3f Califorr Regional Facility m^aiKs^iflP^s^^.' :"iKws«'/;»'W-'W.iniiy/-v'.'>:^--^ >' ^fci^iP^ 'M'J^-^ THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES ^^w ^ ^ A STUDY IN CITY DEVELOPMENT Fron I IsE'iECE.- The Abbey Clnirch fnnii Nuith-Wesl side ol glen, looking over l^)iieens' House and ivied ruin, traditionally St Catherine's Chapel. The value of the vertical lines of this grou]i as base lo West Kront and Towers will be noted, as also the value of the (.Id cottage rools. Obserxe loss to picture by removing any, especially the lowest of these. (Compare also l-'ig. 120. p. iS;,) CITY DEVELOPMENT A STUDY OF PARKS. GARDENS. AND CULTURE-INSTITUTES A REPORT TO THE CARNEGIE DUNFERMLINE TRUST BY PATRICK GEDDES I'ROFRSSOK <>r DOTANY, UNIV. lOLl.., lUINOEE (ST ANDKKWS 1 • N I \ERSnY) I'RESIDKNT OF THE HDl N lUI RCH SCHOOL OK SOCIOLOCV WITH n.A.w /•/■:h's/'F.crn-K. axp 13c. n./.rs/h'AT/oxs GiaJDKS AND COMl'AXV, OUTLOOK T0\\1:R, EDIXBURGII AM, 5 OLD QUEEN STRl-.l'-T, Wl'.STMINSTKR THE SAINT GEORGE I'RESS, BOURNVILLl"., BIRMINGHAM 1904 PREFACE As title and treatment indicate, tiiis volume is one of practical purpose. Its main contents are a plan and pica for conserving and developing the amenities of a small provincial city, and its constructive proposals are based upon a photographic|survey of its present, a re- reading of its past. The work was not only planned, but essentially done, independently of publication, but une.xpectedh' nmnerous inc|uiries from many centres, British and foreign, have shown that the ideas with which it deals ari' fully stirring, and that the demands it is here sought to supply are widely felt. I have, therefore, to return my thanks to the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust, not only for their appreciative minute of reception of tlu' \-olume, but for following this up by according permission for its being now made accessible to the public. Such a monograph — as at once naturalistic, horticultural, architectural, educational, and social, and in all these respects having to utilise past history and present resources, frankly to discuss needs, and boldly to indicate possibilities — cannot be prepared without wide inquiry and general reflection ; in fact, its local questions inevitably raise the general ones of city life and development, and these from well-nigh every point of view. The preser\^a- tion of natural beauty, the ordered gardening of art and of science, the intelligent con- servation of the surviving relics of the past, can only be attempted in proportion as we reali.se the significance of each of these in the larger world : indeed, in the general develop- ment of civilisation. Still less without such wide survey can future developments be outlined, for the needs and problems of health, leisure, and recreation, of education and social betterment, are becoming much the same for all cities. The purpose of the great gift, towards utilising which this Report has been called into being, has been from the first explained by its donor to his trustees as not only a local but an experimental and general one : " the very problem you have to solve is, ' What can be done in towns for the benefit of the masses by money in the hands of the most public-spirited citizens ' ? " Again, in the words of a recent announcement of the University of London of its inauguration of sociological and civic teaching : " With the consideration of life in any one of our towns of to-day is essentially connected the question of what this life may become if intelligently directed by men who are clearly conscious of the ideal to be desired." To offer answers to these great questions, at once ideal and practical, for any one city, a comparative study of others is necessary, and the volume begun and planned in this old Fifeshire capital has thus not unfitly been in great part written in the vastest of modern cities, and in the midst of university and other teaching and stud\- of " Civics as applied Sociology." * * .\s this more general treatment of civics lias Booth, I*\R.S., in Chair I mav here cite a few- been lately laid before the Sociological Society weightv passages from the comments of The (Meeting of i8th July 1904, Rl. Hon. Charles Times on account of their clear recognition of I 2 PRl'.FACK The world is now rapidly entering upon a new era of (-ivic development, one in which " progress '" is no longer described as in mere quantity of wealth and increase of population, but is seen to depend upon the quality of these. The last generation has had to carry out great works of prime necessity, as of water supply, sanitation, and the like ; elementary education, too, has been begun : so that to some, even pioneers in their day, our city development may seem well-nigh complete. But a new phase of ci\-ic de\"elopment has become urgent — that of ensuring healthier conditions, of providing happier and nobler ones. In tliis m(i\-i'nicnt great Continental capitals ha\-e indicated the way : German cities are now leading ; .\merican cities are actively astir. Where one small Scottish burgh may take up an active initiative the larger (and despite our great local gift still the wealthier) industrial and university cities cannot lag ; nor will the great English municipalities, least of all London itself, long be content to follow. In fact, social and municipal activities, hitherto mainly on utilitarian or remedial lines, are now increasingly progressing towards cultural betterment also. Alike in interpreting things actual, and in designing things possible, I have not hesitated to be definite, e\-en at the risk of criticism. Holding as a naturalist a brief for " regional survey " as uniting all its component special sciences ; as garden-maker urging the employ- civic belterment as now hcnccforlh upon the plane of practical politics, as well as of their substantial endorsement of the views here enounced. " In the paper by Professor Geddes — an abstract of which we print — are contained ideas of practical value to be recommended to the study of am- bitious municipalities. This is the age of cities, and all the world is citv building. . . In a dim sort of way many persons understand that the time has come when art and skill and foresight should control what so far has been left to chance to work out ; that there should be a more orderly concep- tion of civic action ; that there is a real art of city making, and that it behoves this generation to master and practise it. Professor Geddes truly said the land is already full of preparation as to this matter ; the beginnings of a concrete art of city making are visible at various points. But our city rulers are often among the blindest to these considerations ; and nowhere probably is to be seen a municipalitv fully and consistently alive to its duties in this respect. London may be left out of the question. . . It will be some time before it can be dealt with as an organic whole. But the rulers of such communities as Manchester and Newcastle and York ought long ago to have realised, much more than has been done, that thev are not so much brick and mortar, so much rateable area, so many thousands of people fortuitously brought together. They have all a regional environment of their own which deter- mined their origin and growth. Thev have all a rich past, the monuments of which, generally to be found in abundance by careful, reverent inquirers, ought to be preserved ; a past which ought to be known more or less to all the dwellers therein, and the knowledge of which will make the present more interesting. . . Such pride . . . such 'growth of civic conscious- ness and conscience, the awakening of citizenship towards civic renascence,' will be the best security for a worthy city of the future. . . At present those who are most zealous are too often indifferent either to the past or to the true interests of the future. They snatch at passing, popular schemes, neglecting what would permanentlv beautifv their city. . . Professor Geddes glanced at the opening civic future, ' the remoter and higher issues which a citv's indetinitely long life and correspondingly needed foresight and statesmanship involve,' the possibilities which may be early realised if only there be true civic pride, foresight, and un- flagging pursuit of a reasonable ideal. . . It yet remains to be seen what our cities will become when for some generations the same spirit of pride and reverence shown by old families as to their possessions has presided over all civic changes and developments. . . Something more than open spaces, music in the parks, municipal trams and steamboats, and a generous employment of the rates is needed to build and develop cities as they ought and might be. Ruskin somewhere points out the mediaeval love of cities. . . Affection might with more reason attach to the modern city if its people knew what it had been and steadily strove to make it better, if there were in every large community patriotism and a polity." — limes, 2ot/i July 1904. PRl-PACK 3 ment botli of f' and Mansion-HoL'se Old Stables as Shelter and Orangery— Mansion-House — Pinetuni ami Cedar (Irouj) . . 49 CHAPTER VI L.VKE .\ND RiK K Garden Lake — Japanese Tea-House — Rock Garden — Rock Garden further Developed, l^volutionary and Geological . . . . . . . . . . -55 CONTENTS CHAPTER VII The Laird's Garden The Laird's Garden —Altered Drive — Conservatories -South Promenade on High Terrace — Srhool (hardens ........... 60 CILAPTER \-ill Tni: 1' A DACE G.\rdi:n i'ormal Cjarden — Tennis Courts and Howhng Green — Design in Detail .... 67 CHAPTER IX Wild Garden and Botamc (Garden Botanical .\rrangenient — I'urther Aspects of Piotanic Gardens ..... 72 CHAPTER X Southern P.\rk and "Zoo" "Campus" — Zoological Possibilities — Further Possibilities of " Zoo " .... 77 C. STRE.I.]/ AXJ-) GJ.EN CHAPTER XI Stream Pi'RIKICatiux and eis Re,sl'et.s Parks and Playing l''ields — .St Margaret's Cave — St Margaret's Garden — The Tooni — Improve- ments Up Stream — Park Extension .Southwards -Further .Vdvantages ... 83 CHAPTER XII P.VRK.S AND 1U:HTiL\(_,.S EN THITR HiLVRENC (JN CTTV I .\H'R(JVE.\1ENT.S . . 97 CHAPTER XllI The Glen Improvement of Stream (loiicludcd) —The Glen Proper The Glen (unit by unit) Tower Dene, Children's Dell, etc. — House Dene — Palace Dene — i\lill Dene — Manse Dene — Possible Hermitage Grotto . . . . . . . . . .100 D. YATURE MUSEUMS CHAPTER XIV Nature P.m. ace in Prinuh'Le and in Poi'Ul.vr Use Site — Nature Palace in Pi)[>ular Use — Nature Museums in Princi|)le .... 109 CHAPTER XV Nature Palace in Execution Special Nature Museums- The Great Globe . . . . . . .114 CHAPTER XVI Naturic Museums in Working Curator and Naturalists' Society — Working continued (The Children) - ('hildren in .\rt and Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 liS rONTKXTS 7 BOOK II MUSEUMS AND INSIITL TF.S : TIIlilR CUF/IURH USES E. I.AliOUR MUSEUMS ClfAl'TER XVII rKiMiTixi: \'ii.i..\(;e : Oi'i;n-Aik Mlsktms I'rimitive Village: Site and Outline — Educational Uses- Correlation with Zoological Clarden — Oi)en-Air Museums -Correlation with 'rechnical Education and (jeneral Culture . . 121 CHAI'TER XVIII Till-; Mills am) SMrniv Aspect of Existing ISuildings, etc.— Historic Interest of Mills — 'I'he Smith)- . . . 126 CHAl'TER XIX 'iiii; Crafts \'illai.k Design in Detail — Crafts Village in Operation ....... 132 F. Hf STORY .t.\/) ANT CHAPTER XX MuNASTEKV I'LACL Improvement of Monastery Street in Detail — Hee-Alley Garden . . . . .136 CHAPTER XXI Institutk ol History Need and .site — History in Dunfermline — History in Scotland— The Procession of History — Site and Approach . . . . . . . . . . .142 CHAPTER XXII Uunm-;rmi.im-: Hlstory Pai.acl : .Anctknt and Mkdlkval Ancient Scotland — Hall of Mediaeval History — Historic Reference Museum — Historic Exhibitions and their Uses ........... 148 CHAPTER XX HI Historn' Gakdln and Ai;i;lv Precincts The History (iarden — Alibey Churchyard — Associated Improvements .... 155 CHAPTER XXIV History Palace: Rlnalssaxcl .\M) Modlrx Renaissance Building — Eighteenth Century Proper — Nineteenth Century — Twentieth-Century Building — Review of History Buildings — Relation of History anil .\ri Museum — Open-Air Museum again — The Opening Future . . . . . . . .160 CHAl'TER XXV The Art Institute The Problem — .Vrt Appreciation — Art Education in its General Bearings — Art for Art's Sake: Technical Schools and Museums — E.xhibitions : Studios: Art Library — Collections — Lending Museums— Higher Art Education — I'inal View of Art Institute .... 168 H CONTENTS c. rjFE Axn crTr/.F.ysffip CHAPTER XW'I SdMi: ICnrcATiuXAL Bf.akin(.s kk riii-: S( iii.mk Summer Schools -Relation to the Universities— Further Signilicanre ot Proposed L'ulture-Institute in Education — \outh in Dunfermline ........ 176 CH.Al'TER XXV 11 The OrEp:\s' Gakdkx — The Arena Queens' Garden— Arena — Proposed Damming of Stream : Effect of Lake and Waterfall — Interior of Arena : Aspects and Accesses — Stage — Garden Details, etc. . . . . i.Si CHAPTER XXVI II Mu.sic Hale Accommodation. Site, and I'lan — Accesses and Exits — Fac^ade — City Hall-Music and Drama . 187 CHAPTER XXIX Tin-; Gkami P^ntram e Bridge Street — Buildings in Park: Pros and Cons — Harmony of Advantage: Gateway and Fountain — Conclusion as regards Sites of Buildings ...... 193 CHAPTER XXX MaN.SI()N-H()L SE .\M) OUEEX.s' HoU.SE Mansion-House : its possible Utilisation — .Specific Uses recommended — External Improvements — Theory underlying proposed Use — Use in further Detail— ()ueens' Flouse — The Working Women of Dimfermline . . . . . . . . .196 CHAPTER XXXI The Ge.nerae \'ha\ : its .A.si'ect.s .wd Inteki'Retatidxs General Perspective \'iews — The Processional \\'ays — The Child and the Natiualist — Youth and Labour — The Historian — 'I'he Citizen — The Politician — Woman — The Artist — Ihought- Ways and Thinking-House — The Last Procession ...... 202 CHAPTER XXX 11 CrriE.s AND Civic Proklem.s Significance of Historic Cities The Civic Problem : its A^irious Statements . .211 CHAPTER XXX 111 Dim ernh.ine .\.s Towx and .\.s Cha The Town — The City : its Schools— 'I'he City : its Cloister— The City : its Cathedral— .Summary . 215 CHAPTER XXXIV Tin-: Ci\ic Cxiox Introductory- Potential Auxiliaries of 'I'rust : the Civic Union — Cit\ Improvement Association — Teachers and Clernv . . . . .22; ENVOY IXDEX 229 C D T FITTENCMEFF FAffi DUNFERMUNE Fig. 137. GENERAL PLAN OF PARK. (See note, page 20.) FMRK, GARDENS. AND CULTURE-INSTITUTES INTKoDri I ION The problem of adapting a private park to public uses is one arising normally in the growth of towns, and is yearly acquiring increasing im- portance. Here, however, the problem has peculiar additional elements of interest. First, this is no ordinary- level expanse of grass and trees but of peculiarly varied contour, and of very unequal amenity of laying out. .At some points it is already almost all that can be desired, but at others much improvement is needed. Its principal feature is the (Men proper, a ravine perhaps only rivalled as regards scenery among public parks by that of Jesmond Dene at New- castle ; while in wealth and varietv of architec- tural views and remains and of historic interest and associations it is surpa.ssed by no park any- where. Though the passing visitor may stroll but cursorily over the rolling park landscape, or dip here and there into the shady dell, the park improver must join with the geographer in laying down first of all a thorough survey of the whole contour, and with the geologist in studying the rocks underlying and exposed, and not onlv the peculiar incident of denudation to which we owe the Tower Hill but the stream itself which has done the work. To find this entering the park laden with every form of pollution, mechanical, chemical, and organic, is no doubt a partial ex- planation of the ugly canalising which it has suffered throughout the greater part of its course ; but the geologist points out also that it has been a not unpractical, albeit inartistic, method of arresting that rapid denudation of the solt shales which must otherwise ere now have endangered both Palace and mansion. To urge the thorough purification of this stream for all reasons, not only hygienic, naturalistic, and artistic, but even for social and moral ones, has been from my first \isil to the Park, my fust proposal, and still is so. To lav out any park, and parlicuhuly lliis one, without setting on foot all needful measures for purifving the stream would lie but landscape- gardening what is at present a drain, and is, 1 hope, as impossible to all seriously concerned as would be the fa^ading of a slum, or the spread- ing of Dunfermline damask to conceal decay. Hence for the park a thorough study of the stream and its tributaries above has been necessary As regards the laying out of the park, the ordinary conditions and requirements of existing municipal parks do not afford sufficient prece- dent. These requirements as for games, etc., all exist, and can be partlv met upon a generous scale, partlv postponed until more level ground can be acquired. The problem is further com- plicated by m)' instructions to report as to the possible buildings connected with the immediate and future work of the Trust. To think out a clear initial plan of buildings, all reasonablv related, yet all separately capable of extension with the ever-developing require- ments of the future, is obviously no easy task. For its preparation it requires at once the fullest local studv, the most general inquiry, the most The present volume is in response to the invitation with which I have been honoured by the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust, to report as to the laying out of the Park, and as to the Buildings in or around it needed or desirable for carrying on the work of the Trust. Further than this I have been left completelv free in both respects ; that is, not only as regards scale and style, principle and detail of treatment ; but also free to think out what in my judgment, and keeping in view the needs and practical possibilities of the City and the renewing advance of educational and social ])rogress, these buildings and their setting should be. While I have fully availed myself of this generous liberlv I trust I have not abused it : moreover, I must at the very outset make it as clear to the reader as it is to myself that the many suggestions and practical proposals of my various chapters in no way and at no point commit the Trust. They do not even give any indication as to what their policy may be, such as might be gathered had my different chapters with their particular garden, building, or improvement plans been in response to a definite commis- sion of the ordinar\' kind. lO i.\ TkoDi'c riox careful reflection. Each Vniilclinu iiuihl have its immediate usefulness, vet with moderation of beginnings must provide amply tor future growth, and ensure that this, instead of destroy- ing tile monumental or jucluresque character of the design, should further enhance it. Build- ings and sites cannot be e\en considered until their objects are defined, their uses clearly foreseen. Hence the need of forecasting as far as possible, not simply the general tendencies of the culture acti\'itics of the Trust but even the development of the definite branches of these, and of each as housed in its particular d\veIlin,L;, with its own requirements and jiossibilities. In ordinary circumstances the gardener or archi- tect is not called in until his clients have made up their mind ,is to the accommodation they retpiirc and the approximate amount thev see their way to spend ; but here, from the newness of the whole prolilem, no such instructions have been possible I do not, of course, complain of this ; it has greatly increased the interest as well as the responsibility and difficultv of this task. Instead of the comparativclv simple problem usually set by the Park Committee of a city to the landscape gardener they consult, this has unavoidably developed into that of thinking out, and concretely expressing in plan and perspective as well as description, the essential possibilities of culture resources, their working, therefore, also — that is to say, the problem compels its own restatement, as that of the culture policy of a small but fairly typical city, so far as park and associated V)uildiugs are concerned. A. Photographic Survey The iireparaliiin nt ihis leiinrl has thus in- \oI\ed not a few disiincl lines of .ictivity. h'ii'st and foremost a thorough survey of the whole area, one largely photographic. Each main division has been analysed into its essential units, as shown in following plan, and these, again, have been studied from every ])oint of view-in late summer verdure and in autumn colouring, in winter nakedness and in early spring — and as far as ])os- sible all these both in sunshine and dull weather. The results of this survey arc partially embodied in large series of photographs, of wliich a selec- tion only are reproduced here. Of these onlv very few have been found in commerce, and the great majority have had to be taken.* -V set of these photographs may, witli athantage, be preserved by the Parks Committee of the Trust, not only on account of such quality as they may possess, or their frequent interest and use for reference, but as a desirable record of the aspects of the park and its environs before any operations ' I have, ill llils iiialter, td waiiiil) a( kiuiu Icilge the nkilled and artistic cu-iipcratioTi of .\lr Nuival. of the Trust. The expense of Ihis sur\ev has been compensated b\- the disclosure of manv points of view hitherto commonly little observed. These, again, are of all distinct orders of importance, from the simplest picturesque detail, say a point of \iew from which the Abbey spire may be found rising above the trees, a glimpse of park or water- fall, a sunnv or shad\- nook in which a sequestered seat mav be planted. But this survev rises also to the largest questions of civic rcsthetics — as, for in- stance, in the illustration chosen as a frontispiece, which appears to me not only one of the most beautiful spots in Dunfermline but one of those noble combinations of architecture and scenery which are rare anywhere. A greater abbey, more picturesque town buildings, a deeper ravine, and nobler trees might all easily be found separ- ately, but seldom do we see a natural composition of these many elements into so satisfying an artistic unity. B, Contouring and Relief Model To our photographic sur\ey may be added, as already indicated, a geographic study in detail. The surve\', which is a necessary preliminary of e\ery park improvement, has been here carried out by Mr M. Hardy, the active continuator of the late Mr Robert Smith's Botanical Survey of Scotland, and the contour lines drawn at every 5 feet, thus admitting of the construction of a relief model of the Park on true scale. The immediate ad\'antage of this, towards jireserNing, utilising, or accenting natural features, as especially in the tden, or in facilitatin.g operations in the Park, will be obvious. I recommend, then, the construction of such a relief ; and, further, the a]iplication upon its actual surface of ])asle- board models to scale of all buildings recom- mended, either now or at any future time, within the Park or upon the sides of the Glen. These could then be photographed in a well-arranged light, and thus give an almost perfect anticipa- tion of the effect of any pro])Osed constructions. The existence of such a model for Edinburgh Castle has once and again protected it from in- judicious improvers. Had Edinbui^gh such a model, the recent destruction of its main views by the excessive height of the two new railway hotels of Princes Street could never have been authorised ; while the case for true improvements would be greatly strengthened, the popular interest in them also. The approaching wreckage of the natural watering-place of Dunfermline — the beautiful coast from Torric by Culross to Kincardine — by a recklessly-designed railway line might thus have been averted ; or the present plea for a Garden City might be indetinitely strengthened. Here, then, is an easy bit of practical pioneering at the very first — the construction of TRI-.ATMl'-.XT OI' ANCU'Ar lU ' 1 l.DI XGS 1 1 relief models not only "f the park but of tlie region. The educational value of these, too, need hardly at tliis time of day be lengthily insisted upon. C. Treatment of Ancient Buildings .\ |irini.i])k', lirsl learned from long experience in rejiairing and building in Old luiinburgh, Viul again fully verified liere, I may be permitted to emphasise in this introduction. Instead of that merely anli(]uarian respect of the scanty sur- vi\als of tlie jiasi, which is too often confined to the i)arlicular century or period which happens to seem romantic to us, I would respect and preserve examples of the honest and character- istic work of each and every period, whether from our present point of view (also a passing one) it seems to us beautiful or no. This state- ment must not, of course, be misunderstood. As will be seen hereafter, 1 do not advocate the retention of things useless when we have a definite use for their space and materials. I plead merely for fair trial before condemnation, for the thrifty and the open-minded — that is, many-sided — consideration of each survival of the past and of its value whether as an actual asset or as a possible one. For, even if not available in its present form for immediate use, I have once and again found buildings too hastily des- paired of by others to be capable of cleansing and repair, or of alteration and incorporation with such new buildings as may be required — in short, of renewed usefulness and even beaut v. Any measure of success which may have attended m\- personal improvement work of the last seven- teen or eighteen years in some three dozen closes of Old Edinburgh has been essentially due to the application of this simple principle Old buildings, first admired in picturesque dilapi- dation by the tourist or antiquaiy, then ruthlessly condemned as out of date by the utilitarian, or unwliolesome by the town councillor, were often found capable of handling from a point which har- monised tlie partial truth of all these standpoints. Starting with ihr h\girnisi, uncleanness has first to be got nd of. Vet this not necessarily by destruction. Decaying matter and smells, the germs which ])roducc these, are not in the stones of the building, but are in the organic dirt superficial to these Cleanse and disinfect in this way, and the old building may then be wholesomer than the average nineteenth-century one, with its imperfect drainage and other defects. Old mason-work is not discredited by weathered surface ; even cracks often indicate a long past settlement, not an increasing weakness, and in any case are more easily repaired than people generally suppose. After cleansing and mending, the antique building is frankly adapted to its modern uses, with sanitation, electric light, and all ; and though in this process a shock is some- times given to the merely romantic spirit, an ultimately better and truer artistic result is reached, especially when, with use and weathering, the new elements have harmonised into the old. .\s examples of this. 1 might cite Lady Stair's House, the last baronial mansion of Old Edinburgh, which was literally discovered, as well as restored, by my friend and collaborator, Mr Aitken ; or Kiddle's Court, the best surviving burgher one, in which the clearing out of tons of dirt disclosed some of the most beautiful rooms in Edinburgh, Old or New, since then made as wholesome as any. I must urge these points here, since it is every- where the first and not unnatural idea of the public-spirited improver, too often even of the busy and hasty architect, to sweep away whatever seems to him an inconvenient, an iniwholesome, or an unsightly survival of llic past without further examination. But hence it is thai llie awakening attention to architecture of the past which has been going on throughout the nineteenth century, and which has fully reached Dunfermline, has been too commonly to destroy what it might and sliould ha\c preserved. Not onl\- have old quarters been everywhere demolished in the name of progress and hygiene, but even the per- manent buildings which it was intended to disclose have been largely destroyed by their lestorers. Striking examples of both these changes are familiar to every' visitor to the great Continental cities. Following upon the wholesale, even if somewhat too sweeping, transformation of the old forts and bulwarks of I^aris into boulevards under I-ouis XIV., and the creation of new magni- ficent distances by Napoleon I., came the demoli- tion and reconstruction of the irregular labyrinth of the ancient city under Napoleon III. by Hauss- mann, whose long jierspectives and lofty blocks have essentially set the fashion of the past half century to every municipality in Europe, and, therefore, cannot be neglected here. Viewed from the street, the apparent advantage in directness of communication, in access of light and air, seems obvious and unquestionable ; but a more intimate acquaintance with the city and its people from within reveals the fact that, despite the modern rise of wealtli, the average Parisian household has actually less living room in the new tenements than before in the old, and this at far greater cost for rent and taxes. The decline both in number and in (juality of jiopulation, which has at length so deeply im- pressed the mind of France and of the world, is now seen to have been in no small measure accelerated by the.se costly- improvements. More- over, with fuller knowledge of the city and its health statistics one sees that the broader streets, the superficial spaciousness, are dearly purchased by the loss of the ample courts, the old gardens, which lay unseen within. For to have to play IXTR()l)l"(TI()\ in tlie (lusty air of tlic sUcel is (mc main factor in the weakness of town children. The moral of all this is the very simple one, vet not fully adopted into the policy of any iniproMng city, that to lessen dirt, overcrowding, ami the rest we should not merely relieve our feelings and improve a])})earances by demolitions, e\en followed by imposing rebuilding, but, as lar as may be, improve the old and build new quarters beyond, so slackening the pressure of ijopulation upon habitation, not increasing it. Coming next to the great surviving monuments, we sec how Xotrc Dame has Ijeen restored, cleared ot the crowded old buildings which clustered about Its feet, and now stands detached upon a \ast open place. The same process has been followed, if possil)le more thoroughly, hi \'ienna ; most of all for the cathedral of Cologne, of which D, Threatened Demolitions in Dunfermline I elaborate this point, because during the last si.\ months 1 have not only constantly heard, but again and again recened, suggestions, both by word and letter, as lo the dcsirabilit\- of demolishing this and that past element ot old Dunfermline. These have included not only the most characteristic and beautiful features of the old town, such as the Abbot's House itself, but each and every building upon the Trust property, without anj- single exception ! Not only is the dilapidated old smith\- included in this condemnation, or the old mill buildings opposite, or the cottages of St Catherine's Wynd ; to some Queen Anne's House, adjoining these, more immediately below the .Wibev, is specially objectionable. Entering the park, to some Ku;. 2. — The Towt-r Hill as historic and prehistoric muleus of Cily ami Park. Xolc loop of streuin entering on right and running We^t (Tower Dene), and thence South under liridge out of sight, and again East on left (House Dene). The low front walls are modern, hut must broadly suggest the inner Hniil of the ■iriginal Dun-fenn-linn — the fort on the crooked water. The higher wall in distance is all that sur- vi\ es of the early niediivval tower. the completion has been the crowning monument of German unify. And .ill with what result ? Too much that of the outside of St Giles' in Edinburgh, with its ancient exterior destroyed and rebuilt ; and this practically modern building robbed even of its ancient loftiness by the removal of the clustering buildings which, though seeming to obstruct it, really gave it dignity and height. Turn now to fig. i (frontispiece), or the panorama of Chapter XXVI., and judge of the disaster of removing the old cottages and houses below the Abbey towers and spire. Consider, too, the disaster to Dunfermline and Scotland, from the fact that the accompanying figure of our Tower Hill has nothing more of its ancient buildings to show I the old wall on the right is an eyesore, and to others its continuation in the newer wall bound- ing the Tower Hill. More than one letter to the newspapers has urged the removal of the double l)ridge, or its replacement by some more modern piece of engineering. To some the jilain and loft\- liack of the old mansion-house unduly deepens the permanent shadow of the glen at this l)oint ; while the dulness of the west aspect of the old stables, the grey simplicity of its southern front, furnish conclusive arguments to others for their removal as a blot upon the beautiful park landscape around. Other correspondents, it is fair to note, find their special abhorrence not in the work of the fifteenth, sixteentli, seventeenth, and eighteenth STVI.l'.S IN I.WDSCAl'l". CA RDI'.X I XG I centuries, above referred to, Inil in the nine- teenth. Thus if we descend the stream past the old glebe dovecot, apparently wantonly demolished, the lack of harmony l)et\veen the substantial modern manse and the picluresque- ness 111 the VMiev l)uildings aliove is strongly comTULiiIrd on ; while if we return and go out by tlie nujdern gale and lodge at Pitlencrieff Street even these new imprnvcmenls arc not without tlieir severe critics. I have thus received every possible destructive suggestion, liut practically, as vet, no constructive ones. Without, at this stage, expressing opinion on any one of these foregoing jOTints I merely bring tliem together to show thai if such improve- ment suggestions were adojited 1>S' the Trust and Citv, no present budding, save llie .Abbey and Palace ruins, which are out of Dunlorniline's power, would long remain. The uu'lhod here adopted is to examine each point upon its own merits and on the principles previouslv indicated — that of adaptation to our modern requirements, educational, recreative, and so on — with due retention or incorpora- tion of whatever has economic value or artistic fitness. The reader is, therefore, entreated to approach this question with an open mind, as the writer has tried to do, taking into account all points of view. Many an apparent difficulty will thus be found to be an opportunity ; and even when a building is not capable or worthy of retention as it stands, it may serve at any rale as an ele- ment in our reconstruction, which will be found at once conservative yet thorough. At the very worst, its materials may be utilised con- structivelv. El. Relation of Buildings and Gardens It is not long since, after an architect had erected a building in one particular style, the client called in a house-painter, who there- upon decorated it in another ; while a nursery- uiiiii or jobliing gardener was brought in to put in such and such plants as he or liis client pleased, without reference to either of fiis pre- decessors. Now, howev'er, matters are improving. The architect starts in far more truly utilitarian fashion, and works out the specific practical requirements of his clients upon plan. From this the elevation naturallv arises. The effect of this elevation depends primarily upon its masses ; the proportion and the light and shade arise also from this, as does the colour scheme from the appropriate material ; while the tradi- tional " ornaments " of this or that " style " to l)e found in books, and followed as a " precedent," a term which has too long enslaved the architect, mav often safcl\- be dropiied altogether. Ornament is at any rale far more temperately used, and, when used, is of a better kind. It expresses material and gives additional interest to surface ; it also expresses the purpose and ideal of the liuilding, and the individualitv of the artist. .\round the building thus designed there now, and only now, arises the work of the gardener, who.se problem is neither to do something wholly distinct, nor merely to arrange a frame or selling for the architecture, but rather to complete it, adding a final base of simi^licity, a glowing wealth of enricliment also, .\fler this the Iniildings and their garden must stand or be changed together, as the permanently related parts of a larger artistic unity. The great saying of Bacon : " Men build stately before they garden finely, as if gardening were the greater perfection " is thus literally true. .\nd this not only in the history of his own time, with its stately palaces and yet more glorious gardens ; it is coming true again in our present century, our own generation : it applies in the present case, and in each individual ex- perience. Of this principle, thus clearly emphasised at the outset, the applications will appear in the following pages in detail. Only as the u.ses of each building and its practicable dimensions have become defined, its appropriate gardening — naturalistic or formal, simple or elaborate, grave or gay — has naturally followed. Each group of buildings and gardens will thus, it is hoped, be found in harmony with its practical use, its particular site, and its position in an orderly scheme, in which the various aspects and needs of culture and of social life find their respective yet organised expression, or at least their starting- points of fuller growth. Vet the whole scheme is one of enhancement, not of injury, to the jieaceful setting of the mansion-house, amid its park and trees, and to the wilder beaiit\- of the winding dell. E 2, Styles in Landscape Gardening A word must be said regarding the styles of landscape gardening, which have always varied with those of architecture, and have consequently been peculiarlv variable during the past century. iLxamples are happily not far to seek : witness formal gardens like those of Drummond Castle or Balcarres, to name only those within reason- at)le distance ; while modern naturalistic work, like Lord Armstrong's in Jesmond Dene, Newcastle, is, of course, also readily accessible. The landscape gardening of the earlier part of the nineteenth century is here sijccially important, such as the best surviving portions of the Kdin- burgh or Kew Botanic Gardens ; so, of course. 14 INTRODUCTION is the better neighbouring park scenerv, such as that of Broomhall, Blairadam, etc.* The conflict of styles is sharply indicated by the many volumes of Mr Robinson, a great naturalistic gardener who will have little or nothing of the formal ; and b\- tliosc of .Mr Blomfield, who, while an eminent formal garden-architect, seems to have too little interest in nature or even in plants. But later naturalistic writers, such as Miss Jekyll, have assimilated much from the advocates of formal gardens ; while recent architects, like Mr Scdding, are not unmindful of nature. Some have felt the originaht\- ami subllcly of the Japanese to be highly suggestive. Though a first sight of pictures of Japanese gardens may give an impression of quaintness and re- moteness, it soon becomes plain that the Japanese is really emphasising the characteristic features of his own environment, alike in natural land- scape and domesticated \-egetation. He niav thus in some ways be claimed for the naturalistic school, yet in the elaborate adaptation of his architectural conditions and domestic needs he is also among the formal gardeners. His formalism and convention are so different from our own that we cannot reproduce it without his actual aid, nor should we wish to do so save, at most, at some one definite point of deliberately exotic interest. What, then, is the conclusion of this matter .' While appreciating all styles, we must here follow no single one, but use each in its appropriate place, here emphasising natural beauty, there creating such ordered and formal beauty as we may ; yet finally harmonising all into a larger unity, a f'rotean one — for onlv thus can we appeal to each level of age and culture, and meet the many requirements of recreative and educative use, of individual taste and social culture. We thus independently reach for our gardening the jirin- ciple above reached tor buildings — neither too radically destroying the past in the supposed interest of the present, nor too conservatively allowing the past to limit this, but incorporating the best results of the past, with the best we can do in the present, towards tlie bettering of the opening future. The proposals and plans hereinafter submitted will thus, it is ho)icd, be found to give scope and satisfaction lo the lovers of naturalistic freedom and exuberance, breadth, variety, and detail ; yet also in their due place they utilise the many and stately resources of architectural and formal gardens. This ancient rivalry is no longer mutually destructive ; an age of toleration has * The piissihility of reference in Dunfermline lo the main book.s on gardens and garden design is much to he desired, as al.so access to the leading garden papers, and to kindird pulilications, sucli as County)' J.?ft\ arrived for architecture and for gardening alike ; and both great styles, the classic and the romantic, are seen not only to deserve continuance but to admit of mutual enhancement, even to lend themselves to new developments. In a word, then, each stvle has its own place. F. Constructive and Critical Point of View Since, after seven months' preparation, the following plans and proposals have now to face the criticism of many, and the test of years, I may be permitted to offer a word of exjilanation — the more so since this is not by way of mitigating or evading criticism, but of assuring that it lie just and keen. I assume then, that since the problem had been set from the first, not only upon the best usual level — that of utilising and adapting the best that has been thought and done in the w'orld — but beyond this where it is practicable upon the most ambitious height — that of " pioneers always ahead " — there is one question, one implied criticism which must be excluded from the outset as outside the rules of the present game, and this the commonest : " Very pretty, no doubt ; but can you show me where this has been tried before ? Where has it succeeded ? " Such criticism, if sometimes less clearly ex- pressed, is generally what each and every concrete attempt at carrying out into the needful applica- tions any general counsel of pioneering usually gets ; as I know m the present case, even from most of the friends upon whom I have occasionally tried this or that proposal. I understand, and so far sympathise with, this attitude. I love the old songs best, and have seldom cared for any new- ones at first hearing; still, know'ing my own bias against new compositions, I do not criticise them. A new picture, however, or a new flower is quite a different matter, since here I am more ac- customed to the ])ictorial or horticultural stand- point, and the novelty of the new object or point of view becomes to its advantage. In short then, I plead that the unconventional nature of some of the following proposals must in fairness be set to their credit, at anvrate not used as an argument against them. After warding oft this one criticism I would now aid all others, by disclosing the point of view needed to share the standpoint of such designs and to overlook them. It is one easily acquired, in some measure, by anybody who will take the pains, or rather the pleasure, for it is a child's one. Anyone wIkj is not wholly iiuobser\ant knows that he is often partially so. The difficulty ol drawing or describing any familiar object, say the church steeple, from memory, or the like, is a simple proof of this. Here, too, tlae camera, still more the view-finder, is an aid : with this the "/ Kk;. 3.--KC1W uf inndL'in villas, Dnntlee, as luiited for collcgL- use. I'li;. 4. — Ihe same blocks with 5;a|i liUcil, ami lIIcci allcictl U gaulciiini; ; with beds of lioianic i^anlcn (heath and primrose families); greenhouse: and ivies, etc., on walls. .-\ simple example of " c;ardenesque " treatmenl, applicahle to irretjular buildings on level. (Photos kindly lent by Messr.s \alentine & Sons Ltd. ) i6 INTRODUCTION most unobservant may soon cultivate the art of seeing. For the ordinary purposes of life we need gener- ally go no further. We have no call to bring im- agination to our aid ; and we have grounds, by no means wholly irrational, for distrusting anv who do this. Yet a more careful view discloses that in almost every occupation the higher efficiency is connected with the e.xercise in some form of the imaginative powers. The physician we choose or consult is he to whom the frame is most transparent, the lurking death-shadow most plain. The successful mer- chant foresees the coming market ; the skilled officer is he who " sees through the hills " ; and so on. Similarlv, then, for the gardener, the architect. One appreciates or improves upon his particular plans as one acquires his general point of view — that of not only first seeing the thing as it is, but also as it mav Vie. Medical sight and insight are acquired bv nurses, and militarv insight by soldiers and \olunteers, and this often in a high have no suggestions to offer — one, the pessimist, who can see only the dreary street picture ; the other, who likes the pretty one, but " does not sec how it can be done." So much for buildings chosen as of tlic every- day street style, and of their nnmediate pos- sibilities with a miniuium of oiillay. lu illus- tration of the converse profilem — that of more ambitious and romantic design — I may cite my long-continued, though still far from comjjleted, attempts to preserve and carry on the essential artistic motive of Old Edinburgh, its pictur- escjuely piled-uji masses and roofs, chimneys and pinnacles, and to express this spirit in new groupings. Of the recovery of picturesque slums, or the improvement of ugly ones (fig. 5), I might give many instances. Keeping, however, to garden problems, let me give, in conclusion, a single illustration of a simple^case of the formal terrace gardening I pro- pose below (Chap. VIII.) upon a greater scale in its appropriate place, and as a further illustration of (>o (/■) (. I Kn.. 5. Slum in I lid Ijlinliurgh ; {u) recent; (/') a^ piopcised :ind partly realised ; (<) alternative desit^n adopu-d In' [jruprieturs liul displaced by (/»). degree, one which justifies their habit of criticism even of specialist and veteran. So it is with the intelligent amateur in every subject ; and it is hence no small use of plans such as these to ser\e as exercises for the more general cultivation of this spirit. Take a concrete and simple illustration of this mode of imagining improvements and of judging them. I find that some at first glance hardly recognise in the two illustrations (figs, j and 41 that the houses and ground are the same ; indeed, almost, though not exactly, the photographic viewpoint also. Look, then, at the bare blocks not clothed and consider how these bare blocks should be treated here, with the limited purpose of a college lawn and the severe restrictions of a botanic garden. The skilled eye, professional or amateur, will now detect the weak points in my second picture, that taken after improvement and planting, much as does my own ; it will know also which of these points must be left to improve bv further growth, and which should he altered ; thus its criticism is a mutually interesting and a constructive one. Two, however, of our Iricnds :ire silent, at any rate the habit of mind required lioth for a design and its criticism — two states of a garden entrance in Old Edinburgh before and after operations,* the whole change being the lowering and balustrading of the retaining wall, the disclosure of an existing staircase, and the provision of railing and shrub- bery in their due places (figs. 6 and 7). Further illustrations of the same principle — that of clear observation of the thing as it is, and design of it as it may be, are given throughout this volume (figs 17, 6^, and 69). f In many other cases also mv illustration exposes an evil without any companion to express its accompanying ^ Here, of course, I owe the skilled expression of my rough design to ni\' friend antl architect Professor ('apper. t I find that this method is substantially a revival of that employed by Repton, in whose imposing descriptive volumes lithographic plates, il]ustrati\e of views of places as they stood, are frequently supplied with a movalile slide showing the etlccl of his proposed improvements. This method can nuw be carried out with far greater accuracy in these days of photography, and its wider application would be of ser- \ice alike in the preparation of designs and in the appraise- ment of them. They afford a means of testing the more familiar perspectives, such as I also supply c.f. (figs. 36«, 40, etc. ) in almost every particular. modi: oi- i-:xecutiox 17 remedy. In dii this consistently far more lime would have been needed ; but mj- reader will now, I trust, exercise himself upon supplying this, as, of course, also in improving the suggestions actually offered. Some, I well see, are only too capable of this, while others are still but in- different. ( )f tlicse illustrations I shall here venture to maintain only one as being, so far as I can yet see, in i)rinciplc and on the whole, the best that can he done under tlie circum- stances (Fig. <;5), Ihough lor this also 1 invite emendation. The reader will, of course, allow for the difhcul- ties of this adaptation of the retouching process, and the imperfection or over-finish in the figures which have alternatelv resulted. menl. interest will be continually renewed, and public taste improved. Nay, more, the whole younger generation may thus be deeply and truly influenced towards beauty and knowledge, with the no small reaction upon life and home. To appreciate the result of a too decisive comple- lion let us return once more to Jesmond Dene. While we admire the completed effects produced by its master hand, \vc soon also discover some want of adequate appreciation in the community to which this great park has been handed over. Close beside the lo\ely mill cottage, the pictur- esque lake, fall, and bridge (Chap. XVTll.) with which Lord Armstrong's whole construction cul- minates, the present park authorities are building a shelter, doubtless in itself needed, but architec- Kk;. 6. -Detail of reconstnictiiin in Old Ediiilwigh. (iarden entrance before iniprovcnienl. l*'l{;. 7. — The same entrance, showing eflecl nf lowering and balustrading wall, and exposing .liery aliuve. A siniiile example of detail of formal gardening applicable to varying levels. G. Mode of Execution Willie wc would not leave things untidy because unfinished, still less without a general design to be steadily carried out, the commoner converse error must also be guarded against — that of leaving nothing to future development. For park and buildings are not in themselves the end but the means towards an ever healthier, happier, and more cultivated community, and towards this end the citizens and their enxironment must ever be pro- gressing together. The following plans have thus been drawn up with the idea not of finishing the place once for all as a nine days' wonder, but as in- dicating a comprehensive policy of improvement, which would not only occupy the constructive labour of years, but could ever be further and further developed. A rock garden, for instance, may be made and extended gradually, wliile its collections are never completed. Yet, to avoid confusion, we need a plan upon which extensions are provided for. On this principle of compre- hensive, yet continually progressive improve- li turally as poor as poor can be. Down-stream adjacent parks and their buildings disclose an un- expected deficiency of civic aesthetics ; while, out- side the park limit altogether, the magnificently widening vallev jiasses through increasing neglect and pollution and desolation into the utmost squalor and slum. One almost wonders whether this great .gift may not in some ways be harmful, since it not only fails to serve as an incentive and start-point to the continued improvement of the valley, but seems too much reduced to a spot of refuge from the neighbouring neglect or continued destruction. My proposal involves the precise reverse of tliis. It is, that while adopting a comprehensive design (I trust the present one), and having this still further elaborated with all needful completeness, the Trustees should utilise its gradual execution for the corresponding education of its community. Thus, the place of needed trees once fixed upon plan, their planting might largely be made a matter of social and educational interest, utihs- ine:. for instance. " Arlior Dav," that admirable i8 IXTROUUCTION American school holiday, in which the practical and moral, the aesthetic and naturalistic educa- tion of the younger generation, and the needed afforestation of the country are being helped on together. Similarly for the development of gardens, and that of all kinds — scholastic and general, botanic, naturalistic, and formal, of course in varying measure. The same principle of widening partici- pation may be applied also in various collections, both living in gardens, preserved in museums, libraries, etc. Towards such developments the respecti\e working staff may actively co-operate.* In this report I suggest such co-operation here and there ; and its possibilities should be every- where kept in view, the Dunfermline public thus increasingly coming to feel towards the Trust and its group of culture resources and institutions as do the members of a great college — not only jealously careful of their common wealth but active towards increasing il. At the same time, I must expressly guard against the idea that a garden can be developed like a cairn, from the sum of independent contributions. Tliis would be like having rival painters on the same canvas, rival decorators or musicians in the same room, or a council of war conducting a battle — despite all ability and good intentions only discoid and material disaster can result. H. Correspondents At this stage I have to express my cordial thanks to over two hundred correspondents in many quarters of the old and new world, whose suggestions I invited at the outset of this reyjort, seven months ago, and from whom I have received a very large number of replies, always interesting or encouraging, and sometimes highly suggestive. Were I authorised by the writers to print these, they would make up a volume of no mean in- terest. Many of these suggestions, of course, touch matters beyond my scope ; especially do many of the large groups dealing witli educational problems and tasks and with social betterment extend beyond the limits of the present volume. But all have been transmitted to the Secretary of the Trust for its respective committees, so that no suggestions will thus fail to receive the serious consideration thev merit. I trust that many cor- respondents who may not find their particular view expressly represented may still feel that its spirit is not wholly lacking. * Thus, in at present laying uiil a botanic garden fur London teachers in connection with a park, museum, and educational scheme now being organised by the L.C.C. , and much akin to that required by Dunfermline, I am asked by the parks superintendent to .select and nominate to him among the many' working gardeners one who can efficiently tend the plants and who can also best aid the teacher and pupil. I must frankly confess that after reading, summarising, and re-reading this wealth of sug- gestions, and, I trust, digesting and profiting bv it, I have laid all aside with the strengthened conviction that the problem before us is not one which can be dealt with piecemeal bv the simple plan, in other cases so useful, often c\en so neces- sary, of simply meeting demands as thev happen to arise, or adopting good ideas as thev happen to come in so long as funds may last. The problem is one of design, the designing ol a unified group of institutions capable of assuring a real and substantial culture development to the city. This assured, all suggestions may anew be considered, and will be found largely to fall into their natural places. In the following pages, then, these courteous correspondents will find the general view of the problem I have to offer, and I invite their criticism if I have not yet done justice to their view, or at aiu- rate left place for its subsequent consideration when the time of detailed execution approaches. /. Summary of Method and Point of View In smnmarv, then, the preparation nl this report has tlius iiiNohed not only the planning of the improNcment of a park, and the laying out of gardens upon a scale worthy of the city and of the occasion, but that of an extensive series of buildings of very various uses. In view of the extreme irregularity of the sites, and their peculi- arly complex relation both to park and city, these have had to be planned out with especial care, indeed with practical completeness, since to in- dicate such sites without positive certainty that the proposed buildings could be fitted into them would have been worse than no suggestion at all. In this connection, too, I have had to acquaint myself with the history of Dunfermline, and, indeed, largely to reinvestigate its significance, which appears to me to exceed that claimed even by its many loving annalists. f To this problem I had already, fortunately, given .some attention, as also for many years past to the vast modern qiiestiun of museums. But here, again, fresh planning and replanning has been necessary, since precedents have availed little. The requirements of twentieth-century science have had to be frankly reconsidered, and this from that more comprehen- sive and unified standpoint, synthetic yet evolu- tionary, wliich especially distinguishes the opening period from the recent one, which has been, in the main, .so content with its multiplicity of unrelated specialisms. Again, beyond the difficult)' of due presentment and worthy housing of science and arts in evolution is that of the vast educational problems which these raise, and this on every t P3rskine Beveridge, LL.D., " Bibliography of Uunlenn. line." Dunfermline, 1903. si'MMAin' oi- mi: r HOD 19 level, primary and secondary, higher and adiill. In ;ill these fields, again, il is no easy matter to lie all things to all men. lor this involves at once ilc\ ising the means of arousing and leading on popular interest, yet also of meeting the com- plex requircmcnis and ready crilieisni of experts in many fields. At e\erv point, therefore, from jiark, play- ground, and garden to museums and palaces, these larger human and social uses must dominate our constructive tasks ; theirs the demand which must determine the supply. Once more, there- fore, the planner's standpoint changes. No longer has he simply here to garden or there to build, even reconciling as best he can in detail past and present with future, so far as his foresight can go. He must now strive to place himself at a more comprehensive standpoint, the hardest of all to reach — that of the city as a whole — and this not only the particular and concrete city, the local growth, with its advantages and limitations — he must think out for himself anew the civic problem in its many aspects, comparing city with city over the world ; and beyond this again he must not shrink from formulating the ideal of the city. This now is no mere Utopia, but is to be stated in terms of modern science, which begins to turn from deciphering the past of evolution to seeking the practical secret of its future guidance. Here, then, is the last and higher plane of social and scientific research — that which recovers the best ideals of the past and reinstates them in the fresh light of evolution as cardinal points which must hencefortli increasingly guide our social develop- ment on our personal life journey. This is no merely intellectual step, nor even practical one ; it iinolves the whole life, the whole being, and that of the community even more fully than that of the individual. Beyond the evolutionary synthesis of the thinker, or the renewed university of the teacher, there thus arises a conception, already nascent, not only in books but in cities, that of park and gardens and culture institutes as becoming the Cathedral of the People and of the opening time. We now see the modern town evolving anew towards the culture city — city of realising ideals — and thus again becoming sacred in a new sen.se, yet one which may have within it much of what is best in the old. With this evolutionary point of view — the socio- logical, the ethical — our whole perspective changes. It is our social and educational hope and purpose, our conception of civic progress, which must deter- miiic our selection amid the many possibilities of life ; and if not consciously and for higher ends, then unconsciously and for lower ones. These ideals now stated, their housing may be profit- ably considered — that is, their buildings fitly constructed and jilanned ; and, this concluded, their garden setting, witliin the whole city, park, and landscape, becomes jiracticable. I'Dr these long studies, then, each with its rami- fications, its many drafts and sketches, much longer time has been needed than was calculated for, and this despite well-nigh continuous labour. I trust, however, that this may not prove to have been unfruitful. Indeed, when the great number and variety of the (jueslions and the points con- sidered and of the solutions offered is taken into account, it will, I trust, be seen that this fuller elaboration, which has been found necessary to do them justice, will not be found to have been a loss of time in the long run, /. The Present Volume Despite much thought and pains, the variety and intricacy of subject, and the some- times needful abstractness of thought, make this volume less readable than I had hoped. I would plead, however, that the task laid upon me has been comprehensive beyond precedent. In con- cluding it I venture to predict, however, that over and above the ordinary literature of topo- grajihy, history, and contemporar\- lite and activity in which cities are already so rich, each and every city will soon come to have at least three new volumes to itself. The first of these will offer the geographic and historic facts of a good guide-book, well illustrated by help of a photographic survey, even fuller than that which I have undertaken for this park and its environs ; while all this would be accompanied, as far as possible, l)y an interpretation of the city con- sidered as a concrete product of social evolution. After this General Survey, which describes material environment and historic development, comes next its complementary volume — the Social Survey proper. This sets out from the standpoint of the present condition of the people, their occujuition and real wages, their family budget, therefore, and culture level The first of these books is partly represented by our current guide-books — Black's or Murray's, Baedeker's or Baddeley's, still better by Grant .Mien's, since these are more evolutionary in their treatment ; and the second by Booth's Sur\ey of London, or Rowntrce's of York. The present volume has necessarily something of the first of these, though not of the second. Its real place, however, is as suggesting the third desideratum — that which, taking full note of places and things as they stand, of people as they are, of work, family, and institutions, of ideas and ideals, vet patiently jilans out, then boldly sug- gests, new and practicable developments ; and these not only for the immediate future but for the remoter and higher issues which a city's long life and its correspondingly needed foresight in- volves. In short, a Report such as the present — indeed, far more complete and more extensive than 20 IXTRODrCTinX the present — should arise as the natural sequel to the two previous volumes — those of Guide and Social Survey. Here, then, is a broad result of that pioneering injunction for other cities as well as our own, which is the initial keynote struck for the Trust and those privileged to serve it by its founder. Here we reach the due coadjustment of thought and action, as Social Survey and Social Service ; and even the conception of an Eiicyclopivdia Civica, to which city after city should contribute the trilogy of its past, present, and future Bettor far, as life transcends books, we may see, yet more fore- see, the growth of civic consciousness and con- science, of awakening and renascence. This the production of such volumes would at once imply and inspire — life ever producing its appropriate expression in literature, and literature reacting upon life. Apart altogether from what may be the qualities and defects of particular volumes such as the present, we see how the very conception of such a threefold series may become of service, since com- bining the view and the re.sources of the educa- tionalist with his treasure-houses of culture, of the man of action with liis mastery of immediate affairs, of the thinker with his vision of the open- ing future, and all into the material of the artist. Even his unifying design, its worthy realisation, is thus preparatory to the real problem of the Trust, that of moral and social leadership, at once inspiring and orchestrating all. Null, lit (ri'.NRKM. I'l \N. - In iinler to l^eep rhjwii ihc minilici "I" 1.1. .cks. tor clciiiiicss inevilal.ly so consicicialilf, I have crowik-il tlic esscnlial detail of each garden and .section ..f ihe I'ark ii|.on llie Cieneral Plan, instead of giving each a separate block in its appropriale chapter, and indicating ils mere ovitliiie upon ihis plan, which would thus have re- tained its simplirily ..f eft'ecl. I see this economy to l.e a misleading one, so ihat the jilan, which is, if possilile, even more conservative of all ihe existing features, views, an.l even details of the Park and ('den, as of its surrounding liuildings, gives an impression of exaggerated importance of added ilel;iils. whiili, especially in the s..ulh park, may scein to destroy the real simiilieily of general effect. If these details slill appear too numerous and loo elaborate, the reader will remember that in such planning it is far better to foresee the possibilities of elaborate treatment, and thence to simplify, than to make a too simple design, which the enrichments which are s.i commonly desired w..uld be apt t.. destro\. This principle holds good in eveiy detail; for instance, that of the suggested drives. These may, ..f course, be nam. wed into promenades or paths if desired, and the iieiglil...iiring footpaths reduced accordingly: whereas, were not all the main possible drives here foreseen, the whole design iiiighl have been at any point upset. I regret not to have been able to prepare garden perspectives rorresp. .nding to those of the buildings (figs, iji, 132, 133), and indicating the effects aimed at, especially since these are to many not easily visualised either from the plan or from the text. The beauty and persuasiveness thus lacking might also have been supplied by the help of reproductions of photographs of fine features of existing gardens. But after a little study of such volumes as those of Miss Jekyll or Mr Robinson, of C'linlrr /if',', or of its ipiintessence in "Gardens Old and New," a fresh study of the accompanying plan will show that very many of the best efiects of such notable gardens have been provided for here, and rearranged so as to enhance each other's effect, within a fresh and independent whole. Estimates for the execution of Ihe diflVrent features of the designs are also withheld for the present, the more since only gradual e.vecution is .suggested. But both gardens and buildings will be found to require less considerable outlay and upkeep than may on a first impression ajipear. BOOK I A. APPROACHES AND ADJACENT IMPROVEMENTS CHAPTI'.R I PAPK APPROACHES AND ENTRANCES A. Choice of Approach Before us is the iihm of the whole park. I ask that the consideration of tlie following proposals be rendered real and practical by means of a pere- grination, one actual to the resident and at least followed on the map by the more distant reader. Wliere shall we l)egin ? For many the High Street seems llie natural starting-point, for manv the Abbey, with its park entrance, or the Tower Hill, around which the whole city has historically arisen. With the recent inaugural procession we might enter by the Pittencrieff gate, with the visitor to Dunfermline from the Lower Station, or, again, from the naval base by the road from Inverkeithing, or from Rosyth, which are both destined to such increased importance in the near future. From the station we would naturally approach by I'riory Lane and Monastery Street, while by the last we obtain our first view from the Nethertown. There is much to be said for each of these points of view, and the plan of the present report has been thought over from each in turn. From the standpoint alike of geographv and common-sense we must approach a hill-city from its bottom, not from its top. Were we here at the standpoint of the tourist we should naturallv make at once for its landmarks — the Abbey and Palace, thence pass to the Glen, and thence to the finest parts of the park and garden, coming to minor elements only later if time allowed. In this report, however, it is expedient almost to reverse this process, and begin with less salient aspects first. About these there is less danger of difference of opinion, so that not only can principles be more simjily discussed but jilans of action more easily settled. For further concreteness, let us imagine our- selves meeting at the Lower Station someone not unacquainted with gardening and architecture, and bringing with him that fresh eye which may help the everyday familiarity of the citizen. Entering from the station, our visitor, though favourably impressed bv the old public park and the short boulevard of Comely I^ark Place, can hardly fail to notice the great defects of the first and the imperfect adjustment of the two. The latter, he may point out, is easily remediable, mainly by a slight rectification of road, railing, and park wall, with a little planting, by which the street, the old park, and the railway station would all lie united, and thus each improved not a little. Coming on through the narrow Priory Lane to the new Technical School and High School, he can liardlv fail to note with regret the recently lost O]i|)orlunity of extending the station boulevard and ])arkway he has just traversed to meet the school square; and though welcoming the recent widening of the street at the expense of the garden edge of the bowling I green, he may regret the bareness of its wall I'Hi. b. — I'huloyraph looking Kasl from midillc of I'riory I'lacc, opposite Teclmical School — /.t\ from middle of the pro- posed "Parkway"; looking hack along the short Station Boulevard (Comely I'urk I'lacc) to old I'uhlic Park. Trees here introtliiced. treatment. By planting trees, at any rate where adjacent land is unbuilt on, some effect of this lost boulevard can still be recovered (fig. o) ; these trees in perspective leading to those of the park, whose tree- tops are so plainly seen over the manse gale and wall. The possibility of obtaining a new entrance here conies naturally to be discussed, and turning round and looking back towards the station from this (fig. 8) we fully realise how great would be the gain to the amenity and dignity of the city were the two parks, old and new, to become connected by a I'ARK Al'I'ROACHKS AM) KXTRAXCES continuous boulevard, a " Parkway." Hence he cannot but urge that tliis be put upon the city's plan, even though it can only at once be realised by these few trees, and perhaps not fully for a generation. For tree planting involves patience as no other calling does. The disastrous loss to the improvement of a city through looking at each of its public parks as a well-defined " propertv " enclosed within its own boundaries is here at once realised. In any and every city (even in those comparatively well laid out or richest in parks, like Edinburgh i we may- readily see huw its present beauty might have been doubled had the approaches and inter- connections of its parks been adequately studied, instead of independent! v conducted, on one side by a Parks Committee, on the other by a Streets and Huildings Committee, and so, jiractically, by KiG. g. — I'hcitiigraph Imm sanu- -simt, hut lnoUing \Ve^t tciwards Manse, with new (f'ittencriefl) I'ark beyond. I'ro- posetl new entrance at end of street. Trees again introduced. unlucky chance. Here at the very outset the landscape gardener mav at once define his habitual viewpoint — that of combining into picture, co- ordinating in literal perspective, the standpoints of these two civic committees, and of helping, so far as he can, towards coadjnsting the immediate field of the park superintendent with those of the city architect and of the burgh engineer. To be efficient in his task he must take note of all tliat comes into liis park pictures, which neces- sarilv include park approaches and environs, no more avoiding this point or that feature, because of proprietarv or other differences, than does the hvgienisl in his way, but e([iiallv free with him to say what in his judgment is wrong, and suggest what may still be done, or, at anv rate kept in view, to remedy it. B. Approach Selected Since this Manse entrance is not vet acquired, and since, moreover, we agreed at the outset to begin at the lowest level and to dispose of simpler matters before entering upon difficulties, we leave this, and also the present East entrance, the old " Portgate " by the .\bbey, for later con- sideration (Chaps. XIV. and XXIII. respectively), and descend by Moodie Street towards Nether- town, noting for preservation Mr Carnegie's early home, and below this, for improvement if possible, the featureless gable of the adjacent house and tlie present unoccupied field — an excellent site, it may be noted in passing, for a possible future School Garden. Of this the needed gardener- superintendent's cottage would cover the gable above referred to, and inipro\e the street. (See Fig. in.) Reaching Ncthertown Street, we have for- tunatelv here such breadth as offers the possi- bility of planting it as a boule\ard like Comely Park Place (indeed why not with the improve- ment of grass verges as at Helensburgh ?). (Fig. II.)" Here, in fact, would be a tirsl-rate imme- diately realisable Parkway, which would be ]iractically in line with a new entrance to the park at the foot of the Glebe, of which the acquirement is obviously of great importance. Pausing at this point, we note the various elements of the landscape, the fine tree-clad west bank of the stream, tlic pleasantly rising but naked manse hill with the valley narrow- ing upwards, the irregular grouping of the old mills, the tower of the .-Kbbev Church. (Figs. I .' and I v) ,'\gain and again along the slopes to Forth or Tay we find such a " den " or dell, a more or less deep-cut, tree-filled ravine widen- ing out into an enlarged valley of more fertile aspect — in short, passing from dell into orchard and field. This being the general and natural character of a landscape of this kind, our business as gardeners — taming Nature, yet developing her natural resources of beauty — is |o plant upwards, thus continuing trees from ihf boulevard and from our proposed Ncthertown entrance to the top of the manse hill. Large and lofty trees at the highest points along this ascending east side of the Glebe, soon to be the edge of the park, are obviously desirable to frame the valley in trees on both sides, the present high and unsightly wall (figs. 14 and 16) being, of course, removed. Common maple (Scots "plane") would here do well ; and immediately west of these should be planted flow-ering trees — first the wild gcan, white in spring blossom and orange-scarlet in autumn foliage ; within these again a varietx- nl crabs and other apples, so interesting in fruit as well as in flower, and acquirin.g with age a gnarled picturesqueness of form and beauty of bark all their own. Rowan, service tree, and haw- thorns of sorts would also be added, the common Fir.. Io.--Vic\v up Mnodif Street, whii-li wnvild riuiiic the C'luircli Tower. Widening; praclicalilr. Field to li'^ht Kiiiialile fur Schnul (hardens: Ijlank sjahle tn rii^lit emild thus be covereil liy gardener's collage. Flc. II. — View (if NellierlDwn Street from near Hospital (Fast of Station), lookini; West towards new Park. Trees introdured, sliowint; iiiiniediate effect, here so easily practicable, of Koiilevard Approach to I'ark. 24 PARK APl'ROACHES AND ENTRANCES hawthorn occupying shade thrown by the larger trees. With the shelter thus provided fine varieties as of double cherry, and even of almond, with its early pink blossom, mav be planted ; while even where the Glen narrows into shadow thorns will still blossom, furnishing a " Hawthornden " transition from the orchard effect below to the deeper fernv shade above. On the future gate- lodge climbing shrubs like the hlue-hu^hyCeanollnis) the orange thorn (C. pyracantha), the dark-foliaged and scarlet-berried cotoneasters, would all find place. The main effect obtained by the acquisi- tion and improvement of the Glebe would thus be that of a well-sunned orchard slope, sheltered by trees from east and west with grassy bank running down to the dovecote and the stream. Should the adjacent field lo the cast be acquired. The general principle of the needed rearrange- ment will be understood from a glance at figs. 14 and 15, for, as inspection of the ground will show, it is needful and casv to widen and straighten the present connection between the Nethertown Boulevard and the aven\ie of Lovers' Loan. To do this we must, of course, push the stream northward, and here rises the possibility, as the contours show, of altering the present artificial course of the stream, chieflv bv excavating to northward of its present course, along the road- side, so as to furnish a not inconsiderable estuary- like lake or pond, of which this south side would still be straight, but the outlines to east and west would be quite natural ones. Any excavated material would be partly used to fill up the deeper portions of the present course, and so leave no spot which might be loo deep for children wading ; Flc. 12. — \'icw frum West end .if NethcrtnHn, IcMikint; up ihe valk-y tield (C.Iebe) and past on light (east) ti> Mcmaslcry ruin and .\t)licy Cluuch. Park trees an West liank ct stream. View expediency iif adding glebe to Park. Manse lew sliows the proposed planting may be readilv adjusted to this ; or if buildings are erected in it bv other ]iroprietors of such a character as to enhance the amenity of the park, peeps of mutual advantage can be arranged. The design for this south-east (Nethertown) entrance lodge must naturally be determined by the architecture of the buildings to be erected above, and so cannot be discussed at this stage. In any case it should be simple and unobtrusive upon the larger view. Imposing gates and lodges are only needed where the landscape otherwise lacks interest , with great architecture as here within sight, they must be kept as simple as possible. C. East Lake The question of roads from this entrance next falls to be considered, and some conjoint under- standing between the public authorities, adjacent proprietors, and the Trust is here plainly desirable. and, further, to construct a small bird island, where nests would be secure from molestation. But some material would be needed for rai.sing the road and impro%ing the slope also from Elgin Street. A small skating-pond, though one not verv rapidlv freezing, owing to the trees shelter- ing it on tlic weslern side, is thus provided. This will be of beautv during the whole year, and afford a natural home for swans and for a con- siderable number of aquatic birds, of which an interesting selection may easily be maintained at very moderate expense. The ruined dovecot should, of course, also be rebuilt (fig. 17), and would furnish a picturesque foreground object, composing with the picturesque masses of the old buildings above on the hill. This dovecot jjeninsula might also afford lodging for a seal, or even sea-lion, on its southward side, a duly protected bear-cage or bear-pit and pole to the northward. The position of the different animal houses of the proposed small " Zoo " has XF.F.n OF STRFAM ITRI FKATIOX 25 been carefully considered, with the kind help of one of our most eininenllv successful authorities. Professor Cunningham, h.R.S ihe Dublin Zoological Gardens will be returned to later. X'hap. X.) It will be noted thai this slight raising and extension of the stream would sacrifice a certain number of trees along the west edge of Ihe present stream. These would be more than compensated for by judicious planting along the edge, and also by planting new ones upon the other side of this belt of trees — i.e. upon the east side of the main park beyond. The effect of the proposed changes may lie realised from figs. 17, 18, and iq. D. Previous Need of Stream Purification late Director of but this subject its defect. The existing footpath on the south side is too narrow, while on the north side there is none, and the park wall, unfortunately, hides the stems and roots of the trees. The following 4^^^ A^-' The polluted state of the stream, however, renders this whole proposed improvement — i.e. the very first park im- provement we come to, and one of obvious beauty — quite impracticable for the present. We therefore leave the glen and its stream till we have discussed its thorough ]>uri- fication in a later chapter (XL), and in the meantime address oursehes to such park improvements as are practic- able independently of this, though not thereby recom- mending these, however in themselves desirable, as worthy of precedence. This is indeed the fundamental condition both of the natural- istic and the artistic improve- ments which lie before us ; a condition closely connected, not only as symbol but as practical help or hin- drance, to the whole task and problem of material and moral betterment \i])on wdiich Dunfermline is entering. E. Lovers' Loan, etc. Proceeding along the widened road shown in fig. IS, we now reach the a\enue of Lo\ers' Loan. Fig. jo shows not only its beautv but Fig. 13. — Detail .**>"r^^ I ii.. 17. — The preceding view, but now showing effect of Kast Lake (I'ig. 15). and of planting East side of Glebe if added to Park. l'"|f.. iS. I'urlher detail of this l-'.ast Lake, showing nearer etfecl ot west lal^c margin seen from ijoat or e.i.sl side. Fig. 19. — Further detail of west margin, from its own side. (This and the preceding view are taken by Mr Xorval from Otterston Loch in vicinity, and are thus quite realisable here.) Kli;. 20. — \ iew along Lovers' Loan, looking Wcsl. \\:ill concL-aliniz tree stems to N'ortli. Note narrow fnoipatli on South, and high I'ark Kio. 21. — The same view reloiuherl, showing lliis Norlli wall removed, also advantage of new path- ways outsirle trees on each side (the trees to North are really nn a higher level). XOK III i:\Tk. \.\(K be possible here ? Might not a strip of grouiitl be conceded by each proprietor, north and soutli of tlie present road, so as to give a boulevard proper, with a footpath on either side of the main avenue ? Upon the outer edge of each foot- path a new row of trees miglit also be ]5lanted : while the gaps in (lie main avenue would of course be supplied. Turning northwards up the t'oal Koad (fig. 22), is not a similar arrangement possible, thus continuing oui' niili.il Parkway along the south side of the town and jiark up the west side also ? Why may furnish an argument of enlightened .self- mlerest, and present the planting of trees as a shrewder " investment in futures " than many more common ones. F. North Entrance and its Neighbourhood Alter pausuig at this important cro.ssmg, and noting the monotonous street perspectives u]) and down, we pass eastwards, and soon reach the North entrance, with its new gales and lodge 1* lij. 22. — View ui Ciial kuail, luokiijg North upliil], .\ similar treatment upon eaeh side is naturally indicated (("/". (ieneral Plan), thus giving a West Park .\\enuc. not continue the avenue still fartlier, so improving the new suburb arising to north-west of the ]xuk y For this some trees already exist (on the w-ay to Grieve Street and Golfdrum), and serve to indicate how great would be this improvement. It is the clear and increasing jiolicv of all park improvements reallv worth the name, by due development of such approaches to send out at anv rate the beginning of boulevards radiating into the actual city or the future suburbs in every direction possible. That difficulties exist is obvious, but this class of improvement is so obviously needed for the approaching future tliat it cannot be neglected ; while the substantial economic gain to proprietors, as well as to the city, buildings opposite These are admired l)v some, severely criticised by others, but at any rate are so new, efficient, and substantial as to make no alteration justifiable, save by the planting of ivies, roses, jessamine, and the like upon both lodge and railing. As representing the style of our own times, they also take as obvious a place in our open-air museum of architectural styles as anv of their predecessors. Pausing again for a moment at this crossing we note the desirability of again improving a l>ark approach bv planting a northward avenue up Maitland Street and of putting in trees along the edges of the adjacent school playground. In all such matters of planting, e\en in comparatively 30 PARK APPROACHES A\D l-A'TRANCRS narrow streets we cannot do better than follow the example of Aberdeen, which, despite a more inclement climate, has taken tlic lead among Scottish cities, and can show many miles of results already admirable, indeed conchisi\-c, to all who value the evidence of experience. G. School Gardening The question of a School Crarden in tins nci.^h- bourhood naturally arises ; but, as on entering the park we see that no plot of ground can be given up for this without far too serious damage to park amenity, 1 stronglv recommend that any ground provided for a garden to this school should be in its own immediate neighliourhood, especially as this adjacent ground seems still available, of course with greater convenience to the school itself. The supply of extended recreative and garden grounds to other schools, especially those still upon the growing edge of the city, while oViviously most desirable, does not come within the limits of the present report. I submit plan, however (Chap. VII.), for one such School Garden, designed to indicate the jiossibilitv of combining both re- creative and gardening uses, and it would be easv to work out very varied designs adapted to respective sites. These would enable each school to develop characteristic elements of interest and corresponding branches of gardening, so that each might be best in some uav All schools and children will find their interests considered, so far as limits allow, in the treatment proposed later for the I'ark and Gardens. Fir.. 23. — Highest grouiui nf I'ark in Norih-P'.ast corner. Old Dovecote Tower to East. Koofs oi I'iltencrieft' Street coltage.s seen through Houtuhuy IManlalion and behind wall. Hacks of high new Tenements to West. I'roposed site of sunk Playgrounds with Shrubberies, Flower beds, etc. CHAPTER NEIGHBOURING PROPERTY AND HOUSING IMPROVEMENTS A. Neighbouring Housing Improvements Without entering upon the general Housing (.jucs- tion or the housing policy of the Trust in relation to it, the present problem, that of the jiark, its approaches, and adjacent buildings inxolvcs some brief discussion of the subject within these limits. Returning to the North entrance, jiossible sites at once suggest themselves, not onlv as well adapted for improving the approaches by open spaces, housing improvements, or l)oth, but also on account of the serious risks of per- manent injury to the amenity of this important entrance, as of others, should thev be built upon in the ordinary tenement fashion, of which ex- amples are not far to seek. It is manifest that such sites can he used not only more picturesquely but more economically by the Trust than by a private speculator, for the former can more fully utilise them. From the northern part of the Park, east of this main entrance, the uninteresting backs of new and comparatively lofty tenements form a regrettable interruption of the picturesque lines and pleasing colour of the red-roofed cottages which elsewhere predominate, especially west- wards. These bald brick walls and low-pitched, slated roofs, so well seen during the long months while the trees are bare, give an ominous indi- cation of the possible future aspects of the I'ark boundaries. The ugly and monotonous high boundary wall of the Park is also far too much in evidence. See fig. 23 above. There is notliing necessarily undesirable in having houses lookiirg into the park. On the 3' contrary, the more windows with this pleasant outlook the better. Nor is there any objection to tenements in themselves : some such lofty buildings, at due intervals, the writer (himself responsible at Edinburgh for the lofty tenements of University Hall, with their otitlook upon West Princes Street Gardens) would naturally rather welcome than oppose, provided due architectural care be taken in their grouping and design. F'lCt. 22(1. —North Knlrance. Here, then, is a suggestion; that the Trust let it be openly understood to all surrounding pro- prietors that where they arc willing to make their present back a pleasing frontage, in any way, however simple, whether by building, hading, or verduring, and where tenants keep their garden so as to make this presentable and pleasing from XEIGIFHOlKINc; I'ROIM-.RTV AM) H()L\SI\G IM PROVKIMl'.XTS the park, that liert-, al this ])oinl, the Trustees should lower their wall to a height ol 2 or 3 feet, and surmouiU this by a railing, so as to exchange the mutual view. The trees, mostly limes, which fringe the northern plantation might also in not a few Ciises be lowered, in fact be pollarded, with gain of sunshine to the dwellings and their gardens, and without loss of general effect to tlie planta- tion — limes lending tliemsehes aiinurablv e\en to tlie severest treatment. Per contra, where the backs of buildings are objectionable, the Tnisl should lea\e its existin.g trees and wall, antl still further shut out the view of any liuilding they object to as ot the irregularities of their own wall by further plantation, cspecialh' of tall-growing varieties of yew and holly, so as increasingly to conceal them in winter. I see no reason why tlic more impro\ing neigli- liour proprietors should not lie further encouraged by a jirivilege which would gne increased value to lluii" property — naineU', the grant of a private entrance from their garden direct into the park ; of course, controlled at night-time by an over- ke\' b\' the park-keepers. This arrangement has been in operation for many years in lidinburgh between West Princes Street Gaixlens and tlie adjacent houses. B. Hygienic and Domestic Improvements I assume that a cert.iin number ol these houses — two especially — of Pittcncrieff Street and Chal- mers Street adjacent to the park will graduallv pass into the possession of the Trust. Is it not possible judiciously to use them so as to in- fluence, no doubt gently and gradually, the general housing of the town ajiart from larger building schemes to which mv present instruc- tions do not extend ? Beyond the oriieens' (larden in (ilen. N'iew taken frnni I'ark ilrive. fifty yards uesl of former point. RESini'.NCES 39 tcctural representativeness and interest, from St Catherine's Cliapel to the I'ortgatc, with its buildings from each of the great ages of education — mediaeval and subsequent — grouped under the abbey spire (fig. 26). Here, better than in any other buildings obtainable, can be naturally fostered at once that spirit of svmpathetic appreciation and conservation of the past, of practical utility in the present, and of adequate outlook towards the future, which is essential not only to a liberal culture but to a fully sympathetic and useful life. Such a group of houses would readily adapt itself to residence for both sexes, the method which works so admirably in some of the best American settlements — as notably Hull House, Chicago. If a separate centre under exclusively feminine management is desired ex- cellent sites are obtainable even in this neighbour- hood. In this connection I would strongly press that the whole policy of social institutes must be largely influenced by women. First of all, therefore, the relevant committee will have to find Ihc riglit woman. To manv who are accustomed to think in te-ms of large political changes rather than of small social leavening ones, these proposals must necessarily seem " petty " or " indefinite." Yet one cannot as yet simply map out a town into districts like municipal wards, or school-board areas, and there plant down a social institute and expect it to work. .\t any rate, I am not aware of such methods having succeeded anywhere ; whereas that sporadic, irregular, and unsystematic growth from manv individual centres, and of as man\' kinds, is steadily transforming the slums of Whitechapel and of Old Edinburgh, of New York and Chicago. Thus Toynbee Hall and its as- sociated group have quietly gone on and prospered, and in less than twenty years have spread into activities, influences, and results which would need this whole report to do them justice ; while the famous People's Palace, started from the first upon a far greater scale, and with apparently everything in its favour, has gradually settled down into little more than a local technical school. There, as so often, the most generous of philan- thropic foundations from without is but little compared to that which struggles up from an ideal within. But here in Dunfermline may we not have the combination of both advantages ? May we not hope to see living personal groups, gener- ously, yet wisely — that is, gradually — encouraged to enlarging growth and usefulness ? My concep- tion, then, is of the rise of one after another of these gradually growing centres, each naturally selecting its own membership and lines of activity, and its individuals giving some portion of their time to the work of the institute, and thence taking part, it may be, in wider social service. It is in this way that in the course of a few years the settlements come to furnish effective members to all kinds of public bodies, and are hence so notably aiding that movement of higher citizenship now so obvious in London and in American cities. The detailed working of such social institutes, their adaptation to and contracts with people of all ages, their entertainments and activities, need not bo described here. Enough that the elements l'"u;. 26. — Ivied ruin, traflitiun.-illy of tlii.- Chapel of the Convent of St Catherine; with (,)ucen Anne's House on rii;hl, and Abbey spire above. are already present in Dunfermline, like other towns, indeed abundantly, both in connection with churches and with lay organisations, general and special ; while acquaintance with the work of university settlements and kindred bodies can be obtained in all the larger cities. It is obvious that although the universities have had con- siderable share in their establishment there is no necessary relation between the two ; capable workers and leaders constantly appear inde- pendently of educational institutions altogether. Yet the peculiarly central po.sition of Dunfermline among the five university towns of Scotland will make it easy to utilise this connection in many ways. No greater combination of advantages can be desired for social and educational workers. So far, then, our minor Social Institutes and Residences, their possibilities of growth. These, 40 SOCIAL INSTITUTES AND Cl-.XTKAL INSTITUTE however, next require, al least will be greatly benefited by, the establishment and corresponding progress and development of a Central Institute. Let me now attempt to sketch this. C. Central Institute (Halls, Library, etc.) Each growing grouj) of social activities will work more efficiently in jiroportion not only to its healthy rivalry with others but to its living touch and interchange of ideas, as far as possible even its actual co-operation with these. The simpler kinds of intercourse, from individual acquaintance and mutual hospitalities, from entertainments and matches of all kinds, will naturally arise, but beyond this we need a Meeting-place of persons, and a Clearing-house for ideas, an Information Bureau of many kinds. This in turn requires efficient Reference Liliraries of various definite kinds, so giving us a literal Athenjeum, a home of social and intellectual life, a radiant centre of educational, civic, and moral activities. This, then, next requires a conveniently situated — that is, as nearly as possible central — gi'oup of buildings, and now upon a large and public scale. What are its elements ' In the first place, both small and large Halls ior meetings, entertain- ments, lectures, of all kinds ; and, on the other hand, an adequate Library. Obviously the elements of both of ihese already exist in St Margaret's Halls and in the Public Library, happily adjacent, and ii would be in my judgment sheer waste to build new ones to replace these, even were a more convenient site obtainable, which I fail to see. While Dunfermline has the honourable dis- tinction of possessing the first of the great series of Carnegie Libraries it is also undeniable that — doubtless in great part for that very reason — this is less adequately developed than are many of its successors. Now surely is the time to bring it up to date, which in this case means not only abreast of the modern average, but again serving as an example and initiative. For this purpose it requires in the first place substantial structural extension, and this is practicable on the present site by moderate alteration and addition. The present librarian's house should be thrown into the library. No dwelling should be placed here, so that the whole available space up to St Mar- garet's Halls and the Bank garden might then safely be built over, thus making one continuous block of buildings from Maygate to St Margaret's Halls inclusive.* I have not thought it necessary or desirable to * I am aware that this would require the special sanction of the magistrates, but if the dwellini^ were removed the usual reservation of open ground from Ijuilding space might safely be relaxed just as it has been with the site entirely covered by St Margaret's Halls. submit any detailed plan for this, since the two existing buildings have doubtless their own architects. The simplest inspection of the two buildings and the vacant ground will make it obvious that they can be easily and economically connected, the present ground plan of St Jlar- garet's Halls, with their existing passages on east and west side alike, making such connections easy without any serious structural alterations upon this portion of the proposed unified block. Might not the Trust Offices here also conveniently find accommodation, so giving a vet more eftective combination ? The present unattractive reading-room might be easily improved and adapted to a children's library, and a new and larger reading-room provided for adults upon the o])en site. I can well imagine that the time is ripening for the establishment of liranch libraries, at any rale in the remoter suburbs, such as Townhill aiul Baldridge Burn, but these lie beyond my limits. Nor need I here enter into the obvious need of improving the existing general library, or rendering it accessible through a larger por- tion of the day and week than at present, as of improving and increasing the scanty supply of current literature accessible in tlie reading- room. But 1 must be permitted to urge the desirability — in fact, it appears to me the urgent necessity — of adequate departmental Refer- ence Collections in those departments of activity which the existence of this Trust involves. I do not propose that Dunfermline should attempt to rival the great general libraries of Edinburgh or Olasgow, much less the LIniversity Libraries in their special subjects, but I do press that it is not merely desiralile but indispensable, if the Trust is to carry out any policy of pioneering, that it should know the best that is being thought and done in the world in its various departments. That is to say, it needs an Education Library, it needs a Social Science and Social Betterment Library, it needs a Horticultural Library ; and each must be first-rate of its kind — that is, it must include not only the essential books and serial publications of Great Britain and America but also those of the great Continental countries, since to pioneer in education or in social betterment without knowing what is being done in Germany or France, what is being thought in Italy and in smaller countries, is inevitably to fall and to keep behind the times, as on the whole has been the position of affairs in Scotland during the past generation, if not before. Much lost ground has now to be made up. In short, these three libraries at least are no less necessary for the work and future of the Trust than is a medical library for an active medical institution, a law library for a legal one,' a theo- logical library for a clerical one. I am aware that these proposals involve large CENTRAT. INSTITUTE 41 capital expenditure for the space and books, and large annual exiicndilure also, yet I feel bound to submit that lliese should be faced early, as practically among the first charges upon the present and future of the Trust, though doubtless with the growth of the city and the possible increase of its rate of taxation for this purpose, as in Dundee, the Trust may by-ambby be somewhat relie\e(l . Whih- I i>liM(l that these three departmental libraries be developed to an extent which would make them effective for the Trust and the city and central in Scotland, if not beyond, I have also to plead for other reference collections upon a more moderate scale. These are required to deal with Art and Industry, with Natural Science, with History (particularly Scottish but also general), and with Music ; in fact, it may be a question whether this last should not be developed upon the scale of the three great collections aforesaid, but this is naturally for more expert counsel than mine. These secondary collections, however, will natur- ally arise with their corresponding institutions ; thus the Natural Science Library may be left for consideration with the Nature Buildings hereafter to be discussed. Similarly the .\rt Library with the .\rt Buildings, the Music Library with the Music Buildings, although I do not necessarily thereby argue that the whole of these collections should be kept apart from the main one — that would settle itself in practice. The essential tiling is that not only the Trust but any citizen sliould be able rapidly and efficiently to work up any of the great social, educational, or other questions which are now so fully before them. To handle the i|uesli(in of Housing, for instance, requires not only the literature in English, including .such puhlica- tions as those of the recent American Tenement House E.xhibition, but the vast amount of information which is to be got on the Continent — notably, for instance, from the Exposition of 1900, or from the Paris Exposition of Cheap Housing last year, of which particulars seem not even ob- tainable in London. The housing progress of German cities is, again, far too little known in this country, and so on. I plead that this knowledge be made possible in Dunferndine. So with countless other subjects. Kindergarten or manual training involves obviously Cierman literature no less than American ; while the literature of Art education is naturally very largely in French. And .so on : it is needless to multi- ply instances. The necessity of suclr a group of reference collections, not only to the Trust and its working staff, hut to the teacher, the social worker, the horticulturist, and so on, is surely obvious; while not only the credit but the stimulus to Dunfermline, from also bringing to consult its books kindred workers from Scotland, and in vacation time from luigland and the Continent, with visitors from .Vmerica, would be consider- able. That all this involves skilled library assistance is, of course, true. Here I submit that one of the very first pieces of pioneering with which Dunfermline inay and should be identified is in the improvement of the whole library system by raising the standard of Bililiography. For lack of bibliographical equipment in (Jreat Britain the usefulness of our existing library system is but a fraction of what it might and should be, and the advantage not only of German learning but even of the American ])opular library lies very largely in the feet that the learned (lerman and the intelli- gent everyday .\merican can lay his hand upon the literature of his subject in a way still almost unknown in this country. I have already traced one great element of American superiority to the improvenient of the back kitchen. I next press that another great American superiority lies in the possession of an adequate card catalogue, for this, as an apparatus of learning, study, and research, stands to our common library catalogues almost as repeating rifle to flint musket. To accustom not only the student and special worker in every department of human knowledge but the coinmt)n-sense person of every kind who wants information about anything to know and use an adequate library and card catalogue is one of the most urgent and necessary of all the small and easy, yet momentous, requirements of our present education. I estimate this as comparable to the adoption of the metric system itself, and I entreat the Trust, whatever it does or leaves undone, to seriously consider the claims of Biblio- graphy. A small .sub-committee of business-like men who would acquaint themselves with the work of American libraries in this department, who would take the trouble to realise the itnmense usefulness of the International Institute of Bibliography, who would seriously investigate proposals like those of Dr Emil Reich and other prominent bibliographers in this country, and issue a short report upon the whole movement, would render an immense service to culture in this country upon every level. The present occasion is a thoroughly auspicious one, and would but recover for Dun- fermline its historic initiative. I therefore forward with this report the documentary material I have received from the bibliographers above named, as also from Mr Victor Branford, the indefatigable secretary of the Sociological Societv. B PARK AND GARDENS CHAl'TKR IV THE PARK NORTHERN PORTION A. North'East Section — The Children's Park From the nortli entrance a new dri\e runs east- wards uphill. Along the north and west margins of the park it passes 20 to 40 feet within the line of the present sunk wall or "ha-li,i," which should be here balustraded, with tootpath behind, and with occasional steps connecting it with the dri\e. This path would lie provided with seats at intervals, Irom winch the commanding view would be enjoyed. We thus soon reach the drj\-ccol tower (fig. J31, which r propose to treat as shown in fig. 27, thus be kept in order bv park keepers, spontaneity and pleasure are apt to be spoiled. Hence the device indicated on plan (vet not picloriallv to lie judged on this; — that of a connected succession of small circular and oval Playgrounds, laid down in ash or fine gravel, and connected by short paths with slopes or steps, ascending or descending according to the levels of the ground. Wherever the levels allow, and where important tree roots would not be interfered with, these playgrounds would be sunk, say from il to 2), feet — so not only giving increased shelter to the children but keeping these phiNgrounds comparalivelv out of sight in per- .^Wjlii* £ 1 innB:l>. JtJ TTTT nilni""- ^^ J -Air'. \ Kir,. 27.-- DiiVL'ciilc Tavilioii — Sheliers, Lavaliiiics. etc .,u picturesquely and inexpensively giving the desir- able shelter and retiring spaces, while preserving an old effect and increasing its architectural in- terest. The doves should, of course, be reinstated ; indeed, at various other points of the park dove- cotes would yield points at once of scenic interest and living charm. One variety had best be kept to each — say, fanlails here, liomers at another point, and .so on. This portion of the jLirk, the most accessible and convenient, should, therefore, lie especially laid out for the young children and for old folks, who do not care to ramble far : this contrast of a.ges is also one of the happiest combinations of human life — the old finding their keenest pleasures in watching the activities of the young. But with children comes in the difficulty that their jilaying is destructive to the grass, at any rate ruinous to the verges ; while, if Ihey are to spective, so that the verdant park view would not l)e appreciably interfered with. Still more is this the case when we note the low masses of shrubs and flowers on the plan which ]iractically complete the concealment of these playgrounds without excluding sun. The flower arrangement is discussed later (Chap. IX.). Bv putting circular seats around the large trees here, with lightly-gravelled spaces also connected by paths, not only with each other but with the main drive and by steps with the higher balustrade w.dk, we have thus a network of paths and spaces upon which the children would race and chase without injury to the lawns, or otherwise wearing out till' tint. These, too, can be used in all weathers, and without wet feet ; while, of course, 111 sunshine the grass is still as accessible as need be. In one of these ]il.i vgrouiids, lli.it nearest the 4^ rill-; (■iiii,i)Ri':\'s park 43 Dovecote Pavilion, where molhers and nurses would niilnrally sit, I should place a good-sized iiKiuiul i>l l)uilding sand and in llic other a ton or so ol miniature bricks, so providing those archi- tectural and engineering facilities so enjoyable and so unconsciouslv educative. In each of the two smaller circles I propose a flying-stride ; in another are indicated rows of swings, parallel bars, trapeze, ladder, see-saw, and the like — in fact, the apparatus of an open-air dyninasium ; while the westmost circle remains com]ileiely vacant (or round games and the like. This arrangement is also favourable to use by separate parties and groups of children, so that a variety of different games can be going on at once without clasliing. The question of a games super- intendent, and the whole educational use of games, their philosophy, psychology, and morals, are not to be neglected. I doubt not our educationists arc becoming alive to all this ; yet these subjects have of late mainl\- been worked at in other coun- tries and languages. Here, surely, in Dunfermline, should be the ideal conditions for a fresh experimental reinvestiga- tion of the whole subject, surelv not the least import- ant to a pioneering trust for promoting the greatest happi- ness of the greatest number. For it is the children who offer the numbers, and their happi- ness is far more easily assured. Spontaneous though play be to the young, nowhere may a true educationist have a greater influence than as play leader, and that such experts are still so scarce is testimony to the rare qualifications needed and moral, temperamental most of all. It is no insignificant evidence of the growing leadership of America that play teachers are there becoming recognised : in Dunfermline may we not hope not only first to find one but next to train others ? Like many other apparently idealist progresses it would soon literally pay the community ; for one play teacher, with her or his hygiene of healthful activity, would soon far more than save costs in reformatory and prison, in depressed labour and apathy most of all. We have lately learned that the consumptive is generally only so for lack of the services of that preventive hygienist who is now rapidly approaching power. The Hooligan still seems a hopeless problem to the passing educational order, since so largely a product of it educational hygienist is already beginning to cope with him, the play leader perhaps especially moving on the policeman from his present promi- nence. The renewal of the little dell west of these play- grounds, with its vanished water-course, as a Children's Dell, is discussed in connection with the Glen : Chap. .Mil, 1). The remaining features of this section of the park will be discussed in a later chapter, that dealing with the possible Bridge Street lilntrance (c/. fig. 28 and Chap. XXIX.). B, North^West Section of the Park -Basin Placing ourselves once more at the old North Entrance where it opens on each side into the KiG. 28.— Adjacent East Plantation border, with boimd.Tiy wall heliind, liKiking towards city. City Hiiildings' Spire through trees indicates line of Iligli Streel and possil)le future Ciand Entrance. -phvsical. mental, Rut the park we may note the excellent park view, with the old circular basin inthe hollow (fig. 29). This I propose to treat with balustrade and foun- tain as shown in fig. ,^0, and with shrubberies and seats surrounding this as indicated in plan. We may first clear and slightly widen the w^ind- ing path through the plantation belt, and next carry a i6-feet drive round in front of the old ha-ha, as shown in plan. The ha-ha is pre- served and balustraded up to and somewhat beyond a broad stairway opposite the basin, connecting the path and drive. Beyond this the ha-ha disappears, being filled up and sloped away as contours require, thus restoring on the west the impression of continuous park and plantation up to the present Coal Road, while this effect of enlargement is next carried further by 44 THE PARK— XORTHKRX I'ORTION lowering this whole Coal Road wall from Pilten- crieft Street to Lovers' Loan and bv carrying along its upper edge the new footpath shown on plan. I'^or simplicity's sake this is drawn as a straight line, but it would of course spare any trees of value. The advantage of this may be judged from photograph of Coal Road at present (fig. 22). This lowering of the wall will be found to be a notable gain to I lie park landscape, while there is no serious loss of shelter, this being increasingly given by the dense plantation belt on llic opposile side of the road. C. Men's Gymnasium, etc. Return once more to the Pittencrieff Street entrance. Having provided in the north-east section for young children and old folks we may here consider the requirements of the young men. furnishing of the open-air gymnasium on this scale ; but an indication is given, as also of seats for performers and spectators. This north range thus offers a considerable range of interest to the voung men and boys. D. Shrubberies, etc.. Women's Pavilion Coming out ujion the ha-ha its more sunny ]iortions can be picturesejuely treated by plants like the magnificent sea-holly, etc. Besides these in front the beautiful flowering currant family can l)e displayed, with mock-orange and other ffowering shrubs for spring, and also hydrangeas and other beauties of autumn. The main body of the ha-ha would be cushioned with stone-crops, semper- vivums, and saxifrages, tlius continuing that combination of wild garden and shrubbery, wall garden and botanic garden lu-gun in the last Fn;. 29 -( )lil Circular Basin in liiw-lyiiig griiiind iiL-ar N'urthWesI aiiLjlL- .il i'.irk. \ icw of I'aiU to Niirthward. .\s elsewhere pointed out, there is in this park no suitable level ground for the greater games, but a Bowling .\lley and Fives Court are provided along the north wall, without any loss of park space or undue (hmning of trees. These buildings might also be very plain and inexpensive, being easily screened by ivy trellis, dogwoods, and huge um- bellifers, which would all thrive perfecth- well in this shady region. Passing the basin we now reach the corner feature so plainly indicated on plan, intended not merely for exceptional use as a spacious turn or waiting-place for carriages but as a youths' Open-Air Gymnasium. For simplicity's sake the trees are left out on plan, but the better ones can perfectly well be sp>ared, without incon- venience. The ha-ha being here effaced the surface can be gently sloped down to meet the level of the main drive. Around this space seats are shown. It is unnecessary to show the detailed portion. Around and west of the Basin the same general principle continues, so providing an interesting seasonal succession of flowers and shrubs along the whole north of this section. Coming now to the west side, it will be seen on plan that besides retaining the good trees of the plantation as usual I show new bits project- ing from 20 to 40 feet beyond the present ha-ha. Of these I would plant the more northerly with leguminous trees and large shrubs (pseudacacia, laburnum, etc.") : and the southerly one with rosaceous trees, thus again combining pictur- csqueness and variety of effect with botanic unit\' of interest. Continuing southwards from the gymnasium our new drive sweeps southward between these new patches of trees on the west and a corresponding mass of shrubberies on the east, on which crabs, the larger cotoneasters, flowering cherries, thorns, etc., would be planted so as to repeat that mag- nificence of flower whicl SMALL LAKE 45 very outset of tlicsc p.irk studies a I the (xlebe, seen on entering from Ncthcrtown, as the most conspicuous and characteristic feature of our vvliole seasonal design. These rosaceous trees in all their variety and beauty 1 propose to carry southwards to the Coal Road Entrance of the main east and west avenue, working out as far as space allows the varied resources of this most beautiful order of plants, as regards shrubs as well as trees. Here is, in fact, the possibility at once of creating one of the most beautiful and constantly improving features of the whole park, and of a not inadequate arboretum selection suggestive to horticulturists and students aUke, no less also to designers, whose interests have constantly been remembered throughout the park by the selection of the more decorative species of all kinds, herbs included. Our path now rises gently to the highest point of this section, nearly loo yards south of the basin. This height I propose to crown bv a which we come farther south ; while, of course, the same water-supply suffices without extra expense. The ample use of water along this whole cast side and foot of the park is, in fact, relieved of all ex- travagance bj' this consideration, and we now see on the general plan that this system of lakes and small intervening watercourses not only gives the whole west and south sides an interest in which they are at present deficient, but also furnishes the right contrast to the deep den on the east side of the park. This thus lies between two water- courses, great and small, and so doubly invites the visitor, first to a more prolonged walk, and then to a fuller enjoyment of the characteristic beauties of each. Could the custom of a frequent ramble of this kind, from a mile and a half to two miles in circuit, be induced, the usefulness of the park would soon be deeply felt in many ways. To form this habit among an increasing number the ordinary attractions of the average city park have I h,- v- 1 ill- ^.^llK. Hiili li.du.^Udilc added, and ceiitial fuunuiin. Shrulibcrifs (.'.houn mi (General I'lanl are next needed, to relio\e the otherwise monotonous effect of this. square Pavilion, with four pediments and central dome, the arrangement which works out as most convenient from the standpoint alike of accesses, of views from without, and from within. The effect must be imagined in the accompanying figures zq and 30, and bv help of the general plan. This might be reserved for women, and furnished somewhat more daintily accordingly, especially with ample reclining seats, as befits a rest-house. E, Small Lake and Open^Air Theatre In the little Lake, which is shown in plan in the natural depression at this point, we have here a feature not only of interest and beauty as an unexpected feature in what is otherwise a com- paratively insignificant spot — it also performs the artistic service of giving scale to the larger lake to to be increased in such ways as this, especially since for one who appreciates the larger aspects of landscape, here of course present and not to be interfered with, there are many who are attracted by the variety and interest of details. Hence the justification of the present design, that of varied enrichment of the margins of the park, while leaving all its present fine general aspects un- destroyed, indeed developed also by improved foregrounds and the like. Return to the Women's Pavilion and its south- eastern portico steps : a path runs up the little height to a square space with seats, from which pleasing views are obtained. Almost due south of this the peculiar disposition of shrubberies shown in l)lan indicates a proposed small open-air theatre of thesimpleyet effective kindsuggested by the theatre of the Villa Gori at Siena (Century Magazine, 1903). The various amateur dramatic companies, both 46 THK rARK—XORTllKUX rORTIOX adults and of school age, should thus each be able to carry out its own performance on summer evenings or afternoons with its own audience, undisturbed bv the general liodv of visitors to the park. We come now to the main east and west drive (the old Culross Road\ which is shown straightened along the line of its ancient avenue, alike for landscape and for historic reasons. Crossing this we see the large lake. F. Central Avenue from North Entrance Entering once more from the north, some im- provements will be seen to be desirable upon the Entrance Drive. Thus, I should at once replace the present high iron fences bv a single low bar, g inches or so above the ground, and, next, lower to 2 feet 6 inches or thereby the present high park walls, at present so conspicuous at the north- east entrant angle, surmounting these with as little railing as may lie judged necessary, just as has been already done on the west. The advantage of these trifling changes to the first impression of the park, necessarily a most important matter, will readily be appreciated. The present open Central Drive maybe widened at least a foot on each side with advantage, and its margins improved, since at first it runs upon an obvious ridge above the adjacent park level on each side, and then through a no less obvious cutting. By lowering the slope of this cutting, and using the earth to fill up the deficiencies to northward, both defects are easily removed. After careful consideration of pros and cons, I recommend jilanting the almost treeless extent of this drive as a tolerablj' close lime-tree avenue. This is the only place in the park where such a straight avenue effect can be arranged ; and the result olitained would far outweigh such partial interruption of transverse views as it involves. The general \icw from the heights of the north- east section will not lie seriously interfered with, while many of the minor views will be improved ; the interest of the lower level portion to east of the avenue especially, the more when we note also the desirability of iilanting up the rising ground and renewing the little water-course as a children's dell, as becomes so evidently desir- able from the study of the main glen to which we come later (Chap. XIII.). G. West and East Avenue- from Coal Foad Entrance From near the central crossing of the preceding avenue with this older one, where past convenience has, therefore, located the old stables, considered in the next chapter, fig. 31 has been taken, its trees on right indicating the line of the ancient road, from the Tower Hill and City westwards. In the following illustration (fig. 32', as m plan also, I show this road reopened, with a rough suggestion of position (not style V' of lodge and gates. Out- side these gates we are upon the old Coal Road, of which I have forecast the widening as a West Park Avenue in Chap. I., and also above (S B:. It seems also natural to foresee the reopening of this old road farther westwards, along the boundary of the fields from the lodge on to join the existing Culross Road at Urquhart Bridge. Thus, in addi- tion to the Park being bordered to south by avenues, we should in the next place have a fine Westward Boulevard, agreeably continuing the Park from the City point of view, and furnishing an easy and beautiful approach to it from the country, instead of the present steep and unattrac- tive one. This improvement would obviously react verv favourably upon the western develop- ment of the city, and is, in fact, an excellent illus- tration of how park approaches may be developed, alike for the benefit of the city and of proprietors. This matter seems, therefore, one naturally adjust- able as an ordinary matter of street or rather suburb-planning, and not one which directly in- volves the Trust. Returning now from this entrance westwards, we come to the temporary refreshment pavilion, which must postpone, during its vears of service, the full reopening of the ancient road to and from the Tower Hill, although, on the other hand, a path on this line becomes indispensable, so restoring the historic route, with no small gain to the imagina- tion. For the continuation of this reopened bit of road, eastwards to the main existing portion north of stables, I submit, but need not here reproduce, alternative plans in full detail, showing the crossing of ilie mam north and south a\'enue, both by a bridge and on the level, and mav leave these to speak for themselves, the former Ijeing in my view the more picturesque, and the latter certainly the more easy. Descending eastwards towards the glen, the road now passes under the bridge of the old drive, skirling the Glen northward ; and we may here note the desirability, both of artistic and sugges- ti\e picturesqueness, of recalling in some way the old fortification and outlook which must for many centuries have stood here as the needed outwork and defence of the Tower Hill (its " Petit Chatelet," in fact').* This I should do by erecting a bridge- turret, which may well have existed here of old, since the road it carries is no mere pleasure-walk, as it seems to-day, but is on the line of obvious military importance, alike for defence and for attack. Here, too, upon this bridge-turret, might ^ A modern expression of thi.s picturesque feature of ancient bridge work may lie seen in the grounds of Torrie, near the mansion-house. 1 ii;. j2. Tlic >.;iiiiu >lun\ lu^ j.;' ,^ .cil icupuniiii; uf OUi Uii^c Liu- old l_iiliu>> Ku.ul the luinici (lirccl line from Abbey and Tower Hill towards Culross and West tjenerally, with roiij^h skelcli to suggest need of new gates and entrance lodge (though not design of these, as limitation of retouching process here evident). Fn;. 31. — N'iew along OldA venue to West (Coal Road) entrance. 48 THE I'ARK— NORTHERN I'ORTION well be pUiced i as mv friend Mr Dunciin suggests) the statues of mediaeval guardians of the Tower — one, its military sentinel, and, St Michael the other. Continuing eastwards, we now descend towards the double bridge which, though severely restored in the late eighteenth and carlv nineteenth cen- tiuics, strikingly suggests that evolution from low to high levels so characteristic of modern times. Its main aspect, after very full considera- tion, I should leave wholly untouched, but its weak and unseemly wire balustrading shovdd be replaced by a substantial parapet. This should be of the simplest, wholly without ornament, but lightened bv openings, as in fig. 33. This parapet wall I should continue, with buttresses at intervals upon the present retaining wall of the Tower Hill, which also requires a gateway entrance at each end. These, as in the illustration, recall the fort- alicc by their general character without elabora- tion, which would be unsuitable to the modest size of the old Tower and the rugged simplicitv of the style of its period. These gateways and the whole range of pierced parapet of bridge and Tower Hill may, with ad\antage, be ivied, so that for this reason also elaboration would bo wasted upon them. Continuing sliU farther west, the Abbey comes in sight. Here the drive needs widening, and this I should do not upon the south side but upon the north, building out for that purpose a simple bold series of round arches, rising from the old garden below. The effect of this simple, massive, curved arcade, sweeping round as a base for the Abbey, would be to give this at once the effect of a cloister, of approach, and of a stately base also, so greatly enhancing the \icw from this point. From the garden itself also, of which the import- ance will be realised later, as also from other points of \'icw, such as that of tlie frontispiece, this arcade would lie a most important improve- ment. .\s the present roadway continues eastwards, it unfortunately sweeps to the left, and thus loses its ancient and appropriate alignment to the west door of the Abl^ey. This I propose to restore, as shown in plan. The increase of steepness, which this will be seen to involve, can, of course, be done away with by beginning tlie ascent farther back, and this would be easily arranged with the widening just referred to. The further impro\ement of this entrance and approaches will be discussed later (Chapter XX.). ti :i e 1 i i^ N -^ Tlrt~* - rir-i - Lr--i ^. r li r r TiT'^MT - Cl-CVATlrart l-"li; 35(/.- -Elevations ami Scctiuns of Slaliks, parlly reconstiuclfd as Shelter ami Orani^ery. "/A BHIDOE PA((*PtT - C1-IIV.T.ON ., Cj.(Tr.w^y A Vy/ll_l_-TOWtR HILL Fii;. 33. — Detail of Parapc-l of Douhle Bridi^e, Tower Cateway, and I'arapel oil Retaining Wall. CHAPTER V ORANGERY AND MANSION-HOUSE A. Old Stables as Shelter and Orangery The opcn-iur llicatre abo\i- meiuioncil of course raises the common grumble about the difficulty and uncertainty of our weather, a complaint grievously exaggerated, since everyone wlio seriously follows any really outdoor pursuit, sport or athletics, gardening or botany, knows how very few times, after all, in the vear his pursuits are really interfered with. Still, a shelter is re- quired, alike for occasional gatherings of the citizens and for ordinary protection from showers, with cloakrooms, lavatories, and so on ; and here I am fully convinced that there is no spot so central and so convenient in the whole park as that afforded by the present old stables (fig. 34). Hence the accoinpanving plans (fig. 35 a, h), show the old front building retained and the north wall also, while the east and west sides are rebuilt, the building thus forming a spacious glass-roofed hall, with a platform at the north end, which will also serve as a bandstand. Internal accommoda- tion and architectural effect are at once greatly increased by the spacious gallery running round the whole building and affording exits and entrances from the Tower Road — that is, from three sides ; indeed, when we look at plan, from all four sides if need be. Such accommodation and approaches are practicallv impossible elsewhere, and such speedv and easv access and exit are of real importance in providing for crowds and for excursionists. The needful cloakrooms and refreshment rooms are provided for in the old front portion of the building, the latter also in the upper storey con- tinuous with the gallerv promenade. The needful lavatories are shown in two well-separated blocks, both to the eastward, and thoroughly concealed on either hand. While the practicabilitv of these proposals will hardly be disputed I imagine objections on grounds of amenitv. Grim, dull, miserable, dirtv-looking, dilapidated, even squalid, are the usual adjectives, and the first instinct of the park reformer is thus to sweep the whole thing awav. But, let me ask in return, does the critic appreciate such ad- vantages as the building has ? Does he see, for instance, in this stern and simple building the style, D 49 [irobably indeed the master hand, not only of the most eminent architect which Fife has ever pro- duced, but, in fact, one of the greatest architects of the eighteenth century — Adam himself ? Does he recognise in this simple front the character not only of the stables and of the mansion of Valley- field but the stately lines of the University of Edinburgh, the Register House, and of Charlotte Square ? If so, he will not readily destroy this notable feature of our open-air museum, this one memorial of our one great local architect, and of the eighteenth-century style. Or, if he has not noticed this, must he not look again ? For it is with architecture as with pictures ; we would rather possess a great work by the master, but we need not carelessly destroy such small study by him as we possess ; we are fortunate in ha\ing even so much. The perspective (fig. 36) shows the main south front unaltered, while the western aspect is, I trust, greatly improved by continuing it with the large orangery windows Adam so often employed. I submit, however, an additional sketch, showing the po.ssible improvement of this frontage, based upon more ornate examples of .\dam's work, and thus faithfuUv continuing his tradition. The front is thus enriched, without losing its simplicity and horizontalit v, which contrast so well with the loftv perpendicular lines of the mansion, and were obviouslv designed so as to enhance each other, as they undoubtedly do in the approaching perspective, which combines to the observer's eye the effect of figs. 36 and ^y in a way I cannot represent here. I would plead with those who are not accustomed to analvse their likes and dislikes in buildings to give this point a fresh fair trial on a few of their walks through the park. They will jaso come to see that their objection to this building, as to Pittencrieff House as well, is largely on account of its colour. The extreme severity and simplicitv af this front to our modern eye, accustomed to that extreme over-enrichment of detail which is a main vice of the street architecture of our times may, and do to most, seem mere bareness ; but this impression will, it is hoped, be partly diminished by the help of the accompanying photographs and drawings. Fig. 34. — Interior of old Slaliles at present, showing extensive area and possihilily ol fiirlher increase as shelter and orangery tjy taking in area of cottages to left and sheds to right. < '-AK'>.Et;iE- l>t>:^rEK:>ii-r^;K-'TK<>f>T. =i£L \y ^pM - 1 xi:r D a n D n CI 1 . . .^=!lU.,r-ji_J iL-r^- ^ 1! " cr3 CD o en t=3 an KiG. 35. — Plans of |)rupusc(l ( )i-;ingL*ry. WLiiting-rooiiis, etr. la) (inmnd Hour; (/') (lallLiy IIu'T. 1' li;. 30. — Scnilh- West aspect uf old Stables. View taken North-East across lake basin, but retouched, showing effect of proposed lake and bridge : also, in perspective, the West side of proposed Orangery. Window opened in .Sdani's South-Wesl lilock, the remaining cottage rebuilt. ■^ .'* ?-■ ">»/SS?^ Fir,. ^6t!. —.Architectural perspective of the same, without Oiani^ciy, but with pediments and balustrade addeil. 52 ORANGERY AND MANSION-HOUSE Let it be clearly understood, then, that my plea is on no merely historic gronnd ; this old block is a real and useful elemenl of the composition, a genuine beauty to the lake scene I propose to create ; and I appeal from its hasty critic to the architect and artist of every school. Here is a clear case of the unison of historic and artistic considerations with economical and practical ones. The survival of a few buildings which depend for their effect upon projiortion and simplicity, not Kli;. J7.--Uld Miin.siun- House, Eastward appr.iacli fnim Slahk's. upon ornament, is something to be thankful for and to be guarded. Tn such a case it is the duty of the gardener and architect to resist popular sentiment, with the clear conviction that it may be the passages of his rcjiort which give little satisfaction at the moment which may be after- wards seen to be of most value ; es]3ecially when, as in the present case, they may help to prevent the irreparable destruction of features and ele- ments of beauty which may be all the more needed because they have for the lime fallen out of general appreciation. Let me propose, then, for this Central Shelter a name really expressive both of its essential pro- portions and its architectural style as now re- planned — the Orangery — and invite the reader to compare this with the orangeries of Adam at various great mansion-houses, or even in its present state with the museums of Kew. Surely what is valued as good architecture there cannot be so despicable here. As for the dark and shadowed frontage, this may be partly relieved at the west angle, but not as a whole, since it is too useful a shadow for the lake picture to which we are now coming. For the greater portion of the interior, as will be clearly seen, is perfectly well sunned, while the shadv portion of the interior, that of its south wall, will facilitate a contrast with ferns and other shadc-lo\-ing growths The main lieauty of this spacious park-hall would be as an example of the possibilities of a Cool Greenhouse, which need not be heated at all save during the extreme frosts of winter. Leaving aside any detailed enum- eration of the too seldom utilised resources of this ivpe of gardening, I may |ioint out its possibilities .IS a Camellia House, not unly beautiful with e\er- ureen foliage all the year round, but glorious be- yond description in the early spring, just when flowers are most enjoyed. I'hrough the summer and .lutumn the galleries would be festooned in- expensively from end to end, as a pillared avenue of flowers, with creepers of every kind trained upon them, festooned and swinging from the roof. We set free also witlnn this great enclosure a few well-plumaged birds. We arrange for a small aviary of song birds in the gallery, and our dingy old stables have become a tropic paradise. Simi- larly the change from exterior dulness is em- phasised by placing a statue in the central niche and by using the little piazza within the new external balustrade as a convenient and n.ilural place for tea tables and seats. From this balus- trade the guests of the refreshment rooms would PINF.TL'iVI AND CKDAR GROUI S3 feed the peacocks, and also rcadih- at tide t the pictuifsiiiie bird life of the adjacent lake. B, Mansion'' House While thus dealing with old buildings it is natural to pass on to the old Mansion House, of which the fate has so long hung in the balance. No one will dispute the picturesqueness of its approach (fig. 37) ; and it may be safely assumed that tlie many protests during the past winter, not only of antiquaries but of artists and archi- tects, have awakened the Dunfermline public to a greater sense of its real merits. External improvements are easy, without serious change. Pending repairs, and the presumable clearing out of bedrooms and garrets as a long gallery, the possible improvement also of the elevations from the outside, I would suggest that the building be washed anew a pleasant cream colour instead of the pre.scnt orange, here too garish, there too dirty. It is to this and its contrast with the dull purple grev of the window facings that the fre- quent dislike of this old building very largely depends ; and the effect of this small and inex- pensive change would, therefore, be generally appreciated. Hence the sooner this slight im- pro\emcnl can be carried out thb better. It now remains to consider the treatment "I the shrubberies on either side of the old lawn ; that on tlic east, already with many rhododendrons, should be dexeloped further and fringed with a heath collection, which would give flower through eight or nine months of the year. Two small decorative bedding-out masses, conveniently again round the small fountains, occupy ihc angles of the lawn on either side of the gra\cl sweep in front of the house. At the southward apex of this gravel sweep is also shown on plan a sun-dial ; this might best be of the type at Newbattle, perhaps the noblest in Scotland, indeed one of the finest anvwhcre. The contrast of these enrichments with the iil.iin old tower of the mansion will be touiid greatly to enhance the effect of both. This sternness I propose to relieve further by a due planting of climbers, from the carl\- clematis to the winter cotoneaster, and to train high upon the wall the fig and vine, with tall climbing roses. Upon the east and west ends ivies and yellow jessamine may be mixed. For the recent poor garden seat have already been substituted two better ones. Finally, if, as seems not unlikely be- fore long, the present roof has to be renewed, the old-fashioned attic windows of the original design might be adxantageously replaced, the grimness of the building to many eyes being largely due to the eighteenth-century abolition of these (fig 38). As to the use of the house, I first suggest it as primarily part of that historic museum in which this park should excel all others. Within it might be lodged the historical collections, pending the creation of that large historic museum to which 1 come later — perhaps the natural history collections to begin with also. When special mu- seums, as later suggested, are constructed other use will readily be found (Chap. XXX. i. To give this building its exact historic character and interest, that of the Puritan and Cavalier period, we have happily a fitting and obvieus resource in the splendid statues of " The Puritan " and " The Cavalier," by Macmonnies, which were so prominent at the Paris Exposition of 1900, and of which I doubt not adequate replicas could be Fig. 38. — Old Mansion-Ilousi.-, Iroin iiiusiiic ha-ha fence i)f lawn to South. obtained. Or, failing these, minor statues of kindred type would give back to this building a historical character in all eyes hardly less distinct than that of the mediaeval buildings themselves. The statues of Scott's characters upon the Waverley monument in Princes Street show that Scottish sculptors only await the opportunity to give us work of individuality and interest. The statues of the National Portrait Ciallery may also be referred to. These statues would readily find their places to east and west of the house. C. Pinetum and Cedar Group Lea\ing now the mansion we may enter the little wood upon its right or western side. Here a path leads to an old well, probably that of the 54 ORANGERY AND MANSIC^N-110L^SE old mansion, which should, therefore, be cleared out, the well head simply built, and the spot adorned with seat and shade. This whole place, despite several fine trees, is somewhat forlorn-looking, but might readily be reorganised, preferably as a small Pinetum : it is one of the few points at which coniferous trees can be used with advantage in this park. The next i.s of more importance, since serv- ing to complete each and all of our whole series of gardens. Notmg once more on plan — pinetum and lake, the rock garden, and formal garden — what final element is needed which will dominate and compose each and all ? The an.swer is that this can best be done by a group of Cedars of Lebanon, which will be equally valuable from and for every one of these points of view, and will steadily increase in beauty for centuries to come. The comparative exposure to the south-west wind here is quite fa\-ourable. It is far severer exposure than this that has made the great cedar of Culross .\bbey one of the most notably picturesque trees, not only of the neigh- bourhood or the country but outside of Japan. The roadway border of the pinetum, from the lawn to the lake and stables, should be bordered with shrubs, preferably early spring and autumnal ones, such as witch-hazel and mezereon for the earliest spring, hydrangea (H. paniculata, etc.;, and the like for autumn. And as the east shrub- bery border of the lawn is edged with rhododen- drons and heaths, so the opposite border may be fringed with a lilv garden, linked to its shruliberv by yuccas and the like, and its beds kept bright, not onh- with lilies proper but with their kindred, the season round, from snowdrops and crocus to gladiolus and torch-lilv. This type of " mono- cotyledon garden " has not onh- a considerable botanical interest but an artistic quality and character of its own, a popular interest even, as I know by experience at Dundee, where 1 have carried out this style of bedding for decorative purposes throughout the seasons, from the snow- drops and crocuses, through the hyacinths and tulips of later spring, and the day-lilies and fuclisias of summer, to the torch-lilies of autumn. CIlAI'TI-.k \1 LAKE AND ROCK GARDEN A. Lake \Vk now enter npon a new <|n;irlei' ol tlie park, llie western, wlncli is here sliown oceupied by a shallow Lake, measuring 1 50 by 70 yards, and thus admitting of a moderate number of boats, and of many skaters at the appropriate seasons. The situation is a beautiful one, the lake mirroring the reipiircnients woukl obviously l)e of great l)eaul\-. That the lake possesses sufficient variety will be seen from plans, process blocks, and, best of all of course, on the ground itself, the v-arious added elements being there most clearly imagined, the western willow-green fringing the existing belt of trees, and a cedar group occupying the higher ground to south-east. To this cedar group I • ■' .1 t/.-i H : ' -*?r 111. iMlI-J- ' — — '»--<<™l ■«• KlG. 39. — \ lew 111 West section ot i'ark Soulh of preceding — showing depression of propo.sed West Lake and ihe trees of Wesl plantation liorder along ils wooded margin. fine trees to east, west (fig. 38), and north, while a good architectural effect is given by the necessary bridge, fig. 36, Chap. V. This will be seen also to compose well with the old stables, and I trust fully convince their severest critic of the need for retaining them. The loss to this picture which would result from the removal of the stables will be obvious from a study of the illustration. Here, then, is a nrain element of our architectural composition, but this, again, finds its completion and contrast in the Boat - house, conveniently usable above water level as a tea house and rest house This, again, is a building of which the 55 attach great importance, as will be seen fully later. It is to the whole surrounding design — of lake, rock garden, mansion-house lawn, pinetum, and formal garden — what the keystone is to the arch. (See Chap. VIII.) The general form of this lake is in accordance with the contour lines ; and where excavation has been necessary beyond these, especially at the north-west, the consequently steeper shore adapts itself to a picturesque rock treatment About the middle of the north shore stands a boat-house, with refreshment room above. The 56 LAKE AND ROCK GARDEN addition to its northward shady side of a possible rain awning would grcatlv increase shelter in showers. The promontory is left simply grassy, with a mere stonv edge, so as to allow the eye to travel across the path up to the trees, some distance behind. On the east side the present road passes civcr an embankment, which at this |i and 7 feet above water level, thus making it possible not only for boats to pass but for skaters to run through in full career. But though the whole lake would be kept shallow, nowhere exceeding :; feet, the usual precautions will naturallv fall to be taken liv the park-keeper of closing these arches until the frost is thoroughh- assured. Here the illustration (tig. ^6) indicates the effect producible by the construction of the lake and bridge. At each end of the bridge are dis- posed great clumps of picturesque water plants, such as bulrushes and reeds, their narrow foliage contrasted by the gigantic leafage of (uinneras and other decorative plants. One or two of the finer willows might also with advantage be planted here. Proceeding now southward along the correspond- ing path we come to a small island with nesting clump, arranged again with a footbridge, this time simply wooden, and high enough not to obstruct the skater Eastwards are limit a series of " pockets," broadly corresponding to those of the small pond at the Edinburgh Botanic Garden, for the culture of water plants, intermediate in size between the rankest forms at the bridge and the finer ones around the pools of the rock garden to be con- sidered later. Behind these, soutli ot the drv path akmg the edge, runs a bog garden and bog shruljbery, with beautiful plants too numerous for mention. Towards the south end of the lake is the outlet, with its necessary dam concealed by the planting of a thicket of willows. This is continued along the west side northwards to the rocky shore, this willow plantation thus shading into the existing plantation belt (fig. 39), so that sufficient thick- ness is assured and the desired effect realised. The ha-ha would here be effaced. B. Japanese Tea^House * Keturnmg ti.i the outlet, where the dam is crossed by a bridge there would naturally be a fall of " This passage was written before the opening of the present war. about 8 or id feet, which, by economy at night, could be run with sufficient quantity for pictur- esqueness. A pool is shown below. This brings us almost down to the row of noble old plane-trees shown in photograph No. 4( 1. The old grazing park shanty shown in front of these I propose to replace by a Japanese Tea-House. This can no doubt be designed in a kind of way by liuropean hands, but I submit that it would be more satisfactory to ha\e, not indeed In.. 4'i. Mle ui proposed Kock Carflen, separated from Lake to North by high trees. The ha-ha fence in deep shadow under West boundary plantation to be effaced, and the existing natural depression deepened as watercourse and main valley of Rock Garden. Japanese tea-house sug- gested (m site of present sheds. the framework of this building but its essential detail and adornment, executed in Japan, the experience of Mr Mcmpes and others having already proved that this is both practicable and economical. I ha\e later suggested many things for the technical school and for the local artist, but this IS not one of them. We can no more produce Japanese ornament than Greek statuary, and in this case it is not even desirable that we should try, the imitation of Japanese art in Europe being mere clumsy forgery. Why, then, do I suggest a Japanese building at all ? Primarily because the park is intended to give a recreative and complete change from our daily environment, and change of scene and association is one of the most real sources of such recreation. Very few of those who are to use the park will ever see Japan, and I therefore ask for one little genuine bit of it here. There are other reasons. Of all nations the Japanese have suc- ceedcdmost completelvin combining physical health and strength, necessarily therefore the essentials of hygiene and comfort, with the utmost simplicity and economy ; yet all these again with many of the very highest elements of personal refinement, and with that marvellous art which is at imce the noblest of luxuries and the most enduring of economies. ROCK GARDEN 57 To our old intercoursf with Cliina wo already owe the beverage, the porcelain, and the flowers of our tea table, even the silk of our hostess, and there are many reeusons for thinking that the civilising influences of Japan may soon be fell as no less imjiortant and profound. This tea house, then, with its large open-air verandah, its simple yet subtle decoration or exquisite vase and carefully arranged branch of flower, would be full of artistic lessons, none the less real for being unol)trusive. It is, of course, verv largely the influx of Japanese art feeling which has substituted for the ascendency of the traditional Royal Academy picture that of the masterpieces of our own Glasgow School ; and it is now time that the same gentle but saturating influence be more fully popularised, till even for the humblest kitchen its too crudely decorative almanac may develop into a kakemono. The in- dependence and indi\iduality of modern painters, despite all this influence of Japan, has been well illustrated by the character and work of .Mr Whistler, so that we have nothing to fear from such contact. It is a fertilising, not a deadening one. Such a Japanese tea house would also serve as a Japanese Museum, and would exhibit now and then treasures lent by our Scottish collectors ; thus again the park would constantly be tempting the inany art lovers of Dunfermline to a healthful excursion to its farther extremity Here, also, is one of the many ways in which in these park designs has been kept iir view the enrichment of the staple industry. Behind the tea house, around tlic trees, as also on its west side, so as to give an alternative of shade and sun, it will be noted that a large space is cleared of turf, slightly levelled, covered with ashes, and provided with seats and tables. Here, in fact, is another of those temptations to that open-air life for wliich, despite indoor habits, and popular prejudice, our year's average climate affords a very considerable range of days and hours. C, Rock Garden Leaving this tea house a new landscape opens southward. The slope of the ground shown in the photograph (fig. 40) indicates that cultivation has nearly effaced a tiny natural dell, but with a little excavation and raising of lianks this may be easily recovered into a little watercourse, the water being provided from the outlet of the lake. At this point, then, naturally arises the question of a possible Japanese Garden. But wliile we can bring over Japanese carpentry and bronze we cannot bring a garden, and the mechani- cal imitation of the Japanese style would here be even more impracticable than ever. The whole Japanese style of laying out the ground and disposing its rocks differs from ours. It expresses at once their difference of artistic style and of nature outlook — that is to say, not only a different technique but a different poetry, a dilferent syml)olism. The symbolic stones in which they delight mean nothing to inost of us ; their conventional model of the great volcanic cone of Fuji could say little to us of what it means to them, and so on in detail. By all means, if a Japanese landscape gardener should present himself in this country, let him be invited to lay out a Japanese garden. This would be inost interesting ; but, pending his appearance, I submit that we can best share and express the Japanese spirit in developing our own naturalistic style, thus utihsing its suggestiveness as our best painters do, but wholly avoiding any attempt at copying. Happily, there is at least one exception to this self-denial ; some small example of the Japanese Iris Garden is thoroughly practicable in these conditions ; hence I propose to plant the sides of the little pond in front of this tea house with a wealth of Japanese irises, so completing its archi- tectural suggestiveness, and having, alike in build- ing and gardening, a httle bit of genuine and typical Japan. Below and eastwards of this Japanese iris pond we pass naturally enough into the Scottish Rock Garden. Here the southward slope of the ground, amounting to about 30 feet — say i in 9 — gives excellent opportunity of bold and picturesque treatment. I take considerable space for this, so as to make a really good rock garden, one in which both plants and visitors should have ample room. Children will always run up and down the rocks of a rock garden, and it should, there- fore, be constructed from the first with paths and steps sufficiently broad to admit of their doing this without injury to the plants or themselves. Hence my roomy and winding rock paths, nearly one-third of a mile, with occasional pools and masses of shrubbery, are arranged so as to give continual variety and fresh points of \iew and interest. It is unnecessary here to give the design in large scale detail, as photographs of good rock gardens are sufficient to give an idea of the general effect. I attach great importance here, as with the wild garden or the lake vegetation, and even the irises which we have just passed, to growing first of all the more common and vigorous species with the utmost possible abundance — this not only to gladden the spectator but to enable the super- intendent to give away liberally of his abundance to schools, and even to grant all reasonable in- dividual requests, from designers and students especially. Wliile this rock garden affords the conditions for growing a wealth of beauty practically un- 58 l.AKK AM) ROCK (^,ARDEN lircanieil of liv mcisl of us the actual cajiital outlay (it construction is not very great, and the upkeep is quite within the powers of a single man, assuming that the costly care of tender rarities and weaklings be left to the great botanical collections as at present. Finally, our rock garden is screened from north and west and its general effect harmonised into the rest of the park by the belts of flowering shrubs shown on plan. Here, then, so far as outdoor .gardening is concerned, we lea\-e for a time the botanist. This long irregular range of paths, with its innumerable nooks, sheltered often l>y flowering shrubs, is further designed, as the phui can only partially indicate, with blind alleys and nooks in which the child or student, the ordinary visitor and the convalescent, ma\- sii at once in shelter and m sun. That education towards o|ien-air treatment, which is a mam hygienic aspect of tlie park, thus finds here one oi its most attractne and effective points. D. Rock Garden further developed Evolutionary and Geological So far we have sketched a good ordinary rock garden like others. But beyond such individu- ality as laying out might give, may we not in- troduce here as well as elsewhere some fresh departure, some element of that pioneering which is an initial injunction for all these designs. Two such possibilities there are, of botanical and geological interest respectively. While it is the first merit of a rock garden to grow and show its individual flowers to Ihe utmost perfection, its general eflect mav also be excellent, and for this our valley formation gives every advantage. The wealth and variety of species is nowhere better displayed, and I should arrange these in a certain harmony with the natural orders disposed later around the park (Chap. IX-), and also with that genealogical tree stretch- ing from lowest to highest plants up the slope of the " shade garden " of the Tower Dene (Chap. XII.). The interest, not merely to the technical student of evolution but to the everyday observer, of seeing such an exolutionary arrangement before his eyes, might be made a new and fascinating popularisation of science, one of educational v'alue beyond its immediate botanical one. For, while everyone is nowadays familiar with the idea of the perpetual branching of the genealogical tree as a symbol of evolution, no such comprehensive attempt to realise this has been made as I here propose. I am well aware that, with the advance of our knowledge, rearrangement would be neces- sary ; but do not our plants require just such periodic lifting and dividing ? Without entering upon the details of this, I mav say that practical experience both of laving out and of teaching from other gardens justifies what has been proposed. More generally interesting and impressive would be the Geological novelty in rock gardening here practicable. Too often the rocks of such a garden are irregular, even chaotic ; sometimes, as with the Japanese, picturesque arrangement is attempted ; but our better builders aim at re))roducing the eflects of natural outcrops of rock. Here, then, are the advantages these dilfercnt builders aim at — variety, pictorial effect, anil reproduction of nature : can we not carry all three further here ? Science with her plans must underlie art with her colour perspectives ; so let us ask the geologist the fundamental question: What is the ideal of geology — its fullest am- bition r" To survey and explore the structure of the world, to bare and bore its crust until the succession of strata from the earliest times up to our own can be displayed , and, again, lo loi ik back from the simple everyday processes of change to the world-making which is their sum. All this the geologist strives to condense into his survey, lo set forth in his museum with its succession of cases, and to teach in description and diagram ; all at best, however, mere sugges- tions or symbols of the magnificent reality. Can he not come nearer expressing this ? The geo- grapher has long ago got beyond his flat map to his model in relief, and this step is beginning to transform and vitalise our whole geographical thought and teaching. Wh\- not now something similar for the geologist '' II the geographer has a world-moLlel, surely he ma\- have a World- Section ? Let us go to work, then, and prepare under his direction such a section, or rather three- fold series of sections — the central one for our own islands, comparatively so well-known ; within this another for our immediate neighbourhood, for the rocks directly below and .iround us ; and outside all such an outline of the world for- mations as present knowledge can oflcr. Adjust now to this design the large scale plan of our rock garden. This may be considered not .so much now as broadh' rectangular, but rather as the quadrant of a circle whose centre is at the south-western corner. Around the widest sweep of this large arc we arrange for the world formations ; along the middle the British ones ; while near the centre of the curve — i.e. at the garden's eastern foot — comes the pre- sentment of our immediate strata. Here, then, is a fascinating problem for our Naturalists' Society, one for which they will need all the help that geological surveyor and teacher can give them, but which with this is not im- practicable. We have to allot so many yards KOC (;arden 59 or feel for tliis and llial lornial i]iazard or unsuitable successions. .\nother important lesson should also be put uji monthly or fortnightly — the diary of garden opera- tions for^Dunfermline — so that we sliould be shown, set I have pleaded for the retention of the fine old grass walk, with its old-fashioned flower borders and espaliers. By all means let us improve the selection of these, both as regards fruit and flowers, but let us keep them in the main ; even the small rock garden also, which is now thoroughly estab- lished, and needs little care, and may easily be kejit by the garden pupil and imitated at home by the intelligent amateur. There is not room here for a great fruit collection ; hence all the more care should be given to the selection of a small typical orchard of the finer sorts alone, the coarser trees being already planted freely as decorative trees, especi- ally at the glebe and north-west side of the park. I'"iti. 4i(?. — Present garvlen. InoUiiig West ; old central grass walk and herbaceous borders to he preserved. not onlv what to grow and how to grow it, but reminded when to sow, transplant, prune, and so on — a no less important matter. Here, then, our gardener wouUl become a teaching horticulturist ; under arrangements easily framed he would become a natural leader in the regional horticultural societies and the like, and, of course, be in ever-increasing touch witli the schools. It might readily become an honour and a jileastire to the best pupils in the schools to be allowed to assist him in particular operations, or even be granted the responsibility of some particular garden plot for the season. .\ selection of more advanced pupils would be admitted into the in- most and secret penetralia of the gardener — his propagating houses at the back — and there, behind the scenes, would be initiated into the final secrets of preparation and stage management of the floral drama. The same principle, of course, holds good for flowers and fruit. Hence at the very out- .\t present it is right to sav fruit trees are usuallv discouraged in public parks and gardens, and curators are more prone to tear them up than to plant them ; and vet in face of this I plead for the reverse policv. Here, in fact, is one of those opportunities for Dunfermline pioneering, which is needed if we are to become the fruit-growing country we might and should be ; the simple remedy against boyish depredations being to in- terpret these intelligently, as showing the need for more and more fruit planting still, until not only the towns and villages but the roadsides of Scot- land are as fruitful as those of Germany. Again, of course, the unfortunate prejudice against our own climate disguises the fact that the good Scottish gardener is everywhere producing results of which his countrvmen rarely dream. All the more since the dimensions of the park are not sufficient to admit of any substantial departure in the matter of forestry. I press that here, in 63 TIIF. LAIRD'S GARDKX nrchardrv, our initiative possibilities be exerted to the full. Some of the ground will be needed for reserves for the rock garden and for propagating plants for the formal garden of which I ha\e still to speak. Besides preserving the old-fashioned herbaceous borders there is room for a bit of the gorgeous bedding-out lately so popular, and also for a rose and rose arch here and there. Without these our garden would not be truly typical. At this point, too, a word may be said of the greenhouses. The small existing scattered houses should be removed as early as may be, and the semicircular ground at the back, north the of present drive, should be carefulh' laid out for frames, jiropagaling houses, chry.santhemum stand, etc. B. Altered Drive The jiresent traffic of the public thrn\igh this drive should be closed oft by .gates, and an entirely New Drive made close to the edge of the ra\-ine. This is ]iracticable, with much less under-building than mav at first sight appear. The present cherry- laurel hedge would be transplanted about three vards inwards to make room for this road, and working space thereby so much curtailed. This would be practically compensated by the present broad roadway V>ecoming more a\-ailable for working purposes and also by a better arrange- ment of space, which I do not plan here, since this will fall naturally to the general superintendent of the gardens. The gain to the drive by the sub- stitution of the magnificent view of the ravine it at present loses would alone more than compen- sate for this change ; hence, on double grounds, I strongly recommend it. C, Conservatories I now come to the ipiestion of the conserva- tories and greenhouses. While tlie existing range might no doubt serve some time longer for limited use it is not suitable for the ])ublic. I therefore supply plans indicating my view of the general type of conservatory required. First of all, I give up the idea of a great lofty hall, suitable to palms and multitudes, and content nivself with something more modest, \-et more varied and interesting. Entering at the north- west corner, that next the mansion-house, we pass into a long fern corridor, lit only from the roof, its ferns growing not only on the ground level but irregularly grouped upon the walls, hanging, too, in baskets from the roof, with here and there in centre and at sides tree ferns in large pots sunk into the ground, so as to keep the whole building low. From a roof-walk above this, which could easily be carried along the lop of the wall, would be obtained that finer \iew of the palace and abbey group (fig. 44, Chap. X'lII. which I offer in place of the more familiar one, and also similarly improved views in other direclicms. On this corridor to the north, if a room can be sjiared from the working range and the bothies behind, 1 would convert it into a film\- fern house, always delightful and interesting. From this quiet corridor we pass southward into the large conservatory, descending a flight of steps, ujion a level excavated for the purjiose, so as to keep this roof also low — a point to which I attach the very greatest importance, alike tor the sake of growth within and of the landscape wuli- out. Southward, in front of this again, but now separated only by glass, not by a brick wall as in the former case, runs a long corridor, thus parallel to the fernery, but in contrast to it, and chiefi\- filled with the finer climbers of all sorts. This triple range of houses — fernery, conservatory, and cor- ridor — thus collectively ]irovides the advantages of a winter garden, lieing excellently suitable for a promenade, even for afternoon receptions, or with eleetric light for evening entertainments From this corridor to the southward open three houses ; say a miscellaneous house in the middle with a succulent house and orchid house on either hand. If funds allow, a " Victoria regia House " would be a most interesting and beautiful addition, and small collections of useful plants, insectivorous plants, etc., would be easily provided. These three may again be connected by transverse pa.ssages. These are not shown on elevation, as on the whole I think the very sheltered space enclosed by these three projecting houses may be better used for the growing of delicate plants, otherwise difficult to cultivate out of doors. Examples of the success of this method mav be seen in the corresponding situation at the Edinburgh Botanic Garden or in the scarcely more favourable climate of that of Cambridge. In sum, then, our range of houses combines the es.sential advantages — of course, upon a small scale — of the winter garden of a great city park with the greater beauty and yarietv of botanic garden houses. I need not speak further of the plant arrange- ment of this conservatory, a matter of more detail than need be entered into here ; but neither good examples nor fresh ideas are lacking.* Leave now this conservatory and look at it from without. Its elevation (fig. 42' is in con- ventional si\le, and while I stand by its interior * Thus Ml- Hackhou.sc ol \'i>rk suggests an iciua more daring than anything I have ventured to imagine — the re- production under glass of a typical subtropical landscape, in its geographical as well as horlicultiiral aspects. The large, low greenhou.se of the Jardin d'Acclinialation, laid out as a |)romenade. will also be remembered by visilctrs lo Paris. COXSI'.RX'A rORIKS 63 arrangement as interesting, even beaiilifiil, I frankly confess to its architectural plainness — in- herent, as yet, in :ill mir architecture of glass, at best here mitigated by keeping down height as far as possible. Next to the old mansion, in view of the Abbey and Palace, and in winter especially, its hard outlines and cold glitter cannot but strike a jarring note. These unprepossessing features can be abated bv giving up the custom of outside painting in white, and, further, by giving the whole house a somewhat more architectural char- acter, for which there are some artistic precedents. D, South Promenade on High Terrace Before leaving the l.aird's Garden a final word should be said of its walls. I recommend lowering the south portion of the east wall by at least 6 feet ; the rest may also be lowered when the present greenhouses come to be removed. On the south I show a promenade on top of the wall, obtained by setting back the present holly hedge an average of 1 5 to 20 feet from the curved frontage, and sur- mounting the wall by a balustrade, with a garden house at either end. The trimmed hedge should 5^T^.n A.B fm^I'M'} Fig. 42. — Klevation and Section of Conservatory, etc., as fleveloped in usual style upon scheme indi- cated in chapter and general plan, showing desirability in view of this situation between Mansion anc\' refenx'd to in the preceding chapter. What are the elements of such a Palace Garden ? These, of course, have varied like architectural styles with the times and their makers. But, broadly speaking, we recognise in them all the magnificence of perspectives, length of promenades, and breadth of levelled lawns, well-trimmed and monumental evergreens and standards ; we find the large rest- ful spaces of lawn contrasted with complexly- 67 designed pattern gardens, their well-set box- edging separating their mazy walks from rich masses of coloured foliage or gorgeous blossom. Where the slope of the ground admits, as for- tunately here, terrace rises above terrace, each varied in its proportions, its panelling, and its balustrading, its formal yews or splendid flower- beds, while all the terraces are interconnected bv spacious stairways of every combination of floral adornment upon architectural design. The architectural use of water in such gardens is constantly of the greatest value. Beside the formal basin, with its peaceful level contrasted by statuary or enlivened by the plav of fountains, the separate fountain also finds its place in the centre of minor panels of lawn and flower beds. The use, too, of the picturesque old sun-dials, so prominent in the gardening of this period, is no- where better illustrated than in our old Scottish gardens. Beautiful effects are also obtained by I he judicious use of vases, of leaden statues, and, best of all, despite all that may be said against our climate, of marble statuary against the dark background of evergreens. These stately and monumental effects are next to be lightened b}- full and free use of roses, lilies, and all the other glorious resources of the garden colourist ; and the whole results in a new and magnificent present- ment of the seasonal pageant, now displayed from the side of architecture and art, as formerly from that of nature and science. B. Tennis Courts and Bowling Green One's first idea is to transform the Laird's Garden, but, apart from its unsuitable outline, I submit that a far better and more natin.il use has been found for this ; while the best place for the proposed formal garden is upon the spacious area in front of the Laird's Garden and the mansion- house lawn (figs. 45 and 46). Yet here again the first idea is rather to reserve this for games — but what games .' There is length, but scarcely adequate breadth, for a single good cricket pitch ; and this is not the right place for cricket. I have sufficiently pleaded for the acquisition of more suitable ground to south and north of the park. Moreo\er, it is time to protest against the loo common fashion of 68 THE I'ALACE GARDEN laying out parks for boys' and men's games ale ue. Hence, just as I have proposed reserving the norih- east corner of the park for children and old folks, I submit this level space should primarily be understood as the Playground of the older girls and voung women of the town and reserved for such games as thcv can fullv take part in. These games, then, arc primarily tennis and croquet, to which we may add bowls ; and the laying-out ot this large space with tennis courts and liowling greens is thus, it seems to me, the most practical and useful purpose to which it can be applied. But tennis courts are not in themselves sufficiently beautiful to satisfv the eve, and to plot down such courts in the ordinarv way would be to spoil Moreover here, as at so many other points, wc mav thus reconcile the claims of wealth and art, of tradition and culture, with those of simple popular pleasure, and even play. Our Palace Garden is thtis fully a People's Garden also. C. Design in Detail (see General Plan) Hence, then, tlic present ])lan is a coniliina- tion of both requirements and principles just mentioned. Referring to the plan, it will be seen that this shows one full-sized grass bowling green and two fair-sized tennis courts, which had better be ash-bottomed for all weathers ; four small grass i-liis. 45 and 46. — tiencral \ iow ^^i silu taken as paiiL'rania truni nt-ar iiii(iy the high and somewhat sinuous retaining wall of the Laird's Garden, on top ol which is show 11 in plan a fligh Terrace Walk. West of this conies a line of Trees and ,Slirubbery separating the Laird's ( iarden from the Mansion-Housc lawn. In 45 is sliown the Mansion-House with its lawn and ha-ha fence, and farther West its Soiith-West shelter plantation (behind which is I'inetuiii and shaded end of proposed lake). To left should appear the main entrance drive, united from those of all three entrances to North, East, and West. (See General flan for design of proposed Ftiriiial (iarden.) the most conspicuous point of the whole park, a real waste of the beauty of this splendid public property. Shall we, then, give this up, and return to the ordinary formal garden of promenades alone, as at Drummond Castle, gi\'ing up games altogether ? Not so ; the difficulty is an opportunity ; we mav exclude neither, liut combine them both. Let us have our tennis courts and bowling greens hut arrange their necessarily straight paths with flower borders and the like. Thus we have our formal i^ar- den also, and that of the best type, in which that too great dispersion of interest, the too elaborate detail which is the defect at Drummond Castle is permanently avoided bv the existence of these useful open spaces. lawns for tennis or croquet, and three small ovals, one larger and two smaller, all large enough for children, making ten plav spaces in all. To all these the formal garden gives a centre with its basin and fountains, a frame for them also with its hedges and lawn borders, its terraces and standard vews, its four small fountained and box- edged panel gardens. Of these, the two larger arc to westward, the two smaller to eastward, of the basin ; while a long flower border completes its southern foot. -\long the whole southern front runs a long walk, with central circular pool and fountain or statue, while minor fountains, or possibly small garden houses with view platforms on top, some what in the model of a city cross, occupy the centre of the DESIGN I\ DKTAIL 69 square bastions al fatli cud. I'Vom fiuh l)asli()ii projects a rounded l)alcony seal. East and west runs a walk towards tlie semicircular ends of the garden at east and west. On the longer eastward half of this path project two other semicircles, again Willi seats, one witli a central dial, the other with a loftv rose pillar. .\ cnlunined rose pergola here offers beaul\- and sh.ulr The preliminary contour survey shows a large of aljoul 20 feet on this whole width of garden, hence two 5-feet terraces are shown upon the north side next the ha-ha and garden wall, thus leaving other 10 feet, of which 6 would be accounted for by the southward terrace wall, leaving 4 for a terrace farther down on the other side of the loni: giving this garden al diice a more coniiilete and \aried beauty, and an added historical interest, indeed, making it an open-air museum in its way. The plans of the ends next need some interi)rc- tation. We may begin with the simpler, because less favourably sunned, western one. Here the path running round the square and oval lawns looks westward into three grassy bays in a dense mass of evergreen shrubbery and trees — laurel and laurustinus in front, hollies and yews and cypresses behind. The plan of the two smaller bays shows a pedestal for a bust or small leaden statue. In the large central bay a larger statue and pedestal is flanked by a flower bed on either side, and has a small flower bed in front also. elliptical drive, which now encircles the whole. This will be useful also as easily furnishing a half- mile running track — while on either side of this drive also races uji to 200 yards can be watched by a fair number of spectators, though of course athletic " events " would not be admissible here. Different methods of treating the long borders are indicated in different parts of the plan, either with regular v'ews, rows of flower beds, or the like, or largely left vacant iit grass. Short and gentle stairways lead down into the law-ns, since these are slightly sunken, a method both beautiful in itself and sheltering to the players, for to this depression we must add the height of the hedges above. In the detailed treatment of these borders, and of the other different units, an attempt would be made to express the characteristic merits and effects of the different styles of formal gardening from the Roman, so plainly indicated in Pompeii, as well as clearly described bv classic authors, through their various renaissance developments — Italian, French, Dutch, English, and Scottish — Passing now to the east end a similar principle' is carried out, but on a larger scale, with five semicircular bays overlooking a sunk oval lawn, with small triangular flower beds at its extremi- ties. Of the five bays three have here statues, now of marble, with an arrangement of flowers beside and in front of the pedestals, as at the other end ; while the two minor bays may have busts or vases. Erom the deep evergreen mass, at this end some 40 feet at its thickest, should rise large irregular groups of cypresses, so in a few- years beginning to produce one of the great effects of Italian gardens, and leading back the eye gradually to the high trees of the deep glen im- mediately behind. It will be noted that the main drives on both sides of this garden unite here in the wood, and thence run up towards the back of Pittencrieff House or down to the bottom of the park. This again affords an agreeable yet not violent contrast between the .naturalistic and the formal styles ; the two are so arranged that they cannot come simultaneously into view at any point In the same way at the west side the Kli.. 47. -A ifw l:ikcii from Hillside ihc iiuiIiIIl- f Man-.ioii lawn luukiiij; iSMiih-lMisi ihiuiiyli its Kusl sliiubliL'iy over Laird's Cjarden lo Abbey and I'alace. Old South wall of I,aird".s Garden seen in distance. 1 . '. .+;> I leOLtliiii^ view leloui lieti, >lniwiiij4 etleei of [)rui>osed balii^lradinL; u]><>ti these walls and ul lei racing below, with combination of formal and natural growth. (This large stairway is that shown on general plan as leading down to Fountain Hasin to South.) Fig. 49 (further detail) withheld. DESIGN IX DHTAI 71 111 liii ilri\r .111(1 ninniii;^ track pass down be- tween till' Iciuus fjiirdens tci llio casl and tlie rock garden in the wesl, willimil al lliis jiolnl looking into either, but simpl)- jiassing through a suf- ficiently interesting border of flowering shrubs on cither hand. As an alternative to this 1 strongly recommend a lofty hedge of trimmed evergreen yew or liolh-. I indicate such an effect as at once simple, ijuaint, and effective. The use of such quiet spaces and their value as resting the eye for fresh views is seldom sufficiently appreci- ated bv modern designers or their critics. Again, in full relief and contrast to our elaborate yet fundamentally simple formal garden, we have the simple mansion-house lawn and laird's gar- den above and the quiet spaces of the park sloping away below. Al the west end is the rock garden, and at the east end, between the lowering cypresses and the woodland avenue, runs a shady path tlin>iij;li a wild garden of primroses under hazels, a natural extension of the wooded dell. The slope of the ground is not sufficient here to give us the lofty terrace effects of Dnim- mond Castle ; yet when the ha-ha of the mansion lawn and the high wall of the garden promenade arc surmounted by a balustrade and the fonnal garden has its double terracing, as shown in plan, a considerable picturesqueness is obtained. This is enhanced by the building of the necessary stairway in the line leading from the central basin to the lawn above (figs, 47 and 48 ; as also bv the erection of a garden-house at each end of the high wall promenade of the Laird's Garden, the western one with staircase also (figs. 47 and 48). This ^'arden-house and terracing would compose at every jioint with the noble mass of Palace and Abbey, the latter furnishing a long and stately ba.sc, the former the needed foreground echo of the spire. A fuller idea of the whole scheine will be ob- tained from looking at this whole garden upon the general plan, and from each of its main apjiroaches and points of view. Time has not permitted the preparation of full bird's-eye per- spectives, still less of the model to scale, which would be desirable for the complete elaboration of the whole design in detail before execution ; enough for the present if the general conceiition has been made clear. chai'Ti:r IX WILD GARDEN AND BOTANIC GARDEN For a wild garden no park could be better adapted. The glen and the plantation borders await us, and afford the opportunity of working out this feature upon no ordinary scale of perfec- tion, at any rate so far as the more shade-loving species are concerned. But what of the sun-loving forms ? Of these the finer floral sorts are provided for in the flower gardens at different points, notablv the tulips and hyacinths of spring, the roses, lilies, and carnations of summer, and the chrysanthemums of autumn. Water-loving species haveamplc home in the exten- sive line of lake, pool, and brook along the western side, and Alpine species are accommodated not only in the large rock garden but will find admirable homes in those large sunward spaces of the ha-ha which I specially preserve for this purpose and propose to adorn in this way. (Here the reader may be assumed to have access to Miss Jekvll's beautiful volume of " Wall and Water Gardens," which dispenses mc from a more detailed exposition of the possibilities of this subject.) Instead, therefore, of either preserving or destroying the existing ha-ha as a whole, I have made each point of its circumference the subject of careful study, and its preservation at some points, its removal at others, will thus become intelligible. But it is not enough to work out with the gardeners the appropriate styles, the sites of shade and sun, nor even to work out with Miss Jckyll or the painters the appropriate seasonal effects. For as yet, in all this garden, the botanist has been in the background. Yet the problems of laying out a botanic garden have been, as natural to the writer, perhaps more anxiously considered than any other portion of the scheme. For the requirements of the botanist are not satisfied by the mere labelling of species, nor even by disposing them in some measure in their geographical and geological relations, such as sug- gested for the rock garden, or, again, in character- istic groups such as the Mediterranean plants pro- posed upon the high south terrace wall under the Laird's Garden. He must have his plants arranged in their natural orders. To many this at once sug- gests laying out monotonous formal lines of beds suchas meet the visitor tothe great botanic gardens, if not a mere cat's graveyard effect of epitaph labels. But such botanic gardens, despite the high authorities who arrange and maintain them, are really survivals of tradition rather than the last word of science. For thev are pre-evolutionary catalogues, not evolutionary ones. They are avowedly made from books, notably " Bcntham and Hooker," not the books from them. That their so-called natural system is pre-evolutionary is cyidcnccd by their geometrical arrangement, so that this freer one would be far more truly scientific. In this way I do not hesitate to say that the small botanic garden arranged by my lamented friend and assistant Mr Robert Smith, in front of the Technical School, is superior to most of the recently arranged botanic gardens in its attempted presentment of the affimties of the natural orders. .\nd since this garden is found sufficient for the requirements of elementary teaching, and since, moreover, the Edinburgh and Glasgow collections are so accessible to advanced students, there is something to be said for going no further, es- pecially as no portion of the park remains which could be adapted to the purpose of a separate botanic garden without injury to what — botanist though I am — I am bound to admit are more general needs. As at so many other pomts, the ditticulty here becomes an opportunity, and after much thought I venture to think that I have solved the problem. For, instead of a specific botanic garden at one spot, the whole place is a botanic garden ; and this not merely of that simpler, freer growing type which preceded the hard and linear arrangement at present predomniani, but also in its very freedom more evolutionar\' both m general arrangement and detail than an\- liotanic garden has been before. It is an old and still too common experience that in seeking knowledge we may lose beauty ; yet it is not impossible also to use our knowledge in service to beauty, varying it and enhancing it. To the ordinary visitor the succession of plants will still appear naturalistic ; indeed, if artistically designed they may appear almost accidental. Yet not only the beginner in botany will soon find the natural orders in their most easily grasped succession but the professed evolutionist, I trust, 72 HOT.WICAl, ARR.WGEMENT 73 will ,iKi) Imd inlcri'sl and suj,'{;eslivcness in the mode f)t ircalnienl adiiiUcd. A. Botanical Arrangement l.eaxmg leelinical details to a possible ]rA\)er to the Naturalists' Society I may simply point out here that the natural orders of higher flowering plants should begin, on the righ thand from what may probably become the entrance from Bridge Street, with the simple ranunculus family and their allies, peonies, magnolias, and barberries, poppies, crucifers and fumitories, hypcricums, resedas, and violets, geraniums, with the pink family and their picturesquely vegetative allies, the rhubarbs, and spinach. Of this whole series the sun-loving varieties occupy wall pockets in the ha-ha, small beds in advance of this, or occasionally on top of the wall ; while the more shade-loving species run back into the plantation belt. This method of gradation from sunny plants in rich and moist soil to the sheltering dry and sunny wall, and thence again behind to the shadiest shrubberies, affords an almost ideal variety of conditions, no less to the botanic gardener than to the ordinary flower lover. Their interests and methods are thus here reconciled. By a careful selection of species it is quite possible to keep up a continued interest along this whole region for the greater part of the year, from the winter aconites of February to the Christmas rose, and the like in considerable measure also for many of the other orders. While this section of the park, then, illustrates and includes the large group of natural orders best known to most naturalists as " thalamiflorals," of which the buttercup is the initial type, the next sec- tion of the park, the north-west, has similarly its wild garden and wall garden, its plants and shrubs around the basin and elsewhere, drawn from the next great group of orders, the " calvciflorals,"* of which the rose family is most familiar. Hence beautiful cushions of saxifrages may drape and adorn the ha-ha wall, with the allied houseleeks and stone-crops ; while the shrubbery saxifrages, like flowering currants, and mock-orange, will afford a wealth of bcautv in spring and early summer and even in autumn with plants like llvdrangea panicnlata. In shrubberies around the basin the beautiful and water-loving spireas and their allies would predominate ; but beds are also shown of fuchsias and evening primroses, etc. ; while the more shade- loving umbelliferous plants occupy the plantation belt behind the saxifrages, yet with the splendid sea-hollies coming forward into the sun. * While using this grouping, so convenient to the liei^in- ner, the teacher will, of course, point out that this also is traditional and partly artificial, and that the order of nature is not so simply discovered. Now running down the west side the rose order in its shrubbery and tree forms would be amply represented, the arrangement utilising all its varied adaptabilitv, from sun to shade and from water to wall. Beside the roses, their allies the leguminous plants are also similarly illustrated with another wealth of blossom, from the early spring and summer laburnum to the latest flowering sweet- jK-as at the pavilion im the height. West of the lake our willow plantation would similarly be of no small botanical interest, and this without interfering with its effect, in fact, enhancing it, and so on with the water plants. In the rock garden, as in the others, the claims of botanv are again perfectly reconcilable with those of beauty ; and even in the formal garden itself a scientific knowledge would greatly enhance the interest of its displays of spring bulbs, of sum- mer and autumn flowers. TuUps or chrysanthe- mums are not less beautiful to those who know them as supremely instructive yet perplexing to the student of variation, nor are lilies less interesting to those who are wont seriously to consider how they grow. Along the drive, to southward of the rock garden, would come the main display of rhododendrons and azaleas, far exceeding in their splendour those of fig. 4, and running off into these the whole heath family, of marked interest alike to gardener and botanist, should be illustrated here. For the primrose family both shady glade and sunny plot are provided, and similarly for minor allied orders like the sea-pinks, sea-lavenders, etc. Descending now towards the Lovers' Loan, a great feature is made along the east side of the drive and the fringe of the den plantation of the campanula family and their developed allies the composites. Here, in fact, is perhaps the culminat- ing example of this possible combination of seasonal beauty in favoured environment with scientific interest. For ample succession of flowers is most easily kept up from the spring doronicums, which would here fill the shady plantation from April till July, onwards through a wealth of blossom in summer too numerous for mention, to the asters and chrysanthemums wulh which the floral pageant ends. The connection of the trees of the plantation with the herbage of the foreground is provided by a plantation of composite shrubs like olearia, etc., behind the kindred herbaceous plants. This brings us down to the Lovers' Loan Lodge, on the opposite side of which is shown a small group of allied orders — madders, valerians, scabious, and teasels, the latter, of course, recalling the composites, and almost exceeding them in picturesqueness. In front of the lodge entrance are grouped the labiates, in masses of lavender, rosemary, thyme, 74 WILD GARDEN AND HoTAMC GARlJllN and other fragrant shrulw and herbs, such as mints and bahiis. Beside are the alhed orders, all easily cultivated and decorative, such as phloxes ; borages, from the tallest comfreys and alkancts In the modest forget-mc-nol ; the figwort familv, from the X'eronica shrubberv to the snap- dragon and mimulus ; the purple and white fox- gloves, and so on — all uniting to make a niagnih- centlv x'aried vet scicnlificallv allied entrance group. Tra\clhng westwards, and again passing the madders, we come along the bottom and lower western side of the park to what should lie a most interesting and beautiful selection of the caprifoil order — elders in their wealth of blossom ami fruit, weigelia and honeysuckle, laurustinus, snowball and snowberry — liere again ,il once both m scientific coljcction and seasonal flower varieties. Above this comes the beautiful ash order, from the privet and lilac to the flowering asli and thickest forest tree. fn such ways, then, the front region ol the park ismainlv characterised bv the" coroUifloral " orders. Next, after the willows already mentioned, come the other " incomplete " and calkin-bearing trees ; hazels, elms, oaks, beeches being also introduced at con\enient points in course of tlie gradual improyement of the plantation liorder 1(j the south-west and south, but also on the east planta- tion belt leading to the den. So far, then, a broadly simple yet adequately scientific arrange- ment of flowering plants has been provided. The jnnetum and cedar group do some justice to the coniferous alliance, as also the proposed new clump of Scots firs in the south-west section, though this, for tlie sake of contrast, should l)e mixed with birches. ll remains only to consider tlie Cryptogamic plants : and for the majority of these the glen aflords the most exceptional advantages of culture, e\en with considerable variety of conditions. In the development of the glen, then, 1 jn'opose to make a special feature of a h'ernery — this great fernery beginning upon the sjxicious bank north- west of the tower bridge, thence gradually ex- teiuling with the years througli, upon, and down the dell, and offering every facility of conditions for the fern gardener — until, before lou^, llic den might become, with the enhancement of its present charms, and without serious expense, one of the most remarkable fern gardens to be seen any- where. Science and beauty are here again fully- co-operating, not competing (Chap. XIII. ;. With the general term of fernery I include facili- ties for growing mosses, liverworts, and the like ; while with the increase of our knowledge it would not be impossilile to do something to encourage the growth of some of the more interesting of lichens, and even of fungi for the cryptogamist of autumn. Nor are the possibilities of tlie den exhausted here, other special features of beauty being its adaptability to shade-loving plants throughout the seasons, from snowdrops, celandine, and narcissus onwards. This, however, will be more fully discussed wlien we come to tlie chapter on the C.len (Chaji. XIII. , which again must be jiostponed till after the purification of its stream (Chap. XI.;. B. Further Aspects of Botanic Gardens In re\ ising this chapter I feel that f ha\'e here, perhaps more than anywhere, come short of ex- pressing, either to the general reader or to brother botanist, that many-sided presentment of plant hfc, alike in its protean beauty and its manifold intellectual interest, in which once more this varied park sliould become a microcosm of the larger world — the world of Nature, the world of Science. In such brief space it is impossible adequately even to outline these. Enough if this practical possibility has been suggested here of utilising the best traditions of the great schools of botany, yet of proceeding beyond these toward a vet fuller and more characteristic presentment of the plant world. That is of the order of its evolu- tion — in historic time and in geographic space — in adaptation of soils and cliinates — in adaptation, too, to other forms of life, and to man himself, and also in some indication of tltat natural order of descent and kinship which is now partly dc- cipliered, partly awaiting more complete discovery. By such laving out as I have proposed for the gardens of this park much might be done, not only for local education and for regional natural- ists, but even for the larger world of science. The great metropolitan gardens are necessarily ham- jiercd by their laving out in the past, which it would be unpractical, even sacrilegious, now to destroy, since science rises upon its own past like coral reef or wall, and thus grows upward into the future. The present opportunity is thus one of real importance to natural science everywhere. Where before has there been such a chance of con- verging the resources of science, at once systematic and evolutionary, with those of horticulture, from iitililarian to magnificent ^ l.el no one fear the loss of beauty from such a comprehensive proposal of scientific laying out, of viewing the whole park as a great botanic garden. Recall how. with our very first view of the ground (Chap. I ). there appeared the proposal for the appropriate planting of the sunward-sloping glebe as an orchard neuk, narrowing into a hawthorn den, and for echoing these with a kindred arrangemenl upon the north- west side of the park also, each, then, witli an effect at once Japanesque and homely. But this spring paradise of blossom trees above the lake, this blaze of autumn glory below the ancient lowers, will only be all the richer for having tech- IT'R'nil'.K ASI'l-.CTS OF BOTANIC GARDENS /3 nica! qualities of design, for being an evolutionist's type-selection of characteristic variations of the Rosaceae. The child prying among the humblest liverworts and mosses by the stream, the designer revelling amid the verdure mazes of the dell, will again but be the richer when the naturalist-gardener has gone before them, like Ariel with his fern seed in- visible ; till not only each successive dene, but each different point of exposure and moisture, of rock and soil, within these has its distinctive point or mass of beautv, yet all seeming more natural than lieforc. The narcissus glades, the iris patches variety of form and colour to the display of the tulips of Holland, the roses of England and of France. Nor need the economist fear extravagance, since the rule has been laid down from the outset of leaving the costlier rarities and the weaklings to I lie existing great collections, and here of specialis- ing on commoner things, and at most upon what, with due care and reasonable skill, even the amateur cultivator may grow. Beyund even ;ill this ihcri; is ycl a larger ccmccpliun, an ideal ayain — that is to say, a poim whicli, tlKuigh no doiilil snmewhal ilislant, is siil'ticieiuly definite. sUady, and hnnin- Fic. 50. — Naicissus, bis, IViddpliylliMii, ele. (I'rimi I'liotuyraph lent liyMr llarr of Covenl Garden.) bv the stream, will look none the less natural because their arrangement has been by a selection from the treasures of the specialist in this matter : it is to the courtesy of the very foremost of these that I owe the accompanying figure (fig, 50). Passing to that contrast and complement of Nature at her greenest and wildest in the shady dell to the stately terraces, the floral magnificence of the palace garden, which should give this park such rare pre-eminence over the vaster pleasances of greater cities, our sunward parterres will be all the richer that their annual pageant has been re- studied from the monographs and collections of snowdrops and crocus species, round to those of the chrysanthemum and Christmas rose. Such fresh presentment can but give new wealth and ous — to show us the right direction to be niovini; in. This time the ideal is of utility, and at first even the homeliest. The newspapers have of late been popularising the fact that one of the simplest products of the industry of our island — the cominon field or garden potato — may be ennobled by skilful culture till it actually .sells at ^'30 or so for a single "seed" tuber, three or four times its weight in golden coin. Here is but a viviil popular example of that practically limit- less development of our natural and our cultivated species which is one of the greatest arts corresponding to the biologic sciences. Here, in fact, is a development of industry, later than those of chemical or physical science, of mechanics or metallurgy, yet destined to no less predominance, no less transformation of civilisation in its approaching turn. It is surely none the less utilitarian liecause, instead of destroying Nature, as with too many recent progresses, it develops her. In our Glen (Chap. XL, figs. 57 and 60) we see more than enough of ashes where, till our own day, there was beauty; 76 WII T^ r.ARDKX AND HOTAXIC GARDEN it is time here fully tn show the renewal cif lieauty from ashes, to utilise and to subordinate the powers of industry to furthering the progress of life. Xor docs such gardening end with flowers or fruit, such breeding with doves or land>s, but begins anew lo have human and social applica- tions, to claim hearing from the philanthropist, the educa- tionist, the reformer. These have too long been alternately traditional or Utopian, formal or iconoclastic ; while, as all these are seen to fail, discouragement and reaction have naturally followed. But it is time again to be renewing the best of all these eflbrts upon their true foundation, their literally natural one — that of a better conditioning of the development of life. The social effort of the opening future will base its practice upon organic knowledge — indeed, of this our bacteriology and hygiene are the beginning — and more and more its social theory will be seen to rest upon vital experience. Hence the great historic teachers have ever sought to turn men again to nature, and have chosen more than their parables from the flowers ; while our modern systeniatisers of science, however contrasted in other respects, like Comte and Spencer themselves, are yet unanimously agreed in founding the social sciences upon thebii)logical ones. Tutting this more definitely still, the opening generation, for whose sake it is that we are here planning and preparing, has now to correlate the respective arts associated with these sciences, and to apply them more and more boldly to all forms of life, to our own species as well, and this not only in tield and forest, in park and garden, but in the renascence of cities, the advance of nations, the policy of races. This advance is being seen no longer merely in terms of the struggle for existence, but yet more in terms of the degree in which we may raise this struggle into the culture of existence. Despite the apparent predominance of a crude Darwinism the evolutionist thinker has now passed beyond this ; he begins to foresee the replacement of our current social policies and politics, with their crude natural- istic theory of mere intersocial and individual war, by a more complete, a more human view, in which hunger becomes increasingly curbeil by love, competition transformed by mutual aid. To this theory a corresponding practice, a line of social action capable of no less definite statement, albeit a still too unfamiliar one — that of eugenics, of experimental ev(.)ltition, organic and human, and this not only in envir(-)n- ment but in breed and race. Towards these great social ends, then, of evolution, not only in nature but in human life, the garden is the school and even the laboratory. Educationists are accustomed to think of physical science as practical, the biological sciences as mostly recreative. Be it so ; our park will be more recreative than ever, as our gardens become re-creative indeed. CHAI'TKR X SOUTHERN PARK AND "ZOO" Wf. may now claim lo have satisfied the demands of the wild garden with imusual fulness, so that it should not only be possible but increasingly attractive to walk up or down the glen, and still more to go round the park almost every day of the year, and not only welcome old friends but see something new. The claims of the simplest lover of nature, of the teacher, and of the trained naturalist, of the landscape lover and gardener, I trust have all been reasonablv, even liberally, met. The landscape aspect of the jiark to southward has now to be completed. Entering once more from the North (iate, passing the orangery, lake, and cedar mount, we descend between formal garden and rock garden. Our main drive descends in a sweeping curve between the rock garden and formal garden, each best closed from the other by a yew hedge, which I should recommend to be grown up to the vastest scale and trimmed in the quaint fashion of our forefathers, although in some new com- bination of their traditional devices, such as that indicated in plan (fig. 137) — the simple sweep of curvature of the convex side being here contrasted with the strong light and shade of the concave side. This broad and simple treat- ment, besides its own impressiveness, is designed here to give the necessary repose and contrast with the rich detail of the rock garden and of the ample landscape into which it presently opens southward. Here we are, in fact, upon the present open space of the park, a very uninterest- ing one, comparing unfavouralily with the much more picturesquelv planted northern half. To appreciate the treatment necessary here we may best follow the western drive downhill, now nearly upon the lines of the ancient roadway, to the new lodge and gateway shown to occupy the present break in the avenue of Lovers' Loan. Looking upwards, the lack of interest is now more manifest, our photographs (figs. 52 and 53) showing that the problem of planting has never been grappled with at all, and that here much remains to be done. The utter monotony of this expanse is as vet little interfered with, even when the formal garden and rock garden occupv the more level spare above, for they only come as far as the two lime-trees standing near the centre of the park. A. "Campus." Some large open space is here necessary, and this may best come on the eastern side of the park. The necessity, too, of some such large open space is well brought out by the admirable function with which the park was opened last November. Though the tennis courts and formal garden now occupy the spot on which this took place the access to this south field on various sides is easier than ever, and the space suffices for a great concourse. This also explains the disposition of the large circular platform which the formal garden projects into this field, so that an open- air meeting on a great scale, so far from being done away with, can l)e better held than ever. Here, in fact, is the civic " campus," suitable for larger fetes, ceremonies, or gatherings than can be accommodated in the Arena, to which 1 come later (Chap. XXVL). It is possible that some alteration of levelling mav be desired on this field, but this would easily be managed, especially in view of the shrubberies at its foot, and thus would present no serious difficulties, practical or artistic. We now come to the south-west portion of the park ; but first a consideration of the needed " Zoo." B. Zoological Possibilities Geologist and botanist will, I trust, admit that their requirements have been carefully considered, but they must not forget that a similar responsi- bility exists to the zoologist. With all this variety of wild and tame gardening cannot something similar be done for the even more fascinating interest of animal life, both wild and tame ? Since we have gardens of all kinds, practically even a Botanic Garden, why not also a yet more attractive " Zoo " ? 78 SOUTHERN PARK AND "ZOO" Let us begin with animal as with the vegetable life, taking nature as we find it, or rather as it should lie, and nia\' casih' lie. Fish First of all, then, even before the bird life of the glen and plantation, comes tlie fish life of the stream. Assuming the necessary purification, a great deal may be done to restock the stream, especially since its enlargement into more spacious pools — and the creation of the proposed lake — would secure this. It is no idea of mine, l)ut .Aquarium, both fresh and salt, and to estalilish this on a moderate scale there is no serious diffi- culty. l''rom great and coslh undertakings like the Brighton .\<]uarium or llie defunct one of Westminster we are apt to think of tliese as of great expense and difficulty. But the methods of aeration of tanks are now so simple and so perfect that there is not the slightest difficulty in keeping moderate-sized aquaria flourishing without change of water even for vears. In a London museum with which I am well acquainted, with great and well-displayed zoological and anthropological col- lections, it is still the small aquaria which are obviously far most attractive to visitors old and voung. Yet this aquarium has cost fewer hun- f"l*;s. 5.; and 53. Panoramic \ie\v of Soiilhwarcl slope of Park lieU-iw precetliiig sites ol Ruck (iarden ami Palace (iarden. The standpoint is near present Lovers' Loan entrance, looking North-VVest to West Plantation, and thus showing from an important future entrance, as indicated on general plan, the vacancy and monotony which render this large and well-.sunned portion of the Park so comparatively unattractive. The need and effect of ihe clumps shown on general plan in association wilh zoological paddocks will be realised from diis panorama. a practical and independent suggestion I owe to two of our leading Scottish fisherv c.\|icrts, that a small installation of hatching troughs might be set up, conveniently towards the head of the little valley or orchard neuk below the Manse ; and, even though it be long before the stream can be <)uite suitable for its natural trout, there are less exacting species. We may thus look for- ward to anglers, old and voung. Aquarium P'ollowiug uiion the i>receding there naturally arises for consideration the |)ro\ision of an dreds than the rest of the museum scores of thousands. With this can easily be associated, if not a pond, at least small vivaria, with tortoises and harmless snakes, frogs, and their kindred ; also an insec- tariuni, in wdiich the marvellous transformations of insects can tie easily shown and followed. The lirovision for schools of small aquaria, and the revival of the old fashion ot keeping silkw-orms, caterpillars, and the like will again accompany the spreading love and educative use of natural history among tlie younger generation. This a(iuarium may also conveniently be associated with tlie Nature Palace, and is suggested in the pi. Ill ,md large perspecti\e vqiou its eastern side. \\l.\RIi:S, PCnM.TRV-VAKl) 79 Bird Life, Aviaries. Poultry-yard I he iniiilhologisl inav be safcU' left Id work out detailed possibilities : it is cnousli to point out here that these are larger than is often realised. The existing rookery is a valuable asset to begin with ; while the stream and its expansions, besides the larf^e and small lakes, would furnish the right habitats for an interesting collection of water birds, over and above the indisjiensable magni- ficence of swans. Islands, as shown in plans, being provided, the nesting and brceehng of manv of these species would be assured ; while even their feeding is in no small measure attended to by the visitors. Might it not also be ])ossiblc to establish a small heronry, of which there is at least one magnificent example in the county, and doubtless more ? Returning to domesticated life, the quaint ness of the stork, the grace of the crane, would not be forgotten. This brings us to the question of aviaries, again a delightful and in- expensive resource. Such ample space can be given as practically to take away all that im- pression of painful captivitv which is given liy many older collections, witli their small axiaries, of too close confinement. Song, plumage, habits of interest, would all guide the formation of such a small representative collection, which need not regret omitting the too melancholy captive eagle or the disgusting vulture ; the birds of prey may be for practical purposes sufficiently represented bv owls, to whom partial captivitv seems le.ss oppressive. Jusl as the I-aird's Garden should be preserved as a centre of horticulture, so our Aviaries, indeed our whole animal collections as far as possible, would have a similarlv practical and human interest — that is, they should jirimarily have regard to the creatures we call domesticated, but which have had so vast a share in civilising and domes- ticating man. Just as I press for a model kail- yard, so I ask for a model poultry-yard, where anv visitor could see and be advised as to the best sort of fowls for his or her purpose, just as for the best varieties of kail and peas at the garden. This need not be on any great scale ; in fact, it can be most useful vqion a moderate one. Keepers Instead of the ordinarv male keeper of a zoo- logical garden, our whole axiary, wild and tame (and, indeed, why not the main zoological manage- ment ? , might well be in the hands of an intelligent and sympathetic woman naturalist and poultry expert. Such women have always existed in the past, and they are again educating themsehes to technical and business efficiency. Examples and initiatives such as that of Lady Warwick need only be mentioned here, but should be tulh- intiuired into, since full of suggestiveness to our present problems. In all schemes like the present a large place should lie assigned to women, not only in connection with poultry rearing and with garden- ing, but with museum curating also, and, doubtless, with other activities as they arise. I have spoken already of Miss Jane Addams' Labour Museum at Chicago, and may also say that no London or other Natural Science Museum known to me has, in pro- jKirlion at any rate to its size and resources, a more notable educational usefulness and influence than that of Whitechapel, directed bv Miss Hall. Oilier analogous instances miijht be eixen. Larger Domesticated Animals In one main remaining asjiect of the zoological collections, the place of women may be still more )irominent. Theirs has always been a large share in the care of the minor domesticated animals ; and, best of all, theirs has been the great educational, moral, and social task of developing those childish instincts of sympathy with animal nature which It is one of the great defects of our present educa- tion so largely to stunt and starve. Speaking alike as a paterfamilias and as an educationist, I must strongly plead that to ensure for our children a loving intimacy during childhood, not onlv with dove and chick, with kitten, puppy, and rabbit, but with lami) and calf and all other accessilile gentle young life, is to my mind quite one of the very deepest possibilities and duties of parental and of educational usefulness. Here is one of the truest ways in which we may protect ourselves from w-ithering into that too common masculine world of mere administration and information instead of education proper. After a too long adminis- trative and informational age we are beginning again to learn that true education starts with the culture of the feelings, and proceeds towards that of intellect ; not vice versa, as our current codes, primary, secondary or higher, have been too long supposing. With such w'omanly influences at work the naturalist need no longer fear violence to either the natural or exotic life he would fain protect or naturalise. Just as the single typical school garden which I ask the Trust to begin with (Chap. \TI. jE.; will in time be found to arise at almost every school, of course in its due local form, so by-and-by live pets will claim their corner of the usually too desolate playgrounds. In all this tw^ofold movement, that of natural history and home life together, our woman curator would be in\-aluable. In summar\- then, I do not propose anv extensive competition with the trax-elling menagerie, but rather to complement this, bv encouraging — first, the wild life of our own region ; second, the as- sociated forms most easih' naturalised within it ; 8o SOUTHERN PARK AND "ZOO" and thirdly, above all, those domestic animals, not only on account of their material usefulness, but still more on account of their sympathetic and moralising value which is so urgent a present-day desideratum of our education. The Hooligan has been too long treated by punishment and repression ; we begin to understand him as largely the product of our educational machine, the starveling of its stony bread. It is time, then, to give woman-gardener and naturalist a chance of fair competition with school-code maker and policeman. Besides, then, that literal annual provision of lamb and calf for our children to which I look forward in the nearing future of education by experience and reality, why not also more per- manent pets ? Why not only a dog or two, a whole family of Persian cats, but even a troop of donkeys, another of Shetland ponies ? Cliildren would pay their half-pence for rides no less readily than for sweets ; so here, again, one of the greatest educational resources of humanity might be simply and inexpensively democratised, and the literally chivalrous thus begin again to replace the merely horsey. Since such children's steeds pay the private speculator at every summer watering-place, there is surely no risk of their not reasonably earning their li\'ing in this place of resort, open and actiye all the year round. South^West Paddocks The plan clearly shows the mode proposed for breaking up the vast western portion, upon which the imjiression of lilankness principally depends. Here the plan must be its own explanation, since time has not permitted the preparation of per- spectives. It will be seen that this western space of about five acres is broken up into large and small pad- docks, varying from 2 acres to 100 sq. yds. Here, then, are many spaces, applicable to one of the most desirable interests of this park — its " Zoo " — and with due accommodation suitable to different species, from the small deer park to the mere cage run sufficient for the smallest quadrupeds. A detailed study of the plan will show that this care- ful attention to the requirements of a Zoo has not prevented the composition of (he tree clumps into large and unified masses, nor their disposition so as to give vistas, but has rather facilitated this. I submit, in short, thai here, as elsewhere, the real requirements of useful work and general picturcsqueness arc not separate. Following the contour lines, the outlet of the lake at)Ove gives us the opportunity of continuing it, not only down through the rock garden, but thence down along the edges of a number of the animal paddocks, where it can widen out into pools, sometimes cemented, so as to prevent trampling and soiling of the edge while running in and out from the general courses of the little stream. This again gives opportunity of pictur- esque gardening with water-loving plants, and also of showing the animals in their fullest beauty of reflections and at convenient nearness to the spectator, so that this soulhmost walk would become a favourite haunt of that truest sports- man who has exchanged his gun for the camera. The partial separation of this portion of the Zoo from the rest would not occasion any serious inconvenience in work, .since, after all, the distance is so slight. Yet the picturesque connection can be kept up by occasionally turning sheep, or even cattle, into the main Campus, which I leave, for the present at least, untouched, save for beds of shrubs and flowers opposite the entrance, which are easily defended bv a light, inconspicuous fence along the north side. Though a very few specimen trees, or even small chimps, would probably be desirable, these should lie left till the main im- provements are finished, and then put in as finishing touches with the most careful design. For donkeys and shelties a moderate paddock space is provided in this south-west corner of the park. In others of these paddocks should be displayed some of the supremely beautiful members of the deer and antelope trilie. A picturesque rocky prominence would be constructed in one or two of the smaller paddocks, one for the display of antelope or deer and the other for a family of goats, which are thus seen to incomparably greater advantage than imprisoned upon the level. Even of tlie common sheep such a climbing rock gives an altogether new idea ; while to see the play of lambs in such conditions is one of the greatest seasonal delights possible to a healthily simple human life. Yet how few have ever seen a really first-rate tournament of lambs, much less provided them with the needful hillock for their game of " King of the Castle." Exotic Animals To these various types of sheep, goat, and oxen, deer and antelope, might well be added some strange intermediate forms, like the yak, or other species adapted to our climate. And beside the pony paddock, why not a zebra ? If these thrive and pair at Penicuik they might also flourish here. We are thus coming to admit .some of the animals of the menagerie and [lermanent " Zoo," and among these, no doubt, those quaintest of creatures, the kangaroos, would claim one of our paddocks. The great carnivora, the monkeys, and other thoroughly exotic types, I should personally prefer to leave to the menagerie ; but I recognise that many feel in these the very keenest interest, and that some moderate representation of such types may fairly be considered. In this I'TRiiii-.k I'ossiiiii.rni'.s of "Zoo" 8i Cdiinciliiin I iiia\' e.s))cLiall\ rcl<-r lo I lie cx.iillijU- iinci ail\K(-' c)l I'rofcssor C'lmmiif^h.im, now of ljliiil)ur^li, whose long experience and exlra- ordniar\- sueeess with llie Dublin Zoological (larden lias proved beyond question that the supposed dclicacv in our climate of (he nionke\', lion, and the like has been due to the unwholesome heat and closeness of their customary housing' in older estabhshments, and that thorough open-air treatment succeeds with iheni exactly as it does with ourselves. Of the great wild beasts, I should most recommend, as among the most attractive, a couple of brown bears, for whom pit and pool and bath can also be so easily provided, and for whom cai)ti\ity becomes thus practically but a form of domestication. At once peculiarly c|uainl and human is liie seal, still better the sea-lion, for whom a tank might easily be constructed, though il is fair to say his fishmonger's weekly bill might alarm the treasurer of the Trust. A Lion House with open-air cage with glass roof, combined with a refreshment-room building i^an arrange- ment which the experience of Dublin and other gardens is found to justify) is shown upon the large perspective and main plan. We have not \et made sutficicnl zoological use of our beautiful dell. Why not naturalise here a beaver family, and let them build a dam, with ample provision of tree-thmnings. with which the park improvements would supply them ? The success of the Marquis of Bute in Scotland, and of Sir Kdward Loder and others in the South, shows tliat there is no insu]icrabk' ditficull\- ; while in the stream below the in.insc, ,i hlllc above the proposed lake, their dam would be most conveniently situated. In Country Life, for .2c)th December 1900, will be iouiui an excellent plan and process-engraving of the beaver dam of Leonardslee. An otter would be dangerous to our struggling fish population, yet he might easily be confined by a low. yet unclimbable, wire fence lo a small por- tion of the stream. A fox and a badger might each have his lair at some point of the long bank of the stream ; these animals would not lie seen often, yet the earl\- photographer wniild calch them. Even a wild boar and sow might rear a fainih- iu similar comparative freedom ; and here again a pair 111 glials might ha\e their sci .iiiililing ]ilacr. ()\erlieail too among the trees shniilil r.iiigr a family of .squirrels, their alleged liariuhilnrss tn specimen trees here mattering little among our irregular ones, and in any ca.se being readily abated b\' more generous food. C Further possibilities of " Zoo " So far, then, our general project. It is capalile of further elaboration and of much detailed im- provement, but 1 trust is defensible in the main V \'ital to its character is the departure, mure thorough than is possible in the collections of great cities, from the idea of a menagerie of strange creatures, a wild beast show of prisoners in cages. In our Zoological ("lardens we arc apt to miss that sympathetic contact with life, both natural and domesticated, which the botanist and the gardener respectively express, and the problem of pioneering initiative in this matter, of real pro- gress in Zoological Gardens, is thus to increase, not the quantity of captive species, but the quality of our appreciative relations to the wild, and of our companionship with the tame ones. Criticism will no doubt suggest improvements upon my proposals for the development of wild life in the glen, and the utilisation of the lake and the park paddocks ; we should thus reach the most perfect attainatile expression of the variety of animal life in beautiful natural environment both of glen and meadow. '1 hus our "Zoo" affords an opportunity of great enhancement of our naturalistic gardening. Nor is the other aspect less important in its opportunities — starting anew with the grass pad- docks and such space as may be available at the glebe, our complementary jiresentment of animal life, not simply as wild from the hunter's point of view, but as tame from the shepherd's and peasant's, is surely no less important, though the .social and scientific point of \iew is a changed one. From the restoration of wild nature at home, or the presentment of it abroad, wc jiass to the association of animals with man 111 the histor>- of civilisation, with its gentler but smch- not less needed appeal to the collalior.iliun uf wuman and educationalist. Here again there is niiim, and even more than before, for constructive criticism, the more since, while many jireccdents exist for keeping animals in comparatively ualural conili- tions, I know of no altemj)! such as 1 have pleaded for, that of selecting, arranging, and evolving the everyday farmyard into a recapitulation of the relation of man to his domesticated animals throughout the rise of civilisation, and of com- plementing this by arranging as tar as may be Us corresponding rccapitulaliiin in the individual experience of our children, not only by awakening their curiosity, even their admiratimi, nl wild naliire, but their sympathies, their love. The great recreative value of a zoological garden is due to its reawakening the primiti\e interests in us all, and so of bringing us back to the child level, free for the time of our maturer thoughts and cares. But can we, or at least our chililreii, do this in some yet more thorough way ? That surely would be the ideal Zoo, in which not only should ihe animals be happily free or happily tame, but in which we ourselves should be again in nature, free in greenwood or forest belt or grassy glade, like Adam watching and naming the creatures, or, 82 SOUTIII'".RN i'AKK AND "ZOO' at any rate, like Mowgli in his jungle. Again, and more than this, we should a.gain be taming and cnilisHig them, feeling their gentle influences in return. And though in town and chamber we mav forget all this, in summer holiday at least we remember, and not only delight our children and educate them bevond the world of books but renew for ourselves the past year's outworn acti\i- ties for the next bv participation at .some point with I heir priimtn'c life, now in sport or in the woods, on the pastoral hillside, or again at the farm. To supply something of Ihesc elements is thus the highest problem of our Zoo ; and its ade- quate solution would be a real piece of pioneering alike 111 park development, in recreation, and in education. Here at least are beginnings ; on the more civilised side with our woman-keeper with her chickens, her calf and lamb, her ponies and the rest. But for the more primiti\'e side, the elemental return lo nature, something more is required, and for this we must find the means of return to nature more fullv — that is, recalling and recapitulating our own jiast — in iilainer phrase, of putting man into our menagerie. This, loo, we see sometimes done in great exhibitions and the like, but too much in its inferior aspect, of strange captives to be gazed at liehind their bars. But the child is wiser ; he (l(.)es not want to sec the savage merely, but to be the savage ; he does not play with Crusoe, he is Robinson himself upon his isle. So the final achievement in Zoo planning would be to devise the ways and means of this return for our children, and in spirit at least, with them, for ourselves. Bringing this idea now to practice, w'e need the primitive cave, the lair, the log-hut, the tree-house, and all the rest, so recon- structing not only Robinson's home and look-out, or Mowgli's lurking-place, but the primitive types of human dwelling-place throughout the ages. Where is such a ]irimiti\e village possible ? There is the ver\' place for it on the west bank of the proposed East Lake, the rising wooded margin of figs. 1 6 or 17. Here one has not onh- tlie .glen abo\e with its wild life, the lake with its birds and fish, but the Zoological Gardens, east and west, on either hand. In such an environment who would not be more of a naturalist, more of a Thoreau, more of a primi- tive, more of a child ? And would not this be recreation indeed, this going back lo nature, this re-creating of the elemental past, this re-crea- lion also of the essential phases of civilisation anew ? Here, tlieii, we pass fullv from zoology into archa?olog\- and anthropologv, and from natural- istic into social education. While the discussion of zoological possibilities thus closes, the other needs for its treatment a fresh chapter ; W'll.). I'll.. 54. — I'mniniiiiic view ui W'usi side ul Si .Muij;arcl'.s Cilcn alxivc l';irk lliu Kunh-Wcsl (■.■iiicr..l latter to South (left lianil) in distance. The backs of the houses of Chalmers Street run aloni; tlie lup af the high west bank. On right — to North — is lower portion of grounds of Wooers' Alley. C. STREAM AND GLEN CII.XPTF.R XI STREAM PURIFICATION AND ITS RESULTS It will be remembered that tlie initial ]i,irk im- provement of our approach was of the widened stream (Chap. I., figs. 14 to 19; ; but that this was seen to be impracticable — indeed, all tlleii improvement impos.sible — without the purification of its central essential element, now so deplorablv contaminated, the once pure and beautiful hill stream. To treat this, then, we must overleap our park walls and follow it, if need be, to its source. This clear, we can then, and onlv then, speak of improving the Glen at all. But as we have already seen that at least half the value of a park lies in its approaches, here is, of course, the main, the natural approach ; more than ever \vc must keep our eyes about us for such collateral and convergent improvement as its banks mav afford, now in pleasant nook or in spot of noble associations ; or again, in larger open spaces of rest or play, the more since these are necessarily connected with our main park by the finest of natural parkways, the varied course of the stream itself, with its incessantly changing landscapes. Thus, then, we arc not leaving our Park, Vmt naturally continuing it along with us upstream, redressing its present sadly depreciated value, and enhancing this with each practicable extension. We are not expending our wealth, therefore, but investing it in real estate, and this in the truest increase of beauty and use, of accessibility and variety, of recreation and health to the generations of the future. Here it is again possible, and surely, if anywhere, it is desirable, to be pioneering ahead of the wants of those to whom the present modest limits of our existing Park walls may seem sufficient, or who may be satisfied with this present S3 improvement of ils tjwn ([u.irter of the city with- out similar concern for the larger quarters to northward. A. Parks and Playing Fields On our first impression Dunfermline may well seem amply supplied with public parks, and this even as regards considerable future extension of population. Yet if we look again from the stand- point of playing-fields, available especially for the games of boys and young men — a matter obvi- ously not only of recreative interest but of the most definite hygienic importance, of economical significance also to the working power of the population, indispensable too as a safety-valve for energies which otherwise find less desirable channels — we see that Dunfermline as yet has practically hardly any park at all. For neither the public park to the east nor this new park to the west possesses any adequate level area avail- able for games. To level such spaces would, moreover, cost a great deal, and would seriously deteriorate the new park for other purposes. The ambiguous term of park mav, indeed, for the moment be usefully abandoned. We have pleasure grounds of the rarest extent and beautv, but these are really leisure grounds, not plaving- fields, and they should be as far as possible pre- served for their natural uses. Their appeal is to childhood, to maturity, to age ; and such level ground as they possess should be preserved for the gentle games and recreative activities of the girls and the large working-woman population of the city, and practically not offered to the young 84 STRKAAI I'L'RIFIC.ATIOX AM) ITS Rl-.Sri.TS men at all, so far as lootball or cricket are con- cerned. E\en Ironi the point of view of the present cit\-, mucli more from tliat of an expanding one, this larger park problem must be speedily faced. Before doing this let us notice the actual re- sources, not of the greatest towns but of the At I'erth the two Inches, both quite le\-el, make up an area ol luUy 175 acres, and at Stirling the park area is just under 21 «i. In this way it will be seen that Dunfermline, despite its pecuharad\an- tages, is still far from being abreast of other towns as regards parks, much less ahead, as its ideal and its public responsibilities henceforth demand. 1' ic;. 5S. — Vli;w of West side of X'alley below (.South of) Si Nhxrgaret'.s Cave. Suggested iniprnvemcnl ol hack terrace of Clialniets Street U.K. Church as new access from Park quarter to Cave. Here a fresh notation is employed which may need explanation. Instead of having my sketch worked into process block I)}' process engraver, wilh corrections, retouchings, and inevitable consecjuenl imperfections, despite apparent finish, I have here simply sketched upon the photograph direct, as wilh ( li.ilk upon a blackboard. without any retouching at all ; so thai while photographic \erisiinilitude is here abandoned, the comparison with plan is clearer than before, and criii riiiuiiui^u^ to liastward (the Church Terrace sloping due East in Hg. 55 being seen in Northward perspective on the left side of fig. 56). To the right of the stream and in the distance lies the Saint's Cave, environed by weedy and overgrown trees, niostlv pofjlars. The proposed bridge is indicated. for allotment gardens, while a larger field should now and then be obtained for recreative purposes for the games requiring ampler ground. These are not parks, however, of any great acreage. The multiplication of a large series of open spaces, how- ever small, will be increasingly found to be of greater hygienic value to populations than is the modern system of large parks at cf)miiarali\cly great distances. These the bulk of the population practicallv reaches onlv on summer evenings or on Saturday afternoons ; whereas, to raise the general standard of health, we need manv more open spaces easily accessible to children and within easy hail of home. Such spaces, too, would be of immense value in tempting out the working mother and elder sisters with the smaller children, and the provision on such spaces of roofed yet open-air shelters, with comfortable seats, would be found of immense value in such ways. If the housewife could be induced bv judicious example, and the home happiness notably increased ; the proportion of illness diminished also, even the actual life expectation appreciably impro\-ed. Not even all medical men adequately realise, much less the general public, or the (too exclusively mascu- line) municipal and governing bodies, how very large a proportion of the defective elements in our city life, particularly in Scotland, is due to the too great confinement of mother and bairns within the narrow limits of what is actually or practically a one-roomed home, with its deteriorated air and its deficient sunlight and beauty, even where cleanliness and order are maintained, and much more when these, through overcrowding or the like, become deficient. B. St Margaret's Cave I submit next that besides the double path in St Margaret's Glen above Bridge Street the public >S6 STREAM PURIFICATION' AXI) ITS Ri:Sl'I,TS property around Queen Margaret's Cave should be improved as one of these open spaces. In view of the great expense involved 1 do not recommend, in our time at least, the acquisition and demolition of anv buildings on the north side of Bridge Street or even of Chalmers Street or Bruce Street. If, as I hope, the long-dreamed-of new bridge be some day thrown across the valley, continuing Pittcn- crieff Street to Carnegie Street, and so opening up that whole quarter of the town to new develop- ment, accesses at each end for descent to the glen would naturally be provided. One of these would be very much upon the lines of the existing right- of-wav, the brae on which the children are climbing in nn- photograph (fig. 58). It is, of cour.se, un- fortunate that a new tenement should have been erected facing Pittencrieff Street, right in the way of this needed bridge, but upon so great a public improvement the additional expense of removing this would not be too serious. For the present, then, it would be sufficient to obtain such improved accesses to St Margaret's Cave and Glen as follows : — That the Trust should acquire from tlie Chalmers Street I'nited Free Church an access, as shown (fig. 55), to Ihcir back green, sloping down to the stream below ; that this should be terraced much as is the exist- ing garden immediately to the south ; and that thus bv sloping paths and steps one should descend to the stream, which should be crossed bv a bridge, either communicating with tlie ground of Si Margaret's Cave already in possession of the cil\-, or better as follows. 1 furtluT urge tliat a similar application be made bv the Trust to the Free Church opposite, and that a path be made downward from Bruce Street through their back ground to the stream, and that this new bridge at the bottom be made between these two cluirch gardens (fig. 56*, with path to Cave. The result of this simple and comparatively inexpensive improvement would be thai the public would have a new and attractive access from both sides to one of the most interesting and historic spots within the city, one at present practically useless, since its present approach is not onlv obscure, but squalid and repellent. In this way, too, we should have literally united churches brought together with that spot of early traditions in which all the various denominations feel a common interest. On the one side of the small new bridge required I would, therefore, place a carved panel, bearing on one side the emblem of the Free Church, on the other that of the United Presbyterian, and in the middle their present con- joint symbol. On the north side, towards St Margaret's Cave, might be placed her own symbol, or say marguerite and crown, with some device commemorative of the Celtic Church on the one side and of the later .\bbey on the other. Mav I further \cnlure to suggest that Ihc congregations concerned might give (as other riparian proprietors have already expressed their willingness to do this access to the public through the Trust without charge ? They would themselves be sufficiently gainers bv the improvement of their ground and accesses and bv the pleasing and restful transformation ot what is at present useless or unsightly. The incentive to public spirit would also be of general value beyond the congregations concerned, and might lead to other improvements in connection with Church Build- ings ground tliroughout tlie town, such as \. ill readily suggest thcnisehes, ihough bevond my limits here. The four illustrations (figs. 57 to Cm) on same page), all taken within a few paces of each other on the west bank opposite the cave, will here interest the reader. Thai supplv of dust to children's lungs, by which our present urban enfeeblement would alone be thoroughly ensured, will be noted cm the left above ; while of the stream treatment the two stages of development photographed in successive weeks, in the lower figures, surely need no comment. C. St Margaret's Garden Passing now northward ol the cave we note how the tall trees of this ground have completely spf>iled Ihc garden adjacent, which now lies waste. This might surelv be easilv acquired, and should be planted with elders and other shade- loving shrubs, thus deepening yet further the quietness and coolness of the region round the ca\e. This brings us to the square-walled ruin, that of an old weaving factory, now long disused and roofless, with a narrow lane to Ihe south and some tumble-down outbuildings to the east. Surelv this might be acquired for little or nothing. What should be done with it ? I urge the retention of this ruin practically as it stands and its treatment as follows ; — The walls to be pointed with cement, Ihe lops especially cemented so as to prevent further dilapidation. Ivy then should be planted on the outsides of this. The narrow approach might easily be widened, of course by demolishing the wall on its south. Upon entering now by the existing doorway a spectacle of desolation presents itself, vet here are elements of great picturesqueness and suilabililv when transformed as indicated in plan. The v.-alls upon the interior show the recesses of win- dows now walled up, and these might easily be adapted to lodge wall plants — a method of great beauty occasionally employed by old-world gar- deners no less than by modern ones, witness Hdzell Castle near Brechin. The interior space might easily be brought into cultivation as a flower garden, and this I propose to treat in special commemoration of our local saini, whose ascetic cave of rctircmenl and medila- Kli;. 57. — K\ample of everyday disposal of aslies upon lank of stream opposite St Mart;arel'.s Cave. Fig. 58. —Immediately adjacent public path to Cave— an old right-of-way in daily "se by children, as their only access to stream. Till lately this was practically the only open access to ylen, and, m fact, all the public park or lung of this quarter of the town. Seat at top. Flc. 59. — Example of a sewer descending from street above, opposite Cave: nominally leading to sewer along course of stream, liut really leaking into il. Fig. 60. — .Same drain photographed witliin a fortnight later. 88 STRl-.AM rrRIFICATIOX AND ITS RKSUI.TS lion will ha\o its effect and interest greatlv en- hanced by thus pi-(>vidinfj it with a natural com- plement, a little cloister-like garden paradise. Upon the inside of the southern wall ivies might again be grown, witli a border of shade-enduring herbaceous plants like white spiraeas, etc. Con- tinuing this bed all round next the wall, let us lav down within this a jialh of gra\el, or, perhaps still better, pa\ enient , of sa\- 4 ft . (1 in. broad, ,ind within this lay down a sipiare lawn. C'ui out four large corner beds in this, and in the middle place such a very simple sun-dial as might have been in use m her time, or, still better, a small fountain. Better still, a statue of the saini herself ; for here beside her cave, rather than in anv more conspicuous place, should be the monument of this woman whose spiritual forces were here so constantly recruited, and who has left so deep a mark u))i)n our city and country. The treatment of tlie garden might readilv be such as to carry out the sentiment appro])riati' to the place and purpose. White flowers should here largeh' predominate, from snowdrops round the year to lilies, and thence to Christmas roses, with sjiecial predominance of the uliilc marguerites which especiallv com- nieniorati' her, and of which a selection can easilv be made flowering through the summer into autumn. Upon the soutli side of the north wall, which gets ample sunshine and yet perfect shelter, a wealth of white damask roses might be grown, not the last florist's\-arietics,but such old-fashioned roses as she might have grown herself. Violets, dames' \-iolets, and other flowers of modesty and fragrance, frtigr.nil herbs Icki, like rosemary, lavender, and thyme, would naturally complete this little garden and give it some notes of variety ; and thus the sentiment of the place, already developed by its union with the terraced gardens of the two churches, wnnlil find its natural completion and climax. Thus at peculiarly little exjiense for this whole improvement a spot of interest equal lo anv element of the park, and in its way unique, would be easih' secured. This whole garden should now be iurlher sheltered and concealed 1)\' |ilantmg elder-trees to east and north ; and thus a new wealtli of flower would appear above its walls, with complete isolation from being overlooked by tlie rest of the glen. The seats of this garden would furnish places of rest and meditation to which many a busy person might steal awav for a few- minutes from any part of the surrounding town. If the old garden lo eastward were acquired, its ancient wall facing scuithward would again make an excellent support for roses, which should here be of the brightest and richest varictv, and with a border in front of herbaceous flowers of e\'ery colour, so as to give the most vivid possible contrast to the quieter beauty of the saint's garden within ,111(1 to Its own deeply-shaded southern side. D. The Tooni Leaving now this whole St .Margaret's shrine lie- hind us we come out to one of the everyday realities of the modern industrial town, in the vast double toom " (fig. 61 I of miscellaneous .dioniinaticm and rubbish which is at present, perhajis, the most distressing and discreditable feature of the whole treatment of this unhappy valley, of which till our own day the beauty remained undestroyed. This is, of course, only an extreme lype of the deplor- able treatment of the stream and valley by its in- habitants, and this from practically the first houses upon its course to the last, with too few exceptions. It IS hence most urgent that, if our stream improve- ments are to have any reality at all, this entire spot should be acquired and dealt with. I am aware that this toom meets a real need as a place for the disposal of earth from foundations, etc., and that its removal will impose upon all future building operations in this neighbourhood a certain a]iprecialile expense for carting rubbish elsewhere. But there is no spot in the whole citv, so far as I can see, in which this mischief could have been more disastrous, or of which the improvement would even now vield a greater return of beautv. For the mischief tliougli great has not gone so far as to be irrepar.ililc. These spoiled banks can still be ]ilanted, .iiid willi only a little modification can be made to return to the wooded aspect natural to the dell ; a literal " Hawthornden " thus replacing the present hideous sore ii]«in the amenitv of the citv. U]ion the level top of this toom, which commands a wide and bciulitiil \ iew (see photo- graphic panorama, fig. 541, seats should be placed, and surrounding these a group of tall-growing trees, convcnienlh- the common maple (Scots " plane "\ might be i)lanted. Here, in fact, is one of those spaces opening oft llie neighbouring streets tor which 1 ha\'e previously been pleading. Iliere is also here the distinct vestige of a little lateral stream, and this might still in some measure be rescued and improved, at least towards its fall into the main burn, where it would be crossed b\' a simple rustic bridge. E. Improvements Up Stream Continuing u\> stream our prospecti\'e jiath leads us along the foot of different gardens to the property of Wooers' Allev. fhis, I understand, can be acquired on reasonable terms, and I un- hesitatingly urge this acipiisition. lis luMutiful terraces and paths might easilv be imi)ro\ed still further, and to this trifling acreage the artistic value of (juile an additional little park be thus gncu. .\t ilir highest point also one or \\\o cottages might be erected, or still better, I should say a tenement block of dwellings, with o]ien .galleries, or at least ample oriels .md f.iirlv high- '11 IF. TOOM 89 ])it('lic(l roofs, so as lo give a picturesque liiiish lo this otherwise at ])rcscnt rather confused corner. .\rouiul sucli a liiglicr mass the existing l)uil(iings woulfl then grou|) (juilc nalurallv and jiictur- escjuelv. Upon the op])osite side I have ventured to con- verse with two neighbouring ])ro]irietors. Tlie one assures me that, wlnli' he lias other interests to consult, the Trust may dejjend upon his cordial goofl offices with his fellow-proprietors. The something of a boulevard eflfect. Under the arches might be arranged an open-air gymnasium (indeed, why not several of these, each allotted to its ap- propriate age and strength ?;. Swings for children, a flying-stride even, with parallel bars, horizontal bar, and the like, cost but little, and are unfailing sources of pleasure and healthful recreation ; while a few seats at the margin would be welcome, not only to the tired gymnasts but to the lookers-on. The existing viaduct is shown in fig. 62, and the Kic. 61. — "Toom" consliluliiig main iiioilL-rn k-aUiri.' uf Kast side i>l X'allcy inimcilialel) Nmili o| Si Margaret's Cavp. lis inleie.st as an open space lo adjacent quarter of lown is indicalod by procedint; view (fig. 54) taken from it. .\fler due grading, careful planting would readily conceal nililiisli. next proprietor at once authorises nic to inform the Trust of his cordial willingness to give oft such a path as is desirable along the whole bottom of his properly, simply upon the natural condi- linii of the Trust constructing its path wilh such retaining wall as may be needed to keep his garden above from sliding off into the stream, .111(1 III jirolect him from uninvited \isiinrs. Lea\ing Wooers' .\llev we cross the street at Ruffle's Brae, and note opposite the fine railway \iatluct, with the underlying ground hajipily alreadv the propertv of the city. This ground I urge should be jjartlv emploved for widening the street, with irees planted so as to give at least impro\'cment here so easih- possible indicated in the following fig. 63. This brings us next to the Harrie Brae Dyeworks and their outlying ground, a region of many pictur- esque elements even as it stands, and of great possibilities. I must again strongly urge the ac- quisition of this property, alike as a great element of this reformed valley region, as a lung to this whole neighbourhood, and, of course, also as a means of removing the abominable pollution which constantly surprises the visitor to Pitten- crieff Park below — the stream suddenly coming down changed from its usual leaden hue to every objectionable shade of blue, red, or green. Be it go STREAM PURiFiCATIOX AND ITS RESl'LTS mere unremuneralivc outlay to the Trust. Mv treatment (Chap. XX'III.) of the mills below the abbev and palace will sufficiently show that, so far from having any objection to industrial buildings. I accept and even welcome their presence, and onlv press their employment in ways consistent with the ordinary claims of hygiene and public beauty. With the buildings ifig. 6,|) I have ])racticall\- no fault to find, though if any funds be available for tlieir improvement I should readily undertake This now leads us to the ground of and street of Low Beveridgewell (fig. 6(1). While the tributary stream ot Baldridge Burn runs in from eastward, laden, alas ! with every pollution, bottomed with broken crockery and ashes, and interrupted by tin pails, old linoleum, and every other evidence of lapsed ciyilisation, here the main stream is covered in altogether and run= through a culvert. It is hard to say which is more to be pitied, the frank open- air pollution liv the pri%'ate citizens, or the covered- V\c,. 62. — Exislin'' Kailwav \'i:iclii('l. etc. !■ 10. 63. — The same view, iniprn\ed hy })K'inting anal art. Little matter if, as is obviously of element- ary necessity, we correct both. I'p Baldridge Burn our suggested path can still go on, on one side at least — that of the iron works — and farther up perhaps on Ijoth again. The cleansing of the stream here as elsewhere is of no great difficulty or expense, since the removed rubbish need not even be carted away, but can be decently buried in deep holes dug teiuporarily for the purpose along the bank. While the stream is so utterly dirty nobody need have the smallest coni|iunction about imi'i-;()\-kmp:nts up stream 91 adding more dirt; but, per contra, let the Trust clcansp tho stream , in due co-operation, no doubt, willi url)an aud local authorities, and tliereafter the belter citizens at least would think twice before thev would again do anything to pollute it. Upon the occasional offender the continual jiassers along the proposed path would have a certain moral effect, while e\en the hardened offender might be readily dealt with without leiral or ])olicc- interference by the simple vcl liungent expedient of photo- graphing her or him in the act (see my preceding fig. 58). The polite communication of a copy of such a ])hotograph by the secretary of the Trust to its subject would generally be sufficient ; if not, more pub- licity might be readily given. Coming now to the main stream in the culvert, I advise that this be reopened and the stream conducted no longer in the natural course, which is filled up for good, but along a regular and formal basin. The street is here broad enough to give a sufficient boulevard, and with this should be undertaken the improvement of the long- neglected-looking bank, which, I understand, has been actu- ally offered by the proprietor to the city on condition ut some such general improve- ment. 1 understand that the expense at the time deterred the city from undertaking this, but (he Burgh Engineer's plans exist, and might be readily re- vived — it may be adjusted to the larger scheme 1 am now advocating. The Trust need not, of course, relieve the citv of the whole expense. I am f:ir from suggesting any viola- tion of its fundamental in- struction in the owner's letter ; bul only that in view of llie resultant public space at top as well as bottom the Trust might fairly undertake that difference of outlay over and above that of ordinary street improvement, which deterred the city on a former occasion. The opportunitj' here presents itself of a fine piece of formal boulevard, a sheltered yet sunny promen- ade also. On top ol the bank a small open-air gymnasium, a band stand, or both, might also be erected with great advantage to the neighbour- hood. For the present, however, I leave mv ]ihntograph (fig. 66) of the existing desolation to speak for itself, and withhold its natural com- panion — that of the scene transformed. This now brings us to the estate of Broomhead, of which we may especially note its 12 acres to south of the stream, its acre or so occupied by stream and banks. The 4 acres of gardens and grounds around the mansion-house, and the large field behind, u]) to the coal-pit, may for the time Ku;. 64. — Old I)ye-worl< and .Mill.s on ..iic.un. be left out of consideration, though any building scheme in which the Trust may engage would naturally look at these among other sites. Of these 12 comparatively level acres of Broomhead, with at least one side of the stream, if possible both, I strongly urge, however, if not the im- mediate acquisition, at any rate the obtaining of an option upon these, so as to prevent their pas- sing into the hands of the speculative builder and becoming irrevocably lost to the Trust. I-'or here, nearer the centre of working population ihan the *,5' I'll;. 65. — Did collages East ul l))e-\vi>iks. I' 11;. (j(]. l-.Mstiiiy ^Uih ..I 1...U l;rvi-iMli;<-'\\L-ll, ^Iimwiiil; |"issil.iiiiy 111 ii'Icasing stream fnmi ciihcrl. iayiiit; nut lioulevard. planting the earthen hank, and placing bandstand seats or open Gymnasiinii ahove. lirinniihead Park is seen in distance. 1 II.. 07.— \i^w up Mill Lade near ils (iriL;in. *--**^. W' ;tfe-. "•^■'■^ - i^fiinin'-Migi lie. OS.— -Bank with .Scois pines opp„siie Golf-course. Here llie Mrean, is shown widened oul rgin Hould next lie made less tame Ijy a little planting, etc. The 94 STREAM I'URIFICATIOX AM) ITS RKSIT.TS Pittencricff Park or the Public Park, is one of those open spaces and playing-fields of which we have seen the necessity if Dunfermline is to even approach the standard of its smaller and neigh- bouring cities. To mitigate the expense of this ground a certain number of villas migiit be feucd off the Wellwood Road to eastward, and also one or two more, or even a block or two of tenements erected on tlie level ground at the south-west, though I must admit the economy of such curtailment is open to question. Lca\ing Broomhead, crossing the Wellwood Road, and continuing up stream, we note by the roadside a tiny wooded glade, with small tributary streamlet, which might be made a picturesque feature upon our double path. On the north side we come to the golf links, along the foot of which our path should surely easily be secured ; wli'le on the south we have the bleaching- works of Messrs Marshall. These gentlemen allow me to report that thev will be liappy to grant the Trust the needed ground for the proposed path along their feu from just above their water tank to their upper limit, adistance of say i ^o yards. Here, then, we emerge once more upon the farm of Headwcll, with its fine avenue leadin.g eastwards to the Townhill Road, an avenue which it is earnestly to be hoped may be long preserved and maintained. The care of all such spots would naturally become one of those public interests which might con- veniently be undertaken by that citizens' union to- wards which I offer suggestions (Chap. XXXII [.;. Keeping, however, to the stream, or rather strik- ing up to the lade which runs through the town, and rejoins the main stream in the glen below the Abbey ^lills, we find a charming picture upon its banks (fig. 67). Soon, alas! we come to the high barbed fences and notices commonly suggesting an ancient but disputed right-of-way, the natur.il path from the city up to the Town Loch. Here, too, arc signs of an ancient mill-dam, which may be at any future time restored into a lakelet. From this runs to Townhill a fine avenue, and beyond this the picturesc]ue and rf)ck\' bank, with its Scots pines, the first examjile of this invaluable landscape element we have vet come to ifig. the Town Loch, to Townhill and back again, Dunfermline will also become a town not only attractive to painters but productive of them. For designers, too, upon whom the pros- perity of the town so much depends, and ever increasingly must depend, the best artistic society and example is constantly desirable. These two liranches of the profession would incre.isingly be- come unified with gain to both, and through them to the community also. Thus larger aspects of technical education would soon react upon every- (hiy pr.ictice t the vital sjiirals ot ascending progress. CHAPTER XII PARKS AND BUILDINGS IN THEIR BEARING ON CITY IMPROVEMENTS It now remains In consider the relation of onr improved park and lis associated new or renewed 1' Hi. 70. — Sketch outline map to illustrate inipr()\cnients ath'ocated in this and preceding cliapter — viz. (i) the connecting; of the two city parks by park-ways ; (2) the improvement of St Margaret's Glen and development up to Town Loch and Townhill Wood : (3) the extension of the existing beginnings of an avenue system along the main roads and future streets ; (4) the extension of the Park Southwards towards play-fields and present race-course. bnildings to the general impro\enicnt of the city. Iliey develo]i, fall mlo two V)roadlv coiUrasled schools, which are really, just as in gardening itself, the formal and the natural- istic. Each has its place and use. The formal school appeals to and follows the example of new Paris or Washington, the latter finds its ideals in Bruges and Nuremberg, Its suggestions in Old Stirling or Old Edinburgh. And as we have found place for both schools of gar- dening in the park why not for both schools of city improvement, each in its due place, here in Dun- fermline ? If ever a city had a chance of arranging its future for the best it is now larger Dunferm- line, which to the opportunities of Park and Trust adds the coming naval base, the natural expansion of Its main industry — a singularly steady and permanent one. With all this it may expect also the de- velopment of its cultural and resi- dential aspect and the growth of new industries, such as printing ; in- deed, innumerable subsidiary indus- tries both utilitarian and artistic. The fact, too, that instead of a city debt it has a " common good " of exceptional magnitude is also greatly in its favour. 1 am not suggesting any fanciful or ex- aggerated culture compari.son, lint simply using a plain geographical comparison, when I remind the reader that Dunfermline, with [nverkeithing (and now Rosyth or St Mar- garet's), is becoming a city of the complex type of Edinburgh and Leith : that is, the type of Athens and Pira:us : and this com- bination of hill-city and port-cily has always been, and may reasonably be expected to continue, peculiarly favourable to the attain- ment and maintenance of relatively high culture, both civic and personal. It is in this connection that the solution of the rival claims of the formal and the naturalistic city improver settle themselves accordingly. For the very maintenance of Citv improvers, like the gardeners from whom nu«lcrn city life, the arrest of its present degeneration, btoad ^ 97 98 P'ARKS AM) BUILDINGS and airy streets, well-spread cottai:jes and spaciinis gardens are urgenlly necessary ; while good ami rapid comnnuiica- tions, not only for horse, vehicle, and tramwa)'. but broadened out for autocar and cycle, have to be kept in view from the very first, so that communication between Old Dunfermline and its new maritime suburb be not only easy and rapid but attractive. In a word, I press for combined action on ihe part of the City authorities and County Council witli the Trust and with the Government, so far as they are con- cerned (and this is further than is always seen), for the plan- ning of a realh" adetpiate modern city and modern mad system, neither of which, it must be remembered, as yet exists in the civilised world. I h.ave not acquaintance with the plans either of the Admiralty or with those of the (larden City Association, if any yet exist ; but I plead that the occasion is of transcendent importance not only to local but to general jjrogress. To allow this supreme occasion to be lost, and the future city to arise in the ordinary way, as a muddle of a new port with a liuddled industrial and residen- tial town, and of all these with the usual confusitm ofrailivay communications and inadet(uacy of road and street ones, would be a disaster to the world and a disgrace to all con- cerned, not to speak of the deep and dangerous strategic blunder and waste this implies and educates for. No i>ne can live for any time in London, or even attempt In do a day's business there, without realising the enormous calamity, the permanent and increasing waste of life and energy of all kinds, which has been entailed upon seven generations past, and perhaps as many future ones, by the non-acceptance of the simple and admirable plan of .Sir Christopher Wren for the rebuilding of I^ondon after the Great Fire of 1666. That the greatest and busiest city in the world should still be centred in a mediaeval laf)yrinth, and thence spread out through practically mere unwidened village roads, and even unstraightened cowpaths, in ever-increasing confusion, and then cut up and blocked in every direction by railway "systems,'" tramway and 'bus lines, without a suggestion of systematic or linear order, involves a daily loss of money which would have paid the difference on Wren's plans. Kingsway and Aldwych are examples t>f the costly apologies now being paid, piecemeal, to the memory of Sir Christopher ; while the disadvantage to London in the ever-sharpening struggle for existence of its now largely incurable crooked- ness goes far to cancel its great natural advantages. I dn not here submit any proposal for the planning of the ex- tended city, though this will yet range up to the park, and should at once be considered from it, since my present instructions do not admit of this. Let me at least point to the progress in this direction which is being made both by American and liy (ierman cities. Returning n<»w to the present Ounferndine, the 'M)iil Town" of future parlance, I hold that here is the place for the conservative treatment, the naturalistic, in the sense of making the best of things as we find them, just as below and aroinid it for the more formal. This does not prevent the formation of open space wherevei possible : in fact, it en- courages it, and makes street widenings at this or that point as may be convenient or as occasion may arise, but it does not enter upon any regular plan of improvement comparable to that which should be designed for the new city which is to come. I rejoice that in the chairman's inaugural address to the Trust, already referred to, the American criticism of Dunfermline as a "dirty and ill-built town" should be so frankly considered ; yet to make it well-built, and even l)eautiful, requires, I believe, merely a generation of that comparatively gentle and gradual transformation which has been in progress for the last half generation in the Old Town of r^linburgh. This, I maintain, is yielding a far better result for a town nf this t\pe than could the greater schemes of clearing and widening which have been from time to time proposed for it. This is not to say we should not ha\'e a general policy of improvement of < lid Dunfermline ; in fact, its main lines are fairly obvious and may he easily indicated. To relieve the mean, ill-built, and over-crowded aspects, which so strongly impress every visitor to the present citw a first great yet easy improvement wt)uld be to unite the two parks by adequate " parkways'' or boulevards — (I) by extending the boulevard of Comely Park Place to the manse entrance of the park ; and (2) that from Lovers" Loan, the Nethertown entrance, and the proposed Nethertown Street boulevard both by Woodmill .Street and Brucefield Avenue to the Old Park ; again (3) the continuation of Abbey Park Place into Park .Avenue (a change which needs interference with but little jiroperty) would form an admirable and attractive street from the Public Park to the Abbey, thus again practi- cally connecting the two parks ; (4) coming to the fiigh Street line, the improvement to Bridge .Street by a new park entrance would also be a very admirable one, as also the new "Carnegie Place'' I have suggested on the roof of the new music hall, like tliat cm the I^dinburgh Waverley Market. In the middle poilinn property is no doubt too valuable to be interfered with, but much may be done for its continua- tion in \'iewfield Place, and still more from .St .Margaret's Church onwards. From behind Hawthorn Bank and in front of the old park the street and road should be planted as a boulevard, or, since prejudice against large trees in the street too largely survives in Dunfermline, let us say a laburnum avenue, which grows to no great height yet to great beauty, not only of bIo.ssom but of picturesque gnarled growth. In this way we see the possibility of no less than four liroadly parallel parkways, each with its own features and interests, and all this at a very unusually small outlay for the results; in fact, an expense which might be fairly faced by any suurll city, even without external aid. .So much, then, for the southern half of the town ; what of the less attractive norlhcrn portion? (5) James Street shouUl share at its west eiul in the improvement last sug- gested, and without any great expense both this street and its continuation in (Jueen .Anne Street admit of great im- provement here and there, without any expensive scheme of widening, but by simply forming here or there some little open space such as can be obtained by removing single buildings of small \alue. Nor are architectural features wholly deficient. The historic Erskine Church needs only a few trees, especially a row upon the east side of its ground, to show it at its best and greatly to inij^rove its quarter; while the position of the Post Office and the needed bettering of the approach to the ever-increasing important Upper .Station makes the im|irovement of this line of street a matter of practical certainty in the future. Proceeding northward, the next line (6) is that of Reform .Street and Carnegie .Street, at present certainly unattractive enough. But the proximity of the new baths and the recent adjacent improvements arranged by the Trust render the improvement of this (juarter a matter substantially begun. Carnegie Street is certainly at present not very worthy of its name, but the needed rebuilding of much of Chapel Street affords the opportunity of laying out here a little place or square towards Bruce .Street. Mitherto we have dealt ex- clusively with the east and west streets, and left the north and south ones unconsidered, but (7) the widening of Dam- side Street is surely specially obvious. (8) The erection of the new bridge, so often desired, that across the valley to ARKS AM) II.DIXGS 99 I'ittencrictr Street, shtiuld aL:[ain be kept to llie fmnt in any plan of inipiDvenient, and a tramway or niolor-oniniims line running alonj; litis route to the Upper Station and beyond would naturally arise to connect what arc at present in- conveniently {i.i: waslefully) remote districts. This line would, moreover, promote building westwards. It is in no small measure the dreary monotony of Pittencrieff Street and lames Place which at present lari^cly checks improve- ment in tliis direction, but such housing impro\'emenls as those which have been above considered in connection with the park (Chap. 11.), with the associated street improvements which are also so obvious, would doubtless lead towards renewing the natural western e.Ntension of the town to the great advantage of all concerned. The laying out of the irregular ground west of James Place would especially lend itself to the creation of a delighirul suburb — a "garden city" in miniature or germ — still better, a garden village. When we look again at the map in this larger way we see (9) Ilarrie lir.ae and Mill Street no longer as mere backways of Dunfermline. These are boulevards, which, with llic stream improvements already pleaded for in Chapter XL, should be continued (lo) to Rumbling Well and Baldridge Burn ; in fact, continued beyond these ; and with a tramway line or suburban station in this direction a new suburb mighi readily arise. The old quarries, still in the open country, in this (|uarler arc favouralile to transformation in the future .as the nuclei of new open spaces and public gardens ; while even the abundant presence of old mine workings would, I trust, also be of service in helping lo discourage loo crowded building. The connection of this district with Pittencrieff Park by converting the present narrow road into a boule- vard continuous with Coal Road (which might now be cor- rectly renamed as West Park Avenue) would also be a great advantage both to the working-class quarter of the main thoroughfare of Rumbling Well and the- \illa quarti-r cen- tring in (irieve Street. Let us return once nu)re to the Upper Station and then again enter the manufacturing quarter of the city, (ii) We have already seen the advantage to the workers of the pro- posed improvement of St Margaret's Glen and the use of green spots like Wooers' Alley as city lungs and workers' breathing spaces, especially at breakfast and dinner hours, when the two large parks are eipially inaccessible. The improvement, already outlined in Chapter XI., of Low Beveridge Well and the addition there argued for Castle Blair Park would also thoroughly develop this quarter. .Among tlie vacant fields soutli of Headwcll Bleach-Works expansion is also going on, but again without sufficient plan. Here (12) a good east and west boulevard should lie kept in view from Broondiead Park to Townhill Road. In fact ( 13), the whole nf this quarter, up to and including Townhill, should be the sui)ject of a timely and tliorough design. Willi a tramway up and down the Townhill Road, say raihti TowTihill .-Vvenue or Boulevard, this important suburb would be greatly improved ; still more when we bear in mind the alternative (fully indicated in Chapter XI.) of what would practically be a country walk from Townhill or Kingseat llill by the existing Chamberfield Avenue to .St Margaret's Well, and thence down the burnside or lade- side to the tramway line of Pibnuir Street or through the Castle Blair Park to Mill Street. The preceding dozen suggestions are but intended to open the subject : thus, for simplicity's sake, the question of the north and south roads and avenues has scarcely been more than touched at one or two points, and the obviously needed improvement of the old Public Park has not been entered upon at all. F^nough if these pages indicate the approach- ing time when a city will no more be destitute of a compre- hensive yet ever extending and inqiroving collection of maps and plans for its future inq)rovemenl and development than a ship of the cliarts of its voyage. To the confused and sordid labyrinth of modern towns no small proportion even of their apparently nt)n-material evils are due, and I therefore make no apology for this brief excursion Iieyond the strict and necessary limits of my immediate problem of the park and its associated improvements. In fact, these are asso- ciated improvements. .Again, imagine such a scheme of improvement gradually being worked out ; imagine the residt, even in half a genera- tion, of such a policy, and consider wlielher the crooked little Old Town would not thus become no less beautiful in its way than the more formal New Town upon the lower levels towards the .sea. That would have its stately avenues, its long perspectives, its charming garden city also, with its blossom-covered cottage houses, hut this would have the still greater anli(|ue charm of variety, picturesqueness, un- expectedness, which can never fully be designed. With its high views, its sunward .slope, it should even be the more healthful and attractive of the two. In conclusion, then, we look at our nu^p as a whole : we see the little, old hill city preserved in all essential characters, even renewed : its group of culture buildings around the ■Abbey Church and Monastery, its stately Palace and vener- able Tower ; we see its two Parks brought together by their verdant parkways and this splendid central group spreading out its radiating avenues to suburbs, country, and coast towns, ancient and modern. Here, then, we should have a complete city. Old and New, which would be in its way the first in Scotland ; in fact, an example and encouragement to city progress throughout the United Kingdom, and even beyond — a little northern .Athens and Pir;vus indeed. !• ii.. 71, — Waterfall of jesmond Dene, Newcastle, to indicate possibilities of an artificial fall of about the same height as that proposed, even without planting. (Photo kindly lent by Messrs Valentine & Sons.) CHAPTF-R \1 THE GLEN A. Improvement of Stream concluded We now start again from the Town Loch and return down stream. Some dav this loch, as akeady suggested, will be the central lake of the Townhill Park, the cynosure of a little tiarden City. I'-nough, however, for the jiresent if this water be pure and its effluent be kept so ; with recovered respect for this, the essential condition at once material and symbolic, all else that either hygienist and landscapist can desire will assuredly follow. A very practical question is the utilising of this loch more fully for its practical purpose as a reservoir for the stream, and of economising its flow as far as may be, so as to avoid ugly and unwholesome drying uji of the stream in summer. Three possibilities here suggest themselves — the first, the bringing in of additional brooks, is from the contour of the country most difficult, and may, I fear, for the time be practically disregarded. But is it not possible to help the course of tlie stream from water pumped or run from the different mines ? I believe I am correct in stating that substantial increase might be thus given tools would be of great additional beautv. In the case of storm and spate the presence of such ponds would naturallv help to mitigate any local risks of inundation, though, of course, they could not be sufficient to completely remove these. That would be a matter for the engineer south of the town, into which we need not yet enter bevond pointing out how admirablv the existing contours of the ground near the Charleston rail- way and siding south of the park are adapted for a fair-sized lake. Thus, then, our park would again clasp together new expanses of beauty on either hand. At length we come to the end of this long insistence upon the stream improvement external to the park. This has been necessary and justifiable, since the stream is still the vital centre, as well as the historic cause, of the whole park and cit}- alike. B The Glen Proper Entering now the park itself, we ha\'e here as its central and historical portion, that extraordinary loop upon the stream (fig. 2) to which the Tower Hill owes its existence — the Dun and Tower there- fore, and the City itself. Here, again, the creation of new pools or lakelets is possible and legitimate. Though from the fitful flooding of the stream and the friable nature of the shales through which it cuts no material evidence of surviving con- structions can be expected, I think it not im- possible that in early times the stream around Town Hill may have been artificially raised so as to furnish an adequate moat, greatlv strengthen- ing the defences of the Tower. Be this as it may, the present ditchlike walling of the stream is intolerably ugly, and must be dealt with. But here Mr J. G. Goodcliild of HM. (leological Survey, who has been kind enough to go over the ground carefully with me, points out that the rate of denudation of the soft rocky banks is so rapid that the removal of this wall would soon have disastrous consequences ; but there is, however, no objection to altering or disguising it with rock-work or with verdure, or to such raising of the surface of the stream as I am sug- gesting. He also lays stress upon the conserva- tive value of the ivy, which here and there sheets the banks ; so that here as everywhere the de- mands of ulilitv and beauty, of conservatism and betterment come to practical agreement. While speaking of the geology of the valley, let me here recall that amid the many historical events and associations in which it is so rich, the greatest of all is apt to be forgotten — the fact that it was probably here, along the banks of this stream, that the world-transforming industry of the collier took its modern origin. Historians dispute this priority between the monks of Dun- fermline and those of Newcastle ; and it is clear that what was known to one branch of the order would not long be a .secret to the other. Can our geologists rediscover this ancient working ? If so, it deserves the most careful preservation, and it is well worthy of artistic commemoration also. Here is a theme for the painter ; still better, an ideal subject for that great Belgian sculptor who has so often found his inspiration in the coal-mine — Cons tan tin Meunicr. C. The Glen unit by unit For convenience sake, let us divide the course of the stream into its geographical units. First the Queen's Garden, which in a subsequent chapter ("XXVI.) we develop as the Arena. Even inde- pendently of the construction of this, the existence of a lakelet as a reflection mirror would be a great gain to beauty, while its fall below gives us the needed centre and focus of a new picture looking eastwards towards the .\bbey (Chap. XXVI.). This is, in fact, our second unit, the beginning of the best part of our winding glen or dell, den or dene (not to be misspelt dean as at Edinburgh). Not only for clearness in the present outline, but for the convenience of those using the park, may I be permitted to suggest a definite set of names for the remaining units of the Glen, respec- tively overlooked by Tower, Mansion, Palace, Mills, and Manse, as, therefore, the Tower Dene, House Dene, Palace Dene, Mill Dene, and Manse Dene respectively ? Each is a natural unit w-iih features of its own which have now to be further developed. Starting, then, at the top of the Tower Dene IOj thp: glkn (which may here for the time being be roughly suggested by that of Jesmond Dene, fig. 71) with our new waterfall from the Arena lake, we have half way down the half - natural, half - artificial makings of another waterfall ifig yi), and this a little more art will easily render much more natural-looking. On the right is seen the nearest approach to a rocky cave which the stream affords ; in a dangerous and nearly collapsing state, it is true, yet capable of being easily pre- served by a little judicious un- derbuilding, which should be supplied without delav for fear of an accident , w-hich might easily be fatal to anyone shel- tering within it. .\t several other rocky points along the stream such skilled underbuild- ing is needed, notably under the Tower approach opposite ; and there is no reason whv this should be unsightlv. Ivied strength cannot olfend anv eye. Here the stream begins to turn southwards towards the bridge, and here, again, an- other lakelet is possible, witli small fall below. — these are all obvious, and though a drive whose course we cannot now alter appears to interfere, this difficulty again becomes an opportunity of new effect by simply carrying the streamlet in a short tunnel below the path — this, in fact, giving us the always picturesque effect of a single-arched bridge. From below this the stream would de- scend in a succession of small falls and pools to the main stream, so giving a fresh interest to the whole Tower Dene. The water would come D. Tower Dene, Children's Dell, etc. Though the serpentine swee]i of the Glen gives it an ever- new and indi\idual interest we still miss one feature whicli would be of great \alue — tlie coming in of some smaller tributary stream of which the minf)r valley would give a new scale and dignitv to the ravine, a greater effect of breadth and depth. Here above us is the one point where nature (though apparently not unaided by the debris of the miner's art) has of old supplied these, though on no great scale — the tiny dell in the north-east section of the park waterless and completely dammed off f Glen below (fig. 7^). To give this, however, something of its possible beauty and continuity with the main valley, and again, if possible, bring down a little stream with its opportunities of picturesque fall, is here most desirable, and fortunately easily practicable also. The hollowing out of this as a watercourse, the slight heightening of its banks, their planting sL-un in ;. 7-. — \ icw of Tower l)cne, foiilne of proposed new turrets suggested in Chapter \.\I\. PALACE DENE lo; tinu' iIk- world l)oth of fjcoloj^y and Imlany — may well conic lo DunfciTnlinc. E. House Dene Passing now south ot the double bridge House Dene, what can be done for its features ^ The bridge is shown in fig. 74, and this from one of its best points of view, that of the exist- ing small fall. This should, again, be somewhat height- ened and improved, the re- sultant pool above this fall then mirroring the bridge, and so doubling its present beauty. Upon the improvement of the mansion I enter elsewhere (Chaps. V. and XXIX.). As regards the stream, the banks need little more than ivy and enlargement of its masses of bays, yews, and elders. I propose to renew the path along the bottom, and connect it by a light wooden bridge with the renewed footpath leading to "Wal- lace's Well " upon the north side (figs. 75 and 76;. Whatever be the connec- tion with Wallace, if anv, this Well may probabh- have been connected with the water supply of the Tower, but its tradition of medicinal value must also be kept in view. If after cleansing it turns out to be drinkable, we have here an interesting little feature, an additional attraction. F. Palace Dene to the main in any case, needs improxonient from its present too obviousl)- artificial character (fig. 7). llfR-. llicief. lie, without forgetting tlial this is Cmwn property, not the Trust's, I venture to suggest, in the in- terests of conunon amenity (indeed, in some measure of safety also), tliat for this unsuitable railing be substituted a low stone parapet, as introduced on tlie left of niy fig. 78, in place of the present railing in fig. 76. An inspection of this will show how the buttressing and underbuilding of this carried downwards, as it must needs be here and there to the rock below, will further aid the picturesqueness of the whole composition, and also prevent any danger of landslip within an n]t]ire(^iaMe time. I 11 .. 77. Mill Dene and Linn, showing pre.ienl too lurmal liL-aUULiil, and eas\ iuiprovenient, especially in \iew of slight heightening of stream of Palace Dene proposed above. this whole picture may be considerably improved, since parts of the building would then be visible through openings in verdure, and not merely, as at present, through the winter branches alone. The slight thinning of trees at bottom, in\-olved by the widening of the stream, will also be an advantage. In extending tlie i\v sheeting and planting of the bank there is also a little further improvement to be done. Studying this Palace view more closely, we note how largely its noble effect depends upon its massive buttressing, while the corresponding While speaking of the Crown property I may also venture to say that the present rough earthen steps are not in keep- ing, and that simple and substantial stone steps, with low parapet or balustrade on one side, would be a substantial improvement to the whole architectural composition. The expense would not be considerable, and the ])resent constant repairs would be put an end to. I recommend, ihereftue, that these two mailers, along with the elsewhere suggested widening of the Palace Yard and Monastery Place, with its consequently desirable setting back of the wall and railings in the former place, and lowering it in the other, lie submitted for consideration by the Trust to the Crown authorities. The opening of the late proprietor's accesses to the Palace, whicli has presum- aldy (.levolved upon the Trust, siioulcl also be arranged for. Ml 1,1. DENE— MANSE DENE G. Mill Dene H. Manse Dene 107 01 ihc Mills I sliuU s])c;ik at length in CliapU-r XVIII. ; while of the picturesque interest of the Mill Dene, with its two falls both improved, its present bridge rebuilt, and a new one thrown across from the foot of the Mill (kirden westwards, nothing more need be said than that this section of the glen would obviously be one of the most interesting and varied of all. The mill stream I also leave for con- sideration in Chaps. Will and XIX. Xcw and interesting views both of Mill Dene and Manse Dene would be obtained from the proposed new bridge (see fig. 79), of which the useful- ness as connecting the two sides of the glen for driving purposes will readily be ap- preciated. At other points this would be impossible with- out much greater expense, and, indeed, serious altera- tion of the landscape, but here the levels readily admit of its presence as an improve- ment not a transformation We drive from the future Manse Entrance to the foot of the Mill Garden, then across the stream and down a wide old path, easily renewed as a drive, to meet the east drive of the main park, and thence turn uphill or go round. A little study of the plan will show how greatly this bridge will increase the extent and the varietv of the possible Park Drives. This bridge 1 have sketched in but the slightest way, but its com- paratively long span indicates steel as here the suitable material. Apart altogether from any peculiar fitness here on personal grounds, this would obviously be the most characteristic constructive addition we can make in our day and generation to the open-air architectural museum of the Park. Why not make its construction an occasion and a stimulus for the engineer as artist ? In our still comparatively early steel age, he has hitherto been mainly occupied with the more elementary prob- lems ; let him now express the finest capabilities of this most marvellous of materials. (M the Manse Dene widening into its lake figs. 80, and 14 to 19 collectively, showing the possible improvements, are sufficient. The whole study of this proposed improvement, in relation especiallv lo the Xethertown Boulevard Kio. 78. — \'iew of .-\lil»ey ruins, with .suggestion of buttressed stone parapet to replace present iron railing. The parapet is here too prominent, and the cope especially needs improvement ; the difficulties of retouching must here he alU)wed for. and its improvement to Lovers' Loan, is thus pos- sible. It will be seen that the transverse dam afforded bv the raised road is not a wholly desir- able ending for our lake (fig. 17^. I have preferred to give this an arched and therefore bridgelike treat- ment, and to suggest the planting of trees on the south side of the road, both for reflections and for concealing the poor buildings behind, rather than io8 THE GLEN the otlicr alternative of gixing this dam an eartlicn bank with trees upon its slope down to the water, though I fullv admit there is also nuich to be said for this naturalistic treatment. Here at length we have returned to the improve- ment witli wliicli these park studies began, m summer-house of oak boughs and heather thatch, which might reproduce in its interior the " mirror grotto," formerly so popular, and I lielieve still surviving, at the Hermitage at DunlieUl and elsewhere. I am well awaie that tliis is not offering a high form of landscape ail, iiut it seems t<) he so real a resource of delight to children and other simple oh- ser\'ers that it seems reasonalile to supply it. I'li;. 7g. -Suggested Steel Bridge between Mill liene and Manse 1 )ene, thus admitting of great exten- sion of I'ark Drive system. The footpath to the right might easily avoid any need of steps up to bridge and drive Ity a slight increase of gradient. Chapter I — that widening of the stream into a lake at the foot of the Glebe which gave us the whole series of figs. 14 to iq, but which we were then obliged to abandon as impracticable, pend- ing the purification of the stream. This now exhaustivelv treated, this proposed scheme can be realised ; indeed, some day, I trust, continued southward, as already advocated in Chap. XI F. I. Possible Hermitage Grotto At some convenient point— -either here in the Manse Dene above the primitive village by the lake or at a spot just he- low the proposed new Arena Fall — I would erect a rustic I trust, however, that this may not be the beginning of any subaqueous grottos or other costly conceits, for in such ways the arts have too often wandered away into mazy elaborations of unreality. These fascinate and tlelight for a season, but a reaction soon appears. The waste of labour, of wealth, needed elsewhere, becomes suddenly manifest, and a utilitarian age thus follows. To others the unreality is most painful, and scientific Philistinism results ; while to others, again, such elaboration of lower interests in preference to higher ones awakes the protests alike of I'uritan and iconoclast. (.)n all grounds, then, it is safer to do as I have tried in these pages ; and, while fearlessly elaborating great constructive designs, to keep these always in touch with the reality of labour, with science also, and, above all, with those high realities, those cardinal points of direction, which we call ideals. D. NATURE MUSEUMS ClIAl'lER XIV NATURE PALACE IN PRINCIPLE AND IN POPULAR USE A. Site CoMiNXi alonj; I'riorv Lane we see llic venerable fragment of an ancient gateway which connects with a portion of the city wall behind. Though any suggestion to displace this ancient landmark must be resisted, the question may arise of trying to adapt to this, or harmonise witli it, the gate pillars of the new entrance here proposed. But this does not yield any satisfactory result : I there- fore recommend frankly leaving this as it stands, without anv attempt at incorporation, still less restoration. .\n ivv plant may be placed on the west side, which will soon climb up and give it a bushy top, without unduly concealing this interest- ing bit of old masonry. Of course, the top should be cemented and any weak joints well pointed, but after tins treatment ivy can do no harm ; its only mischief to old buildings arising when it is allowed to conceal actual dilapidation and to thrust its shoots between the joints of stones, wliich its growth then, of course, bursts asunder and may even bring down. It is here at the manse that, after full considera- tion, I have finally fixed upon as the best site for the Natural History and Art Buildings (see figs, y and 12). This choice has been determined not only bv the gradual exclusion of the one or two other possible ones for various reasons but by the peculiar advantages here, first of all of general accessibility, and this, of course, not simply from the railway station or the Technical School but as the most convenient centre between the present Old Town and its future expansion, which must now neces- sarily be mainly southward. Though the iiro]ioscd tramway route goes by the Inverkeithing Road this will si ill be very convenient, and there is every probability that before many years a new line may be laid, passing this entrance. The large tolerably level site desirable for a spacious Nature Building is to be found here by utilising the manse garden, of which the slope is a gentle one. I, therefore, recommend the acquisition of manse and garden as well as glebe, equiva- lent accommodation being readily found for the present manse elsewhere. To replace this an existing, possibly historic house, say the Abbot's, might, perhaps, be pur- chased, or one of the existing villas, say in Comely 109 Park or its neighbourhood, maj' be acquired ; or, again, a new site might be formed west of Pitten- crieff Park, say upon the Coal Road, and a new building erected which might be the beginning of a better style of domestic architecture than the too conventional villas to the cast or north of the town. While the outhouses should be at once de- molished for the new entrance the manse itself should be allowed to stand for a time until the museums are largely completed. In its various rooms, some of which are of good dimensions, I should propose at first to house the incipient library and museum of the Naturalists' Society, as also the beginnings of other collections, artistic, technical, anthropological, etc., which cannot too soon be set agoing. Let us devote one large room to the beginnings, say of geological and minera- logical collections, others to zoology, botany, etc., each with its honorary curator, an official who should be readily found amid the large and capable membership of the Naturalists' Society. Similarly for antiquarian or art purposes : open the room and find the curator, and the collections and specimens will soon be coming in. This principle of assigning small rooms to minor collections — one to entomology, another to orni- thology, a third to minerals or fossils, and so on — gives the all-important beginning of small in- dependent collections of value, which would go on increasing, pending the erection of the permanent museum building. B, Nature Palace in Popular Use We now come to one of the most important and necessary buildings which can be erected by the Trust. While a naturalists' museum, or even a music hall or art gallery, can only appeal to, or even contain, a comparatively moderate number of citizens, there is urgently needed in our cities some spacious and attractive place of recreation and meeting. Suggestiv'e indications towards such a building are afforded by the magnificent winter gardens of several of the Glasgow public parks, and also by the People's Palace on Glasgow Green, which, in addition to a covered promenade, serves as a I lO NATURI-: PALACK IX PRIXCIPLF. AND IN rOlTLAR USE centre for exiiihiliims and enUrtainnients of use as a promenade and popular assembly-room various kinds. and as a centre for bazaars, periodic industrial The Museum of Science and Art m I'.dnilnir.i;!! exhibitions, flower shows, etc. 11'^ I ((1-1.™....!., <-((ab.^,i (^i,'li.,l,| (;icitln.-|:>4ri. fetcfion ui n j: -J. '± !£_ I'lr.. .So. —I 'Ian and sccli.)ns nf pinpusfil Nature Palace. Dclails as clescrihed in text, .save that tlie tdur (ountains al i;\lrcnuliL's ofj^ieat hall (X\ I. C.) are not inserted. may also be kept in view — a museum well adapted While the creation of an example of each and also to receptions and conversaziones. The all of these tvpes of institution is obviously beyond Waverley Market of Edinburgh is constantly of our needs, the question at once arises : May we not NATURE PALACE III ! i desijjn something to combine the essential ad- vantages of all these institutions, and be Museums and Winter Garden, People's Palace and Wavcrlev Market all in one ? Could this l)e realised, such a place would be of continual and varying interest throughout the year, and become increasingh- attractive and useful both as a popular resort for Dunfermline and a mrans of additional atlraclion to visitors. The standard example of such an institution for half-a-centurv has been, in fact, the Crystal Palace, though it is, of course, not necessary to imitate its vastness. Its cross-shaped plan, how- ever, is equally adapted to the present moderate scale, with the important difference that I propose filling up tlir four square spaces left at the intersection ol the cross by blocks of museuin building and of con- tinuing these to join the en- trance block chiefly occupied by the Naturalists' Museum, etc., which woidd replace the manse 'see plan and scclions, fig. 80). The economy of construction effected by this combination, and the possibility of archi- tectural effect, especially in the north, west, and south, and also from a distance through the groupings of the four small domes around the large central one, will be seen from the ac- companying plans, elc\ations, and perspective. It will be seen that the lighting from the glass roof of the main building is supplemented by the great win- dows of its east, south, and west fronts. The treatment of this in stone like a vast orangery, or like the Edinburgh palm-house, will be seen to be architecturally more satisfactory than could be any construction in glass and iron alone. The possibility of roof-lighting of the upper storey of each of the four angle-blocks completing the square around the cross allows of utilising their whole wall space and of omitting external windows. This admits, again, of much nifue monumental treatment (figs. 81 and 82). While in buildings of historical character w-e may naturally employ the older architectural styles, as will be seen later, a frankly modern treatment is here necessary — a mediaeval museum, even at its best, as at Oxford, being too incon- gruous with the modern science or arts it has to house. After consideration of the various styles adapted for modern museum buildings, not onl\- of Edinburgh and Glasgow but of London and American cities, I think we cannot do better, especially here in Fife, than adopt what we are apt to forget is a local tradition, that of our greatest native artist, perhaps the most important architect that Britain has produced since Sir Christopher Wren, and one surpassing iriany more famous masters of the Renaissance — I mean Robert Adam, whose home at Blairadam, in our own countrvside, perhaps makes us forget his rare and acknowledged eminence. The massive and austere dignity yet subllelv of his proportions, the temperate reserve of orna- ment, the use of the low and natural dome in preference to the lofty false domes of former and subsequent fashion, have rendered his work less popular throughout the nineteenth century, and it must be admitted that even important works like the Register House and the University of Edinburgh are somewhat severe, even cold, and lacking in popular interest. More ornate ex- amples of his work, such as the great south front itliJfl t3r=f Fh;. Si. South KlL-valion of proposed Nature I'alace — on lop of .Manse Hill {,/. tig. 14). of Kedleston, have, tliercfore. been of more sug- gestiveness. Leaving, however, the external architectural treatment to speak for itself, and returning to the essential matter of usefulness, this may be imagined in detail by liel]) of the accompany- ing plans and sections, from which the external aspect, although here first described, has really arisen. The floor of (he main building measures 160 x 50 ft. =Sooo scj. fl. Adding to this the area of the two transepts, each 25 X 50 ft., we have 750 sq. ft. To this must be added the extensive promenade or exhibition gallery, which runs round the entire circuit of the cross for a length of 520 ft. Giving this a breadth of 7 ft. of clear floor space, independent of allowance for wallcases, this adds another 3640 ft. of prom- enade, making a total accommodation of, .say, 12,400 sip ft., '377 sq. yds. .-VUowing one square yard for easy standing room per individual, we have thus accommodation for a convenient, but not a maximum gathering of 1200 people. A musicians' gallery might project beyond the promenade gallery at the north end of the nave, and a platform or bandstand might also be placed at any convenient spot upon the main floor, or arranged more prominently, say, at the south-west angle of the cross. 112 NATURK l-ALACl-: IX rRIXCIPLK AXD IX POI'L'I.AR USF. For a flower show or the hke hjn.u tcni])orary trestle tables might run down the middle and arms of the cross, conveniently with a central passage. The same arrangement might be adopted for annual industrial exhibitions, like those which are proxing so successful in Edinburgh and Glasgow. Of the long gallery promenade any required portion might be utilised for wallcases ; more beautiful, however, at any rate for the transepts and south end of the building, would Vie tlie method of running flat showcases along the inner parajiet edge, leaving the outer wall free for plants — particularly flowering climbers, etc., which give great beauty and variety to the columns and roof. Difficult though it may at first sight seem tions of all the ordinary kinds — geological, botani- cal, zoological, and anthropological ? Frankly, no — not beyond a. well-chosen small collection of types, such as of the I'erth Museum, at the verv largest. Though personally strongly in- terested in such museums I cannot recommend the reduplication of a set of these in Dunferm- line. Without preposterous outlay these could never become of value to the specialist ; the local student wciuld do much better to make excursions to one of tlie larger neighbouring cities, while the Trust will find it far cheaper to send even whole schools to Edinburgh than to create such museums here. Even were valuable specialist collections oflered gratuitously i7 }'t'''""""1 f''***^'y^TT< I if ■ o a St '^ ,^'> ^ iiiilrn 'iXiJi l>'i\ ^^•^ik 13.J!f>;in|i)'lr. iU,..i;„„ S2 -West Elfvaliun i>r Naluie I'.ilace. to ensure dryness, it is not impossible to keep vertical cases of sufficient height upon the walls and yet have the plants abo\c them on the wall- head under the spring of the roof, the narrow gangway easily provided above the wallcases admitting of tending these. The great orangery windows to the soutli would house a group of sun-loving palms and acacias, while to the east and west more shade-loving plants could be arranged, thus giving three vcr\- distinct types of beauty and vegetation, and meet- ing the criticism, not unnatural on such a plan at first sight, that we are in danger of over-shading our plants. The greater portion of the hall would be amply reached by direct sunlight. So far, then, the aspects of this proposed build- ing as Winter Garden, People's Palace, and Wav- erley Market — i.e. as place of promenade and music, of exhibitions, flower shows, etc. The needed cloakrooms, refreshment-room, and even assembly-rooms, will be found on plan. What now of giving it the additional and edu- cational interest of a great Museum ? C. Nature Museums in Principle Let us return to the Naturalists' Museum, with its primarily regional character. Shall we aim at having, as in larger cities, a set of general collec- I should doubt the wisdom of accepting them, unless for exchange with other centres. While I, therefore, strongly press the abandon- ment of any ambition to possess the sixth best collection of skeletons in Scotland or the like, do I therefore propose shutting up our knowledge of the world to our own region ^ By no means. The abandonment of redu])lication of the existing museums thus clears the ground for the prepara- tion — and this with less outlay — of a far more interesting, more beautiful, and more instructive type of museum — one not as yet represented cither in Scotland or England, nor, indeed, at all adequately elsewhere — a museum of which the motive is no longer the preservation of a variety of special collections, each artificially isolated from the living whole of Nature, but the presentment of Nature herself in her most characteristic aspects and regions — a museum, not primarily of geology, botany, natural history, anthropology, and so on, yet of the whole of these within the living unity of Nature, scene by scene — in short, a Museum of Geography. Here, alas, the geographer will loo readily meet prejudice and opposition to liis claims. Just as botany still too popularly stands for dog-latin and dried })lants, so geography is painfully associated in our minds with the mem- orising of boundaries or statistics. But this past, at anvi^ate passing, exaggeration of the letter of science is the very reason for now seeking to realise NATUR]-: MTSKUMS I n till' artistic expression of its living realits' antl spirit. The botanist riglitlv treasures, and wlien pos- sible extends, the precious herbarium bequeathed him by his predecessors ; yet he increasingly knows that his main work is with the life and flowering of nature, and thai he is no longer a mere herbarium clerk, but the awakening spectator and interpreter, for his few short years, of the glorious pageant of Nature through all her regions and seasons. But this is to say he has become a geographer ; and so, indeed, has every other man of science — the geologist, the zoologist also, the anthropologist most obviously of all. The geo- grapher's is thus the comprehensive concrete mind, answering to, and supplementing with t)ie needed facts, the philosopher's upon its abstract level. He takes all the various results of the different sciences and reunites them into a series of li\ing and characteristic world-scenes, in which latitude, configuration, and relief, rocks and soils, climate and rainfall, flora and fauna, nature races and civilised races, industries and institutions — nav, with these, even ideas and ideals — are all ex- pressed as the elements of an intelligible and interacting whole — the dramatic unity of the World and man — say, also, of Man in his world. Can we adequately conceive and realise such a museum as this, we shall have reached the unexpected projiosition that any- one who wishes to see the world mav best come to Dunfermline. CHAPTHR W NATURE PALACE IN EXECUTION Hiiw can such a ]iroject as tli.U uullincd .iliovc be practically carricil out I" Is it nni hcvond the resources of what is, after all, to he onh' untry has profited too little. As its predecessor of 'Kcj was characterised In* the technical marvel of tlie Eiffel Tower, so this Exposition found its appeal of freshest interest and wonder in its extraordinary and undesignedly simultaneous outburst of geographical illustration from almost all nations and quarters of the glolie. This was not only in relief, collection, and picture, f)ut most of all in Panoramas, these embracing every po,ssible development from and beyond the two types more or less familiar in this country — the unrolling picture and the vast single panorama occupying an entire hall. Moving panoramas were developed with remarkalile combinations of artistic and mechanical skill — witness the " Stere- orama " and " Mareorama " of loofj — and the method of fixed background pictures with fore- ground relief was developed on every scale of magnitude and perfection, from the colossal jianorama of Moni Mlanc cxliiliilcd li\ llic Alpine Club, to the tin\' peep shows of different minor scenes which accompanied this. The same method was also usefully and successfully applied for the illustration of architecture — witness the Exposition de I'Art Public. One such peep show in Edinburgh, for instance, would do more to protect ,ind aihiiiur its be.iut\ , by ils appeal at once to the trained architectural critic and to the popular mind, than is possible to the entire lifetime of a too purely critical Cockburn Association. No \isitor to the Exposition, child or adult, who saw the panoramas of the Swedish Pavilion, with its marvellous snowy Lapland night, its Stockliolm sunset, will e\er forget their admirable fidelilN' and lieauty, their combination of realism and of art ; while in many otlier national and French departments of the l-.xposilion scarcely- less skill was displayed. .\ climax of union of geographical irulh and landscape beauty was reached in the .\lpine models, like those of the Swiss Village, especially when skilfully illuminated, as they were through the most glorious chan.ges of sunrise and sunset, of night and day. Here, in fact, was developed, from long familiar beginnings, ]iractically a new class of exhibition and museum in one, in which the veteran explorer and geograiiher, the trained artist and the simplest visitor, rustic or child, could and did alike find the most keen and active pleasure, with genuine and enduring instruction to boot. In all that enormous waste of good work which goes on at the breaking up of an Exposition nothing was more lamentable than the scattering of these panoramas ; yet this was inevitable, since they had been prepared from all sorts of separate points of view, without any approach to unity, or even common scale. Nor does, probably, any existing museum possess adequate facilities for showing ])anoramas, small or large. Here, then, is a concrete opportunity in Dun- fermline : the knowledge, the skill, and experience which produced these panoramas is largely still available, is practically unemployed. Let us import some of it here ; in fact, let the curator or assistant curator of the proposed museum be one of those geographical artists, and let him go to work upon a series of subjects carefully chosen, Willi the help of a geogra])hical commillee. The 114 NATURE PALACE US scale mij^'lU rnnvonienlly l)c lh;il uliii li I lie t'x- aniplf of Sweden, above referred to, has especially shown lo combine economy of prodnction willi excellence of effect. In the accompanying plan I have allowed, as an a\erage, S feet depth, 12 feet breadth, and S feet openings, but this can easilv be varied and modified Chap. XIV., fig. 8i. See indication of these on Irfl in I wo lower sections). The building being pro\idcd, the creation of a series of, say, fifty such larger pictures, with, per- haps, as many smaller ones at half or quarter that outlay, would thus give, at a gradual outlay of from five to seven thousand pounds, an idea of the world, such as not even the traveller like Hum- boldt, the descriptive geographer like Reclus, lias yet possessed. The expense of such small panoramas would be moderate, chiefly for " time and lime." I take this broadly- at ;^ too each, and believe I am well within the mark. The completion of each pano- rama would be at once an educational and artistic event in the city- ; and the growing collection would not only command the attention of geographers in Scotland and beyond, nor even of the intelligent public, but be at once attractive and educative to the spectacle-loving visitor of every kind and age and level. Leaving precise definition to a special paper, more suitable to a geographical society than for the present purpose, it is enough here to give a first rough indication of possible and desirable panoramas, selected so as to convey an impression of the most characteristic regions of the world, especially these which may be regarded as of most interest to us on general scientific grounds, or those of national intercourse. The series should naturally be arranged running from north to south, with due attention also to east and west. The visitor entering at the north, and keeping his left hand to the east, so as to travel with the sun, would thus pass through the characteristic landscapes of the old world. He would begin, say, with Nansen's sea of ancient ice ; pass into I.apland, with its Lapps and reindeer ; descend to the pine forest of Norwav, with its stuidv woodman, its boat builder on the fiord ; thence through Denmark or north Germany to the Alpine landscape ; thence again to Italy, to South Italy or Greece, to Asia-Minor or Svria. A .series might lead through Mesopotamia, Persia, the Himalayas, and India to Ceylon ; another through Manchuria, Korea, and Japan, through China, Biirmah, and the Malay Peninsula ; yet another to and through .Australia and New- Zealand. Or, coming down again from the north upon the western hand, he would similarlv start with a Greenland or Alaskan glacier, and the Lskimo encampment at its foot, and pass, by a Canadian forest and lake scene, with its half-Vireed trapper. to the vast wheat fields and orchards of Manitoba or the apple orchards around Quebec. From a farm scene of New England he would pass to the cotton and tobacco plantations of the Southern States, and thence again to the great dismal Cypress Swamp of Florida or the orange-groves and ranches of California, and once more lo the gorgeous caiion architecture of the Yosemite, to the mighty trees, the cactus desert. A West Indian scene, conveniently from one of the glorious landscapes of Jamaica, would naturally here find place. Crossing to the mainland, say at Vera Cruz, we should see something of the marvellous landscape of the Mexican railway, climbing from its palmy tropical sea coast, through a changing forest, up to the temperate plateau overtopped by eternal snows. Stepping south- ward, the Panama Isthmus, the Pacific and the Canal route, would lie before us, well-nigh as plain as to Cortez or Lesseps themselves. Southward still, the debatable land of Venezuela, the vast plains, the mighty Amazonian forest, the pastures of Argentina, or the nitrate fields of Peru ; the quaint Araucaria forest of Chili, the plains of Patagonia, the shores of Tierra del Fuego, would successively appear, even the mighty cubic ice- bergs so familiar from .\nlarctic expeditions. It is a characteristic little fact that not onlv is Scotland holding her own in the present fashion of Antarctic discoverv, but through a Scottish explorer she actually initiated them. Our Scot- tish patriotic pride has been too purely con- centrated upon the leading bards and their heroes ; few know that, taking, say, even a foreign history of some department of geographical exploration, there are mentioned as many Scottish travellers of note and productivity as from the greater England or any other of the great nations of the world. To our people, then, such a geographical museum must especially appeal. Such a range of panoramas mav, I repeat, without any undue expense, and within a very moderate terms of years, be constructed along the east and west side of our building ; while along the south might be arranged a similar series of panoramas of Africa, say from Algeria and the Sahara, with a characteristic oasis ; through the Egyptian delta, up the Nile, and by its monu- ments to the great dam ; onwards still to Abyssinia and the Soudan, and through Zambesia, Uganda, over the great veldt to Table Mountain and Cape Town, and thence over to a scene or two in Mada- gascar ; nor could a vivid series from Morocco to West Africa and the Congo be forgotten. The completion of each panorama would, I say- again, be an appreciable geographical event ; and the temporary (indeed iiartiallv permanent) exhibition of the geographical and artistic material, jihotographs, books, etc., employed for its pre- paration w-ould similarlv have notable educational value and interest. I do not hesitate to claim ii6 XATTRK r. ALACK IN EXKCUTIOX that, were such work once fairly in progress, it would exercise a peculiarly stimulating eftect upon the schools, and this for more tlian merely geogra- phical studies. Even those who most believe that learning is advanced bv punishment woukl find a not inetlective lever in exclusion from tln- " private view " of each new fairyland. I attach importance also to the broadly correct orientation of such panoramas as have been out- lined ; this orderly placing of these wfirld landscapes in relation to the cardinal points enabling, indeed compelling, the spectator to enlarge his whole resultant image of the world, bevond his everyday visible horizon, into a scarcely less real and vivid presentation of the entire world in all its main regions, and in their approximately true jilaces around him. I'luis, as the series became com- prehensive the visitor would not only know more of the world than any one mortal has ever .seen, but realise it also, and see beyond his too narrow limit of daily street the larger world of Nature and Humanity. A. Special Nature Museums The various special sciences of the geographer — the geology and botany, the zoology and the anthropology of the world — would thus be prepared for, their large aspects being imprinted upon the s]ieclator's mind in a way which no museums, much less books, have ever yet succeeded in doing. Moreover, it is after such a comprehensive pre- paration, such a generally intelligent outlook upon the world as a whole, that we can best succeed to form a reasonably separate idea of its geologic or biologic constituents. Thus we come into a position to utilise special museums and to develop them ; and these we may now proceed with ad- vantage to consider, so filling up the four angles of the cross, and each under its respective minor dome. In the first of these let us place the .\stronomic Museum, too commonly neglected altogether, or represented by some poor orrery, commonly out of order. -\n initiative such as .Mr Goodchild's in the Edinburgh Museum, and a reduction of some grandiose endeavour like M. Galeron's " Globe Celeste," would show its po.ssibilities on the ground floor ; then the models of the solar and stellar systems, in which such eminent and original teachers should have their say. .'Vbove would be the ob.servatory itself, with telescope and apparatus available to the public under due guidance, as in Edinburgh. Of the supreme educational advantage of astronomy, its high place at every great period of education, and its total eclip.se during the blind, sordid age of codes, examinations, and payments by results we are now leaving, there is sufficient evidence. 1 need not enlarge ii|iiin it here, in confidence that no body such as the present, seriously considering the best provision of the elevating resources of culture, can omit the claims of astronomy. The value of some new attempt upon adequate scale of an astronomic presentment of the universe, not only of the solar system but as far as may be of the incomparably vaster stellar universe beyond, would again e.xtend far beyond our own citizens, and give a real impulse to the truly Higher because deeper Education of the world. Geolog\- with its long past, biology with its jnotean life, e\en anthropology, with its scarce less protean variety yet unity of human nature, can only in their greatest aspects approach this high intellectual and emotional appeal — this sublimity of a due j)iesentment of the astronomic universe. i;\ery scheme of education throughout the re- motest past of mankind, through all its great con- structive culture periods, has recognised the need of guiding, directing, and developing men's interest 111 the stars. It is true, I repeat, that in the con- ventional primary, secondary, and higher education of the times astronomy has come to occupy a less place than at any previous period of history ; but this I take as no small element in the explanation of the moral and ]ihiloso]ihic inferiority of our current medley of imperfect specialisms. In the education and the recreation, in the whole up- lifting of the people, astronomy, then, must have its liberal place. I am glad to learn from Mr Peck, the astronomer who of all others best combines with scientific work the widest educational and civic appeal, that the realisation of such a project by establishing a small but efficient observatory u]ion an adequate scale would make no very alarming demand upon the financial resources of the Trust. From Mr Goodchild, M. Galeron, and others I also find that the establishment of an astronomic museum is, as museums go, a quite minor matter. In our second dome let us represent the Geologi- cal aspect of the world in its widest sense, including oceanography and meteorology, or, in perhaps less familiar yet really more vivid phrase, " the account of lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere." The lower and upper storeys of the adjacent dome might be .similarly allotted to the Biological world — the presentment of the " biosphere," with its plants and animals, its " phytosphere and zoo- sphere." Separate museum galleries are also shown upon plan. The fourth block might conveniently otter in its lower storey the presentment of the simpler Human world — that of prehistoric and of anthro- pological research ; while its upper storey might be devoted to a new panoramic presentment upon smaller scale (corresponding to the admirable little " maquettes " of the Exposition de r.\rt F'ublic of looo) of characteristic scenes and cities of the civili.sed world — tluit " [lolitosphere " which completes and transtonns the aspiects of Nature. THE GRKAT GI.OHF. "7 I ,1111 (|uilc aware llial tlicse ]iiin()i".niiii projctts may lie rctcixcd with disappro\al by the purely analvtie f^eographcr, and wilh incredulity by the " general reader " whose reading is apt not to be general enough. But, from the first, I may appeal to the higher, the synthetic, geographer, like Rechis with his "(Icographie I'niverselle," Schrader with his World Maps, to Bartholomew with his Physical Atlas, or, may I hope, to the President of our own Naturalists' Society, Sir John M urray, with his rare combination of first-hand world experience with precision of regional survey. While as to the incredulity of the general reader, though it is too late for him to see the actual wealth of the panoramas of igoo of which I have spoken, it is easy to answer by simply offering, tmder duly defined business conditions of reasonable time and moderate exi)enditure, to deliver the goods. B. The Great Globe One final element is now needed for our museum, yet the centre and starting-point of the whole — the Great (»lobc itself. In the very centre of our building, then, under its great dome, let us erect this (Uobe. This would not, of course, Vie upon the colo.ssal scale demanded by M. Keclus for his stupendous Temple of the Earth, which will one day be realised, and which will make the city which possesses it the world-capital of geographic science ; it would not even be on the scale of that National Institute of Geography, recently proposed by Mr Bartholomew and myself (Scot. Geog. Mag. iqo2), but on the moderate and easily practicable scale of the globe of the Paris Ex- position of 1878, of in, or eveti of 5 metres, say 32 or 16 feet in diameter, the latter the very smallest upon which a true relief of the greater features of the world's surface can be at all adequately shown. Both the educational uses and the popular in- terest of such a globe have been so often and so fully demonstrated, and the details of its construction are so well known, that I need not here repeat them. Suffice it merely to say that not only the due rolalion, the effective lighting and display, but the detailed inspection of any required portion of its surface may all be easily provided for; as also that, by simplv placing the stand upon rails, the removal of the globe from the middle of the dome to the edge of either transept might be easily and instantly effected whenever, for other purposes, an uninterrupted view of the entire Palace would be rcc]uired. I repeat, then, that, pending the creation of a first-class geographical institute, such as those above indicated, in one of the great capitals, there would be no place for seeing the world like Dunfermline. The recreative interest, the educa- tive power of such an institution should soon be appreciated by a city which i)rides itself upon sending forth its active youth to win for them- selves place and fortune in the world ; and yet also — here and there at least -not to rest content with this, but to lake up its burden and its pro- gress upon their willing shoulders. If to any reader, be he man f>f the world or professed educationist, this Nature Institute may appear exces.sive, I reply that it is for his sake that I lalxjur this point of view so fully and so far. Were I asked, as, indeed, I here practically am asked, to sum up the result of thirty years' study and travel and reflection upon nature, of many more years' delight, and to plan out the best of this for the pleasure and the development of others, I can but answer as I am doing. Of the long drama of nature we are privileged to be for a few years the awakening spectators, we cannot all do this by help of ever-extending travel ; let us all the more have access to its descriptive and artistic result, so bringing before ourselves the scenes and regions of the world, the glories of them ; and then, leaving our little planet's bounds, let us pass to the solar system with Copernicus and Galileo, and thence extend our eyes throughout the stellar system with the continual advance of astronomy. Yet in the same quest, and with but a modifica- tion of the same optic powers, we may, and must, make an intensive, a literally photograpliic and microscopic, survey of our immediate region — that one which it is natural to know and to love best, and which, by common consent of geographers of the world, here possesses at once peculiar wealth of beauty and depth of significance. Our regional studies, then, have to extend in their largest land- scape and geologic aspects from cloud and mountain top to sea, yet also to microscopic scrutiny of rock and earth, of verdure and life — nay, of every peopled water-drop by the way. Telescopes, microscopes, stereoscopes are all now available for popular use, even for the museum visitor's most inexperienced handling, and should be generously supplied — that is, increasingly as the demand rises for them. Our Nature Building, then, is once more a per- petually changing and developing panorama for childhood, and in all these studies it is no modest metaphor of Newton's or Darwin's, but the simple fact, that we are children all. CHAPTKR XVI NATURE MUSEUMS IN WORKING A Curator and Naturalists' Society As to hciU our buildin;; \vc nrrd ii comp'Jlcnl lircman, and he a sturdy and willing aid, so to run this Nature Museum we need a living curator, well seconded bv likeminded younger men or women. One ol those geograjiher-naturalist- artists for whom I have so specifically asked might do this. It is no small misfortune for the world that no such building has yet been placed at the disposal of any of the living masters of geography like Rectus or Schrader ; yet if their rare combinations of the scientilic and the artistic power cannot often be found in one man, these qualities can frequently be got separately in two. I'pon the keeper of this building devolves a still higher than scientific and artistic responsi- bility — he has to be also the educational drning force of it, and liis office is thus a literal ministry of culture from the naturalist point of view : I may use this term in all its denotations and connotations, all its " sense, meaning, and signi- ficance." While he must have due permanent skilled assistance, a larger volunteer staff will of course be available from the Naturalists' Society ; everv such society, and this particularly in the east of Scotland, containing not only individuals of considerable experience and even accurate know- ledge but of genuine and original aptitude. Permit me, then, a word of this : it touches the highest policy and usefulness of the Trust. It is not sufficiently realised, either by educa- tionists or the public, that in our British Islands there arc characteristic regional aptitudes, almost as distinctly as there are veins of mineral wealth. Yet we know of the songfulness of Wales ; and if we explain this merelv by its element of historic survival we are undeceived by an expert like Madame I'atti, who tells us she built her castle where she did because she had found a [ilace w'here the people's voices sing. We are rising beyond that vulgar idealisation of Quantity of l-'mpire, which is but the expression of geographic imagination in the rough, to the real, the urgent, question of practical politics — that of the Quality of Race — and of which even the struggle is in terms of culture. Soon we shall see a psychological survey of the children of Scotland following upon Mr Tocher's current anthropo- logical survey, Dr Leslie Mackenzie's and his colleagues' hygienic one, just as these have fol- lowed upon the geological sur\ey or that upon the ordnance survey and the political map. I submit, therefore, that so far from going bevond the practical problems of the Trust 1 am pressing one of the most vital and educational of Ihem in calling their attention to the fact, which everv historian will confirm — that is, every student ot natural science who knows anything of its development — that the east coast of Scotland has furnished manv and marked examples of men of naturalist genius who have broken through all the difficulties of their circumstances to an original grasp of things, so that the names of Robert Don or Hugh Miller, of Thomas Edward or Robert Dick are luil the popular examples from a list which miglit lie anqilitled, jirobably at least fortvfold. That from such a strong infusion of local apti- tude world-imtiati\es should arise need not be wondered at. ( )f these Sir John DalzcU, one of the first marine naturalists, ornithologists like Mac- Gillivray or Wilson, botanical explorers like Fortune or Douglas, are better known abroad than now at home ; though of these men of widely acknowledged eminence some names, like those of Murchison and the lirothers Geikie, have become familiar to their countrymen. With this large proportion, again, of eminent ability it is not to be wondered at that this region should again and again have produced the man of supreme ability and initiative in the whole world at some particular stage and time. Of such names those of Hutton and Playfair among the founders of geology, of Lyell as its greatest organiser, are surely well known ; while with little further study we find Humboldt's facile princeps botanicorum in Robert Hrown of Montrose. I am well aware how this to some readers may seem away from the point. I reply this is the point, this the objective of the Naturalists' Society of Dunfermline — to improve themselves as nal- urahsts on the simplest level I have cited and to educate their successors as better naturalists, and among these to search out and find and encourage ii8 HF, CllII.DRF.X 119 lluit iiatisi- nal urc,L;rnius ulmli exists among lis. All IcailRTs at liiiics arc (losixiiuU'nt , and cxun in the richest gold-bearing regions and reefs the arithmetical percentage is extraordinarily small. The real point is that this is appreciable and obtainable ; and as we see science literally re- covering the sympathy and the patience of her sex, as in these dazzling days of Madame Curie with her radium, we need not fear but that the more refined psychology of the future, largely through the women teachers who will best apply their science, will discover and rescue that genius, which is as vet the most wasted of all human resources, the most deeply hidden, yet the most widely distributed, of treasures. No person in this century is sufficiently ignorant frankly to dcnv the increasing importance of science, vet no educational authority as yet adequately recognises the possible usefulness of a good Naturalists' Society like that of Perth, or the greater possible usefulness of the easily better one of Dunfermline — easily better now, not only because more richly endowed or more numerous, but because of the relaxation of that deadening urban education which peculiarly sterilised for nature studies the whole generation from i.Sjn to IQOO. Despite such reservations we owe much to the popularisation of the three Rs ; yet we may now get much more from that return to nature of which our very park and its purposed nature- building here are but the beginning. I have treated this building at special length, partly because I am here within the field of my own fundamental interests, training, and educa- tional duties, but also because it aftords a con- venient example of that treatment which pervades the entire report. Just as one does not first make gardens and then erect buildings to spoil them, so one must not set up buildings first and then move in — handsomely furnished lodgings for dead institutions are common enough already. We must begin in this case, and in every other, with the active life and progress of the subject, and consider its place in the general progress as well as in the local weal. To forget this general progress of science and culture, of country and humanity, and build only with the stunted interests of the present Dunfermline in view would be to continue that narrow provincialism which has blighted too many of her endeavours already ; just as her public library reading-room, which is not worth a stranger coming to, is little worth a citizen going to. Little reflection will show that the one and only building which can be constructed from external measurements and financial estimate alone, independently of living use, is a coiifin. To this class no doubt many institutions belong ; hence so many speak, and so many more feel. even of museum or unncrsity, not to mention yet more dignified institutions, as being each in its way but a sarcophagus of culture. Such archi- tecture has its qualities, but surely not those we seek here to realise. B. Working continued The Children In searching out these hid treasures of individual genius, still undistinguished in the crowd, we see that, even were it liut for the very sake of these, our essential standpoint, almost the only one we need thoroughly consider, is the juvenile one. Our curator will have more opportunity than any other person of seeing the children of the town, for he has not only his Nature Palace to attract them, but his " Zoo," an attraction no child can withstand. To prepare for the children, both dirccll>- and through their teachers, small exhibitions, loan collections, picture and book collections, on this and that subject by turns, would be a great part of his own work, by-and-by also the essential work of a skilled assistant, most conveniently a specialised member of the library staff. He would give not only such indoor demonstra- tions, with occasional lectures and frequent lantern ones, but still more he would conduct outdoor walks in the Zoo and the park ; he would thence encourage or lead excursions through all the regions accessible on foot or cycle ; and thence, again, direct those longer excursions by train which have been for a good many years one of the educational initia- tives of Dunfermline schools. In this first-hand contact with nature, with its stimulating find of fossil or flower, comes the training of the future paleontologist or botanist, the historian or classifier. Conspicuous examples of young ability to use the ever-enriching resources of their city for themselves might thus rather be in danger of too much encouragement rather than, as commonly hitherto, too little — but such error is soon corrected. Hitherto we have spoken of this building almost entirely in terms of its " grown-up " uses, or for children in their studious and nature-loving moods. But its largest use will be as a Children's Palace — a shelter from climate and season, not only in the harsher days of winter but at all times of inclement weather — at least an actual place for play, its spacious floor available for march or dance, for roller-skating rink or romp even. Such children's play, which has natural limits of time, need not deteriorate its other usefulness — the Naturalists' Library and Galleries, the lecture-room, the curator's and workers' rooms, being all easily protected by double doors from noise. For many elder adults of the town such play hours would indeed be chosen for visit ; while if any shrink wholly from their babel, interests are provided in the park elsewhere. I20 NATURE MUSEUMS IN WORKING C Children in Art and Nature All this young acti\r life nuist bring in dust with it, and so spoil the dir. Here, again, beside ample ventilation, those iountains which our climate renders less necessary in the open air may here be introduced, and I suggest, alike tor ornament and for hygiene, no less than four of these, one at each extremity of the cross, then- spring and spray always cooling, moistening, and cleansing the air. To design each of these with its own character, and to render the actual fountain form of each variable at will, is an easy task ; while, with simple and inexpensive installation, the gorgeous effect of electric fountains — again varying in colour and brightness as in form at will — may readily be supplied. Such a spectacle would itself afford a source of \i\i(l ]ileasure — an evening attraction " certain to draw." Shall we design these still further ? Good ex- amples are not wanting, the Renaissance designers having, perhaps, especially excelled both in play of fancy and in perfection of form. Yet spouting dolphins and lilowing tritons have lost their spell ; we need a simpler, directer, fresher motive, and here in the children playing around the fountain (why not wading in its basin ?)is the artistic motive we seek — one already used, too, in good examples, Renaissance and modern. Let us take, then, this simple motive, with its popular, its universal, appeal. Yet, ajiplying this, as architecture must do, with the whole concepition of the building befti;tnia. ilinin / kt Sfua'io.) I'u;. S4. — Old Mill and miller's cottage at tup ol Jesinond Uciie I'ark at .Ncutastic, preserved as toctis and climax of park landscape. Blasted rocks of new waterfall, and new bridge in foreground. CHAPTRR XVTII THE MILLS AND SMITHY A. Aspect of Existing Buildings, etc, As already said, there is pruhalilv no park in Britain so obvioiislv intereslnij,' 10 the visitor from Dunfermline as Jestiiond Dene at Newcastle, since there we have a larger and broadly similar " den " or " dene," with the advantage of greater scale, more water, and finer trees. It is also a remarkable piece of naturalistic gardening, the work of a fresli and original mind accustomed to operate both upon the greatest and the fiticst scales in various fields of industrial activity — that of Lord .Armstrong, who personally designed and superintended the whole work before handing it over to the Corporation of Newcastle. .•\s we ascend the dene and admire its many beauties these culminate in a concluding scene, or rather group of scenes, which is the pride of Newcastle, and deservedly so, as fig. 71 (Chap. XIII.") and the accompanying fig. ,S4 indicate. Yet what are the main features of this ? .A small lake, from which the stream issues in a fall perhaps ij or 14 feet high, like the Linn in the glen ; artificial like it, but better done. And secondly, a little ivied cottage group — the old mill and its humble dwelling (fig. 84). Coming now to our own Glen, I am surprised by the indifference displayed to the beauty — the real and remarkable beauty, the still greater possibility — of the falls along the mill lade, downwards to its joining with the main stream of the Glen. The idea of suppressing this fall in the interest of the main burn, or for any other reason, is too much like those which I have loo often heard for destroying each (and therefore every one) of the old buildings of the Trust, and is similarly to be protested against on every ground. 1 \ield to no one in my demand for a purified stream, and, of course, I quite ap- prove turning the lade into the main burn, as is perfectly easy, whenever that may be necessary or convenient ; but that is a very different matter from admitting proposals for doing away with it altogether. ,\ steep mill race, available for forty feet of falls, is too precious an asset to part with easily ! I ask comparison of the accompanying photo- graphs of this fall with those of the Linn of Corry- mulzie, a fall familiar to every visitor to Braemar — indeed, famous throughout the Highlands. With little alteration, practically the rearrange- ment of a few stones and some planting, the essential charm of such a lovely little fall could be reproduced here ; this despised lade thus furnish- 1 26 ASl'F.CT OF KXISTIXC, lU'II. DINGS 12; Fir,. 85. — lixisling Mill Lade ; ruins of olil mills un lefl. Lari;e modern mill buildings on right to be removed. ing a principal naturalistic feature and beauty of the entire park, estate, and even city ! This is a strong statement, yet one emphatically within the possibility of realisation (figs. S5 and 86). One sees what has been made of all this at New- castle, and then returns to Dunfermline, to find opportunities for better tails than the I.inn, e\en Fig. 86. — The same, with old mills repaired, and upper- most mill wheel restored. The stream slightly cleared of stones above so as to reopen natural slight irreguLnrity of its course. The present bridge is rebuilt, and the wall replaced liy a simple parapet. Finally, the Iciwer portion of stream is cut back into a small fall. if not so ample as Lord .Armstrong's ; still more to see that our local group of mill buildings is far more complex than those which have been so I3S THE MILLS AM) SMITHY skilfully utilised here, and even now are more pic- turesque from their best points of view than is the completed picture at Newcastle. But to note also how rare is the appreciation of this in Dunfermline IS to obtain striking proof of the wav in which lifelong habit and familiarity may blind us to the beauties at our very doors ; witness also the com- mon indifference to the incnis of other and more imposing buildings. I am only stating what I'll:. Ji7. — \'iew of cxisling mill Imildings from op|«isue I>icliire^c|iie gmiip, with Fratry Hall and clmrcfi spire above. every fresh eye sees ; that in these mills, as in the old houses under the abbey, or, again, as in old Pittencrieff House, e\cn in its \ery stables, there are features which would be the making of a park in many a greater city ; and, further, that it is on the utilisation and improvement of these features that the real success of our park design must depend — all our new adornments being successful as they group around, lead up lo, or contrast wilh these essential features. I am credibly informed, and mv own experi- ence goes to confirm the idea, that the preserva- tion of all these buildings can only be in the very teeth of the opinion of a majoritv of the public. But, if so, here is the use of such a report as the present. Its new constructive proposals can wait, but destruction is irreparable : it is necessary, therefore, to modify public opinion in this matter, or it mav be too late. Some help may lie got from the conservative pleadin,gs of many who have been concerned with construc- tive improvements in Scottish cities, our foremost living ar- chitects, our artists and art lovers as well as antiquaries. We may cite too the warmth of appreciation, not only of these trained aesthetes, but of the passing tourist with his camera, whose snapshots not only of the Fratry Hall, of the Abbot's House, or some other jewel of Old Dunfermline, liiit his views of the ^Mills or I lueeii Anne's House, of the mansion or stables aforesaid, w ring from the citizen at least ihe admission that these, after all. " look not so bad in the jihotograph," yet somehow not well in reality. It is, of course, .in absurd idea that the camera image or the eye of the trained and critical observer is not a test of reality ; while indiffer- cnce (or at any rate non-train- ing) to composition, to light and shade, is so ; or that an off-hand decision that an old building should be destroyed is a fair preparation for discussing Its merits. Yet though I have licard this sentence of Jeddart justice for each and everv one of these old buildings not once nor a dozen times, I must yet iHuii «.ili. sIiii»]iil; press for trial and reversal now. Let me begin by conceding that photographs or drawings are so far perplexing to the plain observer, since they express deliberate selection of the best points of \icw. Yet why should these best points of view he usualh- unknown to the destructive critic, who has in the majority of cases frankly to admit that he has never seen these points at all ; indeed, would often be puzzled to find the spots from which they were taken ? It is a modest and a practical proposal I hat paths, when necessary, be made or cleared to these spots and that seats be placed at them, so that our critics may in fairness be able to go there and reconsider their former verdict. Asi'i'ic'i's oi-- I'.xisrixc, Hrii,i)iN(;.s 129 Wlial contrast in arcliitccture anywhere, for instance, can be more snrprising than that of the two aspects of the palace ruins — the back a gaunt, dilapidalofl two-storeyed wall seen from the north, while seen from the glen the visitor is startled by a front which may be fitly compared to that of Warwick Castle (figs. 44, -jy). No doubt in a smaller way, yet quite truly, the same ])rinciplc holds botli of the old mills and of the old cottages below the abbey, and especially of the former. Will the Dunfermline reader, who can so easily do this, frankly and open - mindedl\- ■, ■■' make this experiment on the spot ? That is, of comparing in succession the views from the level, and then from the hollow, of palace and abl)e\-, of cottages and mills in succes- sion, before refusing to consider the ]iresent di.scussion ? For the reader elsewhere tigs. )^y and 88 will doubtless suffice, since he comes to them with a fresh eye But admitting there is beauty, is there not also ugliness ? Cer- tainly yes ; granted at once. The north side of the palace wall, and especially the north elevation of Piltencrieff House are greatly deficient, and though even here the trained eye miglit urge extenuating circumstances, these might not be sufficient to gain its case. The Monastery- Street aspect of the mills is at present jioor enough (fig. 01, Chap. XX. ; while the photo- graphs of the monastery itself show the humble old white- w-ashed smithy as on the whole a blot upon a great architei - tural composition (fig. 93, Cha|). XX.) ; and on plan (fig. 115. Chap. XXIV.) it will be seen that I propose wholly remov- ing both of these, with the result of o])ening up the street into a line public place, such as the eitv has not had hitherto (Chap. XX.) And if this street widening be apinuxed by the modern spirit, as surely it must, I trust that it will also disprove any accusation of mere a-stheti- cism, or mere sentimental adherence to things old for old age's sake, independent of liistoric x'aliie ; but will gain me fair hearing while I attempt to show the real reasons ol mv apparent conscr\atism. asked — Have these old buildings really taken any part in history ? But here my difficulty is that my interlocutor usually does not mean history at all but biography — a minor, though important matter. Fortunately for old architecture the many houses in which Queen Mary happens to have slept in her ])eregrinations seem partly thereby preserved ; yet such an incident is not, of course, a serious historical reason at all, albeit this Ik.. 8S. — SJliyhlly liitlcicut uciv u lit;lu and shade, and altered composition. 1 Llie i.>rcccdini;, vvuli pleUllesqUe Leaving now this question of beauty. I I am ne.xt second Helen of Troy was again well-nigh ijiieen on the chessboard of Europe. History is pri- marily social : it is by their place and part in social changes that places, buildings, individuals have historical importance at all. Thus, as regards a great church, it gains greatly, of course, in interest from its illustrious foundation and its historic seiJulchrcs, but surely all will agree that its main significance comes from its place in larger history — that of thought and feeling, faith and cult, and their expression in architecture. Xow here is the point ■ that to whoever has once 1 iO THE MILLS AND SMLFHY learned to read history as primarily of the general moyement of civilisation, and who is not a mere annalist or antiquary, indifferent or lost outside his own particular period, all centuries are interest- in,t;, all are necessary. Not onl\- the fellic Tdwer or tlie mediaeval Palace, but the Abbot's House, so well screened from the street, and with its cautious motto, a characteristic reminder amid the turmoil of the times ; not only the old mansion with its mingling of Puritan and Cavalier spirit and memoirs, but all other buildings similarly reveal, if unconsciously so much the better, the sjiirit of their age to every passer-bv who will take the pains to read. Thus the extreme sternness and simplicity yet skilled proportion of Queen Anne's House, or even of Robert Adam's Stables, express the clear, cold abstract thinkin.g vet comprehensive grasp of the eighteenth century, just as do the books of Hume or Smith themselves (see figs. 25 and ^s''>l- To pcjssess old buildings which illustrate the lives of eminent individuals is no doubt of interest ; but of far more value is a sufficient series to illus- trate the general development of the ages, the suc- cession of the various social formations. This is the essential historical possession, the real treasure of any city. This is not a question of individual possession or of local trusteeship — the city holds these in trust lor its nation, for the lar.ger world. B. Historic Interest of Mills Admitting some cogency, some attractiveness, in the idea that the real musenm of a city is such an Open-Air Museum of survivals, as ignorance or torpidity, or good intentions even, may have left untlestroyed, why all this l)Other over some rninous, even dilapidated, little old mills ? What possible claim have they to historic consideration any more than the smithy I have jiroposed to abandon ? It may again seem paradoxical (liut so, be it (jbscrved, does every new point of science, historical just as physical) to say that m this old, ruinous corn mill is a historical centre, and one even more indispensable to the comprehension of Dun- fermline by its own inhabitants than the Tower Hill it.self. This hill, defended by its ravine and commanding the great north road and the western one alike, is of the highest significance. Vet this does not always seem so familiar to Dunfermline people as it is obvious to visitors ; while the interest in the Celtic Tower, despite its central |)lacc upon the city arms, has been too lately revived to save almost a stone abo\'e its mere foundation (fig. 2j. May not, then, there be some- thing to learn about these mills while it is not vet too late ? Here, then, is the point : that the fcudalism_of the palace, the ecclesiasticism of the monastery, viewed from the contemporary economic view of history, which now takes precedence of the common romantic pictures of sword or cowl, are the two rival ways, temporal and spiritual, of exploiting the miller and his null. In short, the economic maintenance, and therefore consciously or sub- consciously the policy, of tower and abbey, of mediaeval Church or State, was very largely in terms of their rival or coadjusted grips upon the corn sack coming to the null, tln-ir dips mtd the flour sack going out again. Just as the position of the Celtic " Dun " and its adjacent roads aflords one of the finest object-lessons in military geography in Scotland or elsewhere, so the position of this little mill in relation first to Tower, then to abbey and palace, IS the corresponding object-lesson in economic history. To destroy the mills now would thus be a less excusable vandalism than was the de- struction of the Celtic tower ; that was done in times of general ignorance, while the other could only nowadays be done by mere local peisistence in ignorance, enough to evoke the indignation of students of history everywhere. The importance of this mill was symbolically recognised by trustees and citizens alike in the recent ailmirable inaugural ceremony of infeft- ment ; and to destroy the ancient mill now would be to coiuert that admirable function from a grciit initiative ceremony into a mummery, a tragic farce. Whereas this ceremony of the acceptance of these great gifts involved a pledge to the future, even more than a spectacle to the present. We may thus be confident that however frecjuent be indifference to the value of this or that element of this great heritage, nothing is now likely to be swept away which posterity would certainly deplore. C The Smithy (tig. 93, Ciiap. XX.) Wh)', then, tin I propose to destroy even the old smithy, confident as I am that every historic element will be required of us by our successors ? for the position of this, again, is no mere acci- dent, though not so definitely fixed to one precise point, like the old mill by its wheel to its lade. .\nd, ihdugh the present building is obviously ot no great .uUiquity, there must have been a smithy hereabouts through unnumbered centuries, historic and shadowy. It is not only that the peasant who had to cart his grain to his lord's mill might naturally ha\-e his horses shod at the same time, but for a reason wider as well as more romantic : the king's couriers from Edinburgh and the Border, the abbot's messenger from Rome, all would come up from Queensferry by Monastery Street to the Palaceyard ; and starting back they all naturally needed the services of the smith. He too was not only horseshoer and tool- maker of peace, but armourer of war. Long before Till', SMI [V 131 heraldry was for display or pride (these are mere after de\eloiiinenls; it was (jiclorial shorthand ; and as the city naturally has its initial lower, so the eoiinty has its mounted guardian and Border messenger, the " Thane of Fife " still in \>f seen over the door of the policeman's cottage in everv village. The knight in essential origin and function was no prodigv of romanic : wlien we think of him rationally, we see he was the mounted policeman of his time (fig. 96). That the smith could use the sword as well as make it, we learn from Hal o' the Wynd ; but a larger \iew of history teaches us how, " for lack of a nail the shoe was lost," and for lack of a shoe the horse, the rider, the message, the battle, it may be the kingdom itself. So it is that, as the king's servants ever become the king's ministers, the king's horseshoer was the right man to be his marshal ; foresight growing onwards, ex- pressed and applied here or there by individual genius. It is thus no far-fetched literary parallel, but a direct sociological development, which identifies the vast foresight of Napoleon, the precisely organised staf^-office of von IVIoltke, as the development of the humble palace-smith's provision of shoes and nails. It is in historical education as in other matters ; thus the town child at first knows coal as a detached oliject and then as a word to spell, a thing to read abovit, by-and-by with a description of a woodcut of the mine. But we are just beginning to lake the pupil to the place where it is exposed, to the mine itself. In the same way our historical studies must begin by seeing and understanding such places if the\- are to have educational reality. It is just be- cause I am passing on to propose the largest scope for the literary and artistic treatment of the history of Dunfermline that I seek to put all this upon that elementary basis of everyday experience upon which science and historv alike arise. After conceding to the plan of street widening and to the due exposure of the abbey walls, the demolition of the old smithy, we noted its historic interest ; but not its everyday usefulness, nor the rare picturesqueness it shares with every smithy interior. While removing il, then, as an obstruc- tion to our new place let us retain the public utility and renew the picturesqueness by building a new smithy (fig. 90) on the excellent site shown in plan (fig. 115) on the opposite side of the Place. This moderate outlay would be even more regularly and immediately remunerative than the refresh- ment rooms and Crafts Milage, to which we shall come in the next chapter, and e\en the Carnegie Trust will soon find use for all its rent-roll. Externally, too, from every aspect, the group of mill buildings is further improved. Moreover, this old-established business is not displaced for mere aesthetic reasons ; the verv idea of such a thing should surely l;)e most uncongenial to a practical business community and its trustees, who might well have resented such an idea had il come from the scslhetic side. I plead, then, not only for an old business and a public convenience which can cause no possible interruption or destruction to the street, since not only is this widened but space for carts and horses is provided within. I plead not merely lor the historic reason above sufficiently insisted on, but for this direct one ; and next for its tech- nical interest also. I have no faith in the educational value of the com- monplace art museum with its metal masterpieces in a. glass case, and the smithy nowhere. This whole museum tradition, though still too largely in power, answers but to stamp or scalp collecting. Wherever real technical education is beginning, it centres on seeing and sharing the real work, and then applies the paper drawings and the collections of the old system to their right uses. Yet technical education begins far deeper, it begins when " the children coming home from school look in at the open door." Search our whole park from end to end and there is no better or more beautiful sight than this of the glowing forge, the flying sparks, no more elemental stuff of future music than the ringing of the anvil. Its continuity, too, with the primitive village of the Stone and Bronze Ages, by here presenting the essential workshop of the Iron Age, will again surely not be without appeal to many. But this also is the link to the present. This one more plea and I have done. Looking out from our hill-set city we see how notably our local history and civilisation centre upon the mastery of iron and steel. Nearest us the Forth Bridge, supreme in its way ; over at Bo'ness Dugald Stewart's home, where James Watt exhibited his first engine to the admiring philos- ophers of Edinburgh. Turning west we recall the memorial of the old girdle-smiths of Culross ; beyond glow the furnaces of F'alkirk and Camelon, the forges of Carron. So that here is the very history of iron in peace and war, from the sharpen- ing of the Roman sword, from the (only half mythical) tempering of Excalibur to the " car- ronades " of our old wars, for Carron was not so long ago, for Britain, for Russia even, the veritable Essen or Creuzot of the times. .\nd now once more the war centre is returning, with its floating fortresses of steel. Most emphatically, then, to our open-air regional museum of history and school of life the elemental forge is indispensable. Even were the preceding arguments less strong we should still regard the smithy as a no less characteristic memorial of our leading citizen and generous founder than his cottage home. Each is, in fact, the natural com- plement of the other, the retention of the smithy being on this ground alone almost as desirable as that of the cottage in Moodie Street. CHAI'TI". XIX THE CRAFTS VILLAGE A. Design in Detail As late as the last eentury, as oUl engrax'ings show, and, indeed, the survivals of the aclual buildings, there were no less than three wliecis upon the lade. I propose, however, for the present to be satisfied with the restoration of one only, the uppermost and principal one. ( )f the liistory of this null a liter.d lime record may be seen, engraved by the revolution of successive wheels upon the old masonry of the wall. The wheel should be again an overshot one, so giving increased height to the fall below, wliich, as already pointed out, needs only a few da>s' careful work to develop it into the finest single feature of the glen ; thus I trust doing away with the suggestion of suppressing this lade altogether. But what is to be done with this mill ? I'n- practical though it may seem, it is to grind corn, and this essentially as of old. Here is, in fact, a fundamental element,^ of the Open-.Vir Museum, and, still l^ettcr, of that " Labour .Museum " also, for which engineer, technical educationist and artist, economist and sociologist, even moralist, are increasingly looking, and which the initiative of Chicago and of Scandinavia has begun to supply to their communities. \Vegrind,then,our grain here, and in the repaired and improved buildings above we bake the resultant oatmeal and flour into cakes and scones for the refreshment rooms of our visitors. Here, in fact, we have at once a pleasing and an educative feature — the restoration of the fundamental domestic industry. The interior of this mill at work, supplied with the old and simple machinery of our forefathers, would be one of the most attractive sights of the whole park for many. All the more when below this, upon the course of the stream, we put in a succession of notched stones, in which boys may put their own little water mills and rig up their models of primitive forms like the Norse one. Now to this simple installation let me add one other. For the water mill niav at pleasure drive not merely its millstones but, detached from these, transmit its motion to a little room beyond, in which should stand the simplest and most primi- tive possible of dynamos. In this wav the great steps in I he utilisation of water power, from the child's tov to the modern electric developments, could be tirought together, aiul the progress of uncounted ages thus condensed into the object- lesson of a holidav or a school visit. Turn back to the two photographs of the mills in the pre\ious chapter (figs. Sj and t!8) and com- pare the present perspective sketch of Ihetn as repaired for use (figs. iSy and go). Looking now at the buildings above we see how the circular-ended stable has something of the lines of a little Xorm.m church, something also of the stout siuii)licitv of a castle tower. From its north side, on the street level, the rough wooden lialconv of access to its garret gives us the needed nunive. In the new design this roof is simply heightened by 5 feci, so giving a good-sized refreshment room, with ample and beautiful out- look into the den ; and its windows, seen from the glen, now gi\e li,L;hlness and beaulv to the simpler walls below. This upstairs refreshment room is next extended into the old circular malt barn, heightened again 5 feet, and crowned by a camera obscura, which would give attractive and varied pictures of the whole scene around, above and below. From this upper refreshment-room level we continue into a new building, practically represented, however, at present by an old tiled shed, and again commanding pleasing views to southward and to east and north. On the ground floor of the present stable might V)c at least two main rooms of a small cottage for the iniller and his wife ; or, since it is not necessary that anyone should live upon these premises, they would be better employed as the kitchen of the refreshment rooms (fig. go). This kitchen should be of the simple old- fashioned, hospitable type, still lingering here and there in a Scottish farmhouse or mansion, or in an FInglish village. In its ample fireplace the oatmeal and flour from the mill below would be baked into cakes and scones upon a goodly Culross girdle, and the guests' homely tables and settles would fill up the rest of the room In the small room to the south should be placed a modern kitchen and scullery, with gas and all 132 9 ?8 , 5 ■ -&*.!*> 1 ^* :!iir«^?ji 1 .?fe:-' I • fV I'lG. 89. — (ifiieral arcliilectural perspective of Mill Huikiings, developed as C'rafls \illage, with refresh- ment-rooms, etc., showing effect of slightly raising the present central octagon roofed kihi as camera, with roofs also of adjacent l»uildings to right and left, thus giving additional picturescpieness and usefid refreshment-room storey. The open verandahs and stairs t)f the right-hantl block contrast with simple, rounded apse effect of former old stables on the left. New smithy with projecting window seen to left of this. (Trees of fig. 88 left out for clearness' sake, but not to lie removed.) Uelow is shown the existing mill ruin repaired, with flat roof and balustrade as additional open-air refreshment-room space. The old over-shot wheel is restored. The existing second mill is also reroofed, and to the left and farther down are proposed new buildings, completing workshops of Crafts N'illage. .A.bove these are faintly suggested the Tower of Fends and line of Palace wall. To the right is indicated the mill garden, with rose-arbours above, and with ample seats cut in bank, around a le\i-l oval suitable for dancing, etc. ^\:^ 111 !* imA t>KnVn -nim ITii llcHi insr Fic. 90. — Complementary view — 1.,\ north-east front towards Monastery Place (-see fig. 91 ). The present liuildings towards the street are removed, and their site ailded to the breadth of the Place. The existing small octagon Tower, with its outside stair, leading to refreshment-gallery in raised roof of old stable, and to the corresponding verand.ah refreshment-room on the left is again |ilain. The smithy is seen to right, with small court for carls and horses. The wall on each side should l>e lowered lo a balustrade. Descending on left is seen widened out the main thoroughfare of the present Monastery Street, with propo-sed new road also turning down under History Building to join public thoroughfare at the Manse entrance. See general ])]an and fig. 1 15. 134 THE CRAFTS VILLAGE appliances for the rapid service of larger numbers, and from this little room would pass a service lift for communication with the floor above. Entering practicallv from the present descent to the malt kiln furnace would be situated the lavatories. In these two storeys, then. \vc have thus com- fortable accommodation for say 411 guests in the upper storey and 25 in the lower. Note now on the south (^iig. 80) in addition to this the little stair leading from the street level down to the open space above the working mill. Here, again, is room for not only a wall bench with table but for seats accommodating a good few additional persons. .Xgain, we may extend this platform b\' using the flat roof of the mill itself : this can have an awning stretched over it in summer if desired. Here, then, we have con- siderable refreshment-rodin space, with economy and picturesqueness ; our old mills are again living and working ; the park, palace, and abbey effects are notably improved without any loss of area ; and the objection of the modern spirit to these old buildings, ruinous no longer, is, I trust, completely and finally removed (figs. S7 and 88, Chap XVI 1 1.). What of the second ruined mill, of the ruined wall of the third, still standing at the foot of the fall ? And what of the present nettle-grown hillside within its old scpiare wall ? (fig. 88, Chap. XVIII, ). Begin with the lowest bit of ruin (not shown 111 figures), and see again how this, doubtless to man^■ a worthless fragment, is again when we view it with artistic eye a foreground element of the highest pictorial value to our w-hole impression of the palace ruins. Not only so, but it greatly extends the effect of these. Now looking at the whole range of ruins, from mills to palace, from every point, across, up, and down stream, we see that the former are indispensable to the extent as well as to the dignity of the latter, so that their demolition would dwarf the palace in a way which even the least observant would appreciate, though when it was too late. Photographs, however, from various points of view will show this {cf . fig 76, Chap XIII.). This lowest bit of nun, then, must be lefi practi- cally as it slantls, at most with such slight repair, mainly of cement |iointing on top and north as is necessary to guarantee its permanence. But along the wall, near the site of the vanished " King's Barns," the accompanying plan shows the proposed erection of a further group of one- storey buildings, enhancing the importance of the mills above, which thus crown a more complex composition. With the addition of these few simple and inexpensive buildings we may now complete the essentials of a further element of the whole scheme, broadly answering to the " Arts and Crafts Village " of many industrial exhibitions. to a further dc\elopmcnt of the Labour Museum, to a very real ilcvelopment therefore of technical education. It would also be a rent-earning subject to the Trust and a means of legitimate industry to its tenants. B. Crafts Village in Operation It is but rarely that the visitor to any of our Scottish towns can get anything of any local character to take away wath him : there is little choice save of picture post-cards and trifles, probably produced elsewhere. Why should the visitor not ha\e the interest and pleasure of seeing the artist-craftsman at work and taking aw'ay something from him as a souvenir of his visit ? Why should not one or two of these new work- shops, for instance, be let to weavers upon the old handloom, or some such slight adaptation of it as is now constantly being employed in that renascence of simple domestic industries w-hich is now reappearing in so many parts of Britain and Ireland ? Beside the loom a sale counter might dis))lay characteristic examples of the many attracli\e possibilities of linen, hand-made and manufactured alike. The refreshment-rooms of the park might usefully help in the education of the \isitor to that use of the table napkin which, were it developed to even a slight proportion of that general in Continental countries, would soon far more than double the staple industry of Dunfermline The apparently perverse initiatives of Ruskin, and their development in the Irish \illage industries of Sir Horace Plunket, thus lead us on to modern Dunfermline once more. Again, beside the weaver, why not the brass and copper-worker, with a variety of production, from the simplest napkin ring to the beaten salver and the like ? Here, in fact, would be the beginning of what , in the far smaller, less favourably-situated, and historically less art-productive community of Keswick, has spread into a large and flourishing artistic industry of w'ide educational usefulness and even substantial economic return. Again, in another of these booths might be the silver- worker, the jeweller, not, as too much in Kdin- liurgh, retailing as " Scottish jewellery " South .\inerican agates cut in Bavaria and mounted in Birmingham, but the designer and executant in one. For the wood-car\er there should, again, naturally be a place. Whv, indeed, should there not also be a desk for the illuminator ; the germ, again, of a renewal of the historic scriptorium ? It would be easy to multiply these su,ggestions still further. The point is enough if the general jjiinciple be indicated — that of forming again a little School of Crafts which would practically from the very first be self-supporting. At first sight does it seem that there is here any interference with ]iri\ate enter]irise ? Not more than in any IN Ol'KRATION 135 exhiliilion, of which the stalls arc surely far mure correctly described as extensions of private enterprise. Their products, if successful, would soon find active rivalry throughout the town, so that passing along the streets the visitor would Imd many things characteristic of the place and each with its own beauty or usefulness. As the scheme dev'eloped other industries would be added, or rather would add themselves. Why not, for instance, the potter with his wheel, the florist ; even the bagpipe maker, and so on ? That an everyday village blacksmith has in his apparently homely craft-mastery a latent artistic skill only needing opportunity for its arousal is well shown by the marvellous reproduction of that Scaliger railing, which is at once one of the sights of Verona, and one of the masterpieces of the forge. A Scottish tourist, the late Mr Jenner, brought home a photograph of this, and showed it to his village smith, with the half-jesting ques- tion — Can vou do anything like that ? " l^et me see ! May I try ? " was the answer — and the present reproduction was the result, one well re- paying a visit to I'ortobcUo by either smith or sceptic. Thus around the renewed industrial nucleus of mill and smithy, the finer arts would again natur- ally arise. Such a scheme is, of course, reallv nothing new ; it is only what has been arising once and again in many parts of these islands, following upon the inccnlixcs of Ruskin and Morris. That there is here no real clashing with the interests of the great modern machine-production is plainly evidenced by their reaction upon the improvement of machine industries themselves in character and design, and this not only in F.ngland, Ireland, or Scotland but increasingly in the United States, where the simpler art industries had so largely been lost sight of altogether. To other towns, and even to some villages, this Crafts and ,\rts Village would be the most interest- ing and suggestive of all our schemes, as it is the most self-sustaining and least costly. Its reaction upon the art schools and technical schools would be a deep and increasing one. Most important of all its uses would be its reaction upon young Dunfermline. For to see good work going on, to imitate it, to help in it, was the very essence of education long before our present regime of lessons and games, and will be again when most of these are forgotten. The presence, too, of this little hive of industries in this peaceful yet nobly picturesque and historic environment would again have its reaction upon immediate and local design, and thus upon the quality of the staple industries themselves. It would serve also as a much needed object-lesson of old-world conditions of labour upon their better side, and even for this reason alone it deserves its place in our Open-Air Museum. In;, qi. \ii-\v liMiii \Ii!k\ (luir.lnaiil, lookiiiL; dmi ■>KI Mills int.. (tIcii (Mill Ucm; and Manse Ueni.'). The Iwu main huililniL;-, 1.) M.masti-ry Siii'l-I 1.. !«■ rcniovr.!, ami llK-ir sile aililofi to widonud MonastL-ry I'lai'c. Tla- ihivc ol.l Inuldiniis M-rn li.-liind an- llmsc mth in liL;s S" ami S.S (,/.;•. I, and as improved in iiL^s. 89 anil 90. F. HISTORY AND ART CHAIT XX MONASTERY PLACE Till-: .!.'.cneral Cdnccplion id Ihc liistDiical, because social, sii;nifu ance ami inlciesl iil these old buikl- in,t;s sliiudd l>e llms as 1 Irar as is tlieir possession of artistic \alue, and tlic cNiilaualion ol llic |daii and pei'S)iccli\ (■ licn'willi subniillcd nia\' now be liroceeded willi. A. Improvement of Monastery Street in Detail 'riie removal ol the misiL;lill\' ]iiivciL;iUi; pci^iJccUvu cIIclI, even nuvv largcl\ rcdceni- iii; its nieaner elements. Note low crow-stepped t^aljle, faintU' seen to left of smithy behind wooden shed. The ugly and careless masonry of the modern parapet is now replaced by a simple but suitable balustrade. The simple square projection, however, needs something in front to continue and complete its salience. This should be done not by a building but by a monument ; and the monument ap- propriate here has been already practically, by our discussion of the smithy, suggested — some com- memoration of smith or of knightly rider, or of both together, in bas-relief. But what would give the whole Place a new picturestjueness and an added life, a needed contrast with the associations proceed upwards to the I'ends. In the large tri- angular railed-in space, which I ask to be cleared of shrubs and thrown into the street, should stand a flrinking fountain for man and beast, with a range of massive and simple seats under the western wall of the square projection of the grave- yard above, .\gainst this broad, plain wall the natural contrast with the statue would lie a vertical line of some sort ; a pillared or storeyed fountain, therefore, of some height, say at least 12 feet, or even up to the ground level above, from which the new balustrade rises. But this BEE-.-\I.I.i:V CiARDI'.X 139 sliould be no mere stony stniclnre — all granite, no water — but a simple spouting fountain glittering in the sun, again the ideal contrast from the stern old walls around. The \iew of this to anyone coming through the pcnds, with eyes momentarily rested and their pupils enlarged bv these few seconds of passage through deep shadow, must be imagined ; it cannot be rendered by any drawing. Xow returning downliiU we pass once more the equestrian statue, and then come to the luilc entrance, the whole being now reorganised as its gatehouse lodge and gardener's cottage. Its little turret, again, gives contrast to the long line of wall, and leads up to tlic tower and spire of the abbey, but here particularly to the fafade and crown of the mediaeval Historv Building farther east, next to be described. (Chap. XXI.). The same principle of contrast hero suggests the advisability of harling this little building, in contrast with the massive masonrv of the adjacent lines of wall and of the great buildings above. iMc;. 95. — The .same view, Imt now retuuctied. I he Iront huiidmgs cil the old mills on the lell are ihrown into the Dace ; and on the right the old smithy, the sheds, and tall building also are demolished, thus giving the ample width shown on general plan (fig. 115). The crow-stepped gable now forms part of entrance lodge of Bee-Alley Clarden, and this small building gives scale to the old Mimastery wall above (now graveyard wall). Of this wall the old lancet windows and tniitresses are disclosed by the removal of the smithy, and the present graveyard parapet above is replaced by a simple stone balustrade. A fountain is show n at angle of present shrubbery, and an equestrian statue is indicated on site of the smithy. red-roofed building, that of the crow-stepped gable already mentioned. Its long, plain, low wall here gives again both parallel and contrast to the graveyard wall we have just passed, and serves as the east background to the statue, just as the former wall did to the fountain. This old building is shown on fig. 05, retained yet improved, along with the ruinous little tower- hke building of the present Bee-Alley Garden B. BecAlley Garden There remains now for consideration on this side only the Bee-.Allev Garden, exposed by the removal of the large mill and chimney stalk. It will now be seen that this projecting gatehouse cannot be removed, since it little more than covers the projection of the Bee-Alley Garden with its retaining wall. When this present chimney 140 MONASTKRV I'LACE stalk and large mill are removed this retaining wall of the garden will come into view. It should be simply and massnely buttressed, so as to give at once the feeling of massive masonry con- tinuously onwards to the Fratry Hall, and re- appearing in the mighty buttressing of the old Abbey Church abo\e ; this small detail thus giving increased mass and dignity to the main archi- tectural features as we come to them. Balustrading above this roadway wall is indispensable from the garden side, and must be of bold and simjile character. Some feature to break this continuous wall, and repeat in a smaller salient feature of this garden the large square projection of the abl}C\- gra\'evard abo\'e. is here desiralilc. This is furnished by a needed stair- case to the Hee-Allcy darden, of winch the existing small cloister door IS not enough ; hence the spacious double stairway shown in plan and perspective (fig. 98), witli the further advantage of uniting Monastery Place with Bee-Alley Garden, yet of duly limiting these. This wall and staircase still need a feature of life and contrast, and this may here be best given by the use of water. How is this to be obtained ? Another drinking fountain is unnecessary ; but the mill lade runs through the Bee-Alley Garden above, and down under the street below. To bring this out, then, from an opening in this new staircase, to let it fall into a basin, and thence disappear on its course under the street to tlie mill as before, is easy. This would be most ctfcctne in every aspect, and both in liarmiinv and contrast with the fountain farther u]i. (_)1 adornment this rush of troubled water needs little ; say the serpent of eternity curving round its outlet, sweeping m a second ciir\'e round its disappearance ifig. 07 . Aliove the whole, at top of the stair, and thus recessed from this fountain by the whole breadth of its pavement, screened too from the Bee-Alley Garden by uniting masses of poet's laurel and golden yew planted to right and left, should sit enthroned a noble Fiy. 96. — .Mlernative suggestion of commemorative bas-relief. BEE-AI.r.I-:Y (^.ARDKN figure. See, for instance, the suggestive value of such a statue as the " Sphinx " of Bislolfi, in The Studio. Judge now this wliole uuiniinienlal scheme ot the proposed Monastery Place from the existing old Pends to the now ones proposed later. Is it not evident I hat tlicse improvements, with that 141 of the .Mills and of Bee-Alley Garden, may now he counted twice over, both as Park Im'prove- nicnt and as City Improvement .'—thus unit- ing these long-separated and now discordant halves as with a jewelled clasp, and, instead of costmg ground to either, giving new spaciousness to both .3 Fig. 97.— Oullet of .Mill Lade under stairway to Monastery Place. Uf. fig. 107, Chap. XXIII.). .Symbol of Eternity. iM.;. qS. -GftiL-ial view of licL-- Alley ( larden, wilh circular |.nii(i, cU ., as at prcsciil Liukiiii; Ka^t Irom sniilhwaid projection of Abbey Churchyard. The prn|iosed cloisler (fit;. 102) would cover walk behind top of high retainiiii; wall of churchyard seen on left. The main front of Mediaval History IJuildini; (tig. 105) would face spectator, thus concealing factory chimney-stalk to Fast, while the mill and chimney to .South (right hand) would be removed, thus opening out view to Monastery Place. See plan (fig. 115). CHAPTI'R XXI INSTITUTE OF HISTORY A. Need and Site Our study of nature was seen to involve at once a regional and a general survey, a studv' of homely details yet of vastest wurlfl as|iccls. Siiiiilarlv our study of industry and art, lieginnitig willi the local crafts, must rise to hue art on the one hand and must descend to the simplest beginnings of human activity upon the other. This we see to admit of, in fact to rec|uire, an actual recapitula- tion in personal experience, from that of the rnnutne Dwellings by the lake up to the Mills and Smithy, developed as a Crafts Village. Thence and later we shall come to the .\rt C'rallerv, in which this art activity and art education should blossom into subtler forms, of painting and the rest. Comparison with the best work fif other places, exhibitions, and permanent collections, systcmatised teaching — and this of appreciation as well as of production — would all aid in raising the taste of the community, while re-establishing it upon its fundamentals. These include contact with nature and with material ; direct first-hand experience of ol)serving and working ; and also contact with directive ideas. These have to be stated, not only as regards scienlilic law and artistic ideal, but as regards social ideal also; for art is service. That the modes of treatment here adopted for science and for art teaching are to some un- f.imiliar, it may lie almost repellent, is possilile. But, if so, I submit very seriously, as well as confi- dcntlv, so much the worse for the present, or rather the declining order, deficient as it is in every one of these elements of reality just indicated, and ex- isting far too essenliallv upon jiaper alone — paper instead of material, jiapcr instead of nature, paper exercises and paper examinations instead of real experience, paper certificates and rewards, and paper reports to the public. I do not ask the re\ olutionary deniolilio)i of ,inv existing educa- tional machinerv , Init, recognising tlie transition in thought and action now happily in progress, I urge the setting up by an independent body like the Trust of an equipment of real resources for contact with nature and with art such as I have been outlining. Such organisations, I do not hesitate to say, would be welcomed by all the progressive spirits of the educational world of Great Britain and of .\merica. whether local, governmental, or general. I'^or the fact is that, while much of the " Roliert Lowe " order of education still survives in foiiii. .1 new life has been arising everywhere, and m official circles no longer least of all. ft IS time to outline a similar educational policy with regard to the resources of History, and those of the Modern outlook also, for the tw'O go together. I am aware of the difliciilty to many active modern spirits, that the (ile.i for history is apt to be complicated with an undue conser- vatism of classical and traditional studies, and, therefore, is to he looked upon with distrust. It is the weakness also of the historian to seem a mere antiquary of the past without adequate reference to the present, much less the future ; but is it not " the weakness of the practical man to look at the world through the single chink of the present," and so to misunderstand this in his turn, perhaps not less seriously ? Again, the mere I'topist fails also, by striving to see forward 142 HISTORY IX SfOTI.AND 143 without considering the present. But it is the essential advantage of the modern attitude, th.it gained l)y help of the doctrine of evolution, that vvc are at length learning to envisage past, present, and future together, as one continuous and un- ending stream, and to realise at once in the present the tremendous pressure of the heredity of the past, yet the promise and potency of the con- tinuously varying future, of which the guidance towards degeneration, or towards true upward evolution, lies with such action as we may take. B. History in Dunfermline I propose, therefore, to sketch an outline of the Historic and Social Institute which is the natural complement of the Nature Institute already outlined, and the Art Institute to be considered later. For this iigain Dunfermline has many advantages as well as possibilities, so that here again we may reasonably carry out the founder's instructions of pioneering beyond the ordinary level of other cities.* The immortality of the historic past is not only evidenced by the Tower Hill of Malcolm, the Cave of Margaret, by the later Abbey and its tombs, or the yet later Palace, but by the atmosphere of the city itself ; and this not only richly in literature as the recent iidmirablc " Bibliographv of Dun- fermline " shows, but m the actual life and thought of its inhabitants. For seldom any soul is so completely dead as to forget the associations of his native city ; assuredly none returns without some feeling of how the heart may burn The tiny beginnings of an archaeological and historical museum now mouldering within the Abbey Gatehouse Tower, the collection of the Public Library, or, again, the various scattered olijects in private collections, are all evidences of the latency of this historic feeling ; and where more appropriately than in Dunfermline can we now consider the adequate development of this — that is, upon a scale worthy of at once an ancient and historic capital, and of its present rejuvenes- cence ? But historical education, I may be told, is attended to in the schools and universities ; it is represented in the greater libraries, in some measure, no doubt, in the local one ; while in lulin- burgh the National Portrait Gallery and Anti- quarian Museum should l:)e sufficient for our higher requirements. I regret to traverse all * MtTL' I may refer tu progninimes of I".(iinl)urgh Summer Meeling .suciolngical and nature teaching of former years, with their excur.sion.s to Dimfermline — of course long before the present benefactions to Dunfermline weie heard of— as evidence that not only the historic interest o( the city but its present significance, and even its latent reawakening, have long been matters of social prevision and educational expression. these propositions as far as to affirm that these furnish but the materials, the suggestions, the incentives towards a new creation. This must be one utilising the advantages of all these, but transcending them, so as to furnish at tnre, in TIIK PROCESSION OF HISIORV ■45 colour, and in actual periodic pascanl. The or ihe series of i)anels by Mr John Duncan historic frieze lately executed l.y Mr W. (i. Hole m University Hall The utility of such his- lor llu- National roVtrail C.allcrv in l-:diuliurt;li IS a loric resources and ot such latent leadership in / ''\ (-4, /^ j 'W 15 r- Fig. 99. — Time ami the- Fates : the Dial of llistniv. similar example, with which may be taken his brightening " the auld grey toun ' with pageant historic frescoes in the same building. The and festival anew surely needs no lengthy ex- decorative panels of the history of Glasgow, position. Such nolile pleasures, such memorable executed for its Municipal Buildings by four of holidays, would soon become protective against its most eminent artists, may also be cited ; coarser ones. 146 IXSTITUTK 01 [11 STORY E, Site and Approach Where shall \vc jilace our historic building ? 1 need not spend lime arguing out all the reasons which have determined my selection of the ancient garden of the monastery, the quaintly-named " Bee-AUev Garden." below the Abbey Graveyard, as the convenient centre and starting-point of this, since this choice may be best justified as wc proceed (fig. q8). See also plan (fig. 115). Let us enter, then, by the doorway of its ancient cloister, plainlv indicated, though long demolished (fig. 102). We consider and work out designs for the reconstruction of this cloister , .md then upon maturer jud.gment reject and drop them. For Ku;. 100. -Statue of Sorrow, wilhiii old clciisiLM entrance of History Garden. beside the natural objection to renew what is long past repair, and so would be a mere " restoration in the worst sense, and for no particular useful purjiose, we see that what we need is some effective outline of the historic whole, some clear reminder of its events and persons, some interpretation of their results and services, some memorial of its glorv, Its L-\er-relurning appeal to the present. P'irst of all we need a worthy svmbol of Time. For as in our Nature Building the everyday- atmos- phere of collecting, describing, and analysing was raised to the highest level of science bv its vivid central reminder of tlic unitv of the world in the Great Globe, its reminder, too, of the sublime in- finitudes of space bv appropriate astronomic devices around it, so now here we need a corresponding symbol, to give due scale of thought and atmos- phere and feeling to our historic building. I-"or if these are to have the educative value we .seek, each must strike its characteristic note of idealism, each must awaken imagination and feeling, even before It can impart real knowledge. What, then, is this needed initial Time symbol, and where shall we place it ? What svmbol better than that of the waters of a fountain, seeming to stand, \et ever in flow ? What better than the sundial, with its passing shadow, vet its im- memorial years ? Here, then, in the old garden the massively-built circular reservoir of the mills needs but little modification to suit this purpose. To renew its waters and raise the bottom to dangerless depth is, of course, easy. Next in the centre we set up a pillar pedestal, and on this the statue of Time, with his traditional scythe and hour-glass, it may be the greater symbol of the astronomic circles also, but alwve all the stern, high uplifted finger. Fet us now pave in broad sur- rounding pathways the lines of the dial, and at this long distance the solemn shadow of this gnomon will travel with obvious, rapid sweep, the passing of the hours made visible (fig. qgy Round the pillar base let us set the Three Fates — her of birth towards the morning, of life-main- tenance to ilic niiddav sun, and her of the shears to the sunset, the thin golden thread of life drawn between. On the fourth face, to the north, mav be carved the stern traditional motto, well fitted for such a dial : " Perean/ el imputantur " — " Per- ishing, yet reckoned." (Jr this might be sunk between the hour-lines starting from the fountain edge, so making room for another symbolic sculpture — either that of Sphinx and Babe, which would fitly jirecede the series of the Fates ; or that which naturally sums up the whole place and pur- pose — the Muse of History in meditation. From this symbol of I^ife and Time in its garden court the approach to our Palace of History may be made with the right feeling. Upon the wall let us clear the old walled-up twe niches and house the hives anew; again in their midst setting upon the wall a simpler dial, this time with \ertical noonward face, and legend : " Work while it is Day." So historv, abo\i' its obvious lesson of transient life, sets the practical one, of strenuous life, of patient labour — the assurance that the good SITE AND AI'PROACH 147 of life lies in the workinp; for soci:il ends more than in its results. Yet toil and striving soon end, and all history, our Scots history surely more tlian most, is full of sorrow. Her statue, then, our historic garden needs ; so Sorrow sits by its very door, with a path of grass, a lane of yews, leading straight up to that unknown passage within the ancient graveyard wall, whose jwrlal so strangely stands open yet unexplored. Beside this silent path of sorrow and death, vet beyond it and with back turned to the place of sepulture, stands one more statue, this time fully in the garden, with head and harp up- lifted — the bardic, Ossianic figure of ever-fading historic glory, yet ever-renewing Song.* * For the accompanying sketches (tigs. 96, 97, 99, 100, :ind loi), expressing the designs above suggested for the nionumenls, I am indebted to my friend Mr John Duncan. ./ >;^^/ Fh;. ioi.— Sketch for statue of Ossian— type of Fame through Heroic song. CHAPTF.R XXI DUNFERMLINE HISTORY PALACE (ANCIENT AND MEDI/EVAL) A. Ancient Scotland Time and Toil. Sorrow and Sons, wlial now can these show ns of the generations which have passed away before us ? First of all, let us set up against the cloister entrance wall a single massive unhewn lioulder such as may be found not far away, and mav, indeed, ha\c actually served for ages as part of some now dismembered and forgotten sun- circle. To this we mav add a stone with cup markings, an Ogham stone it may be also. So much by wav of memorials of the remote the awakcnin.i; CuchuUin ? And, midwav up the staircase, llie niightv Fingal with his liounds ? He would stand well near ()ssian, his son and singer. At top of this stair, recalling, though in simpler wav. the famous staircase of Canterbury, let us ask iiermission to erect a Cloister, at right angles to this, .ilong the existing pathway above the Bee- .\lle\- w.ill, a construction easily practicable with- out ilisturbing the graves in the grass beside it (fig. Id! I. Allotting to saints and to heroes the sides S>\'c\\-( livlrtiiiq uO to ^Ici'&Hi on Tee ov 11ovt\v n.atl .■ covfvmi^ !«'y'{. Flo. I02. — Elevatiun of West side oi Bee-Alley C.arden, showing exi.sting trace of two arches ot ancient cloister. On left stands proposed gardener's cottage and entrance lodge, incorporating present low liiiildings on left. Stairway up to .\bbev cloister. This would nmf in llie present South wallv of .Abbey graveyard, as shown in section, (t for one moment forgetting, this Trust primaril}- exists ? The inspiring yahie of our existing monuments, e\en of the modern Abbey Tower with its colossal modern inscription, despite its more than questionable art, is not to be denied ; but greater, of course, is that of the patriotic monuments of Stirling and of Edinburgh ; and greater still would be the appeal of the present edifice, with its statues and pictures gradually worked out, as they would be, at that higher leyel ot ]i,iintnig and sculpture which so many Scottish artists haye fully attained, and to express which they only need such opportunity and encouragement, such place and scope as I am here proposing. The Trust would fulfil one of its highest possibilities in thus concentrating ujion its city and population those highest powers of living Scotsmen for which at present London galleries, and still more foreign ones, are almost alone offer- ing any adequate appreciation, yet less worthy and congenial opportunity. To bring together such a group of artists and art workmen in and for Dunfermline would react upon the general culture, and even the industrial production, of the city. Still more obvious, surely, is the immediate effect which such a group and work woukl have ujion education and upon the formation of ideals. That incentive to other cities, that stimulus to public spirit, to popular culture, and to private generosity alike, which it has been laid upon the Trust to afford and to organise, could surely in no way be more vividly awakened or more widely diffused. C. Historic Reference Museum Below this main Hall of Mediaeval History two storeys arc indicated. That immediately below would be tlie general Museum of Scottish Archae- ology and History from the earliest times to the Reformation. Here should be gradually accumu- lated a collection, not confined to originals, nor, indeed, specially aiming at these, save in so far as ojiportunity may naturally arise, but aiming ratlier at educational completeness, and hence \ery largely composed of good reproductions of all kinds — photographs, casts, etc. The essential value would lie in the educational arrangement. Casts of the main treasures of Edinburgh, London, and other collections are, for all practical purposes, as good as the originals. Moreover such a series selected from the great collections, which are all so incomplete, and here arranged so as to be studied in historic order, would really be ot t.ir greater educational value than an\' e.xtant col- lection ; and from its completeness of representa- tion it would at once attract and instruct the public and the specialists. An idea of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron .-^ges — that is, of their essential characteristics of primitive civilisation — should beattempted here ; indeed, why not with some of the same panoramic completeness as that indicated for the geographical imagery of the Nature Building ? The educati%e \alue of assembling such collections, in which especially the de\ elopments of the arts of life, from their rude beginnings up to those marvellous retinements to which ancient stones or jewels or illuminations bear witness, should all be illustrated by well- chosen types of reproductions and jihotographs from the great originals of London, Dublin, and Edinburgh, of Vienna, Paris, etc., so as not only to fit the Dunfermline student to profit by visiting any of these, yet for jiractical purposes to dis- pense with them also. Of the mcilijeval period the same m.iy be said ; indeed, with still greater force. Thus, though it would have been gratifying in every way to place upon the pedestals of our great hall such a col- lection of armour as that of Sir Noel Paton, not only an essentially identical effect, but a still more representative educational series for all ordinary purposes, historical, educational, and artistic, can be obtained by frankly contenting ourselves with the perfect electrotypcd facsimiles now readily obtainable, thus saving a great outlay, and leaving the originals to the wider public of the national collections in Edinburgh. In the same wav, were photographs and colour prints of such pictures as we possess of the historic ])ersonages of Scotland, of each epoch, placed each in one room with those of the buildings and places associated with them, with facsimiles of the books and documents of the time, and so on, each of these inexpensive little museums would have a cumulative eftect far exceeding that of ordinary collections of originals, in which pictures, books, documents, and museum objects are all kept apart ; in fact, in different collections, private and public, and when public m difterent buildings and manage- ment altogether, and this in an arrangement usually not chronological at all. Little wonder, then, that though many go to and fro, and know- ledge is increased, though many would gladly learn and many gladly teach, we yet know so little. Give us here, give history anywhere, one such collection ; and we shall learn and teach to some jiurpose. D, Historic Exhibitions and their Uses 1 appeal, tlien, not only lo all who are interested in Dunfermline, or even Scotland, but in art, in literature, in education, to consider this project, IISroRIC IMI'ROVI'.MI'.XTS 153 in confidciirc of ilicir lunlial general approval and snpport. I. el nic |)ut .1 single e\anii)le lo Ihe last named. Imagine the stimulating value even of a single visit, in which we should see, what is nowhere at present allainable, the facsimile (and when need be transcription and translation) of such a series of Scottish documents as would include, sav, first of all that immortal reply of Scotland to the I'ope upon the claims of Edward I. — which is the principal, yet practically unknown, treasure of the Register House — which should show such contemporarv documents as we have of Wallace and of Bruce, such memorials of the early Stuarts as we can gather. Show some of the letters of Mary, which have so long perplexed his- torians ; show, too, a letter of Knox, a copy of the Solemn League and Covenant ; to which manv would add as no mean climax the mani- festo of Ebenezer Erskinc and the Dissent and Protest of the Disrup- tion. Place, too, among these in due order the open pages of Blind Harry and of Barbour and those of Sir David Eindsay ; show, too, the characteristic carlv documents of Scottish song, up to those of Lady Nairne, of Burns and Scott, and see how these would gain in cumulative effect, especially when we bear in mind the associated wealth of accompaniments and sur- roundings we are outlining. Of Scottish Historic Exhibitions of various kinds there have been not a few within the last twenty years or so, and each has had its interest and its value. I^ecall, for instance, beside the establishment of permanent collections, of pic- tures, furniture, and objects of per- sonal associations, the various loan collections of which the Stuart I£x- hibition was the chief, and of which Mr Foster's noble volume is doubt- less partly an outcome. Recall, too, the services of various inter- national exhibitions in this regard, from the admirable " Old Edinburgh " of the Edinburgh Exhibition of 1886. or the " Bishop's Palace " and its collections in Glasgow in iSiSS, to the great show of Glasgow in 1901 — an exhibition which owed much of its value and interest to that free use of reproductions recommended hei-c. What I propose, in fact, is that we now utilise the very catalogues, the commemorative volumes, the reproductions of all these exhibitions and collections, which collectively make up a very large proportion of the total obtainable inventory of Scottish resources, and which would be now easily extended, for most practical purposes in fact completed. From this series it would then be simply a matter of some patience and intelli- gence to prepare a more truly representative series and exhibition than has yet existed. 'I'his is o>cclti'i,li G)llfclToiit. >>)fiif>'nl Coilfc|ioii«> f.inldtyjmr^ S^.liri;;.. ,.ir. (S>mt(^» M\t\ I- 11;. 106. — Section of Mediitval History Building, taken immediately lo North of central tower; showing gallery of Dunfermline history with cloister in front, and rooms for Scottish and general collections below. The separation of the cloister above is not to be understood as continued through the lower storeys save by the necessary supporting pillars at intervals, as here emphasised. csiwcially ol)vious if due note lie taken of the great examples which are now afforded us by other small nationalities, hke the Scandinavian ones, like those of the Low Countries, and some of those of Germany — witness, for instance, the magnifi- cent National Museum of Saxony, of which the educational arrangement and the artistic effect so incomparably excel the confused and confusing displays of the vaster collections of South Ken- sington. 154 DUNFERMLINE HISTORY PALACE ( ANCIl'-NT AND MKI)i.l':VAL) Wliilc the commemorative liistoric gallery would depend for its effect upon its long, almost catlie- dral-like perspccti\e, here ujion the lower floors the abandonment of the large museum-galler\- method, far too persistent in this country, in favour of the succession of smaller rooms, each devoted to a minor jicriod, is strongly recom- mended. A \isil to the South Kensington or Edinburgh museums, and then to any of tlic Continental museums arranged on the latter prin- ciple, will fully confirm this. B\- the judicious introduction of rjld furniture, the natural variation in size and decoration, and of the still necessary museum cases, etc., with skilful and symjiathetic treatment generalh-, muth of the effect of the Musee Clun\' itself might be realised — that is, an almusjihcre in which history emphasises arl, and ail history. The etfect of the creation of such a Scottish Historical Museum as this upon young Dunferm- line, upon Scotland, upnu "Magna Scotia" throughout the world, would be speedy, yet en- during. Taken with the reproduction of the commemorati\e works of art of the gallery above, the publication of one noble volume after another would naturally result, which, again, might be pop- ularised in widely accessible forms. The rise of other Scottish collections in Scottish cities and even beyond, the attraction to this Dunfermline museum of loans, gifts, and bequests, would all naturally follow ; while the teaching of Scottish history and Scottish literature would gain from this old and natural, yet new and active, centre a fresh stimulus, let us hope a henceforth enduring life. The curator and assistant curator of such a collection would thus jjractically become the most accessible, and, therefore, most widely useful, of Scottish historical workers and teachers, and this position, in the hands of a succession of men such as we ha\e had, have still among us however little recognised, and shall have again, would be of the widest national usefulness. Such work is needed to complete the renascence of Dunferm- line by carrying it into the needed detail ; and it would aid to extend this [n other cities, conserving and deepening all thai is best in Scottish national feeling, relieving il ol all crudeness and exaggera- tion, yet dispUiving its true bases, and strengthen- ing these. I )ur suite of Scottish historical rooms having llius completed and complemented the great gal- lcr\- abo\c, llie ground floor remains for considera- tion. Here we have to work out the idea already suggested, that of Scotland neither complete in itself nor yet a mere province of I'-ngland, late and reluctantly united, though ntiw satisfactorily absorbed, submissively centralised ; but of Scot- land as the microcosm of North-Western Kurope, filled with its survi\als, yet rich in its iintiatnes, rccei\ing, all^cit sometimes tardily, all the great waxes which echo round the world, continuing them long, and carrying them far, into her deep firths and valleys, yet also sending back new waves, new forces, which ha\c in their turn nuidi- tied mankind. Why does the history of Scotland show a share alike in European politics and culture, so greatly beyond that to which its " area, wealth, and popu- lation," as our modern method of calculation goes, would seem to entitle it ? Docs it not indicate that excellent, necessary even, though that system of calculation may be, it remains not only morally feeble but intellectually fatuous until we go further and interjiret more deeply ? The larger European fact which explains the mediseval imiiortance of Scotland, just as the advantages of her military geography thrown much light upon her long main- tained independence, is, of course, the long h'ranco- Scottish alliance, which is the precise historic equivalent of the Dual .\lliancc of yesterday ; while her culture importance, largely inherited from the ancient, broad, and deep culture of Ireland and lona, was continually renewed and advanced by a fuller and more symjiathetic contact with Con- tinental peoples than was that of her larger neighbour, whose misfortune it has been to be reinsularised in each centurx' by fresh hostile contracts with them, of course with disastrous reaction upon Scotland also. Hence, then, the need in our historical museum to express our past relation with the culture of other countries, and to recognise the increa.sing possibility of renewing them ; .so that Scotland may once more recover her place, as the small Con- tinental counlries ha\c alread\' done, among the liuropean I'owers — of Culture. In this mo\enicnt our Dunfermline Hall of History winild play a worthy part. I 'ic-Mw ^i:i..i.u -i™. till .f- ;.,i,r . --•><,,,„, 1., In;. 107. General perspective, indicalinj; view frciiii \vindo«s ol Modern Ilislory Building, lookinj; Norlh-West over Monastery Place towards Aliljey Chvircli. Note History Garden, with staircase to Place in middle, and willi gardener's lodge at cloister entrance in South-West corner. The stairway up to Celtic cloister is in centre of picture, and the cloister itself for more than half its course. The laving out of History Garden is slightly indicated. Near the Time Fountain, towards right, is rostoratinn of an old well as drinking-fountain. with a \\ rought-iron canopy. CH.M'TI'.R XXIII HISTORY GARDEN AND ABBEY PRECINCTS A. The History Garden Befoki-: leaving; this liuikliiig mic olhcf puiiu remains. With it.s flcsign and u.ses fully before us now is the lime to set out the scheme of its garden, not before ; to illustrate, too, the whole standpoint in gardening which this report main- tains. Starting from tlie entrance Chap. XXI. li. and its ])alh to the staircase, with its parallel path oi Sorrow, its line of yews on either hand, we pass out into the garden beside the statue of song, whose pedestal should rise from a mound of heaths, chosen for ample flower both in spring and autumn, through which should rise in summer a forest of lilies — golden, orange, and scarlet. The main walks should be paved with bold mosaic devices in coloured pebbles, regularly varying as we proceed — the marguerite and forget-me-not, the Douglas heart, the Bruce's crest, the Stuart cliequer. The old apple-trees may mainly remain, and before long will become venerable ones ; but the formal character of the garden should be main- tained, and its spirit clearly e.xpressed, by the planting of regular masses of bays ; of course the true bay, the poets' fragrant laurel, not its coarser substitute of the Roman triumph and the modern shrubbery. In addition to these large dark masses there should be introduced in regular position along the 15s terrace lines and the matn front a .series of ba\s 111 jHits or bo.xes of architectural design, and kept tiimmcd in the usual formal fashion. In the shelter of this garden, especially at its warm south- ward lines of wall and terrace, the myrtle would grow with little protection, and even flower in exceptional summers ; while lavender, rosemary, and thyme, with rue, too, and dittany, would flourish in ample beds, their permanent shade of the .soil below again providing the right conditions for the growth of lilies, in the seasonal display of many forms of which this garden should excel. Two of the old wall apple-trees would remain u|ion two wall panels outside the beehives ; and roses, with fine ivies and jessamine, would climb the buttresses (fig. 107). .Mtcrnating with the bays, there should come in serial masses round the whole garden groups of giant thistles, through and around whose thorny inass should grow white lilies, bordered by dwarf thistles. In the smaller central beds would be alternately beds of marguerites and of white Jacobite roses, alike set about with blue masses of forget-me-not, mas.ses of irises, too, with pansies, and so on. Minor details, too numerous for mention, and stjmetimes changing with the seasons and years, would further emphasise these effects of form, colour, and fragrance, and com- plete these expressions of historic and symbolic feeling. Thus the reader, say of Dunbar's " The Thrissel and the Rose " would find here 156 HISTORY GARDEN AND AHHKV I'RILCINCTS carried out the very imagery i)t the poem ; and beside these stately flowers of poetic association the monks' herbarv, the queens' simples, would find their modest place. B. Abbey Churchyard Ascending now to the cluirch Uself, may we not do something here ? See what noble possibilities ! — what yjoor use made of them ! — for the historic trees, once the pride of Dunfermline, liave fallen, and iheir successors are but Oi iiaphazard planling- Hcre, however, is the ideal spot in all Dun- fermline for developing those increasingly stately and solemn effects winch the judicious use of the l-'li;. loS.— \'icH ill .\l>liL-y I'ark I'lacc li)ukiiig towards West end of innck-ni Ahlicy Chunli ; St ^h^r- tjarel's Halls seen lo right. \ew atlords, and this nionumcnUil plani ihcretore should preponderate in several of its best \arieties, chieflv the spreading and the iiillared, the latter golden as well as sombre green. One such avenue would naturally connect the new stairway opening with the south door of the Abbey Church. The weedy poplar-trees towards the south-east should be removed, and the limes of the main approach from .\bbey Park Place moved into more regular position and alignment. Still better, they should be lifted, as is still quae jiracticable, large though they are, and planted outside the abbey graveyard altogether, upon the gravelled roadway outside, continuous with tlie street ; while within the gates should then be planted an avenue of the largest spreading yews up to St Margaret's tomb within the ruins of the Lady Chapel, from whicli the present unsightly and useless railing should be removed. This whole approach would thus align with .\bbey Park Place, which, as the accompanying photo- graph shows, makes one of the best street pictures in Dunfermline (fig. lo.S . The main walk, running east and west on the south side of the church, should also be yew- bordered, but with smaller golden pyramids, as also the walk running due south from this to the east end of the l-"ratry Hall. On the north side of the church the graveyard is monotonous and neglected looking ; the ugly cement-topped wall to the east should be both ivied and screened by shrubbery, including a few spreading yews, con- nected by more clieerful evergreens, and bright- ened by flowering hawthorns above and masses of white rose below. .\. similar treatment would satisfactorily screen the northern wall. The perspectives i^figs. 109, 110) indicate how easily this whole view might be im- (iroxed In' the piclurcsi|ue rebuilding of a single Lilock, as sliown, and the inipro\ing of the ugly modern lilock of warehouses liy Inilconies and creepers or the screening it by trees. For this purpose one or more of the easily removed limes and poplars might also be employed, thus improv- ing the various pictures afforded by the church- yard, and emphasising its solemn dignity in the strictest a)>iiropriate way — an old style, of course, not llic modern cemetery excess of Californian conifers. Vet this is somewhat too sombre, and, as already suggested, I should relieve its pessimism of ilea 111 by flowering shrubs and climbers, adding esiiccially tliose of joyous and sacred associations — the rose, the almond especially, the smaller shrubs also ; daphnes, for instance, especially the white mezereon and its congeners ; the honey- suckle also. One or two of the smaller flowering willows might also find place, and close lo one or twii of tlie entrances a weeping willow. It may, no doubt, be asked : \Vh\- do I \enture to propose these improvements by the Trustees of what is not their property ? h'irst, because this is a part of Dunfermline, and the very best, the most sacred part ; and second, because it needs improvement. The heritors, the congregation, the public, are all advantaged by this improvement without expense to themselves ; the already pro- posed stairway through Bee-Alley Garden to Monastery Place, for instance, would be a useful and agreeable access and exit on Sundays and week-days alike ; while the Trustees, even from the narrowest possible standpoint of their own park interest alone, are still more advantaged. For these proposals, if carried out, would prac- tically enlarge the park and its gardens, by includ- ing, within their general treatment and perspective, the noblest feature of the whole city, the park thus practically beginning at and with the abbey. Conversely, the abbey, which h;ul once as its park the large area eastward now built over, would thus be truly restored, since now within a park again. The escape from the mutual exclusivencss of separate ownerships to this proposed co-opera- tion for common amenity is surely not beyond public-spirited bodies such as those here con- ASSOCIATKI) IMI'ROX'K.MKXTS C Associated Improvements 157 I next submit elevation and perspective showing the improvement of St Catherine's Wynd down to the Pends. First of all, the present north-west gateway entrance to the abbey graveyard, near Maygate, is shown set back just so far as the I'n;. 109. — \"icw fium N'uilh aide oi i;kl Abljcy nave over clmrchyarcl. Note tcj left iilcl cuUai;L-3 ul St Catherine's Wynd leading up to the Town House with its spire. To right of this nnis tlie .Maygate, sliowing hacks of its Imildings, a modern warehouse in middle. Xote AI)bot's House to right : the picturesque lower of this has unfortunately lieen partly effaced in reproduction. 3M\i *^ 1'"IG. iio. — Proposed improvement of Kastern portion (right half) of preceding view. .\ new building is inserted, and the warehouse improved. Trees and shrubbery also to he planted, more thickly than is lieie shown. cerned ; the civic example is also in the riglit line of development. I continue, then, to suggest that the whole west side of the graveyard be next improved ; of course, as everywhere, without interference with a single grave, thoitgh even tree idanting does not go nearK so deep. principle of non-interference with graves allows, thus giving the much-needed effect of a small public place outside, below the Municipal Build- ings, a space useful, moreover, as we shall sec later, to the proposed Music Hall. Descending to the main west entrance of the old .\bbey Church, wo note that its modern gate- 158 HISTORY GARDEN AND ABBKY TRF-CINCTS way, by its very daintiness and refinement, is not adequate tor tlie situation. But this cannot, and need not, be interfered with. It only needs the addition of the two massive piers to north and south, which are accordingly shown in per- spective, and which, as will be seen, harmonise and compose with the pinnacle north of the great window of the Fratry Hall, as with the proposed treatment of the park entrance and Tower Hill Road ;fig III. The small enclosure ol carelessly planted e\'cr- grccns. south of this abbey entrance, which is of wall to St Catherine's Wvnd on either hand, wliilc this is finished by the simplest pierced masonry balustrade throughout its length, the whole being then planted with cotoneaster and ivy. On the northern half especially, where sun has access, I would add white Jacobite and Ayr- shire roses and honeysuckle. This Virings us back to the north-west entrance of the graveyard at Maygate, which I should now projiose to treat with new gateway piers of simple character, liarmonising with the archi- tecture and massive buttressing of the church ..*-.;^, 11" 14- k...:-, i;..,., i, I'li;. 1 1 1. — liiril's-eye Perspective, showing proposed return to the orii;inal dispcsilion of the ancient r.iadway. from tht Tower Hill— ?'.r\ straight to the West door of the Abbey. Note advantage of widening of .St Catherine's Wynd and of Palace Yard ; also the suggested massive piers and groups of evergreens on each side of the existing alibey entrance, its delicate modern carving and iron work thus set within an outer frame more harmonious uilh llie massive simplicity of llu- .-VhlHy Tower and the Fratry |iinnacle to right. actually ;i ton in Ihc hiiiids of Ihc city, not the church, should be thrown into the street antl paved, and its jilants brought together on cither side of the main west gateway, between this and the new piers, north and south, so as to furnish two large evergreen masses, framing the entrance on either hand. The improved effect to the abbey, seen from the street and tniiu the jiark, will easily be realised. .\ scries of simple pilaster buttresses, much as along the Tower Hill Road witliin the park, are shown breaking the iuonoion\' of ilie long range and with the new piers on either side of the exist- ing western gateway already mentioned (fig. iii). By next setting back the " Port gate " of the park, and bringing this into its ancient and natural line with ihe cliurch door (as shown upon plan and elevation;, we recover the effect of the ancient Palace Yard and almost its extent ; while this may be completed by obtaining the necessary permission from the Crown authorities to set back their boundary also. Passing through the Pends, we require similar ]iermission to remove or lower 8 feet of the Asson .\TF. n I M I' Ko\- i:m kxts 159 wall on ihe left, belonging to the Crown ; and, there coming to the Trust property, I achise razing the present wall coinplelely to the ground, demolishing the present mill barn and the front buildings of the mill. This allords ilic opportunity of widening the street considcral)l\-, as shown in the general plan (fig. \l^,■ This widening I next ask to be carried still farther, and mav here recajiitulate the proposal already made (Chap. XX. for the enlargement of Monastery Street into a spacious " Monastery Place." For this ]iurpose 1 advise the recent enclosure and railing-in of the poorly planted triangular space between the street and the monastery building to be undone, and this whole space up to the buttresses to be paved (fig. 02), a simple railing-bar at most being placed to protect a couple of feet of green turf edging, or a single mass of shrubs between each buttress. I of course assume the increasing respect of the public for these improvements, and the natural ])revention of any natural cause for their injm'y by adjacent con\eniences to be supplied muler mills. The removal of the smithy I recommend, for reasons parti)' obvious here, jjartly given (pagei 301, so that with the demolition of the present large mill building and chimney stalk Monastery Place will have the spacious proportions shown on plan, especially when we comjilele this by le\elling uj) and paving the requisite space at present forming the north edge of the small garden south-east of the Mills. The value of restoring and im]>ro\ing tliese two ancient open spaces. Palace Yard and Monas- tery Place respectively, will, I trust, be recognised at once to park and city improvements. Plainly this new place would be greatly impro\ed by closing in, by means of another archway pend, such as was once the gate farther down at the manse, of which a vestige remains. This I pro- pose to supply, and in a very natural way, by the continuation of the History Buildings over the street. To these then we now niurn. CHAI'II'R XX I \' HISTORY PALACE: RENAISSANCE AND MODERN Rkferring to the plan (^fig. 115,1, '• will be seen that the back ot the Mediaeval Building here projcrts eastwards to meet the adjacent factory gable. Here is the main staircase leading from all Us storej'S down to the level of the street, with also a lecture hall on the street level con\enieiillv situated for public access. the brief and wretched reign that followed it, the southmost portion on this side (fig. 112) belongs to the period of William and Mary, and to the unsuccessful, vet all the more heroic, " Fifteen " and " Forty-five," really, of cour.se, the belated ending of the Seventeenth Century, since the last efforts of the Scottish Cavaliers. A. Renaissance Building To resume our historical jilan of exposition we ascend by this staircase and enter the Great Hall once more. From this the thorough revolution in religion and culture, politics and economic life, in art therefore also, which is marked by the succession to Mary of James \T. and I., is natur- ally indicated by the change of character of the buildings, from Mediaeval to Renaissance. The motive of design adopted here is given by various memorials of Old Fdinburgh, etc., but best of all by the type most nearly followed, that of Cilasgow College, demolished scarce a .generation ago (fig- 113) The style of this Renaissance Building lends itself well both to the general purpose and to this particular situation, and when viewed in jier- spective, in which it is shown as it actualh' will be seen from the street, it will be seen to compose well with the gable of the Mediaeval Building, behind which it is recessed. Also in its historic significance the design will be seen to hold. King James's departure over the border is, it will be noticed, quite at the appropriate place upon our plan, that over the crossing over the northern pavement of I he street ; while the last notable connections of Dunfermline with his dynasty, through the birth of Charles I. and the Restora- tion of Charles H., may be commemorated in the space assigned to these two reigns under the spire, either by the busts of these two kings withoul, or by portraits or pictures within the Tower and Spire Chamber, which continues upon a similar scale the great gallery. With these we must not forget some corresponding memorial of the great Oliver, whose general's victory at Pitreavie Dunfermline still remembers. Giving little space to the Restoration and to B. Eighteenth Century Proper Behind this the buihling shouhl again recede a step eastwards, assuming, of course, that the site can be in due time acquired. Here our next his- toric Gallery, that of the later Eighteenth Century, faces north, and looks out only to the mill op- posite. But here is surely the right position for the clear but prosaic outlook of the post-Jacobite half-century, that characterised for Scotland and the world alike by David Hume, yet more by another name no less immortal — in fact, that of the most world-transforming man of genius whom Fife has ever produced — Adam Smith of the " Wealth of Nations." Beside him, our Scottish minor worthies of the period woiilil naluralU' lie commemorated. C. Nineteenth Century From this runs soulhwartl again, and in eleva- tion once more recessed so as to retain its own distinctive character while composing all the better with its predecessor, the large building devoted to the historic commemoration of the Xineteenth Century. It will lie noted in plan how it continues on the line of the later Fighteenth- Century Hall, yet opens also from that of the earlier Jacobite age, so clearly expressing the in- fluence yet strife of rival elements, utilitarian and romantic, which have so deeply marked the century's history, and in which our Scottish romancer has as fuUv led the world as did our great utilitarian (figs. 112 and 114). The three representative generations of the nineteenth century are hence commemorated b)' distinctive changes of style. First comes the " Scottish Baronial " of Abbotsford, so suggestive 160 Twi'.x riirnirKxrrRV iu-ii.ding i6i ot all il stood for. This leads, second, lo the large central feature of revived Perpendicular, titlv expressing first of all the Church nio\enunl. which did actually adopt this style in Scotland as in England — witness the new Abbey Church behind, or in Edin- burgh the Free Church College — but also that advancing anglicising of the Scot, of which Mr Gladstone was but the most obvious example. The third block, in contemporary bank or office style, ex- presses the architecture of the current periods of Finance and Empire. Yet despite the apparent incongruity of styles in detail, intentionally recalling our nine- teenth-century street effects, it will be seen that a certain unity not only of alignment but of composition has been preserved. Throughout the upper storey of this lilock the Dunfermline Gallery runs on, but il is now natur- ally still further deprived of its former magnifi- cence, and reduced from monumental gallery lo the modest scale of the ordinarv museum garret ; yet this would not be without a wealth of interest- ing memorials, and these particularly of its work- ing people, many of whom are well worthv of remembrance through an individuality of the rarest kind, ft would include models, too, of their looms and inventions ; a record of the rise from isolated looms to collective factory, assuredly one of the mightiest changes in the history of civilisation, and one for which it is not too late to compile a record which would be of inestimable value to the future ; some memorials, too, of the ecclesiastic and scholastic life, of the literary production of Dunfermline also — in short, the fullest possible record of the century which has so lately closed. In this way the actual contrasts of treatment of our long Gallery of Dunfermline brings out the vicissitudes of the town, wliich had by the nineteenth century practically forgotten its once high estate, its Palace fallen, its .\hbev mostly quarried aw-ay. D. Twentieth-'Century Building But now from this modest museum garret of homely modern life and labour we come out upon our Modern Outlook, that of this city with the opening century. This is expressed architecturally by the spacious open gallery of a circular tower (fig. 1 14\ from which we may look back to the old historic city and forward into its future, widening as this is on every side. The lofty arcade of this Outlook Gallery will also afford, arch by arch, the space for at least the symbol, indeed often for the actual instru- ment, of each and every one of all the arts and sciences ; it expresses, too, their social possibilities most of all. From the ground to this level rises another Staircase Tower — and, for the time, the concluding one — its ascending sweep of spiral Iniiu base to jrinnacle fitly again exi)ressing the j,>A \- 1? — I— Flc. 112. — I*lan of Renaissance anil Modern porli(-)n of History Palace, continuing preceding .MediLeval building southwards. spiral of evolution, and in detail intentionally reminiscent of a master work of Leonardo da N'lnci, since our age of modern science is but the renaissance of the Renaissance. -I -^"rfe-- 0- (^i fine? lllfdictvol !-' <"0C» 3oiv(f DowU ft, °* Fli;. 113. — Perspective view of KenaiNsance Building, recessed Inmi Medi.e\al liiiikling (lig. 105), and giving a new central archway Pend for vehicles corresponding lu ihal already existing at North-West between Abbey and Palace (fig. 92), with adiliti(jn of passages on each side for foot passengers also. Kelow level of Monastery Place is seen a drive (or Processional Way) through another archway (descend- ing thereafter towards Manse Entrance as shown on general plan). Note also descending staircase to Mill Garden, with rose-arbours, etc. HISTORY Hril. DINGS 163 E. Review of History Buildings building requires three storeys — for Dunfermline, for Scotland, and for Europe, in wfiich England Review now the whole elevation once more was too often the most foreign of nations. from first to last, and nole how as its style With the union of the English and Scottish ^ifujfTn,l,M( ^lallfrs , %> ""IlloiiaslTtij tlTKr, f>Md (Bff.niifj ^n(cV,v w'.iri till Cloi^l'ir it- nbU>| o^W'ihjMi dm! rtii iiioiuiuitiital ^c\Mu\ '^\<\\\ ^u tc^iw' UlUtrTf'l'Tv CmiIu(V) (Bulking luUlOi^dniOuS t>nua\ ot Svolulo.. To li'.. 1 14. — West I'ronl of Nincteenth-CenUuv IlistDiv Huilding and nf Tower Iji-i^inniny T«onlieth- Cemuiy liuiklings, as explained on block and in text. expresses the change, so its height, the increas- crowns, indicated at the beginning of our Re- ing complexity of the world. The comparative naissance building, a new storev is introduced — isolation and unil\ of the Celtic world is repre- that [of English history, henceforth fundamental sented by its simjile cloister, t>ut our Mediaeval to Scottish, at anv rate far more important to us 164 HISTORY PALACE: RENAISSANCE AND MODERN henceforth than the general whole of Europe re- maining upon the storey below. With the eighteenth centurv a new storey appears, that of general World-policv and even jxilitics, which not onlv the broader philosophic outlook of Scotland ex]iressed, l)ul even her econ- omic expansion, her far-sighted though ill-fated Darien policy. With the niiieteentli centurv a new storey is again introduced — that of Empire ; wliile in the tower with which the nineteenth centurv ends, the twentieth begins, vet another storey is in- scrtetl — that one dc\oted to the I'nited States, with wliich our fortunes. Imperial, British, Scot- tish, and even Civic, are henceforth so indis- solubly associated. Compare figs. 11^ and 114. 1 i will not be difficult to find suitable material til lill all these storeys, and thus to give the range of rooms on each level a unique educational value and effect, and even, as we shall increasingly see, a notably artistic character. Hut. before leaving the question of elevations, note that, as such an architectural composition reasonably demands, the great Round Tower seems 1(1 ciiiK luilc I lie buildings, as it brings us fully up to date, and even beyond. For this Twentieth Century Tower may well serve as a home and centre for our liest thought and work, individual and civic, Scottish and other, in the period now opening ; as a stimulating thinking-house, which our rising generation would increasingly value and learn to use, their mental perspccti\-e widening from the noble landscape around, through an ever- deepening consciousness of an enlarging w-orld of intelligent interest and social action, expressed storey by storey, from personal outlook to Cit>-, and thence to Scotland and Britain, to Empire and Language, to Europe and World. Such an actual laboratory of thought, m the hands of even a single intelligent observer and indexer, would soon become a centre of reference and inquiry of real and ever-increasing \alue to the city and its visitors, and of still wider sug- gestiveness. Nor has any university or college, any school of social or political science, yet hitherto supplied so definite, yet so intelligible, a centre of preparation for whoever would conscientiously fit himself, through social inquiry and interpretation, to take up that personal responsibility for a share in the direction of social evolution on every level which is the increasing birthright of every man and woman, but which our political developments so far fail adequately to educate, or even awaken. Is not this outlook one from which we may both educate and prepare for the man for wliom Emenson calls : •• Whn I., his nalivf centre Inst, .■^hall inlLj I'lUurc fuse the Past, .\u(\ the world's flowing fates hi liis oun imnild recast." Note finally how the whole range of building, tliough ajiparently now finished, is vet also sug- gestively left unfinished. For this whole scheme would be incomplete were it completed ; it is of its very essence that it sliould be capable of con- tinuance by successive generations, for whom we may, we must, prepare, yet to whom we cannot in any wise dictate. Two things at least we now clearly foresee : that the future will need sjiace, and will have a style of its own ; hence from our round tower there projects eastward an unfinished edge of wall witli which the next building can be bonded, its upward projection, a practical corbelling, leaving space at the top for the one symbol we may fairly project upon the future — a symbol of Progress — say as a bas-relief winged child-figure taking flight — a symbol which optimist and pessimist will, of course, each read in liis own way. So far then the general scheme of our historic building ; and were it executed might we not again fairh- say for things historic and social, as we did for those geographic, that whoever would see the world should now come to Dunfermline ? F, Relation of History and Art Museum But here is not yet the whole social world ? It is suggested, ill outline, of course, upon our vari- • lus floors, and always within the moderate, and thus all the more educative, scope of a provincial museum ; and here, too, is the explanation why this Historic Building is relatively large, and wdiv the Art Building is comparatively small. For an art building is, or at least should be, essentially tor masterpieces of the art of all time, in their reproductions, of course, when not in originals. But the vast majority of the ordinary objects of art museums, from the .Vssvrian brick and the Egyptian scaraba^us to the Greek pot or the Roman carving, or, again, to the antique weapon, the mediaeval picture of devotion, the Dutch interior or sea piece, are like the conventional academy landscape or portrait or other respect- able piece of furniture or decoration — that is, each is primarily so much historical material. It is not really of much sensuous beauty, or much emo- tional \alue . It IS primarily an object ot instruc- tiveness, of informational or illustrative interest. What we use in our so-called Art Museums to teach the " history of ornament " or the like, is thus, avowedly, history first and beauty after- wards, if at all. Whereas, though the Art Gallery must and should contain examples of all times, it should only admit those examples which trans- cend their time, those of which the beauty is an enduring one. The application of this criterion to our art museums, great and small, is not only what is needed to relic\e their congestion. 1 66 HISTORY PALACE: RENAISSANCE AND MODERN but is indispensable to relieve the public ignor- ance of both art and history together. Were three-fourths of South Kensington frankly looked at as a Historical Museum, and so arranged : were its numberless duplicates distributed to the niuior national and provincial ones ; then the remaining quarter would furnish a far belter Museum of Arl proper. We should thus have two first-rate central museums, each in its own way educational, instead of one vast and confusing pantechnicon. The principle of selecting masterpieces onlv is, of course, to a very large extent applied both in the National tiallery of London and in the Luxem- bourg — though not vet sufficiently in the British Museum and the Louvre ; nor is it as yet suffi- ciently extended beyond pictures. G. Open'Air Museum again .\re we ni>w dime witli i)ur lustoric proposals ? Yes and No. Lor as all things e.xist in space and place, so all things e.xist m time, and the educa- tion of a sane and strong intelligence requires the continuous grasp of both. Tliis historic Museum is, after all, luit a cata- logue, a tvpe-coUection, a beginning from which the student may go out to understand his ever- enlarging world. Lirst of all, he will appreciate his own city and country ; he will see the whole park and city as one great (.)pen-Air Museum. lis primitive dwellings, its renewed old mills and their simple yet artistic workshops, onwards to the great modern factory industry of our own time, are one continuous historic development, in which past and present and future are hence- forth a continuous and living whole. From the primitive dwellings we pass readily to the thatched cottage, thence to the quaint old red-tiled cottages, which are the main surviving beauty of Dunfermline ; thence to the dull or meretricious modern dwellings of a happily passin.g style (may we not hope a practically obsolete one and to those more joyous and healthful dwellings to which we may now look forward. Why not then at Rosyth, to an initiatne and rcpresentati\e Garden City for the world, so thai again he who would study, or take part in, the better housing of the people should come to Dunfermline ? Or, beginning once more, and this time with statelier homes, have we not the Abbot's House, which at some future time may fall into the hands of the Trust, tlien to be doubtless kept in repair and furnished witli what can bo got together of the historic furmUire and decoration of its own time, as the Musce Cluny of Dunfermline ? May not the same be said of old Pittencriett House, so representative of the I'uritan and Cavalier period ? And again of the eighteenth- century house by the Port Gate, near the Abbey, with its sternly simple exterior, its pleasant spacious rooms ? Each of these is an clement, then, of the great Open-Air Museum so often argued for, and to this it will be the pleasing duty of the Trust, and of independent citizens, to carry on a generous rivalry in civic de\-elopment, so that houses of each period, of each decade even, in the ]ieriod of rapid housing progress now opening, may be thought worthy of preservation In- "ur suc- cessors. Here, then, is a fuller de\clopnient of the thesis of ChaiUer X\TL C. H. The Opening Future Will this complete our historic imiseum ? Not yet. History is no mere study of the past, as un\'eiling the origin and deyelo]iment of the present, it increasingly also foresees the future as continuing that development, be it for better or for worse. Thus I understand the improvement of the Abbey Church is at present being seriously considered ; and at some time, if not now, the rebuilding of the Lady Chapel over (Jueen Mar- garet's tomb will replace the present miserable erection against the east wall of the Church, thus lengthening out the whole perspective and largely recomposing the present too incongruous masses of the ancient and modern halves of the church building, while the natural weathering of time, to which should be added the judicious planting of i\y, will largely do the rest, thus again restoring harmony to the whole edifice. But this is not all. This union of the historic and the modern spirit, of reverence for the past yet of practical reorganisation in the present, will not only clear out the basement of the Monastery of the rubbish pitched in two generations ago by the misrestorer of the abbey, but will some day rebuild the destroyed north and east walls of the great Fratry Hall, and roof this anew. Vet more : some day also tlie I'alace itself will be reVmilt ; though all this will be neither for monk nor priest, for king nor noble, but as a Hall and Palace of the Commons, as a Fratry Hall indeed. In Scotland of old, there were plain folk who knew Ihemselves " nobles by right of an earlier creation, priests by the imposition of a mightier hand." ( )nly as we work towards such definite reorganisa- tion of the noblest survivals of the past into a yet nobler future can our plans and labours have real value to our city, or to that larger world whose best thought and work we have to share, and, if it may be, here to stimulate and lead. Here then is a scheme of policy stretching ln'\iiiid our tunc, our opportunity, our capacity, and for that very reason a Culture-Policy indeed. That the beginnings at any rate are practicable will not be denied ; and if any do not think this of its ultimate ones, of roofing of palace and hall, he may see all this and more in progress from Edinburgh Castle, with its restored Parliament TIIK ()I'i:XIXG ITTURE 167 House and King David's Tower, to St (iik-s' ; as by-and-by he may see it at Holyrood. A furthci- study of Edinburf;li or of less frosl -billcii Con- tinental cities, more fully awakened American ones, will show that a civic renascence is begun on many sides, which may l)cfore long develop into culture-policies more ambitious than anv- thing I venture to sketch for Dunfernilinc I'asl cities have had their Acro[)olis and Forum, their Abliey and Cathedral ; why should nf)t we also renew, e\cn surpass, these ? Life and the world mav I'c on as high or as low a level as we choose to make them ; hence the cities of the world, like nature's simpler forms of life, have each and all at times adapted themselves to ex- press exery le\el of ideal and every route of progress upward or downward. The warmth and swiftness and world-freedom of the swallow are all as congruent with the realities of everyday environment as is the well-fortified torpor and coldness of the tortoise or the snail ; and there is no real evidence of the common impression in civic matters that such lowest and slowest creep- ings are the only possible or desirable examples of progress for cities, these highest manifestations of life, f^et us, then, at this lime of reflection shape out the highest ideals for our city that we are capable of devising : to shape anv lower ideal is to ensure the realising of a lower still. CHAi'Ti;; XX \ THE ART INSTITUTE A. The Problem Probably in no suljjcct with which we have here to de-al is the incubus of dead history so heavy. In no educational subject, moreover, are the British public and their educational machinery more retarded by the ideas of ]irevious generations — first those whicli collected ( )ld blasters, and which introduced from the Court of I'l.mce the dnulitful blessing of a Koyal Academy, and then that which was aroused by the iiremonition of shrink- ing markets afforded by I lie i;reat l-'xiiositiun of ■51. The old-fashioned connoisseur, w'lth his picture gallery of real or supposed masteriiieces, his real or spurious historic collection, hereafter no longer exclusively dominated the art progress of a city, but shared his leadershiji \\ilh a much less artistic development — that which long made the very name of South Kensington a liyword and a reproach. And though it is but fair to recognise much recent im)>ro\enient 111 our official art teaching, it may be gravely i|uestioned whether even this is keeping pace with the pro- gress of art outside olScial circles ; for though in exceptional art schools, like that of (ilasgow, the artist has come into power, we still elsewhere commonly find points of \ie\v and educational proposals which an.' tar bclimd the art progress of the times. This progress is no doubt less generally appreciated than is that of industry or science, perhaps because it has been nutrunning even these. Now-, if wc are not siin])l\- to set up another traditional |)icture gallery with unthink- ing generosity on the one hand ; nor, with bureaucracy on the other, to go on multiplying " freehand and model drawing, perspective and shading from the cast," what sort of Art Institute do we need ? Let us by all moans recognise the soul of goodness in the old miscellaneous collec- tion, for this at least aimed at appreciation ; and admit this in the traditional drawing schools also, since these at any rate have sought to aid in art- production ; but surely here is the place and time to ask : Can we not iinproye our methods, both as regards appreciation in the general public, and as regards productivity of the gifted in- dividual ? B. Art Appreciation As regards general appreciation, we have plainly first of all to communicate the Art of Seeing, even before the Seeing of Art. Here our park ex- cursions and longer regional ones, our stimulus of photography, of sketching, of nature study of all kinds, our camera obscura also, are notable hel])s ; insufficient frcnii the developed artistic |ioint of \iew-, yet surely desirable so far as they go. Such observation is the raw material which art m,i\- iK'xelop ; it is the accumulating of that wealtli of impressions whicli it is for the develop- ing powers of imagination and expression to re- arrange. .\fter and along with this art of oliservation, of healtli\- antl joyous seeing, comes also the Seeing of .\rt. This should plainly begin (as not always at )ircsent by teaching the student to see, not as the Media-yal or Renaissance artists saw, but as he can see for himself. The child in sunshine sees the \-iolct shadows upon the dusty- road just as the impressionist paints them : it is iinl\ ihc niiseducated growii-uii, who has been trained troiii old pictures, or perluips still more from iinnted descriptions of tlicm, who persuades himself that the same shadow is brown. To escape from common literary epithets and to be encouraged to observe how often earth is purple, grass gold, and the sea all possible colours by turns, IS a training which most of the older generation have missed, anil which the younger are not vet by any means sufficiently receiving. ( )in art of seeing, anil (.mr seeing of art. are llnis l)iit tlitteient inrganit an inUresl i)t;lie mind as is the na'airalisl's delight in life and growth, book at any beautiful thing — say a shell : its simple colour antl form interest u.s even hcfore we investi- gaie its anhilecture or .seek the law of its development. Hut [Ills is lo say that the feeling of fresh wonder which it arouses in us is mingled of admiration and curiosity, and that it is llie former ol lliese which comes fir.st. The latter more in- telleitual altiliale is what develops into the ijuestioning and answejing ol science good and desirable in itself, Iml too olien involving our fall out of the brief paradise of innocent io\ in Iteautv. Far too often repressed, at any rate too seldom cncoura.ged, is the emotional state which art-appreciation cultivates. So far from this being unpractical, it is this 168 ART FOR ART'S SAKl'. 169 which prepares for action, so soon as iniaginaiion rearrant;es these impressions into something new. KeHirning to the example of the heaulifii! shell taken aljo\e, this may now suggest a new creation, depending upon the powers of the artist, from the child's l)it of twisted clay to that architectural masterpiece of Leonardo da Vinci, of which a recent writer has traced back the suggestion and principle to a spiral shell. This man, liy general consent the most representative genius of the Kenaissance, reconciling the culture of art and science, of poet and engineer, of arclia'ologist and inventor, into eminent productive achievement, in all these fields and more, is the very type of high productivity based on true education : that education al once of appreciative senses and of active and disciplined hand, that culture of intellect yet of feeling, of imagination yet of executive power, wliich is again coming into .sight and even reach for our children. Let me not be caricatured as promising to grow a voting Leonardo in Dunfermline, though this would lie far less absurd than the more usual despair of finding any such. What I maintain for art, as above for nature-studies generally (Chap. .\IIL C), is that it is now becoming possible to arrest and redress that waste of life, that stunting of powers and possibilities which goes on daily amidst oiir crude educa- tional machinery, so compact of tradition in the higher schools, as of bureaucracy in the lower. By this return to nature, and to human nature, we may, we shall, produce again that higher level of average and popular culture from which the full blossom of talent, the wonder-blossom of genius, may oftener arise, and without which these come to comparativel)' imperfect fruit. It was .Athens that made the dreeks, more than they Athens; so Rome the Roman, I'lorence the Florentine ; and so it must ever be with our little land, also in her turn so rich in genius, however less successful in her rearing of it. Such an art ls, a notable resource of interest and of educational stimulus is afforded by the plan of circulating specimens which prevails in many museums. The best example on a great scale is, of course, the circulating system established by South Kensington, soon, it is hoped, to spread to other museums. Dunfermline children cannot often go to Edinburgh or Glasgow, and even if they do it will not be to see this or that class of museum objects in detail. Hence the desir- ability of arranging as far as possible to borrow specimens from larger centres, though I am aware that in many cases parliamentary powers would first have to be granted to these. In the mean- time it would be easy to work out in Dunfermline the practical argument for such circulation of art objects, natural history specimens, etc., by lending out the duplicates of the Dunfermline museums, as they accumulate, to the schools of the city, and I trust also to such surrounding towns and villages as might desire to participate. In this good work the Liverpool Museum has long had a well-earned pre-eminence, its late curator, Mr Higgins, making a special point of the beauty of the collections which he was accustomed to circulate, since the better the specimens the mure impression they create. He was wont to maintain, and with great justice, that the inferior specimen was good enough for the specialist, whose knowledge enabled him to supply the rest, but nothing could be too good for IhcimjOTrtant task of awakening the interest of the beginner. It is very largely because a less generous if not opposite \iew has been too common that the educational importance of travelling collections has not already been more fully established. American training colleges also carry this system of lending to great perfection, alike as regards natural history and art museum speci- mens — both originals and reproductions — photo- graphs, engravings, and so on, to which may be added music, pianola scores, or anything else — the macliinery once set agoing being, of course, adaptable to all sorts of requirements. Great examples of this educational use of museums are afforded bv the Natural History Museum of New 172 THK .\KV ixsrirrTE York, where Professor Bickiiiore is aVile t(i liciasl an audience of Soo.ood (or his teaching ! His magnificenth- illustrated lectures at the central museum, sometimes to as many as a thousand teachers, are stenographed and printed, the lantern slides are reproduced to many copies, and the edition is sent round the schools of the troni wliuli 111 earlier times first the constitution of the rni\ersit\- of l''rance, and from this in- directly, in turn, that of the I'niversitv of London was appropriated, and which is again a centre of widespreading initiative. Professor Dewev is bringing his library and university work together into an extending svstem of I'niversity Extension, Plou llLf_t*lfr,. J U. 2L. ho -J Jt_ 5oo^«r I-'li;. Il6. — I'laii .'f All Kuil.linr;. ■•nmnil H.jnr. Ii. I 17. Sktirli fi>r main .Smiili tlevatiim nf Ail InstiliiU'. (Kcir pcrspcclivc soc fig. 1 52 Chap. \\\I.) entire State, and such other states as are grailualh' coming into co-operation. Sets of museum s|icci- mens are circulated also, until in the course ol years they have made the complete round. An even more extraordinary organisation, a veritable stalf-olifice of this aggressive culture, is that of Professor Melvil Dewej', the well-known bibliographer, who appropriatelv and successfullv unites the functions of heading' ,1 lilnarv — whi< h aspires to surpass the British .Museum and French National Library put together — with the Principal- ship of that remarkable University of New York and looks torw.ird to |)uniping the best books and courses of reading from his central reservoir into every one of the million households of the State. This, again, we mav a.ssociate with tlie atmosphere of Chautauqua and its kindred move- ments, which, however, may be more conveniently discussed elsewhere. I press this principle of circulation for a reason ol)\if)us to all, vet constantly forgotten — that an element of change is constantly needed to reawaken interest. Even occasionally to alter the hanging of pictures in the same room gives them a new niGiii-R ART i'".nr(".\Tiox 173 freshness. It is largely by the fuller use of this plan in the Jajianese household that the exquisite sensitiveness to nature and art alike, which is so fullv diffused through all classes of the jieople, is developed and maintained. The new liook from the library is more likely to be read than that upon our shelves, and so the small consignment of fresh specimens from the large museum will l)e looked more keenly at by teachers and pupils alike than any permanent treasure. I have lately visited tin- finest school museum I have ever seen, one lull of objects of which any greater collection might be proud, yet practically un- visited bv either bovs or masters, who, feeling thev education in art I mean the increasinglv general participation, Ijotli active and i)assivc, both appreciati\e and productive, in the best art movements of the time and of the world. Art is not an isolated interest ; beauty is universal like truth itself ; and throughout human life, as in nature, there is a continual struggle of beauty to realise itself over inferiority or ugliness. This is in its way no less legitimate and important than is the strife of truth with error in the world of science ; the one is perhaps no less intimatelv connected with the perpetual strife of good and evil than is the other. .\ well-known hero of comedy discovered that he talked prose without I'll',. iiS. — Indicaticm ol the method recommended for the further working out of requirements and arrangements of each and every museum building l)efore completion of plans — i.e. by means of an actual model, with lilorks, sketches, etc., to indicate cases, objects, etc. (Photograph kindly lent by Mr R. Quick, Curator of Ilorniman Museum.) can see them at any lime, hardly look at them at all. The same is true of university and even national collections. Let Dunfermline, then, begin to act more and more fully, as the regional culture- capita! she is again becoming, and brighten up her surrounding towns and villages by generous and regular circulation of her ever more abounding best — so pioneering at once in cultural advance and educational hel|ifultiess. H. Higher Art Education Higher art education." What is to be under- stood by this ? Not, of course, more grades, examinations, and certificates. Not alone the encouragement of individuals of more developed skill, more genuine prodttctivitv. By higher knowing it , so, whetlier we notice it or no, we are each and all expressing our preferences and giving our influence — that is, taking our part — in this or that evolution of art • we are realists or conx'entionalists, idealists or symbolists. These are different attitudes of mind which appear on each and every level of culture — nay, are already latent to everyone who has been aroused to observe them — in the play of children, in reverie, or even conversation, and in current literature most plainly of all. Let no one think that these artistic attitudes may be all very well in Paris, or even in Glasgow, but are not necessary for Dunfermline. Surely no culture problems or interests are foreign to us here, least of all one so utilitarian, practical, industrial. It is a national affectation at present not to take art seriously ; hence, even at its rare public appearance, an .\cademv dinner, the guests 174 THE ART INSTITUTE are wont to lecture the artist upon politics, instead of learning from him to see. Only a generation agn, ihcn. in llif Salim "f I'aiis, imly a decade ago in ihe Academy E\liil>ilion of Kdinliurgh, only last year in that of Lonolilhic," with its coarsely - chipped im- plements, and the later " Neolithic," with its finely polished ones — so two such phases are be- coming recognisable in oin- modern technical civilisation ^ In our Primitive \'illage we should sec and show how the rude stone age with its rough- chipped flints became replaced not only by the culture of a finer age but by the man— one not only of advanced knowledge, but of higher industry, of more developed art. In this FINAL \'IKW OF ART IXSTITUTF '75 wondrous technical age, which is again trans- forming the world and history, do we not recall \\iih jiridc that we here in this island, indeed in ihis particular central region of it, have been the initiators par excellence ? But if so, is it not of the older and lower developments that \vc ha\e been historically the masters — those of coal and steam rather than those of electricity and art ? Must we not, therefore, call this earlier and crude mechanical civilisation which still pre- dominates among us the " Pala;otechnic " stage, and recognise that the formerly less prominent in- dustrial peoples, who now increasingly dispute our mastery in markets, because in taste no less than in science they are excelling us, are passing more quickly than we into the " Neotechnic " stage — that of industrial civilisation proper ? And if this be so, as so it surely is, may not the raising of our art-level be as truly important an aspect of our whole development, even of our racial and national continuance, as are forms, or institu- tions, or policies at present more prominent ? I have not minimised the claims of natural science, of history, or of social science ; yet I can- not refrain from expressing the conviction that even more urgent still to our educational and even our social betterment is the problem of a real national advance in our appreciation and our ideals of art. " To teach taste is to form char- acter," as Ruskin showed long ago : yet the social reformer, specialising uix)n intemperance or ignor- ance, degeneracy or dirt, is too slow to re- cognise that these are each and all practically congruent with our dominant yet declining Palaeo- technical order, but incongruent with the incipient Xeotechnic one ; and hence that he may even best serve his special cause by hcl])ing forward this larger movement of the age. Amid the various Ministries of Culture, of which the Trust is the central Cabinet, that of Art is assuredly not the least important. It is not .so e.xceptional as it may seem that social forces so influential as Ruskin and Morris have come to general questions from the side of art ; everywhere in the younger generation the artist is seeking to escape from the amusing of the rich to the service of the people. Soon his task in the Xeotechnic Transition before us will be no less recognised than arc those of science and invention, of wealth, and of organising power. Some many-sided and deeply socialised artist, then, as .\rt Director — now decorating, now organising, now teaching old and young — is thus the needful leader of our Art movement. G. LIFE AND CITIZENSHIP chaptI':k xx\ I SOME EDUCATIONAL BEARINGS OF THE SCHEME Though no sclicmc of schools nor explicit treat- ment of liilncation is otTered above — allieil whole chapters withheld — the subject in one respect or another is implicit in every chapter. Teacher ami pupil from kindergarten to higher schools may here find something towards their concrete needs, their abstract problems — at any rate some freshening suggestions alike for work and play. Nature studies and humanities have alike been considered, e\ en technical studies also — from the strenuous muscular effort of gymnasium or run- ning track, of prnnitive cave-digging and the rest, to the refined dr.niehtsmanship of the studio and the scriptorium, and fmm the ])rimitive lever to the electrician's work bench, or from the simple to the comple.x loom. The world of classical studies mav be, as 1 for one believe, only loo much with us late and soon ; yet even so oui" 1 1 is lorn I nsi 1 1 nle, wil It its periodi- cally associated excursions to the Roman Wall, its classic art treasures, will protect our children from mere bookishncss. The " modern side " of education — that concerning nation and empire, the whole English-speaking world, and our brethren of the foreign tongues we increasingly need as well — is all presented more fully than e\er to scholar before. Here particularh- 1 ap]ieal lo the teachers who know how their profession is at length escaping — and this more thoroughly in .\merica, France, and other counlries than as vet in our own — from the bureaucralic and memorising period of codes and cram. Sttrely all see that education is becoming once more treated as the liirlh-helping of the spirit, the toslering of mental evolution, not as a matter of mere academic exercises and official status. Yet we are but escaping from this age of bondage ; there is a generation of hard yet in- vigorating pilgrimage before that promised land of education, now foreseen by all our leadin.g spirits, can be attained. In these de\elo]iments university extension and such mo\-emenls |)la\' iheir part, and the oppor- tunities for it art' liere. ( )ur new museums or renewed library, our historic and scientific re- sources, w'ill be doubled in value if we arrest on their north and southward journeys the best teachers from the great university cities around us ; we shall gel from them teaching fresher and lieller, because treer, til. in they could gi\'c us from llu-ir own chairs. A, Summer Schools Most important of all, we teachers, as we trans- cend the formalist order and see education, our own and others, as a vitalist progress, should make Dunfermline the centre of a great Summer School ; and with even a beginning of such resources as I am suggesting abo\e we could and would do so. Why not of a veritable Chautauqua, to name tliat source from which all our Summer Meetings have been historically suggested, and wdiich still con- linues an ever-increasing, ever-vitalising work ? Long experience of a small and early beginning of this kind has accustomed inc to the initial criti- cism of the weary teacher that there is no time nor strengtli left in the summer vacation for more work. Hut those who venture to try it soon appreciate the new spirit, and understand with a new freshness how the ancient, the true and perpetual meaning of the word school — " schohi " — is simjily Leisure. I-or true culture is recreative, as all true recrea- tion is cultural, developing not only the body or mind or feelings separately, as has been too much the case in our own time, but uniting all together in ever-varying measures into that happy and ex- jianding unity of function, which is Life. Such a Vacation Calhcring is thus, however, not so much for the boch- of the teachers of Dunfermline. Change is needed, and to them the Vacation Summer Schools of Edinburgh or Cambridge, Paris or Jena would be naluralU- Ihe more refreshing ones ; its first appeal would be to the teachers of Scotland and beyond. In this new (Tiautautpia we should thus lie renewing the traditions of the .\bbey at its best, its open hospitality, its perpetual freshening of learning and interchange of thought. Vet with our Nature Survey from sea to hills, our study in the glen, our laboratory in the gardens, our archieology in the Primitive \'illage, our technical instruction in the gardens and at the mills, our history in pageant and drama ; even the Dun- 176 :|-. I. A I' I ON TO -I' HI': I'X IX'KRSITI I'l.S 1/7 fermline teacher would soon find this truly recrea- tive, and carry back its spirit into regular work, henceforth less wearisome since with freshened initiative. For as our park and culture-in- stitutes constitute one vast Open-Air Museum, so the whole contemporary transformation of culture is leading us to l)ie Open-Air Education. All very good for natur;il science, for history also, it may be said ; but how can one speak of Open- Air ICducaliou in olher subjects ? Is a definite illustration needed ? Assuming in our Summer School the usual lectures and conferences on education, the usual review of its ideals from Socrates and Plato to Rousseau, or from Froebel and Pestalozzi to our own leaders or contem- poraries — James, Stanley Hall, and Dewey, Sadler or Struthers, Reddie or Rein — we might also imagine and work out, in jest and earnest, in masque and play, a veritable procession of the history of education — surely one of the strangest in all the chequered history of mankind. Strange primitive folk and sublime world - teachers, philosophers and scholars of all schools and centuries should defile before us, up to the present with its disputing factions, each by turns affording a subject worthy of an Aristophanes or a Moliei'c. The pessimist would show us the teacher as a Laocoon with his children, struggling vainly amid red tape convolutions ; and the optimist of child-study reply, with his infant Hercules breaking such coils. One actor would popularise the art of alternate swallowing and disgorging of all various objects of information in its simpler conjuring form, and another solemnly award certificates and diplomas for proficiency in this with all the solemnity of older sales of indulgences. One, again, greatly daring, would show us anew some rare youth aspiring beyond such philatelic accumulations, such paper securities, and so lead us on through the wind- ings of our studious groves to our renewed Acropolis — there to show forth a higher imagery than I dare outline here. B. Relation to the Universities It is one of the best signs of educational progress that we need no longer hesitate to speak of the Higher Education of the People, and now in a way beyond that of University Extension, which twenty years ago or more was successfully tested in this city. It is for a renascent city — for Dunfermline then, first of all — to make her return for all the services of the universities to her in the past by helping to vitalise these anew, by working out for them, even ahead of them for a season, this and that element of that Educational Revolution which is in progress throughout the world, and which the weight of insular traditions, of present responsibilities, makes so peculiarly different for them. Instead, therefore, of indicating a mere si.\th uni- versity centre in Dunfermline these plans set forth a group of culture-resources, not only adapted to the city and the occasion, but of value to the larger cause of education in Scotland and beyond. To our own local founder our Scottish universities recently owe the greatest of material endeavours towards renewing their historic accessibility to the people — checked though this be for the time in the instinctive interest of the prosperous classes by the heightening of the traditional and formal barriers at their entrance. To the same generosity they also owe the substantial top-dressing of many of their various specialist fields, which are now showing not a few improvements, though naturally of those kinds which least obviously threaten the traditional curricula. But the main result of these improvements will no doubt be to make more obvious to the public, and to the universities themselves, the need of a far fuller modernisation, and that in the best sense. This is not, as some still fear, a sweeping out of old books once classic to make room for the dry bones of a no less formalised science, or the routine views of a narrow commercialism — but the vitalising of all studies, humanist and naturalist, their unification also — of course in no mere dogma, system, or classification, though in- creasingly capable of clearer restatement — but in a fuller seeing, a more efficient sharing of that social duty and progress which is at once the true labour and the high pleasure of life. With our schools and universities thus again in evolution there is room not only for all pioneers, speculative or practical, but even for the specialists of the old order, who will soon become reconciled to the new order as they understand that all that was vital in their subject has been conserved. Instead of the string they have so long toiled in solitude to spin or stretch being rudely broken or cast away, its characteristic note is sought for and welcomed in the reopening orchestra.* For evolution does not lie in destruc- tion of the past but in its fulfilment. It now lies with the people and their repre- sentatives, led no doubt by pioneering initiative, and therefore particularly by such bodies as that which I am here pri\ileged to address, to assure the recovery of that popular usefulness and accessibility of the Scottish University, that full contact with Continental and general thought which have been its best features in the past. Such reformers will, of course, guard themselves against that cry of " lowering the standard," which has ever been the temporary safeguard of an outworn yet well-established order against its assailants. It is for these to have a higher * The reader who cares to pursue this idea further may find a noteworthy expression of it in a recent essay by Mr Branford. See "Ideals of Science and Kaith," edited by J. K. Hand, (.\llen, 1904.) i: SOMK EDL'CATinXAL HKARIXGS OF THE SfllEME standard of llicir own, and this in c\cry subject. I trust such a standard is phiinly indicated for not a few subjects m tlie preceding pages. It is sureh' where tlic raising of local culture is being attended to that the modernisation of entrance examinations and of curricula mav also most fairly be demanded. Into the details of the educational revolution now so manifestly begun on all sides I cannot, of course, go fullvhcre,but without fear of disapproval from any progressive teacher, academic, secondary, or primary, I may define this as a change from the formal view of things, considered and analysed separatelv, and staticallv thought of as at rest or dead, towards the \ital or kinetic view — the synthetic correlation of all studies, henceforth thought of within the moving drama of evolution. Till comparatively recently the practical problem to which universities have devoted themselves has been to attend to the spinning and fixing of the needful warp-threads, the filling by each specialist of his particular spool. But now the time is apj.n-oaching — nay, has already come — for making some use of all this enormous capital, this still dormant potentiality, and of now throwing athwart the warp of specialism, the flying shuttle of synthesis, so creating a solid fabric both of warp and woof. Thus our universities have now got or are getting, with whatever difficultv, most of their needed specialist institutes of astronomy and geology, of botan)' and zoology, of chemistry and physics, of anatomy and physiology. No doubt all these need fuller development ; vet it is also time to organise and to unify them — that is, by the corresponding development of these more comprehensive and synthetic studies, those unifying disciplines, which are at present through- out our universities conspicuous by their absence. To wit — Meteorology, which assumes and unifies knowledge from the whole group of physical subjects ; still more organic Nature-Studies, not onlv in a comprehensive whole of Biology, but beyond this again in the vast whole of Geography. Similarly the many specialisms of history and languages have now to be completed by a com- prehensive Institute of Social Studies, which, again, is complcmentarv to the Institute of Geography. Now, one of these synthetic institutes is otir Nature Palace, the other our History Palace and Museum, with its Social outlook. Such institu- tions, then, do not compete with the existing uni- versity, they prepare for these, and yet pioneer beyond them. First, they furnish the introduc- tion to university studies, so that our youth of Dunfermline, who should here grow up within an atmosphere of nature and of history continueilies, ho\\c\ci' apparenlh' tradilion-boimd, are men working and wailint; for such things. I make bold to say that the estalilishmenl of such \ ilal institulions for which I have been pleading would be felt alUactive and found helpful by the most progressive spirits in every university in Scotland ; indeed, in every university in these islands, and in many beyond. It is an old teaching of the pliilosophic historian that ''the esoteric must become llic e.MJteric" — that "the mysteries have to be revealed.'' In plainer words, it is in proportion as the problem is .solved of bringing the people the most comprehensive thought of their time, the highest ideals also, thai every constructive period in history has begun. The same is coming true once more; such a constructive period is assuredly be- ginning, and it is for us here to share in it, and even to pioneer. lam thus not entering here upon the thorny ((uestions of "university reform." Vet I submit that one not indirect way towards their solution, apart from the political and administrative reforms which have so long occupied and delayed us, lies in a refunctioning of education -civic, his- toric, and .social, hygienic and naturalistic, technical and artistic — higher, therefore, in almost every sense of the word, such as is here not only generally proposed but materially planned for. D. Youth in Dunfermline Enough, then, of the most general view of these proposals and designs from the standpoint of the present education movement in the world. .A word now of their appeal to the individual, the Dunfermline youth and child. Tliat the immediate surroundings of home and playground, garden and field, the nature contacts of air, earth, and water set a deep and enduring mark upon childhood is surely plain; so that, in proportion as our source of democratic inspiration passes from orator to hygienist and eugenist, the realisation of the abstract rights of man, or of woman, is seen to require a fuller recognition of the concrete rights of childhood to the best at- tainable environment. Hence the weighty argument and appeal of fig. 56 from amidst its neighbouring ones. The individual type and stamp, the measure of educability and productive power seem pre- dominantly a resultant of the particular family stock and of its home and immediate conditions ; but we still largely forget the importance of that new tide of life which sets in with adolescence. The view is becoming prevalent among some of our foremost educationists that it is to our general ignorance and neglect, if not tragic mismanage- ment of this critical phase of human development, that the manufacture of our vast criminal, diseased, and defective classes is more largely due than to any faults of parentage or of early home-upbring- ing. But enough here if we recognise that defects of nature may at this phase be largely' corrected cr redressed by t he awakening of the corresponding qualities. That appeal to the moral and social instincts of youth which is furnished by the games and disci- pline of the average English public school, albeit to my mind too crude and too exclusive, has yet been extraordinarily rewarded in developing the present ty'pe of governing Englishman — one to which the governing Scotsman has also for the time conformed. It remains now for the truly democratic reformer who would redress the pre i8o SOME EDUCATIONAL HEARINGS OE THE SCHEME sent class preponderance which has been so hir^ely determined bv this class education to organise a better education for the children of the people. Is this possible ? Assuredly yes. Although for a time our Scottish schools have been overwhelmed by the English traditions, and often forced into more or less poor imitations of them, we may now and here develop in Dunfermline a school svslem which, while retaining its elements of intellectual advantage, shall gi\e in fuller degree that stamp of personal dignil\-, ol corporate life, and social feeling in wliich hitherto the strength and the measure of superiority of the Knglish schoolboy and universitv man has lain. With the improvement of housing, and the corresponding rise in culture upon which we are entering, the liome need ha\"e much less to fear from the competition of any artificial orphan inslilutioiis, however these may be strengthened bv the devotion of occasional foster-pareiits of talent, or even genius, such as the best masters of our great public schools. For the parents, with their home or day-school education, should also be able to demand the services of specialists no less eminent, and more willing to co-operate with them than have been the leaders of the dominant school systems. Yet education undoubtedly needs sometliing more than home. Great though be the inijiort- ance of immediate home surroundings, we con- stantly see that children, and especially gifted ones, are more sensitive to the larger influences of nature, and even to the associations of history from tender years than we customarily imagine. How young mav not this lovely glen, these tombs of hero and of saint, begin their appeal to the awakening spirit ? But in such scenes, such associations, lies the best strength of a great English school, still more of the English Universities, not in their official studies with llieir intcllrclual appeal, so iiften poorer than our own, but in their noble wealth of impressions of architectural and Uiitural beauty, of " ordered parks and gardens great." The High Street of Oxford, the " Backs of the Colleges " at Cambridge are thus two of the supreme assets not only of England but of Education, of Humanity ; and beside the ency- clopaedic analysis of Germany, the synthetic and artistic and social genius of France, our con- ception of Higher Education must also recognise and include this pre-eminent element of education in lingland, this charm of noble historic associa- tion, this environment of ever-present beautv. Here, then, is a real need of our Scottish Univer- sities : a collegiate High Street of Edinburgh, a yet nobler Acropolis of Glasgow, a conserved vet developed Old Aberdeen and St .\ndrews, even a bonnier Dundee. Here, too, is the value and significance of ihe elaboration and completion of our design, which would furnish here, in some respects no less tlian does St .\ndre\vs or Old .\berdeen, that beauty and harmony of surroundings which are needed to carry out the full idea of evolutionary edu- cation — as ennoblement. For as in our Labour Museum we have pleaded for the necessity of com- pleting the student through the \ital reality of labour as man, so on the other it needs this rich enxironnient of beaut\- and culture m all its aspects to make our man and scholar a gentleman in the true sense also. In this larger sense, then, our citw with its manifold culture institutes, its veritable modern cathedral, must ap]iear as in principle and germ not only a northern Bayreuth but as much of a northern Oxford also. Our suggested Institutes, our Summer School and Assembly, have thus more possibilities than we at first assumed, and make more appeal e\en to the universities than they yet know. Let me conclude by now inxiling the very criticism which I sought to bar at the outset (Introduction, page 14), the question of where have such things been done before — for now there IS tlie simplest of answers • here in this very Dunfermline. This abbey had the unique his- toric distinction amid all other culture-centres of the direct parentage of the two metropolitan culture-capitals of the north — lona and Canter- bury ; and in its time it had a corresponding influence also ; so that, in now pitching high our ideal and our pioneering, to the utilisation of the best culture movements around us, to the es- tablishment of a grou]) (}f Sxnthetic Institutes, to a policy of education .il once naturalist and humanist such as philosophers have dreamed from Comcnius to Spencer, and such as the Universities, even the greatest and most pro- gressive, have not yet fully realised — we shall but be returning to the early past upon our modern spiral CHAPTHR X.WII THE QUEENS GARDEN THE AFENA A. Queens' Garden The old garden below Oueen Anne's House may, perhaps, have been more or less shared in bv the old Convent of St Catherine, whose magni- ficently ivied chapel ruin makes now so delightf\il a feature (fig. 26) : it is obviously the ancient garden of the tower and, doubtless, of the palace also. Almost from time immemorial, in fact, this must have been the garden of each successive queen, and only since the unfortunate filling up of the glen and the covering of both sides of Bridge Street has the ancient path of connection with St Margaret's Cave and bevond become effaced. " Queens' Garden," therefore, we may fairly call it, especially since its special name seems to have lapsed. From cvcrv point within and without tliis garden is worthy of the most careful study ; it has hence been the subject of a peculiarly careful photographic survey, of which some results are given (figs. 120, 122, and 124). All possibility of splendour in treatment befitting a palace garden is, however, excluded by the deep shade under which this lies ; while the palace garden proper is now represented by the sunny gardens of the park, the terraced formal gardens especially. Another possibility is that of a quiet cloister garden, one of snowdrop and narcissus, lilies and marguerites, befitting the tradition of St Margaret ; but this I have suggested more appropriately near her Cave, and something akin also at the History Garden. The herbs and simples of the old nuns' garden next suggest themselves, but these are for various reasons unsuitable. Yet another alterna- tive would be to accept the shady situation, to plant it up and intensify its sombreness, but this would merely be continuing what nature already offers us in all the rest of the glen below. Nor is a formal treatment suitable, the more so since we can obtain this far more impressively by the improve- ment of the Abbey Churchyard, as suggested above. Another idea, only partially suggested aliove, is to make this a bulb garden for early spring, but this is also provided on far greater scale and with better effect in the glen below ; while after spring such a bulb garden would become loo desolate. Better than any of these alternatives seems to me the use of this spot in further developing that " open-air treatment " to which I wovild fain in- creasingly tempt the citizens. B. Arena Here in this peculiarly sheltered and accessible spot is one of the best places to be found anywhere for a great open-air arena. I say anywhere in the fullest sense, and this advisedly, not simply be- cause of its shelter, its splendidly picturesque environment, or its easily arranged accesses and exits, but because of its e.xtraordinarilv perfect acoustics. I have experimentally proved this, not only by placing both actor and singer where the stage would naturally be, and satisfying my.self as to their perfect audibility at every point, even at the comparatively distant entrance drive from .\bbey to Tower Hill, but also by ascertaining that even weak voice and indistinct articulation can be heard at unexpected distances and with positively surprising clearness. C, Proposed Damming of Stream : Effect of Lake and Waterfall Hence, then, the present design of this arena, which ranges from below the existing terrace of the old buildings nearly to the present edge of the burn. I say nearly, because here I propose to raise the stream (at present running unseen at the bottom of what is practically a high-walled ditch) so as to flow out upon the lower edge of this garden, now arena, thus producing the effect, if not of a small lake, at any rate of a moderate and placid stream, giving beauty of aspect similar to that already suggested at the Nethertown, but also the additional charm of reflections of the buildings and trees around from ever-changing points of view. This proposed damming of the stream must not be misunderstood, ft has, of course, been care- fully planned, so as not in the slightest degree to interfere with the present waterway under Bridge Street, the area of the proposed water being 182 IHE QUEENS' GARDEN— THE ARENA Vu,. iig. — North hall ol panoramic view, looking Kast Irnni liilly slope of I'arl; over gardens and hacks of houses of Bridge Street to Municipal Buildings, etc. The exit of stream from culvert under Bridge Street is in deep hollow on right. atiiple, though kept not an inch htghcr than that of the present outlet of the culvert to the south of Bridge Street. For it is easv somewliat to lower the level of the foot of the Arena. To avoid danger the deep ditch should, of course, be filled up. A further advantage of this damming is that it does awav with the one disturbance of the perfect acoustics already referred lo — the noise of the stream at this point ; while yet another is that it gives us the opportunity of creating not onlv here the beautiful reflection mirror, which is all that is needed to make this little vallev an exceedingly perfect one, but also an oppor- tunity of affording a real climax to the natural- istic beauty of the winding dell below. For, thanks to this dam and its long pool above, we can now arrange a waterfall over its top, of some i6 or even iS feet in height — in short, with the effect of a lakelet above we should also obtain a fall below, thoroughly comparable to that which is the climax of Jesmond Dene. While this dam is, of course, first of all a bit of substantial engineer- ing, though not by any means an expensive one, it need have none of the usual engineering baldness, but, as the accompanying illustration shows (fig. 123), can be easily converted into a picturesque waterfall. The passage desirable here, from one side of the stream to the f)ther, ina\- be gi\en belter than by a mere path along the top of the dam bv a single-span stone bridge, as, again, at Jesmond Dene * (fig. .S4). * I am, of course, aware of the regrettable presence of the drain, which runs down concealed in the bed of the stream, D. Interior of Arena; Aspects and Accesses To complete the .\rena we balustrade the terrace below the houses, thus aflording a main access and promenade, from which would descend the low-stepped passages to the tiers of seats. This terrace might be extended, not only without loss to accommodation, but giving a row of boxes lielow. Three other larger boxes are also easilv provided behind, next the old buildings ; say, one for the Municipality to the north, one for the Trust to the south, on each side of a middle one for the Donor and his immediate guests. To the south the needed spacious main entrance and exit staircase connects with the Tower Hill drive ; while the widening of this drive upon open arches gives a new set of picturesque shadows, recalling those of the old arches under the palace kitchens, though, of course, less lofty and well sunned. To the east the effect of the old buildings looking towards the abbey (see Frontispiece once more) is so fine that little need be done beyond the necessary repair and reharling of these. No doubt even this involves for the moment a certain loss of pictnresqueness, but one necessary in itself, and whuli weathering will soon make up ln l)Ul if at any time this needs to be openetl il would be easy l(. supply an unseen sluice e.\it below the waterfall and ihus run olT our lake altogether, and, excavating at any required point the mud with which the present deep ditch would be filled, thus permit access and repair to the ileep drain without diriiculty or expense. But some day, it is to be hoped, this drain will be given up altogether. INTKRIOR OF ARENA ■83 Fn;. 120. — Tlie same |janciiama cunliruied soutliwanls. Compare Frontispiece, and note again value of old buildin5;s of Queens' House in composition below Abbey Spire. The Queens' (larden and retaining wall of Tort Gate entrance drive faintly seen throuL;li trees. Fii;. 121. — Perspective sketch of the proposed Arena in (lueens" Garden. By somewhat extending present terrace in front of houses a row of boxes is obtained, while the arches seen under Church and Abl)ey to rii;hl are fmnished by the underbuildiiv,' fur widening the |]ark roadway above. Stream raised for lake and fall. i-, '^ INTKRIOR OI- ARI'IXA •85 the western side llie ampliilhealro lias its present background of ivied and tcrny slope and tree-crowned hill, with paths somewhat overi^rown at present but easily restored. On the noiili ihc cloistered facade of the Mnsic balustraded edge of the puljlic place, occupying its roof above, would serve as a gallery above this dress circle, .\nother practical gallery, somewhat distant, no doubt, but not out of hearing, is aHorded by the widened edge of the old entrance I'll.. 123. — The Details of .\rena, more precisely sketched into this ]ihnii>j;rapb ; willi elled of waterfall produced by damtiiing of stream at fool of .\rena. Hall and its balustraded Place above enclose our view. This arena should seat between three and four thousand, and also give accommodation upon its spacious promenade, east and south, for at least a thousand more. The southward cloister of the new Music Hall (Chap. XXVTII.') would be the best of situations, for hearing especially, while the drive from Abbey to Tower. In such way very large assemblages can be held ; and open-air functions, oratorical and musical, historic and dramatic, may thus again become common, espe- cially as the current exaggerated terror of the climate disappears with a generation reinvigorated by that open-air treatment, which, as already repeatedly urged, is no mere resource of medicine 1 86 THE QUEENS' GARDEN— THE ARENA in desperate cases luil an nicipionl general revolu- tion of our recent way of life.* The advantage of having, besides this Arena, a spacious Hall, to which even normally open-air functions can be transferred on bad days, will be obvious ; and this luxury, it will be seen, is pro- vided in the next chapter. E Stage But where is the stage, ihc platform, of this arena, it will be asked, especially since a lake is shown where this should lie ? This difficulty is, however, again an ojjporlunity : the stage is a floating one, moored to ihe western side. I need not discuss anv doubts as (o the structural ])Ossi- liility and safely of this, since, if a floating stage suffices to support the immense passenger traffic of I.i\'ciiiool, it mav fairly be constructed here lo carry the largest of orchestras, to bear the weigh * I.iltle thuuyh we realise il, il is to the unlucky proximity of the date wiiich practically determines our national holiday season, that of the coming of age of grouse, to that of the Lammas floods, that we nuist ascrilie tlie current exaggeration of distrust of our climate. Our I'ark functions would he at their best from Whitsunday lo St Swithin's I )a\-, and again in later August and Septeml)er. ticst of orators. f This stage could be drawn up out of sight, if need be even between acts, into the arched exit of the stream from below Bridge Street, and might thus descend with its actors ready. F, Garden Details, etc. Along the main passages of our arena something of the feeling and tradition of the ancient garden would be preserved by the use of decorative ]dants, the larger ni movalile tubs or vases, as also by leaving narrow earth borders filled with lines of turf, in which bulbs would be planted for spring. This would be green throughout the year, and so at all times would give a pleasing contrast to the stone construction, .\gain, the coldness of the stone seats would be provided against by the supply of a series of light wood-framed or trellis seats in 8-foot lengths or so ; these could be kept in the ample storage accommodation of the ivied ruin, or that of the ground and first floor of the easterly group of buildings, and brought out and taken in as required. I I had suppi>sed this idea to l)e without a precedent, hut have since learned that it i--. in actual use at a village in the Slate of New \'>irk for an annual ])erformance of " Hiawatha." !• Ii;. 124. —\ lew liom I 'ark Road hetut-in Ahiny Church and Tower Iliil. looking North over (Juceii-,' Garden. Note Park Hill on left, backs of houses in Bridge Street, and Town House on right. CH.XPTER XWIII MUSIC HALL A. Accommodation, Site, and Plan We have now pi-ovided most, vet not all, the buildings required by the work of the Trust. .\t least one, and that in some ways the most impor- tant of all, still remains — the great Music Hall. It is peculiarly difficult to determine the proper size and dimensions for such a hall, since here authorities differ, .\fter prolonged and varied inquiries there is little doubt on my mind that from ^otx) to .^5oo is the maxitnum size compatible with full enjoy- inent of the best music, since beyond this magni- tude the subtler effects both of voice and in- strumentation begin to be lost. Where in Dunfermline we can find a site for so large a building without cutting up a quarter of the park has been no easy matter to answer. But, again, after very full consideration I believe that the following proposal will not only be found workable but will gradually overpower the various objections which ma\- ,it first sight be urged against it. 187 While regretting the great tnjury both to the glen and town of the building up of Bridge Street I frankly regard this as irreparable. E\-en had the Trust the enormous sttm which would be necessary now to remove these buildings, to re- open the glen, and provide a suitable bridge, the monej- might be more usefully employed in other ways. The sottthward view this would yield is undoubtedly of the greatest beauty, far excelling almost all else in Dunfermline, hence chosen as my frontispiece ; but I venture to say that this can be fully displayed, and at its best, at far less expense than that of the wholesale demoli- tion which at first sight one feels teini)tefl to wish for. The startling beaut>- of this view to no small extent depends upon its unexpectedness and upon the contrast which the present commonplace little street affords. Here, then, is one of those artistic disasters and present difficulties which ofifer opportunity to the designer. We study and |)hotograplt this view from the three best stand- 1 88 [USIC HALL points — from tlic west, middle, and east of the back windows, etc., of Bridge Street. We tlien see we can possess the public of all these views by simjily acquiring the derelict gardens lielow and running out a terrace on these. The fine view shown in frontispiece is tluis made fully accessible, and will remain uninjured, at least so long as we do not make our new terrace too broad. To open this terrace upon the street, all we absolutelv need is to remove even a single building, conveniently the middle one. Thus we now have recovered the lost etfect, restored the southward view, with a mere fraction of the expense which at first sight it seemed desirable 1(j incur. But what of the opposite view upwards, from the Arena below and from the Tower avenue north- wards ? What of the present south backs of the Bridge Street buildings, .so irregular and unbeauti- ful ? How tem]5ting to demolish these — and show the hotel and other buildings of the opposite side ! Again this alteration disappears on second thoughts. For even were the south side of the street demolished, and the north side rebuilt to-morrow, the etfect would onh' lie that of Princes Street with its hotels — that is tosav,if not mostly bad in detail, in ,iny case a simple street alignment. Whereas, not only to harmonise with the picturesque old buildings of the east side of the arena but lo group around the spire of the Municipal Buildings, the present irregular build- ings of Bridge Street are really less unsatisfactory. Next, these t:<\n be im|irii\ed : thus the tall block, that next bul "lU' In Ihe Municipal Buildings, might be treateil with oriel windows, gabled above, thus relieving their baldness as I have done with the old liuil(liii,L;s of Ramsav (rardcn or Blackie Mouse, l);)lh ol)\i')iis fealurcs of the high ricl.ge of Old Edinburgli ihg. uS'- Tliis, then, would be no mere makeshift improve- ment. I maintain this as giving not onlv a re- latively less expensive solution, bul artisticallv a better and more picturesque result, than would the at first sight more obvious ones of large and coslh- clearance. Even were the street demolished to- morrow we should still need to widen it bv con- structing the proposed terrace as a public place, with which the High Street should end. The view of the glen lo (lie north I am not forgetting, and, of course, at anv lime a similar terrace might be ilirown out upon this side also ; but I have already amply suggested better use of any available expenditure in restoring the stream and carrying open spaces and walks along its course northward (Chap. XI.:. Our proposed terrace must be substantiallv supported, and this needs a massive wall front to the Queens' Garden Arena below. In so doing we have now enclo.sed a vast internal space, for since our terrace corresponds broadly to that extension of East Princes Streel in F.dinburgh which is afforded bv Ihe rool ol the Waverley Market we have a corresponding interior to consider. What use now shall we make of the vast space ? Here is our Music Hall. A crowd of objections of course immediately raise themselves. Not structural, of course, since the Waverlev Market shows what can be done, but practical on one hand, artistic on the other. Taking the ]iractical matters, here is the needed space, not, indeed, upon the property of the Trust, bul upon mostly disused gardens, surely far more cheaply obtainable than where buildings have to be demolished. .\ large portion of Ihe pro]iosed site, for instance, is actualh- at present municipal jiropertv, at present put only to the humlilest uses, or practically not used at all. While the plans (in which I ha\-e ]ieculiarly to acknowledge the assistance of Mr G. S. Aitken) show accommoda- tion for about ,i5oo it is evident that this can be to some extent increased, if required, both in length and breadth. I particularly press, however, that the breadth be not exceeded more than is possible, since Ihe further we encroach upon the arena and the nearer we come to the abbey the more we begin tci lose Ihe tine effect shown in the fronlis- ]iieee. It is possible somewhat to lengthen Ihe hall, if required, beyond the dimensions indicated. To reduce its size for more ordinary occasions the top gallery can be completely shut off by iron shutters and curtains, thus reducing the accommodation to 2800 or so. The same process can, if necessary, be applieil below the gallery, so using onlv the body of the hall and the main gallery behind, but shutting off that portion of the pit under the gallery. Acting on the advice of musical experts I have abandoned the idea of combining a theatre or opera stage with the Music Hall, which remains a Music Hall simply. But if stage accommodation be decided on by the Trust there is ample room to supply this bv building farther west upon the proposed site, assuming the needful garden space lo be acc^iuired. B, Accesses and Exits The question of accesses and exits has, of course, presented considerable difficulties, but that it has been substantially got o\er.an inspectinu of the plan will show. Thus the new oblique dri\e from Bridge Street to St Catherine's Wynd (fig. ufi) would be found of great service. 1 need hardly say that the deafening of the roof of the hall is an easy matter, its perfect central lighting and ventilation also. I am well aware that people do not easily think of entering a hall from above and of coming out at top, and that such associations are nowadays with underground buildings, though this was very generally the custom of classic theatres and arenas. IQO MUSIC HAl.l. \cl (Iocs It inalU'i iiiulIi .iIUt all wlietliLT \vc descend at the beginnin,i; nf the ex'emnp; and ascend al the close, rather than llie opposite ? (.)nlv in one respect, and that not a trifling one — that ot pubhc safety — for the frightful panic accidents of modern times are constantlv associated with the lushing of crowds to downward street accesses. It the same j)eople had to hiirrv up, this frightful o\-ercrowding wonkl be i)h\sicallv impossible, and safe exit far iiioi e easih' assured. On ])ractical C. Facade I'pon the one fayade of this hall some archi- tectural richness is surely permissible. Of this whole scheme of buildings along the east side of the glen this frontage is, as we ascend, the cul- miu.ilmg one, though ilsrlf in turn a |)cdeslal to the buildings above, theniscK is leading up to the Town House spire. This I would inipro\e, restor- ing Its original design 1)\ reni(j\nig the jiresent Kii;. 126.— General plan of Bridge Street and new Carnegie Place. \ole on right City hiiildiiig.'i, and \Ve->t of these the l\v 1 existing tenements. West again comes new entrance to Place, obtained by removal of central tenement. Note entrance drive over Place, with exit to Kirkgate, Maygate, and Si Catherine's Wynd, with carriage entrance for Hall below. Remainder of Carnegie Place reserved as Promenade, with City Cross (also Bandstand, and shops if desireil). .\ pair of staircases descend to all levels of Hall at Bridge .Street entrance, and a pair also from the towers of .Soulh front, thus connecting all levels of 1 lall (and their open cloisters or loggial with the place abo\e and the .\rena below. \n additional staircase can be added at any side or angle if required. Reluming to Bridge Street, note the suggested rebuilding of West blocks, with corresjiinidlng widening of street, as also Campanile, completing perspecihe of Bridge Street, and still more of Chalmers Street. grounds of safety, then, this plan has a notable advantage ; and for this reason alone I do not hesitate to predict a large return to this classic tradition in future hall constructions, ft will be observed also that there are cxils not only (T ) upon the large public place of the root ; (j 1 upon the vast arena below ; but f Vi upon the spacious open-air ( loister in'omenade between these levels ; hence, despite the initial difficulties, few halls can be named with more ample or rapid exits. Town clock to a new Campanile .shown :it the western side, completing the triangle of uhich the otiiri points are the Town House and .\bbev suires. The I bill front thus recpiires massive and monu- mental simplicity as a whole, as well as due enrich- ment Both effects might be gained bv building it ill rose-coloured granite, with its colonnade pillars in green serpentine, their capitals touched with gold, and with the open cloister paved with mosaic, walled with marble, and medallioned in CITY }iAI.L 191 bronze. This cloister would be at i-ikc I he entr'acte pronienadc of Uk- great Hall and an everyday passage for park \isilors between the Arena and the hill abfne ; while it wonid lurihsh one of the best xiew-points also for all functions in the arena. Architecttirally, it is to be regarded as repeating on a finer scale the cloisters of the History Buildings and garden. The view of this from the Entrance Dri\e of the Park, as well as from the Arena itself, is indicated in fig. i^S- V the Library and St Margaret's Halls as Central Institute ; Queen Anne's House and its neighbours as a Hall of Residence ; and so on. Here remains one of the very best of all these correlations. For besides its use for music this Great Hall would be the principal one of the city. Hence it can con- veniently be entered from the Civic Buildings, to which this, with its adjacent Arena, would re- spectively furnish, in fact, a vast additional indoor and outdoor apartment. Fit;. 127. — Main plan of Music Hall. On either side of the main open spaces of this cloister are shown tower staircases, connecting the arena below and the place above with all the levels of the hall. Central between these is the deep-arched issue of the stream, which would be loftier than is shown in the perspective. Into this would l)e towed out of sight, under the floor of the hall, the movable floating stage of the arena, so leaving its central lakelet upon the stream open and unencumbered under ordinary cir- cumstances. D. City Hall One other advantage t)f this situation appears to me to justify a request for the most open- minded consideration by its critics. Instead of erecting new buildings apart from all the existing ones we have at each point reinforced the old ones, and this for both artistic and practical purposes — witness the Mills as Labour Museum ; the Abbey and Palace Buildings with the History Buildinfjs ; For the city, entering as it is upon new, un- precedentedly vast, and generously democratic de- velopments, these two additions would make the present Municipal Building, already an unusually palatial one, one of the vastest and completest centres for public life in the country, if not even in the world. To have these Municipal Buildings with their existing Council Chamber and Court House practically continuous with Hall and Arena, would be not only a symbol but a very substantial and practical aid towards the formation of the largest public spirit, the whole scheme thus becoming understood, not merely as providing an additional hall of amusement, but a Forum, a Civic Cathedral. Within such an en\ironmenl, such a growing centre of civic acti\ity and modern aspiration, of noble and historic associations also, the musician should surely surpass himself. This union, then, at once material and moral, practical and educative, needs next to be frankly symbolic in its supreme adornment. What sym- bol shall we use, deep enough for any, simple \92 ML-SIC HAl.I. enough for all ? Take the old Cross, now standing half forgotten behind a railing at the County Buildings; re-crect this, like I he Cross of Edinburgh or Aberdeen, upon our new " Carnegie Plaee." With this simple civic monument, one compara- livclv costless, vet supreme, since at once historic, actual, and predictive, our constructiv'e tasks would here be ended ; while from ils reinauguration a new civic era might fitly begin. E. Music and Drama As regards the ([uestion dI musical de\elopmcnl, I can but hand on the suggestive letters I have received from musicians both in Dunfermline and beyond. -\s regards drama, t have also been favoured with letters from eminent experts — de- serving the highest consideration of the Trust — pointing out the wav in which the dramatic culture of a Cicrman city might here be gradually developed. Beyond the small Open-Air Theatre of the I'ark, and the great Open-xAir Arena, 1 ha\-e not, how- ever, \entured to allot anv site to the construction of a theatre, the more so since I am informed th.it the present theatre is not ouh- of recent construc- tion but of not inadequate design. If my personal impression be worth offering, it is that some gradual progress towards more ideal dramatic de- velopments is all that we in this generation arc capable of ; and I would seek to aid this, not only by encouraging selected performances of special interest and merit, not otherwise likelv to be re- munerative, but indirecth- also through dramatic appeals to the hisiciric and to the moral sense — interests which are stronger among us than are those of pure drama. Just as in the Middle Ages, a modern Scottish audience is deeplv moved by a morality play like " Everyman " ; while the modest experiments of Summer Meetings also afford evidence of the stirring appeal of the drama- lisaluiu of historic events and personages. It is, I believe, by such co-operation of our musical, historic, and educational developments that the preparation for the adequate renascence or natural- isation of the best drama mav he increasingly possible. I return brieflv to this point later in its appro- priate connection ^Chap. XXXI. H. ; meantime here we should acquaint ourselves with the best that is being thought and done in this regard in the more advanced of foreign cities of moderate size, such as Weimar, Meiningen, Sondershauscn, and Bergen. The example of Stratford-upon- Avon may also be suggestive despite our local disadvantage. CIIAI'II-.R XXIX THE GRAND ENTRANCE A. Bridge Street Lht us now assume the acquirement of an en- trance from Bridge Street. This gateway should, of course, be designed as a monumental feature of the city, concluding the perspective of High Street. For this entrance, though the designs would be as manifold in detail as the minds of architects, they must all, notwithstanding, fall into the two main cla.sses which we find everywhere — the more formal and the more naturalistic — the architects of the former class conceiving this entrance primarily as an opportunity of stately architectural com- pletion to the perspective of the High Street, the latter primarily as an opportunity of opening out a crowded street view into a pleasant mass of foliage, a promise of the park behind. Oi course, all designs must have something of both, but the proportions will vary greatly. B, Buildings in Park ; Pros and Cons Before discussing these, however, we must decide on the interior treatment. The very first suggestion offered me when beginning this work in October last was to continue Bridge Street right through the park to the Coal Road, and the next was to use this north-west section of the park as the site of the museums and other buildings. But after the fullest consideration I have no hesitation in maintaining that the series of sites I have selected along the town side of the park ravine are greatly preferable, and this on many grounds. The suggestion of a street I of course cntirelv disapprove. One can make a new street anvwhere else, but not a new park, .^s regards buildings, there is no doubt that a magnificent group could be erected on this site, and the economies and advantages of centralisation make this policy worthy of consideration. On this subject I have consulted not a few leading authorities, and am relieved to find that (with a single exception, that of an administrator, not an architect) thev all decide against unification, and this for \•er^• \aried reasons. Besides all their arguments, a knowledge of the N I ten universitv buildings in which I lia\e tauglu , the twentv in which 1 have studied, the fifty or more 1 have attentivelv visited, as of the plans f have more than once drawn, leaves no shadow of doubt on mv mind that the centralisation of different institutes, each of distinct purpose, into one architectural whole, however impressive at the moment, is in the long run a mistake, often a dis- astrous one. For each building sooner or later requires alteration or extension, and this in its own way and at its own rate of growth. Already, for instance, the magnificent School of Medicine of Edinburgh is cramped and crowded, despite frequent alterations ; while the Glasgow Universitv building, unsuccessful from the first, has undergone many costly alterations and addi- tions. There, in fact, is now being practically adopted in all the recent extensions the modern plan of .separate and independent institutes. This plan characterises the great majority of the new American institutions, where efficiency is so greatly sought, and is at length prevailing in French universities, although in France the monu- mental and centralising tradition is so extra- ordinarilv strong. It would be a pity, then, if the method which has been so fully tried, and which is being abandoned elsewhere, should be repeated anew here ; yet this is a constant danger of smaller cities everywhere — to repeat the earlier experiments of the great centres instead of pro- fiting by them. The real reason of the ■itlracliveness of the idea of a monumental pile in the line of Bridge Street is the architectural craving, not anj' utilitarian pur- pose. This, again, analyses into two points — one the general architectural improvement of the city, to which these new buildings, if they were all carried into the interior of the park, would no longer contribute save in this one view, since we should have no buildings left to beautify the town with. Beyond the monumental gateway these new buildings would practically remain unseen, save to park visitors, and this even though trees were greatly sacrificed, so spoiling its present secluded character, in contrast with the busy street. Moreover, is the park so very large that we can afford to gi\-c up this (juartcr of it, and this one 93 194 THK GRAND K\ 1K.\X( !•: of the most bcaulilul, U) buildings however mag- nificent in themselves ? The reposeful character of the park with its rolling, unbroken landscape of grass and trees, is surely, after all, its main use and advantage. Yet here, as at so many points alreadv, can we not reconcile the existing with the desired advantage ? — keej) our park practi- callv unliroken and yet get a moiuiniental per- spective from Bridge Street. C Harmony of Advantage ; Gateway and Fountain Here let ine ask the reader to make a simple experiment. Looking from a moderate distance at the nearest church spire, surely higher than an\- of our buildings would be, let him siin)il\' Vic,. 128. — A pui'spL-ctivc sketch lor I jiltancc (iulcway from Bridge Street ; base of Campanile Id left. hold up his thumli or forefinger erect at arm's- length against it ; and thus realise, first, how small a distant building is, and, second, how large a near object may be. Standing at the highest point of the High Street, and looking down to the Town House spire, let us next observe the same effect. Notice, again, how at the distance of Bridge Street the present houses, where this new entrance would be, are again still furl her reduced in perspective, and how small are e\en the trees behind them. We are thus prepared for the proposition I now make, that a sufficiently monumental gatewav at Bridge Street is the main thing upon which the proposed effect of great buildings would practi- cally depend. So that in so far as the view from the town is concerned, there is no such great advantage to be got by monumental buildings as at first one is tempted to think. But now suppose we have our gateway, and enter it — should we not then see the monumental buildings ? Not immediately, for their site would only liegin 100 yards farther in, with their centre, say, 100 feet farther. Here, again, perspective would greatly reduce their magnitude. But now upon my general plan it will be observed that at about 120 feet — i.e. a tliird of this distance from Ihe entrance, and completing its short but spacious avenue, or rather place — I show a large gravelled square, from which drives and paths run both north and south, and from which a fiiglil of sU'iis descends to the park in front. This square is surrounded bv a monumental balustrade, and bears upon its entrant angles a vase or statue, each of whicli would ce a tragic misunderstanding, an irreparable disaster. CHAl'THR XXX MANSION'HOUSE AND QUEENS' HOUSE A. Mansion^House ; its possible Utilisation Since my previous references to the Mansion- House in Chapter V. were written I have become aware of that final act of generosity wliich rounds off this magnificent property. What now from the public point of view is the best use we can make of this central and notable building ? A museum is but of limited appeal, though such use might be temporary. It is not large enough, nor accessible enough at night and in all weathers, to liecome a Central Institute, even if we had not found that else- where (Chap. III. B.}. After the fullest consideration, must we not come back to the idea that the Mansion-House had best remain a Mansion-House still ? But whose ? Follow once more that method of historic retrospect which, as no mere annal- reading but as tlie review of the stages of social development, has been of service in previous chapters. Here, as the buildings of our open- air museum remind us, are many successive centres of power and social leadership. This has passed from the Celtic and earlv Saxon Tower to the mediaeval Abbey, from this to the Renaissance Palace With the demolition of the royal power by the Commonwealth and the re-establishment of squirearchy at the Restoration this Laird's House became the natural apex of Dunfermline society ; while with the industrial revolution of the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the prosperous burgess succeeds the ancient families, to establish a more closely walled-in exclusiveness in turn. Here, then, are, as it were stratified before us, all the main formations of the social past, just as are the geologic ones in the glen or in our proposed rock garden. Nor are the recent proposals for its use any less historic in their regular succession. First the acquirement by the captain of industry to whom we are here so peculiarly indebted ; then the idea of using this as a temjjorary home, of which the position and surroundings unite noble traditions and civic sympathies. Next came the proposal that this should become the Mansion-House in the civic sense no longer the rustic one, and, as the official dwelling of the chief magistrate express the utmost civic dignity, the utmost popular accessibility also. Later suggestions have been from the standpoint of the technical and scientific order of tilings, as for temporary museum accommodation Yet the last word cannot be with arts and sciences ; a house must be a house. To living, not to learning, let us dedicate this building. Looking at life, then, as simplv and generally as we can, at our own lives and ambitions along with others, what do we work for beyond the mere continuance of existence ? — towards a success of some sort. And on whatever plane of success. It is the simple fact that however high the goal of our ambition, even concluding the grandest perspectives, we think of a little time of pleasant retirement within a home more restful and spacious than our present one, and commonly with garden, grass, and tree, with kindly bird-note, and, if it may be, a sound of running water.* Hence that mansion-house magnificence which has so specially dominated the three kingdoms for centuries ; hence that growth of suburban villas, each with its miniature park and wood and garden. Indeed, as Mr Wells has speciallv pointed out, the poorest fragment of iron railing upon the steps of a town house represents alike in history and in imagination the park boundaries of that rustic home, to realise which is the am- bition and instinct even of the citv-born. And that rightlv, for, more than rich food and good clothing, a liome with some rustic conditions is the first organic need of healthy individual life and upbringing. The contemporary I'ark movement, and the incipient (.iardcn City one, are recognitions of this, which must l)cfore long transform the map of cities anew. In Dunfermline, as in Edinburgli, 1 would t,uu '' We have syiiipathised loo Inng \\ith [he iii(hn.tr\ ciiti- cism of Sir Walter .Scou'.s anibitiuns as lairti and planter as if Scott's ruin had been due to this instead of his imaginative anticiiiation of our present era of city speculation. To his country life as child we owe the material and the awakening of his j^reat iniaginati^)n, and lo his later rustic life and activities the breezy realities of his fjcst creations. Despite all the inoralisings of Carlyle, might it not have been better for the latter's work and teaching had he laboured in his summer home at Craigenputtock instead of too continuously encouraging dyspepsia at Cheyne l-iow ? 196 KXTK R \ A I. I M l'RO\- KM i:\TS 197 conserve all we can of our ancient cities, and am thus no over-sentimental advocate of a garden city, least of all as a new kind of gourd beneath whose shade we may inveigh against the larger communitv we have left. But it is exactly here and now in Dunfermline, with its nianv approach- ing improv-ements and extensions, that this wholesome and healthy ideal of life ni.iv be best renewed and democratised. So that the return towards the essentials of country life which we all have in holiday time, or in convalescence, should fully re-enter the conception of success in life — success in living, a foothold in country conditions as well as in town ones — a country house, in short.* B. Specific Uses recommended For this one country house, which is our present problem, my proposal is that not only the com- mon use of our park and culture buildings but the occasional individual enjovment which goes with the ordinary idea of property, be centred here in this house, henceforth every man's, still more, therefore, every woman's. It is with the actual possession and enjovment of his house that the heir truly and fully conies into his estate and the fortune which accompanies it. Here is the verv centre of all this wealth of recreations and of culture resources, with their bettering of health, bodilv and mental, moral and social After the dignity of king, abbot, and lord, of laird and millionaire, of provost and Trust, there thus not only arrives the day by which all these have to be judged, in proportion as they have helped or hindered the development of the people, then- completeness, efficiency, and culture, but even the dav when their personal dignitv passes to the people in their turn. With this ideal clear we are now, and onlv now, in a position to come down to plans, to enter the house and see how it can be best adapted to subserve this widest popular, yet highest individual, usefulness. No plan could well be simpler. Upon the ground and first floor is a single moderate-sized apartment to east and west, the latter with a room opening from it * Not many even of oiir most aspiring working-class leaders are aware that there are already many cities where the ordinarily prosperous working man has his country house as well as his town one, and thinks of these as his standard of comfort as naturally as does laird or Member of I'arliamenl at present. But a pholtigraph of the environs of not a few- continental cities, large and small — say Marseilles for a smaller Glasgow, or Nimes for a larger Dunfermline — would show him the landscape not only dotted, but for miles composed, of small but real country houses and vineyards, which are not only the possessions but the regular summer or autumn homes of the working families of the town. Is not this a fair example of the need of concrete and geograph- ical knowledge to give reality and encouragement even to our would-be most forward ambitions of social betlernient ? bcvond. On the ground lioor to the east the kitchen with little change would become a picturesque old-fashioned kitchen once more, with two alternatives for use — a playroom for girls, with their instinctive and accpiired interests in domestic econoiny ; or, with its side door opened to the east, it would make a smoking- room for men. The old dining-room would be the general retiring-room, the withdrawing-room bevond, again with separate door, being reserved for women. Upon the first floor we have on the west side I lie drawing-rooms proper, and these two thrown into one would give a long room for entertain- ments, the floor being strong enough to bear even dancing. The panelled walls should be painted with decorative pictures, such as they once probably possessed, or at any rate were intended for. With such decoration little furni- ture is required, chiefly wall sofas and light chairs ; a large table being at any time extemporised upon trestles kept in the adjacent hall store. The room to the east would be rearranged as kitchen and pantry, etc., with gas and sink, food being easily sent in from town. While the ground-floor rooms would be con- stantly open, and this drawing-room also on ordinary occasions, it should lie permitted to any and every citizen, on the simplest conditions of application to the Trust, to be able to obtain the use of this for a short period of hours, morn- ing, afternoon, or night, there to entertain at her or his own pleasure, and in their own way, instead of in their own homes. And for the hours concerned, with the same privacy for themselves and their invited guests, simply for the time shutting off this first floor by its hall door, with a label " Engaged till o'clock " — the enter- tainer thus becoming for the moment the tenant of a private flat upon the common staircase. Ascending this staircase we come to the bed- room and garret floors. As suggested in a recent excellent paper (H. F. Kerr, Glasgow Archeso- logical Society 1904) the whole set of partitions and intervening floor should here be demolished, thus furnishing one long and stately gallery, its lofty roof adorned with that magnificent plaster-work, so characteristic of our best old Scottish mansions and town houses, of this period especially, and which is being successfully re- vived. The use of this gallery in a way worthy of its central and culminating position in the whole park may be discussed more fitly in the following chapter. C. External Improvements The corresponding external improvement would restore the lost seventeenth-century window pediments, and, perhaps, open out the stair lurrcl- igS M \NSK)N-HOrSE AND Ol'l'.KNS' HOUSE room into a belvedere more sifi;htlv without and more agreeable within. Lime-washing and verduring have been already suggested (Chap. V.), so there remains only the back to be considered. Since on the pro- posed plan new cloakrooms for both sexes are required on the ground and first floor, we have to build these out to the north, while continued upwards these would become external lowers, and afford excellent little side rooms or wide bavs to the main gallery. Were this done with the simplicity yet sense of proportion ot our old Scottish architecture, and again of its re- covery by living designers, who are happily not far to seek, this at present blank and grim back wall would suddenly become the picturesque and attractive north front of a little castle over- looking its ravine (see fig. 75). For, as an additional resource towards this effect, note what the present poor and ragged hedge conceals — a massive retaining wall upon the steeply descending bank. Regularise and balustrade this, buttress it below the two new towers : our old building thus not only becomes loftier and statelier, but is seen as a pendant and contrast to the striking and massive double bridge opposite. By now continuing the fine mass of ancient hollies west of the hou.se, and by the slight improvement of walks shown on plan, the house will have been at once conserved, yet transformed and improved, I trust to the per- manent reconciliation of all parties, both con- servatives and whilom iconoclasts. The present reproaches of the exterior and interior, thus alike transformed, their qualities retained, we re-enter the house with the feeling of an ancient yet improved home. Are we in everyday mood ? — the comfortable rooms of the ground floor will suffice us. Are we sociably in- clined to make merry with our friends ' — let us secure our innings of the drawing-room. Or as, after all, it would often be vacant, we may rest there among its outdoor views and indoor pictures, alone or in the freedom of a club. D. Theory underlying proposed Use Upuii llie uses cjf llii.s louni may I be perniilled )et fuller insistence? — for, as a thoughtful friend expresses it, "just as the park and glen provide the people with the outdoor elements of an ideal country home and life upon a larger scale, so shtndd they he provided with the indoor elements of a home life upon a similar measure of largeness and beauty." The regulations for the temporary lending of these as guest-rooms must depend upf)n the view we take of contem- porary social evolution. Here is a matter apparently too small and domestic to be recognised by the politician or the social reformer, yet largely, I believe, explaining the con- tinual failure of their theories, since of the action and eftort founded upon them. What is the explanation of this per- petual failure of democratic ideals and aspirations, from the earliest (ireek city to the modern American one? \Vh\* is it lliat in spile of the painful conquest of free institution', of ti|uality before the law or Church, of equality of economic opportunity and of intellectual education, our work is ton- stanll) being undone? for is not every society practically restralitieil upon lines oi group domination, and, therefore, ultimately of cla.ss privilege? Here and there, indeed, soiiie disillusioned democrat seizes the real reason, and states it in terms of tiie perpetually rearistocralising agency of \\(;men, into wliose hands is coming almost as completely the rule of modern and democratic America as of old monarchical France. Putting most briefly what would require a whole volume lor its analysis, we ha\L' lo face the facts, to recognise that women ilo and will ask liom life more than democratic poli- ticians or social reformers, educationists, abstract economists ur moialists ha\'e ever offered them. Their social demands ate more concrete and personal, more emotional, more ideal also. They seek more of home beauty and of social inter- course, and this selected on grounds of personal sympathy and adniiralioti. not of doctrine or party. Thus, howevei men may assert themselves as lords of action, the)' have sooner or later to learn that women are ipieens of life. Hence it is that in America practically the old class distinctions are reconstructing themselves anew — it may be more seriously than ever. And is it not largely some jierception of this truth which discourages tlie fiemocratic idealist, or excludes him from politics altogether? Here, then, is no mere academic dissertation but a needed social analysis ; one of those investigations which we begin to see are increasingly needed for every stage of our journey into the social future ; still more, when, as at each point of a social studv like the present, we have to fit our homeliest action to the highest ideal — "to hitch our waggon to a star." Our political reforms, our democratic ambitit)ns, aie com- monly stated as the attempt to redress the continually re- curring evils of class aristocracy in the sense of cla.ss privilege. We are comini; to see this is a too generalised and abstract statement ; a more concrete view is enabling us to restate it as our modern phase of the long insurrection of men against the abuses of the social rule of women, with which history well-nigh opens and of which tradition is so full. This understood, a new social development becomes possible w iih cc)rresponiling social ideas and different political issues ; lor we now See that we have to reconcile the two appar- enlly contrasted ideals of democracy and aristocracy, by uniting them into the true democracy of true aristocracy, r.ut this implies culture and .selection in every sense, from organic to spiritual. Thus we should reach an ideal of democracy which levels up not down, and so becomes an aristo-democracy, in which the old vices of both parties should increasingly diminish, if also dimini.shingly reappear. So far the theory. In other words, without forgetting that "a man's a man for a" that," we have to recognise that a woman has not only henceforth to count as a man in the political sense, but must continue to win as a woman in the social one. In future politics, as in the past, it must be the side she sides with that wins. Our next statement of the ideal of democracy must thus be no mere restatement of the rights of man, as with the l-'rench Revolution, nor of the rights of woman with later reformers — not even of duties with the moralist — it involves an increasing satisfaction of the ideals of woman, and these both on temporal and spiritual planes. Has not her instinctive inevitable struggle towards realising one or other of these continually wrought tragedy in the world — from that of Troy, through innumerable Helens to our own (Jueen Mary, or lo those of the day"s newspaper? In social, as in natural science, we are but becoming conscious of everyday facts, of laws long in operation ; 200 MAXSION-FIOrSE AND OUKKNS' lUH'SK truths always latent become patent. Hut thus Science be- comes ready for Action ; she begins to claim the adaptation of her freshly-stated or recovered idea into the arts of life. So after all this social philosophising I come to what, be it at first sight pleasing or no, I believe to be the most vital and useful of the various synthetic inventions, the social .symbols, of this report, perhaps the farthest-reaching of all its pioneering, scientific or social. For the whole concep- tion of this park, with its homely and stately gardens, its leisure and pleasure grounds, its learned museums, its palaces of art, its halls of music and drama, its civic campus and forum, and all as the theatre of an ennobled civic and social life, has had its practical starting-point, from the hunilile everyday home and home-maker (Chap. II.), and now re- turns to find its climax in the same conceptions, though nou upon a higher spiral. It is for I'arliament, and so but indirectly for us, lo give to or withhold Irom woman her political status and vote ; but, taking the political and the social order as we find them, we can at once give her what, as we have seen, she values even more — something of her social and ideal status. E, Use in further Detail Each plain working woman in Dunfermline who chooses to claim her turn of this drawing- room and organise her little social function, thus for the time being, takes for it social pre- cedence of all else in Dunfermline. She thereby becomes for the time being the Ladv of the Mansion-House, the first lady of the city, repre- senting not only trustees and donor but her own long line of predecessors to queen and saint. That before long the demand might exceed the limited accommodation is no objection to these proposals, but the recognition of their expediency. The Mansion-House will bear such enlargements and developments as have been proposed for it by various architects, and even where such new- wings are daily and nightly overcrowded bv their happy circles there is room, on the lawn or hard by, for a new mansion altogether, such as has, indeed, been planned already. Here, too, is a use for the gardens and garden- houses and for the many and stately' open-air apartments of our formal gardens, for our wood- land nooks. Each may have its fete champrtre, and each of these should reconcile the qualities of old aristocracy and new democracy, and thus avoid their defects, so uniting courtesy and grace with the hospitalities of home. Each such bright experience of true merry-making would thus be an education in bettered social living. Of the common-sense regulations which would naturally arise for all this — the possible trifling registration or cleaning fee, the order of priority of application or ballot, and so on — I need not here speak. Let me in conclusion plead that special preference be here given for wedding applications, since in no respect is the spacious- ness and beauty of the Mansion-House more at advantage over the ordinarily too narrow and small-roomed home. To make the old Man.sion- House a wedding-house is also surely specially fitting in a city whose essential history dates from a ha])i)y wedding fig. 131). F. Queens' House Though the .Mansion-House thus become.^ of more value and significance to these schemes than at first appeared, such use bv anyone must, after all, be but occasional and temporary. It is the everyday home which is the true centre, in which woman centralises the arts into that of living, and thus, beside our people's mansion, we need a correspondingly ideal and representa- tive home. Once more our open-air museum of history is equal to the occasion. .\ mansion- house to entertain in is much for any lady, but a queen's house to live in would be more ; and this is now actually available between Tower and Abbey, Queen .Anne's House replacing Queen .\nnabella's. Below us, too, is the Queens' Garden, its arena paved and terraced, yet no longer flower- less. Within this precinct is the ivied Chapel-ruiii of St Catherine, herself no mere shadowy or plaster saint, but a noble memory, an immortal symbol. Where now in any city, even the greatest, the sacredest, should we find a home more rich in associations, more environed with beauty, more simply practical and homely as well ? Here, then, let woman worker, nurse, student, teacher come together and renew for themselves, in and from and around this recovered historic centre, the sisterly fellowship, the queenly service, of old. For and with one such group, which would soon grow and divide, as with all active life, Dunfermline would be again in this respect of the culture and career of women no longer a mere pro\incial city, far from the resources of Edinburgh and London, of Girton or Newnham, of Boston or Paris. Here is an available home and centre of which any one of these greater cities might well be proud — one readily in full com- munion with all their characteristic advantages. The intimate life of such a community cannot, and need not, be planned out here, any more than the detail of its furnishing or decoration. Its many- sided interests, its social learning, would gradually adjust them.selves, and find their \aried expres- sion both in a widening corporate life and in in- dividual developments. The establishment and spread of such resi- dences for women and for men is one of the most encouraging and educative features of our time. I have been too long and intimately connected with this movement from its earliest years to share all its illusions : and am fully aware, for instance, that the main result of most endeavours of " send- ing out universitx- men to educate the people" T WORKING WOMKN OF DUXF1':RMMNK 20 1 is that the peojilo arc sometimes not without influence in educating llieni. 1 submit, however, that even this numerically modest educati\e result is not found to be valueless. Moreover, in Dunlennline the univcrsilv element would not be too strong, especiallv with houses of women. In fact, the unfortunatelv named " settlement " need not arise, but somethinj; of more ordinary and democratic tvpe IiUci llic f^uni^lli^l; i>f Muli hoii.si's il is unnecessary for me here to go into delail ; enough if I refer to what has licen .said in earlier chapters (II and III) of Housing improvement and of Social Institutes and Central Institutes, and to the suggestion of a Civic Union in Chapter XXXIV. In these respects, moreover, the condition which must ever precede the adal- loon ]ierspeclives of the whole range of buildinp;s along the east margin of the glen, for which I must again specially acknowledge the skilful collabora- tion of inv friend Mr G. S. Aitken, were at first in- tended to be left to speak for themselveK. Yet so complex a group of buildings necessarily demands consideration from many distinct individual points of view: and their critic must, therefore, place himself at each of these in turn. For by the elaboration of this whole design upoii the present scale, far exceeding that of an ordinary pre- liminary report, and, in fact, carried at every point up to the level of assured practicability and often of detailed planning, needing only large scale plans for execution, the richness of detail and the variety of appeal may readily obscure the underlying unity of conception. The principle here adoiited, of elaborating each department of horticulture, each great period of history, each essential demand of archaeology of art, and so on, up to the standpoint and general standard of the progressive specialists in each department, carries with it a corresponding risk of seeming to overload the design— at any rate for readers not specially interested in this and that subject. See then figs. 151, i 52, and i ^7 Yet it is with a design of this kind, as with the building of a ship — unless each and every legitimate specialist's demands be adequately met the resultant whole will not be seaworthy. Leaving, however, gardener and architect, technician and specialist to judge for themselves, let me now act as guide through this labyrinth to representatives of the various classes of the more general public, so as, if possible, to satisfy them that in elaborating the requirements of others their particular demands and point of view have also Vieen considered. More generally, any comprehensive park design, such as the present, has to satisfy as far as may be not only all sorts and conditions of men, all occupations also, but all phases of life — childhood, youth, maturity, age ; childhood in its innocence and play, in that admiration and that question- ing, too, which arc its true self-education ; youth in its ho[)c and aspiration, its ambition and energy ; maturity in its strenuous life of labour and service, and in its need of rest, refreshment, and repose ; age in its power and influence, its calmer and brnailer outlook. B. The Processional Ways Let us accompany representatives of each of these in turn. Yet a quiet and conversational ramble is not in itself sufficient ; in almost all ages of the past, perhaps before long in the open- ing future, we see the larger social view, the civic and the occupational interest dominating the indi\idual one. Hence our designs must be adapted to the largest public and processional use as well as to the everyday individual rambler. For as the modern park is becoming the Cathedral of the People it must express, as this did in its various chapels and their altars, the various ideals to which individuals and classes are devoted ; must be adapted to their group interests and activities as to their general collective and civic functions. In short, then, our laying out of roads and paths is also one of routes for visitors, and these not only practical and convenient but sug- gestive and educative, and even individually emotional and collectively dramatic: it rises to the designing of the courses and the stations of the individual meditative pilgrimage, and even beyond this to the renewal of that greatest and noblest of all the features of an ancient city — its routes of symbol, festival, and triumph, its Pro- cessional Road, its Sacred Way. C The Child and the Naturalist With whom, then, shall we begin .' Surely first of all with the little children. Large and dramatic child-functions, the teacher, musician, play-leader will need but a little encouragement to organise. Or, left to themselves, the children will naturally hurry past all our great buildings and prefer the gardens. They soon leave these for the open park and playgrounds, next to tje templed down their little dell into the stupendous 202 rill". IIISTORI.W 20^ and mysterious j^'k'ii below, and once there will seek above all ihin.ys lo paddle in the sircani. The same course will be instinctively followed by those children of a larger growth — the Natura- lists. Rambling together, as child-naluralist and naturalist-child should ever do, they may exiilore in fuller lUiail Ihe gardens, tame and wild, the lakes and jjooI and stream and Zoo — yet both always instinctively working up-stream, nut "t the park altogether, into the open country. Here, then, is a justification of the order and trealnu'nl broadly adopted in these ])ages. After such nature explorations, widening into regional s\n\ev, the need of laboratorv, library, and museum appears. Thence this whole wealth of concrete educational resources develops towards that larger conception of the natural world, that of Lyell and Darwin, of Humboldt and Rectus, which is expressed in the Nature Palace, its Museums and Great Globe. D, Youth and Labour Willi developing youlli the play instmcl demands that larger athletic outlet not illiberally provided for both se.xes, but next also some initiation into the dawning responsibilities, the opening work, of life. Here, then, is a main jiistifica- tion of the Priniilive Village and the Crafts N'illage, of Girls' Plav-houses too. Just as child and naturalist went naturally roaming together, so now may Youth and Labour. Let them start sometimes from the building, decorating, or gardening operations in actual progress, sometimes with the masterpieces of the Art Museum, and thence pass through the workshops of the Crafts Village to a fuller under- standing and share in the developed activities of the industrial city and the corresponding studies of its technical schools At times, too, they will work back together to the earliest beginnings of all these industries in that simpler contact with nature which the Primitive Village commemorates and affords ; and thus, like the naturalist in his way, having here touched bottom — that is, returned to con- tact with the elemental facts of life — they are in the true position to renew their ascent to the masterpieces of modern art or invention. I cannot too strongly emphasise the reminder that it is precisely the practical and inventive spirit of Chicago which heads this pioneering of a truer technical education by this recovery of its elemental industrial basis. .\nd not only is it the child-gardener who becomes the horti- culturist, the child-builder the architect, the child-mechanic the inventor ; such early technical experience offers also a real means of moralising and socialising industry, one far in advance of thai loo abstract " moral and civic instruction " which is now threatening to sterilise the void created by the shrinkage of the older methods of moral and religious instruction. I'"or in the Primitive Village everyone und r- slands his large and responsible pari in the small dnision of labour, and this feeling of responsi- biliu- must be early gained if it is to be main- laiued in the almost unintelligibly complex sub- dnision of modern life and interests. .\s already urged, it is at least a beginning of that " Trial School " for the w-ork of life which is still so urgent a necessity of our education ; that trial school for which Ruskin pleaded thirty years ago, and which is still and increasingly a need of our educational resources. With all this arises instinctively that sense of the dignity of labour which depends not upon the rhetoric of the past but upon the perception of its social responsilnlity and use- fulness. For we begin to treat the poorest .scavenger with a new courtesy, not because of his vote, but as a lay brother of that order of St Pasteur whose cleansing tasks are not only steadily driving back disease, but, with their more than ritual purification, preparing the advent of a new personal and social idealism. So on for every craft. We ha\e to express in terms of its scientific and technical realities elements of a new dignity exceeding that of ancient guilds ; indeed, of a new poetry at least rivalling that which commemorates Ihe actual culture-heroes and civilisation-founders of an- tiquity. For miller and blacksmith especially, the same line of thought has been worked out above, and for weaver and others at least suggested. Hence the normal scheme of decoration for the refresh- menl-rooms of our Crafts Village would be afforded by the characteristic symbols of the crafts them- selves. The Primitive N'illagc, Crafts \'illage, and Art Museum are thus main interests for youth and worker, liut the detailed progress of their respective arts will be found expressed with increasing fulness in the long and ample galleries of the Historic Museum. Here, then, we have at least a glimpse of the developing craft processions of the future, with their ceremonies of initiation, their graduation days of mastership, as already of those exhibitions of their masterpieces which are already the most magnificent of civic functions, and even of international ones. Our Park Roads, then, to and through these various centres are the processional routes of future festivals — the Via Sura and Via Triitmphalis of Labour. E, The Historian With the .\rchaeologisl and .VulKjuarN', still more with the Historian, we have already had 204 THE GENERAL. VIEW whole chapters. Suffice it, then, to recall him as a fjuidc of all whom we have as vet considered — child and naturalist, vouth and worker, towards a coni]5leler conception of man, from his emergence from nature to his highest developments, with their present confusion of promise and decay. We leave him to communicate his magic of evocation for every phase of the long procession of the past, his deeper spirit of interpretation of its inward forces, both spiritual and temporal. We thus appreciate more fully his conception of our goodly environment — the park, the city, the world itself — as a vast open-air museum of social development. Thus emancipated from our petty motlern insistence upon the present, and with minds thus opened to the \-ast perspectives of the past, we may look with new hope and courage to that opening perspective of the future to which " tlie specious present " leaves its devotees so blind. For it is in great things as in small: it is not the child to whom to-day is as yet all, who can make much use even of his tin)' garden, but only lliat (ildcr one who has learned from the experience of past seasons to prepare for coming ones. It IS the lover of ancient trees who is most ready to plant the new ones whose fruit he mav never eat, whose full expansion he can never see. So any who may have feared a too academic con- serxatism in my pleadings to preserve our despised fragments of antiquity mav surely now admit that I have not hesitated to develop them, nor to meet what I believe to be the fresh needs of the present upon a new and sometimes unprece- dented scale. F. The Citizen But it is time to leave the historian for the Citizen, or rather to pass with the historian into the citizen, present Ihougli liis interests rightly and primarily are. Of bettered housing even beyond his average demands, witness a repeated insistence upon open-air treatment, which he may as yet too commonly consider exaggerated ; though of suggestions for the brightening of family life some, I trust, may be found not uncongenial. Suggestions towards technical as well as general education have been pushed beyond the secondary education resources of a minor city or tho.se of university extension. His fundamental require- ments as regards Town and School have thus not been forgotten. Even if our institutes of wider ambition do not so strongly appeal, he may let them pass, as offering, in their modern way, some reconstitntion of the ancient Abbey, some cloisters of the meditative life, in which, apart from his ordinary range of life and thought, he may some day also find retreat, and even now some fruitful suggestion or friendly counsel. His natural distrust of the speculative life, with its cultured weakness, its shrinking from action, may be abated as he .sees the increasing wealth of practical application to life which comes forth from each true cloistering of thought. But withiiut detaining him amid our museums and studies, our paradise of nature and art, its wealth of literal blossom in the present, let us set upon his restored City Cross (Chap XXVIII.) what may serve as a simple signpost and map to all these labyrinths of thought and action. The mason at least will bear with this; I trust even approve its renewal of his ancient svmbolism. On one of the six sides iif it.s arcaded base, from which its pillar shaft should rise, let vis carve the symbols of the .Mechanical Industries, yet mark unobtrusively behind, the symbols of the Physical Sciences on which these industries in- creasingly depend. On the next side let us carve in full day- light the plough and spade of Agriculture, the mortar and pestle of Medicine, yet its winged serpent-rod as well. The brtii>iu of homely antl jniblic Hygiene must have due place of honour; yet behind all these, in shadow, must be set the .seal of Biologic science, the scarabajus with all its manifold signifi- cance, Egyptian to evohitionary. Upon the third side, that of Cloverninent, and appropriately turned towards its build- ings, city and county, we set the Burgh Seal, the Scottish Arms, the Briti.sh Standard, the scales and sword of Justice. Behind this, again, would be the open book of Economics and Law. .So far the three sides towards the street ; not all citizens see so many : comparatively few look for more. ^'el some will note upon the side towards the Abbey the crosier and crook of antique and modern guidance, and in the shadow behind these the Celtic cross rena.scent, with its union of spiritual and cosmic symbolism. .Southward, towards the Arena, we carve the symbols of ICcUication — the historic rod and the present three R's — and, it may be hoped, newer and better ones. For again, l)ehind these, comes the winged I'syche ^^i psyciiologic science ; and with this, her geometric symbol. Finally, upon the sixth side, towards theatre and garden, we carve the symbols {'ouiu'il- room imisl evidently be as central as possilile to the whole park ; it must lie lofty in position and outlook, yet easily accessible to the oldest without fatigue. It must be spacious and airy, convenient and simple, yel stately, even magnih- cent, as art can make it. It must be in form capable of being " understanded of ihe people," as beseems its ordinary everyday accessibility lo visitors, yet also upon its duly re- served occasions of quietness and seclusion, of high council also, it must be of permanent and vivid suggestiveness lo these supreme eflorts, individual and collective, for which it is designed — those coadjustments of pioneering thought and action into that I'olicy of Civic Culture which it is our problem here fitly to initiate. Here at length is Ihe right use for that stately gallery already referred to (Chap. .\XX. B.) as occupying the whole upper part of the old Mansion-house; and into which, again by a fitting symbol, the respective rooms and garrets of the two sharply-defined social clas.ses of its old inhabitants — the patrician and the servile — would thus be thrown. Its length lends itself admirably to that si.xfold enumeration of the great culture-interests of humanity which has above fjeen outlined, and to present these in fuller harmony. Each has hitherto tended too exclusively to a corresponding culture- policy — now of Religion or of Learning, now of Science or of Industry or Art; or, again, of Tradition or .jI Politics— each too much for its own sake. The plan, then, of our gallery becomes intelligible, even obvious. Its eastern end can have no immediate decoration, since neither religion nor philosophy in our day has found its painters ; but from its window we may see the view of page 66, the ■\bbey spire at its noblest, lowering above cloi.ster and Kratry Hall, as these above Ihe king's palace and the toilers' mill alike. Upon the opposite western end, however, we place our quintessential Library, at any rate our Bibliograpliy and graphic summary of social reference, yet leaving ample open space and light for future thought. Dividing, now, the long sides to north and south, the eastern bay (Chap. .\.\X. C), with its northern view towards the Tower Hill, suggests the outlook of History, as that of the windows opposite, in full siuilight, to Science. Krom Science we pass naturally to Industry and .\rt, and from History to I'olicy. In simple plan, therefore, our gallery stands as follows : — ((iencr.d I'l.in.) (Tower, etc.) <- \'n\.U \ fr 1IIST(IK\ —> <=— n" ^ n H _ /■- <; ~ y. SYNTHESIS ~, ■7; ^ ^ ~- !t W 5t ri;( IIMI S 5^ SITKNCK ^ (Labour and .\rl Museums. | {Nature Museums.) Dur council gallery is thus no longer empty, but becomes a visualised reminder at once of all these great permanent in- terests and points of view' amid which all life has to be lived, all policy designed, and of their needed harmony accordingly. Let us give to each space now not only its decorative sym- O holism lull its study table, ils bibliographic caliinet to each, even its diagram-case, with its summarised presentment of the world. For here I would assemble and group, condense and unify every attainable thought-summary in all the.se great departments. In one series of summaries we should gather up the growing generalisations of each of the sciences, in another the classifications of them all. Upon the wall of History would be available a re-edition of the various graphic presentments of the stream of time, with more abstract inter- pretations of this, so far as we can decipher them also ; and so for An and Industry, .so even at length for Policy. I am well aware that this to many a reader may seem an impos- sible dream, hut such negation is not disproof. Adecjualely to outline this conception of what is no less than an Encyclo- p.vdia Synthetica and an Encyclopedia (iraphica in one a volume would be needed. Suffice il here lo conclude the plea for this combination of a philosophic laboratory with a council-chamber by confessing that the many-sided plans of this volume have for the most part been devised and elab- orated in a study actually laid out as pleaded for here. The method is thus at any rate one suggestive of ideas and helpful in the arrangement of them. Why not, therefore, give it a trial? While temporary and movable seats should be available on each of these six sides, they should also be capalile of uniting into a large central table also, available for the largest planning or meeting. Is .some central and culminat- ing symbol needed? — a central light, one natural as well as one artificial may suffice — with, for single adornment of the latter, a pendant crystal sphere. Is all this still cold and silent? — the painter and sculptor will not fail us; meantime we have the musician to aid. Amid the open roof-timbers of the gallery, or upon its wall spaces, there is ample space for groups of organ pipes ; to each of the six sides of the room the modern electric organ-seat keyboard is free to travel — now discoursing the music of sacred tradition or of national history, or of renewing social inspiration ; again returning lo scientific technique, yel going forward to artistic inspiration, il may be to unique personal lUterance. Religion has always known, philosophy has at times discerned, that in music is the supreme expression of synthesis ; to this highest utterance, then, other encyclopLtdic eflort and expression may well gi\e place. Our thinking-house and council-room can only reach ils purpose of consecration lo the highest attainable levels of thought and deed through a corresponding arousal of the emotions — and how better than upon these "tides of music's golden sea " ? In this complement of our great Music Hall is our thinking-house now complete? (.)ne point more and we have done. .-Xt the top of the staircase of this old hou.se is the smallest of its rooms, a bare, whitewashed cell of retire- ment -a mere closet of meditation. Keep this permanenth' ,so ; for if, like the preceding syntheses and policies, of which this cily is so strangely complete a museum of ruins, all be once more finished and formulated, without leaving this free outlook for the individual spirit, all is thereby again undone. Net into this swept and garnished chamber what evils may not enter? It is a perilous world. L. The Last Procession Enough now of these peregrinations, these varied approaches and groupings of our culture-palaces, our renewing city of the body and of the spirit. To leave this labyrinth, then, one path remains, one final processional way. With childhood we begin with the nature playgrounds by the stream ; ;io THE gknp:rai. view with youth we dance, with labour we repose in the cheerful garden between the workaday crafts village and the towering outlook of modern interests. Sooner or later we may also travel the harder road of public life ; crossing this next we retire a while to a graver garden beyond — that of old time, of sorrow, and memory. Beyond there is but one more ascent — to the yew garden of peace, where our various labours conclude ; for here now our collective pageant culminates, our personal pilgrimage ends. This brief journe\' from the joyous, yet not unshadowed garden of the miller's rest to the solemn, yet sunward perspec- tive of the abbot's view is thus our final symbol- summary of life. Into the threshold stone of this last garden we may carve the inscription : Via Vita, Via Lahoris : Domus Pads, Finis Doloris. Is this all ? Saint and hero have gone tliis way before us ; yet in spiritual influence, no less than material reality, St Margaret's relics, the Bruce's heart, again have travelled far. CIIAI'I'I'.k XXXII CITIES AND CIVIC PROBLEMS So far, the preceding chapters have dealt with the specific problem and situation — that of improve- ments to Dunfermline so far as directly related to the new park and its associated buildings. These proposals have, it is true, been related to more general ideas, and this necessarily, just as the cor- responding plans are related to the points of (he compass. Now, however, it is lime that Ihf general conception of civic development and culture policy, within which all these proposals fall, should be briefly indicated, the more since some ol the proposals above made depart from conventional lines. Hitherto I have nuiinU l)ecn cndea\ ouring to apply the practical experience acquired during Edinburgh, London, and other constructive ini- pro\-emcnts, urban and rustic. I-et me now briefly speak from the standpoint of a student of social science, to whom the observation and inter- pretation of the growth and development, the pro- gress and decay of human societies — and tliese especially as presented in historic and contem- porary cities — constitute the central problem lo wliich all the sciences lead up, to which all the arts converge, and lo which all the problems of the individual arc related. A. Significance of Historic Cities In the (-l(.\clt)[jincnt ti( social scicncu ilscif now pliilosopii)' and now history has piecioniinatcti, at other times politics, al other limes indnslry. bislilulions and laws, manners and customs have been scrutinised ; now the individual or the nation has been in the focus of altenlion, al other times iIk' race or the language. l!ut of lale there are signs Ihai ihc City must again occupy a central place in our thought, as of old, an immediate place in our allenlion, even a foremosl one in our activities. The city was foremost in Ileluew and (ireek cix i!is;ilion, though in difi'erenl ways, and central also in the Roman one ; it fell into ruin and neglect in barbarian times, hul re- vived in opposition and coniplenicnl lo the feudal order in die mediieval cities, which we are now learning again lo under- stand, after a long period in which we have too mucii judged ihem by the mere producls of llieir subsequent decay. flere in Dunfermline we have sufficienl relics and memories of ihis pasl nol wholly lo accept this still loo common niisunderslanding of it. But it is not loo much to say that whoever would efficiently take part, slill more pioneer, in this incipient civic renascence will lind not only 2 1 1 general encouragement and warning bul specific suggestion and even guidance by refreshing and extending his know- ledge not only of the classical cities hut of the great mediie- val communes — particularly those of Northern Italy and I'rance, of Germany and of the Low Countries. He should know something, if po.ssible, from observation, and al any rate from records, not only of Jerusalem, Athens, and Rome, bul of Bruges and Nureniburg, of I'^lorence and Paris. .Such history is no doubl oflrn studied and appreciated from the point of view of moiunncntal public buildings or picturesque domestic ones, but nol yet suHicienlly from the standpoint of its civic organisation and democratic life. It is far more than a Scottish misfortune that our great romancer, who reopened to the world the picturesque and dramatic in- terest of the feudal age, .should have been comparatively ignorant of the simultaneous bul conlrasled burgher civilisa- tion i>f its great industrial towns. He has thus proportion- ally deepened for many, rather than removed, the long pre- \ailing ignorance or misunderstanding of the medi;eval city. It is one of ihe most notable results of the science of the later nineteenth century to have recovered this great tradi- tion, yet we slill await the popularisation of these great facts — that nt>t only have many of the noblest ideals of de- mocracy been expressed, hul their as yet fullest practical realisation has been once and again allained, and this bv the old citizens of I'"lorence, by the guildsmen of the mediaval comniunes, of the Netherlands, of l'"iance and (iermany, and in some not despicable measure even by our own forefathers, more fully than by the heirs of the French or the .American Revolution, or by our own modern selves. .\n eminent American writer on municipal ipieslions. Or Albert Shaw, has chosen as the Old-World types most in- structive for the development of American cities, i>n the one hand Paris, as the example of the developed culture-capital ; on the other hand Glasgow, as of late the most progressive i-)f the great industrial towns. \"el it is not too much lo say that when one has learned the best that is being done and thought in America, in Glasgow, or in Paris, one is but the better prepared lo understand the civic ideal of ancient Athens or Rome on the one hand, of Medi;eval Europe at its best on the other. .Mike for the Birmingham or the Glasgow Town Councillor with his jiublic ambitions, for the .American citizen struggling with abuses on one hand, and carrying out ideals with vast wealth upon the other, there is probably nothing at this time within the range of experience wiiicli woidd be more practically useful, and more inspiring, than an intelligent vfsit lo the market-place of Brussels, the Hotel de Ville of Ghent, the Belfry of Bruges — to name oidy spots accessible in the shortest continental holiday. It is not surprising, therefore, that the last named has had its best singer in an American poet, although even he was far from realising its full civic significance. As I trust the preceding pages sutiiciently show , there is 212 CITIES ANT) ClX'ir ROIM.KMS here nothing proposed for ihe sake of merely archLeoloi;ical interest, still less of mere artistic romanticism. What is urged is the scientific recognition that in such places we obtain a better comprehension of past blossomings of civic greatness, which must give us more hope, it may be even more skill, in dealing with much of what is with ourselves again in the bud. I am no more seeking to return to the Mediieval ur the Roman ])ast than to the Hebraic or the Hellenic order of things. On the contrary, I maintain return to tlie past to be impossible, its imitation to be unde- sirable ; simply that the conservation of the memorials of the past and the interpretation of its development are of en- couragement and of service to that opening future which, with our greater resources, it should be possible to assure. It has been the achievement of the past century to obtain a knowledge of nature, a command of natural resources far exceeding that of the past, and it now behoves us no less completely to aspire to a corresponding evolution in all the higher arts, in the completes! social art of city building, therefore, most of all. As we have seen, in connection with the furthering ol natural knowledge and of technical education, that the in- dividual cannot too fully begin by reca]>itulating the simple and direct nature experience, the correspondingly simple and direct technical experience, from the very dawn of civilisa- tion, so it must be in matters social and civic. Neither a moral nor an intellectual evolution can be imagined which would not profit from the examples which have been pre- served to us in the literature of Judea and of tireece : nay, it is this very advance of science which, to many timid souls, has threatened to sweep away one or another of these, which must now inost fully ()ri>lit by their spirit, whatever its emancipation from the letter. In no department of human activity has progress been nuire active, or the utilisation of new resources more eager, than in the art of war : none, therefore, in which the mere slavish imitation of the past can be more completely futile, more necessarily disastrous, ^'^l while it may be enough for the ordinary soldier in the ranks to manage his modern weapon, and while it is plain that a mistaken historic loyalty to ancestral weapons or tactics can but diminish his effi- ciency, the fact remains that it has been precisely the greatest modern commanders who have most fully recognised the suggestiveness of their historic predecessors. B. The Civic Problem; its Various Statements As suggcsttvc 111 the itilkr sluih' and more effective grasp of ouf in'oblcins, it may be of service here to appciicl a few examples of treat- ments ot llie city from reiireseiitative points of view. First, theri, I select a clear and orderly statement, not onlv studious but practical, as befits its writer, an advanced municipal worker of one of our greatest cities, and head of its tiiost effective university settlement. Municipalities at Work : An iHtvoduclioii to Ihe study oj Munitipcil Administration l!y T. R. Mark Warden of the Art iMuscmu anil University Settlement In this class the aim will be to explain simply local government. So far as possible illustrations will l)e drawn frotn Manchester, Salford, and district. 1. Town government. The relations of local anil cenlial government. The limitations of each. The proli- lem of town administration. 2. Roads, Streets, Canals, and Waterways. How the town controls these. Means of transit : railways, tramways, and other services. Street construction. J. Town markets. Control of the food supply. Market rights. Food inspection. Milk supply. 4. I'ublic health. The prevention of disease. The sanitary code. Life statistics. Notification and isolation of infectious diseases. Hospitals. 5. Cleansing work. The drainage system. Sewage work.s. The disposal of refuse and dirt. The supply of water. The atmosphere and smoke prevention. 6. The growth of a town. New buildings. Huilding bye- laws. Incorporation of outlying districts. The hous- ing of the working classes. 7. I'ulilir art: municipal buildings, parks; libraries; the provision of means of recreation. The police and the licensing system. 8. I'ublic utilities, das and electric light undertakings. The provision of power. Baths and washhouses. Fire prevention and salvage. 9. Kducation : primary, secondary, and higher. Technical etlucation. Special schools. 10. The Poor Law. The Hoard of Guardians. ( )ut relief. The Workhouse and Casual Wards. The problems of poverty and pauperism. 11. -Municipal finance. How the income of the town is raised. The Overseers. Rates. Subventions from the central government. .Municipal loans. The control of municipal finance. 12. The citizen in relation to his city. His rights. His responsibilities. In the preceding summary of civics it will be seen that the problems essentially considered in the preceding report occupy a very modest share of attention — mainly that of a portion of its sec- tion 7 — anil in this the majority of civic treatises broadly agree, the standpoint of British munici- palities also. I therefore select a very different statement of the essential civic problems for my second citation, the chapter headings of "Six C. W. Robinson's " Modern Civic .-\rt ; or. The City Made Beauti- ful " (Putnam, igoi i, a representative e.xpression of a more ambitious civic point of view now rapidly spreading through American cities. Here the standpoint of material betterment is main- tained as in this countrv, but also awakened to the standpoint of civic art bv contact with Paris, Berlin, and other monumental cities of the Con- tinent, the class to which Washington, of course, also belonged in its very inception, and seeks to rival or surpass in its magnificent renewal.* To ipiote them : Inlioduilioii : A New Day for Cities. What Civic .Vrt is. 1. 'I'lic Cilys Local Points: The Water Approach. The Land Approach. The Administrative Centre. 2. h> the Bustiiess District : The Street Plan of the Business District. Architecture in the Business District. The * I'ark Report, District of Columbia, 1900. (MTIKS AM) rill.IR ClLrrRK Rl'-SOCRCI-.S 213 furnishings of iIk- Street. Ailoniins; with Fcuintains and Sculpture. 3. Ill the Resideiilial Sections : Street I'lotting anioiii; tlie Homes. On Creat Avenues. On Main Residential Streets, .\inong the Tenements. 4. The City at /.ar^'e : Comprehensive Planning. Open .Spaces. Pathways. Distrilmtiiin and Location of Parks. Park Development. Temporary anil Occa- sional Decoration. Hefe we have the architect as again the literal " chief workman " his name implies. Long left a.side in the rush of industrial expansion, and with his opportunities so rare as to make his success with them still rarer, he is here claiming, and justifying his claim, to the high office of civic edile, charged with the gradual redress and trans- formation of the disorder of the past, and with the immediate better regulation of the expansion of the future. Such .American civic improvers " are not asking the town to help art but art to help the town ; the artists not 10 glorify their art but by their art to glorify the city." From this outline, and still more frotn the inspiring volume itself, it will be plain that such associated city improvements as I have ventured to suggest from the sides of park approaches or of stream purifica- tion are but modest anticipations of that largeness and vigour with which Dunfermline, as henceforth the cynosure for .\iTierican as well as British cities, may be expected soon to grapjile with its various improv-ement problems. Finally, the third statement of the civic prob- lem I select is that more general and compara- tive treatment suitable to the initial course of applied sociologv in the L'niversitv of London which I have lately been privileged to deliv-er. This is submitted here, partly as indicating the lines of a fuller comparison of towns and cities, great and small ; as stating in general lines those universal problems and tasks of culture development to- wards which the plans and proposals of the pre- ceding pages offer particular and local solutions ; and, further, as indicating more fully the high significance of Dunfermline in the past of civic history, its typical interest in the present, and now in the opening future its renewing culture- initiative, its extending example and influence among the cities of the world. Introductory Course in Sociology University of Loudon. Lent Terni^ '904 Cities and their CulturcResources Actual and Incipient A Study in Civic Development I. (il) LONDO.N. Continental cities and their resources ; American cities and their ambitions. Great but less developed resources and less awakened ideals of London, and of most, if not all, Britannic (British and Colonial) cities. Symptoms of awakening. How mav we arrange our general impression of cities, .\KI Kesohkies AMI Teaiiiim,, con- tinued. Criticism of these: need of continiiinL; and unifying the Educational Revolution (Formal to \ital — Static to Kinetic). Technical Kducation ami constrmiiie reality. .\rts and Crafts. .More elemental solution needed : outlines towards this. 6. Ri:mUIKiEs liiK IIISIDKK At. COI.TURE AMI Soi'IAI. ('.UIIIANIE. I listoric heritage of the city : suggestions towards utilising and developing this : a Historic Institute and its uses. The need of contemporary guidance, moral and political ; the news-room as a familiar beginning towards this : possi- bilities of development — I'-x'- "Current Events Clubs" and their records. Libraries, public and academic : immediate need of Bibliography as the Public Intelligence Department. Need and possibilities of Sociological education. Begin- nings of this in various cities. 7. REsnt'RcEs 111 tiir. Fine .\kis. These no longer viewed as of simpK technical achieve- ment but as concretely synthetic (geotechnic, etc.), as ex- pressing civic development, and as furthering it. (-"orresponding need of fuller and truer art-education of public : how to organise this? Literature and Music. Painting, .Sculpture, .\rchitecture, and ( iardening. Drama and Pageant. " Melodrame. " Civic F'estival. Resultant of all the preceding individual and social culture-developments in the characteristic culture, regional, civic, individual. The development of each City at any given place and time may thus lie conveniently compared with that of any other, both as regards material environment and moral and intellectual atmosphere. Civic needs, and personal possibilities and responsibilities accordingly. N. Cl't ri'KE Dt.VEl.ol'MENT IN TUKflKV AMI I'dt.ICV. I'lirtber compari.son of towns and cities; classic, niediiwal, and modern. Of the various culture-centres of the past — c.;,''. .\cropolis and Forum, .\bbey and Cathedral, what are the modem or incipient analogues? How promote and develop these ? Varying policy needed with local history, circumstances, and outlook. b>a of civic development fully beginning — f'.;'. Clasgow, Dunfermline, .American cities. London and its Boroughs? Provincial Cities? Colonial Capitals? That other and higher statements of the civic problem are possible, more distinctively social and etliical, more truly religious, I gladly recognise ; the best function of such a discussion as the present is to provoke the superseding of it. For the present, however, it may serve as a sum- marised indication of the standpoint of the ])rescnt volume, and as an introduction to the concluding chapters devoted to our particular civic dr\rl(ipniciil , ' ''=tfiM«S^ n^nS^iiglJ n^ si^22 ^iS ^^BRSu^K i ^^^^^^^^^^BirTi '^•^' -.^^■■S^^^ll M g M^gl Bf'i*^ rf^"^" ' - '"T^^MBliri^BiBttKMflliMi ' ■''j'^^fc.'^jsHH^^MBBfBMB m ■ ^H ■ I'K IJ5. Licncral View <>l I >uiilurmliiie Inmi South. N<-irlh-Kast curnur ot I'ark uri uxlicmc letl. Nole old West tower and spire, and modern square tower of new Aljbey Clnirch. Spire of Town House a lillle farlher towards riylit ; thai of County Ipuildings near middle of figure. CilAlTHR XXXI 11 DUNFERMLINE AS TOWN AND AS CITY A. The Town So far, then, the study of the city in general. Suppose the concrete suggestions of the preceding report discussed and improved upon as fully as may be, and the Trust then to carry out a scheme of civic improvements satisfactory alike to them- selves, the city, and the world, fully expressing the best attainment of our time, even the highest it has been able to foresee. Were all this ac- complished we should have legitimate cause for a dav of civic festivity, such as that which recently marked the public opening of the scheme. What then ? Not only the larger world but our own citv would thereafter live on in its accustomed wav, leaving our series of new institutions, once completed, to " settle down," which too commonly means to freeze or degenerate. Onlv an aim and conception of ever- extending, ever- expanding individual and social culture can protect them and us from this. Why at this day is our Mediaeval Abbey ruined, our Renaissance Palace fallen in ? Because from these the great stream of national and of world life which once animated them moved away, leaving their dignified exteriors, at first apparently unchanged, to fall steadily and inevitably into ruin. How, then, shall we safeguard these new begin- nings ? Though civic renascence seenis fully begun, who can protect our schemes and institu- tions and buildings from falling into decay in their turn — it may not be into picturesque ruin, as of old, but with that far subtler dry rot which has befallen so manv of our lately most hopeful modern constructions, educational and other ? How are Dunfermline and its Trust — presum- ably at this moment the most eagerly progressive community and body in Scotland — to escape sink- ing in time, albeit distant, to the frozen conven- tionality of Edinburgh, the hopeless paralysis of its happily disappearing Board of Manufactures? For when such things have befallen our national capital — still with all its frosts one of the greater culture cities of Europe — what is to be hoped for this little Dunfermline ? Has it any future beyond that of provincial mediocrity at best ? Must not its young ability be creamed for larger centres — each "lad o' pairts " leaving us just as we have reared him ? Must not the universities, as they revive, search out more and more keenly each indi- vidual of intellectual gift or moral glow ? Must not the larger world — Glasgow, London, America — more and more call away our vigorous 5'outh to ever-enlarging but increasingly distant careers ? Develop local and civic patriotism as we may, the larger call of nation and empire can but the more largely predominate. We ha\e seen this in our own generation ; we see, too, that the next will be yet more open to the call of the common language — nay, of the larger humanity bej'ond. And must we not loyally accept this ? The little grey old mother city will still take pride in the sons whom she has sent out, well schooled and nobly inspired, to battle in the larger world ; ever and anon mav welcome one who returns, as in our own day her most successful child has done, to rise up and call her blessed. But all this does not wholly content us. It cannot, it need not. Let us consider, then, what larger possibilities of civic life may also lie before us here. But what principle is there to guide us in this vast question, what clue ? Here, as in all true progress, we must not only comprehend and transform tlie environment with- out but develop our life within. Our inevitable and permanent provincialism must be accepted as one of the facts of life. Dunfermline will and mav 2l6 DUNFERMLINE AS T(^\V\ AND AS CITY enlarge and develoji, Iml il cannot become a Glasgow or Edinburgh. Wluil is the vital element which must complement our provincialism ? In a single word, it is Regionalism — an idea and move- ment which is already producing in other countries great and valuable effects. It begins by recognis- ing that while centralisation to the great capitals was inevitable, and is in some measure permanent, this is no longer so completely necessary as when they practicallv alone possessed a monopoly of the resources of justice and of administration, a practical monopolv also of the resources of culture in almost all its higher forms. The increasing complexitv of human affairs, with railway, tele- graph, and business organisation, has enabled the great centres to increase and retain their control ; vet their continued advance is also rendering; decentralisation, with local government of all kinds, increasinglv possible. Similarly for culture institutions : the development of the local press has long been in jirogress ; the history of the city librarv movement is in no small measure iden- tified with that of this verv town ; while the adequate institution among us of other forms of liigher culture is just what has been discussed in the preceding pages. We see, then, that the small citv is thus in some measure escaping from the exclusive intellectual domination of the greater ones, and is tending to redevelop, not, indeed, independence, but culture individuality. Tliere are more immediate reasons for the development of smaller cities. They lie in the hygienic, the intellectual and aesthetic, the moral and practical ad\anlages of country life over city life, particularly for tlie young. The en- virons of every large citv show how willingly paterfamilias faces a long and fatiguing double journey in addition to his daily work in order to give his children even a tincture of rustic upbringing ; and the same principle is still more manifesth' at work in tlie (iarden Citv movement. .■\s personally a strong conservative in this matter — that is, as long more actively interested in the renascence of our ancient and historic cities than in the creation of new ones, however delightful — my own testimony must yet be given to the side with which I personally least sympathise. Having had the exceptional free- dom among busy men of choosing and vary- ing my home for four-fifths of each of the last five and twenty years, I have made large use of this to familiarise myself practically with the special and regional advantages of city and of country life, lioth in northern and southern Europe, and, indeed, from the East to America. And hoping that the present frightful inferiority of town vitality to that of country might be adequately treated by help of open spaces, better atmosphere, and so on, I experimentally built my city home on a spot scarcely surpassable in any modern city in combining the convenience of central position with that of adjacent vast o|)en spaces and almost of hill air — the lofty and open Castle Esplanade of Edinburgh. But even in tliis quite exceptionally healthy urban en\iron- nieiu it needed but little observation of one's own or neighbouring families to see that vitality still droops, and that, to ensure the full vital development which is the main essential to the adequate upbringing of children, a far fuller contact with rustic conditions is necessary. Still more wlien, with the advance of biological thought, we increasingly take into account not only our immediate children but theirs, antl. in fact, the future of our breed and race, hence- forward no longer to be thoughtlessly sacrificed 111 llu- immediate struggle for wealth or daily bread, but to be considered with that long and more than statesmanlike patience with which we select and plant the forest, with which we tend, select, and improve the humbler animal breeds. These things now being matters of scientific certitude,* as of everyday fact, are now beginning to be popularised ; witness the vivid and stimulat- ing work of writers like Mr Wells or Mr Bernard Shaw, uliicli are as obviously, again, l>ut Ihe prolof^uc of new discussions deejier ihan current political or social ones. Looking, then, at the position of Duntermline ujion the map, so conveniently situated upon great lines of communication also, we see that it may readily combine the advantages of an ancient and revived Culture City with those of a modern Garden City, and these independently even of the new maritime city and garden citv jjrojected in the immediate neighbourhood. Here, in fact, at Dunfermline (especially assum- ing some future lowering of railway fares, of which Ihe Hungarian zone system and other improve- ments give promise; we have the most convenient residential centre within easy reach of Edin- burgh. For the large class of retired people, and for those whose main concern it is to educate their children, Dunfermline, especially in view of the progress and initiative of its schools now being provided for, should be able to exercise a permanent attraction The Park is but the centre from which must increasingly radiate the lines of an enlarging web of civic improvement, not only extending town into country but fully diffusing country into town. With its charming and sheltered walks, and those afforded by the natural extension of the park, through and beyond St Margaret's Glen, and gradually for miles beyond, we have ideal conditions for the invalid, the convalescent, as well as for the tourist and holiday-seeker, with substantial economic import to the city. * Francis Gallon, "Eugenics: its Detinitiim and .Scope." Sociological .Society. May 1904. Till'. TOWN 2i; Beyond ihc increased efficiency of the staple among greater centres. The proposed renewal of a induslrv due to the bettered health, intelligence, .md happiness of worker and employer alike, new mdiislries will become increasingly possible. I hus I he prominence of lC(hnl)urgh in printing is very largely a consequence of the pre.sent higher education of the Scottish workman, as scriptorium side by side with the encourage- ment of the local press has more and deeper reasons than may at first appear. Good printing, good writing, and good drawing can best jirogress together The developnienl of llu' local textile industries. ijiK^ 0I.M ■'1 r :■■■-■, , I'll'.. ij6. — Sketch imhcating new sky-line of Diinfermhne Towers from South, a view necessarily changing in every perspective. In the present ordering and numbering from left to right comes first the great Campanile, then the Tow n House spire, the Abbey Church with its old West spire and modern sijuare lower, the History Palace with its five towers, large and small ; and finally, the small Campanile of the Nature Palace. The needed complenieiUary eftect to these many towers and spires woidd be afforded liy the large low dome of the Nature Palace, with its four smaller domes around it. In many groupings these monumental effects would be sidistantially aided by minor buildings — as notably by those of (Queens' House and of Crafts Village, by the lodge of History Garden, etc. — while the gradual improvement of domestic architecture in the city itself would constantly yield new combinations, fresh pictures in endless variety — in short, an increasingly picturesque Ounfermline. well as of the past activity of Scottish writers, and enterprise of publishers. There is no reason why Dunfermline should not obtain some sub- stantial share of this. The city which in the early middle age united the scriptorium of lona with that of Canterbury, which at the Renais- sance sent Erasmus to Italy, and where the modern Library Movement has in such large measure begun, cannot think itself to have ended its history and possibilities, in producing books as well as using them, at the very moment when its culture facilities are being revived, and when it is re-entering upon civic rivalrv, even leadership. and this not only in quantity but in artistic quality also, is an obvious progress ; and when this is taken with the gradual transformation of the city, in private homes as well as through public buildings, it should give us here some distinctive individuality and productiveness in art industries of all kinds. .\nd, as has already been urged, the erection of the Trust's buildings and the decoration of the existing ones, such as schools, should foster the development of a local school of architecture, sculpture, and painting as well as of decoration and ornamentation in some, perhaps inanv, of its branches. 2lS DUNFKRMT.INE AS TOWN AND AS CITY With the bettering of homes, as of the larger environment, there are here all the conditions, and these in unusual and ever-increasing pro- portion, for those conditions of bodily and mental lieahh which are needed for full industrial and commercial efficiency and artistic performance, and, perhaps, especially for that mental alertness in tlie application of science to industry upon which the opening future of our country so largely depends. As a single specific instance, it is a very small Cerman city, not half the size of Dunfermline, that has de\'eloped what is at once the best and the greatest scientific instru- ment-making business in the world : and witli this il has taken a no less notable lead in all that concerns the conditions of housing, insurance, and general well-being of the workers, in technical and higher education, in city and university improvements also.* There is surely reason and incentive here for analo,gous iniliali\es to be possible and fruitful. Such are many ways, therefore, in which a minor city like Dunfermline may open new careers for its more gifted children, in which, indeed, it may not only retain many of its best, but attract high ability from other places, with all the mutual advantage, the perpetual fertilisation which such interchange involves. In this respect, as in so many others, the strangely chequered history of our own little country is of no small significance. It has been fixed in our minds, chiefly by the tradition of scliool geograpliy books, that every country, every kingdom, for tliat matter every county, has its " capital." Yet we do not here very seriously feel the governmental yoke of Cupar- Fife, nor e\'en bow exclusively to the educational authority of the ancient and once metropolitan university of St Andrews, We hope freely to utilise not only this but the academic resources of lulinburgh, Glasgow, and Aberdeen, as well as remoter ones if need be. l-'dinburgh was only created the capital in 1457, and, of course, largely ceased to be so in ifio;, and for most purposes in 1707 ; while in earlier limes \vc find Perth, Stirling, and Dunfermline all rivalling, indeed sometimes exceeding, Edinburgh in importance Beyond these again we find a network of smaller regional capitals ; witness the traditional glories of Scone, or of the Tower of Abernethy, still more that wealth of folk-lore and tradition which pious memory has preserved from among the ruins of Zona. Around the almost forgotten yet long independent capital of the Lord of the Isles, Finlagan in Islay, the researches of Mr Campbell of Islay and others have disclosed a wealth of tradition even surpassing those dis- closed by German folk-lorists and philologists, a level of culture almost Icelandic. * Miillcr, " n.'is Zeisswerk in Jena,'' Jena, 1900. But it is not necessary to go back to this re- mote and shadowy antiquity. One has only to go north to the thriving regional metropolis of .\berdeen to find the city which best, perhaps, in all the British Isles combines an ever-widening development of manufactures and commerce, national, imperial, and international, with intense local life and progressive culture, popular and academic alike. It is this intensive individual and regional development which presents for us the truest type and forecast of our Scottish cities ; and particularly in Fife, where Scottish individuality has always notoriously been pushed to its very furthest, and which has produced such world representatives of individualism in philosophy, in personal life, and in practical aftairs as Adam Smith, Robinson Crusoe, and Andrew Carnegie, we have evidently little to learn even from the Al)erdonian. We have thus reviewed nol only the regional development of this place but the corresponding and extending possibilities of its regional work, with a glance at the corresponding development of tlie life and conditions of family, and even with that improvim; " social selection," not only as regards industry but family, which is in- creasingly seen to be a vital condition of all human progress. For the romantic tales, of which our too serious critics of libraries are apt insufficiently to appreciate the popular use, even those of lidwin and Angelina, of Cinderella and her Prince, or of rustic lad transformed by fairy Princess, are now reappearing, as per Mr Cialton's and other works cited above, in the verj' forefront of twentieth - century science, which has now to popularise eugenics, as the last decade has diffused the idea of hygiene. Place, work, family — region, occupation, life — geographic, industrial, and social well-being — these are but varied wordings of the threefold unity of life, work, and surroundings — organism, function, and environment — whicli we are seeking to realise in this our own good town. B. The City: its Schools But this idea of the Town, its Place, its Work, its Families, is as yet too purely material and objective : we must more and more fully take into account its deeper and subjective develop- ments. To rise from the conception of Town to that of City we need far more llian belter laying out, better organisation of industrial and residential conditions, fuller access to nature and so on, needful though all these arc. W'e must first now comiilement material " Town," even " fiarden Town " though it thus become, by the no less indispensable developments of its non- THE CITY: ITS CI.OISTF.R ;i9 material life. I'irsl in ihis would be llie idea of its associated " Schools," these in a sense not only including; the everyday one, yet with all the older and wider senses of the word — the School as place of culture leisure, the School as a recognisable brand of art, as a local colour in literature, and so on. For to be reallv conscious of our where- abouts, to appreciate our Place, we need an ever-expanding mental life in sense, in intellect, and in feeling. Here comes the naturalist with all his resources of regional survey ; the artist with his light and colour. Hence the ever- continued, ever- vital usefulness of those natur- alistic and artistic resources which we have above oullnu'd. Again coming to the next great conception of Work, here the dev-elopment of the individual must recapitulate the essential development of the race if it is ever healthily to continue and to surpass it. Hence the need of that perpetual renewal of jirimitive occupations, that village of primitive life which we have pleaded that the children should have the opportunity of actually constructing, of maintaining, reconstructing also, generation after generation. Here, too, is the plea for the forge, the mill ; and here again the argument for recapitulating the whole development of the loom, and this from its most primitive beginnings, even for the very sake of mastering its complexitv and advanc- ing this. In the same way the claims of rustic labour, in every form from the simplest ploughing to the most complex gardening or most skilful fruit-grow- ing, have their place and their corresponding scientific disciplines. The technical school thus escapes from the mechanical bondage of art to science, and utilises a living and progressive experimental science in the actual pursuit of industry and art. The current Education of Exercises too tardily applied in practice, thus gives place to an invigorating Education of Ex- perience, a discipline of widening responsibility, in which scientific reflection and investigation are combined. At present a boy often learns geometry for years before he comes to land- surveying ; whereas, starting anew with the primitive rope-stretching of the Egyptian, his practical efficiency and his mathematical ]>ovver swiftly increase together. Scientific research has nothing to fear from this intimate relation with practice : the great chemical factories of Germany surpass in their research activities the university laboratories ; while that extraordinary focus of medical pro- gress, the Pasteur Institute, is at the same time a centre of advance of many other kinds, from pure chemistry to social science. Social science and the corresponding efficiency of social service thus begin essentially with the study of place and of work, with geographer and economist. Hence our progressive .schools begin with nature and handicraft in the Kinder- garten, and go on to scientific instruction w-ilh the Secondary and Technical Schools already familiar to us ; but it has thus still to l)e com- pleted by a Social School, without which a com- munity or city cannot attain to full consciousness or developed efficiency. For it is the development of the past, inter- preted as above from the standpoint of the present ; it is social education as regards the present, the opening future also, which is now needed to com- l>lete alike the everyday education of the citizen by awaking within him an ever-growing con- sciousness of his city. Is it not upon the poor and imperfect development of this high element of education that we must explain the weakness of the modern city in these respects as compared with the great historic cities, not Rome only, but others before and since ? Our cities lack their forums ; but this, again, our Parks, our arena, may increasingly supplv, the renewed city cross at any rate stand as a centre. In this way we see developing from the place, the work, the family of our Town, not onlv the web of occupation and the organisation of industrv, the volume of aggregate industry, the state of well- being and health, the various institutions, but also the School — i.e. the set of ideas connected with each of these, and needful for their efficient exercise. From elementary geography and other primary knowledge, from technical instruction of the simpler sort, we may thus rise to higher and higher schools, and in special cities to institutions of higher education, even to college faculties of the old professions, such as medicine or law, as well as to the new professions of engineering, agricul- ture, fine art, or most lately, in Birmingham, of commerce. Here, in fact, we have the usual idea of a university, or at any rate of a university college. This type of development, however, Dunfermline does not require to follow to the full, since to her completion of her own school system by utilisation of the five neighbouring University Cities, as to her useful reaction upon these, there is evidently no limit. C. The City ; its Cloister But in addition to such a school, or grouji of schools, a new development may arise, that which retires from the practical everyday life of a city, or even its everj'day educational duties, into the meditative life — in antique phrase, therefore, into " the cloister," the " .\bbey " — in later phrase into " intellectual retirement " ; while in more modern times this mental attitude is largely re- placed by that of "original research." The 20 DUNFKRMLIXE AS TOWN AXD AS riTY common character of all these cloistered orders, as I may call them, is that their members are no longer mainly concerned with the town's working life or even its educational service — though, at their best, they have always taken a not inconsiderable part in these. It is that their essential relation and responsibility are now with the highest aspects of truth, as they understand it, and with the deepen- ing of their own contact and that of others with this. Abbey-founding, as I may call all furtherance of institutions devoted to the contemplative life, whether of religious ideals in the mediaeval past, of philosophic systems in Greek or in recent times — for the Academv of Plato, the Lvceum of .\ris- totle were the cloisters of Athens in their day, or nowadays of the scientific order of the imiver.se — has of late years been liberally advanced, indeed, in this latest form, by our own founder; but, obviously and rightly, in our uni\ersil\' cities, in Washington and the like, not here. It is this union of School and Research Cloister which in our day makes up the ideal of the University pro- per ; and we see that present conditions do not favour this — in short, that no such renascence of the abbey is to be expected upon any great scale here. An occasional speculative hermit may generally suffice, even for occasions like the present.* D. The City; its Cathedral Yet another type of civic develoinnenl remains — and this the highest ; again in antique phrase it is the Cathedral, even more than the University, the Cloister, or the School, which raises the con- ception of the Town into that of the City. What, then, was the Cathedral ^ Wlial was its contrast * In such ways, alioxc and t t-vunti lh(^ scoi)f and purptiseof ihe faculties and schools, arc arising in these years, here and there, in Paris, in Edinlmrgh, in London, some small and as yet extra-mural schools of sociology, as yet unrecognised, if not disapproved, by the universities, because transcending, alike in scientific level, in intellectual range, and in social and moral ambitions, their traditional faculties. Vet, none Ihe less are these preparing an educational revolution through- out the university system no less important than that which has been wrought once and again by extra-mural agencies, as of Renaissance learning in the sixteenth and seventeenth cen- turies, or of Encyclopaedic philosophy and science in ihe eighteenth and nineteenth. In this evolution of social con- sciousness our city must now for a season lead — its Trust lieing thus increasingly a group of sociological observers and inquirers (that is, of investigators) no less than of practical pioneers, their "library, hall, and offices" in modern phrase becoming ihus an "abbot's house and bishop's palace" in antique jihrase, or, say, a "chapter-house" of the most comprehensive kind. Or, if we prefer a phrasing in incipient u.se, these become a social observatory and labora- tory, a centre at once of social survey and social service, a school and example of civic life and duty. with the Abbey ? Oliviouslv this : that while the abbot and his monks were a " regular clergv " — whose whole principle and reason of existence was to be concerned primarily with what they lielieved to be the highest attainable theory of the I'niverse, its highest order and law — the liishop and priests were a " secular clergy," less highly learned, as a rule, l)ut more practical, their principle and avowed task being to bring the highest attainable measure of trutli, of lieauty, of moral and social order into tlie everyday life of the citizens. For this ]iur- pose they gradually evolved the niar\ellous art synthesis of the Cathedral, in its way the vastest of historic educational endeavours, the veritable popular encyclopaedia of its times. Hence its astronomic symbolism, its naturalistic detail, its presentment of the creation, of the origin and fall of man, of national history also, with its kings and heroes, of civic history and interests also — even to the freest criticism or caricature of the citizens of the time. Within, too, the same encyclo]iaedic presentment appears ; from its many cluqxds of the crafts and arts, symboli.sed b\- Ihcir \arious patrons, to its ])resentment of the unity of these within the larger plan. In such ways it offered not only a religious and a philosophic system, but a correspondingly provisional, social and scientific explanation of things also. That this was sufficient is far from suggested ; it has long been generally recognised that it was, abo\e all things, the inadequacy of this whicli led In the downfall of the Cathedral from its once so important place in the regulation and the development of civic and regional life. But wliat is nowadays im- portant is not lo reUer.Ue with the iconoclast a criticism which has become a commonplace, but to recogni.se with historian and socialiser that just as we have seen Town and School and Cloister of thoughtful retirement lo be in principle perma- nent, so, above all, must the Cathedral be again considered. In principle, in ideal, this was the highest agency of the times towards the bringing to bear upon the community the best cultural resources, the synthesis of ideals and of knowledge, in their working theories, the orchestration of all the arts — painting, sculpture, and architecture, music and symbol-drama. The incorporation of the whole body of citizens, was here an essential idea, primarily, in their personal capacity, ir- respective of age, sex, rank, or weallli, but offering " to each man all that is human," yet secondarily in their social capacity also, from the craft guild to civic council, often even a more or less independent city-state. From this high view of life it is little wonder that the town took a new aspect — place architecturally transfigured, occupations developed and ennobled, individual and family guided and moralised, education developed on all levels, even universities founded — in short, tlie whole cycle of develop- ments, material ami iik-al, temporal and s])iritual. SUMMARY ;i of Town, Sclinol, Cloister, aiitl C.itlicdr.il develop- ing anew. Am I, therefore, proposing to restore the pre- or posl-rcforniation '■ I'rclaey " which our forefathers broke with so decidedly ? Such literal misunder- standing is impossil)le ; the understanding, how- ever, of the city of the opening future is none too easy for any of us. Enougli for the i)resent if wc see tliat as industries and aspects of Town change, and families, institutions, and the corre- sponding technical and theoretic scliools have changed with the times, and ever need to be brought abreast of them anew, so the true Cloister of thougfit and meditation, of observation and experimental labour must ever be restored in appropriate form ; and so, finally, the true Cathe- dral established. Where shall this lie ? Where better shall wc find our modern Civic Catlicdral Close tfian in the People's Park — with its vast places of assembly, its halls of music, its expressions of symbol ? The presentment of nature in its beauty and its variety, its sublimity and its unity are again here. The presentment of historv and its unfolding meaning are again set forth to be plainly understood of the people, and this on every level, from the local drama with its saints and heroes to that of the larger world — contemporary and civi- lised — indeed, to that of human origins. If the old emphatic doctrine of human dcstinv be in some respects less clearly expressed, there is at any rate reappearing the conception of life and labour towards the fuller realisation of the noblest ideals which, in our time and our phase of evolu- tion, we can discern, even if never fully attain. The processional ways of our park and citv Cathe- dral thus fully open into as many pilgrimages. E, Summary Putting this more concretely, and bringing it to particulars, it is, 1 trust, apparent that the pur- pose of the present volume has been more than to supply a succession of suggestions more or less attractive, or simply for criticism piecemeal. Through all these concrete plans and perspectives, these generalised discussions of their respective purposes, there runs a unity of thought and of design, be this successful or no. It is not onlv that of meeting genera! needs, more or less felt everywhere at present, but also of expressing the character and individuality of the city before us, of conserving all that is essential or worthily re- presentative in its past and present de\-elopmcnt, yet of boldly continuing this into the enlarging future. This conception of the City is as a necessarily unique social personality, a definite regional and racial development, yet one capable of increasingly conscious evolution, and this through a cvele of culture-phases jKitentially common to all cities, and broadly outlined here as of Town, School, Cloister, and Cathedral, will be found increasingly useful and a|)plicablc as it is reflected upon — increasingly incompatible also with either the merely dull or the merely LUopian view of life. Vet to claim for this ci\ic concep- tion unitv and order, no less than for the design of its appropriate culture-palaces, its parks and gardens, is to leave them not less varied and open — nav, more living and more free. Social science is thus no mere abstract studv, apart from practical problems such as those which have been before us ; it arises from active life, and it returns thither with fresh suggestive- ness, new invention. What mechanics is to engineering, biology to medicine, electricity to telegraphy, chemistry to agriculture, jjliysiology to medicine, bacteriologv to hygiene, that is sociology to civic life and well-being. That this relation of theory to practice, of science to appli- cation, is more comple.x than any of the preceding is no doubt true ; yet here also is an element of hope, since with fuller knowledge we inav feel assured of bolder applications in the future than any I have here ventured to propound. The study of the body not animated by the mind is a post-mortem examination ; and this has been too much the case with the old economics and politics, which are ever seeking to eliminate most of that which makes society living. Our returning idealism is thus no mere abstraction, no mere affair of sentiment, it is the recovery, in new and evolutionary form, of that greatest of all traditions — that recognition of the comprehensive intellectual and moral order which ever underlies and conditions any high level of social action. Again, the various proposals of park and citv improvement, which I have above submitted, may now be seen to conform to the various stages of art. First came that of description, of simple realism. Next came that of improving technical details ; this rises to arrangement and organisation, and thence passes to a yet higher phase — that in which the process and direction of things again begin to be discerned as jiart of an orderlv universe in evolution. The wider inter-relations of social life and of natural law thus admit of being expressed in concrete forms, and in compre- hensive symbols, so that to the religious spirit these modern scientific institutes may again be expressed in his terminology no less than in their own.* Starting, then, with the fundamental problem of purifying our stream and cultivating our garden, we naturally and necessarily progressed towards the idea, first of bettered dwellings of the * cy. " .\ (.lardener's \'iL*\\ ijf Science, n for not at present printing the correspondence and other material which lie before me. Vet fuller intjuiries and more thorough discus- sion than even the vastest appendix could afford are desir- able ; while such unity of treatment as the present volume possesses, harmonising in its varif>us points of view, may be best appreciated apart from further detail. Obviously adapted to co-operation in this way are on one side the Naturalists' Society, on the other the Archaeologists, on a third the Horti- culturists, on a fourth the Photographic Society, and so on. C. City Improvement Associations As an example of such combined activities, do we not require in Dunfermline some analogue to those " Improvement Societies " which arc now- springing up through towns and villages, of the United States especially, but which have been in active work in Cicrman cities, especially for a generation, with the largest results upon their towns ? Thus the remarkable natural and historic at- tractiveness of Freiburg, alike as university and residential city, has been verv greatly increased within the past generation by the labours of its " N'erschonerungsvcrein " or Improvement Asso- ciation. This, for instance, has laid out probably not less than a hundred miles of paths, with the necessary seats, throughout the magnificent citv forest which stretches from the cathedral place to the mountain tops. Besides all this, it has carried out many improvements in the town, as well as exercised a most useful conservative influence over its historic buildings. If a narrower patriotism be w-ounded by the comparison of this glorious F'rciburg forest with the piteous Townhill wood, all the more need for a larger patriotism which admits the lesson and applies it. Our lidinburgh Cockburn .\ssociation has not been without similar aims, though the critical rather than the constructive atmosphere of modern Edinburgh culture has for the most part paralysed its usefulness. Of late years a more vital initiative has also been given through our " National Trust," yet it is rather to German and American examples that we must still mainly rely for example and practical incenti\e. That the Dresden Towns Exhibition of last summer. 326 THK CIVIC CNION the Paris I^xlnlnlion of Housing also, should have been practKalK iLjnored m tins country is a vivid evidence of how much ]iioneoring educational endeavour lies before the Trust, hroni their Exhibition of Ii;Sfr I Cam r^titti 1^ "tf^oi^n ^MiK^.m* iliiu. wU'Uv '^ C..-I i?J Civics Ill^loRY \1/x Ki.„ 133. -I.:.f^, i;..iK-ul i(.i.|\-Kjv IVi-i^ttixc ..f iln ^],„|( IjuiUliHK ^-iKiiii. i lu..L.nt; uj. lull jiul up Ufcaii. (r»tii Ntllml.-Mii lu Mn;U Slii:.:!, and t»i,iv">iin ihi: n^nifal juI.Hh-IlijI cuutt(iliuii .pf » WOliriuou* yd isii^.i ...n;;. ..I l„i,Mirn;. .,r,-^,yy,.^ Ihc comnuincline »il« »lui.g the ravine maiKin. viil ihiu, ni oncc cimplclinu the apiit<«cliM uf I'ark rx.iii Cily ami of Ciiy fr.im r«rk. The vnriow gt.mps ..f cuUiiic inMili.lc »il1 jImi Ii- plain, linl nine ifce "ai.iral liUloiy anH hurliciilli.tftl iiilfrr.u ,.f Ihc luwct «des of the pkluic : Uicr. Die ri>c uf indiiMiy may lie r.lU.wed bp ihc cenuc uf il.U piclutc, from ![<. iK-itiimingi .11 ihc I'limilivc Villanc upwards lo ihc Crjifi* Village, aruiii|: «r..und ihc ..Id mill aiid;ilie •mil^'V : and Ihtnce follcwi-rt Ihr.mch ihc lliilory Muiciim wilh ilB Mylc». or nl uncc lo Iht Arl InsliKilc wiili ju r..lltfcii.,n»U mii>l«P'c"->. Hie rcinfi.rctmeni of Ihc exiiline sroup of thrcf Miivivini; hiMuric tn..rmiitnis— ihc J'bWc nnJ M..n;p.lcry ruini. iind ihc AbUy Chmdi-Uy (he fomwiion of Monaslcry I'lacc, with ils spacious Iliilwry Palact. will nlw l.c realiied. Finally. il„- mlminolini; imiiy ..( Iliv Ci^ic uroup will be npparcni ! Ihc new Arena and Music Hall, iu CninrKic Place wilh il- icne«ed Cily Crow. : Ihe llnnd Enlmncc. with Curapanilc and KuunUin I'iuua »ilhin, cumplelini: ihat ciprcwon iif civic dignily and idealUm already kiigeulo I '-y Ihc npiies .-f the Town House and County Buildingi along ihc High Sliccl. In than, Ihc wholf scheme runt upwardt froin Nature lo Huiory and from Iliiloo' lo Civic*. Funher dclaili may )>e made out l>y ihc help -d stiull key diigram al wp right hand, and also fruni-lcul. (The pic^'nt Mock having been prepared from a Wnlcf-colour Ihc greetii and yellow* unfoilUMl«l/*'""Coul loudark; yet. though the detail and beauly of the original have thui grcaily luffered. the gcneml lop»g..iphy rgay pirhap. all ihc .n.irc ck-iily be rc*li.cd,l K.,r ihc vike of greater ek-.iriie« lo Ihc pr..|.j«,d new cDuslrucl.uns and t;i'tden>, the c.iinims and i;le'* are thuivn as if »li..ricned. University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 305 De Neve Drive - Parking Lot 17 • Box 951388 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90095-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. OCT 9 2008 3 1158 01080 4515 ,y£?,?,".I':'??!' REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY D 001068 384 /alifornia agional acility