropical plants, which possesses high insulating powers, and high specific inductive capacity. Short Circuit. A shunt or by-path of negligible or comparatively small resistance, placed around any part of an electric circuit through which so much of the current passes as to vir- tually cut out the parts of the circuit to which it acts as a shunt. An accidental direct con- nection between the mains or main terminals of a dynamo or system producing a heavy over- load of current. To accidentally produce a short circuit. Short=circuited Conductor. A conductor which has a short-circuit established past it. Short-circuiting Plug. A plug which when in- serted in its receptacle short circuits the device connected therewith. Short=shunt Compound-winding. A compound winding of a dynamo-electric machine in which the shunt coil is connected directly, or through resistance, with the armature brushes, as dis- tinguished from a long-shunt compound- winding. Shunt. An additional, or by-path established for the passage of an electric current or dis- charge. Shunt-circuit. A derived circuit. A branch or additional circuit, provided in any part of a circuit, through which the current branches or divides, part flowing in the original circuit and part through the new branch or shunt. A cir- cuit for diverting or shunting a portion of the current. Shunt Dynamo. A shunt-wound dynamo-elec- tric machine. Shunt for Ammeter. A shunt coil connection in multiple with the coils of an ammeter for the purpose of changing the value of the readings. A reducteur. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES Shunt Ratio. The ratio existing between a shunt and the circuit it shunts. The ratio existing between the total current strength and the current strength in the branch to which the shunt is applied. Shunt Turns of Dynamo. The ampere turns in the shunt circuit of a shunt-wound or com- pound-wound dynamo. Shunt Winding. A term sometimes employed for the shunt field coils on a shunt-wound dy- namo or motor. Shunt=wound Dynamo Electric Machine. A dy- namo electric machine whose field-magnet coils are placed in shunt with the armature circuit, so that only a portion of the current generated passes through the field magnet coils, but all the difference of potential of the armature acts at the terminals of the field circuit. Shuttle Armature. A variety of drum armature in which a single coil of wire is wound in an H-shaped groove formed in a bobbin-shaped core. The old form of Siemens' armature. Side=pole Trolley=line Construction. A method for the suspension of aerial trolley lines in which the trolley and feed wires are suspended from poles placed on one side of the street or road. (See page 62.) Siemens=Martin Steel. See Index. Signal Arm. A semaphore arm. Silico=magnetic Core Steel. (See page 52.) Silver Voltameter. A voltameter in which the quantity of electricity passing is determined by the weight of silver deposited. Simple Alternating = currents. Sinusoidal - alter- nating currents. Simple-harmonic currents. Simple=harmonic Electromotive Forces. Electro- motive forces which vary in such a manner as to produce simple-harmonic currents; or, electro- motive forces whose variations can be correctly represented by a simple-harmonic curve. Simple=periodic Motion. Simple-harmonic mo- tion. Simultaneous Demand. The sum of the demands of a number of services occurring at the same time. Simultaneous Demand Factor. The ratio of the simultaneous demand divided by the connected load. Simultaneous Maximum Demand. See "Maxi- mum Simultaneous Demand." Sine Law. A law of magnitude defined by the sines of angles. A magnitude which follows the sines of successive angles. SingIe=Phase. Uniphase. Monophase. Pertain- ing to ordinary alternating currents in a simple alternating-current system as distinguished from multiphase currents. Single-phase Alternating Current. A uniphase alternating current. Single=phase Alternator. An alternator capable of producing simple or single-phase currents. Single=phase Induction Motor. An induction motor intended to be operated on a single- phase alternating-current circuit. Single=phase Winding. A single-phase armature winding. Single-pole Cut=out. A cut-out by means of which the circuit is broken or cut in one of the two leads only. Single=pole Switch. A switch which opens or closes a circuit at one of its leads only. Single=throw Switch. A switch having but two positions, one for opening, and the other for closing the circuit it controls, as distinguished from a double-throw switch. Sinusoidal Alternating Electromotive Forces. Alternating electromotive forces whose varia- tions in strength are correctly represented by a sinusoidal curve. Simple-harmonic E.M.F.'s. Sinusoidal Curve. A curve of sines. A sinusoid. A curve which to rectangular co-ordinates has an ordinate at each point proportionate to the sine of an angle proportionate to the abscissa. Skin Currents. A term applied to rapidly alter- Electrical nating currents which are limited to the surface p.. . of a conductor. Dictionary Skin Effect. The tendency of rapidly alternating currents to avoid the central portions of solid conductors and flow, for the greater part, through the superficial portions. (See page 19.) Sleeve Joint. A junction of the ends of conduct- ing wires obtained by passing them through tubes, and subsequently twisting and soldering. Slide Bridge. A bridge whose proportionate arms are formed of a single thin wire, of uni- form diameter and of comparatively high re- sistance, of some material whose temperature coefficient is low. Sliding Contact. A contact connected with one part of a circuit that closes or completes that circuit by jeing slid over a conductor connected with another part of such circuit. Slip of Induction Motor. The proportional differ- ence between the speed of the rotary magnetic field which drives the motor and the speed of the rotor. Slip of Rotor. The proportional difference be- tween the speed of a rotary magnetic field and the speed of a rotor. Slotted Armature. An armature provided with slots or grooves for the reception of the wires. An iron-clad armature. Smooth=core Armature. An armature which presents a continuously smooth cylindrical sur- face before the armature coils are wound on it. A surface-wound armature as distinguished from an iron-clad armature. Snap Switch. A switch in which the transfer of the contact points from one position to another is accomplished by a quick motion obtained by the operation of a spring. Socket. In a telephone switchboard a jack or receptacle for a plug. The barrel of a jack, as distinguished from the contact of the jack placed behind the barrel. Soft=drawn Copper Wire. Copper wire that is softened by annealing after being drawn. Solder Ear. An ear or hanger in a trolley system to which the trolley is secured by solder. Soldering Flux. Any chemical suitable for use in connection with solder to cleanse the sur- faces of the articles to be soldered. Solenoid. A cylindrical coil of wire whose con- volutions are circular. An electro-magnetic helix. South Magnetic Pole. That pole of a magnetic needle which points approximately to the earth's geographical south. Span Wires. Wires tightly stretched across a street from pole to pole, for the purpose of sup- porting trolley wires. Spark Arrester. A device for preventing an arc lamp from scattering sparks or particles of incandescent carbon. Spark Coil. A coil of insulated wire connected with the main circuit in a system of electric gas lighting, whose extra spark produced on breaking the circuit is employed for electrically igniting gas jets. Spark, Electric. A term sometimes applied to a disruptive discharge. The phenomena pro- duced by a disruptive discharge in the air- space or gap through which the discharge passes. Spark Gap. The air-space or gap through which a disruptive discharge passes. A gap forming part of a circuit between two opposing con- ductors and filled with air or other dielectric, across which a spark passes when a certain difference of potential has been reached. Sparking of Dynamo=electric Machine. An ir- regular and injurious operation of a dynamo attended with sparks at its collecting brushes. Specific Capacity. Specific inductive capacity. AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Electrical Specific Conductivity. The particular conduc- ._. . tivity of a substance for electricity. The spe- L/ictionary cific or particular resistance of a given length and area of cross-section of a substance, as compared with the same length and area of cross-section of some standard substance. Conductivity with reference to Matthiessen's standard conductivity. Specific Dielectric Capacity. A term sometimes employed in place of specific inductive ca- pacity. Specific Energy. Volumetric energy. Energy per unit of volume. Specific Inductive Capacity. The ability of a dielectric to permit induction to take place through its mass as compared with the ability possessed by a vacuous space of the same di- mensions, under precisely the same conditions. The relative power of bodies for transmitting electrostatic stresses and strains, analogous to permeability in metals. The ratio of the ca- pacity of a condenser whose coatings are sep- arated by a dielectric of a given substance, to the capacity of a similar condenser, whose plates are separated by a vacuum. Specific Magnetic Reluctance. A term some- times used for specific magnetic resistance. Specific Resistance. The particular resistance a substance offers to the passage of electricity through it, compared with the resistance of some standard substance. In absolute meas- urements, the resistance in absolute units be- tween opposed faces of a centimetre cube of a given substance. In the practical system, the above resistance in ohms. Resistivity, ex- pressed in electro-magnetic absolute units as square-centimetres per second. (See page 14.) Spelter. A name sometimes given to commercial zinc. (See Zinc.) Spherical Candle=power. The total flux of light emitted by a luminous source divided by 12.566. The candle-power of a point-source, which emits with uniform intensity in all direc- tions, as much light as does an actual lamp. The average candle-power of a luminous source taken in all directions, or considered over the entire surface of an enveloping sphere. Spider. A radial bracket or support for support- ing an armature or machine on a revolving shaft. Splice Bar. A fish plate employed for connecting together the ends of a rail. Splicing Ear. A trolley ear for uniting the ends of a trolley wire. A splicing suspension ear. Splicing Sleeve. A tube of conducting material employed for covering a splice in a conducting wire. Split Phase. A difference produced between the phases of two or more alternating current into which a uniphase alternating current has di- vided. Spring Ammeter. A form of ammeter (n which a magnetic core or needle is moved against the action of a spring by the field of the current it is measuring. Spring Contact. A contact which either opems or closes under the action of a spring. A spring- supported contact, connected with one part of a circuit, that completes the circuit on being moved so as to touch another contact con- nected with the other part of the circuit. A circuit-closing or circuit-opening device nor- mally maintained in one position and condition by the action of a spring. Spurious Resistance. A false or apparent resist- ance arising from the development of a coun- ter-electromotive force. Square Mil. A unit of area employed in measur- ing the areas of cross-section of wires, equal to .ooooor square inch. A unit of area equal to 1.2732 circular mils. Standard Ohm. A length of wire having a re- sistance of the value of one ohm, employed in standardizing resistance coils (See Inter- national Ohm.) Standard Resistance. A known resistance used for comparison with, or determination of, an unknown resistance. Star Grouping of Polyphase Circuits. A method of grouping a triphase circuit consisting of making a common junction at one point and branching them star-wise. Star Triphase=winding. A connection of three triphase windings in which all three are con- nected together at a common point or junction point, and the three free ends connected to the terminals. Starting Box for Electric Motor. A resistance provided for starting an electric motor. Starting Current of Motor. The current travers- ing the coils of a motor at its moment of start- ing. Starting Resistance. A resistance employed in the starting box for an electric motor. Starting Rheostat. Coils of wire mounted in a suitable manner, and so connected as to be successively placed in the circuit of a motor while it is being started. Starting Torque of Motor. The torque required in starting a motor. The torque developed by a motor in starting. Static Discharge. A name sometimes given to a disruptive discharge. Static Electricity. A term applied to electricity produced by friction. Static Voltmeter. A voltmeter operating by electrostatic action, as opposed to a voltmeter operating electro-magnetically. A voltmeter in which the moving system is displaced by electrostatic forces. A voltmeter of the electroscope or electrometer type. Station Indicator. A name sometimes given to a station voltmeter. Any indicator situated at a central station. Station Load. The total load existing on a cen- tral station at any time. Stationary Motor. A motor that is fixed in place in contradistinction to a locomotor. Stator. The stationary member, whether pri- mary or secondary, of any alternating-current machine. Stay Rod. A rod of iron or steel, used to stay or support a telegraph or telephone pole. Steady Current. A current whose strength does not vary from time to time. Step=down Converter. A stepdown transformer. Step=down Transformer. A transformer in which a small current of comparatively great differ- ence of potential is converted into a large cur- rent of comparatively small difference of po- tential. An inverted Ruhmkorff induction coil. Step Rate. Method of charging for electric ser- vice at definite successive rates per kilowatt- hour consumed. Each rate applying to the en- tire quantity purchased during the period covered. As, for example, during each month ten kilowatt-hours or less at 15 cents per kilo- watt hour. If over ten kilowatt-hours and less than 20 kilowatt-hours are used all are charged for at 1 2 cents per kilowatt-hour. If 20 or more kilowatt-hours are registered during the month, all are charged for at 10 cents per kilowatt-hour. Step-up Transformer. A transformer in which a large current of comparatively small difference of potential is converted into a small current of comparatively great difference of potential. Storage Battery. A number of separate storage cells connected so as to form a single electric source. Storage Cell. Two relatively inert plates of metals or metallic compounds immersed in an electrolyte incapable of acting on them until after an electric current has been passed through the liquid from one plate to the other and has thus changed their chemical relations. One of the cells required to form a secondary battery. A term sometimes given to the jar containing a single cell. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 221 Straight-line Trolley Hanger. A trolley-hanger employed on a straight trolley line, suitably supported by a span wire so as to have a ver- tical strain only. Strain. Any change of size or shape, any de- formation. Strain Insulator. An insulator used for the dou- ble purpose of taking the mechanical strain at a bend or at the end of a conductor, and also in- sulating the same electrically. Stranded Conductor. A conductor formed of a number of smaller interlaced or twisted con- ductors, either for the purpose of reducing self- induction, or eddy currents, or for increasing its flexibility. Strap Copper. Copper conductors formed of bars or straps, employed in connection with a bar- armature winding. Stray Currents. A term sometimes used for eddy currents. Stray Field. Leakage magnetic flux. That por- tion of a magnetic field which does not pass through an armature or other magneto-recep- tive device. Strength of Current. A general term for the magnitude of the current in a circuit. Am- perage. Stress. Any action between two bodies that causes a strain, or deformation. Striking an Arc. Separating the carbon electrodes for the formation of an arc between them. Sub-mains. Conductors which branch off from the mains. Mains which are themselves branches of mains. Sub=marine Cable. A cable designed for use under water, generally under the ocean. Sub=station. An auxiliary station. Subway, Electric. An accessible underground way or passage provided for the reception of electric-light wires or cables. Supply Mains. A term sometimes applied to the mains in a system of incandescent light or power distribution. Surface Density. The quantity of electricity- per-unit-of-area at any point on a charged sur- face. Surging Discharge. A discharge accompanied by ele_ctric surgings. An oscillatory discharge. Surgings, Electric. Electric oscillations set up in a conductor that is undergoing rapid discharg- ing, or in neighboring conductors that are being rapidly charged and discharged. Electric os- cillations, direct or induced. Switch. Any device for readily opening or closing an electric circuit. In telephony, a name sometimes given to a switchboard. Switch Blade. A conducting strip or knife-blade of a switch. Switch=board. A board, slab or frame of insu- lating material, upon which are supported con- ducting bars, pieces, frames or masses, with or without switches and instruments, for the ready establishment of electrical connections between circuits connected therewith. Symmetrical Alternating Current. Any alternat- ing current whose successive semi-periods, waves, or alternations passes opposite but equal values, or correspond in all respects save in direction. Synchronism. Unison of frequencies in alternat- ing-current systems or apparatus. Generally, the co-periodicity and co-phase of two periodi- cally recurring events. The coincidence in cyclic recurrence of two or more periodic vari- ables, without regard to amplitude. Synchronous Compensator. A synchronous machine, running either idle or under load, whose full excitation may be varied so as to modify the power-factor of the circuit, or through such modification, to influence the voltage of the circuit. Synchronism Indicator. A phase indicator. A device for indicating the phase relation or the condition of synchronism between two or more periodic quantities. Synchronous Converter. A machine which con- verts from an alternating to a direct current, or vice versa, commonly called a rotary con- verter. Synchronous Generator. A generator of alter- nating currents, operating or capable of operat- ing in synchronism with another generator. Synchronpscope. A synchronizing device which, in addition to indicating synchronism, shows whether the machine is synchronized fast or slow. T. T,t. A symbol employed for time. Tachometer. An apparatus for indicating at any moment on a dial the number of revolutions per minute of a shaft or machine with which it is connected. A speed indicator. Tangent Galvanometer. An instrument in which the deflecting coil consists of a coil of wire within which is placed a needle, supported at the center of the coil, and very short by com- parison with the diameter of the coil. Tap. A conductor attached as a shunt to a larger conductor. A derived circuit for carry- ing off a share of the main current. A wire taken from the junction between the short and long sections of a quadruplex battery. Taping. Covering a wire or a joint with an insu- lating tape. A covering of tape applied to a cable sheathing. Tapping a Circuit. Introducing a loop or branch in a telegraphic or telephonic circuit, for the purpose of intercepting the messages sent over the circuit. Taps. A general term employed, in a system of incandescent lamp distribution for branches or sub-branches that are carried from the mains into the rooms of a building or to the fixtures in the halls. Teaser, Electric. A coil of fine wire placed on the field magnets of a dynamo in a shunt across the main circuit, in addition to the field magnet series coil. A series coil placed on a field mag- net, in addition to a regular shunt field, for the purpose of preliminary excitation. Telautograph. A telegraphic system for the fac-simile reproduction of writing at a distance. Telegraph. A general name for the instrument or combination of instruments employed for con- veying a communication or despatch to a dis- tance by means other than that of the unas- sisted voice. A general term for any appar- atus employed in telegraphy. Telegraph, Electric. A general term for any apparatus employed in electric telegraphy. Telegraph Loop. A pair of wires extending from a telegraphic station to a branch office. Telegraphic Cable. A cable designed to establish telegraphic communication between different points. Telegraphic Ground-circuit. An earth circuit used in any system of telegraphy. Telegraph Interrupter. A device for making and breaking a circuit at a definite rate. A tele- graphic key, or other analogous device. Telegraphic Key. The key employed for sending over the line successive makes-and-breaks cor- responding to the dots and dashes of the Morse alphabet, or to the deflections of the needle in a needle telegraph. Telegraphic Repeater. Any telegraphic device whereby the relay, sounder or registering ap- paratus is caused to repeat into another circuit the signals received. An apparatus for main- taining telegraphic communication between two circuits not in conductive connection. Telegraphone. An instrument whereby the in- dentations on the cylinder of a graphophone can be reproduced upon another cylinder at the same time that the vocal sounds repie- sented by the indentations are being rendered audible. Electrical Dictionary AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Electrical Telegraphy. Any system by means of which a __. . communication or despatch is transmitted to a L/lctionary distance, by means other than that of the un- assisted voice. Telephone. To communicate by means of a telephone. Telephone. An instrument for the electric trans- mission of articulate speech. Telephone Cable. A cable, either aerial or sub- terranean, suitable for the transmission of tele- phonic despatches. Generally a cable whose conductors are twisted in pairs, for the purpose of avoiding the disturbance produced by cross- talk. Telephone Call=wire. A wire employed in certain telephone systems, by the subscriber, for the purpose of calling the central office. A special calling wire in a telephone system. Telephone Exchange. A central office provided with circuits, switches and other devices, by means of which any one of a number of sub- scribers, connected either directly or indirectly with the exchange, may be placed in communi- cation with any other subscriber, or with some other exchange. Telephone Head=gear. Any apparatus placed on the head for readily attaching a telephone re- ceiver to the ear of the operator. Telephone Indicator. An indicator employed on a telephone circuit to indicate the number of the correspondent calling. A telephone drop annunciator. Telephone Meter. An apparatus employed on telephone circuits for registering the number of connections between subscribers and the time or duration of the same. A calculagraph. Telephone Set. A general term for the apparatus employed by a telephone subscriber at his office. Telephonic. Of or pertaining to a telephone. Temperature. State of matter in respect to heat. Temperature Coefficient. A coefficient of varia- tion in a quantity, per degree of change in temperature. The coefficient by which a change of temperature must be multiplied in order to arrive at the change in a quantity due to the change of temperature. Tension, Electric. A term loosely applied to sig- nify indifferently surface density, electro- motive force, electromotive intensity, dielectric stress, or difference of potential. Terminal Board. A small switchboard situated on a dynamo. Terminal Insulator. An insulator at the terminus of a line. A telegraph line insulator provided with two grooves for the reception of two ends which may be kept insulated from each other. Terminal Voltage. The terminal electromotive force. Terminals. A name differently applied to the poles or to the electrodes of a voltaic battery. Terrestrial Magnetism. A name applied to the magnetism of the earth. Tesla Coil. A form of oil-insulated induction coil or transformer. Test Wires. The wires in a multiple telephone switch-board, by which the busy test is made. Any wires or circuits used in making a test. Wires to be tested or undergoing a test. Testing Jacks. In a multiple telephone switch- board, or distributing board, special jacks sometimes inserted in any circuit for testing such circuits. Testing Switch. In a quadruplex telegraphic system, a switch for throwing the line from the sending battery to ground through a suitable resistance, for the purpose of enabling the dis- tant station to obtain a balance. Theater Dimmer. A dimmer employed in thea- ters for varying the intensity of the illumina- tion. A rheostat or choking coil employed in a theater-lighting circuit. Thermal Activity. The activity possessed by a body, arising from its heat energy. The rate of doing thermal work. Thermo=electric Battery. A combination, as a single thermo-electric source, of a number of separate thermo-electric cells or couples. Thermo=electric Cell. A name applied to a thermo-electric couple. Thermo=electric Couple. Any two dissimilar metals which, when connected at their ends only, so as to form a complete electric circuit, will produce an electric current when one end is more highly heated than the other. Thermo=electric Current. A current produced by a thermo-electromotive force. Thermo=electric Junction. A junction of a thermo-electric couple. Thermo=electric Pile. A thermo-electric battery. Thermo=electricity. The electromotive force de- veloped by a thermo-electric cell or battery. Electricity produced by differences of tem- perature at the junction of dissimilar metals. Thermometer. Any apparatus for measuring temperature. Thermometer, Electric. A device for determining the effects of an electric discharge by the move- ments of a liquid column due to the expansion of a confined mass of air through which the dis- charge is passed. Thermo=pile. A thermo-electric battery. Thermostat. An instrument for automatically maintaining a given temperature by closing an electric circuit through the expansion of a solid or liquid. Thomson Effect. The production of an electro- motive force in unequally heated homogeneous conducting substances. The increase or de- crease in the difference of temperature in an unequally heated conductor, produced by the passage of an electric current through the con- ductor. Three=phase Armature. An armature possessing a three-phase winding. Three=phase Circuit. Any circuit suitable for the transmission of three-phase currents. Three=phase Currents. Three alternating-cur- rents differing in phase from one another by one- third of a cycle. Three=phase Generator. Any generator capable of producing three-phase currents. Three=phaser. A three-phase generator. Three=phase Meter. A meter suitable for opera- tion on a three-phase system, for recording the energy delivered on all three branches. Three=phase Motor. Any motor suitable for operation by three-phase currents. Three=phase Transformer. Three separate trans- formers employed for the transformation of triphase currents. Three=phase Transmission. Transmission by means of three-phase currents. Three=way Switch. A three-point switch. Three-wire Circuit. A circuit employed in a three-wire system. A three-wire diaphase system. A three- wire triphase system. Three=wire Mains. The mains employed in a three-wire system of distribution. Three=wire System. A system of electric distri- bution for lamps or other multiple-connected translating devices, in which three conductors are employed in connection with two dynamos connected in series, the central or neutral con- ductor being connected to the junction of the dynamos, and the two other conductors to the remaining free terminal of each. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES Three=wire Transmission. Transmission by the three-wire system. Transmission by means of the three-wire diphase or three-wire triphase systems. Throw=over Switch. A switch for readily and rapidly changing a circuit from one source to another or one system to another. A switch which is thrown over from one set of contacts to another, by movement about an axis. Tie=wire. Binding wire of an insulator. Wire which binds an overhead wire to the groove of its insulator. Time=constant of Circuit. The time in which a current will fall in a circuit when the E.M.P. is suddenly removed, in a ratio whose Naperian logarithm is unity. The ratio of the inductance of a circuit to its resistance. Time Cut=out. An automatic cut-out arranged so as to permit a translating device to operate for a certain time, after which it is cut out of the circuit. Time Switch. A switch arranged to open or close a circuit at a certain time or after the lapse of a certain time. An automatic switch in which a predetermined time is required either to in- sert a resistance into or remove it from a circuit. Torque. The moment of a force applied to a dynamo or other machine which causes its rotation. The mechanical rotary or turning force which acts on the armature of a dynamo- electric machine, or motor, and causes it to rotate. The ratio of the mechanical activity of a motor, at its belt or pulley, to the angular velocity. Torsion Galvanometer. A galvanometer in which the strength of a deflecting current is measured by the torsion exerted on the suspension system. Tractive Effort. The torque in pounds developed at the rim of the wheels divided by total train weight in tons. This term is usually expressed in pounds per ton of train weight and includes train resistance losses. Transformer. A stationary piece of apparatus for transforming, by electro-magnetic induction, power from one circuit to another, or for chang- ing, through such transformation, the values of the electromotive force. Transformer-Balancer. An auto-transformer for dividing a voltage in constant proportions, and usually into two equal portions. Transformer Stampings. Sheet steel stampings of such shape as is suitable for building up the laminated core of a transformer. Transmission Circuit, Electric. The circuit em- ployed to receive the apparatus necessary in any transfer of electric energy from the gen- erators to the receptive devices. In alternating- current constant-potential transmission cir- cuits the following average voltages are in gen- eral use. 6,600, 11,000, 22,000,33,000,44,000, 66,000, 88,000, 110,000. Transmission, Electric. The transference of energy from one point to another by means of electric currents. Transmission Line. A transmission circuit. Transmitter, Electric. A general name applied to the various electric apparatus employed in telegraphy or telephony to transmit or send electric impulses over a line wire or conductor. Any electric-transmitting instrument, as dis- tinguished from a receiving instrument. Transposing. In a system of telephonic com- munication, a device for a voiding the bad effects of mutual induction, by alternately crossing equal lengths of consecutive sections of the line. Travelling of Arc. An unsteadiness produced in the light of a carbon arc occasioned by the shifting of the position of the arc between the electrodes. Triphase. A word frequently employed for three-phase Triphase=current A three-phase current Triple Petticoat Insulator. An aerial line insula- tor provided with a triple petticoat. Triple=pole Switch. A switch consisting of a combination of three separate switches for opening or closing three circuits at the same instant A switch employed to open or close three contacts. A switch employed to open or close triphase circuits. Trolley. A rolling contact-wheel that moves over a trolley line and carries off the current required to drive the motor cars. Trolley Ear. A metal piece supported by an in- sulator, to which the trolley wire is fastened. Trolley Hanger. A device for supporting and properly insulating a trolley wire. Trolley Insulator. A name sometimes applied to a trolley ear. Trolley Switch. A switch placed on a track for the purpose of changing the car from one track to another. An overhead switch provided at a turn of a trolley load for guiding the trolley to another line when the frogs on the track beneath have thrown the wheels of the car into another track. Trolley Wire. The bare overhead wire employed in a trolley system for supplying the driving current to the car motors through the inter- vention of the trolley mechanism. (See Index.) True Watt. The activity in an alternating- current circuit, as given by the reading of a correctly calibrated wattmeter connected with such circuit. Trunk=Iine Wires. Through wires extended be- tween two distant stations, provided with re- ceiving and transmitting instruments at their ends only. In telephony, main line wires con- necting two terminal offices for connection to sub-offices or subscribers. A main line wire connecting two important terminals for re- ceiving telephone traffic. Turbo=generator. A steam turbine coupled to an electrical generator. Twin Conductors. Two parallel conductors, laid side-by-side, and covered by a simple coating of braid. Twin=wire Circuit. A circuit formed of twin con- ductors. Twisted Pair Cable. A cable containing one, several, or many twisted pairs of conductors, suitable for metallic circuits. Twisted Pairs of Conductors. An assemblage of twisted pairs of conductors, for metallic cir- cuits. Twisted Wires. A term sometimes employed for transposed aerial telephone wires. Two=circuit Armature=winding. An armature winding which provides only two circuits through an armature between the commu- tator brushes, no matter how great may be the number of poles. Two=circuit Dynamo. A dynamo provided with a two-circuit armature winding. Two=phase Armature. A diphase armature. Two=point Switch. A switch by means of which a circuit can be completed through two different contact points. Two=way Switch. A switch provided with two contacts connected with two separate and dis- tinct circuits. Two=wire Mains. A name for the mains em- ployed in the ordinary system of multiple dis- tribution, as distinguished from a three- wire main, or that used in a three- wire system. Electrical Dictionary 224 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Electrical U. Dictionary Underground Cab i e . A cable suita ble for being placed underground. Underground=cable Terminal. The place where a cable emerges from the ground. A cross-con- necting or distributing board placed where an underground cable enters or leaves the ground, in order to facilitate the making and changing of the connections. Underground Conductor. An electric conductor placed underground, either by actual burial or by passing it through underground conduits or subways. Underground Electric Conduit. See Conduit, Electric. Uni=directed Currents. Currents that have been caused to take the same direction by means of a commutator. Uniform Potential. A potential whose value does not vary from point to point. A constant po- tential. Uniphase. Single phase. Unipolar. Possessing a single pole. Unipolar Armature. A dynamo-electric machine armature whose polarity is not reversed during its rotation in the field of the machine. Unipolar Magnet. A term proposed for a magnet in the shape of a long bar, one pole of which lies in the axis of rotation, the axis being placed near to the other pole which is balanced by a counterpoise. Universal Switch. A pin switchboard composed of horizontal and vertical metallic bars capable of inter-connection by means of pins. Unvarying Current. A current whose strength does not vary from time to time. A current of constant strength and direction. Upper Harmonics of Current. The higher fre- quencies of a simple-periodic or alternating current. V. V. A contraction for volt. V. A contraction sometimes used for velocity. Vacuum Tubes. Glass tubes in which the air or other gas has been partially removed, and through which electric discharges are passed for the production of luminous effects. A name sometimes applied to Crookes, Roentgen, or other high-vacuum tubes. Variable Resistance. A resistance, the value of which can be readily varied or changed. An adjustable resistance. Vector. A direct quantity. A quantity pos- sessing both direction and magnitude. Vector Diagram. A diagram representing the relations of vector quantities. Vector Quantity. A quantity possessing both diction and magnitude. Vector Sum. The geometrical sum of two or more vector quantities. Ventilated Armature-windings. Armature wind- ings provided with means for cooling by forcing currents of air over them. Vernier Wire=gauge. A micrometer wire-gauge. Virtual Amperes. Amperes measured in an al- ternating-current as the square root of the mean square of the current, and determined by an ammeter calibrated by constant currents. Effective amperes. Virtual Counter Electromotive Force. Effective C.E.M.F. in an alternating-current circuit. Virtual Current. The virtual amperes. Virtual Resistance. The apparent resistance of a circuit. Volt. The practical unit of electromotive force. Such an electromotive force as is induced in a conductor which cuts lines of magnetic flux at the rate of 100,000,000 per second. Such an electromotive force as would cause a current of one ampere to flow against a resistance of one ohm. Such an electromotive force as would charge a condenser of the capacity of one farad with a quantity of electricity equal to one coulomb. io 8 absolute electro-magnetic units of electromotive force. (See International Volt.) Volt=ampere. The watt. Voltage. The value of the electromotive force or difference of potential of any part of a circuit, expressed in volts. Voltaic Arc. See Arc, Voltaic. Voltaic Battery. The combination as a single source of a number of separate voltaic cells. Voltaic Cell. The combination of two metals, or of a metal and a metalloid which, when dipped into a liquid or liquids called electro- lytes, and connected by a conductor, will pro- duce a current of electricity. A voltaic couple and its accompanying electrolytes. Voltaic Couple. Any two materials, generally dissimilar metals, which are capable of acting as an electric source when dipped into an electrolyte. Voltaic Electricity. The difference of potential produced by a voltaic cell or battery. Voltaic Elements. Two metals or substances which form a voltaic couple. Voltaic Pile. A word sometimes used for voltaic battery. Voltameter. An electrolytic cell employed for measuring the quantity of electric current passing through it, by the amount of chemical decomposition affected in a given time. Voltmeter. Any instrument employed for meas- uring differences of potential. A volt meter may be constructed on the principle of a galvanometer, in which case it differs from an ammeter, or ampere meter, which measures the current, principally in that the resistance of its coils is greater, and that in an ampere meter the coils are placed as a shunt to the circuit. In the ordinary operation of a voltmeter, the action of the current in passing through a coil of insulated wire is to produce a magnetic field, which causes the deflection of a magnetic needle. Since the resistance of the voltmeter is constant, the current passing, and hence the deflection of the needle, will vary with the value of the voltage. The magnetic field pro- duced by the current deflects the magnetic needle against the action of another field, which may be either the earth's field, or an artificial field produced by a permanent or an electro-magnet. Or, it may deflect it against the action of a spring, or against the force of gravity acting on a weight. There thus arise varieties of voltmeters, such as permanent- magnet voltmeters, spring voltmeters, and gravity voltmeters. Voltmeter Compensator. A device used in con- nection with a voltmeter to reduce its reading by the amount of the line drop, and thus cause it to indicate the voltage delivered at the end or at any other predetermined point of the line. Vulcanite. A variety of vulcanized rubber, possessing high powers of insulation and spe- cific inductive capacity. Ebonite. Vulcanized Fibre. A variety of insulating ma- terial suitable for purposes requiring the highest insulation. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES W. W. A contraction for watt. W.P. A contraction for waterproof, or weather- proof. w.h. An abbreviation for watt-hour, a practical unit of electric energy. Wall Bracket. An insulator bracket attached to a wall. A more or less ornamental support for one or more incandescent lamps attached to the wall of a room, hall or corridor. Wall Socket. A socket placed in a wall and pro- vided with openings for the insertion of a wall plug with which the ends of a flexible twin-lead are connected. Water=proof Wire. Wire covered by a water- proof material. Water Rheostat. A rheostat whose resistance is obtained by means of a mass of water between the electrodes. Watt. A unit of electric power. A volt-ampere. The power developed when 44-25 foot-pounds of work are done in a minute, or 0.7375 foot- pound of work is done in a second. (See Inter- national Watt.) Watt=hour. A unit of electric work. A term employed to indicate the expenditure of an electric power of one watt for an hour; Watt=hour Meter. An instrument for registering total watt-hours. Wattless Component Indicator. A device for measuring the product of voltage of a circuit, and the component of current at 90 degrees with the voltage. This product is the heating effect in excess of the heating that would be given by a circuit of the same voltage and power at 100 per cent load-factor. The device is a wattmeter with coils connected to measure volts times current at 90 degrees from the volt- age phase. Wattless Component of Current. In an alter- nating-current circuit, that component of the current which is in quadrature with the im- pressed E.M.F. and which, therefore, takes from or gives no energy to the circuit. In an alternating-current circuit the product of the E.M.F. and the effective susceptance. Wattless Component of Electromotive Force. In an alternating-current circuit, that component of the E.M.F. which is in quadrature with the current strength, and, therefore, does no work on the current. In an alternating-current circuit the product of the current and the effec- tive reactance. Wattless Current. That component of an alter- nating electric current which is in quadrature with the pressure and which, therefore, does no work. The idle current. In an alternating- current circuit the product of the effective sus- ceptance and the E.M.F. Wattless E.M.F. The wattless component of E.M.F. in an alternating-current circuit. The reactive E.M.F., as distinguished from the active E.M.F. of an alternating-current cir- cuit. In an alternating-current circuit, the product of the E.M.F. and the effective or apparent conductance. Wattmeter. An instrument for measuring the power in any circuit. Wave, Electric. An electric periodic disturbance in an elastic medium. Wave Winding. Undulatory winding. Contin- uous winding. A winding which, when de- veloped, has the form of a wave. Weatherproof Insulation. A trade-name for a character of insulation consisting of one or more layers of braided material soaked in an insulating compound. (See Index.) Weatherproof Wire. A wire provided with weather-proof insulation. (See Index.) Weber. The practical unit of magnetic flux. A unit of magnetic flux having the value of one Electrical un p. . . absolute unit or line. A term proposed by Uictionary Clauius and Siemens, but not adopted, for a magnetic pole of unit strength. Weber Turns. Flux linkages in C.G.S. units of flux and the turns through which they pass. Weight=per=mile=ohm. A standard of conduc- tivity of wires. The weight per mile of a wire, multiplied by its resistance per mile at a given temperature. (See page 15.) Welding, Electric. Effecting the welding union of metals by means of heat of electric origin. Welding Transformer. A low voltage step- down transformer employed in electric welding. Wheatstone's Electric Bridge. A Wheatstone's electric balance. Windings. A general name applied to the coils placed on an armature of a dynamo or motor, or on the core of an electro-magnet. Wire. A conductor that forms part of a circuit. A telegram. Wire Core. A form of laminated core obtained by the use of a number of iron wires. Wire Splice. A splice effected between two pieces of wire. Wireless Telegraphy. A general term for any form of telegraphic communication which can be effected without wire circuits. Induction telegraphy. Conduction telegraphy through the medium of the earth. Wiring. Placing or installing the wires required in any circuit. Collectively, the wires or electric conductors employed in any circuit of electric distribution. Work. The product of force by the distance through which it acts. Work, Electric. The joule. A volt-coulomb, or the work done by the passage of one conduct through one volt. Working Current. In an alternating-current cir- cuit, a name sometimes given to an active cur- rent, or that component of the current which is in phase with the pressure. Any current in a circuit which does work. A current operating a translating device. Working Speed of Cable. A term employed for the number of signals that can be sent over a cable in a given time. X=ray Tube. A name sometimes given to a Roentgen ray tube. X=rays. A name frequently given to X-radiation. The invisible rays emitted by an electrically excited Crookes tube, and which are capable of penetrating many substances opaque to light, and of producing actinic or fluorescent effects. The unknown rays emitted by an X-ray tube from some point generally opposite the cathode, which receives cathode-ray bom- bardment. Y. Y=connected Three=phase Armature. A triphase armature haying three circuits connected to a common point. A star-connected triphase armature. Y=connector. A connector resembling the letter Y in shape for joining a conductor to two* branch wires. Y-current. The current between any wire of a triphase system and the neutral point. AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Electrical Dictionary Zeeman Effect. The broadening of the lines in the spectrum of a heated substance when placed in the flux of a powerful magnetic field. Zero Method. Any method employed in elec- trical measurement, in which the value of the electromotive force, the resistance, current or other similar quantities, are determined by balancing against such quantities equal values of the same units, and ascertaining the equality not by the deflection of a needle of a galva- nometer or electrometer, but by the absence of such deflections. A null method. Zero Potential. An arbitrary potential-level from which electric levels are measured. The earth's potential. Zinc, Zn. At. wt. 65. Sp. gr. 7.14. Melts at 780 F Volatilizes and burns in the air when melted, with bluish-white fumes of zinc oxide. It is ductile and malleable but to a much less extent than copper, and its tenacity, about 5000 to 6000 Ibs. per square inch, is about one-tenth that of wrought iron. It is practically non- corrosive in the atmosphere, a thin film of carbonate of zinc forming upon it. Cubical expansion between 32 and 212 P., 0.0088. Specific heat .096. Electric conductivity 29, heat conductivity 36, silver being 100. Its principal uses are for coating iron surfaces, called " galvanizing," and for making brass and other alloys. (Kent.) Zinc Currents. A term sometimes used for nega- tive currents. Zinc Plating. Electro-plating with zinc Gal- vanizing. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES 227 PRODUCTS OF THE AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY WIRE OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, round, flat, square, triangular, and odd- shaped. Music wire. Mattress, broom, weaving and market wires in all finishes. Special wires adapted to all purposes. WIRE HOOPS, for use on lime barrels, sugar, salt, produce, apple, cracker, cement and flour barrels and other slack cooperage. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES of all kinds, bare and insulated. W. & M. TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE WIRE. Pole steps. RAIL BONDS, for electric railroads. We make a very complete line, also tools for installing bonds. AMERICAN WIRE ROPE, heavy cables and hawsers. Elevator, tramway, dredging and derrick ropes, ships, rigging, extra flexible rope, sash cord and clothes lines. BALE TIES for baling hay, straw, flax and all kinds of fibrous materials ; also for bundling lumber, mouldings, staves and heading. NAILS, STAPLES, SPIKES AND TACKS of all kinds. Standard wire nails in all sizes and shapes. Miscellaneous fine nails. Wire brads. Tacks in count and weight packages. Dowel pins. Railroad spikes. BARBED WIRE, both two and four point; Glidden, Baker Perfect, Ellwood, Waukegan, Lyman and Iowa brands. WOVEN WIRE FENCING. "American," "Ellwood" and "Royal" fences. CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT for buildings, bridges, sewers, water mains, columns, walls, stacks, power plants and other concrete work requiring steel reinforcement. SPRINGS. Clock, motor, car, furniture, agricultural and all kinds of fine and heavy springs. SULPHATE OF IRON, for water purification; for the eradication of farm weeds; for fertilizing ; for chemicals, disinfectant, dyeing, purification of gas ; for plate glass polishing, and for woocl preservative. POULTRY NETTING, galvanized before weaving. All meshes and sizes. WIRE RODS of open hearth and bessemer steel. HORSESHOES, "Juniata" brand, iron and steel, in all sizes and patterns. Also toe calks. SHAFTING, COLD DRAWN STEEL, free cutting screw steel, pump rods. Roller bearing rods, rounds, squares, hexagons, flats and special shapes. ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES Ind ex Page Advances on Annunciator Wire . . 94 Bare Copper Cables 65 Magnet Wire 86 Office Wire 95 Weatherproof Wires and Cables 100-101 Alternating Current Heating Effects . 19 Aluminum, Physical Properties of . 14 American Special Brewery Cord . . 113 American Steel and Wire Gauge . . 22 Annunciator Wire 94, 96 Annunciator Wire, Black Core . . 94 Annunciator Wire, Damp-proof . . 94 Annunciator Wire, Special ... 96 Asbestos and S. C. C. Magnet Wire . 89 Armature Binding Wire ... 80-81 Armor Wire for Cables ... 81, 149 Automobile Ignition Wires and Cables 145 Automobile Lighting Cord . . . Ill Bare Wire and Cables .... 58-82 Bare Copper Wire and Cables . . 64 Bare Copper Wire Advances ... 64 Binding Wire, Armature . . . 80-81 Birmingham Wire Gauge .... 22 Black Core Annunciator Wire . 94 Black Core Office Wire .... 95 Black Finish, Slow Burning Wires . 106 Bond Wire, Extra Galvanized . . 74 Bonds, Rail 67-70 Braiding Machine 99 Braiding for Rubber Insulation . . 120 Braiding for Weatherproof Wires . 99 Brewery Cord 132 Brewery Cord, American Special . . 113 Bridle Wire, Telephone .... 129 Brown & Sharpe Gauge . . . 21-22 Border Light Cables 132 Hunched Strand . 27 Cable Joints .... Cables Bare Copper Advances Bare Wire and Border Light . Car Concentric Deck 176, 180-181 . . 27-35 . . . 65 . . 58-82 . . . 132 . . . 138 . . . 32 132 Page Duplex Concentric Mining Machine 139-140 Elevator Control 132 Elevator Lighting 132 Extra Flexible 66 Hemp Core 65-67 Joining of .... 176-177, 180-181 Mining Machine 139-140 Submarine 164 Theater or Stage 133 Varnished Cambric 163 Calories 16 Cambric Cables, Varnished . . . 163 Canvasite Cord 113 Car Cables 138 Carrying Capacities of Conductors 16-18 Catenary Construction .... 60-63 Catenary Wire 77 Chemical Laboratories . 120-121 Circles, Properties of .... 54-56 Circular Mils 21 Clamp, Three-bolt Strand .... 79 Clamp, Crosby Wire Rope ... 79 Coils, Dimensions of .... 48-49 Coils, Stringing Wire from . . 46-47 Coils of Wire 45-49 Coils, Weatherproof Wires and Cables 102 Conduit Systems 167 Cord, American Special Brewery . . 113 Automobile Lighting .... Ill Brewery 132 Canvasite 113 Electric Heater 114 Lamp 108-109 Packing House 131 Reinforced Portable 110 Cord for Portables Ill Compound Strand 32-35 Concentric Cables 32 Conductance and Resistance ... 12 Conductivity 12-13 Conductors, List of 12 Contents 8 Control Cable, Elevator .... 132 Conversion Tables 52-56 Copper 12, 14, 35 Copper Couplings 175 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Index Copper, Impurities in ..... 39 Copper, Telephone and Telegraph Wire ........ 64 Copper, Physical Properties of . . 14 Copper Wire Advances .... 65 Cotton-covered Magnet Wire . 85-87 Cotton-covered Special Magnet Wire 91 Cotton Yarn ........ 85 Couplings, Copper ...... 175 Crosby Wire Rope Clip .... 79 Crown Duplex Wires and Cables . . 137 Crown Feeder Cables ..... 136 Crown Fireproof Cables .... 138 Crown Flexible Cables ..... 136 Crown Lead-covered Cables . . 150-154 Crown Rubber-insulated Wires and Cables ....... 133-140 Crude Rubber ....... 116 Cutting Wire to Lengths .... 65 Damp-proof Annunciator Wire . . 94 Damp-proof Office Wire .... 95 Data, Tabulated ...... 52-56 Data, General ...... 12-56 Deck Cables ........ 132 Diameters, Rubber-covered Wires and Cables ........ 146 Dictionary, Electrical ..... 183 Dielectric . ....... 20 Dielectric Hysteresis ..... 20 Dimensions of Coils, Standard . 48-49 Drawing Cables into Ducts . . . 173 Drawing Wire ...... 42-43 Drop Wire, Telephone ..... 131 Duplex Concentric Mining Machine Cables ....... 139-140 Duplex Wires and Cables, Crown . 137 Duplex Wires and Cables, Globe . 127 Electric Heater Cord ..... 114 Electrical Dictionary ..... 183 Electrical Laboratories .... 120-121 Elevator Control Cable ..... 132 Elevator Lighting Cable .... 132 Elongation of Copper Wire . 43-44, 67 Extra High Strength Steel Strand 76-78 Fireproof Cables, Crown Fixture Wire, Globe Flexible Cables, Crown Flexible Cables, Extra . Flexible Cables, Globe . . . Foucoult or Eddy Current Loss Page 138 128 136 66 126 20 Facilities .... Feeder Cables, Crown Feeder Cables, Globe 136 126 Galvanizing Wire 44, 72 Galvanized Bond Wire, Extra ... 74 Galvanized Steel Signal Wire ... 75 Galvanized Telephone and Telegraph Wire 71 Gauges, Wire 21-22 General Data . ... 12-56 Globe Duplex Wires and Cables . . 127 Globe Feeder Cables 126 Globe Fixture Wire 128 Globe Flexible Cables 126 Globe Insulated Telephone Wire . 128-131 Globe Rubber Insulated Wires and Cables 124-133 Grade A, Lamp Cord .... 108-109 Grade C, Lamp Cord 109 Handling Lead Cables 167 Heater Cord, Electric 114 Heating Perfects, Alternating Current . 19 Heating of Conductors .... 16, 19 Hemp Cord Cables .... 65-67 High Strength Steel Strand . . 76, 78 High Strength Steel Strand, Extra 76, 78 Hysteresis, Dielectric 20 I 2 R Loss 19 Ignition Wires and Cables, Automobile 145 Inquiries Concerning Cables . . 149-150 Inside Telephone Wire .... 129 Installation of Underground Cables 166-181 Insulation, Rubber 116-119 Insulation, Weatherproof .... 99 International Ohm ...... 13 Iron, Physical Properties of ... 14 Iron and Steel 39-42 Iron and Steel Telephone and Tele- graph Wire 71-74 Iron Wire, Weatherproof . . . 102-103 Jointing of Cables 176-177 Jointing Materials 178 Joints in Galvanized Telephone and Telegraph Wire 73 ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES Joints in Hard Drawn Copper Joints in Magnet Wire . Joints of Lead Cables . Jumper Wire, Telephone . Page . 67 . 92 180-181 131 Laboratories, Electrical and Chemi- cal 120-121 Lagging for Reels 50 Lamp Cord 108-109 Lamp Cord Products .... 108-114 Lamp Cord, Grade C 109 Lamp Cord, Grade A .... 108-109 Lay or Pitch of Strand .... 28-29 Lead-covered Cables, Crown . . 150, 154 Lead-covered Cables, Inquiries Con- cerning 149-150 Lead-covered Cable, Rubber Insu- lated 150, 154 Lead Encased Wires and Cables . 148, 166 Lead Sheaths 148 Lead Sheathed Cables, Paper Insu- lated 155-162 Lengths, Cutting Wire to .... 65 Lightning Protection for Transmission Lines 77 List of Products . 227 Magnet Wire Magnet Wire, Asbestos and S . C . Magnet Wire, Cotton-covered Magnet Wire, Paper-covered . Magnet Wire, Rectangular . Magnet Wire, Silk Covered . . Magnet Wire, Special C. C Magnet Wire, Square .... Magnetic-core Steel, Silico Manholes Manufacture of Wire . Messenger Strand Metric Tables Micrometer Screw Mil-foot Ohms per Mils Mils, Circular Mining Machine Cables 84-91 C. 89 85-87 . 91 89-90 . 88 . 91 90 . 82 168-170 35-44 . 76 52-53 . 21 15,17 . 21 . 21 139-140 National Electric Code Rules for Rub- ber-covered Wire 122 National Electric Code Rules for Weatherproof Wire . .90 Non Conductors, List of Office Wire .... Office Wire, Black Core Office Wire, Damp-proof Office Wire, Special . Ohm, International . Ohms per Mil-foot . Orders, Regarding . Page Index 12 . 95 . 95 . 95 . 96 . 13 14-15, 17 10 Outside Distributing Telephone Wire 128 Packing and Shipping .... 44-51 Packing House Cord 131 Paper-covered Magnet Wire ... 91 Paper - insulated Lead Sheathed Cables 155, 162 Paper-insulated Lead-covered Cables, Specifications for .... 157, 159 Physical Data 55-56 Physical Properties of Conductors . 14 Pitch or Lay of Strand .... 28-29 Pole Data, Telephone and Telegraph . 74 Pole Steps 81-82 Portable Cord, Reinforced .... 110 Portables, Cord for Ill Pot Head Telephone Wire ... 129 Pounds per Mile ohm of Copper . 15, 19 Products, Lamp Cord . . . . 108-114 Products, List of 227 Protection of Insulation .... 120 Racks for Cables 171 Rail Bonds 67 Rail Bond Tools 70 Rectangular Magnet Wire . . . 89-90 Reels 49-50, 65 Reels, Lagging 50 Regarding Orders 10 Reinforced Portable Cord . . . . 110 Reliance Weatherproof Iron Wire 102-103 Reliance Weatherproof Wires and Cables 98-105 Resistance 13 Resistance, per Mil-foot of Copper 15, 17 Resistance, of Copper Strand ... 32 Resistance, Resistivity .... 13-15 Resistance, Specific 14 Resistance Wire 80 Rodding Sticks 173 Rope Strand 32, 35 232 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Index Page Rubber Compound 116, 119 Rubber-covered Iron Telephone Wire 130 Rubber-covered Wires and Cables 116-145 Rubber, Crude 116 Rubber Insulation 116-119 Rubber- insulated Lead-covered Cables 150-154 Rubber-insulated Wires and Cables, Crown 133-140 Rubber-insulated Wires and Cables, Diameters and Weights . . . 146 Rubber-insulated Wires and Cables, Globe 124-133 Rubber-insulated Wires and Cables, Thirty Per Cent 140-145 Rubber Tape 120 Sales Offices 4 Seals for Galvanized Telephone and Telegraph Coils 71 Semaphore Wire 75 Shipping of Rubber-covered Wire . 124 Shipping of Weatherproof Wires and Cables 44, 102-103 Siemens Martin Steel Strand . . 76, 78 Signal Wires and Cables . . . 143-145 Signal Wire, Extra Galvanized Steel . 75 Signal Wires and Cables, Specifica- tions for 144-145 Silico- Magnetic- Core Steel .... 82 Silk Thread 85 Silk-covered Magnet Wire .... 88 Skin Effect 19-20 Slow Burning Wires and Cables . . 104 Slow Burning Wires, Black Finish . 106 Snake Wire 173 Special Magnet Wire, Cotton-covered 91 Special Weatherproof and Slow Burn- ing Wires 105-106 Specifications for Cotton- covered Mag- net Wire 91-92 Galvanized Telephone and Tele- graph Wire 72 Hard Drawn Copper Wire ... 66 Paper Insulated Lead-covered Cables 157-159 Signal Wires and Cables . . 144-145 Thirty Per Cent. Rubber-insulated Wires and Cables .... 141 Weatherproof Wires and Cables . 105 Page Spider Wire, Telephone .... 131 Square Magnet Wire 90 Stage Cables, Theater or .... 133 Steel Armor Wire for Cables ... 81 Steel, Physical Properties of Siemens Martin 14 Steel, Iron and 39-42 Steel and Iron Telephone and Tele- graph Wire 71-74 Steel Strand, Extra High Strength 76-78 High Strength . . . . . 76-78 Siemens Martin 76-78 Special Extra Galvanized ... 76 Standard 75 Strand 27-35 Clamp, Three-bolt 79 Compound 32 Concentric 27 Extra High Strength Steel . . 76-78 High Strength Steel .... 76-78 Messenger 76 Resistance of Copper .... 32 Rope 32-35 Siemens Martin Steel . . . 76-78 Special Extra Galvanized . . 76-78 Standard Steel 75 Tables 30-31 Stringing Wire from Coils .... 46 Submarine Cables 164 Sub-station Telephone Wire . . . 129 Tables, Wiring 24-31 Telegraph and Telephone Wire, Cop- per, Hard Drawn 64 Iron and Steel 71-74 Telephone Cables 130 Telephone and Telegraph Pole Data . 74 Telephone and Telegraph Wire, Extra Galvanized W. & M. . . . 71-74 Telephone and Telegraph Wire, Prop- erties of ' . . 73-74 Telephone Rubber-covered Iron Cables 130 Telephone Wire, Copper, Bridle . . 129 Drop . . .' 131 Globe Insulated 128 Inside 129 Jumper 131 Outside Distributing 128 Pot Head 129 Spider 131 ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES Page Page Index Telephone Wire Continued Varnished Cambric Cables . . 163 Sub-station 129 Vulcanizing: Rubber 119 Temperature Coefficients . . . 14-15 Temperature Effects on Resistance 15-18 Tensile Strength of Steel .... 14 Tensile Strength of Copper Wire . 14, 26 Three-bolt Strand Clamp .... 79 Tico Resistance Wire 80 Tinned Copper Wire Advances . . 64 Tinning and Galvanizing Wire . . 44 Theater and Stage Cables .... 133 Thirty Per Cent. Rubber- insulated Wires and Cables .... 140-145 Thirty Per Cent. Rubber- insulated Wire Specifications .... 141 Transmission Lines, Lightning Protec- tion for 77 Transmission Lines, Long Span . . 77 Trolley Wire, Catenary Method of Sup- porting 77 Construction Notes .... 60-63 Copper 58-63 Dimensions of 59 Pole Data 60-63 Specifications for 59 Underground Cables, Installation of 166-181 Weatherproof Coils of Wire . . . 102 Insulation . 99 Iron Wire 102-103 Weatherproof and Slow Burning Wire, Special 105-106 Weatherproof White Finish Wires . 106 Weatherproof Wires and Cables, Re- liance 98-105 Weight of Copper Wire ... 14, 26 Weight per Mile-ohm .... 14, 19 Weights, Rubber-covered Wires and Cables 146 White Finish Wires, Weatherproof . 106 Wire, Bare, and Cables . . . 58-82 Wire Drawing 42-43 Wire Gauges 21-22 Wire, Manufacture of .... 35-44 Wire Rope 75-78 Wire Rope Clip, Crosby .... 79 Wires and Cables, Lead Encased . 148-166 Wires and Cables, Signal . . . 143-145 Wiring Formulas 2223 Wiring Tables 24-31 Index to Electric Lighting Material Crown Rubber- covered Wires and Cables 134-138 Globe Rubber - covered Wires and Cables 125-133 Lamp Cord 108-110 Paper - insulated, Lead Encased Cables . 156-162 Rubber- insulated, Lead Encased Cables 150-154 Slow Burning Wires and Cables . 104-105 Submarine Cables 164 Varnished Cambric Cables .... 163 Weatherproof Wires and Cables . 98-103 Index to Electric Railway Material Armature Binding Wire ... 80 Bare Copper Wires and Cables . 64-65 Car Cables 133 Crown Rubber-insulated Wires and Cables 133-138 Globe Rubber-insulated Wires and Cables 125-127 Lamp Cord 108-110 Magnet Wire . . . . 85-91 Paper-insulated, Lead Encased Cables 150-154 Pole Steps 81 Rail Bonds 67-70 Resistance Wire 80 Rubber-insulated, Lead Encased Ca- bles 150-154 Slow Burning Wires and Cables 104-105 Specifications for Hard Drawn Copper 66 234 AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE COMPANY Index P a g e Page Galvanized Telephone and Telegraph Thirty Per Cent. Rubber-insulated Wire 71-74 Wires and Cables .... 140-143 Steel Strand 75-76 Trolley Wire 58-63 Strand Clips, Galvanized .... 79 Weatherproof Wires and Cables . 98-103 Submarine Cables 164 Index to Telephone and Telegraph Material Bare Copper Telephone and Telegraph Wire 64 Bare Galvanized Telephone and Tele- graph Wire ...*... 71-74 Globe Insulated Telephone and Tele- graph Wires and Cables . . 128-131 Bridle Wire 129 Inside Wire .... Jumper Wire .... Outside Distributing Wire Pot Head Wire . . . Spider Wire .... Sub-station .... Telegraph Cables Drop Wire . . 131 Pole Steps 129 131 128 129 131 129 130 81 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Due two weeks after date. SEP * 1916 270317 ire UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY