BANCROFT 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 < 
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
1 
 
 THE 
 
 PROGRESS AND CONDITION 
 
 
 THE 
 
 -, 
 
 PEEPAEED AT THE BEQUEST OF THE EEGENTS OF THE UNIVEESITY, 
 
 BY DANIEL C. GILMAN, PRESIDENT. 
 
 B E K K K I. E Y : 
 
 1875. 
 

STATEMENT 
 
 \ 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PROGRESS AND CONDITION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PREPAKED BY REQUEST OF THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY, 
 
 BY DANIEL C.^GILMAN, PRESIDENT. \^*2>i - 
 
 BERKELEY: 
 
 1875. 
 

Bancroft libniy 
 
 
 
STATEMENT. 
 
 BERKELEY (NEAR OAKLAND), March 23d, 1875. 
 
 To THE BOARD OF REGENTS, UNIVERSITY or CALIFORNIA : 
 
 GENTLEMEN In resigning the office of President of 
 the University of California, I beg leave to submit a state 
 ment of the progress of the University during my connection 
 with it. 
 
 1. The personal changes which have occurred during the 
 past two years and a half are numerous. 
 
 My revered predecessor, Dr. Henry Durant, after a long 
 life devoted to the public service, was removed by death 
 January 22d, 1875. The tributes which have been paid to 
 his character are already so ample, that here it is only neces 
 sary to place on record our grateful appreciation of his wis 
 dom, his devotion, and his success in keeping alive the idea 
 of a university in California, and in laboring for its founda 
 tion with untiring industry. It is a cause of regret that he 
 has left behind him so little, in print or in manuscript, which 
 will explain to those who come after him the peculiar diffi 
 culties and trials which he encountered. Some anecdotes 
 noted down by a short-hand writer one evening at the request 
 of a friend, as Dr. Durant related them, have been preserved 
 in illustration of his experience, and his associates have told 
 in various ways the story of his life ; but his fame will de 
 pend on the place he has won in the roll of those who helped 
 to found the institutions of California. 
 
 2. Hon. Edward Tompkins, a member of the Board of Re 
 gents and State Senator from Alameda County, died Novem- 
 
6 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 
 
 ber 14th, 1872. , He had been one of the most constant and 
 efficient friends of the University, from the time of its or 
 ganization, and the Kegents placed on their records soon 
 after his death a full expression of their respect and grati 
 tude. Kev. Dr. Stebbins presented the following minute, 
 which was adopted by the Board : 
 
 " The Board of Regents hereby place on record their high appreciation of 
 the services and character of their late associate, the Honorable Edward 
 Tompkins, who, at the time of his death, was a State Senator for Alameda 
 County, and an elected member of this Board. 
 
 " He was a native of Oneida County, New York; a graduate of Union 
 College ; a successful member of the bar, first in his native State and then in 
 California ; a student of literary and philosophical subjects ; an earnest advo 
 cate of the higher education, and the generous promoter of all good undertak 
 ings in the community where he dwelt. 
 
 " He became a member of this Board in 1868, and served on the Committee 
 on Instruction. His residence in Oakland and the comparative leisure of his 
 late days enabled him to devote much time and thought to the internal affairs 
 of the University, and to present its claims with an intelligent appreciation of 
 details whenever there was occasion. Although suffering with an illness 
 which proved to be mortal, he came from a sick bed to preside and speak at 
 the inauguration of the President of the University on the 7th of November 
 last, and on the 14th of November, at the age of fifty-seven years, laid down 
 his life in the hope of the life to come. 
 
 "As the Public Orator of the University in many academic assemblies, as 
 the Counselor on whom the Academic Senate and the Board of Kegents 
 were accustomed to rely, as the Legislator by whose persistent advocacy a 
 building fund was secured, and as a benefactor by whose munificence a pro 
 fessorship has been founded for instruction in Chinese and Japanese, he will 
 through all time be gratefully remembered in the annals of this University, 
 while his virtuous private life and his devotion to the public good deserve the 
 tribute of affectionate respect from all who were associated with him." 
 
 3. The presidency of the Board of Kegents, which devolves 
 by law upon the Governor of the State, was transferred in 
 February, 1875, from Hon. Newton Booth (then U. S. Sena 
 tor-elect), to Hon. Komualdo Pacheco (then Lieutenant-gov 
 ernor). 
 
 The office of Secretary, held by Mr. Andrew J. Moul 
 der from an early period in the life of the University, 
 was given up by him in January, 1874. Its duties were 
 temporarily discharged by Mr. J. West Martin, one of the 
 Board of Kegents, until April, 1874, when Mr. K. E. C. 
 Stearns was appointed to the place. The duties of this office 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 7 
 
 are exceedingly complex and difficult, and the University has 
 been fortunate in having such incumbents of the post. Their 
 devotion to the public welfare, their versatility, and their 
 integrity have contributed largely to the prosperity of the 
 institution. 
 
 The office of Land Agent was vacated by the death of the 
 incumbent in 1874, and its duties were temporarily assigned 
 to the Secretary, but there were serious difficulties in this 
 arrangement, and it was given up. Mr. J. W. Shanklin was 
 subsequently appointed Land Agent. 
 
 4. Among all the administrative offices of the Board, but one 
 has remained unchanged : that of the Treasurer. The office 
 has been filled from the beginning by W. C. Ealston, Esq., 
 and to his energy and liberality the University is indebted 
 for its good credit, and for the promptness with which its 
 obligations are paid. Those who are familiar with new in 
 stitutions elsewhere, of uncertain resources, can best appre 
 ciate the services of a treasurer so able and so willing. 
 
 5. The changes in the Board of Kegents have been as fol 
 lows, from November, 1872, to March, 1875 : 
 
 RESIGNATIONS, ETC. 
 
 EDWARD TOMPKINS Died Nov. 14th, 1872. 
 
 S. F. BUTTERWORTH Resigned. 
 
 RICHARD P. HAMMOND Resigned. 
 
 CHARLES F. REED Term expired. 
 
 T. B. SHANNON Term expired. 
 
 JOHN W. DWINELLE Resigned. 
 
 SAMUEL MERRITT Resigned. 
 
 NEWTON BOOTH Resigned as Governor. 
 
 ACCESSIONS TO OFFICE: 
 
 HENRY H. HAIGHT By election of the Regents. 
 
 J. W. WINANS By appointment of the Governor. 
 
 R. S. CAREY As Pres. State Agricultural Society. 
 
 M. M. ESTEE As Speaker of the Assembly. 
 
 D. C. GILMAN As President of the University. 
 
 J. M. HAMILTON By appointment of the Governor. 
 
 D. O. MILLS By appointment of the Governor. 
 
 WILLIAM MEEK By appointment of the Governor. 
 
 WILLIAM IRWIN As Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 6. There have also been changes in the staff of teachers. 
 The resignation of Professor Swinton, Professor of English 
 
8 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 
 
 Literature and History, was accepted March 3d, 1874. He 
 had previously requested a leave of absence, which had been 
 refused by the Kegents. His resignation was followed by 
 the publication of a pamphlet in which his views on the sub 
 ject of agricultural education were set forth. 
 
 The resignation of Dr. E. S. Carr, Professor of Agricult 
 ure, was requested by the Regents in July, 1874, and when 
 the request was not complied with, he was removed from 
 office for reasons which were briefly stated. He also pub 
 lished a pamphlet containing animadversions on the action 
 of the Eegents, and particularly in respect to their manage 
 ment of the ' ' Agricultural Department. " His removal caused 
 a remonstrance on the part of the "Patrons of Husbandry," 
 or Grangers, and the ' ' Mechanics' Deliberative Assembly, " 
 which was answered by the Board of Kegents in a brief com 
 munication. 
 
 7. In the summer of 1873, Professor Samuel Jones, Pro 
 fessor of Military Science, etc., was called away to become 
 President of the Maryland College of Agriculture. His res 
 ignation was accepted with reluctance, and the thanks of the 
 Board of Regents were formally voted to him for his able and 
 efficient services. 
 
 Two instructors of modern languages, Mr. Julius Gross 
 man and Mr. Manuel M. Corella, have also resigned, the lat 
 ter having finished a course of special studies in the Univer 
 sity and returned to Mexico. 
 
 8. The vacancies thus created have all been filled, and there 
 have been other important additions to the corps of instruct 
 ors. The names and departments of instruction of those 
 who have been appointed since November, 1872, are as fol 
 lows : 
 
 PBOFESSOBS. 
 
 Agriculture EUGENE W. HILGAED. 
 
 Mining WILLIAM ASHBUENEE. 
 
 Industrial Mechanics FEEDEEICK Gr. HESSE. 
 
 English EDWABD K. SILL. 
 
 Military Science, etc SAMUEL JONES. 
 
 LECTUEEES. 
 
 Metallurgy GEOEGE F. BECKEE. 
 
 Economic Botany C. E. BESSET. 
 
 Stock Breeding WILLIAM H. BEEWEE. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 INSTRUCTORS. 
 
 Industrial Drawing JOHN D. HOFFMANN. 
 
 Spanish CHARLES F. GOMPEETZ. 
 
 German ALBIN PUTZKER. 
 
 French G. DE KERSAINT-GILY. 
 
 ASSISTANTS. 
 
 Mathematics GEORGE C. EDWARDS. 
 
 Mathematics LEANDER L. HAWKINS. 
 
 Classics ARTHUR H. ALLEN. 
 
 Classics AMBROSE C. RICHARDSON. 
 
 Chemistry F. SLATE, JR. 
 
 Chemistry JOHN D. STILLMAN. 
 
 Chemistry SAMUEL B. CHRISTY. 
 
 Mineralogy A. WENDELL JACKSON. 
 
 English JOSEPH C. KOWELL. 
 
 English THOMAS F. BARRY. 
 
 Mechanics EDWARD A. PARKER. 
 
 OTHER OFFICERS. 
 
 Superintendent of the Grounds E. E. C. STEARNS. 
 
 Landscape Engineer W. HAMMOND HALL. 
 
 Gardener JOHN ELLIS. 
 
 Curator of the Mineralogical Collections, etc. HENRY G. HANKS. 
 
 Foreman of the Printing Office A. WHITTON. 
 
 Student Manager L. A. JORDAN. 
 
 9. The Chair of Agriculture has been filled by the appoint 
 ment of Professor Eugene W. Hilgard, Ph. D., formerly of 
 the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts in the Univer 
 sity of Mississippi, and recently of the University of Mich 
 igan. While in Mississippi he had charge of the Geological 
 and Agricultural Survey of the State. Mr. Hilgard's emi 
 nence as a man of science, his skill in applying his knowledge 
 to agriculture and other industrial pursuits, and his long 
 experience as a teacher, have qualified him in an uncommon 
 degree to discharge with satisfaction the difficult duties 
 devolved upon him. He is well known for the attention 
 which he has given to the analysis of soils, and for the light 
 he has thus thrown upon some of the most intricate prob 
 lems in agricultural science. He came to Berkeley in the 
 autumn of 1874, and delivered there two courses of lectures; 
 one upon the General Principles of Agriculture (particularly 
 upon the chemistry of soils) and the other on the Chemistry 
 
10 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5. 
 
 of Household Life. The impression which he made by these 
 lectures was so good that he was unanimously appointed per 
 manent professor, and he is now about to enter upon his 
 duties among us. 
 
 10. The Chair of Mining has been filled by the appoint 
 ment of Mr. William Ashburner, mining engineer, of San 
 Francisco, who will direct his attention to the organization 
 of the College of Mines, as fast as the funds are provided for 
 this purpose. Mr. Ashburner, having received a technical 
 and scientific education in the East and in Europe, came 
 early to the Pacific Coast, and was for a time engaged upon 
 the Geological Survey of California. He has had ample 
 opportunities for becoming acquainted with the mining in 
 dustries of this and other countries, and he has already made 
 his influence felt for good upon the students of this Univer 
 sity. In entering upon his professorship, he delivered an 
 introductory lecture on the Profession of Mining Engineer 
 ing, which has been printed. 
 
 11. A Chair of Industrial Mechanics was instituted by the 
 Board in the autumn of 1874, and was subsequently filled by 
 the appointment of Mr. Frederick G. Hesse, of Oakland. 
 Mr. Hesse was trained in a German polytechnic school, and 
 was early engaged as a teacher in Brown University. He 
 subsequently held a scientific appointment under the United 
 States Government, but has resided for the last few years in 
 Oakland, engaged in mechanical occupations, especially in 
 the invention and improvement of some ingenious mechan 
 ical contrivances. It is rare to find a man qualified to fill 
 the duties of a Chair of Industrial Mechanics, both by his 
 scientific attainments, and by practical knowledge acquired 
 in the shop, but Mr. Hesse is such a man. Upon assuming 
 the duties of his post, he delivered a lecture on the Pro 
 fession of Mechanical Engineering, which will be printed. 
 He is now engaged in devising implements by which a 
 thorough examination may be made of the strength of the 
 timbers of the Pacific Coast, to which reference will be made 
 in a later portion of this report. 
 
 12. The professorship of English was filled by the ap- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 11 
 
 pointment of Mr. Edward E. Sill, a graduate of Yale College, 
 who has been engaged in teaching in California for several 
 years, and is highly esteemed for his literary attainments, 
 for his enthusiasm in the study of language, and for his de 
 votion to the work of a teacher. His introductory lecture on 
 the subject of the Study of English was printed in the 
 Berkeley an. 
 
 13. The vacancy occasioned by the withdrawal of Professor 
 Jones was filled by the appointment of two graduates of the 
 University to be assistants in mathematics Mr. George C. 
 Edwards and Mr. Leander L. Hawkins and they have dur 
 ing the last two years discharged this service with great fidel 
 ity. Mr. Edwards has had the command of the battalion 
 in addition to his duties as mathematical instructor, and 
 Mr. Hawkins has had the chief direction of the classes in 
 surveying. 
 
 14. Mr. John D. Hoffmann was appointed in the autumn 
 of 1874 instructor of Industrial Drawing. He is an ex 
 perienced engineer and draughtsman, who was trained in 
 Germany, has had long experience in the construction of 
 public works, especially in the service of the U. S. Govern 
 ment, and he is in all respects qualified to impart an exact 
 knowledge of this most important art. 
 
 15. Mr. Albin Putzker entered upon his duties as special 
 instructor in German, in the spring of 1874, and has suc 
 ceeded in a remarkable degree in awakening a love of the 
 study of that language among all classes of students. He 
 was previously head of the Santa Barbara College. 
 
 16. The large number of scholars pursuing the study of 
 French, under Professor Pioda, made it indispensable to 
 provide an additional instructor in that department, and 
 Mr. G. de Kersaint-Gily has accordingly been appointed. 
 The place occupied by Mr. Corella as instructor in Spanish 
 has been filled by the appointment of Mr. Charles D. Gom- 
 pertz, who also devotes much attention to the Library. 
 
 17. Mr. Arthur H. Allen, graduate of Yale College, who was 
 employed for a single year as instructor in the College of 
 Letters, discharged these duties with skill and success until 
 
12 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 
 
 he was released from service at his own request. The place 
 he had held was filled by the appointment of Mr. A. C. Bich- 
 ardson, a graduate of Harvard College, distinguished for his 
 knowledge of the classics, who still continues to give instruc 
 tion. 
 
 18. In the summer of 1874, the Eegents determined to ap 
 point as assistant instructors several young men who had re 
 cently graduated. The amount of their compensation was not 
 to be large ($600 per year), and it was not supposed that their 
 duties would be responsible or onerous. But it was thought 
 that they would be led to prosecute advanced studies under 
 the direction of the Faculty, and would thus become better 
 fitted for the duties of life. This plan, which is nearly 
 equivalent to the establishment of graduate scholarships, has 
 worked well. Two of this company of young men have been 
 granted leave of absence without pay for one year, to pursue 
 their studies in Germany ; four others are to remain a 
 second year ; the seventh begins a professional course of 
 study in law. The names of these seven graduate students 
 are as follows: T. F. Barry, S. B. Christy, A. W. Jackson, 
 E. A. Parker, J. C. Kowell, F. Slate, J. M. Stillman. 
 
 19. Professor George Davidson, a non-resident professor, 
 who began to give instruction in Geodesy and the use of as 
 tronomical instruments in the winter of 1873, was inter 
 rupted in this work by being called upon to engage in the 
 observations of the transit of Venus, in Japan. 
 
 20. Hon. S. J. Field, non-resident Professor of Law, pro 
 poses to commence a course of lectures in the Spring of 
 1875. 
 
 21. The staff giving instructions at Berkeley now includes 
 the President, thirteen resident Professors, two non-res 
 ident Professors (Judge Field and Prof. Davidson), three 
 lecturers for the current year (Professors Bessey and Brewer, 
 and Dr. Becker), nine instructors, and seven graduate assist 
 ants. There, are in addition, a Superintendent of the Agricult 
 ural Grounds, a Gardener, a Foreman and a Manager of the 
 Printing Office, and there are also occasional lecturers, 
 whose services have been gratuitously given on one or more 
 days. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 13 
 
 22. The number of students lias steadily increased since 
 the opening of the institution, as the following figures show : 
 
 In 1869-70 40 
 
 In 1870-71 , 78 
 
 In 1871-72 153 
 
 In 1872-73 185 
 
 In 1873-74 191 
 
 In 1874-75 234 
 
 The inconveniences at Berkeley were so many when the 
 University was first established in its permanent place, that 
 many of those who had proposed to enter were prevented 
 from doing so, and some of the ladies who had been in at 
 tendance withdrew from the classes. Since the close of the 
 last academic year, 126 persons have applied for admission 
 to the University. Twenty- six counties of this State, and 
 several states of the Union, have their representatives at 
 Berkeley. Of the present students, 171 are candidates for a 
 degree. The number of ladies attending the classes is 
 thirty-nine. There is no preparatory class. 
 
 LEGISLATION. 
 
 23. In entering upon the office which I have held, it was 
 my first duty to become acquainted with the laws under 
 which the University was organized, with the policy that the 
 Eegents had adopted for the organization of the University, 
 and with the requirements of the community in respect to 
 higher education. It was soon apparent that a great diver 
 sity of views prevailed in respect to the scope of the Univer 
 sity, and that these difficulties arose in part from the varied 
 enactments under which the institution had been organized. 
 A few words upon this subject may tend, perhaps, both to 
 exhibit and to remove some of these difficulties. 
 
 24. The State of California, like most of the newer States 
 of the Union, received from the General Government a cer 
 tain portion of the public lands for the use of a seminary of 
 learning ; and the Constitution of the State provided for the 
 bestowal of these and other funds upon a State Univer 
 sity. This was the nucleus of the University of California. 
 
14 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 
 
 25. Independent of State action, a private corporation, 
 established in Oakland, maintained for several years an in 
 stitution of learning under the name of the College of Cali 
 fornia. It acquired lands, funds, and good-will. When the 
 University was organized it relinquished the field and gave 
 up its property to the State, on condition of the perpetual 
 maintenance of a College of Letters. 
 
 26. In 1862, the National Government bestowed on the 
 various States of the Union a certain amount of scrip in the 
 public lands, for the maintenance in each State of "at least 
 one college where the leading object shall be, without ex 
 cluding other scientific and classical studies, and including 
 military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are re 
 lated to agriculture and the mechanical arts, in such manner as 
 the legislatures of the States may respectively prescribe, in 
 order to promote the liberal and practical education of the 
 industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in 
 life." 
 
 27. The scope of this national endowment has been well 
 defined by many writers, but by none more clearly than in 
 the following paragraph, which was written by Professor 
 Atherton, once of the Illinois Industrial University, and now 
 of the Eutgers Scientific School in New Brunswick, New Jer 
 sey. After referring to the terms of the grant as prescribed 
 by Congress, he says : 
 
 "This language certainly does not contemplate the teaching of " agricult 
 ure " alone, but of all the natural sciences which underlie its laws and proc 
 esses, all the mathematical and physical sciences which are the basis of the 
 mechanic arts, and whatever else is adapted to promote "the liberal and 
 practical education of the industrial classes," not even excluding classical 
 studies. It is, in short, the statement of a comprehensive scheme for pro 
 moting the higher education of the people a thing which the Government 
 has been doing ever since it first had public lands to dispose of. The insti 
 tutions thus founded have come to be generally spoken of as " agricultural 
 colleges," simply for want of a more convenient designation, and prob 
 ably, also, because "agriculture" happens to be the first important word in 
 that part of the law just quoted." 
 
 28. After prolonged discussion among the friends of higher 
 education, the Legislature organized the University of Cali- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 15 
 
 f ornia by an Act approved March 23d, 1868, which was some 
 what modified by the passage of the Political Code, and has 
 since received some additional amendments. The " Organic 
 Act," thus modified, still governs the University. It is 
 printed with the last legislative revisions in the University 
 Eegisters for 1874 and 1875. 
 
 29. The Board of Eegents, on whom these laws devolved 
 the administration of the University, was originally con 
 stituted as follows, in four distinct classes : 
 
 a. The Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and State Superintendent of 
 Schools, all elected by popular vote, and holding office for four years, and the 
 Speaker of the Assembly, holding office for two years, and elected by members 
 of the Assembly, were the official representatives of the State. 
 
 &. The President of the State Agricultural Society and the President of the 
 Mechanics' Institute in San Francisco, elected annually by these societies, 
 were the representatives of the agricultural and mechanical interests of the 
 State. 
 
 c. Eight members of the Board, holding office for sixteen years, were ap 
 pointed by the Governor, with the approval of ttie Senate. 
 
 d. Eight members of the Board, holding office for sixteen years, were 
 elected as honorary Kegents, and were chosen "from the body of the State 
 by the official and appointed members." 
 
 30. The law expressly declared that no member of the 
 Board should be deemed a public officer by virtue of such 
 membership ; but he should be deemed as discharging exclu 
 sively a private trust. The Kegents were furthermore re 
 quired to become incorporated under the general laws of the 
 State. These provisions were intended to secure stability in 
 the Board, and the removal of the University from political 
 interference ; while at the same time the official representa 
 tives of the State had power to prevent and correct abuses. 
 Care was also taken, by providing six different modes of 
 membership, and tenures of office which vary in length from 
 one to sixteen years, that the Board should not be the rep 
 resentative of any class or faction. 
 
 Sectarian and ecclesiastical influences were precluded by 
 a requirement that a majority of the Board should not be " of 
 any one religious sect, or of no religious sect." 
 
 31. The Political Code of the State of California, which 
 went into operation on the 1st of January, 1873, made sev- 
 
16 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 
 
 eral changes in the constitution of the Board of Eegents, 
 the bearing of which upon the management of the University 
 does not seem to have been fully considered. The Kegents 
 are declared to be civil executive officers of the State, and 
 all except the ex qfficio members are to be appointed, as 
 vacancies occur, by the Governor, with the advice and con 
 sent of the Senate. 
 
 By the Legislature of 1873-4, the President of the Univer 
 sity for the time being was made a member of the Board, 
 and some slight verbal changes were made in the law. 
 
 This is not the place to suggest further changes in the 
 Organic Act, but some changes must be made before the 
 University can be regarded as established on a sure founda 
 tion. 
 
 32. It would be well for the State if these historic state 
 ments in respect to the origin of the University of Califor 
 nia were more generally remembered. It is frequently 
 asserted that the University was founded as an Ag 
 ricultural College, and that the College of Letters 
 should have no place in the organization ; whereas the 
 truth is, that the State, in its Constitution, provided for the 
 establishment of "a University," and all subsequent legis 
 lation has tended toward a liberal and comprehensive insti 
 tution in which all higher studies should be taught. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 33. Many changes have been made in the mode of con 
 ducting the business of the Board one of the most impor 
 tant of which has been the establishment of the Secretary's 
 office at the site of the University, where he can personally 
 oversee the expenditures of money. Another noteworthy 
 change has been made in the organization of the commit 
 tees of the Board. 
 
 The number of standing committees was originally twelve. 
 This plan had doubtless been adopted in order to interest 
 every member of the Board in some department of the 
 University's service, but the practical working of the ar- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 17 
 
 rangement had been to diffuse responsibility and to lessen 
 interest. Recognizing this fact, the Board, at my request, 
 soon determined to appoint one committee which should be 
 a central committee and should be advisory to the Presi 
 dent in the discharge of his duties. This committee was 
 appointed by ballot, and consisted of five members, three of 
 whom were to be residents of Alameda County. The 
 members of this committee were originally Messrs. H. H. 
 Haight, S. F. Butterworth, H. Stebbins, J. W. Dwinelle, 
 and J. W. Martin. The place of Mr. Butterworth was 
 subsequently filled by the appointment of Mr. J. Mora Moss. 
 This committee has met frequently at the call of one of 
 their number or of the President, and has devoted a very 
 large amount of time to the consideration of all the affairs 
 of the University. No important steps have been taken 
 by the President without their knowledge and consent, 
 and on them the Board of Regents has relied for advice in 
 matters pertaining to the instruction and government of the 
 students and the appointment of instructors. Their meet 
 ings have been held on an average more frequently than 
 once a month and have often been prolonged for two or three 
 hours. The visits of the various members^ of the Committee 
 to Berkeley have likewise been frequent. 
 
 As a still further step toward efficient administration, the 
 Board determined to make the quarterly meeting of June 
 an annual meeting, and to require at that time the presenta 
 tion of reports respecting the various departments of the 
 University and the discussion of the most important measures, 
 so far as they could be foreseen, for the ensuing year. The 
 annual meeting for 1874 was held at Berkeley in the month 
 of June. 
 
 The number of the Committees has been reduced from 
 twelve to five, and their duties are as follows: 
 
 1. The Advisory Committee, to advise the Board and the President on all 
 such matters as may be referred to them. 
 
 2. The Finance Committee, to audit all bills and to supervise the financial 
 affairs of the University. 
 
18 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 
 
 3. The Land Committee, to supervise the work of the Land Agent, and to 
 superintend the sale of the national land grant. 
 
 4. The Committee on Buildings and Grounds, to supervise the care of the 
 property of the University. 
 
 5. The Law Committee, to give advice on legal points. 
 
 SURVEYS OF THE SITE. 
 
 34. The right development of a site which is to be the 
 seat of a University for a long time to come has naturally 
 required a great deal of consideration, and much of this 
 preliminary work has been done since 1872. 
 
 35. The College of California, before it transferred tfye 
 Berkeley property to the University, had caused it to be 
 carefully examined by the well-known landscape engineer 
 of New York, Mr. Frederick Law Olmsted, who prepared 
 a plan for its improvement, accompanied by an elaborate 
 map. The date of his report was June 29th, 1866. His 
 views in respect to the uses of the grounds were published 
 in a pamphlet, and are still of much value; but the or 
 ganization of the institution, when it passed from the control 
 of a private corporation to that of the State, was varied, and 
 this made it necessary to deviate in many respects from his 
 suggestions. It is obvious that the requirements of a State 
 University were very different from those of a simple college. 
 
 Copies of Mr. Olmsted' s report are now scarce, and it 
 would be well if such portions as are of permanent value 
 could be reprinted. All my endeavours to find the map 
 which Mr. Olmsted prepared have been without success. 
 When the Regents of the University entered upon the site, 
 Mr. Low, a landscape gardener of San Jose, was employed 
 to lay out the roads and paths which were most requisite. 
 It became important also to determine upon the bearings 
 which should be given to the college buildings which were 
 first to be constructed. It was decided by the architect to 
 place them at right angles to an axial line which divides 
 the property into two nearly equal portions, and which pro 
 tracted bisects the Golden Gate. 
 
 36. As a trustworthy basis for future improvements, the 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 19 
 
 Regents requested the Chief of the United States Coast Sur 
 vey work on the Pacific to cause a plane-table survey of 
 the site to be made. This was done in the spring of 1878 
 by Mr. Cleveland Rockwell. 
 
 At a later day, Mr. William Hammond Hall, the Land 
 scape Engineer of the Golden Gate Park of San Francis 
 co, was requested by the Regents to present a plan for the 
 improvement of the grounds, having in view what had 
 already been done, and what were likely to be the require 
 ments of the University during a long period to come. His 
 plan, which is dated February 21st, 1874, is printed in the 
 statement of the Regents to the Legislature in the session 
 of 1873-4. It has been approved and adopted by the Board. 
 
 An accurate survey of the boundary lines has also been 
 made. 
 
 There are now no funds for the general improvement 
 of the grounds, as the resources set apart for out-of-door 
 work are devoted to the development of the agricultural 
 and horticultural department. As soon as the means of 
 the University permit, the work of road-making and grad 
 ing should be prosecuted with, efficiency. 
 
 37. In further preparation for the growth of the Univer 
 sity, the students of Civil Engineering, under the guidance 
 of the professor in that department, are making a very 
 minute survey of the site. 
 
 Two parts of this survey have been completed, the region 
 around the two large buildings now constructed, and the 
 water-shed and water-courses connected with the water 
 supply of the University. 
 
 Professor Soule has made an elaborate report, which 
 remains in manuscript, upon the water question, having in 
 view not only the present necessities of the institution, but 
 also the probability that a large neighborhood will require 
 to be supplied from the springs which the University con 
 trols. This report might well be printed. He has also 
 furnished the following note in respect to the topography 
 of the site: 
 
20 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 
 
 " I have found already in my teaching that the topography of the site is not 
 only beautiful in a landscape and architectural point of view, but is excellently 
 adapted to instruction in all branches of field engineering. The diversified 
 character of the surface brings into use all the systems and principles of sur 
 veying and topography. It is in area 200 acres, is watered by numerous 
 springs in the hills, and the collection and disposal of this will furnish here 
 after abundant study and practice to the engineering student. With the 
 spring water and surface water saved, the grounds could be thoroughly irri 
 gated throughout the year, and made to blossom as the rose. The lower por 
 tion of the grounds is flat and moist throughout the year, and will nourish 
 such trees, flowers, and shrubs, as require such soil. Then there is a higher 
 plateau, upon which the various buildings have been, or are to be located, 
 forming the campus proper. Beyond, toward the Monte Diablo Range, the 
 ground rises into hills, the highest of which is 884 feet above tide-water, and 
 584 feet above the base of the south college. The average height of the tract is 
 400 feet above tide- water. The hilly portion could be well utilized for forestry. 
 The University is supplied with water from a reservoir of 38, 000 gallons capac 
 ity, situated at the foot of Strawberry Canon, and at an elevation of 205 feet 
 above the basement of the south college. It will carry water entirely over any 
 building contemplated. Other springs of large resources will be reclaimed 
 and brought in, from time to time. Strawberry Creek is for a large portion of 
 the year a beautifully clear stream ; during the winter it discharges an enormous 
 quantity of water, and runs between steep banks ten to fifteen feet in depth, and 
 with a span from thirty to 100 feet. Along it are found many shady quiet nooks, 
 gracious to the scholar, philosopher, and naturalist. The soil of the lower 
 portion of the site is a deep, rich adobe, capable of being wrought into a soil 
 of great productiveness; on the plateau it is a lighter kind. On the hills there 
 is a thin soil of decomposed shale rock, etc. It would be difficult to find with 
 in so small an area as the University site a spot with so many varieties and 
 capabilities in the way of soils, irrigation, and exposure." 
 
 38. The University has thus at command several accu 
 rate maps of its Berkeley property, viz : 
 
 a. The plane-table map prepared by Mr. Rockwell, of the U. S. Coast 
 Survey. 
 
 6. The project for the improvement of the grounds, by Mr. W. H. Hall, of 
 San Francisco. 
 
 c. The survey of the boundary lines. 
 
 d. The survey of the water rights of the University and their connections, 
 prepared by Professor Soule. 
 
 e. Detailed plats of different portions of the grounds, prepared by the stu 
 dents in Engineering and Surveying. Mr. Hawkins has taken special interest 
 in the study of the site, and in ascertaining accurate data in respect to its 
 characteristics. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 21 
 
 BUILDINGS. 
 
 39. Two large and commodious buildings have been con 
 structed for the University at Berkeley. The plans for 
 these structures were made by Mr. David Farquharson, 
 architect, of San Francisco, and were adopted by the Board 
 before my connection with the University. The brick 
 building sometimes called the College of Agriculture, but 
 officially designated by the Regents as the " South Hall," 
 was constructed under the direction of Mr. Farquharson; 
 the wooden building, sometimes called the College of Let 
 ters, but officially designated as the "North Hall," was con 
 structed without the architect's supervision, and the inte 
 rior arrangements were in some respects changed from his 
 original plans by the direction of the Board of Regents. 
 The corner-stone of the first building was laid in August, 
 1872, with public ceremonies; the corner-stone of the second 
 building was laid in the spring of 1873, in the presence of 
 the officers and students of the University. 
 
 Both these buildings were occupied at the commence 
 ment of the college year in September, 1873, although some 
 of the interior arrangements were not completed. 
 
 The South Hall contains the Library, museums, labora 
 tories, Agricultural rooms, Secretary's office, and an ad 
 mirable scientific lecture-room. The North Hall contains 
 the class-rooms for Mathematics, Physics, Engineering, 
 Mechanics, Languages, and Literature, together with a 
 large assembly-room, Faculty rooms, armory, printing-of 
 fice, etc. 
 
 The dimensions of the brick building are as follow : 
 length, one hundred and fifty-two feet ; average width, 
 fifty-six feet. There are four stories, and thirty-four rooms 
 in the building, six of them being thirty-two by forty-eight 
 feet, and several of the others twenty by twenty-six feet. 
 
 The length of the north building is one hundred and sixty- 
 six feet ; its average width, sixty feet, and its height sixty- 
 four feet. It has four stories, and is divided into twenty- 
 eight compartments. The assembly-room is forty-three by 
 3 
 
22 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 
 
 fifty-eight feet, and the philosophical lecture room thirty- 
 six by fifty-eight feet. 
 
 COURSES OF INSTRUCTION. 
 
 40. The changes in the courses of instruction during the last 
 three years are partly such as have been occasioned by the 
 increase in the number of teachers, and by the improved 
 facilities for instruction afforded by the new buildings at 
 Berkeley. 
 
 Some of these changes are important enough to be ex 
 plained. 
 
 In addition to the original courses of study in Agricult 
 ure arid Letters which were commenced in 1869, a course 
 in Engineering was begun in 1871. Since then the courses 
 in Mechanics, Mining, and .Chemistry have been estab 
 lished, and the course in Letters has been separated into a 
 classical and a literary course. In accordance with the 
 phraseology of the laws of the State, these courses are com 
 monly spoken of as " colleges." At the head of each of 
 these seven ^departments of instruction is a professor, who 
 acts under the President and Faculty as the director of the 
 studies of the course. 
 
 These seven courses and their directors are as follows : 
 
 Agriculture PBOFESSOE HILGAED. 
 
 Mechanics . . 
 
 Mining 
 
 Chemistry . . 
 Engineering 
 
 Classics 
 
 Literature. . . 
 
 JOHN LECONTE . 
 
 ASHBUENEE. 
 
 RISING. 
 
 SOTJLE. 
 
 KELLOGG. 
 SILL. 
 
 41. The five courses first named are commonly spoken of as 
 the " College of Science," and the two last named as the 
 " College of Letters." The Scientific Faculty and the Lit 
 erary Faculty meet together as one body for the govern 
 ment of the students. All the Faculties of the University, 
 including the Medical, constitute by law an " Academic 
 Senate," the meetings of which will not probably be fre- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 23 
 
 quent. The President of the University is the presiding 
 officer in these various Faculties, and the Dean of the Aca 
 demic Senate is the Secretary of that body and of the joint 
 meetings of the Scientific and Literary Faculties. 
 
 In the five technical courses, the first two years are de 
 voted chiefly to those studies which are fundamental and of 
 general importance to Mathematics, Elementary Chem 
 istry, Physics, Natural History, and Modern Languages, in 
 cluding English. During the last two years, the special 
 subjects of the^ several courses predominate, that is to say, 
 Agriculture, Mechanics, Mining, Chemistry, or Engineer 
 ing. The degree given at the conclusion of each of these 
 courses is that of Bachelor of Philosophy in the College of 
 Agriculture, Mechanics, etc., as the case may be. Full 
 particulars in regard to these courses are given in the Reg 
 ister of the University for 1874-5. 
 
 42. The examinations for admissions have been made more 
 strict, but the terms of entrance have not been altered. To 
 explain the character of these examinations, both to teachers 
 and scholars in distant parts of the State, a circular has been 
 carefully prepared and widely distributed. It is printed as 
 Bulletin No. 6. 
 
 At the examinations for admission in the autumn of 1874, 
 there were 126 candidates, of whom 54 were admitted with 
 out a condition, six withdrew of their own accord, and fif 
 teen were found deficient in two principal studies and advised 
 to withdraw. Of those who were admitted on condition of 
 making up their deficiencies, nineteen were conditioned in 
 mathematics, and in the College of Letters thirteen were 
 conditioned in Latin. 
 
 There are two principal examinations every year, one at the 
 end of the first term called the " semi-annual," and one at 
 the end of the year called the "annual." These examina 
 tions cover the work which has been done during the 
 semester or the year just previous. The effect of these ex 
 aminations on the standing of a scholar is carefully adjusted 
 by rules which the Faculty have adopted. 
 
24 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 
 
 43. The order of the University, during the three years, 
 has been good. The number of cases requiring discipline 
 from the Faculty for improper conduct has been exceedingly 
 small. There has been no system of police, nor of tutorial or 
 military supervision. There have been few regulations, and 
 few penalties, but the constant effort of the instructors has 
 been to impress upon the scholars a sense of the advantages 
 here bestowed upon them, and to let it be understood that 
 those who do not appreciate these advantages are liable 
 at any moment to be deprived of them. This simple under 
 standing has been sufficient to secure the respectful obe 
 dience of the pupils, and cases of neglect and carelessness 
 have been exceedingly rare. Visitors to the public build*- 
 ings are constantly surprised to see the good order in which 
 they have been kept, and are more surprised to learn that 
 this good condition is not the result of frequent repairs, 
 nor of heavy penalties, but of constant attention and care 
 on the part of the students. 
 
 TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 44. From what has been already said, it is obvious that 
 special attention has been given to technical or scientific 
 instruction, in accordance with the terms of the Congres 
 sional grant, making it necessary to provide instruction in 
 those branches of learning " which are related to Agricult 
 ure and Mechanical Arts." Five of these modern courses 
 or colleges are now maintained in the University, namely: 
 
 1. Agriculture. 4. Engineering. 
 
 2. Mechanics. 5. Chemistry. 
 
 3. Mining. 
 
 45. The general character of this instruction is indicated 
 by the following report from the Faculty, presented to the 
 Legislative Committee, February 28th, 1874. Since that time 
 the three deficiencies referred to at the close of their report 
 have been supplied. First, the out-door work has been be 
 gun, including the establishment on a good plan of an 
 orchard, botanic garden, propagating-houses, and experi- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 25 
 
 ment station in agriculture and horticulture ; second, in 
 struction has been given by Professors Bessey and Brewer 
 in economic Botany and Zoology; and third, special in 
 structors have been appointed in Industrial Mechanics and 
 Industrial Drawing. 
 
 " What is the course of study in the University of California, in Agricult 
 ure and Mechanic Arts? 
 
 " The Faculty of the University, February 28th, 1874, in reply to this formal 
 inquiry, made the following answer. By a comparison of their statements 
 with those of other kindred universities, it will be seen that the statement of 
 Professor Carr is corroborated when he said to the Joint University Commit 
 tee that with one special provision made, ' we shall compare very favorably 
 with any agricultural college in the country so far as in-door instruction is 
 concerned : ' 
 
 " BEPOBT. It may be premised that the object of the course of instruction 
 given in the University in all its departments, including those of Agriculture 
 and Mechanic Arts, is to furnish a broad and liberal culture adapted to 
 the various callings of intelligent and educated citizens. With this 
 aim in view, the course of instruction in the Colleges of Agriculture 
 and Mechanic Arts has been so arranged as to embrace the following sub 
 jects: 
 
 "1. An English Course: embracing the history and structure of the English 
 Language; Ancient and Modern History, Bhetorio, and Logic. This course 
 extends through four years. 
 
 " 2. A course in Modern Languages: embracing one or more modern lan 
 guages, extending through three or four years. 
 
 " 3. A complete course of Mathematics, as constituting the basis of all scien 
 tific education, extending through three years. 
 
 "4. A three. years' course of Mechanics and Physics : Mechanics, embracing 
 the principles of machinery and the manifold applications of power, Hydro 
 statics, Hydraulics, and Pneumatics; Physics, embracing the principles of 
 Heat and its various effects in Evaporation, Rain and Dew, etc. ; the princi 
 ples of the Steam-engine; Electricity, Magnetism, and Electro-magnetism; 
 Acoustics, Optics, and other physical subjects, the knowledge of which is 
 necessary to the intelligent farmer and mechanic. 
 
 *' 5. A three years' course in Natural History and Geology. The course in 
 Botany embraces the Structure and Physiology of Plants i. e., how plants 
 germinate and grow and feed the nature of their food, the circulation of sap, 
 the changes which it undergoes, etc. The connection of this course with 
 Agriculture is close and direct. 
 
 "The course in Zoology embraces Comparative Anatomy and Physiology, and 
 the Laws of Eeproduction in Animals. The connection of these subjects with 
 stock-feeding and stock-breeding is evident. 
 
 "The relation of Geology to Agriculture is scarcely less important, since 
 soils are derived from the disintegration of rocks, and their nature and fertility 
 are, therefore, largely determined by the character of the country rock. 
 
26 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5. 
 
 "6. A course of Chemistry, general and analytical, embracing qualitative 
 and quantitative analysis and laboratory work. The importance of this 
 course, as forming the basis of scientific agriculture and many branches of 
 arts, is evident. This extends from two to four years. 
 
 "7. A course of Engineering and Surveying, which is important in its ap 
 plications to irrigation and reclamation of lands. 
 
 "8. Courses in Astronomy, Physical Geography, and Political Econ 
 omy. 
 
 "9. Besides these eight courses, which provide such a liberal culture as 
 every educated citizen should possess, and many portions of which have a 
 close connection with practical agriculture and mechanical arts, a special course 
 is given to the students in the Agricultural College, by the Professor of Agricult 
 ure, on the subjects relating more specifically to that department. 
 
 " No special instruction is given in Applied Mechanics, except such as is 
 given in the course of Mechanics and Physics, as no instructor has been pro 
 vided for this department. 
 
 "The special instruction in Agriculture and Mechanic Arts is still defic 
 ient in desirable completeness. To meet this deficiency, the following sug 
 gestions are made: 
 
 " 1. Facilities for scientific and practical experiments in Agriculture and 
 Horticulture, including a Botanic Garden and an Arboretum. 
 
 "2. Instruction in Economic Botany and Zoology, including the study 
 of insects injurious to vegetation, as recommended in the reports of the Re 
 gents. 
 
 " 3. Special instruction in Applied Mechanics, as already recommended in 
 the report of the Regents for 1873, pp. 29 and 30." 
 
 COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 46. The most noteworthy changes in the College of Agri 
 culture are the appointment of a new professor in that depart 
 ment, the commencement of field and garden work, and 
 the enlistment of special lecturers to supplement the regular 
 instructions of the professor. 
 
 The out-door work is subordinate and auxiliary to the 
 class-room instructions of the Professor of Agriculture, but 
 its general direction is intrusted by law to the Secretary. 
 Under him an accomplished and experienced gardener has 
 been employed. 
 
 47. On the 1st of February, 1875, Secretary Stearns made 
 the following report of the work which he had commenced. 
 A more extended statement may be expected before the 
 session of the Legislature : 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 27 
 
 "On the first day of June, 1874, work in this department was commenced, 
 and has been pursued with energy. 
 
 " A portion of the grounds dedicated to practical agriculture has been 
 thoroughly plowed, graded, and otherwise prepared by deep trenching and 
 working over, for nursery purposes. 
 
 " Two propagating-houses have been constructed and were ready for use in 
 the latter part of August, 1874, and a commodious and convenient building 
 for work-rooms, with suitable benches for potting and handling plants con 
 structed, with storage arrangements for prepared soil, pots, tools, etc., and 
 a suitable office for gardener, and sleeping-room for watchman. 
 
 "The propagating-houses are of the dimensions respectively of thirty by 
 twenty feet, and sixty-four by fifteen feet, and in the rear of the latter is a lab 
 oratory pertaining to said houses, sixty-four feet in length by twelve feet in 
 width; these buildings are arranged so as to facilitate the work, and so con 
 veniently placed that the whole is easily supervised by the gardener. 
 
 "The propagation of plants of economic value, as well as such species as 
 are more particularly required for the purpose of illustrating general botany, 
 and ornamenting the grounds, in pursuance of the general plan devised by 
 Mr. W. H. Hall, was at once commenced, and such vegetable forms as are val 
 uable to the pomologist, and necessary to illustrate floriculture and arboricult 
 ure, have already been produced in large numbers. The entire domain be 
 longing to the University includes two hundred acres, sloping to the west, a 
 parallelogram in general shape, and presenting quite a diversified topography; 
 its lower portion being about two hundred feet above the level of San Fran 
 cisco Bay, and rising toward the east into hills, the summits of which are 
 about nine hundred feet above the sea-level. Some forty acres are reserved 
 for agricultural purposes and experiments, and the remainder to illustrate thfe 
 principles and methods of landscape ornamentation, forestry, botany and al 
 lied studies. 
 
 " A well-designed and convenient barn, thirty-six by forty-four feet, and a 
 story and a half in height, has been built, and the principal road which traverses 
 the farming-grounds has been marked out and partly graded, to facilitate the 
 farm work. 
 
 "The propagating-houses were ready for use on the 22d day of Au 
 gust, since which date 10,000 plants of 20 species of eucalyptus, 5,000 aca 
 cias of 25 species, 200 species of native and foreign coniferae, also numerous 
 rare forms peculiar to Australasia, South and Central America, and elsewhere, 
 and many species of textile,, medicinal, and other economic plants, have been 
 produced. We may mention 112 varieties of roses, 13 of azaleas, 12 of ca- 
 melias, and six of magnolias, for ornamental purposes. 
 
 "The planting of a standard orchard, for the purpose of correcting the 
 nomenclature of the fruits already in cultivation, and for furnishing hereafter 
 cions and plants for distribution through the State, as well as for the intro 
 duction of new varieties to be distributed as above, has received proper con 
 sideration. The following have already been planted, and it is our intention 
 to still further enlarge the list : 
 
28 
 
 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 
 
 Apples 141 varieties. 
 
 Siberian Crab-apples 14 
 
 Pears 152 
 
 Cherries 82 
 
 Plums 57 
 
 Peaches 89 
 
 Apricots 22 
 
 Quinces 2 
 
 Nectarines 15 
 
 Grapes 73 
 
 Blackberries 7 
 
 Gooseberries 8 
 
 Currants 8 
 
 Baspberries 34 
 
 Strawberries 35 
 
 Filberts 3 
 
 Asparagus 1 
 
 Ehubarb 16 
 
 Mulberries 6 
 
 And all the species of walnuts and chestnuts. We have also procured many 
 varieties of oranges, lemons, limes, etc. 
 
 " Among the apples are nine new Eussian varieties, and the peaches in 
 clude seventeen of Elvers' new seedlings. 
 
 " Our thanks are due to many friends for plants and seeds of desirable va 
 rieties, both of ornamental and useful plants; especially so to Mr. Eegent Bo- 
 lander, Mr. S. Nolan, Dr. A. Kellogg, Mr. W. J. Fisher (Naturalist of the 
 Tuscarora Telegraph Sounding Expedition) ; and to Dr. C. L. Anderson, of 
 Santa Cruz, Cal., for choice species of willows, as well as to other parties 
 who have presented smaller lots. 
 
 "It is not to be expected, with our local climate and soil, that all of the 
 above can be successfully grown at Berkeley, but it is altogether probable 
 that many of them can be successfully cultivated, and we may be able to add 
 more or less to the number of useful varieties now produced in the State." 
 
 48. The gardener has utilized, so far as he could, the volun 
 tary labor of some of the students, paying for it a fair 
 price the same as is paid to other working persons of like 
 capacity. Those students who are especially enrolled in 
 the College of Agriculture have had the opportunity of be 
 coming acquainted with these out-of-door operations, and 
 were required at the end of the first half-year to make re 
 ports upon the same. 
 
 The out-door work may be considered partly as agricult 
 ural, partly as horticultural, partly as botanical, or it may 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 29 
 
 be regarded as having reference in part to the beautifying 
 of the grounds, by planting upon them rare, useful, and 
 ornamental trees, shrubs, flowers, etc., both native and ex 
 otic; and in part as having reference to the trial of experi 
 ments in the practical work of the farm or garden. 
 
 49, During the present college year, three distinguished 
 lecturers from other colleges in which technical instruction 
 is made prominent have given courses of lectures at Berke 
 ley, and a miscellaneous course of lectures on agricultural 
 subjects, by residents of California, has also been arranged. 
 These lectures are given before the College of Agriculture, 
 but are open to all persons who desire to attend them, 
 whether members of the University or not. 
 
 At a future time, other courses of lectures may be ex 
 pected; among them, a course by W. S. Clark, LL. D., 
 President of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, Am- 
 herst, and a course by Professor E. S. Morse, A. M., of the 
 Peabody Institute, Salem, Mass. 
 
 The lecturers and their subjects, for 1875, are as fol 
 low: 
 
 " 1. On the Analysis of Soils: by Professor Eugene W. Hilgard, Ph. Dr. 
 of the University of Michigan. 
 
 "2. On the Chemistry of Household Life: by Professor Eugene W. Hil 
 gard, Ph. Dr., of the University of Michigan. 
 
 " 3. On Economic Botany; or the Plants which are Useful and Harmful in 
 Human Industry: by Professor C. E. Bessey, M. S., of the Iowa Agricultural 
 College. 
 
 "4. On the Improvement of Varieties in Plants and Animals: by Professor 
 C. E. Bessey, M. S., of the Iowa Agricultural College. 
 
 "5. On Stock Breeding: by Professor W. H. Brewer, A. M., Botanist of 
 the California Geological Survey, and Professor of Agriculture in the Sheffield 
 Scientific School. 
 
 "6. A miscellaneous course of subjects pertaining to agriculture. The 
 following gentlemen have been invited to lecture: 
 
 " On Insects Injurious to Vegetation : Henry Edwards, Esq., San Fran 
 cisco. 
 
 " On Forestry: Professor H. N. Bolander, Sacramento. 
 
 "On Orange Culture: Dr. J. Strentzel, Martinez. 
 
 "On Wheat: Horace Davis, Esq., San Francisco. 
 
 "On Local Field Botany: Dr. W. P. Gibbons, Alameda; Dr. A. Kellogg, 
 San Francisco. 
 
30 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 
 
 "On Cotton Culture: J. W. A. Wright, M. A. 
 
 "On the History of California Agriculture: W. B. Ewer, M. A., San 
 Francisco. *, 
 
 " On the Lower Forms of Vegetable Life: Dr. H. W. Harkness, San Fran 
 cisco. 
 
 "On the Eucalyptus Tree: Mr. B. E. C. Stearns, Berkeley." 
 
 COLLEGE OF MECHANICS. 
 
 50. Instruction in the science of Mechanics has been 
 given in the University by Professor John Le Conte since 
 1870, but for the further development of the College of 
 Mechanics, two new instructors have been appointed re 
 cently Professor Hesse and Professor Hoffmann ; the for 
 mer to give instructions in Industrial Mechanics, and the 
 latter in Industrial Drawing. These gentlemen are re 
 garded as qualified in a high degree to give efficiency to 
 this part of the University. Professor Hoffmann's classes 
 are already well organized, and he has begun a collection 
 of diagrams and models which will prove very helpful in 
 his work. An order has been sent to Darmstadt for a col 
 lection of Schroeder models illustrative of the elements of 
 mechanism, to be purchased at an outlay of $1,000, and 
 their arrival may be soon expected. 
 
 * Professor Hesse began his service after the work of the 
 year was so far in progress that it was not easy at the mo 
 ment to organize a class for his instruction, though he has 
 offered to give special instruction to all who wish it. 
 
 In the meantime, he has undertaken to make an investi 
 gation which will undoubtedly have a very important bear 
 ing upon the industries of this State an investigation of 
 the strength of the timbers which are grown upon the Pa 
 cific Coast. Accurate information is very much needed on 
 this subject by all who are concerned in the use of woods. 
 In order to devise a successful mode of procedure, a meet 
 ing was held in February of the present year, which was 
 attended by most of the scientific professors in the Univer 
 sity, and by several well-known engineers and builders 
 whose pursuits had caused them to pay particular attention 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 31 
 
 to the character of the woods of this coast. By their 
 united suggestions, a plan was devised for the collection of 
 specimens, and for determining accurately the circum 
 stances of growth. By the agency of the Central Pacific 
 Railroad and Wells, Fargo & Co., these specimens will be 
 collected from every part of the State and brought to Oak 
 land. Meanwhile, Mr. Hesse is engaged in the construc 
 tion of the instruments by which the woods will be tested. 
 The results of this work will be communicated to the Leg 
 islature, and will be published for the benefit of all who are 
 engaged in any department of construction. The sugges 
 tions of Professor Bessey, who took a lively interest in this 
 matter, should here be gratefully mentioned. 
 
 51. As a preliminary statement of what he has under 
 taken, Professor Hesse has given me the following note: 
 
 OAKLAND, March 22, 1875. 
 
 " Having been intrusted with the management of the experimental inquiry 
 relating to the woods of the Pacific slope, I deem it proper, on the eve of 
 your departure for the East, to give you a short synopsis of the progress made 
 so far, and of my views as to its ultimate practical value. 
 
 "I am justified in stating, that with the co-operation of the Pacific Rail 
 road Company, Wells, Fargo & Co., and the Scientific Department of the Uni 
 versity of California, results can be obtained more comprehensive, and, I 
 hope, more thorough than any yet produced in the East or in Europe. Our 
 slope is noted for the variety and quality of its timber, which has already at 
 tracted the attention of the manufacturing interests of Europe, and a knowl 
 edge of its properties will not only guide the manufacturer in its selection, but 
 lead to new applications. 
 
 " Circulars, containing questions calculated to elicit every possible kind of 
 information, have been printed for the use of the collectors. The specimens, 
 consisting of entire segments of the trunk, will be forwarded to San Francisco 
 to undergo the process of seasoning. This preparatory work will naturally 
 extend over quite a period of time, during which the tests are being made as 
 fast as the specimens can be furnished. The students will assist in the ex 
 perimental tests, to get accustomed to the handling of instruments for experi 
 mental inquiry. 
 
 "At present I am engaged in the construction of the necessary appa 
 ratus to make the following experiments : 
 
 " 1. On the strength of direct cohesion of the fibres of wood. 
 
 "2. On the lateral adhesion. 
 
 "3. On the transverse strength. 
 
 " The mechanical action of the strain, which takes place in test 1, is by far 
 the simplest, yet the most difficult to submit to actual experiment in wood. 
 
32 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 
 
 And it is to some extent owing to this circumstance that so little agreement is 
 found in the experimental results obtained heretofore. For this reason it has 
 been my especial aim in the construction of the apparatus to remove all the 
 objectionable features, which might prevent the obtaining of a reliable re 
 sult. The main points which claimed my attention in this connection have 
 reference, 
 
 " To the influence of vibrations during the test. 
 
 "To the necessity of applying the strain in the direct line of the fibres 
 and of the mathematical axis of the body to be tested. 
 
 " To adapt the apparatus to the testing of the lateral adhesion of the fibres 
 of the wood. 
 
 " I am confident in stating that the plan I have adopted completely covers 
 these points. 
 
 "The drawings are now in the hands of the pattern-makers, and I look to the 
 completion of the test machine in a very short time. 
 
 "I may mention here, that I attach great importance to test 2, for the 
 following reasons : 
 
 " The recognized formula for transverse strength is probably correct only for 
 that material which presents the same cohesive strength in every direction, 
 as is generally found in homogeneous substances. In most woods we find a 
 very different condition. The lateral cohesion is often one-twentieth or less 
 of the direct cohesion of the fibres. The established formula, which meas 
 ures the resisting force directly by the breadth, the square of the depth, and 
 inversely by the length, is based on theoretic considerations, embracing only 
 direct cohesion and compression, and assumes that lateral cohesion is suffi 
 cient to resist the resultant shearing forces. I doubt the correctness of such 
 general assumption, and believe, moreover, that the elasticity of the wood, 
 under the action of forees parallel to the fibres (shearing forces), ought to be 
 separated in the formula. 
 
 " I have for this reason consulted the tests that were made by Buffon, under 
 the auspices of the French government, as to the transverse strength of oak of 
 various dimensions, and by far the most valuable ever made, both as respects* 
 the number and the size of the pieces of timber on which they were made. 
 Now, if the old formula is correct, the constants computed from each of the 
 above-mentioned experiments ought to approximate the total average result. 
 But I found that these co-efficients decreased rapidly with an increase of the 
 ratio of the depth with the length of beam, which seems practically to bear 
 out the above assertion. 
 
 " I am at present engaged in the investigation of the distributed forces, to 
 establish, if possible, that relation above mentioned, and if successful, the re 
 sults obtained from experiments can be applied so as to produce a more re 
 liable result, a point of great practical utility. 
 
 " To Mr. Chauncey Taylor I have to express my thanks for his kindness in 
 offering any facilities which his lumber-yard may afford, and also the results 
 of his experience as to the best selection for my purpose. 
 . " I must also mention in this connection Joseph Moore, the able Superin 
 tendent of the Kisdon Iron Works, for having presented me with a steelyard, 
 and for his readiness to assist the enterprise." 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 33 
 
 52. The following circular has been issued in regard to 
 this investigation. 
 
 "The University of California, with the generous co-operation of railroad 
 engineers, and others practically interested in the investigations, proposes to 
 make a thorough examination of the timbers grown and used on the Pacific Coast 
 especially for the purpose of ascertaining their strength, durability, and 
 adaptation to various industrial, engineering, architectural, mechanical, and 
 manufacturing purposes. 
 
 " The result of these investigations will be reported to the Legislature and 
 published for the benefit of the people in this State and at a distance. The 
 suggestions and co-operation of scientific and practical men will be greatly 
 appreciated. 
 
 " By the agency of the C. P. B. B. Co., S. P. K. B. Co., and Wells, Fargo & 
 Co., specimens will be collected and brought to the University. The me 
 chanical tests will be made by F. G. Hesse, Oakland, Professor of Industrial 
 Mechanics, and he will be assisted in other departments of the investigation 
 by the professors of Botany, Agriculture, Chemistry, Physics, and Engi 
 neering. 
 
 " In connection with this work, the collections of the University in Econom 
 ic Botany and Vegetation will be increased. Interesting specimens for the 
 Museum are solicited. Communications on the subject may be addressed to 
 the Secretary of the University. 
 
 "NOTES TO ACCOMPANY EACH SPECIMEN: 
 
 "Number. 
 
 " Collector's name. 
 
 "Date when cut. 
 
 "NAME OF TREE: Common and Local. [If several names are known, 
 mention them.] Botanical. 
 
 "PLACE WHERE GROWN: State. County. Altitude. [Near summit, or foot 
 of mountain, and on what side.] 
 
 " Whether native growth or cultivated. 
 
 "Whether isolated or surrounded by other trees of the same kind; if 
 otherwise, state what kind of trees. 
 
 "Exposure. 
 
 " Nature of soil, moist or dry. 
 
 "Knowledge of the durability of wood. 
 
 " General condition of the tree, height, age, health, or soundness. 
 
 " DIRECTIONS FOR CUTTING. Cut segments of the trunk five feet long; one, 
 from five to ten feet above ground, according to size of tree; another in middle, 
 and one near top. Collect foliage, branches, and fruit (including acorns, 
 cones, seeds, etc.), to ascertain the botanical name. Mark on each piece the 
 number of the tree (corresponding with the label), the collector's name, and 
 whether cut above ground, at the middle, or top; and also the north point of 
 compass. Include forest trees, acclimated, and second growth." 
 
34 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 
 
 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING. 
 
 53. The College of Engineering was organized after the 
 appointment of Professor Soule, in 1871, and has been 
 steadily strengthened from year to year. The services of 
 Mr. Hoffmann are already found to be of great value to the 
 students of this course. The preliminary mathematical 
 studies, which are taught with great thoroughness during 
 the first two years of the University curriculum, give a sub 
 stantial foundation for the later professional studies of civil, 
 mining, and mechanical engineering. A subdivision of this 
 course, with reference to the profession of the architect, 
 will doubtless, at some future day, be desirable. 
 
 This department has an excellent collection of instruments, 
 including transits, levels, barometers, etc., which are con 
 stantly used in field work by the students; a superior plane- 
 table and a solar compass have been ordered. It has also 
 the beginning of a collection, made by Professor Soule, of 
 models of engineering construction, arches, domes, roof 
 and bridge trusses, etc. It has also a valuable cabinet, ex 
 hibiting the woods and metals used in construction, artificial 
 stones, cements, preserved woods, etc. Among its maps 
 and diagrams are many of those published by the U. S. 
 Coast Survey, U. S. Lake Survey, U. S. Engineer Corps. 
 
 The study of astronomy is aided by globes and astronom 
 ical diagrams, by the plates illustrative of the heavenly 
 bodies, published by the Observatory at Cambridge, and by 
 the photographs taken at Mr. Rutherford's Observatory. 
 By the liberality of the War Department, several valuable 
 astronomical instruments have been recently loaned to the 
 University. 
 
 COLLEGE OP CHEMISTRY. 
 
 54. The College of Chemistry was organized after the re 
 turn of Professor Rising from Europe, and his commence 
 ment of work in the autumn of 1872. The completion of 
 extensive and well arranged laboratories, the appointment 
 of several assistants, and the introduction of practical labor- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 35 
 
 atory exercises as a part of the elementary instruction in 
 chemistry of all the University students, and the engagement 
 of a lecturer on metallurgy, are among the measures which 
 have given a rapid development to this college. Its course 
 of studies has been carefully arranged for those who can 
 remain four years; but ample facilities are afforded to all 
 who wish for the opportunity to make for a shorter time 
 a specialty of chemistry. 
 
 Professor Rising has furnished me with the following 
 account of the Laboratories for Analytical Chemistry : 
 
 "These were planned after the most careful study of the newest and best- 
 arranged laboratories of this country and Europe, with the aid and advice of 
 many experienced teachers of analytical chemistry. They are commodious, 
 convenient, well-lighted, and adapted to the study of analytical chemistry in 
 all its branches and to the carrying on of original research. 
 
 "The Qualitative Laboratory, on the first floor, is thirty by fifty feet, 
 with a southern exposure, and is lighted by nine large windows and well 
 ventilated. On the sides of the room are six evaporating niches, closed by 
 glass slides, where acids and the like substances may be evaporated and the 
 fumes entirely excluded from the building. A sand-bath inclosed by a glass 
 hood and provided with a good ventilating flue for evaporations; a muffle for 
 drying, roasting, and igniting substances; and a furnace for fusions, furnish 
 the needed facilities for all chemical operations in the laboratory which re 
 quire direct heat. 
 
 "The room contains eight working-tables, each table intended for four stu 
 dents, thus accommodating thirty- two. These tables are nearly an exact copy of 
 those in the University Laboratory at Berlin, and are very complete and con 
 venient. Each student is supplied with water and sink, etc., and has a com 
 plete set of re-agents under his control. The tables are also provided with gas 
 connections, and gas will soon be supplied to the laboratory. 
 
 ' ' A small room intended for a sulphureted-hydrogen room, and provided 
 with hood, tables, sink, etc., connects with this main room. 
 
 " Another room, also connecting with the main laboratory, is intended for 
 a re-agent and apparatus room, but is temporarily used as a laboratory for 
 elementary chemistry. 
 
 " Adjoining the sulphureted-hydrogen room, but not connected with it, is 
 a room designed for gas analysis. 
 
 " Another room on the same floor was designed for toxicology, but is now 
 used for another purpose. 
 
 " On the second floor, immediately above the Qualitative Laboratory, is 
 the Quantitative Laboratory, also thirty by fifty feet, with very high ceilings 
 and well-lighted. This room, like the one below, is provided with evaporat 
 ing niches and eight students' desks of black walnut, and accommodates the 
 same number of students (thirty-two). A sand and steam-bath, with hood 
 
36 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 
 
 and drying ovens, supplies the needed accommodations for evaporation, dry 
 ing precipitates, etc.; also, all the distilled water needed in the laboratories. 
 A number of Bunsen's filter pumps supplies an abundant opportunity for 
 rapid filtration. Glass cases on either side of the main entrance to the 
 Quantitative Laboratory are intended to contain a chemical cabinet. Here 
 are to be placed collections of chemical compounds neatly put up and labeled 
 and systematically arranged. They are placed where they must be almost 
 constantly seen by the students, and are intended for instruction. The ven 
 tilation of this room is also good, 
 
 " Connecting with this room is a fusion and re-agent room. This room 
 contains a blast lamp, conveniences for organic analysis, a hood with ven 
 tilating flue, shelves and cases for re-agents, etc. 
 
 "Convenient to the main laboratory is a balance room, supplied with 
 three of Becker's best balances. This number will be increased as the needs 
 of the department demand. The room also contains a few scales for rougher 
 weighing. 
 
 "A private laboratory for the Professor of Chemistry connects with the 
 Quantitative Laboratory. This is of moderate size, and is supplied with two 
 working- tables like those in the main room, but smaller. It also contains a table 
 with pneumatic cistern, sink, cupboard, cases, shelves, drawers, etc. Here the 
 finer apparatus, glass-ware, etc., to be used in research, is stored. 
 
 "LABORATORY FOR ELEMENTARY CHEMISTRY. This laboratory was not 
 provided for in the original plan. The most available room for the purpose 
 was the apparatus room of the Qualitative Laboratory, and this room is used 
 for that purpose until a better place can be provided. It is very plainly fitted 
 up with shelves, tables, cases, and cupboards, and accommodates at one time 
 twelve students. 
 
 " All the students of the University, at some time during their course, must 
 complete a course of practical chemistry in the laboratory. The rapidly in 
 creasing number of students in the University will soon make it necessary 
 to provide a larger and more convenient room for this purpose. 
 
 "CHEMICAL LECTURE-ROOM. The room immediately above the Quanti 
 tative Laboratory was designed for a chemical lecture - room. It is pro 
 vided with a long lecture-table, at one end of which is a sink and pneumatic 
 cistern. Underneath the sink and cistern are two gasometers, which are to 
 supply oxygen and hydrogen when wanted during the lecture. At the end of 
 the table is a mercury cistern, a flue for carrying off noxious gases, etc. Back 
 of the table are two evaporating niches, a blackboard, etc., and on either 
 side cases for chemicals and apparatus needed for illustration of lectures. A 
 small hoist connects with the laboratory below. 
 
 " The seats are arranged in rows, one above the other, so that the view of 
 the lecture-table is never obstructed. 
 
 "The room itself is exceedingly pleasant; it is thirty by fifty feet, twenty- 
 three feet high, and lighted with a large skylight covered with ground glass, 
 and four large windows. 
 
 "CHEMICAL APPARATUS FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS. The Laboratories for 
 Elementary and Analytical Chemistry are supplied with the apparatus needed 
 in the prosecution of the study of these branches. This is loaned to the 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 37 
 
 students, and may be returned to the Laboratory without charge if not damaged. 
 
 " The Laboratory has two spectroscopes for the use of students, and when 
 gas is supplied every student of chemistry will have an opportunity of becom 
 ing practically acquainted with their use. 
 
 " The Laboratory has a good supply of such apparatus as may be needed 
 in carrying on original investigations. 
 
 " CHEMICAL APPARATUS FOB ILLUSTRATING LECTURES. This includes a set 
 of Hoffmann's apparatus for illustrating volumetric composition, made by 
 Geisler at Berlin, a Bunsen battery, induction coil, glass-ware, crystal models, 
 collections of minerals, diagrams, etc. A set of furnace models, manufactured 
 by Schuhmann of Freiberg, is soon to arrive. 
 
 "The total cost of chemical apparatus, including that for the use of 
 students and for illustrating lectures, was about $8,000." 
 
 COLLEGE OF MINES. 
 
 55. This department has recently been organized under 
 the direction of Professor Ashburner, and its plans will be 
 developed as fast as the funds are provided. During the 
 coming year, Dr. Becker will "instruct in Metallurgy, and 
 Professor Hilgard will form a class in Mineralogy, and this 
 will be in addition to the instructions given as heretofore 
 by the Professors Le Conte, Rising, and others. 
 
 The geological and mineral ogical collections of the Uni 
 versity are very extensive, and are now being arranged, as 
 elsewhere stated, by Mr. H. G. Hanks. 
 
 LECTURES ON THE USEFUL ARTS. 
 
 56. In connection with the Colleges of Mining, Mechan 
 ics, Engineering, and Chemistry, arrangements were made 
 during the session of 1874-5, for the delivery at Berkeley 
 of various special lectures upon subjects relating to useful 
 arts. These lectures are in addition to the systematic and 
 prolonged instruction given to the classes by the professors 
 in Geology, Physics, Mechanics, Chemistry, Engineering, 
 and other branches of study. Special- lectures are open to 
 all who wish to attend them, whether members of the Uni 
 versity or not. 
 
 " 1. A course of Lectures on the Useful Metals; by Dr. George F. Becker 
 graduate of the Royal School of Mines, Berlin. 
 
 " Subjects discussed Metallurgy as a Science; Fuel, Refractory Material, 
 and Furnaces; Lead; Copper; Mercury; Silver; Gold; Zinc; Iron." 
 4 
 
38 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 
 
 Single lectures on the following subjects: 
 
 " 2. On Mining as a Profession: by William Ashburner, Professor of Min 
 ing, University of California. 
 
 "3. On the Science of Mechanics: by Frederick G-. Hesse. Professor of 
 Mechanics, University of California. 
 
 "4. On Industrial or Mechanical Drawing: by John D. Hoffmann, In 
 structor in Industrial Drawing, University of California. 
 
 "5. On the Proposed Improvement of Oakland Harbor (San Leandro 
 Creek): by Julian Le Conte, C. E., Oakland. 
 
 "6. On the Geodetic Survey of Colorado, under Dr. Hayden: by A. D. 
 Wilson, and F. Khoda, Officers of the U. S. Geological Survey of the Terri 
 tories, Washington, D. C. 
 
 "7. On the Present State of the Art of Telegraphy: by James Gamble, 
 and S. D. Field, of the Western Union Telegraph Company, San Francisco. 
 
 "8. On Electro-metallurgy: by Dr. A. Kellogg, San Francisco. 
 
 "9. On the Timbers in Common Use: by Professor C. E. Bessey, of the 
 Iowa College of Agriculture. 
 
 " 10. On the Preservation of Woods : by I. C. Woods, of the Wood Preserv 
 ing Works, San Francisco. 
 
 "11. On Coal as a Haw Material: by Professor W. H. Brewer, of the 
 Sheffield Scientific School, Yale College." 
 
 57. While prominence is given to technical and scientific 
 instruction, the University of California is so organized that 
 literary, historical, and philosophical studies are not neg 
 lected. The Regents have been impartial in their plans for 
 the development of all departments of the University, fully 
 recognizing the responsibility which the law places upon 
 them to maintain a " College of Letters" as well as " Col 
 leges of Science." All scientific students connected with 
 the University are expected to devote a part of their at 
 tention to literary subjects, just as all the literary students 
 receive instruction in the natural sciences. Important as 
 technical instruction may be, the State of California can not 
 afford to neglect the study of man ; and its University 
 would be unworthy of the name of university, if ample pro 
 vision were not made for the study of language, literature, 
 morals, history, and art, or if the methods of accumulating 
 material wealth were represented to her youth, in the 
 highest educational institution of the Pacific Coast, as more 
 important than the methods of forming character and pro 
 moting culture. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 39 
 
 COLLEGE OF LETTERS. 
 
 58. The College of Letters now offers two courses of in 
 struction, one of which is chiefly based upon Ancient Lan 
 guages and Literature; the other, upon Modern. The 
 former is called the Classical Course ; the other, the Liter 
 ary. The Classical Course needs no explanation here. It 
 corresponds with that of other classical colleges, and leads 
 to the degree of Bachelor of Arts. The Literary Course is 
 quite new in our University. It corresponds during the 
 first two years with the scientific courses above enumerated, 
 and during the last two years provides a liberal training in 
 modern languages, history, and literature, and in those de 
 partments of science taught in the University which are of 
 the most general interest. It leads to the degree of Bach 
 elor of Philosophy. 
 
 59. Special prominence has always been given in this insti 
 tution to the study of the continental languages of Europe. 
 In this department there is now a professor, qualified to 
 teach French, German, Spanish, and Italian ; and there are 
 three special instructors in addition one in French, one in 
 German, and one in Spanish. Every student who takes a 
 degree is expected to be familiar with French and German, 
 and he may at his option pursue also the study of Spanish 
 and Italian. Special students are received in these studies. 
 
 60. In the Classical department or college the Professor of 
 Ancient Languages, Mr. Kellogg, has commenced the de 
 livery of extended courses of lectures on Ancient Literature 
 and Archaeology, in the illustration of which he is greatly 
 assisted by the photographs, diagrams, maps, and coins, 
 which have been presented to the institution chiefly by Mr. 
 C. W. Howard. The pronunciation of Latin according to 
 what is called " the continental method " is now taught. 
 
 For the most fruitful conduct of this department (steadily 
 increasing in numbers), it seems important that still more 
 time be given to courses of lectures. These condense the 
 results of much study, and bring before the students con 
 nected views of ancient life, literature, politics, and philos- 
 
40 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5. 
 
 ophy ; topics which deeply interest the student of the an 
 cient world, and have important bearings on the literature, 
 the thought, the government, and the political life of mod 
 ern times. 
 
 The Senior Instructor in this department should have 
 time for courses of lectures longer or shorter to each of 
 the four classes, in each half of the academic year, viz: 
 
 To the Freshmen On Ancient Geography; on the Classical Side of En 
 glish. 
 
 To the Juniors On Greek and Roman Mythology; on Greek and Roman 
 Archaeology. 
 
 To the Sophomores On the Latin Authors; on the Greek Authors. 
 
 To the Seniors On Greek and Roman Literature; on Greek and Roman 
 Politics; on Greek and Roman Philosophy; on Linguistics. 
 
 Three or four of these courses are already in progress. 
 But to carry out the whole plan, involving more than one 
 hundred carefully prepared lectures each year, which must 
 be freshened and renewed continually by the latest investi 
 gations and authorities, the lecturer must be relieved from 
 a larger share of text-book recitations. He now has eight 
 recitations a week, besides three courses of lectures. 
 
 This is only one of many ways in which the instruction 
 in this department may be made wider and more effective. 
 The class-room drill is all-important, and will soon demand 
 the subdivision of each class. One of the Latin classes has 
 this year been reciting in two sections; one of the Greek 
 classes so recited last year. 
 
 61. In respect to the Literary course, the following notes 
 have been made by one of the chief instructors in it (Pro 
 fessor Sill): 
 
 " The Literary course, inaugurated at the beginning of this year, has proved 
 already very attractive. Of the Junior class sixteen are pursuing this course, 
 including special students, making nearly a quarter of the regular class in this 
 one of the seven courses open to them. 
 
 "In the Sophomore class it is impossible to tell how many will enter as 
 Literary students, since their choice is not manifested till next year; but from 
 the number who are availing themselves of the opportunity to make up their 
 deficiency in Latin (which is required for this course), and from other indi 
 cations, it is believed that they will number more than the preceding 
 class. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 41 
 
 " Of the Freshman class there is reason to expect a still larger portion will 
 choose the Literary course. 
 
 " The attractiveness of this line of studies newly opened to them is indi 
 cated by the fact that of the whole number of special students, one-half are 
 enrolled in the Literary course. 
 
 "Some idea of its scope may be gained from the work of the present 
 term. 
 
 "The Junior class is midway in March's 'Comparative Grammar of the 
 Anglo-Saxon and Kindred Languages,' and is just commencing to read the 
 Anglo-Saxon Gospel in Corson's ' Handbook of Anglo-Saxon and Early En 
 glish.' They have besides a weekly exercise in Literary History and Biog 
 raphy, calling for written results of special investigations of their own. Each 
 week, also, they prepare and read an essay in some special style of literary 
 effort. 
 
 " The Sophomore and Freshman classes, as the schedule is at present con 
 stituted, all have the same studies (except the classical students), whatever 
 course they may be expecting to choose in Junior year. Of these various 
 studies, much less time is given to those which look toward English culture, 
 and the Literary course in particular, than toward the courses of Natural 
 Science, etc. This is unfortunate; especially as their preparatory training is 
 much less satisfactory on this side than on the side of Mathematics and Clas 
 sics. The Sophomore class are just finishing Whateley's ' Rhetoric. ' They 
 have weekly an exercise in writing and reading essays in different branches of 
 composition. 
 
 "The Freshman class are about finishing Hadley's ' Brief History of the 
 English Language.' They also have a weekly composition exercise. 
 
 " The entire Junior class, as well as those in the .Literary course proper, 
 are studying Taine's ' History of English Literature.' 
 
 "The whole Senior class have a weekly exercise in literary study, with 
 essays. 
 
 " It may be noted as an encouraging sign for this side of culture, that the 
 students show a genuine appetite for whatever English or literary advantages 
 are opened to them. Our Library is visited all day long by groups of quiet, 
 earnest workers, whose faces as well as their persistent diligence show their 
 appreciation of what has been done for them in that direction. The compo 
 sition classes, too, besides plenty of chance indications constantly showing 
 themselves here and there, speak of the growing presence of that spirit of lit 
 erary and intellectual force and refinement, which the world over makes the 
 English ' gentleman and scholar.' 
 
 " What we need in the English studies is a larger share of time, in the con 
 duct of studies; better preparatory training, as the first way of saving time, 
 and more books in both the Reference and Circulating Libraries." 
 
 62. Arrangements have been made during the session of 
 1874-5, for the delivery at Berkeley of various special lect 
 ures upon historical and literary subjects, in addition to 
 the systematic instruction given to the classes by the pro- 
 
42 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 
 
 fessors and instructors. Special lectures are open to all 
 who wish to attend them, whether members of the Univer 
 sity or not. 
 
 Among others, the following lectures have been an 
 nounced : 
 
 " 1. On the study of Modern Languages: by P. Pioda, Professorof Modern 
 Languages. 
 
 " 2. On the study of English: by E. K. Sill, Professor of English. 
 
 "3. On the study of Spanish: by C. F. Gompertz, Instructor in Spanish. 
 
 "4. On Schiller's ' Song of the Bell:' by A. Putzker, Instructor in Ger 
 man. 
 
 "5. On the Crimean War (in French): by G. De Kersaint-Gily, Instructor 
 in French. 
 
 " 6. On Scottish Poetry: by Hon. H. H. Haight, San Francisco. 
 
 "7. On a subject to be announced: by Rev. H. Stebbins, D. D., San 
 Francisco. 
 
 "8. On a subject to be announced: by Hon. S. H. Phillips, San Fran 
 cisco. 
 
 "9. On the Literary and Scientific Progress of California during twenty- 
 five years (1849-74): by William C. Bartlett, Esq., San Francisco. 
 
 " 10. On Gesture Language: by Prof. Wilkinson, Principal of the Califor 
 nia Institution for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind, Berkeley. 
 
 "11. On the History of Explorations of the Bocky Mountains: by W. H. 
 Brewer, Professor in Yale College. 
 
 "12. A Course of Lectures on Constitutional Law: by Hon. Stephen J. 
 Field, one of the Justices of the U. S. Supreme Court, Professor of Law in the 
 University of California." 
 
 MEDICAL COLLEGE. 
 
 63. On the fourth of March, 1873, a communication was 
 received by the Eegents, 'from the Trustees of the Toland 
 Medical College, proposing to convey all the property of 
 that institution to the University of California. The gift 
 included land, building, and apparatus, and was made in 
 the name of the original donor, Dr. H. H. Toland. 
 
 This unconditional gift was accepted by the Regents, 
 who were thus brought, at once, to the consideration of 
 organizing a medical department. An effort was made to 
 unite the two medical faculties then existing in San Fran 
 cisco, but it was not successful. As a preliminary arrange 
 ment most of the medical gentlemen who had been con- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 43 
 
 nected with the Toland College, together with several 
 gentlemen appointed by the Regents from other parts of 
 the State, consented to carry forward the usual courses of 
 instruction, without any other compensation than that 
 which might be received from fees. 
 
 64. In order to determine upon a plan for the organiza 
 tion of this department on a permanent and satisfactory 
 basis, the Regents requested a large committee of medical 
 men to consider and report such suggestions as seemed to 
 them wise. Two reports were received from this com 
 mittee, but neither one seemed to the Regents entirely 
 satisfactory. Both left the medical department behind the 
 other departments of the University, in its standard of re 
 quirements for admission, when it should be decidedly in 
 advance. These reports were received and laid upon the 
 table. Several of the professors have since resigned, and 
 the question of the future has been referred to the Advisory 
 Committee to consider and report upon. Two courses of 
 lectures have been given and two classes have been gradua 
 ted under the authority of the Regents. 
 
 ORIENTAL COLLEGE. 
 
 65. By the terms of a gift of Mr. Tompkins, the Regents 
 have come under obligations to establish and maintain a 
 professorship of Oriental Languages, especially of Chinese 
 and Japanese. Letters have already been exchanged with 
 an eminent scholar in Chinese, with reference to his accept 
 ance of this chair. 
 
 66. At the opening of Congress in December, 1873, Pres 
 ident Grant recommended that the Japanese Indemnity 
 Fund be devoted to educational purposes. Subsequently, 
 the following bill was brought before the United States 
 Senate, by Hon. A. A. Sargent, and referred to the Com 
 mittee on Foreign Relations. Its purport is, to bestow an 
 nually the income which shall be derived from the "Japa 
 nese Indemnity Fund" upon a board of seven trustees. These 
 trustees are to maintain, in connection with the University 
 
44 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 
 
 of California, "an Oriental College," which will have 
 three objects: 1. To promote international acquaintance 
 and good-will, by assembling a body of learned teachers 
 who shall inquire into and make known the languages, 
 laws, religions, and political institutions of the Orient; 2. 
 To afford young Americans an opportunity to fit themselves 
 for diplomatic, consular, mercantile, and scientific careers 
 in Asia; and 3. To give to young Japanese an opportunity 
 to become acquainted with the civilization of the western 
 nations. 
 
 "A BILL MAKING PROVISION FOB AN OEIENTAL COLLEGE. Be it enacted, 
 etc., That the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized and directed to 
 invest the proceeds of the Indemnity Fund paid by the government of Japan 
 to the government of the United States, under the convention of Siinonoseki 
 of October 22, 1864, now remaining in the Treasury, in five per centum gold- 
 bearing bonds of the United States, and to annually pay the income thereof 
 to seven trustees, to be appointed by the President of the United States, for 
 the uses hereinafter mentioned. 
 
 "SEC. 2. That the President of the United States shall appoint, by and 
 with the advice and consent of the Senate, a board of seven trustees, to serve 
 without pay, and from time to time, as vacancies occur in said board, shall 
 fill such vacancies; which said trustees shall maintain, in connection with 
 the University of California, and with such other institutions of learning as 
 may seem likely to promote the purposes of this endowment, an Oriental 
 College, the object of which shall be to promote a knowledge of the languages, 
 history, religions, laws, manners, resources, and commercial relations of 
 Asiatic countries, for the sake of increasing international friendship and inter 
 course ; and also to afford American youths an opportunity to fit themselves 
 foi residence and service in the Orient, as diplomatic or consular agents and 
 interpreters, or for private careers; and also to afford Japanese youths an op 
 portunity to pursue their education -in this country under favorable circum 
 stances. 
 
 " SEC. 3. That said trustees shall annually, upon meeting of Congress, 
 report to the President of the United States the financial and educational 
 condition of their trust." 
 
 The Overland Monthly said, in respect to this proposition : 
 
 "It is obvious that if such a college is to be established in this country 
 there are many reasons why it should be placed in the neighborhood of San 
 Francisco. Through this harbor, in all time to come, intercourse will be main 
 tained between the United States and Asiatic countries. Here it is that young 
 Chinese and Japanese students first arrive; here are already liberal oppor 
 tunities for them to acquire a knowledge of the sciences and arts of our western 
 culture. The University of California, from the time of its opening, has stood 
 
OF CALIFORNIA. 46 
 
 from any Stat" .r "< mtry, free from All charge* for tnition. 
 The climate of the Pacific Coast i more favomM* f.hun H./.f '.f th* Atlantic 
 for those who com*: from the Orient. A knowledge of Japan and the other 
 countries of Aaia is especially important fo t.hn people of California, who, partly 
 by oteeftrity and partly by preference, must always Mfetattf clone relation* 
 with the countries upon the opposite shores of the Pacific/' 
 
 MA NT; A r, TAMOR A.VJ> PECUNIARY A88I8TAKCK, 
 
 07. One of the best cha/ f<ri sties of the American col- 
 ICL'CM M the hri n^ing together, on terms of equality, free 
 from artificial and convention;i,I digt'mctiona, young men of 
 rlifrf-.r<-,nf, pc.cuniary f;onrJitionH. The KOMH of the rich fm'l 
 of the ricc.dy trrow up Hide hy Hide, n,nd the honors which 
 they reeeive from one ,'mot.her and from the faculty are 
 bestowed witliout any referenee to the home* from which 
 they eome. ThlW year after yefir many of t.he hi^h*-..^.t. di^ 1 . 
 t.ionM are hent.owed ufon those whose Struggles for an ("I 
 u cation have been carried on in the face of ext.rem*-. poverty 
 arid sometime^ of other great embarrassments. In the Uni- 
 Tersity of California, as in other kindred institutions, the 
 honors of literary and scientific distinction are thus bestowed 
 upon the most meritorious, without any reference to their 
 antecedent training. It is a great advantage of a system of 
 puhlie education, particularly in thin eountry, that it brings 
 together on terms of complete *< holastic equality those 
 whoae material circumstances differ so widely. Almost 
 every college of the eountry h;j* found it expedient in some 
 
 way or other to provide suitable encouragement to young 
 persona while pursuing their courses of study. During four 
 y&ff of the history of the University of California, there 
 were fire scholarships the incumbent* of which received each 
 an income of three hundred dollars per year, from the begin- 
 - to the end of their eourse, and some of thernost rnerit- 
 Ofioos scholars here graduated owe their education to this 
 ti rncly aasisUnee ; hut the change in the law effected by the 
 Political Code abolished these scholarships, and no such aid 
 is now gi 
 
 68, The authorities of the D l y, however, have 
 
46 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 
 
 done all in their power to throw into the hands of those 
 who wished it opportunities to earn money in various ways. 
 Some students have given private instruction to other 
 students who needed assistance in their studies; others 
 have been employed on holidays and in vacations and in 
 their leisure hours in rendering assistance in various manual 
 occupations, both in work upon the grounds and else 
 where ; some have taken care of the buildings, and some of 
 the heating apparatus. 
 
 69. Another agency by which many have found it conveni 
 ent to add to their income has been employment in the Print 
 ing-office. The Printing-office was commenced soon after 
 the University was removed to Berkeley, by the purchase 
 of type and a press at a cost of $1,350, which was given to 
 the University by one of the Regents. Subsequently, the 
 Regents appropriated the sum of $2,500 for the pur 
 pose of expanding this office. It has been found an 
 exceedingly convenient part of the apparatus at Berke 
 ley, and has been the means also of imparting to many of 
 the students a knowledge of a useful art and of enabling 
 many deserving persons to add considerably to their income. 
 So far as students have desired work in connection with the 
 farm and garden they have been allowed the opportunity, and 
 in this, as in all other cases, have been paid the usual wages 
 for their labor. At the same time it should never be forgotten 
 that the scholastic duties of the various courses of instruc 
 tion are so severe as to task all the powers of the young 
 men who are here studying, .and to diminish their ca 
 pacity for manual labor. The ability to add to one's in 
 come by hard work while pursuing a course of study varies 
 very much with individuals. Some are able to do a great 
 deal in this way without impairing their standing as 
 scholars; but, as a general rule, it is obvious that the chief 
 business of every student should be the mastery of his 
 lessons. 
 
 A Students' Loan Association has been organized by a 
 number of liberal gentlemen, though as yet no funds have 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 47 
 
 been paid in. To this association we may look with con 
 fidence for aid in the future to deserving students. 
 
 INSTRUCTION OF YOUNG WOMEN. 
 
 70. When the University of California was organized its 
 doors were freely opened to all properly qualified students 
 above a certain age. Young ladies were admitted as well 
 as young men, and the invitation was freely extended to 
 students from any country arid from any State, without ref 
 erence to their race or condition, to avail themselves of the 
 advantages here freely bestowed. The number of young 
 ladies who have been taught in the institution from its 
 foundation has been as follows: in 1870-71, 8; 1871-72, 27; 
 1872-73, 39; 1873-74, 22; 1874-75, 39. One of these has 
 graduated; twelve are now members of regular courses of 
 instruction, as candidates for degrees. But by far the 
 larger number of these young ladies have; been attendants 
 upon special courses of instruction, especially upon the 
 lessons of the professors of modern languages. The scholar 
 ship of those who have entered the regular courses of in 
 struction has for the most part been excellent, and in some 
 cases has been of the very highest rank. Among the 
 regular students the proportion of ladies who have been 
 good scholars has been greater than that of young men. 
 
 THE LIBRARY. 
 
 71. The general reference library of the University is now 
 placed on the main floor of the south hall. This is regarded 
 as only a temporary arrangement until a proper building 
 can be constructed. The reason for the selection of this 
 room was its accessibility, its light and cheerful character, 
 and the fire-proof construction of the building. The library 
 is arranged by subjects in alcoves and in cases, which are 
 handsomely made with reference to their removal in the 
 right time to a new building. The library remains quite 
 small, but is an excellent nucleus for a college library, 
 especially in English and French books. There are but 
 
48 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 
 
 few in other languages. The nucleus of the library is de 
 rived from an appropriation by the Kegents, of $5,000, 
 made several years ago, and expended chiefly under 
 the direction of the Library Committee. To this have 
 been added numerous generous gifts from individuals, the 
 most noteworthy of which are the following: A collection 
 of cyclopedias, and other works of reference, from Mr. E. 
 L. Goold; the literary and art books, with some scientific 
 treatises, which belonged to the late Mr. Pioche,and which 
 are for the most part, very handsomely bound; the library 
 of Dr. Lieber (which was particularly full in works pertain 
 ing to political and social science, and included many rare 
 tracts and pamphlets), the gift of Michael Eeese; and the 
 professional library of the late Dr. Fourgeaud, consisting 
 of several hundred volumes, well-bound, of medical works 
 in French and English. The legislature of the State, in 
 1873, made a special appropriation of the sum of $4,800 
 for the increase of the library, and with this amount 
 large accessions are about to be made. The number of 
 volumes is about 12,000, or more than double what it was 
 in 1872. , 
 
 72. It is intended that the main library of the University 
 shall be chiefly a reference library, so that scholars in any 
 department may be sure of finding upon the shelves the 
 various treatises which they wish to consult; consequently 
 permission to draw books from this library is given only in 
 exceptional cases. But in building up the reference library 
 it is necessary to keep in mind also the need of supplying 
 the students with books which they can take to their 
 rooms with freedom; and consequently a branch circulating 
 library has been begun in the north hall. This circulating 
 library is made up, in part, from the duplicate books be 
 longing to the main library, and in part from the gifts of 
 individuals, among whom the members of the senior class 
 of 1875 are particularly entitled to recognition. Two other 
 branch libraries have also been begun. The best and most 
 important books pertaining to the science of agriculture 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 49 
 
 
 
 have been transferred to the lecture-room of the Professor 
 of Agriculture, and some of those pertaining to the useful 
 arts will be in a like manner made accessible to professors 
 and teachers in the rooms devoted to instruction in Me 
 chanics. The gift of Mr. Pioche, and the gifts of other in 
 dividuals, have made it possible to begin also a group of 
 books relating particularly to the fine arts. In due time it 
 is hoped that every one of the chief rooms of instruction 
 will be furnished with the books which pertain to the studies 
 there pursued. Thus the rooms devoted to modern lan 
 guages should be supplied with the best dictionaries, gram 
 mars, and standard literary works. There should be a 
 reference mathematical library within easy reach of the 
 instructors of Mathematics. And so in Engineering, in 
 Chemistry, in historical and political subjects, the books 
 most constantly needed by professors or students should be 
 within easy reach. Thus the main library would be to the 
 University a general store-house, a place of resort for the 
 professors and students when they wished to prosecute their 
 studies, while the instruments needed for daily service 
 would be kept within easy reach, in the ordinary places of 
 study and instruction. It is proposed that the room com 
 monly called the Young Men's Reading - room, or Club- 
 room, on the lower, floor of the north hall, be supplied with 
 the current magazines and newspapers, and made accessible 
 at all hours of the day. It would be a great advantage to 
 the University if some one of the library rooms could be light 
 ed and opened by night, in order thus to encourage the use 
 of books in the leisure hours which are at command of the 
 various students. Bwcfoft Ubi 
 
 73. In speaking of the library, special attention should be 
 called to the fact that a very large collection has been made 
 of newspapers illustrative of the history of California. 
 Among the extended sets which have been given by various 
 individuals, the following are noteworthy: the New York 
 Times, the Sacramento Union, the San Francisco Chronicle, 
 first series, the San Francisco Bulletin, the Alta California, 
 
50 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 
 
 
 
 and the Herald. It i8 very desirable that as the library 
 grows this department should be steadily increased, and in 
 other ways the effort should be put forth to bring together 
 everything in the way of books, pamphlets, periodicals, and 
 newspapers, which may throw light upon the history of the 
 Pacific Coast. 
 
 STUDENTS' LODGING-HOUSES. 
 
 74. Upon the removal of the University to; Berkeley, the 
 Regents at first determined to do nothing toward the es 
 tablishment of lodging-houses for the scholars, but to 
 depend entirely upon private persons to supply the requisite 
 homes. They caused advertisements to^be inserted in the 
 newspapers, and announcements to be otherwise publicly 
 made to this effect, but after months of delay it became 
 evident that private individuals would do but little for the 
 supply of homes. Efforts were made to form associations 
 for the purpose of providing homes or halls in the neighbor 
 hood of the University; but these efforts have not yet suc 
 ceeded. 
 
 75. The Regents were therefore compelled to construct a 
 few houses upon their own grounds, and at their own ex 
 pense, for the use of students. Eight cottages, each of them 
 adapted to ten students, were accordingly constructed upon 
 a convenient plan and of tasteful appearance. Volunteer 
 clubs were formed among the students to hire these cottages, 
 at a rental of $300 per annum, or $30 per month during the 
 year of instruction. Each cottage contains five rooms of 
 large size (each designed to be occupied by two persons), a 
 dining-room, a kitchen, and a servant's room; a bath-room, 
 with other needed conveniences, was also constructed. 
 
 These cottages were rented by the University to the 
 clubs, without any agency on the part of the Faculty. Good 
 order was required from those who occupied them, but no 
 attempt was made on the part of the authorities to control 
 the internal management of any of these establishments. 
 The relation between the University and the club was 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 51 
 
 simply that of landlord and tenant, the landlord claiming 
 the right to eject the tenant for any misdemeanor. It is 
 too soon to tell how well this system will work. It was a 
 temporary device in an emergency, and was based upon the 
 experience of two clubs which had already found abodes m 
 cottages at Berkeley. Thus far the plan works well. 
 
 RESIDENCES OF THE PROFESSORS. 
 
 76. One of the greatest difficulties in the management of 
 the University arises from the fact that so many of the pro 
 fessors and instructors are non-resident. Such a college 
 should be surrounded by the homes of those who are en 
 gaged in the instruction of the youth ; for as soon as a good 
 neighborhood is formed, other families of culture and of in 
 fluence may be expected to come to it, and all the attrac 
 tions of a college village may be secured. But at present the 
 neighborhood of Berkeley grows but slowly. There is in 
 it no school, no practicing physician, and but few and indif 
 ferent stores. The walks and roads are in a bad condition 
 most of the year, and the inconv eniences of family life are 
 great. Families hesitate to remove to Berkeley until they 
 see that the professors and others who are most interested 
 in the work which is there going forward, have became res 
 idents of the University neighborhood. The law requires 
 the Secretary to live at Berkeley, and he removed there 
 soon after accepting the office. Three of the Professors have 
 built houses for themselves ; two occupy cottages belong 
 ing to the University, paying rent for them; one has hired 
 a cottage in the neighborhood, and several of the young 
 er instructors have been allowed to occupy small rooms in 
 the public buildings ; but this is all. It seems to me of the 
 first importance that measures should be taken to provide 
 homes at Berkeley for all the permanent staff of instructors. 
 I do not pretend to suggest the best mode of accomplishing 
 this result, nor the best positions to be set apart for such 
 houses, but the subject is worthy of the earnest and imme 
 diate consideration of the Regents. Prior to the removal 
 
52 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 
 
 to Berkeley, the authorities had decided to construct a 
 number of houses for the accommodation of the professors; 
 the plans were drawn, and the estimates received, but it 
 appeared to some members of the Board that the Regents 
 had not the necessary authority to take this step, and ac 
 cordingly the proposed action was reconsidered, and the 
 plan abandoned. 
 
 PUBLIC LECTURES. 
 
 77. Since the organization of the University, special ef 
 forts have been put forth by the authorities to awaken an 
 interest in the work of the University, by means of public 
 lectures upon scientific subjects. In addition to the volun 
 tary work of the various professors, who have been called 
 upon from time to time to go to the different towns in the 
 State, one of the professors, the Professor of Agriculture, 
 was instructed by the Regents to go about the State, and 
 deliver lectures on the subjects to which he was specially 
 devoted ; and for six successive years a course of public lect 
 ures has been given every winter in San Francisco, at the 
 rooms of the Mechanics' Institute, by various members of 
 the Faculty. 
 
 78. An assembly of the students of all departments is 
 held on every Friday afternoon at which announcements 
 and instructions of general interest are communicated. The 
 various professors and instructors in their turn have given 
 lectures on these occasions, and not infrequently gentlemen 
 who are not connected with the University have been in 
 vited to lecture. This appointment has been found quite 
 acceptable to the friends of the University and of the stu 
 dents, who avail themselves of this opportunity to visit 
 Berkeley. 
 
 Among the speakers not connected with the Faculty who 
 have addressed the students on these occasions may be 
 mentioned the following : 
 
 Hon. Newton Booth, Hon. F. F. Low (late U. S. Minis 
 ter in China), Rev. Charles Kingsley (Canon of Westmin- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 53 
 
 ster), President Miner (of Tufts College), Rev. Dr: G. B. 
 Bacon, Dr. W. P. Gibbons, Professor W. Wilkinson, Hor- 
 afce Davis, Esq., Professor Bessey (of Ames, Iowa), Profes 
 sor Brewer (of New Haven), Dr. G. F. Becker, and Rev. Dr. 
 Stebbins. Several other gentlemen have promised to speak. 
 
 79. It should be borne distinctly in mind that it is not sup 
 posed these lectures will in any way supersede the system 
 atic instruction which is given by the permanent professors, 
 nor that they are as useful to the students as the instruction 
 of their ordinary and regular teachers; but that while the 
 staff of the University is so small, it is an advantage to 
 strengthen it by calling in from time to time gentlemen 
 who have been interested in various specialties. 
 
 FINANCES. 
 
 80. Although the administration of finances of the Uni 
 versity has not come under my official supervision, it may 
 add to the completeness of this report if I submit some 
 figures derived from the books of the Secretary, and the re 
 cent report of the Finance Committee. From this it ap 
 pears that the total disbursements of the University during 
 the year ending October 31st, 18T4, were $95,707.81, of 
 which amount the sum of $64,094.96 was paid in salaries. 
 The other large items of expense were for the development 
 of the agricultural grounds, $5,784.13; insurance, $3,510.65; 
 interest on Brayton property, $4,875.02. The income dur 
 ing the same period was derived from the following sources: 
 From the invested funds, $33,150; from the annual appro 
 priation of the State, $25,193.80; and from land interest, 
 19,560.03. 
 
 During the current two years 1873-75 the appro 
 priation of the Legislature is as follows : For current ex 
 penses, $50,000 ; for the development of the Departments of 
 Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, $30,000; for the Library, 
 $4,800; total, $84,800. For further particulars in this con 
 nection, attention is called to the forthcoming annual report 
 of the Secretary. 
 
54 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 
 
 81. In comparing the receipts of the University of Cali 
 fornia from the various legislative appropriations, since its 
 foundation, with the receipts of other similar institutions, it 
 will appear that the State has been exceedingly liberal to 
 ward this institution, and has enabled it quickly to take a 
 place of influence and power, not only within the limits of 
 the State, but among the various kindred institutions of 
 the country. Everything has been projected upon a large 
 scale, making it necessary that there should be large annual 
 outlays to keep up that which has been so liberally begun. 
 The distance of the University from a large town; the ample 
 grounds which must be brought into cultivation; the laying 
 out and grading of roads and paths ; the heating, the re 
 pairs, and the daily care of spacious edifices; the incidental 
 supplies of laboratory material, stationery, etc., all involve 
 very large expenditures, and these expenditures must nec 
 essarily increase as the years roll on. So again, the num 
 ber of departments in which instruction is given requires a 
 very large staff of teachers, and this staff must be augmented 
 as the number of scholars increases. As no charges are 
 made for tuition, there will be no increase of income from 
 student fees, which is one of the sources of revenue in other 
 colleges, and as the University is at present organized there 
 can be but little hope of large private gifts for the endow 
 ment of the University. It is, therefore, to the Legislature 
 of the State that the authorities must look for the main 
 tenance of the enterprise which has been inaugurated at 
 Berkeley. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL LAND. 
 
 82. The Committee on Education and Labor of the House 
 of Representatives in Washington, through the Chairman, 
 Mr. Monroe, submitted to Congress on the 13th day of Jan 
 uary, 1875, a report on the condition and management of 
 colleges in the various States which had received a grant 
 from the United States under the Act of July 2d, 1862. 
 This report exhibits the amount of money received in every 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 55 
 
 State from the aforesaid grant, and it shows how success 
 fully the affairs of the University of California have been 
 managed in comparison with those of other kindred insti 
 tutions. 
 
 It appears that the institutions formed in the various States 
 have received the following prices per acre for the lands 
 which they have sold: 
 
 Alabama $0.90 Missouri- $1.84 
 
 Arkansas 90 Nebraska 
 
 California 5.00 Nevada 
 
 Connecticut 75 New Hampshire 535 
 
 Delaware 92 New Jersey 55 
 
 Florida New York 61 
 
 Georgia 90 North Carolina 50 
 
 Illinois 70 Ohio 5436 
 
 Indiana 544 Oregon 
 
 Iowa 2.27 Pennsylvania 563 
 
 Kansas Rhode Island 415 
 
 Kentucky 50 South Carolina 725 
 
 Louisiana 87 Tennessee 90% 
 
 Maine 555 Texas 87 
 
 Maryland 5357 Vermont 818 
 
 Massachusetts 656 Virginia 95 
 
 Michigan 3.25 West Virginia 60 
 
 Minnesota 5.62 Wisconsin 1.25 
 
 Mississippi 90 
 
 POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY. 
 
 83. The following scheme is here printed to show the re 
 lations which might easily be established between the Uni 
 versity and kindred establishments in its vicinity : 
 
 A. STATE COLLEGES AT BERKELEY. 
 
 1. The Modern Sciences. Faculty of Science. Subdivisions. A select 
 course of Mathematics, Physics, Mechanics, Geology, Zoology, etc. ; special 
 courses in the following departments: Agriculture, Chemistry, Civil Engi 
 neering, Mechanical Engineering, Mining, and Metallurgy. 
 
 2. The Liberal Arts. Faculty of Letters. Subdivisions. Ancient (Clas 
 sical Course) ; Modern (Literary Course); Oriental. 
 
 B. COLLEGES ENDOWED OB SUSTAINED BY THE GENEBO8ITY OP INDIVIDUALS AT 
 
 SAN FBANCISCO. 
 
 3. The Useful Arts. Faculty of Industry. (In connection with the Me 
 chanics' Institute as an affiliated institution). The sum of $15,000 to be ex- 
 
56 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 
 
 ponded annually for two years was subscribed by a few individuals to inaugu 
 rate a school of Mechanic Arts; but the proposal of Mr. James Lick to found a 
 Polytechnic School prevented the carrying forward of the plan. 
 
 4. The Fine Arts. Faculty of Art. (In connection with the Art Associa 
 tion of San Francisco as an affiliated institution) . A School of Design is al 
 ready begun. 
 
 5. Professional Schools. Faculty of Medicine. (By the gift of Dr. II. H. 
 Toland, a Medical College building has been provided.) As affiliated institu 
 tions: The California College of Pharmacy (in progress); The California Col 
 lege of Dentistry (proposed). 
 
 6. Faculty of Law. To be organized. 
 
 C. ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATIONS. 
 
 7. The California Academy of Sciences. 
 
 8. The Microscopical Society of San Francisco. 
 
 9. The Astronomical Observatory. 
 
 Respectfully submitted to the Board of Regents. 
 
 DANIEL C. OILMAN, President. 
 
 
AND 
 
 CO. 
 
 '* * 
 
 I