126 
 C5 
 
 UC NRLF 
 
 

 / 
 
CLARKE'S 
 
 NEW 
 
 PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 I 
 
 rORMINQ THE FIRST PART Of 
 
 BANCROFT'S GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL SERIES. 
 
 PRINCIPAL OP CITY PKMALK 8EIIINABY, SAN FRANCISOO. 
 
 BT 
 
 CHARLES RUSSELL CLARKE, A. M., 
 
 r) 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO: 
 n. II. BANCROFT k COMPANY. 
 
 18C6. 
 

 ^7^73 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, A. D. 1S66, 
 
 By H. H. BANCROFT & COMPANY, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the 
 Northern District of California. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The three books of this series, to wit, tlio Primary^ tlio Intermediate, and the 
 School Geogrnpliy, aim respectively to address and cultivate tlie powers of Perception, 
 Representation, and Reflection. In the Primary Geograpiiy, the pupil is taugiit to 
 observe: in the Intermediate, to remember and imagine: and in the School Geog- 
 raphy, to explore causes and pursue eflects. And this order of development has been 
 adopted in accordance with the teachings of mental philosophy, that in this order the 
 mental ])owers may be trained with tiie greatest naturalness, success, and pleasure. 
 
 Of course, in constructing tlie series upon such a plan, the author lias been gov- 
 erned by two considerations. The iirst of these is, that the function of the teaclicr 
 (and, consequently, of the text-book) is two-fold: viz., to communicate knowledge and 
 to develop the powers. And the other is, that, in discharging this second function, 
 the teacher must accept the results of scientific psychologists in reference to the order 
 and nature of the mental powers which ho would develop, even as ho accepts the re- 
 sults of scientific geograpliers in reference to tlie science by wliich ho would develop 
 them. His simple duty is to adapt Geography to the development of mind — without 
 pretending to enlarge tiio limits of either science. His art is tliat of the educator, and 
 from the psychologist, on the ono hand, as much as from the professional get)grai)hcr 
 on the other, must ho seek direction and material. 
 
 Accordingly, the present volume has two specific objects: which aro (1) to com- 
 municate the rudiments of geographical knowledge, and (2) to do this in such a man- 
 ner as to train a habit of close observation. Devices aro multiplied to keep the cyo 
 of the pupil on tho map. He is required to follow names, river-lines, and mountain 
 ranges ; to discriminate colors from one another, stars from rings, itc. ; to trace direc- 
 tions, and to observe tho forms of the land and tlie water. To aid in tiiis latter 
 process, water-lines aro omitted from tlio maps, as tending to blur tlio outlines of 
 geographical forms ; and tho w.ater is tinted, so as to tlirow such forms into the boldest 
 possible relief. For tho training of the pupil's car, other devices aro employed. For 
 example, tho right pronunciation of geographical names is made part of the matter or 
 regular instruction. And, questions upon definitions are constructed so ns to require 
 and to reward, on tho part of pu|)ils, tho closest listening to tho questioner. 
 
 As, in the present volume, the percci)tive faculties have been especially addressed, 
 tlie aim has been, on the other hand, to avoid, rather than to secure, any great taxing 
 of the memory. Hence, the lessons arc mostly constructed so as to bo recited witii 
 
IV 
 
 i:^TRODUCTIOJNr. 
 
 the book open before the pupil. And, on the same principle, the exercise of spelling 
 geographical names from memoi'y has been replaced by that of tracing out the letters 
 of these names upon the maps — a change which, it is hoped, will be further recom- 
 mended by tb.e fact that such names are often sadly out of proportion, in point of 
 length and difficulty, with the words which primary scholars are required to master 
 in their regular spelling-books. Hence, also, the exercise of " bounding" is deferred, 
 for the most part, to the Intermediate Geography. And, as respects the definitions, 
 these are made as easy as possible to the child's memory, by the multiplication of 
 leading questions; by the use of specific, instead of generic, words; by the connecting 
 of similar, or contrasted, phrases in definitions; and by constant, although methodical, 
 repetition. 
 
 As the development of memory is reserved for the Intermediate Geography of 
 this series, so the development of the rational faculty is reserved for the School Geog- 
 raphy. Hence, the book aims to fill a dilferent place in the school course from that 
 of a mere reading-book. 
 
 Moreover, as this Primary Geography aims to adapt itself to the special aptitude 
 for development, in early youth, of the perceptive faculties, so it takes into account, 
 also, the love of action and of variety common to that period. The scholar is required 
 constantly to use his fingers and his arms in such exercises as pointing, manipulating 
 his map, &c. And he is carried, also, as rapidly as possible from map to map through 
 the book. The author's plan, indeed, has been to carry his classes through the course 
 of maps even more rapidly than the present plan proposes. This can be done with 
 the present book by carrying the class, first, through all the first lessons on the maps, 
 and then through the second lessons. 
 
 The above, then, are the features of this book as distinguished from the others of 
 the series. In common with those, on the other hand, are the following features : 
 First, a re-grouping of the States on a natural basis — of which a vindication will be 
 found in the School Geography. Secondly, a suppression, in almost all general state- 
 ments, of the distinction between States and Territories. The pupil is introduced to 
 this distinction at a later period, in connection with Political Geography. Thirdly, 
 the plan of beginning the pupil's geographical studies as near as possible to his own 
 home is liere carried out to its fullest extent. 
 
 In conclusion, it m.-iy be remarked that probably the best recommendation of the 
 book which can be offered to teachers, is the statement that it has been prepared page 
 by page for the use of a class — tried in the recitations of that class, — and corrected 
 after them. 
 
 The author bespeaks for all the volumes that candid examination to which no 
 little labor on his own part, and the most liberal expenditures on the part of the pub- 
 lishers, would seem to entitle them. 
 
lAL BSrrCII OP BAN FRAMCI8CO AMD BAT. 
 
 IMTROniJCTORY LESSOlSr. 
 
 V.'nAT study is tlii.s wliicli you now tako 
 up ? Geography. 
 
 Geogrnpliy tells about islands. Did you 
 ever seo an island ? 
 
 Geoprapliy tells about hills and moun- 
 tains. Did you ever sec a bill, or moun- 
 tain ? 
 
 It tells about oceans, lakes, and rivers. 
 Did you ever see an ocean, a lake, or a 
 river ? 
 
 It tells about cities and towns. Did you 
 ever see a city, or town ? 
 
 It tells about bays. Did yon over see a 
 bay ? 
 
 Did you ever seo a pocket compass? 
 
 Geoi^rapliy tells yon what to call tho di- 
 rection in which tho needle points. 
 
 Did you ever see a mn]> ? Gcograjiliy 
 tells you how to use maps. 
 
 Did you ever seeaplobe? Geography 
 tells you how to use globes. 
 
 Where do you live? Geography tells 
 you ln)W many people live in tho same 
 place with you. 
 
 Were you born in some other place? 
 Geography tells you how to travel from 
 the place where you arc, to the place whero 
 yon were born. 
 
 Repeat as many as you can of these 
 things about which you learn in Geography. 
 
PAKT OF CAilFORlSrrA 
 
 i^jsachajVikjsto 
 

 
 PART OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 LESSON 1. 
 
 Read the name printed on the largest 
 
 
 part of the water. On the next large.st. 
 
 The Map, 
 
 On the next. On the neck of water lead- 
 
 ■What Map on the opposite page ? Part 
 
 ing from the Pacific Ocean to the Bay of 
 
 of California. 
 
 San Francisco. 
 
 What is a Map ? A picture of the 
 
 What does Mt. stand for ? Mount. 
 
 earth's surface, or part of it. 
 
 What does Pt. stand for? Point. 
 
 How is the water colored? 
 
 What stands for River? R. For Bay? B, 
 
 How is the land colored ? 
 
 What does St. stand for ? Saint. 
 
 What do the crooked black lines, run- 
 
 
 ning: through the land, stand for? Rivers. 
 What do the little rings stand for? 
 
 LESSON II. 
 
 Cities. 
 
 
 "What does the star stand for? The 
 
 Names. 
 
 Capital City. 
 
 I will spell the names on tlio map, and 
 
 Where are the names of the Cities? 
 
 you may pronounce tliem. 
 
 Near the rings. 
 
 I will pronounce tlie names, and yon 
 
 Where is the name of the Capital? 
 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 Near the star. 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and point 
 
 Where are the names of the Rivers? 
 
 out the places as I name them. 
 
 Along the crooked black lines. 
 
 Directions. 
 
 What do the black lines between the 
 
 Whicii direction is North on the map ? 
 
 land and the water stand for ? Shores. 
 
 Towards the top. 
 
 What do the feathery marks stand for? 
 
 Which direction is South ? Towards the 
 
 Mountains. 
 
 bottom. 
 
 Where are the names of the Mountains ? 
 
 Which direction is East ? Towards the 
 
 Near the feathery marks. 
 
 right hand. 
 
 What dues a little ring near a crooked 
 
 Which direction is West? Towards the 
 
 black line stand for? A City near a River. 
 
 left hand. 
 
 What does a little ring near a shore 
 
 Is Stockton towards the right hand, or 
 
 line stand for? A City near a Bay or 
 
 the left hand? 
 
 Ocean. 
 
 Is it towards the East, or the West? 
 
 What stands for the City of San Fran- 
 
 Is Pt. Reyes towards the right Land, or 
 
 cisco ? A little group of street lines. 
 
 the left hand ? 
 
 Where is the name of San Francisco 
 
 Is it towards the East, or the West? 
 
 printed? In the water. 
 
 Is Mt. St. Helens towards the top, or 
 
 Why ? Because there waa not room on 
 
 the bottom ? 
 
 the land. 
 
 Is it towards the North, or the South ? 
 
PART OF OALIFORISriA. 
 
 LESSON II. {Continued.) 
 
 Point to the front. What direction is 
 
 
 that ? North. 
 
 Is Santa Cruz towards tlie bottom, or 
 
 Point behind you. What direction is 
 
 the top ? 
 
 that ? South. 
 
 Is it towards the North, or the South? 
 
 Point East. On which side of you is 
 
 Between what dh-ections is North-east? 
 
 tliat ? The right. 
 
 Between North and East. 
 
 Point West. On which side of you is 
 
 Between what directions is North-west? 
 
 that ? The left. 
 
 Between North and West. 
 
 Point North. Is that before you, or 
 
 Between what directions is South-east ? 
 
 behind ? Before. 
 
 Between South and East. 
 
 Point South. Is that behind you, or 
 
 Between wliat directions is South-west ? 
 
 before ? Behind. 
 
 Between South and West. 
 
 Point between the North and the East. 
 
 In what direction is Sacramento from 
 
 What direction is that? North-east. 
 
 San Francisco ? Napa from Stockton ? 
 
 Point between the North and the West. 
 
 Mt. Diablo from Petaluma? San Fran- 
 
 Yv''hat direction is that ? North-west. 
 
 cisco from Benicia? 
 
 Point between the Soutli and the East. 
 
 Put your finger on Mt. Diablo, and tell 
 the directions of the other mountains. 
 
 What direction is that ? South-east. 
 Point between the South and the West. 
 
 Put your finger on Oakland, and tell the 
 
 What direction is that? South-west. 
 
 directions of the other Cities. 
 
 Name some person, or thing, in the room 
 
 Put your finger on the centre of San 
 
 North of you. South of you. East of you. 
 
 Francisco Bay, and tell the directions of 
 
 West of you. North-east of you. North- 
 
 the centres of the other Bays. 
 
 west of you. South-east of you. South- 
 
 LESSCN III. 
 
 west of you. 
 
 Is the ceiling North of you ? 
 Is the floor South of you ? 
 
 Directions. 
 
 la what direction is the ceiling? Above. 
 In what direction is the floor? Below. 
 
 Did you ever see the sun rise, or set? 
 Point where you saw the sun rise, or 
 
 Name some object near this building on 
 the North. On the South. On the East. 
 
 set. 
 
 On the West. On the North-east. On the 
 
 Stand up with your right shoulder to- 
 
 North-west. On the South-east. On the 
 
 wards tlie sunrise. 
 
 South-west. 
 
 Point to the right. What direction is 
 that ? East. 
 
 If you stood on the top of this building, 
 what could you see far off on the North ? 
 
 Point to the left. What direction is 
 that ? West. 
 
 On the South? On the East? On the 
 West ? 
 
PART OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 MAT euncu or golden catb. 
 
 LESSON IV. 
 
 Defiiiitions. 
 
 Is an Ocean land, or water ? Water. 
 
 Is it salt water, or I'resli ? Salt. 
 
 How does it compare in size with other 
 bodies of water? It is the largest. 
 
 What, then, is nn Ocean ? A largo body 
 of suit water. 
 
 What is a Strait sometimes called ? A 
 Gate. 
 
 Is a Strait a narrow neck of land, con- 
 necting two larger bodies of land, or a 
 narrow neck of water, connecting two 
 larger bodies of water ? It is a narrow 
 neck of water, connecting two larger 
 bodies of water. 
 
 What do we call a neck of land, con- 
 
 necting two larger bodies of land ? An 
 Isthmus. 
 
 Is an Island land, or water? Land. 
 
 Is it land wholly surrounded by water, 
 or nearly ? It is land wholly surrounded 
 by water. 
 
 What do we call land nearly surrounded 
 by water ? A Peninsula. 
 
 Is a Mountain land, or water? Land. 
 
 Is it a point of land reaching up into 
 the sky, or out into the water? It is 
 a point of land reaching up into the 
 Bky. 
 
 What is a point of land reaching out 
 into tiic water? A Cape. 
 
 Read the name of the Ocean on the lit- 
 tle map. Of the Gate, or Strait. Of th« 
 Island. 
 
P'ART OF CALIFOH^IA. 
 
 What bodies of water does the Gate 
 connect? 
 
 "What body of water surrounds the 
 Island ? 
 
 LESSON V. 
 
 Directions. 
 
 Lay your map in your lap, with the top 
 towards the North. 
 
 Suppose the floor of this room were 
 the "Part of California" seen on the 
 map. 
 
 "Where in the room would San Francisco 
 be? Sacramento? Petaluma? Stock- 
 ton ? Oakland ? San Jose ? Santa Cruz ? 
 Benicia? 
 
 Let eight other scholars form a ring 
 around you. "Who stands Nortli of you ? 
 South? East? West? North-east? North- 
 west? South-east? South-west? 
 
 Or, give the names North, South, East, 
 "West, Nortli-east, North-west, South-east, 
 South-west, to eight scholars, and let 
 
 them take their proper places in a circle 
 around you, without hesitation. 
 
 Or, let eight scliolars move in a circle 
 around you, and require them to stop, at 
 a given word, and each to name, at once, 
 in what direction he stands from you. 
 
 When you study at your desk, who sits 
 North of you? South? East? West? 
 North-east ? North-west ? South-east ? 
 South-west ? 
 
 When you walk home, what direction, 
 or directions, do you take? 
 
 la what direction does this building 
 front ? 
 
 In what direction does the house in 
 which you live front ? 
 
 What other building fronts in some 
 other direction? 
 
 Wliat letter stands for North ? N. 
 South? S. East? E. West? W. North- 
 east? N.E. South-east? S.E. North- 
 west? N.W. South-west? S.W. 
 
 I will name these letters, and you may 
 point in the directions for which they 
 stand. N. S. E. W. N.E. N.W. S.E. 
 S.W. N. E. W. S. N.E. S.W. N.W. S.E. 
 
 10 
 
PART OF CALIFORlSriA. 
 
 K \ Vj'X M=ii^ \i 
 
 ('■^$>\ I. and 1 
 
 Ocean l^l\9''%\ \ 
 
 
 Sk^ / 
 
 X. Cape ^^J^ i^K^ 
 
 MAP BKKrcn vor tomalbs bat. 
 
 LESSON VI. 
 
 Is a Bay land reaching into the water, 
 
 
 or water reaching into the land ? It is a 
 
 Definitiona. 
 
 body of water reaching into the land. 
 
 Is a Peninsula land, or water? Land. 
 
 Is a Cape a point of land reaching out 
 
 Is it land wholly surrounded by water, 
 
 into the water, or op into the sky ? It is 
 
 or nearly ? It is land nearly surrounded 
 
 a point of land reaching out into tho 
 
 by water. 
 
 water. 
 
 What do we call land wholly eurronnded 
 
 What do wc call a point of land reach- 
 
 by water? An Island. 
 
 ,lng up into the sky? A Mountain. 
 
 Is an Isthmus a neck of land connect- 
 
 What other name for a Capo? A 
 
 ing two larger bodies of land, or a neck ■ 
 
 * Point. 
 
 of water connecting two larger bodies -of 
 
 Read the names of the Bays on the 
 
 water? It is a neck of land connecting 
 
 little map. 
 
 two larger bodies of land. 
 
 Read the name of the Point. 
 
 "What do we call a neck of water con- 
 
 What letters sUiml for Point? Pt. 
 
 necting two larger bodies of water? A 
 
 What letter stands for Cape ? C. 
 
 Strait, or Gate. 
 
 "What letter stands for Bay ? B. 
 
 11 
 
SOUTIIEKIS^ PACII^^IC STATES. 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 States and Capitals. 
 
 I will spell the names of tlicso, and you 
 may pronounce tliem. 
 
 I will jironounco the names, and you 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 lIoKl your maps facing me, ami point 
 out the places as I name them. 
 
 I will name the States, and you may 
 read the Capitals. 
 
 I will name the Capitals, and you may 
 read the States. 
 Direction3. 
 
 Put your finger on each Capit;d, in turn, 
 and tell the directions of the other Capi- 
 tals. 
 
 Put your finger on the centre of each 
 State, in turn, and tell the directions of 
 the centres of other States. 
 Dcllnitlona 
 
 What do the colored spaces stand for? 
 States. 
 
 Is a State a division of the land, or of 
 the water? 
 
 Has a State one Governor, or many 
 Governors ? 
 
 What, then, is a State ? The division 
 of country ruled by a Governor. 
 
 What does a star stand for ? A Capital 
 Citv. 
 
 What are made at a Capital City ? Laws 
 for the State. 
 
 What is one law which is always made ? 
 Not to kill. 
 
 What is the building called where the 
 laws are made ? The Capit<d. 
 
 Is it men, women, or children that make 
 the laws? Men. 
 
 LESSON II. 
 
 Cities. 
 
 I will spell tlie names of these, and you 
 may pronounce tiiem. 
 
 I will i)ronounco the names, and yon 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and iioint 
 out the i)laces as I name them. 
 
 I will name the States, and you may 
 read the Cities. 
 
 I will name the Cities, and you may read 
 the States. 
 Directioiis. 
 
 Which direction is North on the map? 
 South? East? West? 
 
 Which corner of the map is North-cast? 
 North-west? South-east? South-west? 
 
 Put your finger on some City, not a 
 Capital, and tell the direction of some 
 City, not a Capital, in some other State. 
 
 Lay your map in your lap with the top 
 towards tiie North. 
 
 Suppose this were Los Angeles. Point 
 in what direction Aurora would be. 
 
 Suppose this were Great Salt Lake 
 City. Point in what direction Prescott 
 would be. 
 
 Supi)ose this were Carson City. Point 
 in what direction Colorado City would be. 
 
 Sup|)ose this were Austin. In what 
 direction would Carson City be? 
 
 DeCnitiona. 
 
 What docs a ring stand for? A City 
 not a Capit;il. 
 
 What are not made in a City n»)t a 
 Capital ? Laws fur the State. 
 
 What building is not found in a city not 
 a Capital ? The Capitol. 
 
 13 
 
SOUTHEE-N PACIFIO STATES. 
 
 CALIFORNIA STATS' CAPITOI.. 
 
 LESSON III. 
 
 Mountains, 
 
 I will spell the names of these, and you 
 may prouounce them. 
 
 I will pronounce the names, and you 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and point 
 out the places as I name them. 
 
 Directions. 
 
 Put your finger on Star Peak, and tell 
 the directions of other mountains. 
 
 Put your finger on one end of the Sierra 
 Nevada Range, and tell the direction of 
 the other end. Do the same with the 
 Coast Range. The Wasatch Mountains. 
 The Rocky Mountains. 
 
 DeCiiitious. 
 
 Is a Mountain land, or water? 
 
 Is it land which lies level, or which rises 
 to a point ? It rises to a point. 
 
 Is it a point of land reaching up into 
 the sky, or out into the water ? Up into 
 the sky. 
 
 What, then, is a Mountain? It is a 
 point of land reaching up into the sky. 
 
 What do we call a point of land reach- 
 ing out into the water ? A Cape. 
 
 What other name for a Cape? A Point. 
 
 What other name for a Mountain? A 
 Peak. 
 
 Many Mountains side hy side form what ? 
 A Range, or Chain. 
 
 What City near Mt. Shasta ? near Star 
 Peak? near Pike's Peak? near Long's 
 Peak ? 
 
 What range do you cross in going from 
 the Capital of California to the Capital of 
 Nevada? 
 
 14 
 
SOUTlIEnN PACIFIC STATKS. 
 
 LCV. EB ThIF 
 
 VERTICAL BKCTIO.f 
 
 LESSON IV. 
 
 Rivers, Lakes, Ocean, Cape. 
 
 I will h|toll tlic names of tliese, and you 
 may pronounce them. 
 
 I will prononnco the name*, and jou 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and point 
 out the places as I name them. 
 Directions. 
 
 Put your finpcr on tlie source of each of 
 t!ie following Rivera, and tell the direction 
 of it3 mouth. The Sacramento. The 
 Colorado, The Little Colorado. The 
 Humboldt. The Gila. 
 
 Tell the direction from the Lake in Cali- 
 fornia to the Lake in Utah. 
 Definitions. 
 
 I3 a liivor land, or water? Water. 
 
 Is it standing water, or flowing? Flow- 
 ing. 
 
 or A. qUABTZ UIXB. 
 
 Docs it How through tlio land, or tho 
 Ocean? The land. 
 
 What sliapo is it? Long and narrow. 
 
 What is the point called where it begins t 
 It3 source. Where it ends ? Its mouth. 
 
 What is a River said to do at its source t 
 Rise. At its mouth ? Empty. 
 
 What, tlien, is a River? A long and 
 narrow body of water, flowing through tho 
 land, from a point called its source, to a 
 point called its mouth. 
 
 What is a body of water flowing through 
 tho Ocean called? A Current. 
 
 Wiiat is a River sometimes called? A 
 Rio. 
 
 Did you ever see a Pond ? 
 
 Was it land surrounded by water, or 
 water surrounded by land ? 
 
 Is a Lake larger, or smaller, than a Pond ? 
 
 What, then, is a Lake? A largo body 
 I of water, entirely surrounded by land. 
 
 15 
 
NORTHERN PACIFIC STATES. 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 States, Britush Colonies, aud Capitals. 
 
 (N, B.— The British Colonies are British 
 Columbia aud Vancouver's Island.) 
 
 I win spell the names of these, and you 
 may pronounce them. 
 
 I will pronounce the names, and you may 
 spell them from your maps. 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and point 
 out the places as I name them. 
 
 I will name tlie States, and you may j 
 read the Capitals. ] 
 
 I will name the Capitals, and you may 
 read the States. 
 
 Directions 
 
 Put your finger on each Capital, in 
 turn, and tell the directions of the other 
 Capitals. 
 
 Put your finger on tlie centre of each 
 State, in turn, and tell the directions of 
 the centres of other States. 
 
 DeGnitions. 
 
 What do the colored spaces stand for? 
 States. 
 
 What do the stars stand for? Capital 
 Cities. 
 
 Is it Oceans, or States, that have Capi- 
 tal Cities? 
 
 Why do not Oceans have Capital Cities? 
 Because fishes live there, and not men. 
 
 What person lives in the Capital City? 
 The Governor of the State. 
 
 What building stands in the Cai)ital 
 City ? The Capitol. 
 
 What is done in this building? Laws 
 are made. 
 
 LESSON II. 
 
 Cities. 
 
 I will spell the names of these, and you 
 may pronounce them. 
 
 I will j)r(>nounco the niiines, and you 
 may spell tlicm from your maps. 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and point out 
 the places as I name them. 
 Directions. 
 
 Put your finger on Portland, and tell the 
 direction of some City, not a Capital, in 
 each of the other States. 
 
 What different directions would you take 
 iu starting from Portland and journeying 
 from City to City througli all the Cities, 
 not Capitals, in the Northern Pacific 
 States ? 
 
 Definitions. 
 
 What stands for a City not a Capital ? 
 A ring. 
 
 What docs a crooked black lino stand 
 for? A River. 
 
 What does a ring near a crooked black 
 line stand for? A City near a liiver. 
 
 Wliero docs the name of a City stand ? 
 Near the ring. 
 
 What name of a City on the map stands 
 on the left of the ring? To the right? 
 Above it ? 
 
 Which shows exactly where the City 
 stands — the name, or the ring? The ring. 
 
 What name on the map stands partly in 
 the Ocean ? 
 
 What other name reaches across a River ? 
 
 What other name reaches into another 
 State ? 
 
 Wliat are not made in a City not aC.ipi- 
 tal? Laws for the State. 
 
 17 
 
NORTH ERlSr PACIFIC STATES. 
 
 ilOUKT HOOD. 
 
 LESSON III. 
 
 Forts, Mountains, and Pass. 
 
 I ■n-ill spell the names of these, and you 
 may pronounce them. 
 
 I will pronounce the names, and you 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and point 
 out the places as I name them. 
 Directions. 
 
 Put your finger on each of the mountain 
 peaks, in turn, and tell the directions of 
 the others. 
 
 Put your finger on one end of each 
 mountain range, and tell the direction of 
 the other end. 
 
 Definitions. 
 
 Who live in the Forts given on the map ? 
 Soldiers. 
 
 What is their business? To defend 
 travellers against Indians. 
 
 "Why are the Forts made strong ? So 
 that the Indians cannot take them. 
 
 What, then, is a Fort? A strong build- 
 ing, where soldiers live, whose business it 
 is to protect travellers against Indians. 
 
 What do we call a point of land reaching 
 up into the sky ? A Mountain. 
 
 What is a Mountain sometimes called ? 
 A Peak. 
 
 What is a Cape ? A point of land reach- 
 ing out into the water. 
 
 What is aEange of Mountains? Many 
 Mountains standing side by side. 
 
 What other name for a Eange ? A Chain. 
 
 What do we call a burning mountain? 
 A Volcano. 
 
 What volcanoes on the map ? Mt. Baker, 
 and Mount Hood. 
 
 "What is a narrow road between Moun- 
 tains called ? A Pass. 
 
 South Pass, on the map, is a road 
 through what Mountains ? 
 
 1{ 
 
NORTHERN PACIFIC STATES. 
 
 ,aA 
 
 PUGET BOUND. 
 
 LESSON IV. 
 
 Rivers, Lake, Island. 
 
 I will spell the names of these, and you 
 may pronounco thorn. 
 
 I •will pronounce tlie names, and you 
 may spell them from your mafis. 
 
 Hold your maps facing mo, and point 
 out the places as I name them. 
 
 Directions. 
 
 Put your finger on the source of each 
 Kivcr, in turn, and tell the direction of its 
 mouth. 
 
 Definition.s. 
 
 Is a Lake a body of water surrounded 
 by land, or a body of land surrounded by 
 water? It is a body of water surrounded 
 by land. 
 
 What is an Island? A body of land 
 surrounded by water. 
 
 What objects float in the sky ? Clouds. 
 
 Tliey often settle wliere? On the tops 
 of mountains. 
 
 Do they make the tops of mountains 
 wet, or dry ? Wet. 
 
 What becomes of this wet? It sinks 
 into the mountain. 
 
 What does it form ? Springs. 
 
 What do the Springs form ? The sources 
 of Rivers. 
 
 What Rivers on the map rise in the 
 llocky Mountains? 
 
 What is a River? A long and narrow 
 body of water, flowing, through the land, 
 from a point called its source, to a point 
 called its mouth. 
 
 What letter stands for River? K. For 
 Lake? L. For Island? L 
 
 la 
 
EASTErtZSr STATES 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 states, Capitals, Cities. 
 
 I will spell the names of these, and you 
 may pronounce them. 
 
 I will pronounce the names, and you 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and point 
 out the places as I name them. 
 
 I will name the States, and you may 
 read the Ca[)itals. 
 
 I will name the Capitals, and you may 
 read the States. • 
 
 Directions. 
 
 Put your finger on each Capital, in turn, 
 and tell the directions of the other Capitals. 
 
 Pat your finger on each City not a Capi- 
 tal, and tell the directions of the other 
 Cities. 
 
 Definitions. 
 
 What does a star stand for? A Capital 
 City. 
 
 What stands for a City not a Capital? 
 A ring. 
 
 Where does the name of the Capital 
 stand ? Near the star. 
 
 Where does the name of the City not a 
 Capital stand ? Near the ring. 
 
 When yon point to the Capital, do you 
 point to the name, or to the star ? To the 
 star. 
 
 When you point to the City not a Capi- 
 tal, do you point to the name or to the 
 ring? To the ring. 
 
 When the star is on one side of a river 
 and the name of the Capital on the other, 
 which shows where the Capital is? The 
 star. 
 
 LESSON II. 
 
 Mountains, Rivers, Lakes, Bays. 
 
 I will spell the names of these, and you 
 may pronounce them, 
 
 I will pronounce the names, and you 
 may spell thcin from your maps. 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and point 
 out tlic places as I name them. 
 
 Definitions. 
 
 Is a mountain a point of land reaching 
 up into the sky, or out into the water? 
 
 What do we call a point of land reach- 
 ing out into the water? A Cape. 
 
 What bodies float around in the sky? 
 Clouds. 
 
 Are the clouds dry, like dust, or wet, 
 like fog? 
 
 The clouds sometimes float against 
 what? The tops of the mountains. 
 
 Do they make the tops of the mountains 
 wet, or dry? 
 
 What becomes of the wet left on the 
 tops of the mountains by the clouds? It 
 sinks into the ground. 
 
 What becomes of it when it sinks into 
 the ground? It forms springs. 
 
 The springs form what? Streams and 
 rivers. 
 
 What river on the map rises in the 
 White Mountains? In the Green Moun- 
 tains? 
 
 What is the point called where a ri-ver 
 rises? Its source. Where it empties? 
 Its mouth. 
 
 Is the right bank of a river on the right 
 hand, or on the left hand? The right baiU^ 
 is on the right h.ind as yon go down the 
 river. 
 
 21 
 
MIDDJLE STATES 
 
MIDDLE 
 
 STATES. 
 
 LESSON 1. 
 
 LESSON II. 
 
 States, Capitals, Citias. 
 
 Mountains, Rivers, Lakes, Bays. 
 
 I will spell tho names of these, and you 
 
 I will spell the names of lliesc, and yon 
 
 may pronounce them. 
 
 may pronounce them. 
 
 I will pronounce the names, and you 
 
 I will pronounce the names, and you 
 
 may spell them from your mai>s. 
 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and point 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and point 
 
 out the places as I name them. 
 
 out the places as I name them. 
 
 I will name the States, and you may 
 
 Directions. 
 
 read the Capitals. 
 
 Put your finger on tho source of each 
 
 I will name tho Capitals, and you may 
 read the States. 
 
 River, in turn, and tell tho direction of its 
 mouth. 
 
 Directions. 
 
 Put your finger on the end of each 
 
 Put your finger on each Capital, in turn. 
 
 mountain range, and tell the direction of 
 
 and tell the directions of the other cities 
 
 the other end. 
 
 in the same State. 
 
 Definitions. 
 
 Dimensions. 
 
 What largo State ? "What small State ? 
 
 Is a Bay land, or water? a Lake? 
 Is a Bay water partly surrounded by 
 land, or wholly? 
 
 Definitions. 
 
 What Bays on tho map ? 
 
 Is an island land, or water? 
 
 What States nearly surround New York 
 
 Is an island land wholly surrounded by 
 
 Bay? Delaware Bay ? Chesapeake Bay ? 
 
 water, or partly ? 
 
 What do wo call a body of water wholly 
 
 "What do we call a body of land nearly 
 
 surrounded by land? 
 
 surronnded by water? A peninsula. 
 
 What Lakes on the map ? 
 
 What island on tlic map? 
 
 What land surrounds Lako Ontario? 
 
 Is Long Island a i)art of New York, or 
 
 Lake Cliamplain? 
 
 of New Jersey ? Of New York. 
 
 Is a Sound land, or water? 
 
 How could you tell that it was a part of 
 
 Is it water wholly surrounded by land, 
 
 New York? Because it is colored like 
 
 or partly? Partly. 
 
 New York, on tho map, and not like New 
 
 If it is water partly surrounded, is it 
 
 Jersey. 
 
 more like a Lake, or a Bay ? A Bay. 
 
 What water north of Long Island ? 
 
 What Sound on tho map ? 
 
 South ? 
 
 From what does this Sound take its 
 
 What town on Long Island ? 
 
 name ? 
 
 What State does the City of Brooklyn 
 
 In what direction is Long Island from 
 
 belong to ? 
 
 the Sound ? 
 
 23 
 
LlA ke stat es 
 
LAKE STATES. 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 states, Capitals, Cities. 
 
 I will spell the names of these, and you 
 nay pronouuce tlieta. 
 
 I will pronounce the names, and you 
 nay s[iell them from your maps. 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and point 
 )ut the places as I name them. 
 
 I will name tho States, and you may 
 read tho Capitals. 
 
 I will name tho Capitals, and you may 
 read the States. 
 
 Directions. 
 
 Put your finger on each Capital, in turn, 
 and tell the directions of other Capitals. 
 
 Put your finger on each City not a Cap- 
 ital, and tell the direction of the other 
 Cities. 
 
 Definitions. 
 
 Is the southern part of Michigan partly 
 surrounded by water, or wholly? 
 
 By what waters is it partly surrounded? 
 
 When a body of land is partly sur- 
 rounded by water, is it a Peninsula, or 
 [in Island? 
 
 "What is an Island? A body of land 
 wholl:' surrounded by water. 
 
 Names. 
 
 What States have tho same names as 
 Rivers ? 
 
 What ono has the same name as a 
 Lake? 
 
 What Capital has a namo like that of 
 the State ? 
 
 LESSON ir. 
 
 Rivers and Lakes. 
 
 I will spell the names of these, and you 
 may pronounce them. 
 
 I will pronounce the names, and you 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 Hold your maps facing mo, and point 
 out the places as I name them. 
 
 Directions. 
 
 Put your fingers on tho montli of each 
 Pwiver, in turn, and tell the direction of its 
 source. 
 
 Put your fingers on the centre of eacli 
 Lake, in turn, and toll the directions of 
 the centres of other Lakes. 
 
 Definitions. 
 
 Is a Lake a body of water partly sur- 
 rounded by land, or wholly ? 
 
 What land surrounds Lake St. Clair? 
 Lake Michigan? Laka Superior? Lake 
 Huron ? 
 
 AVhat do we call a bo<ly of water part- 
 ly surrounded by land ? A Bay. 
 
 Is a Strait a narrow neck of land con- 
 necting two larger bodies of land, or a 
 neck of water connecting two larger 
 bodies of water ? 
 
 What do wo call a neck of land con- 
 necting two larger bodies of land? An 
 Isthmus. 
 
 Is it land or water that lies at each end 
 of a Strait? Of an Isthmus? 
 
 Is it land or water that lies on each side 
 of an Isthmus? Of a Strait? 
 
 Lake Michigan is connected with what 
 other Lake by a Strait? 
 
SOTJTIIERlSr STATES. 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 States, Capitals, Cities. 
 
 I will spell tiio names of these, and 
 you may pronounce them. 
 
 I will pronounce the names, and you 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 Hold yonr maps facing me, and point 
 out the places as I name them. 
 
 I will name the States, and you may 
 read the Capitals. 
 
 I will name the Capitals, and you may 
 read the States. 
 Directions. 
 
 Put your finger on the centre of each 
 State in turn, and tell tiie direction of the 
 centre of some other State. 
 Names. 
 
 Which States have the same names as 
 Rivers ? 
 Journeys. 
 
 Through what waters would a fish swim 
 from the mouth of the Cape Fear River 
 to the mouth of the Pearl River ? 
 
 From tlie mouth of the James River to 
 the mouth of the Ohio River? 
 
 Definitions. 
 
 Is a peninsula land, or water? 
 
 Is it land wholly surrounded by water, 
 or partly ? 
 
 "What do we call a body of land wholly 
 surrounded by water i 
 
 What State is partly surrounded by 
 water ? 
 
 What bodies of water partly sarroond 
 Florida? 
 
 Which coast of Florida is wa.shed by 
 the Gulf of Mexico? 
 
 Which by the Atlantic Ocean ? 
 
 LESSON II. 
 
 Mountains, Rivers, Bays, Capes. 
 
 I will s])oll the names of these and you 
 may pronounce them. 
 
 I will pronounce the names, and you 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 Hold your m.ips facing me, and point 
 out the places as I name them. 
 
 Directions. 
 
 Put your finger on the source of each 
 river, in turn, and tell the direction of its 
 mouth. 
 
 Definitions. 
 
 Is a Mountain a portion of land sinking 
 into a hollow, or rising into a point? 
 
 What do we call a portion of land sink- 
 ing into a hollow ? A Valley. 
 
 What do wo call a point of land reach- 
 ing out into the water? 
 
 What cape on the map ? 
 
 Into what water does it reach ? 
 
 Many mountains standing side by side 
 form what ? A Range, or Chain. 
 
 What RangBi or Chain, on the map? 
 
 Name some River rising in this Chai'n. 
 
 Is a Gulf more like a Lake, or a Bay ? 
 A Bay. 
 
 Is a Bay water wholly surrounded by 
 land, or partly ? 
 
 What Bay on the map? What Gulf 
 on the ma[) ? 
 
 The Gulf of Mexico a«d the Atlantic 
 Ocean are connected near what Cape? 
 
 Which is the greater, the Gulf, or the 
 Ocean ? 
 
 Is the Gulf a branch of the Ocean or 
 the Ocean a branch of the Gulf? 
 
 27 
 
SOUTH TVESTERISr STATES 
 
SOUTII-WESTEHISr STATES. 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 States, Capitals, Cities. 
 
 I will spell the names of these, and you 
 may pronounce them. 
 
 I will pronounce the names, and you 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and point 
 to the places as I name them. 
 
 I will name the States, and you may 
 read the Capitals. 
 
 I will name the Capitals, and you may 
 read the States. 
 Directions. 
 
 Put your finger on each Capital, in turn, 
 and tell the directions of other Cities not 
 Capitals. 
 
 Put your finger on each City not a Cap- 
 ital, in turn, and tell the directions of 
 the Capitals. 
 Definitions. 
 
 What do stars on the map stand for? 
 Capital Cities. 
 
 What are made in a Capital City ? Laws 
 for the State. 
 
 What is one law always made? Not to 
 kill. 
 
 Tiie people of what State go to Austin 
 to Tnake laws ? 
 
 Where do the people of Louisiana make 
 tlieirlaws? Of Arkansas? 
 
 Is a Gulf land, or water? 
 
 "What Gulf south of Texas ? 
 
 Is it fishes, or men, that live in a Gulf? 
 
 Is it fishes, or men, that niake laws ? 
 
 Does a Gulf have a Capital City ? Wliy 
 not? 
 
 Who live in Indian Territory ? Indian 
 tribes. 
 
 Do they make their own laws? They 
 do. 
 
 Where do they make them? Each triho 
 in its own town. 
 
 LESSON II. 
 
 Rivers, Gulf, Island. 
 
 I will spell the names of these, and you 
 may pronounce them. 
 
 I will pronounce the names, and you 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and point 
 out the places as I name them. 
 
 Directions. 
 
 Put your finger on the source of each 
 river, and tell the direction of its mouth. 
 
 Put your finger on Galveston Island, 
 and tell the direction from it of thodilTer- 
 ent Capital Cities? 
 Definitions. 
 
 Is a river land, or water ? 
 
 Is a river a body of water short and 
 broad, or long and narrow ? 
 
 What is the point called where a river 
 begins ? Its source. 
 
 Where it ends ? Its mouth. 
 
 At its source does it rise, or empty ? 
 
 At its mouth docs it empty, or rise ? 
 
 Is a river standing water, or llowing? 
 
 Does a river flow from its source to its 
 month, or from its mouth to its source? 
 
 Does water flow down hill, or up hill ? 
 
 From the source of a river to its mouth 
 is it down hill, or up hill ? 
 
 From the mouth of a river to its 
 source, is it up hill, or down hill ? 
 
 How do you know it must bo down hill 
 from the source to the mouth? 
 
 29 
 
]^OIlTn TVESTEim" STATES 
 
NOUTII-WESTKliM STATKS. 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 States, Capitals, Cities. 
 
 I will s[)cll the names of these, and you 
 may pronounce tliom. 
 
 I will ])ronoancc the names, and you 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 Hold* your maps facing me, and i)oint 
 out the places as I name them. 
 
 I will name the States, and you may 
 read the Capitals. 
 
 I will name the Capitals, and you may 
 read the States. 
 
 Directions. 
 
 Put your finger on each Capital, in 
 turn, and toll the directions of the other 
 Capitals. 
 
 Put your finger on St. Louis, and tell 
 the directions of the other Cities not Capi- 
 tols. 
 
 Lay your maps in yonr laps, with the 
 tops towards the north. Now if the floor 
 of this room were the North-Western 
 States, in what corner would Minnesota 
 he? Dakota? Missouri? Kansas? On 
 which side of the room would Nebraska 
 lie? Iowa? 
 Boundaries. 
 
 Put your finger on each State, in turn, 
 and tell what lies North of the SBate. 
 East of it. South of it. West of it.\ 
 Cities. 
 
 What does a little ring stand for ? A 
 City not a Capital. 
 
 How many are put down on the map? 
 
 Are there any that are not put down ? 
 There are. 
 
 Why are the others not put down? 
 Because not so important. 
 
 LESSON II. 
 
 Rivers and T»ake8. 
 
 I will si)e]l the names of these, and you 
 may pronounce them. 
 
 I will pronounce the names, and you 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and point 
 out the places as I name them. 
 
 Journeys. 
 
 Through what waters would a fish swim 
 to get from Minnesota to Nebraska? 
 To get from Kansas to Minnesota ? 
 
 Defiiiitioiis. 
 
 What stands for a Capital City? A 
 star. 
 
 What does a crooked black line stand 
 for? A River. 
 
 What does a star near a crooked black 
 line mean ? A Capital near a River. 
 
 What Capitals on the map are near 
 Rivers ? 
 
 What does a ring stand for? A City 
 not a Cai)ital. 
 
 What does a ring near a crooked black 
 line mean? A City not a Capital, near a 
 River. 
 
 What Rivers on the map have Cities not 
 Capitals near them ? 
 
 What arc not made in a City not a Cap- 
 ital ? Laws for the State. 
 
 In what City are the laws made? 
 
 Is the Capital always tlio largest City 
 in the State ? No, 
 
 Where is the Capital generally situa- 
 ted ? Near the centre of the State. 
 
 Why ? So that all the people can easi- 
 ly get to it. 
 
 31 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 Groups of States. 
 
 Read tho names of Eastern Stfttca. 
 How many do they number ? Six. Middle 
 States? Five. Lake States? Five. 
 
 Put the Eastern, Middle, and Lake 
 States together, and what group do they 
 form? Tlio Northern States. 
 
 IJow many do the Northern States 
 nnraber? Sixteen. Southern States? 
 Ten. North-Western States? Six. South- 
 western States? Four. 
 
 Put the North-Western and South-West- 
 ern States together, and what group do 
 they form ? Tho Western States. 
 
 How many do the Western States num- 
 ber? Ten. 
 
 Put the Northern, Southern, and West- 
 ern States together, end what group do 
 they form ? The Atlantic States. 
 
 How many do the Atlantic States num- 
 ber? Thirty-six. 
 
 Read the names of Northern Pacific 
 States. How many do thoy number? 
 Four. 
 
 Read the names of Southern Pacific 
 States. How many do they number? Six. 
 
 Put tho Northern Pacific and tho 
 Southern Pacific States together, and 
 what group do they form ? Tho Pacific 
 States. 
 
 How many do tho Pacific States num- 
 ber t Ten. 
 
 Put the Atlantic and the Pacific States 
 together, and what do they form? The 
 United State-:. 
 
 How many do the United States num- 
 ber? Fortv-six. 
 
 LESSON II. 
 
 Territories. 
 
 The four States between Minnesota and 
 'the Pari fie Ocean are still Territories. 
 Read their names. 
 
 The two between Texas and California 
 are still Territories. Read their names. 
 
 One between Colorado and Nevada is 
 still a Territory. Read its name. 
 
 Tho one north and tho one south of 
 , Kansas are still Territories. Their names. 
 
 How many are still Territories? Nino. 
 
 How many States aro not Territories? 
 Thirty-seven. 
 
 Names. 
 
 What three names of States begin with 
 A? What five with 0? Two with D! 
 What one with F? One with G? Five 
 with I? Two with K? One with L? 
 Eight with M? Six with N? Two with 
 O? One with P? One with R? Two 
 with T? One with U? Two with V? 
 Three with W? 
 
 How many do these number in all ? 
 
 The Border. 
 
 Point mo out Rritisli America. Tho 
 Canadas. The Atlantic Ocean. Tho Gulf 
 of Mexico. Mexico. The Pacific Ocean. 
 
 What States border on Briti.sh America? 
 On the Canadas? On tho Atlantic Oce.an ? 
 On the Gulf of Mexico? On Mexico? 
 On thu Pacific Ocean ? 
 
 Directions. 
 
 Put your finger on tho source of each 
 of tho following rivers, and tell tho direc- 
 tion of its mouth : The Mississippi. Tho 
 Missouri. XJ>e Rio Grande. The Ohio. 
 The Platte. The Kansas. The Arkansas. 
 
 33 
 
MEXICO Aisri:) ckxtral amkuica. 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 Countries, Cities, Isthmuses, Strait, 
 
 I will spell tlic iiaiiK'S of tlicse, aiul you 
 may pronounco tlicm. 
 
 I will pronounce the names, and you 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and point 
 out the places as I name them. 
 Journeys. 
 
 Trace the course of a steamer from iho 
 north-west corner of the map to Cape St. 
 Lucas. 
 
 From Cape St. Lucas to each of the fol- 
 lowing places, separately : To Guaymas. 
 To Mazatlan. To Manzanillo. To Aca- 
 pulco. 
 
 From Acapulco to the following places : 
 To San Juan del Sur. To Panama. 
 
 TrRce the course of a steamer from 
 Greytown to the north-west corner of the 
 map. From Aspinwall to the Atlantic 
 Ocean. 
 
 What route from the Pacific States to 
 the Atlantic States is that which passes 
 through San Juan del Sur ? The " Nica- 
 ragua " route. 
 
 What route passes through Aspinwall ? 
 The "Panama" route. 
 Definitions. 
 
 Is a Strait a narrow neck of land con- 
 necting two larger bodies of land ? No — 
 that is an Isthmus. 
 
 What is a Strait? A neck of water 
 connecting two larger bodies of water. 
 
 What is a Channel ? A wide Strait. 
 
 What Strait on the map? 
 
 What bodies of water docs it connect f 
 
 What Channel on the map ? 
 
 What bodies of water docs it connect t 
 
 LESSON II. 
 
 Islands, Isthmuses Sea, Qulf, and Bays. 
 
 I will spell the names of these, and you 
 may prououuee them. 
 
 I will pronounce the najnes, and you 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and point 
 out the places as I name them. 
 
 Definitions. 
 
 What is an Isthmus? A neck of land 
 connecting two larger bodies of land. 
 
 What two Isthmuses on the map ? 
 
 Which looks the wider? 
 
 What bodies of water does the Isthmus 
 of Panama separate? The Isthmus of 
 Tchuantepec ? 
 
 What bodies of land does the Isthmus 
 of Tehnantcpcc connect? Parts of Mex- 
 ico. The Isthmus of Panama? Parts of 
 New Granada. 
 
 Is a Sea land, or water ? 
 
 How does it compare in size with other 
 bodies of water? It is next iu size to an 
 Ocean. 
 
 What, then, is a Sea? The body of wa- 
 ter next in size to an Ocean. 
 
 What bodies of water nearly surround 
 Yucatan ? 
 
 If Yucatan is a bo<ly of hind nearly 
 surrounded by water, what is it called ? 
 A Peninsula. 
 
 What bodies of water nearly surround 
 Lower California? 
 
 If Lower California is nearly surround- 
 ed by water what is it called ? 
 
 With what mainland is Yucatan con- 
 nected ? 
 
 Is it connected by on Isthmus ? No. 
 
 86 
 
IS^ORTH AJVIEKICA 
 
NOIiTlI AMKKICA. 
 
 LESSON 1. LESSON II. 
 
 Countries^ Capitals, Islands, Mountains. 
 
 Capes, Isthmus, Lakes, Gulfs, Bays, d.c. 
 
 I will spell the names of these, ami you 
 
 I will spell the names of these, and you 
 
 may pronounce them. 
 
 may pronounce them. 
 
 I w-ill pronounce the names, and you 
 
 I will pronounce the names, and you 
 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and point 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and point 
 
 out the places as I name them. 
 
 out the places as I name them. 
 
 I will name the States, and you may 
 read the Capitals. 
 
 Journeys. 
 
 I will name tlie Capitals, and you may 
 
 Through what waters would a fish swim 
 
 read tlie States. 
 
 from Winnipeg Lake to the Caribbean Sea^ 
 
 Directions. 
 
 Put your finger on each Island, in turn, 
 and tell tlie directions of other Islands. 
 
 From Hathn's Bay to Lake Superior ? 
 Over wiiat countries would a bird fly from 
 Russian America to the Isthmus of 
 Darien? ^V /V 
 
 Definitions. 
 
 V^ 
 
 What word, in geography, means the 
 
 Definitions. i 
 
 same as Large? Grand. 
 
 Is a Lake land, or water? 
 
 What word means tiie same as Part? 
 
 Is it water wholly surrounded by land, 
 
 Division. 
 
 or partly? 
 
 What, then, docs Grand Division mean? 
 
 Wliat do we call a body of water partly 
 
 Large Part. 
 
 surrounded by land? A (lulf, or Hay. 
 
 North America is a Grand Division of 
 
 What is the point called where a River 
 
 what? The Earth. 
 
 begins? Its source. 
 
 What are the other Grand Divisions? 
 
 Where it ends? Its mouth. 
 
 Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America. 
 
 What does a River do at its source? 
 
 What is a Range, or Chain, of Moun- 
 
 Rises. 
 
 tains? Many Mountains standing side by 
 
 What does it do at its mouth ? Empties. 
 
 side. 
 
 Is a River standing water, or flowing ? 
 
 What Range of Mountains on the map ? 
 
 Does a River flow from its source to its 
 
 Is it an Island, or a Peninsula, that is 
 
 mouth, or from its mouth to its source? 
 
 wliolly surrounded by water? 
 
 Docs water flow down hill, or up hill ? 
 
 What is a Peninsula ? 
 
 Is it down hill, or >ip hill, from the source 
 
 What Peninsula on the map ? 
 
 to the mouth of a River? 
 
 What bodies of water nearly surround it? 
 
 How do you know it must be down hill ? 
 
 Name some Island on the map. 
 
 When men make a river, by digging, 
 
 What bodies of water surround it? 
 
 what is it called ? A Caoal. 
 
 31 
 
SOUTH JLMERICA 
 
 ■^ageaan strai* 
 
 \Terra del Puefo 
 
 Island 
 
 'Cnpe ITom, 
 
SOUTH AMKUIOA. 
 
 LESSON 1. LESSON 11. 
 
 Countries and Capitals. 
 
 lathmns, Mountains, Island, Cape, &c. 
 
 I will spell the names of these, and you 
 
 I will spell the names of these, and you 
 
 may pronounce them. 
 
 may pronounce them. 
 
 I will pronounce tlie names, and you 
 
 I will pronounce the names, and you 
 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 Ilold your maps facing me, and point 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and point 
 
 out the places as I name them. 
 
 out the places as I name them. 
 
 I will name the Countries, and you may 
 
 Locations. 
 
 read the Capitals. 
 
 I will name the Capitals, and you may 
 read the Countries. 
 
 To wlint Country does the Isthmus of 
 Darien belong ? 
 
 To which docs Capo ITorn belong? 
 
 Directions. 
 
 Between what two countries does the 
 
 Put your finger on Bogota, and tell the 
 
 Amazon flow? The Parana? The Rio 
 
 directions of the other Capitals. 
 
 dela Plata? 
 
 Put your finger on the centre of Bolivia, 
 
 Between what two countries do the 
 
 and tell the directions of the centres of 
 
 Andes lie? Through what others do 
 
 the other countries. 
 
 they extend? 
 
 Dimensions. 
 
 What large Country ? "What small one ? 
 What long River ? What short one? 
 What long Mountain Range? What 
 
 Definitions. 
 
 What Isthmus on the map ? What Strait? 
 
 Which island, and which is water? 
 • Which connects bodies of land, and 
 which connects boilics of water? 
 
 shorter one ? 
 
 Which separates bodies of land, and 
 
 Definitions. 
 
 which separates bodies of water ? 
 
 What does a star stand for, on the map t 
 
 What bodies of land does the Isthmus 
 
 A Capital City. 
 
 of Darien connect? What waters does it 
 
 What are made at a Capital City ? Laws 
 
 separate ? 
 
 for the Country. 
 
 What bmlies of w.ater does the Strait of 
 
 What is one law whicli is always made? 
 
 Magellan connect ? What lands does it 
 
 Not to steal. 
 
 separate ? 
 
 Where do the people of Ecuador make 
 
 What is a Mountain? A point of land 
 
 laws? 
 
 reaching up towards the sky. 
 
 What people make their laws at Carac- 
 
 Many Mountains, in a long row, form 
 
 cas ? 
 
 what? A Range, or Chain. 
 
 What is an Empire ? A kind of Country. 
 
 What other body of land forms a point ? 
 
 Who rules an Empire ? An Emperor. 
 
 A Cape. 
 
 39 
 
EUROPK. 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 Countries and Capitals. 
 
 I will spell the names of these, and you 
 may pronounce them. 
 
 I will pronounce the names, and you 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and point 
 out the places as I name them. 
 
 I will name the Countries, and you may 
 read the Capitals. 
 
 I will name the Capitals, and you may 
 read the Countries. 
 
 DirectLous. 
 
 Put your finger on London, and name 
 some Capital City lying North-east of it. 
 Lying East. Lying South-east. Lying 
 South-west. Lying Nortli-west. 
 
 Put your finger on Constantinople, and 
 name some Capital City lying North of 
 it. Lying North-west. Lying West. 
 
 Dimensions. 
 
 Name some large country. Name some 
 small one. Name two countries of nearly 
 the same size. 
 
 Definitions. 
 
 Between what countries do yon find a 
 Strait? 
 
 "What bodies of water does this Strait 
 connect? 
 
 Spell from tlio map, and pronounce the 
 name of this Strait. 
 
 Do the same with the name of another 
 Strait. 
 
 What bodies of water does this other 
 Strait connect ? 
 
 What Countries does it separate ? 
 
 LESSON M. 
 
 Mountains, Islands, Seas, Guliis^ Ac. 
 
 I will spell the names of these, and you 
 may pronounce them. 
 
 I will pronounce the names, and you 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 Uuld your maps facing me, and point 
 out tlio places as I name them. 
 
 Directions. 
 
 Put your finger on the Black Sea, and 
 tell the direction of the White Sea. On 
 the Baltic, and tell the direction of the 
 Adriatic. On the Wliito Sea, and toll the 
 direction of Iceland. On Corsica, and tell 
 the direction of the Black Sea. 
 Definitions. 
 
 A Mountain is a point of land reaching 
 up into what? The clouds, or sky. 
 
 A Capo is a point of land reaching oat 
 into what? The water. 
 
 What other name is given to a Capo? 
 A Point. 
 
 By what is an L«land surrounded ? 
 Water. 
 
 What b(Mly of water surrounds Ice- 
 land? 
 
 By what is a I.ako surrounded ? JjumI. 
 
 Is a Country a hmly of land, or of 
 water ? 
 
 What land surrounds Lake I^adoga ? 
 
 Is a Sea salt water, or fresh ? 
 
 Is a Sea larger, or smaller, than an 
 Ocean ? 
 
 Is a Bay land reaching into the water, 
 or water reacliing into the land ? 
 
 Is a Gulf like a Bay, or like a River? 
 
 What is a p«»int of land reaching into 
 the water called ? A Cape. 
 
 41 
 
ASIA, 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 LESSON II. 
 
 Countries and Capitals. 
 
 I will spell the niiiiies of these, and 
 yon may pronounce them. 
 
 I will pronounco the names, and you 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and point 
 out the places as I name them. 
 
 I will name the Countries^ and you may 
 read the Capitals. 
 
 I will name the Capitals, and you may 
 read the Countries. 
 Directiona. 
 
 Put your finger on some country, and 
 name some other country north of it. On 
 some country, and name one east of it. 
 On anotlier, and name one south of it. 
 On another, and name one west of it. 
 Dimensions. 
 
 Name some large country on the map. 
 Name some small country. Name a mid- 
 dle-sized country. 
 Definitions. 
 
 Point me out an Isthmus on the map. 
 
 Spell and pronounce the name of this 
 Isthmus. 
 
 What boilies of land does this Isthmus 
 connect ? 
 
 What bodies of water does it separate 7 
 
 What is an Isthmus sometimes called ? 
 A Neck. 
 
 What, then, is an Isthmus? A narrow- 
 neck of land, connecting two larger bodies 
 of land. 
 
 IIow could you make the waters of the 
 Mediterranean and the Ile<l Seas flow to- 
 gether? By digging a Canal acroM the 
 Isthmus of Suez. 
 
 Mountsdns, Islands, Oceans, Gulfs, <Lc. 
 
 I will spell the names of llies*;, and you 
 may pronounce them. 
 
 I will pronounco the names, and you 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and point 
 out tlie places a.s I name them. 
 
 Journeys. 
 
 Through what waters would a fish swim 
 from the Arctic Ocean to the Bay of Ben- 
 gal? 
 
 Through what countries must a man 
 ride to go straight from Anam to Turkey ? 
 Definitions. 
 
 Name some Sea on the map. 
 
 Is a Sea land, or water ? 
 
 Are Seas the largest bodies of water, or 
 next to the largest? 
 
 What are the largest bodies of water ? 
 
 What Oceans on the map? 
 
 Name some Bay on the map. 
 
 Is a Bay water wholly surrounded by 
 land, or partly? 
 
 What is water wholly surrounded by 
 land ? A Lake. 
 
 Name some Island on the map. 
 
 What are many Islands near together 
 called ? A Group. 
 
 What Group of Islands on the map ? 
 
 What Sea lies between a Group of 
 Islands and the mainland ? 
 
 Is Ceylon wholly surrounded by water, 
 or partly? 
 
 Is Arabia wholly surrounded by water, 
 or partly? 
 
 Which is a Peninsula, and which is an 
 Island ? 
 
 43 
 
AFRICA 
 
 Cqgfi of G-oo^Oage 
 
AFRICA. 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 Countries and Capitals. 
 
 I will spell the names of these, and you 
 may pronounce them. 
 
 I will pronounce tlio napies, and you 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and point 
 out the places as I name them. 
 
 I will name the Countries, and you may 
 read the Capitals. 
 
 I will name the Capitals, and you may 
 road the Countries. 
 Directions. 
 
 Put your finger on Liberia. Name some 
 country North. North-east. East. 
 
 Put your finger on Egypt. Name some 
 country South. South-west. West. 
 
 Definitions. 
 
 Point me out a Desert on the map. 
 
 How many names lias this Desert ? Two. 
 
 Spell and pronounce (from the map) the 
 first name. 
 
 Spell and pronounce (from the map) the 
 second name. 
 
 Is a Desert land, or water? 
 
 Is it a place where mucii rain falls, or 
 little ? Little. 
 
 If little rain falls, will there bo few 
 springs, or many ? 
 
 If there are few springs, will there bo 
 enough water for plants, or too little? 
 
 If there is little water, will there be 
 many plants, or few ? 
 
 If there is little water, and few plants, 
 in the Desert, can many peoj)le live tliere, 
 or only a few? 
 
 If there are few people, will there be 
 many cities? 
 
 LESSON II. 
 
 Straits, Channel, Oceans, Rivers, &c. 
 
 I will spell the names of these, and you 
 may pronounce them. 
 
 I will pronounce the names, and you 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 Hold your maps lacing me, and point 
 out the places as I name them. 
 
 Journeys. 
 
 Through what countries would a man 
 pass in walking along the shore of the 
 Mediterranean Sea? The Red Sea? Tiio 
 Indian Ocean? The Atlantic Ocean? 
 Definitioos. 
 
 What bodies of land are pointed ? Capes 
 and Moutitains. 
 
 The point of a Mountain reaches where? 
 Into the sky, or clouds. 
 
 The point of a Cape reaches where ? 
 Into the water. 
 
 What other name given to a Capo ? A 
 Point. 
 
 Many mountains side by side form 
 what? A Chain, or Range. 
 
 What Cape on the map ? What Range 
 of Moimtains? 
 
 What do wo call a long and narrow 
 body of flowing water ? .V River. 
 
 What is the point called where a River 
 begins? Where it ends ? 
 
 Docs it rise at the mouth, or at tlio 
 source? What does it do at its mouth ? 
 
 Docs a river flow from the source to the 
 mouth, or from tho mouth to the source? 
 
 Does water flow down hill, or up hill ? 
 
 Which way is up hill ; from tho source 
 to tho mouth, or from tho mouth to tho 
 Bonrce ? 
 
 46 
 
^<^^^^p^ 
 
WKSTERTsT HEMISPHKRE. 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 Grand Divisions, Islands, Cape. 
 
 I will .•ipfll the naiiiea of thest', and yon 
 may pronounce them. 
 
 I will pronounce tl»o names, and you 
 may spell them from your maps. 
 
 Hold your maps facing mc, and point 
 out the places as I namo them. 
 
 Definitions. 
 
 What is the Earth? TIjo planet on 
 which we live. 
 
 What is a planet? A kind of star. 
 
 "Where do yon see the stars? Is the 
 Earth like one of them ? 
 
 Suppose there are people on the stars, 
 what do they say when they IfKik at us? 
 "There's a star." 
 
 "What is the shape of tlic earth ? Round. 
 
 Is it round like an ornnce, like a ring, 
 like a piece of money, or like a lead-pencil ? 
 
 What do we call the shape of an orange? 
 A globe, or sphere. 
 
 What does hemi mean ? Half. 
 
 "VThat is a hemi-sphere ? A half-globe. 
 
 How would you cut an orange, to get 
 two pieces shaped like hemi-spheres ? Cut 
 it in two in the mid«lle. 
 
 What is the Western Hemisphere ? The 
 western half of the Earth. 
 
 "What is the Eastern Hemisphere? Tlic 
 eastern half of the Earth. 
 
 What Grand Divisions of the Earth in 
 the Western llemi.«»phere? 
 
 How are these two Grand Dirisions con- 
 nected ? 
 
 Put these two Grand Divisions t^)gethcr, 
 and what are they called ? Tlic Wertcrn 
 Continent. 
 
 LESSON II. 
 
 Oceans, Bay.i, Rivers, Mountains, Ac. 
 
 I will spell the names of these, and you 
 may pronounce them. 
 
 I will pronounce the names, and you 
 may spell theni from your nmps. 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and point 
 out the places as I namo them. 
 
 DefinitioQa 
 
 What does Grand mean ? I^i^e. 
 
 What d(K?s Division mean? Part. 
 
 What does Grand Division mean? 
 
 North America is a Grand Division of 
 what? The Earth. 
 
 What other Grand Division in this Hemi- 
 sphere ? 
 
 Are these joined together, or sc-parate ? 
 
 By what waters are they snrronndcil? 
 
 Connected Grand Divisions, surrounded 
 by water, form what? A G>ntinent. 
 
 North and South America fonn what 
 Continent ? The Western. 
 
 What four Oceans in the Western Ilerai- 
 sjdjere ? 
 
 What two great mountain ranges in tlio 
 Western llcmis[there ? 
 
 What two great rivers in this Hemi- 
 spliere? 
 
 What Island gronp between North and 
 Sonth America? 
 
 What Capo at the Bonthem end of South 
 America ? 
 
 What great Bay in North America T 
 
 What four Island groups in the Pacific 
 Ocean ? 
 
 What Island e«.^ of North America ? 
 
 What Strait between North America 
 and A>ia? 
 
 47 
 
c-s^SSS^p^),, 
 
EASTERN^ HEMISPHERE. 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 Grand Diviaions and Islands. 
 
 I will epell the names of these, nnd you 
 inav pronounce them. 
 
 I will pronounce the names, and you may 
 spell thorn from your maps. 
 
 Hold your ma[»3 facing me, and jioint out 
 the places as I name them. 
 
 Directiona. 
 
 Put your finger on Mailagascar, and tell 
 the directions of the Grand Divisions, and 
 of the other Islands. 
 
 Definitions. 
 
 What is a Grand Division? A large 
 part of the Earth. 
 
 What throe Grand Divisions in the 
 Eastern Ilemispherc ? Europe, Asia, and 
 Africa. 
 
 What do we call several connected Grand 
 Divisions, surrounded by water ? A Con- 
 tinent. 
 
 Europe, Asi;i, and Africa together form 
 wliat Continent? Tlie Eastern Continent. 
 
 What Continent in the Western Hemi- 
 sphere ? 
 
 IIow many Continents in the whole 
 Eartii? Two. 
 
 Wliat are their names? 
 
 What Grand Divisions does each con- 
 tain ? 
 
 What immense island in the Eastern 
 Hemisphere? Au.stralio. 
 
 Wiiat other division of land is Australia 
 sometimes said to bo? A Continent. 
 
 What other division, still, is it some- 
 times said to constitute? A Grand Di- 
 vision. 
 
 LESSON II. 
 
 Oceans, MouuL.uii3, Seas, Rivers, Cape. 
 
 I will spoil the names of these, and you 
 may pronounce them. 
 
 I will pronounce the names, ami you 
 may si)oll them from your inaj)!i. 
 
 Hold your maps facing me, and point 
 out the places as I name them. 
 Definitions. 
 
 What is something that is a kind of star ? 
 A planet. 
 
 On what planet do we live ? The Earth. 
 
 What is the Earth shajtcd like? An 
 orange. 
 
 What name do wo give to this shape? 
 A globe, or sphere. What is half a globe 
 called ? A hemispiiero. 
 
 What is the western half of the Earth 
 called? The Western lIemisi)iioro. 
 
 What is the eastern half of the Eartli 
 called? The Eastern nemisi)here. 
 
 The names of what three Grand Divisions 
 in tlie Eastern Hemisphere begin with A? 
 
 What other Grand Division there? 
 
 What single Grand Division forms a 
 Continent? AustnOia. 
 
 What two Grand Divisions form a Con- 
 tinent? North and South America. 
 
 What three Grand Divisions form a Con- 
 tinent ? Europe, .Vsia, and .\frioa. 
 
 Is a Grand Division land, or water? 
 
 Is a Continent land, or water ? 
 
 Docs a Hemisphere embrace lanil only, 
 or water also? 
 
 What five Oceans in the Eastern Hemi- 
 sphere ? 
 
 Which of these Oceans is not found in 
 the Western Hemisphere? 
 
 ■10 
 
PRONUNCIATIONS. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Acapulco ; ak-kah-pool'ko. 
 
 Comorin; kom'o-rin. 
 
 Afghanistan ; af-gan-is'tan. 
 
 Conception ; kon-sep'shun. 
 
 Albuquerque ; al-boo-kerk. 
 
 
 Altai ; al-ti'. 
 
 Da-ko'ta. 
 
 Amoor ; ah-raoor' 
 
 Dalles; dalz. 
 
 Ar-kan'sas. 
 
 Des Moines ; de moin'. 
 
 Assumption ; as-siimp'shun. 
 
 Diablo; de-ab'lo. 
 
 
 Dubuque ; du-book'. 
 
 Ba-ha'ma, 
 
 
 Baton Rouge ; bat'on roozh. 
 
 Ecuador ; ek'wah-dor. 
 
 Beloocbistan ; bel-oo-chis'tan. 
 
 Edinburgh ; ed'in-b&r-riih. 
 
 Bengal ; ben-gawl'. 
 
 
 Benicia ; be-nisli'ya. 
 
 Fezzan; fez-zahn'. 
 
 Bogota; bo-go-tah'. 
 
 
 Boise; boyce. 
 
 Gila; hee'lah. 
 
 Bor'ne-o. 
 
 Granada ; grah-nah'da. 
 
 Brazos; brali'zos. 
 
 Guaymas; gwi'mas. 
 
 Buenos Ayres ; bo'nos a'riz. 
 
 Guiana; ghe-ah'nah. 
 
 
 Guinea; ghin'ne. 
 
 Cairo (Egypt) ; ki'ro. 
 
 
 Cafion; kan'yon. 
 
 Himalaya; him-a-la'a. 
 
 Caraccas; ka-rak'kas. 
 
 Hin-do-stan'. 
 
 Caribbean ; kar-rib-bee'an. 
 
 
 Caucasus ; kaw'kah-sus. 
 
 I'da-ho. 
 
 Celebes ; sel'e-bez. 
 
 
 Ceylon ; se-l6n'. 
 
 Java; jah'va. 
 
 Chili; chil'lee. 
 
 Jedo; jed'o. 
 
 Chuquisaca; choo-ke-sah'kah. 
 
 
 Cirabebas ; siin-bay'bas. 
 
 Khartoom; kar-toom'. 
 
 50 
 
PRONITNCIATIOiS^S. 
 
 
 
 Madeira; ma-day'rah. 
 
 San Bernardino; san ber-nar-dee'no. 
 
 Manzanillo ; man-za-nil'lo. 
 
 San Bias; san bhiss. 
 
 Mazatlan ; maz-at-lan'. 
 
 San Diego ; san de-a'go. 
 
 Jlesilla ; me-sil'la. 
 
 San Jose ; san ho-say'. 
 
 Messina; mes-seo'nah. 
 
 San Leaiidro ; san lay-an'dro. 
 
 Montana; nion-tah'na. 
 
 San Pablo; san pah'blo. 
 
 Monterey ; mon-ter-i'. 
 
 San Juan del Sur ; san waun del soor'. 
 
 Mon-te-vld'c-o. 
 
 Santa Cruz; san ' tali kroos. 
 
 Mozambitiue ; mo-zam-beek'. 
 
 Santa Fe ; san'ta-fay. 
 
 
 Santiago; san-te-ali'go. 
 
 Napa; nap'a. 
 
 Soodan ; soo-dalin'. 
 
 Nevada; ne-vali'dah. 
 
 Stockholm; stok'liulm. 
 
 New Orleans ; nu or'le-ttn*. 
 
 Suisun ; soo-i-soon'. 
 
 Nicaragua; nik-ar-ali'gwah. 
 
 Sumatra; soo-inah'tra. 
 
 Obe; o'bee. 
 
 Teekalet; tee-kay'let. 
 
 Olympia ; o-liin'pe-a. 
 
 Teheran; teh-her-ahn'. 
 
 Owhyee ; o-wi'ee. 
 
 Tehuantepec ; tay-waun'tah-pek. 
 
 Pannma ; pan-a-mali'. 
 
 Paraguay ; pairrah-gwi. 
 
 Pecos; pay'koce. 
 
 Po'kin. 
 
 Petalnma; pet-a-loo'mah. 
 
 Terra del Fuego ; tcr'ra del fu-ee'go. 
 Tocantins; to- kan -teens'. 
 Tripoli ; trip'o-le. 
 Tucson ; took'siin. 
 
 Tulare ; too-lah'rc. 
 
 Philippine ; fil'lip-pin. 
 Prussia: prooshya. 
 Pyrenees; pir'e-ueez. 
 
 Ural ; yoo'ral. 
 Uruguay ; oo'roo-gwi. 
 Utali; yoo'taw. 
 
 Quito; kee'to. 
 
 
 
 Vancouver's ; van-koo'verz. 
 
 Reyes ; raiz. 
 
 Venezuela ; ven-ez-way'la. 
 
 Rio Grande (N. A.); ri'o grand. 
 
 Vera Cruz; vcr'ah krooz. 
 
 Rio Janeiro ; ri'o ja-nay'ro. 
 
 Vienna; ve-en'na. 
 
 Russia; roosh'ya. 
 
 
 
 Walla Walla ; wol'la wol'la. 
 
 Sabine ; Rali-l>cen'. 
 
 
 Sahara; sah-hah'rah. 
 
 Yreka; wi-re'ka. 
 
 61 
 
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