. ,•* ■■', - '.'.''if' 
 
 ■B5UHf7-,Tr^',SC 
 
 
 COMBINED COURSES IN 
 ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL 
 
 WO] 
 
 aRPORT FROM A COMMITTBB 
 OP INDIANA UNIVERSITY 
 APPOINTED UNDER INSTRUCTION 
 FROM THE ASSOCIATION OF 
 
 AMFnir-Av rviVT-T-.vrrr} ^ 
 
■> 
 
 \^ 
 
COMBINED COURSES IN ACADEMIC AND 
 PROFESSIONAL WORK 
 
 The origin of tliis report is stated in the letter below, which was sent by Prewident 
 William L. Bryan, of Indiana University, under date of March 21, 1910, to the Presidents 
 of the Universities belonging to the Association of American Universities. The state- 
 ments submitted for verification with the letters referred only to combined courseK in I>aw 
 and Medicine, as these were the subjects iniinediately under discussion; other combina- 
 tions of professional and academic work were regarded us outside the scope of the present 
 inquiry. 
 
 The letter of inquiry was as follows: 
 
 "At the Madison meeting of the Association of American Universi- 
 ties, Indiana University was directed to prepare a report for the next 
 meeting of the Association upon those combined courses in which pro- 
 fessional work is allowed to count toward the degree of A.B. or B.S. 
 As a first step in its work, our Committee wislies to determine the pres- 
 ent practice of the Universities belonging to the Association. We 
 shall be obliged, if you will request one of your <^cers to examine the 
 enclosed .statement, quoted or summarized from your catalogue, and 
 report to us whether tliis gives a satisfactory statement of your present 
 rules and practice. If not, we should be glad to have a corrected state- 
 ment." 
 
 The statements confinued and corrected by the replies to the letter are pn'nented in 
 Part I of this report, and, in a few cases, where the letters received were explanatory and 
 .ser\ed to make the facts of the situation clearer, the letters themselves are appended. 
 
 In addition to the letter, the following questionnaire was sent out: 
 
 I. The shortening of the Arts-professional course. 
 
 (a) Should professional courses in I>aw. Mcdicin •, Kngimering and the hke, be 
 allowed to count toward two degrees — the Bachelor's degree in the Col- 
 lege of Liberal Arts, and a degree in one of the f)rofessional colleger of 
 the University.'' 
 
 (6) If so, how nuich work should be allowed to count in this way.'' 
 
 (r) Assuming the adoption of this plan in some form, would you a|>provt the us« 
 of B.S. or some other Bachelor's degree inst-cad of A.B.? 
 
 (d) Remarks. 
 
 3SM85 
 
j2 report on combined courses 
 
 II. Character of viie v^oilegiate work in the combined Arts-professional course. 
 
 (a) Should the collegiate (pre-professional) work of those who take a combined 
 
 Arts-professional course be prescribed so as to require specific prepara- 
 tion for the professional work which is to follow? 
 
 (b) Or should the collegiate work of such students be prescribed so as to prevent 
 
 such preparatory professional work in college in the interest of general 
 training ? 
 
 (c) Remarks. 
 
 III. Character of the Professional work in the combined Arts-professonal course. 
 
 (a) Two types of work are offered in the professional schools, sometimes slightly, 
 sometimes widely, different. On the one hand there is work which is imme- 
 diately applicable in professional practice. On the other hand there is 
 work which is primarily theoretical and often remote from immediate ap- 
 plicability. Passing by the superficial controversj^ as to the respective 
 values of the two and assuming the necessity of both in due order, it has 
 been suggested that only courses of the second type should be credited 
 towards the Arts degree. 
 What is your judgment upon the point .? 
 ( 6 ) Remarks. 
 
 The opinions expressed in regard to these questions are given in Part II of this report. 
 
IX ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL WORK 
 
 PART I 
 
 STATEMENTS OF THE UNIVERSITIES* 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 •'For admission to the course in Jurisprudence in the Academic collef;res, leading to 
 the bachelor's de<rrce (A.B., B.L., or B.S.) at the end of the first y^^'^r, and to the defifree 
 of Juris Doctor at the end of the third year. Senior standinf; in the College of Letters, 
 Social Sciences, or Natural Sciences is required. The same privileges are open to regular 
 students in Senior standing in the College of Commerce, provided they have completed at 
 least six units of matriculation or College Latin." 
 
 ''Students in the Colleges of Letters, Social Sciences, or Natural Sciences who have 
 received the Junior Certificate and who, in addition to the work for the Junior Certifi- 
 cate, have completed a full year of work in the Upper Division, may, at the beginning of 
 their fourth or Senior year in the LTniversity, register as students in the ('ollege of 
 Medicine and, upon completion of the first year in the College of Medicine, may receive 
 the degree of A.B., B.L., or B.S. Students who enter the College of Medicine in ac- 
 cordance with the foregoing provision will be expected normally to have completed 94 
 units of University work in the academic departments, including such work in major 
 courses a.s may be acceptable to the Faculty of the College in which the student proposes 
 to take his academic degree." — Circular of Information, November, 1909, pp. JfG, 81-8^. 
 (Corrected to date.) 
 
 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA 
 
 According to Announcements of the Undercrraduate Department, 1909-1910, pages 
 5-7, the following subjects, among others, may be biken a.s elcctives in courses leading 
 to the degree of Bachelor of Arts: 
 
 Organic Chemistry, 180 hours. 
 
 Quantitative Analysis, 90 hours. 
 
 Special Chemistry, 180 hours. 
 
 I^aw, 180 hours. 
 
 •Note: Responses were received from all the ['niversities to which the letter was addressed, ex- 
 cept from tht" Catholic University of America. 
 
4 BEPOET ON COMBINED COUESES 
 
 After the list of electives the following statement occurs : 
 
 "In making their selections of these elective courses students will be governed by the 
 ultimate professional or other purposes which they may have in view, and will act under the 
 advice and general direction of their instructors in order to secure the most rapid progress 
 and greatest efficiency in their respective studies. Aspirants to future professional degrees 
 may thus, in some cases, save a year or more of the time usually occupied in obtaining such 
 degrees." 
 
 It should be noted that the hours mentioned above represent actual recitation or 
 lecture hours, and, if reduced to the conventional credit hours. 180 such actual recita- 
 tion hours equal 10 semester hours, or 15 term hours. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 
 
 ^'Admission to the Laxv School. Admission to the Law School as candidates for the 
 degree of J.D. is granted : 
 
 "1. To college graduates whose degrees represent college work equivalent to twenty- 
 seven majors (three years) in the University. 
 
 "2. To students who have completed in the University or elsewhere twenty-seven 
 majors (three years) of college work. Credit will be given for acceptable work done in 
 other institutions of collegiate rank. Before receiving the degree of J.D. such students 
 must obtain from the University or from some other approved institution an academic 
 degree, and are permitted to count toward this one year of law. The requirements for 
 academic degrees will be found below, under 'Degrees' :" 
 
 "Academic Degrees. — The University confers the degree of A.B., Ph.B., or S.B. 
 upon law students admitted to candidacy for the degree of J.D. who have completed nine 
 majors (one year) of work in the Law School, and, in addition to the admission requirements 
 to a Junior College, have satisfied one of the following requirements : 
 
 "(a) Students who have pursued all their college work in the University must com- 
 plete the coui'ses prescribed for the college in which they are registered. 
 
 "(6) Students admitted to the University with less than eighteen majors (two years) 
 of credit from other colleges must make up the deficiency below eighteen majors by tak- 
 ing prescribed college work for wliich the}' have not credit; above eighteen majors, pre- 
 legal courses may be taken to satisfy any further deficiencies in prescribed work, except 
 English. 
 
 "(c) Students admitted to the University with at least eighteen majors (two years) 
 of credit from other colleges are required to complete only enough college work to give 
 them altogether twenty-seven majors, and may take pro-legal courses to satisfy any defi- 
 ciencies in prescribed work, except English. 
 
IN ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL WORK 5 
 
 **lf other than prc-lo^.il courses are taken to complete twenty -seven majors under (6) 
 and (c) above, they must consist of prescribed work to the extent of existing deficiencies in 
 this." 
 
 ^'"Requirfiuents for the Combined Course for the Deip-ee/t of S.B. and M.l). — Students 
 seekinijf a Baclielor's defijree (A.H.. IMi.H., or S.B.) from the University of Chicago, in con- 
 nection with the degree of M.D. from Rush Medical College, must comply with the estab- 
 lished regulations of the University prescribed for the courses leading to such degrees. As 
 the fundamental branches of the niedicnl curriculum are taught in the University, the stu- 
 dent may combine the course for a Bachelor's degree with that for the Medical degree, 
 electing as science courses those offered in the departments of Anatomy, Physiology, etc., 
 which are also courses in the medical curriculum. The prescribed work for these degrees is 
 indicated in the following bible: 
 
 Tot(d Requirements for the Baccalaureate Degrees 
 
 (Including preparatory and college work in both Junior and Senior Colleges. One preparatory unit is 
 
 counted as two Collcfte Majors, except ttiat there arc certain subjects whicli must be 
 
 taken in college rather than in a preparatory school.) 
 
 A.B. 
 
 Ph B. 
 (Lit.) 
 
 S.B. 
 
 Ph B. 
 
 (C.&A.) 
 
 Ed.B. 
 
 Philosophy, Psychology 
 
 History .... 
 
 Political Economy, Political Sci- 
 ence, History, Sociology 
 
 Greek 
 
 Latin 
 
 I^atin, French or (jerman 
 
 French or German 
 
 Kngiish 
 
 In a single department 
 
 Mathematics 
 
 Science 
 
 Mathcinatics or Science . 
 
 Klectives . . . , 
 
 Professional Group 
 
 Electives or Professional Group , 
 
 9 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 3 (or 4) 
 
 6 
 
 i 
 
 18 
 
 66 
 
 14 (or 13) 
 
 8 
 6 
 5 
 3 
 
 2 
 19 
 
 66 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 66 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 3 
 « 
 6 
 18 
 
 66 
 
 33 
 
 66 
 
 "While it is thus possible for one to secure a Bachelor's degree and the degree of 
 M.l). in from six to six and one-half years, every student should secure a more thorough 
 and comprehensive collegiate preparation if it is possible for him to do so." — Annual Reg- 
 ister, 1908-09, pp. ir,o-i-,L ion- 166. 
 
6 REPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 The following letters were returned with the foregoing extracts : 
 
 The University of Chicago,^ 
 
 April 11, 1910. j 
 Dear President Bryan: 
 
 President Judson referred the material enclosed in your letter of March 21 to the 
 appropriate Deans for attention. I am returning herewith your original statements, 
 together with a letter from Mr. C. B. Whit tier, Acting Dean of the Law School, and Dr. 
 John M. Dodson, Dean of the Medical School, giving their reports on the matter. 
 
 Yours very tiiily. 
 
 David A. Robertson, Secretary to the President. 
 
 The University of Chicago,"] 
 
 The Law School, > 
 
 April 7, 1910. J 
 Mr. D. A. Robertson, Secretary to the President: 
 
 Dear Mr. Robertson : I am returning to you the matter which you sent me concern- 
 ing President Bryan's inquiries. The statement that he has taken from the catalogue is 
 substantially correct. It might be summarized by saying that we allow one year of law 
 work to be counted both for the College Bachelor's degree and for the Law degree. We 
 also allow to a limited extent College courses such as History and Economics, which are 
 especially valuable for prospective lawyers, to be substituted for courses which are required 
 of most students. 
 
 Very sincerely yours, 
 
 C. B. Whittier, Acting Dean. 
 
 The University of Chicago, 1 
 
 The Medical Courses, ? 
 
 Chicago, April 11, 1910. J 
 My Dear Mr. Robertson: 
 
 I am returning the inquiry from President Bryan in reference to the combined 
 course for the Bachelor's degree and the degree of M.D. The statement which he quotes 
 from the circular of information, page 28, was very carefully drawn by Dean Barnes two 
 years ago and I think presents the situation as clearly and definitely as could be done in 
 tabulated form. I think attention might be called to the fact that great emphasis is laid 
 in correspondence with students on the fact that the tv/o years of college work which we 
 exact is absolutely the minimum and is by no means regarded as an ideal preparation for 
 the medical courses. It is designed to meet the needs of those students whose conditions, 
 especially in the matter of age, seem to make it impossible or undesirable for them to spend 
 
IN ACADEMIC AN'D PROFESSIONAL WORK 7 
 
 more than two years in collef]fiato preparatory work. A larjje percentaii^e of tlu- stu- 
 dents entering the medical courses (about 60 per cent, in 1908 09) had secured the 
 Bachelor's degree before beginning the study of medicine. 
 
 It might also be well to note that for the students entering frwu the usual high school 
 course the scientific work which is required in the junior colleges aggregates only seven 
 majors (Chenustry 4, Physics 2, Biology 1 ) li^iving the balance of eleven majors of iunior 
 college work to be taken in iion-scientiHc subjects. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 •John M. Dodson, Dean. 
 
 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 
 
 "'Options in the Professional Schools. — The following provisions apply alike to all 
 candidates for a degree: 
 
 "1. When 72 points* (including all prescribed work) have been made in Colum- 
 bia College, a student w ho wishes to enter upon his professional studies before graduation 
 from the College may exercise one of the following options: 
 
 "(rt) He may take the studies of the First Year of the Schools of Mines, Engineering, 
 and Chemistry, provided the courses previously taken by him fulfil the requirements for 
 admission to those schools; and may receive the degree of A.B. or B.S. upon the satis- 
 factory completion of two years' work in a professional course. 
 
 "No course counted toward the professional degree, however, with the exception of 
 Mathematics 3-4 and Physical Education A and B, may be included in the 72 point>* men- 
 tioned above. 
 
 (b) He may take the studies of the First Year of the College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons, provided he has previously taken in college (unless the equivalent has been 
 offered for admi.ssion) at lea.st one course in Chemistry, one in Physics, and one in Zool- 
 ogy; and may receive the degree of A.B. or B.S. upon the -satisfactory completion of 
 two 3'ears' work in this professional course. 
 
 "(r) He may take the studies of the First Year in the School of Fine Arts, priy- 
 vided the courses previously tjiken by him fulfil the requirements for adniLssion tx> that 
 school; and may receive the degree of A.B. or B.S. upon the satisfactory completion of 
 two years' work in a professional course. 
 
 "No course counted toward the professional degree, however, with the exception of 
 Mathematics 3-4, may l)e included in the 72 points mentioned above. 
 
 "2. When 94 points (including all prescribed work have been made, and of these 
 not less than 64 in Columbia College, a student who wishes to enter upon his profes.«iional 
 studies before graduation from the College may exercise one of the following options: 
 •For graduation 12t points arc required. A point equals a semester hour. See Catalogue, p. 199. 
 
8 REPOET ON COMBINED COUESES 
 
 "(a) He may take the studies of the First Year of School of Law; and may receive 
 the degree of A.B. or B.S. upon the satisfactory completion of one year's work in this 
 professional course. 
 
 "(6) He may become a candidate for a diploma in teaching offered by the Faculty 
 of Teachers College, in wliich case he must register therefor in Teachers College, pay 
 liis tuition fees to the Bursar of Teachers College and become subject to the educational 
 control of its faculty. Upon the satisfactory completion of one year's work in tliis 
 professional course he will receive the degree of A.B. or B.S. 
 
 "For particulars as to these several options the announcement of the proper profes- 
 sional school should be consulted. 
 
 "A student who exercises any one of the options here mentioned continues to be a stu- 
 dent of Columbia College and subject to the autliorit}' of its Dean, as long as he remains a 
 candidate' for the College degree." — Catalogue, 1909-10, pp. 194-195. 
 
 The following letter was received with the above extracts: 
 
 Columbia Univeesity, ^ 
 
 The College Committee on Insteuction, ? 
 
 New Yoek, March 28, 1910. J 
 
 President William. Lowe Bryan, Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind. : 
 
 My Deae Sie: At the request of President Butler I have examined the enclosed ex- 
 tracts from our University Announcements, dealing with the combined collegiate and pro- 
 fessional courses, and find them accurately quoted and descriptive of our present practice. 
 I may add, however, that though the student is formally authorized to transfer to the 
 School of Mines, Engineering and Chemistry after two years of College residence (the 
 equivalent of 72 points in purely College studies having been obtained), the majority pre- 
 fer to remain for three ^^ears in residence in the College, taking advantage of the profes- 
 sional option only in their Senior year. The studies of the first year in these professional 
 schools are non-technical in character, and are paralleled in regular College courses, so that 
 the student has the opportunity to take them as a College student and receive both the 
 collegiate and professional degrees in six years, three of which are devoted to purely Col- 
 lege w'ork, and three to professional study. 
 
 Trusting that this answers your inquiry, or that, if not, you will permit me to explain 
 further, I am, 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 Heney Bedingee Mitchell, 
 Chairman Committee on Instruction. 
 
IN ACADEMIC AN1> PHOKESSION AI, WORK 9 
 
 CORNELL UNRKKSITV 
 
 *'A student who h>is satisfied at least six terms of residence, no one of them under the 
 [)rovisions of paraij^raphs H or $3, and who has a credit of at least ninety hours, may. 
 \\U\\ th( piriiiissioii of the faculties concerned, be registered both in the College of Arts and 
 Sciences and also in anv other college of Cornell University." 
 
 *^ Admission of Students from the College of Arts ajid Sciences. — Seniors in good stand- 
 ing in the College of Art.s and Sciences of the University are allowed, with permission 
 of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and with the consent of the Faculty of Law in each 
 case, to take all or any part of their \\ork in the College of Law and count it towards grad- 
 uation in both colleges. Under this provision a student may coni})lete a course for the 
 degree of A.B. and for the degree of LL.B. in six years." 
 
 ^'Only the following classes of candidates will be admitted to the Cornell University 
 Medical College: 
 
 "l. (iraduntes of approved colleges or scientific schools; or 
 '*IL Seniors in good standing in approved colleges or scientific schools, upon condi- 
 tion that their faculty will permit them to substitute the first year in the Cornell Universit}' 
 Medical College for the fourth year of their college course, and will confer upon them the 
 Bachelor's degree upon the satisfactory completion of the year's work; or 
 
 "III. Persons who give evidence by examinations that thev have acquired an equiva- 
 lent education to that signified by a bachelor's degree, and training sufficient to enable 
 them to profit by the instruction offered in the Medical College." — Catalogue, 1i)i)'.i-10, 
 pp. 90, eSO, 25 Jf. 
 
 HARVARD UNIVERSITY 
 
 Thk Gu adi\\tk School ok Arts and Scikncks,"! 
 Harvaiu) Univkrsitv, ? 
 
 Camhkidge, Ma.ssachtsktts, June 30, 1910. J 
 Dear President Bryan: 
 
 I return herewith the Questionnaire on the art.s-profcssional course. In looking over 
 the report of your committee on the combined courses I note that you misrepresent some- 
 what the position of Harvard University by stating that eight years are required for the 
 combined A.B. and ALI). degrees. This is the ca.se with students who spend four years in 
 their undergraduate course, but as the privilege of taking the undergraduate course in 
 three years is open to practically all our students, the time absolutely required is not more 
 than seven years, although naturally many students take eight. Perhaps the fairest form 
 of statement would be "seven to eight years," and fj)r law "six to seven year.'?." 
 
 \ ery truly yours. 
 
 President W. L. Bryan. Charles H. Haskins. 
 
10 REPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 '^Course Preliminary to Law. — By the proper selection of his studies it is possible foi' 
 a prospective law student to take both his degree in Arts and his degree in Law in six 
 years ; and a strong student may be able to take his Bachelor's degree in Arts at the close 
 of his first year in the College of Law. The following courses in the College of Law, not 
 exceeding a total of 17 hours, ma}' be counted for the degree of Bachelor of Arts : Law 
 1 (Contracts); Law 2 (Torts); Law 3 (Real Property); Law 6 (Personal Property). 
 Some of these courses, not exceeding nine hours, may, by special permission of the Dean, 
 be taken in the junior year. If the student is also a candidate for the degree of LL.B., 
 he should in his fourth year register in the College of Law and pay the usual fee of that 
 College. Students are not permitted to take this law work until their junior year. A fee 
 of five dollars is charged for every law subject taken by students who do not pay the 
 regular law school fee. Students admitted to this University from other institutions may 
 count these law courses for the degree of A.B. only on condition of completing at least 
 30 hours' work in residence in subjects offered by the Faculty of the College of Literature 
 and Arts." 
 
 ''Six-Year Medical Course. — In addition to the usual four years' medical course, de- 
 scribed in the University catalogue, the University offers a six years' continuous course in 
 general science and medicine. This course leads to the degree of Bachelor of Arts upon 
 the completion of four years' work, and to the degree of Doctor of Medicine at the end of 
 the six years' course. It includes everything contained in the four years' medical course, 
 and in addition enables the student to go more deeply than would otherwise be possible 
 into the fundamental sciences upon which medical studies are based." — Register, 1909-10, 
 pp. 86-87, 96. 
 
 INDIANA UNIVERSITY 
 
 '"A.B. Course With Thirty-six Hours of Law. — A course has been arranged by which 
 a student in six years may obtain both the A.B. and the LL.B. degrees. The course re- 
 quires the completion of three full years of academic work before the commencement of the 
 law course. During the Senior year the course embraces twelve hours of Law and three 
 hours of work in Liberal Arts, for each week. The course is under the direction of the 
 Facultv of the University. 
 
 "A candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts who has been a student in the Col- 
 lege of Liberal Arts of this University for at least one continuous college year, and has at 
 least 135 hours of credit in Liberal Arts, at least 45 of which have been earned by work 
 in the classes of this University, and who has credit in fuli for the prescribed subjects of 
 the college course, and lacks not more than 9 hours in his Major Subject and Collateral 
 work, may take each term during his Senior vear \9l hours in the School of Law and 3 
 
IX ACADEMIC AND PKOKKSSlONAL WORK 11 
 
 hours in Liberal Arts, and count towards the A.B. decree the 36 hours of credit in Liiw 
 earned in this wjiy- 
 
 '*Suoli a student may complete the requircinents for tlie deo;ree of Bachelor of Laws 
 by two years of additional work in the School of Law. 
 
 "Any student of Senior rank, who has otherwise conformed to the requirements spec- 
 ified above, but finds it necessary or desirable to take more than three hours a term in 
 other subjects than Law, may elect less than twelve hours of Law a term, and count it to- 
 ward the A.B. det^ree; but it will be necessary for such students to make up the deficiency 
 in Law in order to frraduate from the School of Law. 
 
 "Students who wish to complete both the College course and the Law course in six 
 years, should be careful to confine themselves during the early part of their College course 
 to the prescribed subjects and major and collateral subjects, and to reserve at least tliirty- 
 six hours of the elective work for the Senior year, which may then be taken in Law. 
 
 "This course must include, as collateral or elective work, nine hours in Public Speak- 
 ing and Debating, and four hours in Accounting and Business Practice 
 
 "Students who graduate on or before the commencement of June, 1913, may count 
 Law towards tlie A.B. degree under the requirements published in the catalogue of 11)09, 
 but after the class of 1913 no credit in Law will be counted towards the A.B. degree, 
 except when it is taken in conformity with the requirements specified above." — Bulletin 
 of the School of Law, April, 1910, pp. 30-32. 
 
 ""Course Lending to B.S. and M.D. — Arts students of Indiana University, candidates 
 for the B.S. degree, by electing the first two years of Medicine as the last two years of 
 their collegiate course, and by registering and enrolling at the same time in both arts 
 and medical schools, may complete the work for their B.S. degree with two years' credit 
 in Medicine. Thus it is possible to secure an acadenu'c degree at the end of four years, and 
 the medical degree at the end of six years, from the time of matriculation in the University. 
 
 "The exact subjects to be taken in the first two years of this course will vary some- 
 what according to the subjects taken in the high school. The following plan, therefore, 
 is subject to modification in particular cases: 
 
 FlHST OR FaESHMAK CoiiE( lATK YeaU (PrEMEDICAL) 
 
 Fall Term Winter Term Spring Term 
 
 P'nglish Composition 9 hrs. Knglish Composition 2 hrs. Knglish Composition 2 hrs. 
 
 German 5 hrs. German 5 hrs. German 5 hrs. 
 
 Zoology 5 hrs. Zoology 5 hrs. Zoology or Botany. . 5 hrs. 
 
 Elective .'J hrs. Klcctive 3 hrs. Kiectivc 3 hrs. 
 
 Second or Sophomore Com.egiate Year (Premedical) 
 
 General Chemistry. . 5 hrs. Qualitative Analysis 5 hrs. Qiialitntivc Analysis 5 hrs. 
 
 Philosophy 5 hrs. Physics 5 hrs. Physics 5 hrs. 
 
 German 5 hrs. German 5 hrs. German 5 hrs. 
 
12 REPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 "Course Leading to A.B. and M.D. — Students wishing to take the degree A.B. with 
 the M.D. must meet all the requirements of the College of Liberal Arts in Groups A, B, 
 C, D, E, and F, and in addition satisfy the requirements of some one Department as to 
 major subject and collateral. Either in the high school or the college course the work 
 offered must include an adequate preparation in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. Further 
 work in the A.B. course, to an amount not to exceed 65* hours, may be elected in the med- 
 ical course outlined below." — Bidletin of the School of Medicine, April, 1910, pp. 32-83. 
 
 THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA 
 
 "The following courses have been arranged for students who, while looking forward 
 to the profession of medicine, wish to avail themselves as far as possible of the opportu- 
 nities afforded by the College of Liberal Arts. 
 
 "Combined Course of Six Years Leading to the Degrees B.S. and M.D. — Stu- 
 dents will be admitted to this course upon the same terms as to the regular course in Liberal 
 Arts. The premedical work here outlined fully meets the requirements of the American 
 Association of Medical Colleges. 
 
 First Ybar 
 Each Semester 
 
 English 2 hours 
 
 Foreign language (Note 1 ) 4 or 5 hours 
 
 Physics 4 hours 
 
 Animal biology or botany 4 hours 
 
 14 or 15 hours 
 Military drill or physical training, hygiene 1 or 2 hours 
 
 Second Year 
 
 Each Semester 
 
 English 3 hours 
 
 Chemistrj' 4 hours 
 
 Advanced animal biology or comparative zoology 4 hours 
 
 Psychology 3 hours 
 
 Electives, as may be permitted (Note 2). 
 
 At least, 14 hours 
 
 Military drill or physical training 1 hour 
 
 "T/jird and Fourth Years. Medical work, with such electives in liberal arts as may 
 be needed to meet the requirements of Note 2. 
 
 * After the Summer Term of 1914, not to exceed 45 hours may be coimted. 
 
IN ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL WORK Id 
 
 *' Fifth and ^Sirth Years. iMcdicvil work exclusively- 
 
 "Notes. — 1. It is assumed tiiat all requirements for admission to tlio College.' of 
 Liberal Arts have been met. Students who offer only two years of forcii^n lanejuagc for 
 entrance nnist complete at least twenty semester-hours of forei<Tfn lantrvui^e before gradu- 
 ation, of which fourteen hours nuist he in one language. Those offering only three years 
 must complete fourteen hours in a single foreign language. 
 
 "2. Twelve semester-hours of elective work must be completed, of which at least six 
 shall be from Group II. (See above under General ('ourse in Liberal Arts.) 
 
 "The degree of B.S. will be conferred at the end of the fourth year; the degree of 
 ALD. at the end of the sixth year, if the required work Iuls been completed. 
 
 "COMIUNKD COURSK OF SkVEN YkaRS LeADIXG TO THE DEGREES B.A. AND M.D. 
 
 Candidat^.'s for the degree of B.A. who have completed ninety-five semester-hours of work in 
 the College of Liberal Ai'ts, including the premedical courses prescribed in the six-year 
 course outlined above, together with the required work in military drill or physical train- 
 ing and hygiene, and whose electives have been so chosi'n jis to satisfy the group reijuirt^ 
 ments for the degree may substitute for the remaining thirty hours of the liberal arts cours*- 
 the regular work of the first year of the College of Medicine or the College of Homeopathic 
 Medicine, such work to include Chemistry, Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology. Thr 
 degree of B.A. will be conferred at the end of the fourth year and that of M.D. at the 
 end of the seventh year. 
 
 "All the entrance requirements of the College of Liberal Arts must be met as explaim-d 
 in Note 1 under the six-year course. 
 
 "CoMRiXEi) Course of Six Years in Lirerai. Arts and Law. — Students of tin- Col- 
 lege of Liberal Arts who have fully complet^^xl their Junior year, and who have satisfied the 
 specific requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts, except jis here specified, may !)<• 
 enrolled in the College of Law and receive credit for one year's time of law study while com- 
 pleting their Senior year in the College of Liberal Arts, by complying with the follow- 
 ing conditions: They must register for ten liours a week in the College of Law in the 
 subjects of the first year, given throughout tl;e year at eight and nine o'clock, and prac- 
 tice-court by ajipointment; and for five hours in the Collegia of Liberal Arts selected from 
 the grou}) of sub) ect.s embracing political and social science, including Dnlitic.il nud institu 
 tional historv. 
 
 "Under this arrangement the two courses may be completed in six years; the degree 
 of B..\. being conferred at the end of the fourth year and that of LL.B. at the end of the 
 sixth. This privilege is not extended to undergraduates from other colleges who enter the 
 College of Liberal Arts with the rank of Senior." - Announcement of the College of Lib- 
 eral Arts, 1909-10, pp. 83-85. 
 
14 REPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY 
 
 Johns Hopkins University, 
 
 Medical Department. 
 Office of the Dean, 
 Chebeague, Me., Sept. 3, 1910. 
 President Wm. L. Bryan, Indiana University : 
 
 Dear Sir — Your letter of the 29th has just reached me after being forwarded from 
 Baltimore. Our faculty has considered the matter of the combined courses, and their pres- 
 ent attitude toward it takes the form of a resolution according to which graduates of ap- 
 proved colleges who meet all of our entrance requirements, and in whose college work 
 one or two years of medical instruction counted upon the Bachelor's degree, are eligible 
 for admission to the second year. The effect of this resolution, as you will see, is to 
 recognize a combined course of seven years, but not one of six years. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 W. H. Howell, Dean. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS 
 
 '^Medical Subjects for College Students.— A student of the College, having attained 
 full Senior standing, may elect all of the woi'k of his Senior year from the curriculum of 
 the School of Medicine and have the same credited toward the A.B. degree. To secure this 
 privilege the candidate must register in the School of Medicine as well as the College dur- 
 ing his Senior year, and must complete all of the work of the second year of the course in 
 medicine. 
 
 "■'Candidates for both A.B. and M.D. degrees who desire to avail themselves of the 
 foregoing regulation must have registered in both the College and the School of Medicine 
 during their Junior year and have completed those courses which are common to the cur- 
 riculum of the College and the curriculum of the School of Medicine. 
 
 "Laze? Subjects for College Students. — A student of the College, having attained full 
 Senior standing, may elect not to exceed one- half of the work of his Senior year, or fifteen 
 hours, from the curriculum of the School of Law and have the same counted toward the 
 A.B. degree. To secure this privilege the candidate must register in the School of Law as 
 well as the College during his Senior year, and must confine his election to the first year 
 of the curriculum of the School of Law." 
 
 "Degrees. — The degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Doctor of Medicine are conferred 
 upon those completing the full six-year course in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences 
 and the School of Medicine, as laid down in the catalogue of the College." 
 
IN ACADKMIC VND PKOKKSSION Al. WOKK 15 
 
 '"College and School of Law in Six Years. — A reiruhir course in the College, however, 
 is strongly reconunended. During the Senior year of the College the student may elect 
 one iialf-yoar's work from the course in the School of Law. By this arrangement, the stu- 
 dent, hy reasonable extra work, may finish both the College and the School of Law in six 
 yefixsr— General Catalogue, 1908-09, pp. 96, '254, S86. 
 
 The following letter accompanied the above statement : 
 
 Thk 
 
 University of Kansas, "1 
 Lawrenck, April 6, 1 01'-. J 
 
 President William L. Bri/an, Liloomington, Indiana: 
 
 Dkau Sir — Your recent letter of inquiry addressed to Chancellor Strong htis been re- 
 ferred to me for reply. Your (quotations from the Catalogue of the University of Kansas 
 are correct, and these regulations are in force at the present time. The Faculty of the 
 College has under consideration a revision of the scheme of recognition of work done in pro- 
 fessional schools. It is probable that before another year the regulations quoted will be 
 more or less serioush- amended. It would be a great favor to us if we might receive from 
 you the result.s and conclusions from your investigations, as our action might be influenced 
 thereby in some degree. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 Olin Tempon, 
 
 Dean of the Collejje of Liberal Arts ,'md Sciences. 
 
 L ELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY 
 
 '"The Pre-legal Course. — For undergraduate students who enter with the intention of 
 preparing for the study of law, a pre-legal course is offered by the University under the 
 direction of the Faculty of Law. This course ordinarily occupies four years and ncjuires 
 that the student obtain 120 units of university credit. The equivalent of three years (90 
 units of credit) is irivfn to general culture studies (for instruction in which no tuition is 
 charged) and of one year (SO units of credit) to the professional study of law. 
 
 "The 120 unit-hours of work usually are apportioned as follows: To the first and 
 second years, 30 units of general culture studies each: to the third year, 23 units of gen- 
 eral culture studies and the course in Contracts: to the fourth year, 7 units of general 
 culture studies and 23 units in Law. The 90 unit-hours of general culture studies may be 
 taken in three years, and the fourth year be devoted entirely to law study. No student 
 in this course can begin the professional study of law until he has received credit for at 
 least 50 unit-hours. 
 
16 REPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 "In arranging courses in general culture subjects it is expected that 60 units will be 
 applied as follows : To Latin, 4- ; or to a modern language other than English and the 
 one chosen to fulfil the next requirement, 8; to either French, German, or Spanish, 6; to 
 English, 10, which shall include coui-ses A, 2a, 26, and 24; to History, 15; to Economics, 
 13 ; to Mathematics or Logic, 6 ; and to an elementary science course with laboratory 
 work, 6. 
 
 "Students who satisfactorily complete the Pre-legal course are granted the degree of 
 Bachelor of Arts by the University, and by reason of having had one year of law study as 
 undergraduates may satisfy the requirements for the degree of Juris Doctor by two years 
 of graduate law study." 
 
 ''One Year of Medicine Counted Toward Degree of Bachelor of .iri;?.— Students in 
 any department of the University who desire to enter the medical course, and who have 
 included in their course of study tlie subjects required for admission to the medical course, 
 may, at the beginning of their fourth (or Senior) 3'ear in the University, register as stu- 
 dents of medicine, and on completion of the first year's work in medicine may receive the 
 degree of Bachelor of Arts. Students entering the University with the intention of ulti- 
 mately studying medicine will note that the department of Physiology and Histology, in 
 its coui-se leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, includes the work preparator}^ to medi- 
 cine and the first year of the medical course." — Register, 1908-1909, pp. Ill, 167. 
 
 The following letter accompanied the above statement: 
 
 Leland Stanford Junior University, 
 
 Stanford University, Cal., March 26, 1910. 
 
 President William Lowe Bryan, Bloomington, Indiana : 
 
 My Dear President Bryan — The quotations from our Register are correct. In a 
 general way, both Law and Medicine begin with the fourth year in college. The degree of 
 A.B. is given after the first year. It is a nuisance, but one we cannot get rid of. The 
 Law School comprises all Seniors who are devoting themselves to Law, and the Medical 
 School includes all Seniors in Chemistry and Physiology who have met the requirements 
 for admission to the School of Medicine. This condition seems to us to be the best possi- 
 ble, except for the intrusion of the Bachelor's degree. 
 
 Very truly A'ours, 
 
 David Starr Jordan, President. 
 
IN ACAJ)KM1C AND I'KOKESSION A I- WOKK 17 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 "Comb'nud IMcnirif tind Medical Course. — Students di'siring to obtain the degree of 
 Bachelor of Aits in the Department of I^ittrature, Science, and the Arts, and of Doctor 
 of Medicine in th<^ Dt-partmeiit of Medicine and Surt^ery, niay- hy enrolling in tlie com- 
 bined Literary and Medical course, shorten from eight years to seven the time required t-o 
 earn the two degrees. This privilege is open only to students who, during their first three 
 years, have maintained a uniform record of good scholarship. Thr work is vmder the direc- 
 tion of a committee of five members rej)resenting the Department of Literature, Science, 
 and the Arts, and the Depaiimenf of Medicine and Surgery. With tiie consent of the 
 committee in charfre, a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts, who has been a stu- 
 dent in the Department of Literature, Science, and the Arts for at kiist one year, and has 
 90 or more hours to his credit, of which at least 30 hours have bt^en earned in the Depart- 
 ment of Literature, Science, and the Arts of this Universitv, may enroll upon the com- 
 bined course; that is, whiK' c(mtinuing his registration in this department he may also 
 register in the Department of Medicine and Surgery, provided the work he has already 
 completed includes a sufficient number of the courses enumerated below tx) enable him to 
 complete within one year the specific requirements described in the following paragraph. 
 
 "When the student so registered in the two departments has completed the first year 
 
 of the Course in Medicine, and not less than 90 hours in the Department of Literature. 
 
 Science, and the x\rts, he will be recommended for the degree of Bachelor of Arts, provided 
 
 his work has included the following courses: 
 
 Rhetoric, 6 hours, including Courses 1 and 2. 
 
 French and German. Ifi hours of eittier one, and 8 hours of the other. 
 
 English, 6 hours. 
 
 P.sychology, 6 hours. 
 
 Physics, 10 hours, including -2 hours of i.thoratory work. 
 
 Chemistry, general and organic. 8 hours for students presenting Chemistry for entrance, 
 
 otherwise V2 hours. 
 Physical Chemistry, t hours. 
 Biology, 8 hours. 
 Zoology, 6 hours. 
 Total. 78 or 8i? hours. 
 
 Suggested electives: Latin or Klementary Greek, 8 hours; History, or FoMtical 
 Economy, or Philosophy, 8 hours; Qualitative Analysis. V hours; Organic Chemistry. 
 5 hours. 
 
 "Students enrolling prior to September, 1913, who so desire, may obtain the degrees 
 of Bachelor of Science and Doctor of Medicine in six years by complying with the re- 
 quirements above set forth, except that the credit required from the Department of I^itern- 
 ture. Science, and the Arts shall be 60 hours, instead of 90, and slmll include the follow- 
 ing courses : 
 
 [2] 
 
18 REPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 Rhetoric, 6 hours, including Courses 1 and 2. 
 
 French or German, 16 hours. 
 
 Physics, 8 hours. 
 
 Chemistry, general and organic, 8 hours for students presenting Chemistry for entrance, 
 
 otherwise 12 hours. 
 Biology, 8 hours. 
 Total, 46 or 50 hours. 
 
 Electives are suggested from the courses before mentioned. 
 
 In order to meet exceptional cases, the Committee shall have power to adjust the 
 foregoing requirements by allowing substantial equivalents. 
 
 '^Covibined Literary and Law Course. — Students desiring to obtain the degrees of 
 Bachelor of Arts in the Department of Literature, Science, and the Arts, and of Bachelor 
 of Laws in the Department of Law, ma}"^, by enrolling on the Combined Literary and Law 
 Course, shorten from seven to six years the time required to earn the two degrees. This 
 privilege is open only to students who, during their first three years, have maintained a 
 uniform record of good scholarship. The work is under the direction of a joint com- 
 mittee of five members, representing the Department of Literature, Science, and the Arts, 
 and the Department of Law. With the consent of the committee in charge a candidate 
 for the degree of A.B., who has been a student in the Department of Literature, Science, 
 and the Arts for at least one year, and has 90 or more hours to his credit, of which at 
 least 30 hours have been earned in the Literary Department of this University, may en- 
 roll on the Combined Course ; that is, while continuing his registration in this department 
 he may also register in the Department of Law, provided the work he has already com- 
 pleted includes a sufficient number of courses enumerated below to enable him to complete 
 within one year the specific requirement described in the following paragraph. 
 
 "When the student so registered in the two departments has completed the first year 
 of the Law Course and not less than ninety-six hours in the Department of Literature, 
 Science, and the Arts, he will be recommended for the degree of Bachelor of Arts, provided 
 his work has included the following courses : 
 
 Rhetoric, 12 hours, including Courses 1, 2, 3 and 4. 
 Mathematics, or a science including laboratory work, 8 hours. 
 Latin, or French, or German, or Spanish, 8 hours. 
 English History, \a and 2fl, or 3 and 4. 
 English Literature, 6 hours. 
 Total, 42 hours. 
 
 "Latin is strongly urged as desirable for every student preparing to study law. In 
 order to meet exceptional cases the committee shall have authority to adjust the forego- 
 ing requirements by allowing substantial equivalents. 
 
 "In addition to the required courses the student is advised to elect at least forty hours 
 from the following subjects: 
 
IN ACADEMIC AND IMIOFESSIONAL WOUK 19 
 
 "Latin, 8 hours, Courses ii find 4; French, German or Spanish, 16 hours; History, 
 14 hours, inckidinjT Courses 14 and 15; International Law, 4 hours; Economics, 16 hours, 
 includinjT Courses 1, 6, 9, 9fl, 15 and 38; Philosophy, 7 hours, includinfr Loffic or Psy- 
 cholofry. and Political Philosophy or Ethics; Mathematics, 2 hours. Course 51; Govern- 
 ment, 6 hours: Oratory, 4 honrs."— Calendar, 1908-09, pp. 160-162, 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA 
 
 ^^Serrn-Ycar Course in Arts and Medicine, Leading to the Degrees of Bachelor of Arts 
 and Doctor of Medicine. — Seniors who 'intend to enter the CoUefre of Medicine and Surgery 
 are permitted to take in that college Anatomy, Chemistry, Histology and Physiology (it 
 being understood that no repetition of work is allowed), and the work is credited as Senior 
 work, thirty-two credits, in the College of Science, Literature and the Arts and first-year 
 work in the College of Medicine and Surgery. This privilege is conditioned upon their 
 having credits for two years of Latin and for one year (three credit-hours per week) of 
 each of the following: Physics, General Inorganic Chemistry, Qualitative Analysis, Zool- 
 ogy or Botany, and German or French. They arc required to complete a major and two 
 minors, one in each of the groups (a), (6) and (c). 
 
 '"Six-Year Course in Science and Medicine, Leading to the Degrees of Bachelor of Sci- . 
 ence and Doctor of Medicine. — For requirements for admission, see page 28. The first two 
 years of this course are given in the College of Science, Literature and the Arts, and the 
 last four years are given in the College of Medicine and Surgery. It leads to the degree 
 of Bachelor of Science at the end of four years, and to the degree of Doctor of Medicine 
 at the end of six years. 
 
 "Students who enter without French or German are required to Uike German 1, ten 
 credits, and German 3 (scientific), six credits. 
 
 "Students entering with two years of German may take French 1, ten credits, in either 
 first or second year, and Gorman 3, six credits, in the other year. 
 
 "Descriptions of the following courses, which are all required, are given in the respec- 
 tive departmental statements: 
 
 First Year 
 Zoology, Course 1, three hours. 
 Botany, Course 1, three hours. 
 Chemistry, Course 1 or Course 2, three hours. 
 German or French (see note nbove). 
 
 Second Part Higher Algebra and Trigonometry, three hours. 
 Militar>- Drill and Gymnasium, for men; Physical Culture, for women. 
 
^0 REPORT ON COMBINED COIJESES 
 
 SEco>fn Year 
 Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates, three hours. 
 Qualitative Analysis, three hours. 
 Elements of Economics, three hours, first semester. 
 Economic Conditions in American Cities, three hours, second semester. 
 German or French (see note above). 
 Physics with Laboratory Practice, four hours. 
 Rhetoric, Course 1, three hours. 
 Military Drill, for men. 
 
 The remaining years of the course are given in the College of Medicine and Sur- 
 gery and the subjects may be foimd in the bulletin of that college. 
 
 ** Six-Year Course in Arts and Law, Leading to the Degrees of Bachelor of Arts and 
 Bachelor of Laxvs. — Seniors who intend to enter the College of Law are permitted to take 
 in that college elements of contracts, domestic relations, commercial DaDer, torts and crim- 
 inal law, and the work is credited as Senior work, twelve credits, in the College of Science, 
 Literature and the Arts and first-year work in the College of Law, thus enabling students, 
 by some extra work, to finish the law course in two or more years." — Bulletin, 1909—10, pp. 
 48-50. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI 
 
 "Combined Course in Arts and Lazv. — Seniors in the College of Arts and Science ma}' 
 elect, as part of the requirements for graduation, courses from tlie first year's work in the 
 School of Law to an amount not exceeding twenty-two hours. Lender special circumstances 
 this privilege nia}-^ be extended to Juniors with the consent of the Deans of the College 
 of Arts and Science and the School of Law. A combined course of this character will 
 enable a student to obtain the degrees of A.B. and LL.B. in six years. 
 
 "The following courses in the College of Arts and Science may be selected for the" de- 
 gree of Bachelor of Laws : 
 
 "In Political Science and Public Law, Course 4, Comparative Constitutional Law; 
 Course 6, Comparative Administrative Law ; Course 9b, The Law of Taxation ; Course 8a, 
 The Government of Missouri; in History, Course 32, English Constitutional and Legal 
 Histor}"^ ; Course 34a, American Colonial Institutions." 
 
 "Courses in Medicine and in Arts and Science. — It is the policy of the School of Medi- 
 cine to encourage in every way possible the gaining of a liberal education as a sound prep- 
 aration for the professional study of Medicine. Students of Medicine arc therefore 
 stronglv urged to take a general scientific course in conjunction with their work in Medi- 
 cine. The student in the School of Medicine may, by a proper choice of electives in the 
 College of Arts and Science, do his required work in Medicine, and at the same time meet 
 the requirements for the desfree of Bachelor of Arts (see course below). Such students 
 are registered in both the School of Medicine and in the Colic ere of Arts and Science, and 
 
IN ACADEMIC AND I'KOKKSSIONAL WORK 21 
 
 must fulfil tlu' requirements of both. Candidates for both the A.B. and M.D. de<^rees are 
 reconmiendtd to elect subjects required or which lead up to subjects required in Medicine 
 in approximately tlu" order suf^fj^ested by the followiny; tabulated statement. The work 
 outlined for the First year includes the college work now required for admission to the reg- 
 ular course in Medicine. The work outlined for the First and Second years includes the two 
 years of college work which will be required for entrance in the Medical Department, begin- 
 ning with September 1, 1910. 
 
 "The entrance requirement for the combined course outlined below is that specified 
 for the College of Art^ and Science, i. e., a High School course equivalent to fifteen units. 
 A student who follows this combined course will, at the end of four years, have completed 
 the requirements for the A.B. degree (provided that five hours of the electives be chosen 
 from work 'for under Jiraduatcs and graduates' in the Division of Biological Sciences). 
 He will also have completed the first two years of the course in Medicine, and will require 
 only two years more for the M.D. degree. In order to complete the work in the time 
 specified, it is necessary for the student to follow closely the course outlined below. All 
 students who contemplate taking this course should consult the Conunittee on Combined 
 Course (at present, Professor Jackson). 
 
 A Course Lending to the Degrees of A.B. and M.D. Recommended bt/ the Medical Faculty 
 
 First Semesler Second Semealer 
 
 First Yeau Hours CreilU. Hours Credit. 
 
 Knplish (or German) 5 
 
 Cicriiian (or Englisti) 5 
 
 Cicneral Zoology ^ ** 
 
 Tticory of Involution 1 " 
 
 Chemistry, Inorganic and Qualitative Analysis 5 5 
 
 General Physics {2b) ^ 
 
 Physical Training or Military Science 
 
 16 16 
 
 SECONn Year 
 
 Chemistry, Organic 3 3 
 
 Embryology of Vertebrates -i 
 
 'Histriry (or .Ancient Language) 5 
 
 •Ancient Language (or History) * 
 
 •Psychology 5 
 
 Physical Training or Military Science 1 1 
 
 Elective 3 5 
 
 17 17 
 
 •Note. — When a prescrihetl minimum amciunt of High School work in correspond- 
 ing subjects has been offcrrd for fntranre. other subjects may be substituted for those 
 indicated. 
 
22 
 
 REPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 First Semester 
 TnraD Year Hours Credit. 
 
 Osteology- 3 
 
 Neurology 
 
 Dissection 3 
 
 Normal Histology , 4 
 
 Hygiene 
 
 Bacteriology 3 
 
 Physical Training or Military Science 1 
 
 Elective 3 
 
 17 
 FoTTRTH Year 
 
 Physiology and Physiological Chemistry 10 
 
 Pharmacology 
 
 Pathology, General and Special 4 
 
 Advanced Dissection 3 
 
 Topographic Anatomy 
 
 Elective 
 
 Second Semester 
 Hours Credit. 
 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 3 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 
 4 
 8 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 Fifth Year 
 Same as the Third Year of Medicine in the four years' course. 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 Sixth Year 
 Same as the Fourth Year of Medicine in the four years' course. 
 
 "With the consent of the Dean, ]\Iedical students may take accessory work offered in 
 other departments of the University." — Catalogue, 1908-09, pp. ^76-^77, 288. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA 
 
 "Combined Six-Year Collegiate and Law Course. — Four-\'ear students in the College of 
 Arts and Sciences ma}^ elect courses in the Department of Jurisprudence and Public Law 
 which count towards the degree of Bachelor of Laws, and not to exceed twelve hours a 
 week each semester of the first-year studies in the College of Law. These subjects count 
 towards the degree of Bachelor of Arts or of Bachelor of Science. By this arrangement, 
 a student is enabled to complete a combined course of study in six years and receive the 
 two degrees. The student expecting to take this combined course of six years must declare 
 his intention before taking his first degree and must pay the regular fees of the College of 
 Law." 
 
 "The College of Arts and Sciences offers instruction in classical, literary, and science 
 studies leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, or of Bachelor of Science. These 
 courses are largely elective and presume as a rule four years of residence work." 
 
IX ACADEMIC AXD PUOFESSIONAl. WORK 88 
 
 ""Six-Year Covib'nied Collegiate and Medieal Course. — Tlie entrance requirements are 
 those of the College of Arts and Sciences, given in the announcement of that college. 
 
 "Whenever jmssihle, the student is advised to take this conihined course, wliich leads to 
 the Bachelor's degree at the conclusion of four years, and to that of Doctor of Medicine 
 at the end of six years. The work in Lincoln is known as that of the premedical group, 
 which was adopted by the Board of Regents, April, 1902. The work of the group lays 
 a broad foundation for the technical work of tl'.e last two years and gives the student not 
 only the best possible training, but also the advantage of possessing the Bachelor's degree. 
 
 "If one wishes to complete both courses within six years, it is not possible to deviate 
 materially from the program outlined below. 
 
 "Details in regard to the non-technical courses which appear in this schedule, such as 
 Rhetoric, should be secured from the announcement of the undergraduate college. 
 
 First Setnuler Second SefntsUr 
 
 First Year Houra. Hours. 
 
 General and Inorganic Chemistry (Chemistry, 1,3) 2 9 
 
 Physics 1,2 3 S 
 
 Modern Language (German) 5 5 
 
 General and Medical Zoology (Zoology \, 2) 3 S 
 
 Rhetoric 1, 2 2 9 
 
 Osteologj' (Zoology 8a) 9 
 
 Military Drill 1 1 
 
 18 18 
 
 Second Year 
 
 Physics 3, 4. 2 9 
 
 Organic Chemistry (Chemistry 3, 4) 3 S 
 
 Invertebrate and Vertebrate Morphology (Zoology 5, 8) 4 4 
 
 Modern Language (German or French) 5 5 
 
 Botany 1, 2 3 3 
 
 Military Drill 1 1 
 
 18 18 
 
 Tninn Year 
 
 General and Practical Anatomy (Anatomy 1, 2) 4 4 
 
 Neurology (Anatomy 8) 9 
 
 General Physiologj- ( Physiologj' 1,2) 9 9 
 
 Histology and Embryology (Zoology 9, 10) 4 2 or S 
 
 Philosophy 1 3 
 
 Physical and Physiological Chemistry (Chemistry 35, 34) 2 4 
 
 Historj- of Medicine 1,2 1 1 
 
 16 15 or 16 
 
.^4 REPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 First Semester Second Semester 
 
 Fouhth Yeah Hows. Hours. 
 
 Regional, Practical and Applied Anatomy (Anatomy 3, 4) ... . 4 3 
 
 Advanced Physiology (Physiology 3) 3 
 
 Pharmacodynamics 2 2 
 
 Bacteriology 4 
 
 Pathology 6 
 
 Clinical Diagnosis (Pathology 4) 1 
 
 Urinary Analysis and Toxicology (Chemistry 41) 4 
 
 Demonstration Courses 2 
 
 Required Electives* 3 
 
 17 17 
 
 * "The required elective is a three-hour course to be taken in any department elected 
 by the student, the character of the work to be determined by consultation between the , 
 
 head of the department and the student." 
 
 —Calendar, 1907-08, pp. 3^1-34,2, 45, 390-391. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 "£>^gT^^«.— Students in the Course of Arts and Science who present Latin and Greek 
 for admission, and who take the College Greek 331, and Latin 431 and 432, receive on 
 graduation the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Other students receive on graduation the 
 degree of Bachelor of Science. 
 
 "Composite Year in Medicine. — A student in the course in Arts and Science may, in 
 his Senior year, register as a regular student in the first-year class in the Department of 
 Medicine. Students wishing to avail themselves of this privilege are required to do only 
 fift3'-two (52) units of purely college work, the other eight (8) units required for grad- 
 uation being credited to them from the studies of the first-year class in Medicine. The 
 fifty-two (52) units taken in the College by such students must include at least sixteen 
 (16) units in Biology, and three (3) units in Chemistry, in addition to the prescribed 
 Chemistry and Ph3'sics, including laboratory work. For other requirements for entrance 
 into the Department of Medicine, see the announcement of that Department."- — Catalogue, 
 1908-09, p. no. 
 
 Law cannot be taken as part of the Course in Arts and Science. 
 
IN ACADK.MK \\1> I' KO K KSSUtN A 1. UOKK ^^5 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA 
 
 Bachelou of Arts 
 
 "The deforce of Bachelor of Arts of the University of Virginia is conferred upon the 
 candidatL- who has completed the work of thirteen courses in accordance with the regulations 
 given below. 
 
 "/. Selection and Number of Courses. — Unless admitted to advanced standing, the 
 candidate must select the required thirteen courses as follows: 
 
 (o) A Course! : The candidate must complete the work of English Literature lA, 
 Mathematics lA; and either Latin lA, or Greek S?A. 
 
 (6) B Courgex: The candidate must complete eight B Courses selected from the six 
 groups given above (p. 159) as follows: Two B courses must be selected from 
 Group 1, and one of these must be either Latin :3B or Greek 3B; one B Course 
 must be selected from Group II; two from Group III; one from Group IV, 
 one from Group V, and one from Group VI. 
 
 (r) H or C Courses: The candidate must complete the work of two courses selected 
 from the electlves-at-large in accordance with Section (3), below, of these reg- 
 ulations." (See also Section (4-)]. 
 
 ''Substitutions allowed for Elcctives-at-large. — The candidate who has satisfied the 
 requirements of Section 1, {a) and (6), of these regulations, will he permitted to offer in 
 lieu of the txvo electives-at-large, Section 1 (c), the work of the ^rst year (equal to 
 those courses) in the Department of Law, or of Medicine, or any three technical courses 
 in the Department of Engineering. 
 
 "Thus the candidate who desires to obtain both the B.A. degree and a professional 
 degree may save about one year of the time required for both degrees." 
 
 "Regulations Concerning the Cultural Degree of Bachelor of Science 
 
 "Selection and Number of Courses. — Unless admitted h> advanced standing the candi- 
 date must select the re(|uire(l thirteen courses as follows: 
 
 (a) ./ Courses: The candidate must complete the work of I'.nglish Literature L\, 
 and of Mathematics lA. 
 
 (6) B Courses: The candidate must complete the work of eight B Courses, selected 
 from the six groups given above (p. 15$)). as follows: two B Courses must be 
 selected from Group I, and neither of these shall be a Course In Latin or 
 Greek; one B Course must be selected from Group II; two from Group III: 
 one from Group IV; one from Group V. and one from Grouj) VI. 
 
 (c) B or C Courses: The candidate nnist complete the work of three courses selected 
 from the electives-at-large, in accordance with section (3). below, of these regu- 
 lations." (See also Section (i)|. 
 
 ''Substitutions Allowed for Klectives-at-larfre. — The candidate who has satisfied the 
 requirements of Section 1, («) and (fc), of these regulations, will be permitted to offer in 
 
26 REPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 lieu of the three electives-at-large, Section 1 (c), the work of the first year in the De- 
 partment of Law, or of Medicine, or any three technical courses in the Department of 
 Engineering. Thus the candidate who desires to obtain both the B.S. degree and a pro- 
 fessional degree, may save one year of the time required for both degrees." — Record, 
 Catalogue number, 1909-10, pp. 160-163. 
 
 The following letter was returned with the foregoing- extracts : 
 
 University of Virginia, 
 April 2, 1910. 
 President William L. Bryan, Bloomington, Ind.: 
 
 My Dear President Bryan — In reply to 3^our letter of March 21, to President Al- 
 derman, I beg to say that the statement, which you have prepared, regarding our prac- 
 tice in the matter of counting certain professional work towards the degree of A.B. or B.S. 
 is correct. 
 
 Of course, j^our statement is not a full statement of our requirements for the degree ; 
 but it covers correctly our regulations with regard to the counting of professional work for 
 the baccalaureate degree. 
 
 With high regard, I am, 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 J. M. Page, Dean. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 
 
 ^'Election of Studies in Other Colleges. — Candidates for the degree of Bachelor of 
 Arts are allowed to elect in the College of Mechanics and Engineering, the College of 
 Law, the College of Agriculture, the Course in Pharmacy, the Course in Commerce, the 
 School of Music, the Course in Home Economics, or the State Librar}-^ School, certain 
 studies enumerated below to an amount not to exceed the equivalent of twenty unit-hours. 
 The privilege will not be extended to normal graduates attempting to graduate in two 
 years, nor to undergraduates of other colleges who enter this University with the rank of 
 Seniors." 
 
 "The student who enters the College of Letters and Science with the intention of 
 studying medicine should arrange his work according to one of the following plans: 
 
 "i. Six-Year Combined Course. (Leading to the B.S. and M.D. Degrees.) — If the 
 student has had a thorough preparation in the high school, he may take work in the Fresh- 
 man and Sophomore years which will enable In'm to matriculate in the College of Medicine 
 in his Junior year, receive the B.S. degree and a certificate for two years of medical studv 
 
IN ACADEMIC AND I'ROKESSIONAL WOUK XT 
 
 ut the end of the Senior year, and complete his medical course by two years' further study 
 in any medical school which does not require more than two years of colk'fro work for en- 
 trance. During the Freshman and Sophomore years, such a student will have to confine 
 himself closely to the work in Science and Lanf^juafje required for matriculation in the Col- 
 lege of Medicine. The exact choice of studies will depend somewhat upon the high school 
 trainin<j: and the ability of the student. 
 
 ''Tiu' following schedule is suggested: 
 
 Fbeshuan Ykau 
 
 Knglish I. Three hours a week. 3 units. 
 Physics I. Lectures, M., Tu., W., Th.— 13. 
 
 Two laboratory periods. 5 units. 
 
 Quiz. 5 units. 
 Foreign Language. 3-5 units. 
 
 Krtnch or German, if Latin is presented for entrance. 
 
 I>atin, if it is not presented for entrance. 
 Chemistry I. Lectures, M., W., F.— 10. 
 
 Laboratory, Three two-hour periods per week. 
 
 Quiz. Tu.— 11. 5 units. 
 If desired. Biology 1 may be taken instead of Physics 1. 
 
 SopiiOMORt: Year 
 
 Foreign Language (French or German) 3-i units. 
 Organic Chemistry. Lectures, Tu., Th. — 8. 
 Laboratory, Tu., Th. — 2-4. 4 units. 
 
 (One semester of this course is required. It may be taken for two semesters ). Bi- 
 ologj' I. Lectures, M., W., 3; laboratory, 8 hours per week; quiz, 5 unit.s. 
 
 If Biologj' is taken in the Freshman year. Comparative Anatomy and Embryologj' 
 are recommended for the Sophomore year. 
 
 "5. Seven-Year Combined Course. (Leading to the A.B. and M.D. Degrees.) — In 
 this course the sttident matriculates as a first-year medical student during his Senior year in 
 the College of Letters and Science; receives the A.B. degree upon graduation and takes 
 the second year of the Medical Course as a graduate student. He can then finish the clin- 
 ical portion of the Medical Course by two years' further study, thus making the combined 
 art.s and medical course seven years. This course is in many ways preferable to the six- 
 year combined course, since it pennits a greater freedom of election and a broader course 
 of study. The Language and Science work should follow somewhat the lines laid down for 
 the Freshman and Sophomore years in the six-year combined course, but it can be more 
 spread out and taken in conjunction with various electives to suit the needs and inclina- 
 tions of the siudvnt:'— Catalogue, 1908-00, pp. 103, 399. 
 
^8 EJEPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 YALE UNIVERSITY 
 
 ''Combined Academical and Medical Course. — In accordance with an agreement be- 
 tween the College and the Medical School, students in the Academical Department are 
 allowed to pursue in the Medical School a series of pre-clinical or scientific courses, de- 
 scribed below, which are in their nature appropriate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts. 
 If, in addition to these theoretical studies, they pursue during their Senior yea.T the Medical 
 School course in Pharmacology and Toxicology (which also is open to Academical Seniors, 
 though not counted toward the degree of B.A.), they may thus, by taking a certain num- 
 ber of extra hours, complete while in College the work of the first two years of the Medical 
 School curriculum, and will consequently be able to obtain both the degree of B.A. and 
 the degree of M.D. by six years of work." 
 
 "The courses in Law in Junior and Senior years are intended mainly for prospective 
 students of Law as a profession, and deal with Elementary, Constitutional, and Interna- 
 tional Law, Contracts, Torts, and Evidence. 
 
 Course No. 1. Elementary Law Jr. 3 hrs. a wk. throughout the year 
 
 Course No. 3. American Constitutional Law...Sr. 2 hrs. a wk. throughout the year 
 
 Course No. 5. International Law Sr. 2 hrs. a wk. throughout the year 
 
 Course No. 7. Contracts Sr. 3 hrs. a wk. throughout the year 
 
 Course No. 9. Torts Sr. 2 hrs. a wk. throughout the year 
 
 Course No. 11. Evidence Sr. 2 hrs. a wk. throughout the year 
 
 Total 14 hrs. a wk. throughout the year 
 
 — Bulletin of Academical Department (Yale College) 1909-10, pp. 123, H6-H7. 
 
 This is equal to 28 semester hours, or 42 term hours. 
 
 The following letter was received with the above extracts : 
 
 Yale University, ^ 
 
 New Haven, Connecticut, ? 
 
 March 23, 1910. J 
 
 President William L. Bryan, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana: 
 
 My Dear President Bryan — I acknowledge, with thanks, the receipt of your favor 
 of March twenty-first. 
 
 The statement regarding the courses of Law in Junior and Senior years which you 
 quote from our catalogue is a satisfactory summary of our present rules and practice. 
 That is to say, there are in fact a very considerable number of men who, by taking work 
 of this kind appropriate for the undergraduate degree and accepted accordingly, are able 
 to save one year of their Law School course. 
 
IN ACADEMU' AND PROFESSIONAL WOBK 29 
 
 The medical statement is not et^ually satisfactory, and I have called the attention of 
 the College authorities to the necessity of making some chanire in it. Theoretically it is, 
 I suppose, possible for a student of extraordinary ability to take extra hours enough to get 
 his combined academic and medical course in six years. Practically nobody does it. The 
 combined Colleoe and Medical ScIum)! course works out as a seven year, and not a six year 
 curriculum. 
 
 Ftiithfully yours, 
 
 AKi'niiR HAHLEy, President. 
 
 SUMMARY 
 
 The following table, derived from the statements found above, gives a conspectus of 
 the main facts reourding the overlapping of the professional courses in Medicine and T.aw 
 with the college courses leading to the degrees of A.B. and B.S. 
 
 It nuist be borne in mind, however, that sucii a tjible cannot adequately represent all 
 the facts since it is impossible in it to indicate the various restrictions and safeguards which 
 have been thrown around these combined courses by the institutions which offer such courses. 
 For these restrictions and safeguards the fuller st-fitements quoted above must be consulted, 
 and also, in some cases, the explanatory letters appended. EspecialW important in tliis 
 connection are the letter of Dean Dodson of the Medical School of the University of Chi- 
 cago, and that of President Hadley of Yale University. 
 
30 
 
 REPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 Universitiks 
 
 Thk American Association. 
 
 J! -a 
 
 vCQ 
 
 >- o j; 
 
 z 
 
 Hours of 
 Medicine 
 
 that may be 
 counted 
 on the 
 
 A.B. degree. 
 
 Se- 
 mester 
 hours. 
 
 Term 
 hours. 
 
 Hours of 
 Mt'dicine 
 
 that may be 
 counted 
 on the 
 
 B.S. degree. 
 
 Se- 
 mester 
 hours. 
 
 Term 
 hours. 
 
 
 Hours of 
 Law 
 
 that may be 
 counted 
 on the 
 
 A.B. degree. 
 
 Se- 
 mester 
 hours. 
 
 Term 
 hours. 
 
 University of California 
 
 Catholic University of America. . .. 
 
 The University of Chicago 
 
 Clark University 
 
 Columbia University 
 
 Cornell University 
 
 Harvard University 
 
 University of Illinois 
 
 Indiana University 
 
 The State University of Iowa 
 
 The Johns Hopkins University 
 
 University of Kansas . . . 
 
 Leland Sliinford Junior University. 
 
 University of Michigan . ,. . . . . 
 
 University of Minnesota 
 
 University of Missouri 
 
 The University of Nebraska 
 
 University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Princeton University 
 
 University of Virginia 
 
 University of Wisconsin 
 
 Yale University 
 
 6 
 
 T 
 
 7-8 
 
 6 
 
 6i-7 
 
 7 
 7-8 
 6 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 6 
 6 
 7 
 
 30 
 
 45 
 
 30 
 
 45 
 
 60 
 
 59 
 30 
 
 90 
 
 78 
 45 
 
 60 
 52 
 
 90 
 78 
 
 6 
 
 6-7 
 
 6 
 
 60 
 
 43| 
 
 30 
 
 90 
 
 65* 
 
 45 
 
 60 
 
 48 
 
 90 
 
 79 
 
 6 
 6 
 6-7 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 
 60 
 30 
 30 
 30 
 60 
 60 
 16 
 
 90 
 45 
 45 
 
 45 
 90 
 90 
 
 24 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 16 
 
 90 
 90 
 
 90 
 94 
 
 6i 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6i 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 30 
 60 
 
 30 
 45 
 90 
 
 30 
 60 
 
 45 
 
 90 
 
 30 
 10 
 30 
 
 30 
 30 
 
 17 
 
 24 
 20 
 
 15 
 30 
 24 
 12 
 
 22 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 28 
 
 45 
 15 
 45 
 
 45 
 45 
 
 25 j 
 
 36 
 
 30 
 
 22^ 
 
 45 
 
 36 
 
 18 
 
 33 
 
 36 
 
 30 
 30 
 42 
 
 'To be reduced to 45 hours in the case of persons graduating after June, 1914. 
 
 WILLIAM L. BRYAN, 
 HORACE A. HOFFMAN, 
 ENOCH G. HOGATE, 
 CARL H. EIGENMANN, 
 WILLIAM J. MOENKHAUS, 
 SAMUEL B. HARDING, 
 
 Committee. 
 
 Bloomington, Indiana, June 10, 1910. 
 
IN ACADEMIC AND I'KOKESSIONAL WORK Jjl 
 
 PART II 
 
 EXPRESSIONS OF OPINION 
 
 Followinor arc expressions of opinion concerning tlie combined Arts-professional course 
 and related questions. These opinions come from about one iuindred men from sometliing 
 more than half as man}' American collefres and universities. The views here f]fiven can not 
 be taken as constituting a vote. They indicate, however, the range of opinion and argu- 
 ment. The answers have been roughly classified. Where there are so many shades of 
 opinion, any classification of the answers is in danger of misrepresenting the exact intent 
 of individual answers. Each must of course be iudjied for itself. 
 
 QUESTION I 
 
 I. The Shortknixg of the Arts-professional course. 
 
 (a) Should professional courses in Law, Medicine, Engineering and the like be 
 
 allowed to count toward two degrees — the Bachelor's degree in the College 
 of Liberal Arts and a degree in one of the professional colleges of the 
 University ? 
 
 (b) If so, how much work should be allowed to count in this way.** 
 
 (c) Assuming the adoption of tiiis plan in some fonu, would you approve the use 
 
 of B.S. or some other Bachelor's degree instead of A.B.? 
 
 (d) Remarks. 
 
 I. OPINIONS MORE OR LESS STRONGLY FAVORABLE TO THE COMBINED COURSE. 
 
 President IL P. Judson, University of Chicago, (a) Yes. (h) From one to two 
 years, (c) "^'es. 
 
 President B. L Wheeler, University of California, (a) Yes. (b) Two years. 
 (c) Not important, hut B.S. surely in case of engineering students. (d) Provided 
 always that a high enough standard of college entrance is maintained, and that two sound 
 and thorough-going years of study have been exacted by the college. 
 
 President G. S. Hall, Clark University, (a) Yes. (b) One year, (c) W^ould 
 prefer the Bachelor's degree, {d) I think the professional courses in the best schools are 
 too long. I think this plan distinctly tends to increase tlie number of men who go on 
 
?>S5 REPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 to professional courses and that it gives them a much better quahfication for those courses. 
 As^ain, if a man had a very strong bent, I would let two years count in this way, or even 
 three. 
 
 Secretary F. P. Keppel (Behalf Pres. Butler), Columbia University. Our pro- 
 cedure is to credit to men who have taken a carefully selected program in Columbia 
 College, the first two years in Medicine, Engineering, Education or Architecture toward 
 the Bachelor's degree and similarly the first year in Law. This means that the Arts- 
 professional course in any subject may be completed in six years. We offer the degree of 
 Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science for this combined course, depending upon the 
 work offered for entrance by the candidate and upon the collegiate courses offered by him. 
 
 President G. E. MacLean, State University of Iowa, (a) Yes. (b) Prefer- 
 ably only one year. A maximum of two years with safeguards, and this only when both 
 are four-year courses, (c) B.S. (d) Have little to add to the discussion in the ninth 
 annual conference proceedings of the Association of American Universities, pages 26-iO, 
 and the tenth annual conference. In the latter the weight of the argument seemed to be 
 strongly on the side of the combined courses, whatever be the name or device in which they 
 were accomplished. 
 
 President D. S. Jordan, Leland Stanford Junior University, {a) I see no valid 
 objection. The early years in all professional schools are courses in general science, (b) 
 At Stanford we count one year; that is, all professional courses begin in the senior year. 
 I think this best with Law and Medicine, (c) I see no reason for giving any Bachelor's 
 degree, other than A.B. (d) At Stanford, Law and Medicine and practicall}- Engineer- 
 ing begins with the fourth or senior year. I see not the slischtest real objection to giving 
 the Bachelor's degree after four years. The educational value of the basal elements of law 
 and of anatomy and other basal elements of medicine is quite as great as that of the ac- 
 cepted elective. 
 
 President Cyrus Northrop, University of Minnesota, (d) The University of 
 Minnesota has a six-year medical course. The first two years are in the College of 
 Science, Literature and Arts, and the studies to be pursued are prescribed with special 
 reference to the medical course. The remaining four years are in the INIedical College, 
 the first two of which are strong in sciences. At the end of these two years the student re- 
 ceives the B.S. degree, which he has earned. He then completes the remaining two years 
 of the medical course and receives his M.D., which he has earned. Two years have counted 
 on both degrees, but the work fitted both degrees. The plan is excellent. 
 
 President A. R. Hill, University of Missouri. (a) I see no reason why the}^ 
 should not in cases where they are regarded as academic in character as well, (b) The 
 amount cannot be determined by rule: so mucli as would be credited in tlie Arts course if 
 
IN ACADKMIC AND PROFESSIONAL WORK 38 
 
 there were no professional degree in prospect, (c) I think it dot's not mutter unless we 
 are to attcmot to rescue the A.B. degree for a literary and historicjil curriculum with only 
 general courses in the sciences. (</) Consult answer to (a), page 63 of this report. If 
 the Sciiool of Law in any univei*sity offers no courses that the academic facnity regard na 
 sufficiently fundamental to he made n part of the academic curriculum. I sec no justifi- 
 cation for a combined course in Arts and Law. Limiting the number of hours to be countf^l 
 toward the A.B. degree would not improve matters much. 
 
 C'h.\nckli,or S. Avkry, University of Nebraska. Replying t«> your tpiestions, per- 
 mit me to say that I am a firm believer in the six-yeur combined course for law, medi- 
 cine, engineering and the like. I believe that the Bachelor's degree should be given at the 
 end of the fourth year, the professional degree after two years' further study. It seems 
 to me to make very little difference whether the student receives the degree of Bachelor of 
 Arts or Bachelor of Science at the end of four years of study. 1 do not believe it possible 
 to acquire sufficient training in six years for medicine, for instance, unless the course of 
 study is practically a prescribed course. In a general way the six-year combined course 
 should be of such a character as to give the student an excellent technical and a very fair 
 liberal education. A prescribed course with some slight freedom of election within certjiin 
 groups will, in my judgment, give the most satisfactory results. 
 
 Dkan a. a. D'Ancona (Medicine), University of California. (a) Yes, provide<l 
 the combined courses require at lesust seven years, (b) The firirt. of four years in tlit 
 professional colleire. (c) The baccalaureate degree should depend on the academic c(Mirse 
 taken — B.S., if tlie main subjects are the natural sciences— A.B. , if the main subject'^ .in- 
 the ancient classics, etc. 
 
 Dkan J. M. Dodson (Medicim), University of Chicago, (a) No. But coutm > 
 in Anatomy, Physiology and the other branches which comprise the first two years of the 
 medical curriculum should be taught in the L^niversit}', as are other sciences, and should 
 count on a bachelor's degree. Of course they must also count on the medical degree. 
 The .same thing obtains, tho to a less extent, in law, etc. (h) All that is really gen 
 eral science work, at present, in the medical curriculum, the equivalent of two years, (r) 
 That all de{)ends on how the degree of A.B. is regarde<l. If, iw at Harvard, the A.B. is 
 granted for almost any course of study under, the sun, then any scientific subjects, if 
 taught in the j)roper way, on broad University lines, should be allowed to count. If dis 
 tinction is made, as /it mast schools, the degree being conferred with reference to the ((in- 
 tent of curriculum which the student has pursued, as well as standing for a ceiijiin degree 
 of mental training, in a word of power developed, then the degr« i- conffrrrd for .i coiirsr 
 made up largely of the sciences, should be the B.S. degree. 
 
 W 
 
34 KEPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 Dean Frank Billings (Medicine), University- of Chicago, (a) Yes. (6) Two 
 years. (c) B.S. with two years of university work and at the end of two years of 
 fundamental medical work. Ph.B. after three jears of university work and two years of 
 fundamental medical work, (d) The above is the plan adopted by the University of Chi- 
 cago and Rush Medical College in Cliicago. 
 
 Dean W. M. Polk (Medicine), Cornell University, (a) Yes. (b) One year in 
 professional course, tliree in Arts, (c) I prefer B.S. 
 
 Dean M. T. Sudler (Medicine), University of Kansas, (a) Yes. (h) In State 
 Institutions at least two years, (c) No. This complicates degrees and is unnecessary. 
 The average young man who goes to school does so with a definite idea or plan. While 
 I believe in "Cultural" studies — ^their great value in every way^— tlie student entering the 
 Freshman class of the College at 17 or 18 years of age should be compelled to take more 
 of them than the man who is 22 or over. This year the University of Kansa.s graduated 
 345 students. Of this number 163 took the A.B. degree. Of this 163 sixty-nine were 
 men. Thirteen of the sixty-nine took two years of medicine or took their A.B. incident- 
 ally. I do not know the number of men who took part of their work in engineering or 
 law. But certainlv only one-third of the class were men who took the regular A.B. course 
 for itself alone. Many of these took it to prepare themselves to teach. I think this shows 
 the trend in Kansas, at least, and unless the college gets a little claser to the practical needs 
 of its students it will become largely a seminary for the education of young ladies. I do 
 not feel that the "college" is a sacred better part of every university that cannot be touched, 
 but I do think a lot of teachers in the so-called culture branches feel so, and that it is the 
 part of our modern universities most apt to become out of tune to the spirit of change, and 
 I hope, progress in other lines of education. 
 
 Dean V. C. Vaughan (Medicine), University of Michigan. Dean Vaughan writes 
 a letter strongly favoring the combined course. We regret that it can not be printed 
 in full. 
 
 Dean F. F. Wesbrook (Medicine), University of Minnesota. (a) Yes. (b) 
 Not over two yeai-s of any professional course should be allowed towards Arts or Science 
 degrees, (c) The B.S. degree for Medicine and the A.B. for Law. (d) Not all of the 
 so-called professional schools should have their work recognized as counting tov/ards an 
 Arts or Scientific degree. Only such work as deals with general science, as for instance, 
 physiology, physiological chemistry, the various branches of anatomy, pathology, bacteri- 
 olosry, etc., in such amounts as arc considered adequate for the fovmdation for the M.D. 
 degree, should count towards a science degree. Certain professional schools, e. g., those 
 of pharmacy and dentistry, do not have this training. 
 
IN ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL WORK i55 
 
 Dean C. M. Jackson (Medicine), University of Missouri. (a) Yes. (fe) Ap- 
 proximately two years, (c) Tlie B.S. may be preferred: but there is no valid objection to 
 the use of the A.B., since the latter has lost its oriijinal siprnificance, and is very gcncr- 
 hIIv used for students speclalizinf^ in science us well as for those in the classics. The mod- 
 ern tendency seems to be toward the sinj^le de<^ree for the c<)l!e<re part. 
 
 Dean A. J. Smith (Medicine), University of Pennsylvania. (a) Yes. (6) All 
 work referable to use of the pure sciences (anatomy, physiology, bacteriology and animal 
 parasitoloory, and pure patholojj^y — all referable to biology — and physiolot^ical chemistry 
 US part of chemistrv). Personally would not hesitate to irrniit minor credit for some cul- 
 tural value to the applied medical studies of the third and fourth year, (c) B.S. (d) 
 The University of Pennsylvania combines the last year of the B.S. course with the first 
 year of the medical course, acknowledf^ing thereby some cultural value to anatomy and 
 physiological chemistry. My own suggestion would be to combine the third and fourth 
 vears of B.S. course with first and second of medical course. 
 
 Dean R. H. Whitehead (Medicine), Univei-sity of Virginia. (a) Yes. (6) 
 Two years, (t ) See (d). {d) My answers have reference only to the combined course 
 in Arts and Medicine; they reprseent my individual opinion, and arc not in accord with 
 the usage of this University. It seems to me immaterial whether the degree conferred be 
 called B.S. or B.A. In view of the fact, however, that there is a strong prejudice in many 
 quarters in favor of reserving the B.A. degree for a course which is somewhat on the lines 
 of the old "classical course," it might be better in those universities to give the B.S. degree 
 for the combined Arts-Medical course of six years' duration, and the B.A. degree for a com- 
 hineil course extending through seven yeai-s ; the first year in the Medical School being 
 accepted in lieu of the fourth year in the college. 
 
 Dkan C. U. Bardeen (Medicine), University of Wisconsin. (a) Yes. [b) One 
 to two years in medicine and engineering, one in law. (c) In the combined course in 
 medicine and arts and science I prefer tlu- B.S. degree for the six-year combined course 
 and B.A. for the seven-year course. 
 
 Dkan George Bltmeu (Medicine), Yale University. {a) We take the view in 
 this University that they should. (/-») This depends on the individual student. Not 
 more than one year in a student of average ability — nor more than two years in one of 
 ahilitv a good deal above the average, (c) This would depend on local conditions and 
 traditions. In Y.'le University scientific branches pursued iji the academic department 
 count for an A.B., in tlie Sheffield Scientific School they count for a B.S. If we usmimu- 
 what mast men now grant, that .scientific studies properly taught have a cultural value, 
 thev mav just as fairly lead to an A.B. as a B.S. {d) T'rr>J,|. nt llndlfv's critici^.n on 
 
36 REPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 pp. 28-29 of this report is a criticism of the statement regai-ding combined courses from the 
 "Academic" catalogue. I enclose the statements from the Medical School catalogue which 
 practically substantiate his views. AVe feel here that the two-year combined course is still 
 on trial, and that we ma}^ in time come to a one-year combination, i. e., last academic year 
 the first medical. 
 
 Dean W. C. Robinson (Law), Catholic University of America. (a) Yes, un- 
 der sufficient restrictions, where the professional degree required three or more years of 
 study, (b) Not more than one year of a three years' coui'se. (c) The degree of A.B. 
 should be given two years before the professional degree is given, (d) If the degree of 
 B.S. is given at end of a good scientific course of three years, and the professional degree 
 is given at end of a medical, engineering, etc., course (not a law or literary or nhilosophy 
 course), I should approve of the degree of B.S., to be followed by the professional course. 
 But if the professional degree is to be a law, literary or philosophical degree, it should be 
 preceded by the degree of A.B. 
 
 Dean J. P. Hall (Law), University of Chicago. (a) Yes. (b) One year of 
 law and two of medicine or engineering, in my opinion, (c) That depends on what a par- 
 ticular institution wishes its A.B. to mean. B.S. might be appropriated for a degree hav- 
 ing as much science as two years of medical or engineering work, but hardly for one year 
 of law. The form of degree seems to me unimportant, (d) The length of time required 
 properly to prepare a man for a profession to-day makes this saving of time important in 
 order that he may undertake professional practice while his mind is still plastic. There is 
 no more reason why professional courses should not be accepted for a Bachelor's degree 
 than there is against accepting advanced courses in Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, or 
 Philology taken by persons intending to teach these subjects. 
 
 Dean G. W. Kirchwey (Law), Columbia University. (a) The plan described 
 in your question has been in force in Columbia Univei-sity for many years and I strongl}' 
 favor it. (b) That depends on the professional course selected. I should saj'^ that ordi- 
 narily two years of professional work would not be too much to allow towards the Bach- 
 elor's degree in the College of Liberal Arts, (c) I do not think it necessary to discriminate 
 in the case of students taking law or others of the social sciences. In rlie case of medicine 
 or engineering it might be well to recognize the more technical character of the work b^' 
 awarding the degree of B.S. (d) In the foregoing answers I have regarded the questions 
 from the point of view of the undergraduate student. I am more and more inclined to 
 regard properly conducted professional studies els a desirable substitute for the more usual 
 academic studies. 
 
 Dean Frank Irvine (Law), Cornell University, (a) Yes. (b) The fundamental 
 subjects in the professional courses, (c) I can see no reason for using n different degree. 
 
IN ACADKMIC AND PROFESSIONAL WORK 87 
 
 Dean Samukl Williston (Law), Harvard University. («) I have no objection 
 to this. (6) Not more than the work of the senior year, (c) No. (d) In view of 
 the larf^fe choice of elcctives offered to students in ahnost all colleges today, the degree of 
 A.B. no longer has the narrow meaning which it once had. I see no reason why profes- 
 sional study for a f«>urtli of the course should not be regarded us a liberal study. I deem 
 it essential, liowever, that if the work is to be eounted towards u professional degree, the 
 whole last year in college should be given to professional work. 
 
 Dean O. A. Harkeb (Law), University of Illinois, (a) Yes. (b) One-third of 
 the law work. No opinion as to medicine, engineering, (c) No. 
 
 Dean C. N. Gregory (Law), State University of Iowa. (/>) Yes. Not to exceed 
 one year, (c) No. 
 
 Dean W. M. Lile (Law), University of Virginia, (a) I think .so. (b) One year 
 out of the four, (c) Yes. 
 
 Dean H. W. Rogers (Law), Yale University. (A) I approve of it. (b) One year's 
 Hork. (t) I see no good reason for it. 
 
 Dean R. D. Salisbury (Graduate), University of Chicago. (a) To some ex- 
 tent, (b) About one year's work, (c) Not a matter of great consequence. If various 
 bachelor's degrees are given, it seems to me they should be S.B.'s, if science work is prom- 
 inent. Otherwise some other degree. The mere fact of counting some courses toward two 
 degrees should, it seems to me, have no influence on the bachelor's degree given. 
 
 Dean J. W. Burgess (Graduate Faculty), Columbia University. (a) I think 
 they should. (b) At least the full first year of professional work, excepting what is 
 purely technical, (t) No. 
 
 Dean C. E. Seashore (Graduate), State University of Iowa. (a) Yes. (6) 
 This would vary with courses, but in general one year could be safely recommended, 
 (c) B.S. for combinations with medicine and A.B. for combinations with l;iw. 
 
 Dean F. W. Blackmar (Graduate), University of Kansas, (a) Yes, with limi- 
 tations. (b^ Six years for Law and Arts degrees; six years for Medicine and Arts de- 
 grees; six 3-ears for Engineering and Arts degrees, (c) No. 
 
 Dean H. T. Eddy (Graduate), University of Minnesota. (a) I think so. (6) 
 One year, (c) I a})})rove of A.B. 
 
 Director G. C. Comstock (Graduate), University of Wisconsin. (a) Yes. (6) 
 Roughly one-third, but an exact numerical prescription is of doubtful utility, (c) No. 
 
 Dean C. H. Htm. (Arts and Science), Cornell University. (o) We permit the 
 counting towards our degree of A.B. of work taken by stu(lent.s of this college in courses 
 
38 REPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 in other colleges of Cornell University, under certain restrictions. (6) Not more than 
 30 hours' outside work out of the minimum of 120 hours which must be satisfied for A.B. 
 (c) We give the A.B. degree to all graduates of the "College of Arts and Sciences," 
 which is, in fact, all of the University that has not been set aside in the professional col- 
 leges or the Graduate School. It includes general courses useful for various colleges, e. g., 
 the languages, mathematics, etc., also highly specialized courses in many fields, some of 
 them quite as technical, in fact, as most, or perhaps as any of the courses in law or engi- 
 neering or medicine. We give A.B. to a student whose classes have been predominantly 
 in, say, Chemistry, or in Botany, just as if they had been predominantly in Latin or in 
 History. 
 
 Dean J. O. Reed (Science, Literature, and the Arts), University of Michigan. Dean 
 Reed writes at length favoring the combined course. We regret that his letter can not 
 be printed in full. 
 
 Dean J. F. Downey (Science, Literature, and the Arts), University of Minnesota, 
 (a) Yes. {h) One year, although we allow two years in the College of Medicine and 
 Surgery to supplem.ent two ^^ears of specific work (no electives) in the College of Science, 
 Literature and the Arts for the degree B.S. (c) I would prefer that three years be re- 
 quired in the College of Liberal Arts, and then after one year in one of the professional 
 courses the degree of A.B. be conferred, {d) I think the ideal wa}- is to complete a full 
 four 3'ears' liberal arts course, the student selecting his electives somewhat with reference 
 to a contemplated professional course to be taken afterwards, if he happens to know what 
 his profession is to be. As it is difficult in this country and age to hold young people as 
 long as this, the combination courses came in as the next best thing. While many of the 
 state universities now give the B.S. or B.A. degrees for two years in liberal arts and two 
 years in medicine or law, I hope to see the time when all the leading universities will re- 
 quire three years of college work before the beginning of professional work. 
 
 Dean E. W. Davis (Literature, Arts and Science), University of Nebraska, (a) 
 I favor a combined course. (&) Not more than one vear — the fourth A^ear in Arts, the 
 first in Law. (c) I see no reason for a different degree, {d) The degree should be A.B. 
 or B.S., according as the prevailing type of work is humanistic or scientific. 
 
 Dean E. A. Birge (Letters and Science), University of Wisconsin, (a) Yes. (b) 
 In general, 20 hours (see catalogue 1909-10, p. 110). (c) This seems to me a ques- 
 tion of fact. Degree should conform to the course which the student has followed, (d) 
 At the University of Wisconsin, B.S. is a professional or semi-professional degree, and all 
 courses leading to it are practically required. In this general matter the faculty feel that a 
 working arransfement has been reached rather than a pennanent settlement of the question. 
 The arrangement for medical students differs from that of others. Professors in the Med- 
 
IN ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL WORK 89 
 
 ical School are also professors in the Colle<Te of Letters and Science, and all of the work 
 which they offer may count toward the A.B. degree. A student may take two years under 
 tlieir instruction. If tins is preceded by two years of collcfije work the student will receive 
 the B.S. degree. If preceded by three years, including all of the requircnu-nts for the 
 A.B. degree, the latter degree will he granted. 
 
 Dean F. S. Joxks (College), Vnle University, (a) A limited number of courses 
 in the professional schools may he countetl toward the degree in the College of Liberal 
 Arts. (6) At Yale our custom is to allow the two degrees on the completion of six years' 
 work. This means that about one year of the professional work counts toward both de- 
 grees, (c) If the professional work is general rather than technical, Jts is the case in our 
 course here at Yale, there is no objection to its counting toward the A.B. degree, (d) 
 Our feeling is that a great many young men who desire to enter the professions find it 
 very difficult to devote seven or eight years to a combination of college ajid professional 
 school work. It seems quite feasible to reduce the time to six 3'ears. 
 
 Dean A. ¥. Lange (Graduate), University of California, (a) Yes, for cultural 
 as well as vocational reasons, (b) Not more than one year, lest the I^ibcral Arts School 
 become a "prep" school for professional schools, (c) I can sec no valid reason for distin- 
 guishing between a Bachelor's degree for four years of a I^iberal Arts course and a 
 Bachelor's degree for three years of such a course plus the first professional year. 
 
 Professor Paul Shorey, University of Chicago, (a) Yes, with many restrictions. 
 
 (b) One year at the most, (c) A.B. in case of reasonable amount of Greek and Latin. 
 {(I) The Arts Faculty should detennine what quasi-profe.ssional courses it will accept for 
 its degree and the Professional School should determine what credit it will give these 
 courses for its degree. 
 
 Professor E. R. A. Seligman, Columbia Univei-sity. (a) Yes. (/>) Sei (</). 
 
 (c) No. (d) As Columbia University wjls the first institution to put the above plan 
 into operation, and I was one of those who warmly reconimende<l the original prop- 
 osition, I am naturally much interested in the scheme, and think it the only practical 
 solution of the problem at the present with us. At the present time the argument is still 
 strong in favor of a three-year college and a one-year professional course; but I am con- 
 vinced that ultimately, and especially with the lengthening of the law course to four years 
 and the medicjil course to five years, two years at college will fonn the f)roper dividing line. 
 
 Professor F. C. Wood, Columbia University, (a) At Columbia University we have 
 the six-year combined course for the degrees of A.B. (or B.S.) and M.D. (b) Two 
 years or one vear, according to whether the student o]crt«- the ^^ix nr seven-vear conihinetl 
 
40 REPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 course, (c) Either. Candidates for admission to the medical school must have had two 
 years of college work, including elementary Physics, Chemistry and Biology. 
 
 Professor J. W. Jenks, Cornell University. (a) Yes. (b) One year. (c) No. 
 (d) In my judgment something should depend on the character of the professional course. 
 In some instances I should be willing to allow more than one year's work ; in others, not. 
 
 Professor G. L. Burr, Cornell University, {a) Not as a whole; but I see no seri- 
 ous objection to letting a part of the work for a professional degree count thus doubly. 
 (b) Just so much as might well be taken as an element of general culture by those 
 not preparing for the profession in question. (c) No. So long as "A.B." meant some- 
 thing, and meant sometliiiig else, I deprecated its extension to this; but it has been grow- 
 ing to be the degree indicative of a general culture. I wish there were no degrees; but, 
 wliile they exist, this seems to me as good for this purpose as any. (d) Students looking 
 forward to a profession are, if my observation may be trusted, almast certain to antici- 
 pate their professional work by choosing such courses as the^' believe preparatory to it. 
 If we frankly permit an overlapping, we learn what their profession is to be and can 
 restrict their specializing beyond the amount of this overlapping. As I believe a certain 
 amount of the training for any profession good general culture for students not looking 
 forward to it, I do not see that the liberal course is thereby seriouslj' threatened. 
 
 Professor A. B. Hart, Harvard University. (a) I prefer a three-year A.B. 
 Failing that, would consider the scheme of double counting, (b) Not over one year, (c) 
 Have a predilection for the A.B. (d) Would this mean either: (a) Undergraduates 
 studying in X college shall be accepted also in Y professional college; or (b) Each uni- 
 versity to count the undergraduate work of its own students only? The former is the only 
 fair and practical scheme : this is replete with difficulties. 
 
 Professor H. B. Ward, University of Illinois, (a) Yes. {b) All that is ap- 
 plicable — see {d). (c) I hardly see any real line to-day between the two degrees, (d) 
 The character of the subject properly taught would detemiine its place. Anatomy, a 
 pure science, ought to count for a Bachelor's degree as much as "Cat anatomy" now al- 
 lowed in many strictly liberal college courses. Surgery, a derived and technical appli- 
 cation of anatomy, ought not to count for a general degree. So also many other similar 
 cases. 
 
 Professor F. W. Kei^ey, University of Michigan, (a) Yes. (b) The combined 
 course should cover preferably seven years, certainly not less than six years, (c) The 
 A.B. degree should be restricted to those who have had classical training. I should rec- 
 ommend B.S. for those whose training in the sciences has been sufficient to warrant the 
 distinction. ' 
 
IN ACADKMIC AND FROKK881UN Al. WUKK 41 
 
 Dean L. C Monin, Armour ln.stitute of Technology, {a) Yes. (6) Three years. 
 
 (c) B.S. 
 
 Prksidf.nt VV. D. tlYDi;. Bowdoin Collerrc. (./) Yes. (/>) One year, (c) No. 
 
 (d) Bowdoin Colle«^e allows tiie first yLar in Medicine to count also <is the Senior year 
 in college. We have a course which in combination with the Mjussachusctts Injstitutc of 
 Technology gives A.B. and the en^^ineering degree in .'■ix or seven years. 
 
 Presidknt a. B. Church, Buchtel College, (a) Yes, if well guarded as to cor- 
 responding grades of work credited, i. c, junior grade for junior grade, etc. (/>) One 
 year, or Ji2 term hours, (r) If A.B. is to stand strictly ft)r the old classical Arts course, 
 then I should prefer B.S. or other degree. If A.B. stands for Bachelor's degree in general, 
 then it is innnaterial. (</) Buchtel College has allowed one full year of Knginecring course 
 to be credited for Senior year in Liberal Arts course, but has required the engineering 
 work to be of a senior grade of study. 
 
 President C. W. Dabnky, Univei-sity of Cincinnati. (</) Of course, not wholly. 
 (6) One, or possibly two, years. {c) No. The A.B. degree means nowadays merely 
 "bachelor" or graduate of the college. Its content is no longer defined. A.B. does not 
 stand any longer for a classical course, but merely for an undergraduate course in college. 
 There is no reason, therefore, for differentiating the bachelor degrees. If we begin to do 
 this and establish the degrees of A.B., where the classics are studied; B.S., where the 
 course is largely scientific; Ph.B., where it is chiefly philosophical; B.Iwtt., where it is 
 chiefly literary, etc., we will have to go on as some colleges have alrejidy done, and add 
 B.Ed., where education is the chief subject; B.Chem., where chemistry is the chief subject, 
 etc., etc., ad infinitum. The great departments will all demand this recognition, and it be- 
 comes senseless. I favor giving the old A.B. degree to all the graduates in any college 
 course. 
 
 President E. B. Brvan, Colgate University, {a) Yes. (6) One year, (c) I 
 think this is immaterial. 
 
 President J. II. Baker, Univci;sity of Colorado, {a) Yes — until the period of 
 general education is shortened two years, (b) Two years, (c) No — distinction between 
 A.B. and B.S. all nonsense for arts college, (d) All this is a temporary makeshift. The 
 leading universities .should frankly and at once begin real university work at the end of the 
 Sophomore year and end college work at the age of 20. Also, they should encourage econ- 
 omy in the elementary and secondary perio<ls. I believe only cowardice prevents this. 
 
 President F. J. McConneli>, DePauw University, {a) The general fundamen- 
 tal college courses which underlie the professional courses might well be accepted a.s 
 credits by professional schools, (b) Not more than enough to make one full college year, 
 I should think. (c) What I have in mind could be met l)y adhering to the A.B. degree. 
 
4^"^ REPOET OK COMBINED COUllSES 
 
 Remark. What I had in mind is such thoroughness of teaching of Mathematics, and Sci- 
 ence, and Language, Economics, etc., in tlie college grades that the professional school will 
 willingly accept these courses as substitutes for whatever underlj'ing general courses they 
 may offer in the first year of professional vvork. 
 
 President R. L. Kelt.y, Earlham College. («) Yes, work of a theoretical nature. 
 (h) One year, {c) B.S. 
 
 President J. H. T. Main, Grinnell College. («) Yes, provided all admission re- 
 quirements are met in the regular way, and all special and regular requirements in the 
 college course. Only free electives to count in such combination, (fc) We have allowed 
 one yeax only of professional school course to count, and then only in carefully selected 
 professional schools, (c) Would depend on circumstances — B.S., naturally, in case of 
 medical students. This would depend almost entirely upon usage of the college in matter 
 of admission requirements and special college requirements for the degrees named, {d) 
 As an independent college (that is, one having no professional schools) we have not been 
 favorable to a combined course. We have, however, made arrancrements in the case of a few 
 students, in accordance with above regulations vvhere conditions seemed to justify it. We 
 shall in all probabilitv continue this practice, but shall give ray careful consideration to 
 every case. 
 
 President Isaac Sharpless, Haverford College, (a) Not technical courses. Cer- 
 tain courses in general science, etc., in college might be accepted by the professional 
 schools as part of their requirement for a degree, (c) The A.B. should depend upon 
 some Latin or Greek in the college course. If this were secured I would give it for all 
 courses. 
 
 President C. FI. Rammelkamp, Illinois College, (a) I am inclined to say yes. 
 (6) Not more than one year, {c) I see no objections to the A.B. in such cases. 
 
 President PI. S. Drinker, Lehigh University. (a) Yes, provided the student 
 elects during his Junior and Senior years in the arts course enough subjects of the 
 professional courses to pass off the Avork of a year (or more) in those courses. Where 
 there are separate departmental faculties the first year in the professional school might 
 be accepted by the college faculty as the equivalent of the Senior year in the arts course, 
 inasmuch as the studies of such Senior yenr are generally elective, and the bachelor's degree 
 be conferred on the successful completion of the first year's work of the professional school, 
 (fc) Ordinarily, one year in law and medicine, two in engineering, (t) No, the degree 
 should be what it would have been had the student not so anticipated his professional work 
 — A.B., B.S., Ph.B. id) If the preparatory school work were so adiusted as to allow a 
 student ordinarily to enter collea:e at 16 years of age, h.e should take the full college 
 and professional courses. 
 
IX ACADEMIC AND PHOFESSIONAL WORK 43 
 
 President W. O. Thompson, Ohio State University- (a) The Ohio State has ar- 
 ranged an Arts-Iinw course of six years. See Catalogue, page 25. (b) Sec Catalogue 
 for our position, (r) The Ohio State uses the A.B. 
 
 Dean J. J. Adams (Law), Ohio State University, {u) Ves. (b) One year, 
 (c) No. 
 
 President \V. E. Stone, Purdue University. (a) I believe that ultimately the 
 professional and undergraduate courses will be separate, but at the present evolutionary 
 stage of the subject the overlapping of the two .seems entirely consistent and admissible. 
 (6) One year preferablv rather than two. (c) I do not think the B.S. degree should Ix* 
 u.sed to meet a compromise. The B.S. degree should stand for courses essentially scien- 
 tific and the B.A. degree for courses in Arts and Letters. They should be equivalent in 
 weight and express only the distinction in the courses pursued. It would be consistent 
 to give the B.S. antecedent to courses in Medicine and the A.B. antecedent to courses in 
 Law. 
 
 Dean F. M. Erickson (Acting President). Ripon College, (a) Yes. (6) About 
 one year, (c) Yes. {d) On (b) about one year, because I think, of the work for the 
 A.B. degree, not more than one-quarter to one-third should be in specialized work. 
 
 President Henry Lefavour, Simmons College, (d) Rather, I should allow such 
 portions of the medical and legal programmes which are not strictly technical, but are 
 scientific, economic or sociological — or applications of the latter departments — to be counted 
 toward the Bachelor's degree, whether in Science or Art. 
 
 President Joseph Swain, Swarthniore College, (a) Yes. (b) One year, (r) I 
 approve the A.B. degree. 
 
 Dean M. B. Thom.\s (College), Wabash College, (a) I favor the above. (6) 
 Not to exceed two years. I prefer but one. (c) I see no reason for not using A.B., if the 
 course is in the main prescribed and in its work not too much removed from what the A.B. 
 degree indicates. 
 
 II. OPINIONS MORH OR LKSS DECIDEDLY OPPOSED TO THE COMBINED COURSE. 
 
 Professor \V. G. Hale, University of Chicago, (a) No. (d) I regret the rise 
 of the .system. In the casi> of a son of my own (and the case has already been real- 
 ized) I should prefer to have four years of liberal training before professional work l>e- 
 gins, rather than three. But, assuming the fliree-year plan to be adopted, the various 
 degrees should suffer equally by it. It would not be fair to natural .science to take the 
 degree of B.S. to indicate a lowered liberal training any more than it was fair to classicAl 
 studies to give the degree of A.B. to those w lio did not take them. 
 
44 EEPOHT OX COMBINED COURSES 
 
 Professor J. L. Laughlin, University of Chicago, (a) No. The professional 
 schools desire to get men earlier into their courses, and so earlier into practice. If so, 
 let them frankly admit men at the end of the Junior year. Why sacrifice the valu- 
 able term devoted to general discipline in order to get quickly at work? (b) Of course, 
 much work now described as professional training is disciplinary ; but it is a deception to 
 count the same work twice, (c) No. Keep the full standard of requirement for the 
 Bachelor's degree, and admit to professional schools at end of third year. That is the 
 actual fact today. We owe a duty to those who wish to have the full Bachelor's de- 
 gree, who do not care to shorten their work. The aim of the college should be to give an 
 impulse to scholarship and character, and not be made use of to further the commercial 
 success and numbers of the professional schools. The professional man of today needs 
 more rather than less general training in Science, Language, Literature, and the social 
 sciences. 
 
 Harvard University, 1 
 
 Cambridge, June 20, 1910.J 
 Dear Mr. Bryan: 
 
 The object of the combined Arts-Professional course is to shorten the period otherwise 
 occupied by taking separately the arts course and the professional course. The time 
 saved must be subtracted from some portion of the education. If instead of a four years' 
 arts course and a three years' law course, making seven years, the degree is obtained in 
 five years, obviously the two years saved are taken from somewhere. As a matter of fact, 
 surely, they are usually taken out of the arts course, because three years' professional 
 work is done substantially as it would be otherwise. The question then really comes to the 
 wisdom of giving a Bachelor's degree to men who have Imd only two years of college 
 work, on condition that they do the work of a professional school. Judging from the de- 
 mand for this sort of degree, I presume that it meets a real and widely extended need 
 in the community ; but, on the other hand, I think there are many men who can afford 
 the time to get a full arts course in addition to their professional course, and I believe 
 that for those who can afford it this is worth while. Some universities will, I hope, con- 
 tinue to give their art degrees only on that basis. 
 
 It seems to me not unimportant that the public should be able to know just what a 
 degree means, and therefore it seems to me that it would be perhaps better if the arts de- 
 gree in these cases was given in such a way as to indicate that it represents a less degree 
 of college work than if the man had taken his full four years in college in addition to his 
 professional work. That is, that there should be something to indicate Avliether a student 
 in Indiana University, for example, had taken his four years of college work, and then 
 his three years of law, or had taken merely five years in the whole. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 President William L. Bryan. A. Lawrence Lowell. 
 
IN' ACADEMIC AND PEOFESSIONAL WORK 45 
 
 Dean 11. A. Christian (Midical), llurv.ird University. (<j) No. (</) I havi' 
 always regarded a combined course as a short cut more injurious at present to the col- 
 lecje than to the professional scIkm)!. As a means of raising; the standard of medical 
 education hv incrr.'isin<4 {)reliminary education it can be justified as a temporarv •■\pedient. 
 However, once adopted it will he ditKcult to change: consequently I have opposed it. In 
 final analysis it is to my mind a two years' preparation for professional work, and whether 
 or not a man has an A.B. or S.B. degree is of no importance in this connection. He 
 merely has two years' })reparation for Medicine, wliich. is desiraljle. More preparation to 
 my mind is preferable. 
 
 Dean C. II. Haskins ((iraduate), Harvard University, (o) Strictly professional 
 work should not count, but non-technical fundamental courses {e. g„ bacteriology, me- 
 chanics) ought to be counted for the A.B. {h) Limited amount, (c) No. (d) I do 
 not believe in double counting. The remedy is to confer degrees not u{)on the scoring 
 of courses, but upon a standard of attainment tested by a thorough examination on trie 
 whole field. 
 
 Professor F. VV. Taussig, Harvard University, {a) No. (6) The less, the bet- 
 ter, (c) No. 
 
 Professor T. N. Carver, Harvard T^niversity. (n) No. (r) I think not, hut 
 would be open to conviction. 
 
 Dkan W, C. Wilcox (Arts), State University of Iowa. {a) In my judgment 
 they should not. (6) We count 20 semester hours of Law and JiO of ]\Iedicine, but we 
 ought not to count any. (c) I would approve B.S. for Medicine and Ennfineering com- 
 binations but A.B. for Law combinations, {d) Our only excuse for maintaining the com- 
 bined courses is that other institutions do so. Our righteousness chxis not exceeil the right- 
 eousness of the Scribes and Pharisees. The whole combined course is a degradation to tlie 
 work in Liberal Arts and a cheapening of the Liberal Arts degit^e. 
 
 Dean W. II. Howell (Medicine), Johns Hopkins University, (r) I should pre 
 fer the single degree A.B. (tf ) My own preference is that the Bachelor's degree should be 
 granti'<l at the end of a two or thrc>e years' coui*se and that the scientific or other special 
 courses required as preparation for professional work should be taken as graduate coui-ses 
 for one or two years. This suggestion would put the language courses (modern lan- 
 guages) in the courses leading to the Bachelor's degree. 
 
 Dean E. II. Griffin (College Faculty ), Johns Hopkins TTiu'versity. (n) No. (c) 
 No. {d) It does not seem to me that ''professional courses" -hould In- given in the Col- 
 lege of liberal Arts. 
 
46 REPORT OX COMBINED COURSES 
 
 Dean Olin Templin (Arts and Sciences), University of Kansas, (a) Personally 
 I wish this thing could be prevented, because I believe that four years is brief enough 
 time to devote to the pursuit of a liberal education. I recognize, however, the impossi- 
 bility of avoiding the general adoption of some plan of granting college credit for some 
 courses in the professional schools, (b) The Faculty of College of Liberal Arts and Sci- 
 ences of the University^ of Kansas has recently modified its plan of recognizing Drofessional 
 work by agreeing to accept 15, 20 or 25 hours, according to the time required by the vari- 
 ous professional schools to earn their degrees. By this plan, at the present time, 15 hours 
 are to be accepted from the Schools of Engineering, Education, and Law, and 25 hours from 
 the School of Medicine, Wlien certain contemplated changes are made in some of these 
 professional schools the amount of credit granted them will be altered. It is understood 
 that in all cases the college will give credit for only such courses in the professional schools 
 as are least technical in character, (c) How would it do to add "In Law". "In Medi- 
 cine", etc., after the degree? 
 
 Dean L. A. Sherman (Graduate College), University of Nebraska, (a) Our feel- 
 ing is, that if the student can finish his undergraduate studies at nineteen or twenty, it 
 is altogether best that he do no professional work for his first degree, (b) If the stu- 
 dent is to be kept from getting his Bachelor's degree until he is twenty-four or twenty- 
 five years old, we think he may wisely take advantage of the six-year Law or six-year Med- 
 ical course. Nearly two years of professional courses may thus be taken, (c) We con- 
 fer the degree of B.S. on those Avho complete the six-year course in Medicine and the de- 
 gree of A.B. on such as complete the six-year course in Law. (d) The governing reason 
 for the six-year courses in Law and Medicine is the likelihood that mature students tire 
 of the disciplinary subjects, and take them perfunctorily, mainly or merely for credit. It 
 is believed that staled academic or scientific study is not as educational as such professional 
 work as is permitted to count for the first degree. 
 
 Dean W. D. Lewis (Law), University of Penns3dvania. (a) No. {b) Three 
 years is the shortest possible time that a man can be prepared for the bar. These three 
 3'ears should be spent under the exclusive direction of the Law Faculty and in the Law 
 School. The same number of subjects pertaining to Law taken in part while the student 
 is in the college does not produce the same educational effect. Not the ground covered, 
 but the exclusive devotion to legal subjects for three years is that v^'hich trains for the work 
 of the profession. AlloAving one subject to count for two degrees belittles both degrees, 
 and cheapens the whole University. 
 
 President Woodrow Wilson, Princeton L^niversity. (a) Our judgment here is 
 strongly against this, (c) Certainly not. The degree of Bachelor of Arts. 
 
IN ACADKMIO AND PBUFIC8NIONAL WORK 4'7 
 
 Deak a. F. West (Graduuto), Princeton Univei-sity. (a) No, because it tends to 
 confuse and destroy the standards of liberal education and also to defjrade professional aiul 
 technical trainin<^. {d) In my judgment the only sensibli- way is to keep liberal education 
 distincl from technical and professional and underlying it. 
 
 Dean K. II. D.\i{n.;v (Graduate), University of Virginia. (a) 1 voted for this 
 plan several years ago when we adopted it at the University of Virginia, but I did so with 
 hesitation and reluctance, and I have come more aiid more to doubt the wisdom of the policy. 
 (6) One year's work as a mfij'z"w«7«. (c) The words "arts", ".science" and "philosophy" 
 are all very vague in their meaning. Any one of them would do to designate the general 
 culture of a baccalaureate degree. Since "arts" is the mori' customary', I should prefer 
 that all other baccalaureate degri.H?s be abolished, (d) The counting of professional work 
 as part of the baccalaureate degree is due partly to the commercial spirit of the age and 
 partly to the inordinate desire of university authorities to have larger numbers of students 
 on their rolls — which latter desire is one manifestation of the American woi-ship of business 
 anil quantity rather than of quality. When John Smith does four years of good academic 
 work and four years of good medical study, he rightly receives the degrees of Bachelor of 
 Arts and Doctor of Medicine. When John Jones does only three years of academic work 
 and four of medicine, the University that gives him the same two decrees does an injus- 
 tice to Smith and practices a deception upon the public. Yet this practice is now .so wide- 
 spread that it is doubtful whether it can be done away with. I should greatly like to see it 
 abolished every where. 
 
 Dean H. S. Richards (Law), University of Wisconsin. {«) Yes, under j)resent 
 conditions, (b) In law, at least one year's work, (c) No. (d) I personally would be 
 opposed to allowing a student to count the sauK- work towards two degrees. I should 
 be more inclined to favor a plan by which the period of study for the A.B. degrcx> was 
 reduced to three years. It .seems necessary under present conditions in the western univer- 
 sities, at least, to encourage prospective professional students to tjike .some university train- 
 ing, to make an arrangement of the character above described. The A.B. degree has long 
 since lost any special significance as describing the course pursued, and for that reason I 
 should not i)f in favor of substituting another degree. 
 
 Professou G. B. Adams, Yale University, {a) I think it is highly undesirable, 
 it it can be avoided, (h) The least possible in given conditions, (c) The form of the 
 degree I regard as indifferent, (d) I think our higher educational Xystein would he 
 greatly improved by frankly recognizing that the trouble which creates these problems 
 has been caused by advancing the standard of admission to college too far, and by clearly 
 recognizing at the same time the fact that the college course is distinctly a preparatory 
 course in the university ; not a course coordinate with the professional and technical courses. 
 
48 REPORT OX COMBIKED COURSES 
 
 President A. F. Bruske, Alma College, (a) No, because it will be misunder- 
 stood. It is saying that the student has completed a course in the College of Liberal 
 Arts and another in the professional school. He has not done this, (c) If either is al- 
 lowed, it should be B.S., because the studies are in the sciences. 
 
 Deak Ed win Post (College), DePauw University, (a) In my judgment, not. 
 (c) Decidedly so. (d) Provided the quality of work prepai'atory to the college could be 
 improved, — I would not have the amount of time at all increased, — I should prefer a three 
 years' college course to the plan now in vogue of uniting the two courses. The profes- 
 sional ideal is not that of the college — or should not be — and the anticipation of bread- 
 and-butter studies is fatal, I think, to the proper development of the ideal for which the 
 college should stand. With conditions as they are, I am opposed to shortening the four 
 years' course, except as briccht students* now can do it by demonstrating the right to 
 carry "maximum work." If the college is not to be crushed between the upper and the 
 nether millstones, we should do everything reasonable to conserve its spirit and increase 
 its solidarity, while recognizing its necessary relation to the secondary school on the one 
 hand and the professional school on the other. 
 
 President M. E. Crowell, Franklin College. (a) I believe it undesirable ex- 
 cept, perhaps, as a sort of transition plan to satisfy present demands. I believe even- 
 tually the longer course should prevail, (b) Not more than one year, (c) There is so 
 little uniformity in the case of degrees among the colleges that I can see no special advan- 
 tage in making a distinction in this case unless some general plan for all degrees could be 
 agreed to by universities and colleges. 
 
 President W. A. Millis, Hanover College, (a) This question may be answered 
 in the affirmative only as a matter of expediency, and then only when the type of pro- 
 fessional work counted twice is of a broad, general character, (b) Not to exceed one 
 year, (c) Certainly not the A.B. degree. And to use the B.S. degree is unfair to col- 
 leges which require full four years of high grade work for the degree, (d) I have given 
 considerable thought to this problem recently, and have concluded that Dr. Jordan's state- 
 ment fairly covers all that can be said favorably of the proposition — namely, that it is a 
 nuisance which a sound system of higher education should get rid of if possible. An ex- 
 amination of the actual study schedules of the majority of the institutions reporting shows 
 that the work required for the "combined course" can not qualify the student for admis- 
 sion into the fellowship of educated men and women. The courses are narrowly utili- 
 tarian ; they do not introduce the student to an intelligent view of his civilization. Look- 
 ing at the matter from a pedagogical point of view, no man taking merely the courses pro- 
 posed in the printed statement submitted by the Indiana University Committee to shov.- the 
 
 * A fair number of this class really complete the four years' course in about three years. 
 
IN ACADEMIC AND jeK0i«liSS10>; A 1- SV OHJv 49 
 
 practice of the several universities, has a right to call himself educated. On tJie other 
 liand, something must be conceded to the larger degree of interest and zeal of the student 
 who is working at studies which he feels wijl get bread and butter for him. My point is, 
 whatever degree is adopted for this purpose, it should be distinctly understood as not. certi- 
 fying to a "college education." 
 
 Ha.MILTON Col.l.KO.E, ^ 
 
 The Prksident'b Rooms, > 
 
 Clinton, New York, June 18, 1910. J 
 Mv Dear President Bryan : 
 
 Your list of questions if answerer! No to tlie lirst one needs no further detail from me. 
 
 I wholly disbelieve in this composition of courses. The Bachelor's degree (A.B. only 
 
 if with Greek) should stand distinctly for a disciplinary and formative course. We make 
 
 it so. Whatever of any work, undergraduate, after-schools choose to count is their affair. 
 
 We are not offering any technical introduction to professional schools. It seems t« 
 
 me an attempt to inuicate college work proper. Intensely I am again.st it. 
 
 Yours respectfully, 
 
 M. W. Strykkr, President. 
 
 Librarian D. C. Brown, Indiana State Library, (a) No. (c) Some other bach- 
 elor's degree instead of A.B. {d) I siiy "no" to («) because I believe that a general 
 education covering a large field is necessary for the student who i^ going to do the best 
 work in the professional schools. 
 
 President R. P. Smith, Kansas Weslcyan University, (a) I think the trend is in 
 the wrong direction. Our educational process is not too long, particularly for the pro- 
 fessions, (b) If any is permitted, not more than a year, (c) Such a .step would de- 
 stroy the essential feature of A.B., in my judgment. 
 
 President E. D. Warfield, Lafayette College, (a) No. {<) (Vrtainly not the 
 A.B. (d) The undergraduate course should be organized purely with a view to the 
 eflucation of the man, not of the practitioner. Courses in the .sciences, <•. g., .should have 
 in mind the needs of the general student and should be in pure science with only so much 
 practice as to make the student a master of scientific method. 
 
 Dean R. M. IIighes (Arts), Miami University, {a) I tliink not. {b) Certainly 
 not more than one-fourth of total work, (c) I would approve of the A.B. (d) As 
 Miami is not affiliated with any law or medical school, we may be prejudiced against 
 such combined coursi-^. It seems to us that at least one-fourth <)f the value of a college 
 course is through the associations with one's fellow students. These juisociations become 
 most active and most valuable in the senior year and there must bo a large loss in leaving 
 one's undergraduate college for a profcssionalschool.it th. eloM- of th« rinior year. The 
 
 («1 
 
50 REPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 requests for a degree vary so greatly over the country that it seems wiser to have one de- 
 gree for the college course and endeavor to maintain as hisrh a requirement for it as possible. 
 
 President G. P. Benton, Miami University. («) No. 
 
 President John Cavanaugh, University of Notre Dame. (a) No. (c) Cer- 
 tainly not A.B. If the thing must be done use B.S. for the men who take Medicine 
 and Engineering, i have no suggestion about the Law men. (d) If a college degree 
 means anything, it stands for certain specific processes of culture through which the stu- 
 dent has passed. I am unalterably opposed to making any change in the old significance 
 of the degree of A.B. Professional or technical training should have no relation to it what- 
 ever. If you give such a degree for two years of the Arts course, plus two years of any 
 professional course, you are making sport of the degree and its tradition, and you are 
 putting a false label on a product of the college. It is as bad as food adulteration. No 
 anxiety about the extent of entrance requirements into the Professional Schools of the 
 future ought to have weight in this matter. Let the question of entrance requirements 
 take care of itself. 
 
 President Herbert Welch, Ohio Wesleyan University, (a) We of the colleges 
 would not choose the plan as ideal, but it seems to be a practical necessity, (b) One, 
 or at most (and reluctantly) two years, (c) B.S. in Medicine and Engineering. 
 
 Dean J. V. Denny (Arts), Ohio State University, (a) Theoretically, No. Prac- 
 tically we are all driven to it since reputable institutions have authorized it. (b) One 
 year. At O. S. U. we have tried two-thirds of one year. The result is that students 
 are overloaded by the discounting of their law work, (c) I consider the degree of no 
 importance. Both B.S. and A.B. have lost distinctive meaning. 
 
 President E. G. Lancaster, Olivet College, (a) No. (c) No. (d) Straight full 
 four years is little enough. 
 
 President F. W. Hamilton, Tufts College, (a) No. (d) The practice of al- 
 lowing the same courses to be counted twice is common and is the practice at Tufts, but 
 I do not regard it as honest. The whole question of professional education is difficult and 
 complicated, but I fail to see how we gain anything except experience in chicanery by giv- 
 ing a man A.B. and M.D., e. g., in six years, when either course alone takes four. If the 
 man can not, or should not be kept for eight years, we should be honest and shorten our 
 courses. 
 
 President Horace Ellis, Vincennes University, (a) At heart, I feel that the 
 lost prestige of the arts degree should be restored. This, under present conditions, seems 
 an utter impossibility, since to accomplish such a Step would mean unanimous cooperation of 
 
IX ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL WORK 51 
 
 all our great universities. This being out of the question, niv answer to the above ques- 
 tion is "Yes." (b) Since tlu- trend, today, in most of our universities (I do not pretend 
 to say whetlier riirjitly or wrongly so) seems away from culture and character and toward 
 utility and prompt service, I believe two years the limit ; though my answer is given with 
 the thought that training today is taken in our colleges and universities with the hope of 
 coping successfullv with present conditions in the world of affairs, rather than with the 
 liope of creating new and better ccmditions. (r) Yes. 
 
 Chancellor D. F. Houston, Washington University, {a) No. (c) No. (d) 
 i fun opposed to counting the same work for two degrees. Gcxxl, well-prepared students 
 can finish the two courses in a sufficiently short time. If they can not, let them take as 
 much college work Jis they can or jus may be required for its own sake. 
 
 III. PRESIDENT HADLEY REPLIES TO THE QUESTION .\S FOLLOWS: 
 
 President A. T. Hadley, Yale University, (a) This seems to me a question for 
 each university to decide for itself, (b) Ditto, (c) Ditto, (d) With the diversity of 
 requirements for the Bachelor's degree there are two conflicting tendencies. One which 
 on the whole prevails, is to bring the practice of different institutions into greater har- 
 mony, in order that we may know what a man has done when he has the letters A.B. or B.S. 
 after his name. The fallacy of this method is that we never know what he has done or 
 can do, because quality of work and requirement counts for so much more than quantity. 
 I therefore believe that the best thing to do is to let different institutions go their own way, 
 in order that the public may understand that the Bachelor's degree means little or noth- 
 ing unless you know the work of the institution from which it comes. 
 
 QUESTION II 
 
 n. Character of the Collegiate Work in the combined Ai*ts-professional course. 
 
 (a) Should the collegiate (pre-professional) work of those who take a combined 
 
 Arts-professional course be prescribed so as to require specific preparation 
 
 for the professional work wiiich is to follow? 
 (h) Or should the collegiate work of such students be prescribed so Jis to present 
 
 such preparatory j)rofessional work in college in the interest of general 
 
 training.'' 
 (r) Remarks. 
 
52 UEPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 I. OPINIONS FROM PERSONS FAVORING THE COMBINED COURSE WHO ALSO FAVOR 
 THE PRESCRIPTION OF COLLEGIATE (PRE-PROFESSIONAL) WORK PROVID- 
 ING SPECIFIC PREPARATION FOR THE PROFESSIONAL WORK TO FOLLOW. 
 
 Dean A. A. D'Ancona (Medicine), Universit}' of California, (a) Only in so far 
 as there are real prerequisites- — e. g.. Physics, Chemistr}^ and Zoology for students pre- 
 paring for Medicine. (6) No, (c) It seems to me that with good secondary school 
 preparation a student planning to study Law or Medicine can in a three years' academic 
 course get an excellent general training and complete all the real prerequisites. We are too 
 apt to make prerequisites depend on pedantry and the convenience of the college program 
 of studies. 
 
 Dean W. C. Robinson (Law), Catholic University of America, (a) Yes, in all 
 cases, (fc) Not entirely, but enough to make the collegiate course truly preparatory to 
 the intended professional courses, (c) I believe that in the present educational demands 
 the prospective professional student ought to begin his preparation for professional study 
 at the commencement of his sophomore collegiate year. Up to this point education maj' 
 be uniform for all, and should include a classical, mathematical, literary, historical, etc., 
 training. At this point college curricula should diverge in some degree, and the student 
 should devote himself to those branches which are really preparatory for his future pro- 
 fessional study, with an increasing proportion to the end of his Junior year. At the be- 
 ginning of his Senior year he should make his elementary professional studies at least one- 
 half of his required work, devoting the other half to culture studies in allied subjects. 
 These finished at the end of his Senior year, he should receive his Bachelor's degree in Sci- 
 ence or in Arts according as liis work has been scientific on one hand, or literary on the 
 other. With two years more of specific work of a strictly professional character he may 
 expect a professional degree. This course secures for every degree man a liberal educa- 
 tion, and at the same time a thorough education in his chosen profession. 
 
 Dean Frank Bit^lings (Medicine), University of Chicago, (a) Yes. {h) No. 
 (c) For the pre-professional university work I believe that the students should be well 
 grounded in Chemistry, both inorganic and organic ; in Physics ; in Bioloficy? including 
 some Bacteriology and Botany ; in French and German, at least a good reading knowledge; 
 thoroughlj' grounded in English literature and, if possible, some Philosophy. 
 
 Dean J. M. Dodson (Medicine), University of Chicago, (c) A certain amount 
 of specified work in Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Language should be taken, and is 
 usually specified as being required. I doubt if the requirement is necessary, for the stu- 
 dent under proper advice, — indeed voluntarily if not improperly advised, — would select these 
 subjects anyway. The requirement in these lines ought not, however, to be excessive. I 
 should say that in the aggregate they ought not to comprise more than one-third of his col- 
 lege course. For the rest, the course should comprise the brandies of general learning — 
 
IN ACADKMK' AND I'aOKKSSlON A L WOKK 53 
 
 English, Mathematics, History, Economics, Foreign Lan^uaijcs, Logic, Psychology? Soci- 
 ology, etc., — which have heretofore constituted the college curriculum, hut under an elective 
 or group system large latitude of ciioice should he allowed for adjustment to the individual 
 student. 
 
 President G. S. Hall, Clark University. (a) Perhaps not required, hut very 
 strongly urged unless there are gotnl reasons for individual exceptions. (6) I have less 
 and less helief in general training. (<) The field of knowledge is so vast and the distance 
 from e. g. freshman ignorance on to professional proHcicncy is so great, that I helieve it is 
 liigh time to drop our theory of general training so far as it tends to acquiring knowledge 
 and skill that is sure to he abandoned a little later. 
 
 Dkan G. W. Kirch wey (Law), Columbia Universit\'. {a) I should think this de- 
 sirable to some extent ; not, however, to the extent of substituting a one-sided, semi-pro- 
 fessional training for general training. (/;) My answer to question I, page 36 of this re- 
 }>ort, covers this also. Specifically the answer must depend somewhat on the nature of the 
 professional course for which the student is destined, (c) Referring to my last answer 
 I would say further that the special preparation which the study of law calls for is very 
 slight. All humane and liberal study prepares for an appreciation of law. 
 
 Professor F. C. Wood, Columbia University, {o) Yes. We require preparation 
 in elementary Physics, Chemistry and Biology. 
 
 Dean O. A. Harker (Law), LTniversity of Illinois, {a) Yes. {h) No. 
 
 Professor H. B. Ward, University of Illinois. (a) Yes, with breadth and mod- 
 eration, (r) I could never see the justice in advising the teacher, preacher Jind law- 
 yer to take definite subjects because they laid foundations for later work, and then to say 
 to the embryo physician, take the same subjects because they do not follow the line you take 
 up later, and you ought to be broad. There is as much general training in anatomy, prop- 
 erly taught, ixs in philology. Our minds naturally object to the anatomy of the past in the 
 United States because its utter worthlessness was apparent to every school teacher. But 
 this is H criticism of conditions and not of the subject per sc. (I am not a teacher of 
 Anatomy !) 
 
 President G. E. MacLean, State l^niversity of Iowa, (a) Yes, with safeguards, 
 (t) The present reaction against free electives makes the prescription of courses, if they 
 are distributed in the major fields of knowledge, harmonious with what would be retjuired 
 for those taking the full four years in the College of Liberal Arts. 
 
 Dean F. F. Wksbrook (.Medicine), University of Minnesota. («) Yes. (c) It 
 is essential that a standjird of premedical preparation be secured in order to pn-vent the 
 inequalitic> and present absurdities which interfere with the satisfactory progress of med- 
 
54 REPOHT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 ical students in their first two years. The burden of weeding out the unfit should not be 
 borne entirely by the medical colleges. It is, hoyvever, important to encourage a broad 
 training, and in order to meet this end in this College we require for entrance, two years 
 of Chemistry, one year of Physics, one year of Language (German or French), and one 
 year of either Animal Biology or Botany, even of those students who present the Arts de- 
 gree for entrance. We encourage our students to take the combined seven-year course, 
 whereby they are given the degree of B.A. at the end of their freshman year in Medicine. 
 
 Dean H. T. Eddy (Graduate), University of Minnesota, (a) I think it should 
 be largely prescribed in such a way as to include a large basis for the professional work 
 to follow and also to give general training in directions that are regarded as important to 
 the profession. ( fe ) I am a believer in prescribed course when once the end to be attained 
 has been selected. It would seem best to make the prescribed work of the three years have 
 a strong tendenc}' toward the end selected. 
 
 President D. S. Jordan, Leland Stanford Junior University, (a) Prescribed, with 
 a certain freedom for approved electives. (b) No. You cannot make a physician of a 
 man who has never done scientific work before taking his A.B. degree. The degree to 
 which broadening (often "shallowing") subjects should be taken depends on the use the 
 man can make of them. Law is somewhat different, as the humanities best lead up to it. 
 But physicians and engineers must get to work early if the}^ ever acquire technique. 
 
 Dean W. M. Lile (Law), University of Virginia, (a) This would be better, but 
 I should leave the decision of this to the student himself. 
 
 Dean R. H. Whitehead (Medicine), University of Virginia, (a) In part, (b) 
 No. (c) At least one year's work in Chemistry, Physics, Biology (or Zoology), and 
 German (or French) should be prescribed; the remainder of the student's course may be 
 filled out according to the usage of the university concerned. 
 
 Dean C. R. Bardeen (Medicine), University of Wisconsin. (a) For Medicine 
 it is essential that the pre-professional work include courses in Physics, Chemistry, Biology, 
 English, and at least one foreign language (modern). (6) To a limited extent, if at all. 
 
 Dean George Blumer (Medicine), Yale University. (a) It must do so as far 
 as Medicine is concerned, or the student is not properly trained to understand the med- 
 ical studies proper, (b) If this was done it would mean that men aiming to study Medi- 
 cine would, after acquiring an A.B., have to take two years in special work before enter- 
 ing on the four-year medical course, which is quite likely to be extended to five years in 
 the near future. The course in Medicine is very crowded. Wc demand in most medical 
 schools about 1,000 hours of study each school year, and this exclusive of time for pre- 
 
IN ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL WOUK 55 
 
 parino- recitations, studvinj^ cases, tloin<i; collateral rcadin_<^, etc. The demand on the stu- 
 dent must l)e very ^reat. I often wonder wliat Hie condition of mind of many medical 
 students nuist he after ^oinf^ through with the average day's schedule. When do they 
 find time to think? Do they finil time at all? This means that every tiling except strictly 
 medical subjects must be pushed back into the prcmedical years, t. e., Chemistr\' (except 
 physiological Chemistry), Physics and Biology must. 1k' learned before the student enters 
 the Medical School — therefore we must have combined courses, or else have special courses, 
 with perhaps a special degree, preliminary to Mcdicin*- and perhaps to Law, too, if the 
 conditions in that subject are similar. 
 
 Dean F. S. Jonks (College), Yale University. (a) Yes; to a hmited extent. 
 (/>) Preparatory and professional work should be of such value as to justify its being ac- 
 cef)table in a culture course, (c) Such studies as Biology, Chemistry, elementary and in- 
 ternational Law, and the like, are preparatory to professional work. They are equally 
 valuable for a general culture course. The interest in concrete things is an imporbint fac- 
 tor in the solution of this problem of combination courses. My own feeling is that much 
 liberal training can be secured by a by-product of a professional course. 
 
 Dkan L. C. Monin, Annour Institute of Technology. (a) Yes, to a certain de- 
 gree. (?)) Mere general training without at least a minimum of professional outlook is 
 apt to develop flabby minds and drifting ambition. 
 
 President C. W. Dabney, University of Cincinnati, (a) Yes, in a large part by 
 a grouf) system, which will prepare rationally for the professional course to follow. ( /> ) 
 Yes; but a due amount of liberal training should be included, (c) This University off<rs, 
 for example, a Premedical course (see page 88 of the catalogue) made up of literary 
 studies and the sciences which are needed as the foundation for medicine. We believe in 
 a liberal education as the best foundation for professional courses, but every lilx-ral edu- 
 cation should include seientific studies as well as classical. If a student is to take sciences, 
 why not take Biology, Chemistry and Physics, if he is going to take Medicine, instead of 
 taking Astronomy, Botany and Geology. The classical course is not the only course giving 
 a liberal education; the proj)cr study of the sciences will also give it. Our aim is to get 
 the students to spend as long a time in their college course ils feasible, so that they may get 
 as nuicli liberal training as possible. So far, we are trying to make them devote three full 
 years at least to this course, and only let them count one year's work of the professional 
 course towards an A.B. degree. We do not criticise those who allow two years of the pro- 
 fessional course to count anth may have to come to that ourselves, but we will not do it as 
 long as we can get students to spend three full years in college studies, as at present. 
 
 President C. H. Ra.mmelkami-, Illinois College. («) I believe it would be well t-o 
 make such a requirement. 
 
56 EEPORT ON COMBINED COUBSES 
 
 President H. S. Drinker, Lehigh University, (a) Yes. (b) No. 
 
 President W. O. Thompson, Ohio State University. (a) That is done at Ohio 
 State. 
 
 President Henry Lefavour, Simmons College, (a) Yes. (c) There must natu- 
 rally be a limitation on the encroachment of the professional work on the general academic 
 training, but the middle year of the whole course — the fourth — may well be debatable 
 ground. Perhaps even the third year. 
 
 II. OPINIONS FROM PERSONS OPPOSED TO THE COMBINED COURSE WHO APPROVE 
 MORE OR LESS PRESCRIPTION OF COLLEGIATE WORK TO MAKE IT PREPAR- 
 ATORY FOR PROFESSIONAL WORK. 
 
 Dean C. H. Haskins (Graduate), Harvard Univei-sity. (a) Not in law. To some 
 extent, probably, in medicine and engineering, (b) No. 
 
 Professor T. N. Carver, Harvard University. (a) Not as preparation for the 
 study of law or theology, but students preparing for a medical course should be re- 
 quired to take certain scientific courses, likewise those preparing for engineering, (b) 
 
 No. 
 
 Dean H. A. Christian (Medical), Harvard University, (a) Yes. (c) This is 
 one of the difficulties in the situation. The medical student should have had prelimi- 
 nary training in Chemistry, Biology and Physics. Without these his medical work is 
 hampered. If in the combined course he has these, there is very little time left for courses 
 giving general training. On the other hand, if a man takes an ordinary college course 
 leading to the A.B. or S.B., it is possible for him to take the necessary preliminary science 
 courses and have left sufficient time for numerous courses givinsi: general training. The 
 medical student should have the general preliminary training, but jf he cannot dispense 
 with the specific premedical courses and there is not time in the combined coui-se for both, 
 he must be greatly the loser whichever plan is adopted for the first tM^o years of the com- 
 bined course. 
 
 President A. F. Bruske, Alma College, (a) It may be well to do that, (b) No. 
 
 President John Cavanaugh, University of Notre Dame. (a) Since a degree is 
 merely a label, the pre-professional work ought to harmonize with the work of the pro- 
 fessional schools, (c) If I get the degree of B.S. for two years of Science work, plus 
 the first two years of a Medical course, and if I afterwards get an M.D. for two more 
 years of Medical work, I am sailing under false colors. I virtually tell the public that I 
 h.ave done four years of college work, plus four years of professional school work, which is 
 not true. 
 
IN ACADEMIC AN'l) IMtOKESSIONA I. WOIIK 67 
 
 President Horace Eli. is, ^'iIR■olmcs University, {a) Dp to the liiuil of oiic-tliird 
 of his time, or less, yes. (h) No, wlien to do so would nfFoct his work during two-thirds 
 or slifjhtlv more of tlu- workiiin; hours. 
 
 III. OPIXIONS FROM PKRSONS WHO FAVOR THE COMBINED COURSE BLJT WHO ARE 
 DISPOSED TO MAKE THE COLLEC;iATE (PRE-PROFESSIONAL) WORK PRE- 
 VAILINGLY OR EXCLUSIVELY GENERAL IN CHARACTER. 
 
 Dean A. F. Langk ((Jnuhiute), University of California. («) Not at all neces- 
 sary for Law. In Metiicine and Engineering certain courses may well ho prcscril)ed, pro- 
 vided the total of such prescriptions does not exceed one-third of the work of the fii"st three 
 college yeai-s. (/;) General training sliould be so .safeguarded as to guarantee to all stu- 
 dents two full years of strictly non-professional v.ork. (r) The University of Calif omia 
 plan to be in full operation by 1912 — except, perhaps as to Engineering — is: («) Two 
 years of general college training as a sine qua non of admission to any professional course, 
 viz., Law, Alcdicino, Dentistry, Pharmacy, Engineering. No specific preparation for pro- 
 fessional training recognized or insisted on. No Bachelor's degree of general culture granted. 
 (6) Three years of liberal arts studies and first year of professional school. See Circular 
 of Infonnation. If in view of the student's elections the professional schools — this applies 
 really to Medicine alone — see fit to give advanced credit they arc of course at liberty to do 
 .so. But the faculties of the liberal arts school ret/iin full control of three years, (r) 
 Such unstifFening of professional courses, that studejits in j>rofessional schools have still o})- 
 portunities for pursuing liberal arts and pure science courses as electives. Prospective 
 students of Law or of Medicine ma}' therefore plan as follows: Law — (a) two years Col- 
 lege and three years Law = 5 years LL.B. (b) three years College and three years Law = 
 6 years J.D. (c) four years College and three years Law rm 7 years J.D. Medicine — (a) 
 two years College and four years Metlicinj --=^ 6 years M.D. (b) three years College and 
 four years Medicine = 7 years B.S. or A.B. and M.D. (c) four years College and four 
 years Medicine = 8 years B.S. or A.B. and M.D. 
 
 Profes.sou Paitl Shorey, University of Chicago, (a) No, but see remarks under 
 I id), page 39 of this report, (fc) Yes, but see \ {d) remarks. 
 
 Note.— In II (6) Professor Shorey suggests using the word "re.strictcd" in place of "prescribed." 
 
 Dean J. P. Mam, (Law), University of Chicago, [a) Probably not. (h) More 
 is to be said for this, but the j)re.scription should not be so vigorous as to prevent the elec- 
 tion of a moderatr amount of such preparatory woik by students who know at an early 
 date what profession they are to pursue. 
 
 Dean R. 1). Salisbtrv (Graduate), University of Chicago. («) Cert^iinly not 
 to any large extent: probably not at all. (fc) Yes, to a considerable extent, (r) Spe- 
 
58 EEPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 cialization should not be allowed to go so far as to exclude a considerable work in (1) 
 Sciences, (2) Languages other than English, (3) English Composition, (4) History 
 group (including Political Economy, Sociology, etc.). My idea would be that at least 
 two years of college work should be work which has no direct bearing on the professional 
 course. 
 
 Professor E. R. A. Seligman, Columbia University, (c) On the assumption that 
 two years of college be made the preparatory work, I should plead earnestly for as 
 broad and liberal a basis as possible, with an emphasis on English, Philosophy, History 
 and a fundamental natural science, together with as much language, ancient and mod- 
 ern, as is possible. If the preparatory work is a three years course, the third year 
 might well be turned toward the professional studies, although the work ought still to be 
 broadly cultural in character. 
 
 Dean J. W. Burgess (Graduate Faculty), Columbia University. (b) I am in- 
 clined to the view here indicated. 
 
 Dean W. M. Polk (Medicine), Cornell University, (a) It should not. (b) It 
 should be arranged in the interest of general training. 
 
 Dean Frank Irvine (Law), Cornell University. (a) No. (b) In part, (c) 
 
 I believe that the student intending to pursue Law, for example, might well be required to 
 take work in History and Political Science wliich will have a direct bearing on his legal 
 work, but over-specialization should be avoided. 
 
 Professor J. W. Jenks, Cornell University. (a) Onl}' in a very general way, 
 e. g., modern languages or a year of Latin, or some History. (6) See («). 
 
 Professor G. L. Burr, Cornell University, (a) No; let it rather be general cul- 
 ture than specific preparation, (b) No: if only the professional work be restricted to 
 the overlapping period, the student may best himself, under proper advice, select the rest. 
 
 Dean F. W. Blackmar (Graduate), University of Kansas. (a) This might be 
 done in part without interfering with the following proposition, (b) Yes. (c) I would 
 guard the Arts degree, by insisting on sufficient number of coui*ses of a general nature to 
 preserve the old idea of liberal education. However, as education expands, many subjects 
 or courses formerly supposed to be too technical to be considered valuable for general train- 
 ing have become so because of the importance now given to pure science in technical and 
 professional schools. This has materially lessened the difficulty of the problem. 
 
 Dean M. T. Sudler (Medicine), University of Kansas, (a) Only generally. (5) 
 Generally yes. But in IMedicine, for instance, a five-hour course in Chemistry, Biology 
 and Physics should be taken. 
 
IN ACADEMIC AND I'ROFESSIONAT, WOKK 59 
 
 Professor F. W. Kelsev, University of Michigan, (a) No. (//) Yes. (c) The 
 tendency of the student is natunilly to elect the coui*ses that seem to him to have the 
 most direct bearin<y on his future work. The necessity of directing; him alon^jf hues t}mt 
 will assure a broad and solid foundation of general culture has heconie much more obvious 
 to me in recent 3'ears than it >va.s fonncrly ; for the unfortunate results of early specializa- 
 tion have shown themselves in many otherwise promising men. 
 
 Dean J. F. Dowxev (Science, Literature and Arts), University of Minnesota, {a) 
 Only to a limited degree. The chief thing is the securing of a liberal education, (b) 
 Some of the work that prepares directly for the professional course is also valuable in 
 general training, (c) Such subjects as Chemistry, Animal Biology, Anatomy and Physi- 
 ology, Botany, and Physics are good, both for general training and as preparation for a 
 medical course. Such subjects as Economics, Political Science, Constitutional History and 
 International Law are good, both for general training and for a law course. Such sub- 
 jects as Mathematics, Projection Drawing, Physics and Mechanics are good, both for gen- 
 eral training and for Engineering. So that if a student knows what his profession is to 
 be he should select his subjects accordingly. 
 
 Dean E. W. Davis (Literature, Arts and Science), University of Nebraska, (a) 
 I believe not. {b) This seems to me the proper course, (c) As to (a) above, there are, 
 to be sure, courses which, while contributing to general culture, do yet contribute to prep- 
 aration for the special work. As for example. History for Law, Mntheniatics for Engineer- 
 ing, Biology for Medicine. The important point is that subjects whicli do not contribute 
 to breadth of training, but are uttiM'ly technical, should not be allowed. 
 
 Dean E. A. Birge (Letters and Science), University of Wisconsin. (a) Prefer- 
 ably not, hut in the case of medicine much preliminary work is required by medical schools. 
 (6) This would be preferable, if refiuircnients are to be made. We have allowed the twenty 
 hours which a student may credit to con.stitute really a part of the student's major and 
 have not imposed any requirements other than those generally exacted. 
 
 President A. B. Church, Buchtel College. (a) Where possible, guard against 
 narrow pre-professional preparation. (/)) General training is desirable from tin- citizen's 
 standpoint, also essential to an efficient professional training. (c) The pre-professional 
 training, where possible, should form a wide and rich resource from which the speriali/ed 
 professional life can draw. 
 
 President E. B. Bryan, Colgate University, (a) No. (b) Yes. 
 
 President K. L. Ket.ly, Earlham College, (b) This alternative should be adopted. 
 
 Dkan J. J. Adams (Law), Ohio State University. (a) No. (/)) Yes. 
 
60 REPOET OX COMBINED COURSES 
 
 President W. E. Stone, Purdue University, (a) I am not in favor of tinctur- 
 ing undergraduate work too strongly with professional subjects. The fourth year of un- 
 dergraduate work may well include general subjects fundamental to professional course, 
 but not distinctly professional in character, (b) See (a). 
 
 President Joseph Swain, Swarthmore College. (b) Yes. (c) In three years, 
 perhaps, some subjects required in the preparation for professional work may be included. 
 For example, Chemistry and other branches of science may be included in the course of 
 the prospective medical student. 
 
 Dean M. B. Thomas, Wabash College, (a) Largely prescribed, to exclude profes- 
 sional work, (b) Prescribed to include general training. 
 
 IV. OPINIONS FROM PERSONS OPPOSED TO THE COMBINED COURSE WHO WOULD 
 ALSO KEEP THE COLLEGIATE (PRE-PROFESSIONAL) WORK FOR THE MOST 
 PART GENERAL IN CHARACTER. 
 
 Professor J. L. Laughlin, University of Chicago. (a) No objection; but the 
 work of the Bachelor's course should not be shortened, or diverted from its general aim. 
 (b) The prescription is for the advantage of the professional schools, who wish to draw 
 men; but, if prescription is resorted to, then the college work should prescribe only that 
 which is disciplinary, and not that which is technical (as different from professional). 
 
 Professor W. G. Haee, University of Chicago. (6) Yes. (c) The greatest dan- 
 ger in our tendency in education today lies in the growing up of the idea that all edu- 
 cation should be "vocational." Whatever may be necessary for those who will have only 
 a high school training, the collegiate course ought to be liberal. 
 
 Dean W. H. Howell (Medicine), Johns Hopkins University. (c) In accordance 
 with my suggestion on page 45 of this report, I should prefer the option given under 
 (fc), for in the usual scheme of a combined course I should suggest that the preparatory 
 professional courses be limited to the last two years. 
 
 Dean Olin Templin (Arts and Sciences), University of Kansas. (a) No fur- 
 ther than is absolutely necessary to prepare the student for the courses to be pursued in 
 the professional schools, (b) Yes, just as far as possible. 
 
 Dean L. A. Sherman (Graduate College), University of Nebraska, (b) So far as 
 practicable, this. 
 
 Dean A. J. Smith (Medicine), University of Pennsylvania. («) Only to the ex- 
 tent of insuring reasonable preparation in Modern Language and in Physics, genera] Chem- 
 istry and general Biology — aside from this as broad as possible, (b) See (a). 
 
 Dean A. F. West (Graduate), Princeton Universitv. (b) Yes. 
 
IX ACADKMIC AND I'KOKKSSIOXA I. NVOUK 61 
 
 Dkan R. II. Dahxky ((Jraduatc), University of VirLjini.i. (ti) Deoidedlv not. 
 {b) Vcs, if* iiny ditfeiviu-i' 1h> ni.ule between such students and those who tukc a full four- 
 year course of academic work, (r) The fundamental idea of the baccalaureatx- degree is 
 that it is the badi^e of broad-minded cithensh'ip. Bachelors of Arts ought to be men of 
 wide enough knowk^lge to take an intelligent interest in everytliing that goes on in tlu' 
 world of thought. There was a time whuii knowledge of the classical languages was indis- 
 pensable for tiiis. That is no longer tlie case. But certainly there are numerous subjects 
 that a broadly educated citizen ought io knoM' something about. The University of Vir- 
 ginia gives neither the B.A. nor the B.S. to any one who has not had at least two years of 
 college English, two years of mathematical study, at least a year of work in t ich of two 
 foreign languages, a year in each of two natural sciences, a year in philosophy and a year 
 in one of th.e social sciences. This group .system is designed to require breadth of knowl- 
 i (Ige of every holder of a baccalaureate degree. To permit a man who ha.s only knowledge 
 of a profession and such other subjects as bear closely upon it to receive a baccalaureate 
 degrcx' is to rob such degree of all real meaning. 
 
 Dkax n. S. Richards (Law), University of Wisconsin, (a) No. (h) Yes. (c) 
 I personally favor prescribing for law students a group of subjects prepared by a com- 
 mittee of the Association of American Law Schools for law students, which provides 
 as follows: Knglish (Rhetoric and Composition), two yeai-s ; Mathematics, or a natural 
 physical science, one year; History (including English and American Constitutioii.al His- 
 tory), two years; Psychology. If three or more years be devoted to such preparation, ad- 
 ditional courses in History, Natural Science, and courses in Philosophy, Political Science, 
 Economics, antl Sociology are suggested. In my opinion, where preliminary study is lim- 
 ited to two years, the time should be devoted largely to those subiects which tend to form 
 habits of exactness in thought and expression. The aliove courses seem to me to be ad- 
 mirably suited for this purpose. Courses in Jurisprudence, advanced courses in Economics 
 and Sociologv should not be offered for students who havi- no knowledge of law. but for 
 advanced students. 
 
 Professor G. B. Adams, Vale University, (a) I favor prescription within .some- 
 what wide limits. (b) This is, I think, the better policy where possible. 
 
 Dean Edwin Post (College), DePauw University. (b) Tiiis latter is preferable, 
 t seems to me. 
 
 Pkis'.dext M. E. Ckowei.l, Franklin College. (r) The collegiate course should 
 include the required subjects for a bachelor's degree. The first year of the professional 
 course, then, would take the place of the college electives. The major line of the col- 
 |e<_r( course would probably represent specific preparatiuJi fo)' the professional cour^^ . 
 The re<|uired minors sh(H)ld be in the interest of general training. 
 
62 REPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 Presidext W. a. Millis, Hanover College. (6) This question must be an- 
 swered in terms of the latter alternative, (c) As long as life is more than meat, as long 
 as a man must live his life while working at a job,' our colleges and universities must hold 
 themselves responsible for this larger function. They can not, without wrong to men and 
 to society, in their greed for students, send out men fitted for a narrow professional serv- 
 ice, but not fitted to live large, free lives, not fitted for the larger professional service 
 which not only yields a living, but also makes a contribution to social welfare. Education 
 is not "being on to one's job." A true education makes the man bigger than his job. 
 It seems to me that the university should regard the ''combined-course" as an evil, pos- 
 sibly made necessary for a time by private and institutional greed, to be mitigated at all 
 points possible, and to be eliminated from practice as soon as possible. 
 
 Librarian D. C. Brown, Indiana State Library, (fl) No. (6) Yes. (c) Early 
 preparatory professional work has a tendency to narrow the student and prevent first-class 
 work in the professional schools, as I see it and as I have observed it in college work. 
 
 President E. D. Warfield, Lafayette College, (a) No. (b) I should say, "dis- 
 courage" rather than "prevent." 
 
 Dean J. V. Denny (Arts), Ohio St-ate University, (a) No. (6) Yes. 
 
 V. ANSWERS REPRESENTING A VARIETY OF OPINIONS, BUT FOR THE MOST PART 
 INDICATING AN EFFORT TO FIND A COMPROMISE BETWEEN GENERAL AND 
 PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS IN THK PRE-PROFESSIONAL COLLEGIATE WORK. 
 
 President B. I. Wheeler, University of Calif ortiia. (c) A hard question. The 
 work in college should be thoroughly academic in character, but subjects must be pre- 
 scribed having reference to the future career of the student ; for instance, the future 
 student of Medicine must take Zoology, Chemistry, Botany and German. College work, as 
 distinguished from professional v.ork, is not characterized b}'^ subject, but by spirit. 
 
 Secretary F. P. Keppel (Behalf President Butler), Columbia University. Our 
 emphasis in the prescription of collegiate courses is upon general training rather than 
 specific preparation for professional work, though when possible we try to give this training 
 in the fundamental subjects underlying any given profession. As an example: the pros- 
 pective student of Medicine is required to offer Physics, Chemistry and General Biology 
 either at entrance to college or in his first two years. As another example: we do not 
 permit a collesce student to plan his college course in such a way that he can obtain a Bache- 
 lor's degree and an Engineering degree in less than six years, even though the courses 
 which would enable him to do so are ordinarily open to college students. 
 
IN ACADEMIC AND I'ROKE.SSIONAI- V^ OUK 63 
 
 Dkan C. H. Hull (Arts and Scichces), Cornell University, (a) It is not so pre- 
 scribed in our practice; but our elective systeni permits students to take, if* they like, the 
 classes which probably would be prescribed if any were, (b) We have no such preventa- 
 tive provision save the requirement of six hours in each of four underclass groups. 6x4=24 
 is two-fifths of the minimum credit for the first two years. 
 
 Profkssor a. B. Hakt, Harvard University. (a) No — when it is professional 
 all through, (h) No — for then the two cognate things are divided. (r) Why not a 
 third alternative.'' Viz., that students be encouraged to take part of their undergraduate 
 work in fields available in other professional study, e. g.. Science for those hxiking toward 
 Medicine ; Economics, Politics and History for prospective law students ; Mathematics and 
 Physics for engineers. That's what many students do now. 
 
 Prokkssor F. W. Taussig, Harvard Univei-sity. (a) See (c). (b) The profes- 
 sional schools mny require some courses (Chemistry and Biology, e. g., for medical sciiools) 
 if they think desirable ; but this as their requirement for admission. I should be sorry 
 to see a a requirement as part of any combined course, (f) My answer would depend. 
 If the four-year collegiate course is maintained (nominally, at lejust), the fourth year 
 might as well be a strictly professional year. If the college course is lowered, say to three 
 years, alternative {b) seems to me preferable. In general, I am strongly in favor of 
 a reduction of the college course to three years, and this openly, not by the method 
 of allowing the first year of a professional course to count as the fourth year of college. 
 In the college itself, I should have as little of really professional work as possible. I do 
 not regard courses in History, Politics and Kconomics as "professional" with reference to 
 law study, or courses in Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics as "professional" witli reference 
 to medicine or engineering. 
 
 Dkan Samuel Williston (Law), Harvard University, {a) No. {b) Purely pro- 
 fessional work I should allow only in the last year. Subjects which aiv a}ipropriate for 
 .students to take for general culture, irrespective of the profession they intend to adopt, 
 I should allow to be taken prior to the last year, even though tiiey are particularly useful 
 for students proposing to enter a special profession. 
 
 Df.an W. C. Wilcox (Arts), State University of Iowa, (a) Not necessarily. There 
 arc two sides to this matter. I should try to balance between specific and general prep- 
 ar.ition. (/>) It would depend upon circumstances. As a rule I should make it half 
 specific and half general, (r) I will frankly state my own preference for fewer electives 
 and for more required courses in our liberal arts work. The mania for electives has been 
 stimulated by the foolish custom of estimating an institution by the number of students who 
 can be inveigled or cajoled into attending it. 
 
64 
 
 HKfOKT l)X COMBINED COUKSES 
 
 Dean C. N. Gregory (Law), State University of Iowa. (a) To some extent, 
 {b) Yes. 
 
 Dean C. E. Seashore (Graduate), State University of Iowa, (a) Yes. But this 
 should not be exclusive, (b) I would seek a compromise between (a) and (6). 
 
 Dean E. H. Griffix (College Faculty), Johns Hopkins University, (a) No. (b) 
 No. (c) The collegiate work should be, in my opinion, jealously guarded against the 
 influences which tend to deprive it of its character as a "liberal" discipline. At the same 
 time, it is quite true that, without departing from that conception of the college training, 
 emphasis may be placed upon scientific studies, or historical studies, or linguistic studies, 
 etc., so that incidental preparation shall be had for Medicine, or Law, or Teaching, or 
 Theology. 
 
 Dean C. M. Jackson (Medicine), University of Missouri. (a) Yes, to a cer- 
 tain extent. (6) It should do both, (c) Our Medical School requires two years of 
 college work for admission, which must include Inorganic Chemistry, Physics, Zoology, 
 English, and German (or French). The first two years of the medical curriculum are 
 given up to the fundamental sciences upon which Medicine is based. Our College of Arts 
 and Sciences has based the requirements for the A.B. degree upon the following principles: 
 During the first two years the courses should be general in character, and scattered over a 
 rather wide range, so as to include a minimum of five hours' work in each of the following 
 groups: (1) English; (2) History; (3) Ancient Languages; (4) Modern Languages; 
 (5) Mathematics, or Logic and Psychology; (6) Physical Science; (7) Biological Science. 
 Remaining 25 hours to be devoted to free eiectives. During the last two years the stu- 
 dent is required to specialize to a certain extent. He must complete (a) one major of at 
 least 2-i hours, to be chosen from one of the six divisions of studies in the College of Arts 
 and Sciences; moreover 12 hours in a division other than the major. Remaining 24 
 hours free eiectives. Our "combined course" planned so as to meet fully the require- 
 ments of both the School of Medicine and the College of Arts and Sciences. In four years 
 the student can meet the requirements for the A.B. degree, at the same time completing the 
 entrance requirements for Medicine and the first two years of the medical curriculum. 
 
 President A. R. Hile, University of Missouri. (c) The Arts faculty should 
 specify the requirements for the A.B. degree. If, then, a professional faculty can ar- 
 range for a combined course by using the eiectives, no sacrifice of "general training" has 
 been made inconsistent with the aims of the Academic faculty as expressed in the curricu- 
 lum. In the University of Missouri, the :Medical faculty has arranged a combined course 
 in this way without any help from the Arts faculty, i. e., by using th.e eiectives. The re- 
 sults on tlic studenb seem to liave been satisfactory. 
 
IN ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL WORK %5 
 
 Director G. C. CoMsrocK (GnuhmtL), Univorsitv of Wisconsin, (t) Answoiv 
 to the above questions should bo bused upon ;i lart^er .uiiount of experience in the udniin- 
 istrution of an Arts-professional course than is now accessible to the undersitrncd. In 
 establishing- such a course wliere it has not previously existed it would se<^ii wise to abstain 
 from either prescription until experience had shown need for it. 
 
 Dean II. W. Hogkks (Law), Vale University. («) No. {b) No. 
 
 President A. T. IIadley, Yale University, (a) Yes. (6) Yes. (c) If with the 
 character of the student material which you get these two are inconsistent, the combined 
 Arts-professional course is impossible; if they are consistent, it is possible and desirable. 
 
 President W. D. Hvdk, Bowdoin College. («) No. (/;) No. (r) Freedom is 
 better than petty and futile interference. 
 
 President J. H. T. Main, Grinnell College, (a) Yes, to a certiiin extent, over- 
 emphasis is the danger. The answer to this question depends largely upon system followed 
 in the college, — group system, elective, etc. (6) General training sliould always have due 
 attention in college, liut this may be done without entire neglect of vocational interests. 
 Tlie college has a double duty, (c) There should be a certain amount of work absolutely 
 required in every college cour.sc, work that deals with universals and fundamentals. Also 
 permanent interest should be looked after by requiring prolonged work in one or two sub- 
 jects — the major system, or the major and minor system. These points having due attcn 
 tion, other matters will adjust themselves without much difficulty, provided the student has 
 an adequate amount of personal attention. 
 
 President Isaac Sharpless, Haverford College. (c) This depends on the time 
 at the command of the student. If this is is limited, the first proposition might have an 
 affinnative answer. If not, the second. 
 
 Dean F. M. Erickson (Acting President), Ripon College. (o) No. (fc) No. 
 (c) Have a recjuiriinent which prevents too great specialization and no more. Cu.s«ai differ. 
 
 Dean R. M. IIighes (Arts), Miami University. (a) Yes. but the requirements 
 should be viewed broadly. Certain courses are seriously needed, but in tJK main the re- 
 quired course should Ik* general. 
 
 Prksidknt Herhert Welch, Ohio Wesleyan University. (a) No. (fc) In the 
 same way that the work of other students is restricted or pn^scribed. (r) By group and 
 major requirements and limitations. 
 
 President E. G. Lancastiu, Olivet College. (o) No. (iroup sy.stcm. (/;) No. 
 
 Chancelixjr I). F. HoisTON, Washington University, {a) Largely, (h) Yes. 
 
66 REPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 QUESTION III 
 
 III. Character of the Professional work in the combined Arts-professional course. 
 
 (a) Tv.o types of work are offered in the professional schools, sometimes 
 
 slightly, sometimes widely different. On the one hand there is work 
 which is im.mediately applicable in professional practice. On the other 
 hand there is work which is primarily theoretical and often remote from 
 immediate applicability. Passing by the supeficial controversy as to 
 the respective values of the two and assuming the necessity of both in 
 due order, it has been suggested that only courses of the second type 
 should be credited toward ti:c Arts degree. 
 What is your judgment upon the point.'' 
 
 (b) Remarks. 
 
 I. OPINIONS FROM PERSONS FAVORING THE COMBINED COURSE IN SOME 
 FORM WHO PREFER COURSES OF THE "SECOND TYPE" INDICATED IN 
 QUESTION III. 
 
 Dean R. D. Salisbury (Graduate), Univei-sit^^ of Chicago. (a) "It has been 
 sugo-ested that ojdy courses of the second type." I should say "chiefly" but not "only." 
 Many courses have the qualities of the two types mentioned above, and such courses are to 
 be especially conmiended in tliis connection. 
 
 Professor Paul Shorey, University of Chicago, (a) "It has been suggested that 
 only courses of the second type should be credited toivards the Arts degree." Yes, prop- 
 erly speaking. 
 
 Dean J. P. Hall (Law), University of Chicago. (a) One year of strictl}- profes- 
 sional work should be counted towards college degree. At least one year of medical or 
 engineering work is of the "primarily theoretical" type, and such an amount of this should 
 be also permitted. 
 
 Dean J. W. Burgess (Graduate Faculty), Columbia Universit3^ (a) I favor this 
 suggestion. 
 
 Dean Frank Irvine (Law), Cornell University. (a) Secondary and technical 
 courses should not be credited. (6) I believe that the fundamental law courses, e. g.. Con- 
 tracts, Torts, Property, Criminal Law, Domestic Relations, and even Common Law Proce- 
 dure, have about the Same cultural value as studies in Historv and Economics, raid should 
 be credited tow.ird the A.M. degree. 
 
IN ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL WORK 67 
 
 Professor J. W. Jknks, Cornell University. («) MHinly work of the second type; 
 but if only one year's work is allowed credit, I should not be ripfid. 
 
 Professor H. B. Ward. University of Illinois, (a) As noted above, this is pre- 
 cisely my position. (/;) I wrote the first paraj^raph before reaching this question. See 
 (d) on page 40 of this report. 
 
 Dkan O. a. liARKER (Law), University of Illinois, {a) 1 am of the opinion 
 that work which is primarily theoretical only should be taken in Law, practice courses 
 should come only after the students have had the most of the theoretical courses. Again, 
 a c^indidate for A.B. degree, may find after he has been over the leading subjects? in sub- 
 stantive law, that he does not want to practice law. 
 
 Dean F. W. Blackmar (Graduate), University of Kansa.s. (a) The theoretical 
 or philosophical courses in the professional schools should be chosen for the Arts degree. 
 It may not be possible to adhere to this strictly, but in general it should be observed. 
 
 Dean M. T. Sudleb (Medicine), University of Kansas. (a) The primarily the- 
 oretical one should bo alloMod to count in the first two years, after that the second type. 
 
 Prksidexi- D. S. Jordan, Inland Stanford Junior University, (a) Mastly the 
 latter, not for the degree's sake, but Ix'cause broad training in science gives a better foun- 
 dation. The degree is only a name. No .student ousfht to be forced out of his way to 
 secure it. So far as its requirements are .soli<l work, the details are not worth wrangling 
 over. The question is — What is l>est for the student.'' Often that depends on his indi- 
 vidual traits and needs. 
 
 Professor F. W. Kelsey, University of Michigan, (a) I should credit toward 
 the Arts degree only courses of the second type mentioned. (6) I have never been dis- 
 turbed by the assertion that our students should be prepared to enter the professions earlier 
 than at present. The average student has yet plenty of time to git ready for his life 
 work; and under such conditions I do not favor the crowding of technical courses into 
 the work for the Arts degree. Let the work come in its natural order — first the more 
 general and cultural courses, then the more technical. 
 
 Dean IL T. Eddy (Graduate), University' of Minnesobi. (o) I would givi* credit 
 for work of the second type only toward a degree in arts. 
 
 Dean C. AL Jackson (Medicine), University of Missouri. (a) Only the second 
 type of work should be credited towards the Arts degree. (b) Opinions differ, how- 
 ever, as to the dividing line between the two types. In the University of Missouri, all the 
 work in the first two years of the medical curriculum, excepting Patholocrv, is included 
 under work for the A.B. degree. Pathology is also elective toward the A.B. in .some 
 
68 REPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 schools ( e. g.. University of Chicago), and its more general aspects belong clearly to the 
 second type above indicated. 
 
 President A. R. Hill, University of Missouri. (a) Only those of the second 
 type, unless the distinction between academic and professional courses is to be entirely 
 abolished and with it college and university degrees. 
 
 Dean E. W. Davis (Literature, Arts and Science), University of Nebraska, (a) 
 Mv judgment is in favor of the suggestion. (6) I find complaint that students using 
 the first year of a professional course as the last year of their Arts course do not take the 
 work as seriously as is desirable on the one hand, while there is also complaint that having 
 taken this and gotten their Arts degree, they drop out. The susrgestion in (a) will help 
 somewhat. I would further suggest that no degree be given till the end of the sixth year. 
 
 Dean C. R. Bardeen (Medicine), University of Wisconsin, (a) I agree in gen- 
 eral with the point of view suggested. (6) It is important that work in the Arts course 
 which is at the same time counted toward a professional degree should be in charge of men 
 familiar with and in sympathy with medicine. As a rule they should be graduates in 
 medicine. 
 
 Dean E. A. Birge (Letters and Science), University of Wisconsin, (a) I should 
 prefer to credit only work of the second type, but while the types indicated are distinct, 
 there arc many courses which are intermediate in character, so that it is not easy to draw 
 the line exactly. Our faculty has hitherto designated courses which might be credited, 
 choosinsT them from the second type. There is, however, a proposition now before the 
 faculty to allow students to take any course in the professional schools to the amount 
 of 20 hours. Those who have brought the proposition forward feel that the limitation on 
 the number of hours credited is such that the student would not be able to secure courses 
 of a narroAvly practical character. I ought to add that very few students with us avail 
 themselves of this opportunity for electing studies in professional colleges, with the excep- 
 tion of the Law school. In Agriculture and Engineering we have had little experience. 
 A few students may take one or two courses in those colleges, but the number who take 
 up to the 20-hour limit is extremely small. 
 
 Dean F. S. Jones (College), Yale University, (a) The second type should count 
 toward the Arts degree. 
 
 President W. D. Hyde, Bowdoin College, {a) Preferably courses of second type. 
 
 President C. W. Dabney, University of Cincinnati, (a) Our judgment approves 
 of the latter view— give credit for the Arts degree only to the more purely cultural 
 or scientific studies. (5) For example, in our Medical course two years are given to the 
 
IN ACADEMIC AND PKOFESSIONAI. WORK 69 
 
 fundamental sciences and two years to the practical training. We should then fr'wv credit 
 for the Arts degree for only a part of the first two years' work and certainly for nothing 
 more than the whole of the first two years' work. Please see copies of our cataloijrue and 
 announcements for further illustration of our opinions. An interesting and important 
 subject, upon which we should like to see your conclusions when published. 
 
 President E. B. Bryan, Colgate University. (a) The latter alternative by all 
 means. 
 
 President F. J. McConnell, DePauw University, (a) It is hard to give an ex- 
 act answer to this question, but at present I feel that work of the second type should 
 be credited toward the Arts degree. 
 
 President R. L. Kelly, Earlham College, (a) Prefer the theoretical. 
 
 President Isaac Shakplkss, Haverford College, (b) The Arts degree more prop- 
 erly certifies to a general rather than a technical education. This may be gained by very 
 varying coursei^, but I should decidedly prefer this "second type." 
 
 President C. H. Rammelkamp, Illinois College, (a) I should say mainly courses 
 of the second type should be credited toward the Arts degree. It would seem to me car- 
 rying the objection too far to say that not a single professional course of a practical na- 
 ture should be included in the work for the Arts degree. 
 
 Dean J. J. Adams (Law), Ohio State University. («) 1 favor the second class of 
 work. 
 
 Dean F. M. Erickson (Acting President), Ri})on College, (fl) For A.B. degree 
 credit only second — not technical courses. Greater freedom might be allowed if other de- 
 grees were given to indicate the character of work. 
 
 President Henry Lekavoi^r, Simmons College, (b) It is difficult to discriminate 
 between work immediately applicable and work that is of general etiucational utility. The 
 distinctly technical subjects should not, I believe, be offered to undergraduates. 
 
 President Joseph Swain, Swarthmore College, (a) I should credit in general 
 only courses of second type. 
 
70 REPORT OK COMBINED COURSES 
 
 II. OPINIONS FROM PERSONS OPPOSED TO THE COMBINED COURSE WHO 
 FAVOR COLLEGIATE COURSES OF THE "SECOND TYPE" INDICATED IN 
 QUESTION III. 
 
 Professor W. G. Hale, University of Chicago, (o) In most departments of pro- 
 fessional kind the theoretical work could not precede the practical. At least, this is the 
 case in the study of Law. With Medicine the case is different. Wherever theoretical 
 work could precede, this is what should be selected in case of a combined Arts -professional 
 course. 
 
 Professor J. L. Laughlin, Universitj^ of Chicago. (a) (1) Means "technical" 
 courses; (2) professional courses which are foundational, theoretical, and often of highest 
 value as training. (1) Should be in the main excluded from college work, (b) In con- 
 clusion, much professional work is, of course, highly disciplinary. There is no valid ob- 
 jection to excluding such from the college course, on grounds that they are not good 
 training. But the real point is that the professional men need all of four years to get the 
 science, humanities, language, economics, etc., which our educated leaders in society ought 
 to have. If the professional schools wish to get men earlier into practice, let them aid in 
 the attempt to save two years (which can be done) out of wasted time in the secondary work, 
 before entering college. 
 
 Professor T. N. Carver, Harvard University. (o) I agree to this suggestion, 
 assuming that any professional courses are to be credited. 
 
 Professor F. W. Taussig, Harvard University, {h) My answer is indicated on 
 page 63 of this report. 
 
 Dean W. C. Wilcox (Arts), State University of Iowa, {a) It is my opinion 
 that only courses of the second type should be credited toward the Arts degree. Such is 
 our practice in Iowa. I have watched for sixteen years the pernicious results of the whole 
 combined course system. I would abolish it if I could. I would warn against the estab- 
 lishment of any such system where it does not now exist. 
 
 Dean W. H. Howell (Medicine), Johns Hopkin.s University. (6) As I under- 
 stand this proposition I should prefer limiting the preparatory courses to the second type, 
 with the understanding, of course, that said courses when including work in the physical or 
 biological sciences must include laboratory training. In Medicine it would be desirable to 
 exclude clinical courses but to include any or all of the work in Anatomy, Physiology, or 
 Physiological Chemistry as well as Physics, Chemistry and Biology. 
 
 Dean E. H. Griffin (College Faculty), Johns Hopkins University, (b) As al- 
 ready stated, I would keep the collegiate course distinctively a general rather than a 
 specialized training. If the holder of a Bachelor's degree has — in consistency with that 
 ideal — gained such knowledge of any of the components of a professional curriculum as 
 
IN ACADEMIC AND PUOFESSIONA I. WORK 71 
 
 would justiiy it, I see no reason why lie should not receive credit for that; in that sense, 
 and in that way, the college course might help toward the professional course, and the 
 lenn^th of residence in the professional school might be shortened. These answers are not 
 given in the name of my colleagues antl carry no oflicifd authority. The teaching staff 
 are widely scattered unon their vacations. I give only my })ersonal opinions. 
 
 Dean Oi.in Templin (Arts and Sciences), University of Kansas. (a) I should 
 certainly insist upon all professional courses credited towards the Arts degree being essen- 
 tially liberal rather than technical in character. 
 
 Dean L. A. Sherman (Graduate College), University of Nebraska, {a) We should 
 incline decidedly to courses of the second type and should credit others onl}' on conditions 
 such Jis indicated on page 46 of this report. 
 
 Dean A. F. West (Graduate), Princeton University. (/») There are liberal studies, 
 like Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics, Constitutional History, Economics, etc.. which 
 closely underlie professional work. These are all right in the Arta course. But no trrli- 
 nique of any profession should be admitted and no specifically professional study. 
 
 Dean R. H. Dauney (Gratluate), University of Virginia, (a) I prefer to count 
 only courses of the second type, (b) My reasons are substantially the .same as those 
 given in the remarks under (r) on page 41 of this report. Breadth of culture, knowledge 
 for its own sake, or rather for the joy that it gives the possessor, should characterize a lil)- 
 eral education, rather than the sort of knowledge that is utilized to earn one's bread and 
 butter. More bread and butter "utility" should not be the aim of the liberal scholar. 
 Man cannot live by bread alone. There is a higher "utility" that should be the object of 
 all education. All knowledge is "useful" if it contributes to the higher happiness of its 
 possessor and of his fellow-citizen. 
 
 Dean H. S. Richards (Law), University of Wisconsin, (b) Where Law School 
 work, for example, is credited toward the Arts degree, it seems to me if should be confined 
 to courses in the Law School which arc properly styled fundanuTitHl rtMirscs. <uch as Con- 
 tracts, Torts, Equity, Persons, Criminal Law, Property. 
 
 Professor G. B. Ada.ms, Yale University. {a) 1 im decidedly in favor of this 
 suggestion, wherever possible. (6) This is the plan which has been adopted in allowing 
 practically :i year of the Yale Law School to be counted for the academic degree, with this 
 additional requirement that 3 of the 14 hours allowed towards the college degree nuist be 
 taken in Junior year, and 11 only in Senior. The result has been, I think, as satisfactory 
 as any such arrangement can be. 
 
 Dean Edwin Post (College), DeFauw University, (a) I should favor the credit- 
 ing of courses of fhr second type towai<ls thr Arts fl.rrn'c. 
 
72 REPORT OX COMBINED COURSES 
 
 President W. A. Millis, Hanover College, (a) It is my judgment that only 
 courses of the second type should be counted twice toward any degrees. 
 
 Librarian D. C. Brown, Indiana State Library, (a) If allowed at all, only courses 
 of the second type should be credited toward the Arts degree. 
 
 Dean R. M. Hughes (Arts), Miami University, (a) Only work of a theoretical 
 nature should be so credited. 
 
 Dean J. W. Denny (Arts), Ohio State University, (a) That only courses of thje 
 second type should be credited towards the Arts degree. 
 
 Chancellor, D. F. Houston, Washington University, (a) The second type. 
 
 III. OPINIONS FROM PERSONS FAVORING THE COMBINED COURSE WHO 
 WOULD NOT DISCRIMINATE AGAINST WORK OF THE "FIRST TYPE" INDI- 
 CATED IN QUESTION III, OR WHO REGARD THE DISTINCTION AS IMMA- 
 TERIAL. 
 
 President B. I. Wheeler, University of California, (a) In Junior and Senior 
 year of the Arts course, the question cannot be raised. 
 
 Dean A. F. Lange (Graduate), University of California, (a) Courses in the tech- 
 nique of the profession should be postponed until after the Bachelor's degree has been 
 obtained. My criterion would be whether or not students who do not look forward to the 
 profession in question could take such courses with profit : e. g., at the University of Cali- 
 fornia courses in the history and theory of education are open to undergraduates ; courses 
 in practice teaching and courses in method are open only to graduates. 
 
 Dean A. A. D'Ancona (Medicine), University of California, (a) Whatever sub- 
 jects are given in the first year of the professional college should be so credited, of what- 
 ever type they may be, although they ought to correspond to the academic courses in point 
 of view and method, (b) All work in the professional course should be scientific in its na- 
 ture. The student at all times should be brought face to face with nature, should do his 
 work from the standpoint of the independent thinker and should test knowledge for him- 
 self. His training should be such that he will be able to keep pace with advances in knowl- 
 edge. No other kind of work is worthy of a University degree. 
 
 Dean W. C. Robinson (Law), Catholic University of America, (a) See (c), page 
 36 of this report. In addition I state that I do not approve of any course which con- 
 fines a student to a mere practical training in his profession, such as he might get in a 
 machine shop or a country lawyer's office, or a hospital ward. He should have a liberal 
 education. On the other hand I do not approve of any course which wastes time over 
 theories and speculations. His attention should be devoted to facts, not only facts of prac- 
 
IN ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL WORK 78 
 
 ticttl value in his profLSsion, but .ill classes of tacts the knowledge of which may be useful 
 to him in his profession, as a citizen and man of culture. This is a subject on which it 
 would he easier to write a volume than to formulate an answer to a letter with a wretched 
 pen in a mountain wcxxlshed, as I am doing now. 
 
 President II. P. Jidson. University of Chicago, (d) It seems to me immaterial. 
 
 Dean J. M. Dodson (Medicine), University of Chicauo. (a) I think the above 
 distinction is largely chimerical. The most "practical" knowledge is that whidi is most 
 thorough and exact, — the most useless and disapy)ointing, that half knowledge of mere 
 facts — isolated facts at that, — and method which constitutes rhc result of what is so often 
 designated "practical" education. 
 
 Dean Frank Billings (Medicine), University of Chicago, (a) I think both should 
 be given. ( h ) The main thing is to teacii the student the fundamental principles rather 
 than to teach him a lot of facts. 
 
 President G. S. Hall, Clark University, (a) 1 prefer the former rather than the 
 latter, but think the antithesis is a little strained as this question is put. Something in- 
 termediate would be best of all. (6) I believe the time has come when we must recon- 
 struct our ideas as to the educational value of the immediately practical and give the lat- 
 ter a far higher place for its culture value alone than we have done. 
 
 Professor E. R. A. Seligman, Columbia University, (h) The important point is 
 not what is taught, but how it is taught. If the .strictly professional courses are taught 
 in the right way, there is no reason why they should not count for the A.B. degree. 
 
 Professor F. C. Wood, Columbia University. (a) The courses in the first and 
 second years in the Medicjil School, such as Anatom^ , Biological Ch.emistry, Physiology, 
 Histology, Enibryology, Bacteriology, etc., are primarily theoretical and are really a por- 
 tion of general biology. They therefore have the same educational value as the zoolog- 
 ical and biological courses often given in the third and fourth years to candidates for the 
 academic degree of B.S. It seems to me for this re.ison that the first two years in the 
 Medical Sch(x>l are not only equivalent to the last two vcars in the ordinary college course, 
 but oven superior to them Ix'cause of the much higher standard of work rc>quirefl in the 
 Medical School. It is therefore unimportant to decide what courses should be credited 
 towards the Arts degree. Only the third and fourth vears of the Medical School contain 
 courses solely applicable to professional practice. 
 
 Dean G. W. Kirchwev (Law), Colundjia Univei'sity. («) I do not agree with the 
 suggestion contained in the last part of this question. On the contrary, if I understand 
 the distinction indicated, I should say that the development and training furnished by 
 the study of any branch of learning is in pretty dinct ratio to the concreteness with which 
 
74 REPORT OX COMBIKKD COX'RSES 
 
 it is presented, and that a science is best leai-ned in its application to the facts with which 
 it deals. As an illustration I would mention the study of law — what are often called 
 the theoretical and general law studies — which are of little value to one who has not 
 previously mastered one or more of the so-called professional branches. 
 
 Secretary F. P. Keppel (Behalf Pres. Butler), Columbia University. In gen- 
 eral, the first yeai's of the professional courses are devoted to the broader fundamental 
 subjects, but we treat these professional years as units, and there is nothing to prevent 
 some strongly technical courses from being counted toward the Bachelor's degree. 
 
 Dean W. M. Polk (Medicine), Cornell University, (a) Only courses of the first 
 type should be credited to the B.S. degree. Courses of the second type might be credited 
 to the A.B. degree. 
 
 Dean C. H. Hull (Arts and Sciences), Cornell University, (a) We allow the 
 joint course student to take in senior year any courses in a professional college for which 
 that college esteems him. competent, making no attempt to discriminate between those which 
 are immediately applicable and those which are "primarily theoretical." 
 
 Professor G. L. Burr, Cornell University, (a) I would not so restrict. My reasons 
 have been already given. See page 40 of this report. 
 
 Dean C. E. Seashore (Graduate), State University of Iowa, (a) Here again I 
 would recommend compromise, (b) I idealize that the above answers are not very help- 
 ful, but the situation is exceedingly complicated and it is difficult to be specific without go- 
 ing into very great details. I am glad that your committee got out the preliminary re- 
 port, which will be convenient for reference. In this University we have not yet found our- 
 selves in this respect. Our combined law course is not popular. The six-year B.S. course 
 with Medicine is being forced upon us by the requirements of the two years as prepara- 
 tion. Our faculty does not feel at all satisfied with that six-year combination. We shall 
 be glad to profit by the experience of other universities in this matter. 
 
 Dean C. N. Gregory (Law), State Universitj- of Iowa, (a) I think there is no 
 merit in the distinction, (b) I think study of the decisions of John Marshall quite as 
 "cultural" as botany or algebra or "The Mill on the Floss." 
 
 President G. E. MacLean, State University of Iowa, (a) The primarily theo- 
 retical courses should be the ones preferably accepted without excluding necessarily a 
 minimum of the technical, (b) The advance of standards for admission to the college 
 and particularly the provisions for more strict administration for standards for admis- 
 sion and graduation and the necessar}^ prolongation of professional courses taught in scien- 
 tific and cultural ways justify the combined courses. 
 
IN ACADEMIC AND FKOFESSIONAL WOUK 76 
 
 Professou a. B. Hart, Harvard University, {b) What difference docs it make 
 if the credit is granted only on the taking of the professional degree? The student will 
 have hat! hoth kinds. If the A.B. is to \ic granted, say after the studies of one yenv in 
 the professional school, it ought to go >^"ith tin regular studies of that vear. 
 
 Dean Samuel Wilijston (Law), Harvard University, (a) See answer to {d) on 
 
 page 37 of this report. 
 
 Dean F. F. Wesbrook (Medicine), University of Minnesota. (h) We believe that 
 scientific work is none the less scientific because it is applied. In science, a.s elsewhere, 
 we are able to generalize justly, only upon a large number of special observations. In 
 teaching, however, we reverse the process. In the first two years of medicine, of neces- 
 sity the general scientific truths must come first, but each truth is more fiiTnly fixed in the 
 student's mind when he himself verifies it by practical work specifically applied. 
 
 Dean J. F. Downey (Science, Literature and the Arts), University of Minne>ota. 
 (<z) I think tiiat some of the first type have educational as well as professional value. 
 These should be credited to only a limited extent, (b) In engineering, for example, the 
 theoretical work requiring application of mathematics is of much more value for educa- 
 tional purposes than shop work and the like. 
 
 Dkan a. J. Smith (Medicine), L^niversity of Pennsvlvania. (a) See answer to 
 (fe), on page 35 of this report. I see as much culture in physical diagnosis as I do in 
 the shop work of the engineering school which is credited for the B.S. in Engineering. 
 The same parallel may be drawn in cases of many other subjects, and personally I would 
 grant some grade of credit to these so-called practical branches ; although I hesitate in 
 sugge:>ting the proportion. 
 
 Dean W. M. Lile (Law), University of Virginia, (a) As the Arts degree in large 
 measure is intended as mental training, I should make no distinction. 
 
 Dean R. H. Whitehead (Medicine), University of Virginia, (a) All the work in 
 the first two years of the medical curriculum should be credited towards the degree. 
 
 Director G. C. Comstock (Graduate), University of Wisconsin, (a) The sub- 
 jects of immediate relation to professional j)ractice should in general come late rather than 
 early in a curriculum, but this principle should not be made a hard and fast criterion o{ 
 arrangement. The adoy)ted sequence of studies will usually be a compromise among con- 
 flicting demands which should be adjusted rather than controlled by any such nilc a^ ?« 
 above suggested. 
 
 Dean H. W. Hogkrs (Law), Yale University, (a) I personally believe that the 
 student should be allowed to take the regular first year's work of the professional schoo) 
 and count it on his Arts or Science degree. 
 
76 REPOHT OX COMBINED COURSES 
 
 Dean George Blumer (Medicine), Yale University. (a) In the present condi- 
 tions of medical education in America only the so-called preclinical studies, i. e.. Anat- 
 omy, Physiology, Pharmacology, Physiological Chemistry, Pathology, and Bacteriology 
 should be allowed to count for the A.B. degree. 
 
 Dean L. C. Monin, Armour Institute of Technology, (a) It is rather a narrow 
 view. The proverb, "knowledge is power," is true only in the sense of '"''applied knowl- 
 edge is power." Hence I would suggest, Credit all honest and thorough work, whether 
 "^ theoretical" or "practical." 
 
 President A. B. Church, Buchtel College, (b) Doubt the justice of a general 
 fast rule as to either type. Credit such work as is informational and mental disciplinary 
 after the manner of the Arts work. 
 
 President J. H. T. Main, Grinnell College, (a) Having sent a student to a 
 selected professional school, we should accept the work done in that school. It would take 
 the place of elective work and we should assume it to be of high grade, whether coming 
 under first or second head. Nominally the first year in a professional school would include 
 much theoretical work. 
 
 President H. S. Drinker, Lehigh University. {a) Credit should be given for 
 either kind of work. Because certain work is "immediately applicable in professional 
 practice" is no reason of itself why it should be excluded from the A.B. course. If, in 
 arranging any combined Arts-professional courses [as in I («)]» certain purely practical 
 work comes necessaril}'^ within the time limits of the A.B. course, it should be allowed to 
 count for that degree. Would not limit either kind of work, if it is sufficiently well done 
 in the Arts course to be acceptable to the faculty of the professional course. 
 
 President W. E. Stone, Purdue University, (b) See (a) on page 43 of this 
 report. Assuming that undergraduate work has been general and broad, then I am 
 in favor of making the professional work strongly technical, because I believe this would 
 be the most useful work for the great majority of the students. A few who prefer to 
 emphasize the theoretical side in preparation for further extended studies would be able 
 to supply their needs in some special manner. The usefulness of the professional schools 
 will be best served, in my judgment, by rather close application to professional work. 
 
 Dean M. B. Thomas, Wabash College, (a) Do not think this is important if both 
 are to be taken. In other words, I would not disturb the order that would seem best from 
 the standpoint of the professional training to make it conform to any ideal plan. 
 
IX ACADEAIU' AND FROKESSION A L UOllK 77 
 
 IV. OPINION'S FROM THOSE OPPOSED lO THK COMBINKD COURSE WHO KK- 
 GARD THK DISTINCTION BETWEEN COURSES OK THE FIRST AND SECOND 
 TYPE AS IMMATERIAL. 
 
 Prksidknt a. F. Bruske, Almu CoUooo. {(i) I should think that the "imniediatol\ 
 apphcable" work i.s just us likely to have a cultural value as the "theoretical." 
 
 President M. E. Cuowki.i., Franklin College. (/>) My suggestion on page 61 of 
 this report would I think represent my position here. I should make no distinction pro 
 vided the college work were as I have indicated. 
 
 Dean C. II. IIaskins (Graduate), Harvard University, (a) The basis of the dis- 
 tinction should not be practicality l)ut the intrinsic character of the work. If it is useful 
 to other .students than those looking forward to this particular profession, the course should 
 be given and counted. 
 
 President K. D. Warkield, Lafayette College. (/>) I think "a})plicability" is not 
 the test. Th»- object of college work should be ( 1 ) mental culture and (2) mastery 
 of a specific body of knowledge which gives conmiand of its method and content to a cer- 
 tain proposed degree. A man should know — should be able to ejcprcss what he knows — 
 able to advance in mastery of his acquired knowledge ; not apply it to professional prac- 
 tice ; at the end of his college period. 
 
 Prksident tJoHN Cavanaigh, University of Notre Dame, (a) I cannot sei' that this 
 matter is at all important if you once concede the Bachelor's degree for two years of Col- 
 lege work, plus two yeai-s of Professional training. 
 
 President VV. O. Thompson, Ohio State University. {<i) I am somewhat indif- 
 ferent. The student himself is so often the governing factor that I have lost my en- 
 thusiasm for specific courses after the Sophomore year. 
 
 Pkksidext IlKimERT Wei.ch, Ohio Wesleyan University. (a) Either might prop- 
 erly replace a certain amount of free elective for the college degree. 
 
 President E. G. Lancaster, Olivet College, (a) No shivp and goats idea in ttlu- 
 cation. (h) One subject good as another. 
 
 PRESlDjiNT A. T. Hadlev, Yale I'niversity. (a) I should have greater respect for 
 an institution that refused to count shop work courses for a Bachelor's degree than ff)r 
 one that accepted them. 
 
78 REPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 The following letter from President Faunce of Brown University was received after 
 the foregoing had gone to press: 
 
 I. 
 
 (a) No : I cannot escape the conA^iction that there is a species of intellectual dishonesty 
 in giving two degrees for the same — or partly the same — work, (c) Yes. 
 
 II. 
 
 (a) No. (b) Yes. 
 
 III. 
 
 (a) Only courses of the second type. (6) Every first-class engineer, architect, or 
 professional man of my acquaintance is constantly urging on me the importance of the 
 studies a man is not to use in his profession — e. g., John R. Freeman, engineer, and C. 
 A. Coolidge, architect. America does not yet really believe in the disinterested pursuit of 
 truth, knowledge, scholarship. Hence we have no scientists, philosophers, or writers of the 
 •tirst rank. If the universities now surrender to the craze for immediate tangible efficiency, 
 we shall be in evil case. 
 
IN ACADEMIC AND I'UOl'ESSIONAI. WORK 79 
 
 RESUME OF OPINIONS 
 
 As already reniarked, the opinions given above do not constitute a vote. Thev indi- 
 cate the ran«>v of opinion and argument. It is a fact of interest that we are more luarlv 
 aerreed in practice than in opinion. Nearly, if not quite, every university recognize.s in 
 some way thr combined course. But in nearly, if not quite, cverv university there is some 
 opposition to it. 
 
 I. 
 
 a. Of 68 representatives of the 22 institutions belonging to the Association, 50 favor 
 and 18 oppase the combined course. 
 
 Of 36 representatives from 35 institutions not belonging to the Association, 19 favor 
 and 17 oppose the combined course. 
 
 It is a fact of interest that the combined course is opposed by a considerable num- 
 ber of men from institutions where such courses are established. It is significant also that 
 so many college presidents representing institutions which have no professional schools fa- 
 vor the combined course. 
 
 h. or 57 who favor the combined course, 12 favor counting two years toward both 
 degret-s. 9 favor one to two years, and 36 favor one year of duplication. The remainder 
 express no opinion. 
 
 r. The question ;ls to the fonii of the Bachelor's degi'ce for the combined course is 
 aaswcrcd by 87 coiTcspondents. Of these, 34 favor B.S. where science predominates, as in 
 medicine: J3 prefer A.B. in all cases; 10 express indifference upon the point. 
 
 II. 
 
 Of 47 who favor the combined course, 24 favor the prescription of the collegiate ( pre- 
 professional ) work so as to provide specific pri paration for the professional work to follow, 
 and 23 favor the opposite prescription. In a number of cases a milder word than "pre- 
 scribe" is preferred. 
 
 Of 22 who oppose the combined course, 6 f.r.or the former, and 16 the latter prescrip- 
 tion. 
 
 We l.ave thus, on the one h.and, a grouj) of men who favor using the second two years 
 of the college coun>e for strictly professionl work and most of the first two years of the 
 course for work which is quasi-professional. At the opposite extreme we have a group of 
 
80 KEPORT OX COMBIXED COI'RSES 
 
 men who would keep. out of the college course all strictly professional work and all work 
 which is preparatory therefor, except in the most general way. We have then various 
 opinions lying hetween these extremes. 
 
 III. 
 
 Of 64 expressing an opinion on III favorable to the combined course, 30 f:ivor the 
 prescription of coui*ses of the "second type" indicated in that question and 34 oppose such 
 a prescription or hold the distinction immaterial. 
 
 Of 28 who oppose the combined course, 19 prefer work of the "second type" and 9 hold 
 the distinction immaterial. 
 
 At the meeting of the Association of American Universities in November your com- 
 mittee will present, in addition to the foregoing, a brief discussion of the combined course 
 and related questions, together with several resolutions whose purpose is to discover in how 
 far an agreement of opinion has been reached. 
 
 WILLIAM L. BRYAN, 
 HORACE A. HOFFMAN, 
 ENOCH G. HOGATE, 
 CARL H. EIGENMANN, 
 WILLIAM J. MOENKHAUS, 
 SAMUEL B. HARDING, 
 
 Committee. 
 Bloomington, Indiana, October 15, 1910. 
 
!X ACADKMIC AXD !»KOFESSIONAL \Vl>HK SI 
 
 LIST OF REFERENCES ON THE "COMBINED 
 
 COURSE" 
 
 TIu' followiiii;- partial hihlici^rnphy of the "('oiubine<l ( oursi-" wa^ prt- })!iri<l by MIk^^ 
 Mary Dunham, Ket"i rcru-i- Librarian of Indiana ITniversitv- Miss Dunham was aasisti'fl 
 in thr work by Miss Anna B. Gelston, Catalotriur in the Library, antl by Professor fl. A. 
 Hoffman, Dean of the College of Liberal Arts. The summaries which Prof. Hoffman tixu\ 
 Miss Gelston prepared are signed with their initials. 
 
 The numerals in italic, which follow the inclusive paging, refer to that portion of the article which 
 bears directly on the subject. 
 
 Adams, C. K. The next step in education. Forum, vol. 10 (18t)l), pp. 61H-(Vi^. 
 
 Fp. 6^7-(JS0. 
 
 A four years' professional coiirse, preceded by at lea.st two years of college work, should be required 
 for the professional degree. 
 
 Aineriom Academy of Medicine. Committee on the value of thi- first, def^ree. U»'- 
 port. Bidlctin of American Academy of Medicine, 1907, pp. lUS-Ji^H. Appendix in- 
 cludes replies to circular letter. 
 
 Hai.l. WiNFiEi.n S. ; Hawley. Donley C; McIvtvri:, Chaki.es; Committee.— The combine*! t-tiursr 
 of sf/v'n yc>ir;> should be acccj)ted. .Most of the con.bined degrees are offered from the larger institutions 
 with rather a high entrance examination and a wealth of clectives, at least in the Junior and Senior years. 
 Your committee is of the opinion that the pupil would have a more rounded training were he to elect »ome 
 other studies, secure his first degree, and then enter upon the medical course. This takes anotlK-r year, 
 and if he wishes to save that year, the coniniittce thinks his education would be more rounded slM)uid ht- 
 enter a smaller college with slightly lower entrance requirements, and take its full course. The scheme 
 of two years in the undergraduate department on specialized studies for medicine, and the A.R. d«"gree 
 at the end of the second year of the medical course is such an innovation and apparently >k) foreign to 
 the canon of liberal culture that your committee suggests that it be not accepted by the Academy as evi- 
 dence of a proj)er preliminary training, for the present at least. There follows a supplementary report 
 by this same committee on The Academic Training for Medicine. This report is ba.<*cd u|>on repliej< to a 
 circular letter sent to many college presidents and other leading educators, not physlcian.s. A hirgr 
 number of these replies are printed in an appendix to the report. These replies represent c<msiderahle va- 
 riety of opinion, but most of them agree that in some way, .somewhere, time should Ix- wivcd. By far 
 the greater number of replies express the opinion that the medical collegers are not treating the literary 
 and scientitir colleges fairly by not accepting the work done by their students in chemistry and hiolog_\ 
 for what it is really worth. The committee concludes tli.tt probably the time is ripe for a recasting of 
 our educational scheme. S»iggestions are givin tor changes that should be made. A cnnferencr «)f n-jv- 
 resentatives from the varietus fields of education is suggested. ,\mong other things it is suggested that 
 there should be a campaign of wlucation leading to the removal from the statute t>ooks of provi.sions 
 which define the acquirement of a medical education in terms of tim<- sjx-nt in a naedical 9cb<H>l. - 
 H. A. H. 
 
 American Academy of Medicine. Connnittee to formulate the results of tlie cf)nfer- 
 cnce with colletrcs. Report. Bulletin of American Academy of Medicine. 1JM)S, pp. 457 
 463. 
 
 Varying opinions of members of the committee: Dr. J. L. Ueffron; Vyr. Joweph H. RnymoiKl: 
 Rev. A. IJ. Church, President of Buchtel College; I'rof. K. W. Blake, Lehigh ITniversity. 
 
 (6] 
 
82 REPORT OX COMBINED COURSES 
 
 American Bar Association. Committee on le^al education and admissions to the bar. 
 Report. American Bar Association. Report, 1903, pp. 395-428. Pp. I^07-J^28. 
 
 "Your committee is not prepared to advocate tlie requirement of an academic degree as a qualifi- 
 cation for admission to the bar . . . We do not now feel called upon to express ourselves as either for 
 or against a requirement of a college degree as a condition of admission to the law schools." 
 
 American Bar Association. Committee on legal education and admissions to the bar. 
 
 Report. American Bar Association. Report, 1907, pp. 518-598. Pp. 52:2-5^5. 
 Advocates general education equivalent to at least two years of a college course. — A. B. G. 
 
 Ashley, C. D. Legal education and preparation therefor. American Bar Associa- 
 tion. Report, 1901, pp. 524-537. Discussion, pp. 480-4-87. 
 
 Law schools should not exact college degrees; the college courses should be shortened rather than the 
 professional. In the discussion. Judge McClain of Iowa urges that college credits be given for law school 
 work. 
 
 Bacon, T. R. Relation of a college course to the professional schooLs. National 
 Educational Association, Proceedings, 1895, pp. 665-671. Pp. 669-671. 
 
 Historical sketch of professional schools pp. 665-fi68. The shortening of the college course is of weight 
 from the standpoint of the individual. There is need of better trained professional men; the college 
 course should include related studies, giving the philosophy and history of a subject rather than the 
 technique, without shortening the time of professional training. 
 
 Baker, A. R. The question of academic seniors in absentia in professional schools. 
 Association of American Medical Colleges, Proceedings, 1908, pp. 40-45. Discussion, 
 pp. 45-48. 
 
 In certain institutions college seniors may be granted leave of absence to enter medical schools and 
 at the end of the first year's work obtain their B.A. While this is the most rational thing to do under 
 present conditions, the time requirements of academic schools should be shortened. 
 
 Baldwin, S. E. The readjustment of the collegiate to the professional course. Amer- 
 ican Bar Association. Reports, 1898, pp. 575-602. (Reprinted in U. S. Comm. of Ed- 
 ucation Report, 1899-1900, v. 1, pp. 615-628.) Discussion, pp. 493-501. 
 
 Within the last 25 years, the professional course and the preparatory courses have each been length- 
 ened a full year; the college course has remained unabridged; public sentiment will demand a reduction in 
 the time spent. By shortening the college course one year, an additional year for professional study is 
 gained. — A. B. G. 
 
 Baldwin, S. E. Three years enough for colleg-e course. Independent, 1900, pp. 
 1778-1780. P. 1779. 
 
 The Senior year's work differs little from that of the first year of a professional school, where the 
 studies can be followed to better advantage, and one year's time saved. 
 
 Benedict, A. L. ; Risley, S. D. ; Mclntire, Charles. Time allowance in the combined 
 collegiate and medical course. Bulletin of American Academy of Medicine, 1902, pp. 
 121-154; 1903, pp. 343-346. 
 
 Questionnaire with tabulated results. Extracts from letters and summary of conclusions favoring a 
 combined course. 
 
IN ACADEMIC AND I'KOFESSIONAL WOKK 8S 
 
 Bevan, .V. 1). -Meiliciil cdiualioii in tlic United Stattv, ; tin nfid of a unit'onn sUnd- 
 ard. American Medical Associution Journal, 1908'-. pp. 5(j6-571. Pp. o6lf-f>70. 
 
 The prtliirinary etliicvitional rccpiirrments of tntdicnl stuclciits in (Ircat Hritain ami Gennany arc con- 
 sidered and contrasted witli tlio lack of a uniform standard in the I'nited States. "Our medical schools 
 are the best and the worst in the world." "In the framing of a hroid university scheme of meilical edu- 
 cation, the requirement of a college degree of nil medical students should not he considered by us in 
 America, any more than it has been in CSreat liritain or Germany." A minimum standard is suggested, 
 instead of the time-consuming degree recjuirement. 
 
 Billincrs, Frank. .Medical education in the United States. Science, 1908, pp. 761- 
 TT.'i. Pp. 769-770. (Reprinted in Medical Herald, July, 190:J.) 
 
 "This telescoping of the literary and medical courses affords the advantage of an economy of time, 
 while it does not in any way lessen the value of the result to the student." 
 
 Broun, E. E. The length of the baccalaureate course and preparation for the pro- 
 fessional schools. Historical sketch. National Educational Association PrfK-eedings, 1903, 
 
 pp. 489-495. Pp. JfOJ^-'tUo. Biblio.crraphy, p. 495. 
 
 Gives early history and sketches briefly the "Harvard Plan." 
 
 Brvan, W. L. Standards of admission to the medical schools. Association of Amer- 
 ican ^Medical Colleircs. Procei'dinLfs, 1908, pp. 86-37. Discussion, pp. 38 39. 
 
 The consensus of opinion is that two years of college work is a necessary preliminary, but students 
 should he able to enter the professional schools by examination. 
 
 Butler, N. M. Length of the baccalaureate course and preparation for the profes- 
 sional schools. National Educational Association, Proceedings, 1903, pp. 500-504. 
 
 The baccalaureate degree is not standardized; it should not be made part of professional training. 
 A two years' course for those who take professional work is advocated, and the "combined course" is re- 
 garded as "disastrous to the integrity of the college course." 
 
 Butler, N. M. Report from committee on higher education — professional and tech- 
 nical instruction in the university. National Educational As.sociation, Proceedings, 1894, 
 pp. 619-624. Discussion, nn. 623-624. 
 
 ".My propositions, therefore, are the.se: 1. The genuine universities owe it to themselves to offer the 
 broadest possible training for the professions. This training must be based on a preparatory liberal edu- 
 cation, such as a college course affords. 2. All professional and technical schools, not connected with uni- 
 versities, and not requiring a college education for admission, should make a place in tlicir curricula for 
 a representation of liberal studies." 
 
 Carpenter, W. II. The combined course. Bulletin of American Academy of Medi- 
 cine, 1909, pp. 344-353. Discussion, pp. 353-357. (Reprinted in the Proceedings, As- 
 sociation of American Medical ColU ges, 1909, pp. 27-40.) 
 
 Dr. Carpenter explains the Columbia plan, which allows two years of Medicine to count on the col- 
 lege course, and defends that plan. He also believes in the similar comliincd course for Arts-I,aw, and 
 Arts or .Science with Knginecring. These courses do not weaken the collcce and they strengthen the 
 professional schools. The discussion which follows, is, on the whole, favor/dile to the view set forth in 
 the paper. — H. .V. H. 
 
 Columbia l^niversity. rnsid.iit's .\.inual Report, 1899, p. 36; 1902. })p. 29-49; 
 1903, pp. 23-34; 1904, pp. 17-22; 1905, pp. 11-19; 1908, pp. 46-54. 
 
84 REPORT OX COMBINED COURSES 
 
 Colwell, N. P. A statement of the entrance requirements and the didactic and lab- 
 oratory portions of the medical course at colleges requiring preparatory studies beyond 
 the high school course equivalent to one or more years at college. Bulletin of American 
 Academy of Medicine, 1909, pp. l-i3-152. 
 
 Takes up the requirements of the fifteen medical colleges which require for entrance the equivalent 
 of one or more years in a college of liberal arts. 
 
 Cornell University. President's Report, 1906-07, pp. S7-4o ; 1907-08, pp. 21-23. 
 
 Davis, N. S. Requirements for admission to medical schools. American Medical 
 Association Journal, 1903^, pp.' 409-4-10. 
 
 "I believe that graduates of our best high schools and preparatories have as much general education 
 as need be demanded, but the ideal course for medical students is a combined one of six years, leading 
 to both the degrees of B.S. or A.B. and M.D." 
 
 Dodson, J. M. Combined course for the degree of A.B., or B.S., and M.D. Ameri- 
 can Medical Association Journal, 1909S PP- 1637-1645. 
 
 The plan is the outgrowth of the custom of granting advanced standing on the medical course to 
 holders of a baccalaureate degree who had completed in their collegiate course some of the 
 studies of the medical curriculum. It is a logical outcome of the elective system. The sciences included 
 in the first two years of the medical curriculum have in part been recognized college subjects for many 
 years, and all of these sciences, if properly taught, are just as legitimate a part of the college course as 
 the other sciences which have long held a place among college studies. To count these subjects toward 
 an A.B. or B.S. degree does not lower the standard or essentially change the character of the college 
 course from that in which other sciences may be elected in the last two years. The fundamental medical 
 sciences have as much cultural value as other subjects. Nor does the combined course degrade the de- 
 gree of M.D. On the contrary, it has elevated the standards for that degree. The work of the first two 
 years is done in a more scientific and thorough way in the colleges of today than in the old time med- 
 ical school. It has also been the means of raising entrance requirements to the medical schools. Under 
 present laws and rulings of state medical boards the combined course works to the disadvantage of the 
 detached colleges. These regulations should be changed and the medical schools should recognize, both in 
 tin-.e and subject credit, any and all good work done by the college in the medical branches — Chemistry, 
 Histology, Embryology, etc. — H. A. H. 
 
 Dodson, J. M. The combined course leading to the degrees of A.B. or B.S., and of 
 
 M.D. Science, 1909^, pp. 709-710. 
 
 The combined course has not degraded, nor lessened, the significance of the Bachelor's degree. When 
 this plan was first projected but a single one of the one hundred sixty or more medical schools exacted 
 anything beyond a high school diploma. 
 
 Dodson, J. M. Preliminary education which should be completed by a student who 
 contemplates entering a professional school. School Review, 1904, pp. 10—14. 
 
 "The intending medical student should have, as a very minimum, two years of collegiate work, such 
 as is provided in the combined course for the Bachelor's and medical degrees." 
 
 Eliot, C. W. Length of the baccalaureate course and preparation for the profes- 
 sional schools. National Educatinnnl Association, Proceedings, 1903. pp. 496-500. 
 
 As the secondary schools have improved, the college course may be shortened to three years instead 
 of four and the A.B. required for admission to professional schools. (The "Harvard Plan"). 
 
IN ACADKMIC ANI> I'UOFBSSIDN Al. WOKK 85 
 
 Eliot, C W. The requirviiients for iulniis>ion to protVssionul sclmoU. Association of 
 
 American Univorsities. Fourth Annual Confirencc. 19()ii, pp. 80-35. Pp. ;i3-ii5. Dis- 
 
 ca«^sion, pp. 48-52. 
 
 If, l)y raising entrance requirements, pecuniary loss would result, "it would be eniphatienlly the duty 
 of the universities to incur the loss." The experiment entered upon by Harvard University has been thus 
 far absolutely successful. 
 
 Flexner, Abniham. Tin- proper basis of iiiL-dical education. Medical Education in 
 the United States and Canada (1910), Chapter II, pp. HO-'H . Carnegie Foundation for 
 the Advancement of Teachinsj, Bulletin \o. 4. 
 
 Frazier, C. H. What mininuini rei|uireinents should he })rescribe(l for admission to 
 medical schools.^ New York (State) University- lle<:reiits Bulletin No. 64, 42d ('onvo- 
 
 cation, 1904, pp. 245-254. Pp. 2I^9-^f>(). Discu.ssion, pp. 254-261. 
 
 The adoption of the high school diploma as a minimum entrance requirement by medical colleges 
 is in itself a distinct advance; but for a projicr understanding and a|)preciation of the medical sciences 
 as expounded today, more than a secondary school education is required. The ideal preparatory course 
 is not necessarily that of four years in a college of liberal arts, but one which leads uji to and is es- 
 sentially preparatory to the study of Medicine. In a combined Arts-. Medicine course it would be better, 
 if feasible, to distribute both the liberal studies and the medical studies over the first four years of a 
 six years' course, associating classical with medical studies during the first four years. The prepared- 
 ness of the student for medical studies should be determined by examinations conducted by boards un- 
 ailUiated with medical schools. — H. A. H. 
 
 Oilman, D. C The shortening of the college curricuhnu. Educational Revilw , 1H9T, 
 
 pp. 1-7. Pp. 3-5. 
 
 The college course may be shortened, the preparatory school work reorganized, eliminating waste, but 
 a B.A. should be required of professional students. 
 
 Hall, J. N. Standard of admission to professional schools. National Educational 
 Association. Proceedings, 1895, pp. 661-665. Pp. 653-605. 
 
 A shorter college course (to be finished when student is 19), omitting advanced Latin, Greek and 
 Mathematics, but valuable for professional study, is suggested. 
 
 Harper, W . R. Length of the baccalaureate course a!id prej)aration for the profes- 
 sional schools. National Educational Association, Proceedings, 1903, pp. 504-509. 
 
 1. The first two years of college work are of scoj>e and character of high school work. 5. With im- 
 provements of prcj)aratory work students may enter college younger. 3. The entrance requirements should 
 be reduced instead of increased as by the three years' course policy, l. The time requirement should be 
 flexible. 5. The college should not be subordinated to the professional school, as all students do not expect 
 to enter. 
 
 Harvard University. Reports of the President and Treasurer, 1901-02, pp. 29-31; 
 1908-09, pp. 169-170. 
 
 Heffron, J. L. Can tiu." college give as electives in the .Funior and Senior veirs nny 
 
 of the work require*! in the fir.^l Iwo years of the course in medicine.'' Bulletin of Amer- 
 
 xciin .Academy of Medicine, 1909, pp. 162-178. Discussion, pp. 178-201. 
 
 Gi%'es the results of a questionnaire .sent to f\fty-three colli ges not nfTili!»ted with medical schf>ols and 
 to the deans of twenty-five medical colleges. The consensus of opinion is that such colleges as can meet 
 the requirements should be encouraged to include in the curricula the two full years of sciences required 
 In a course in .Medicine. 
 
86 EEPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 HGiTipl, GeorQv. The passincf of the four-year period. Forum, 1899S pp- 221-2J27. 
 
 The three years' college course with degree awarded at the end of the first year in the professional 
 school has resulted in the increase of the number of jirofessional students holding a Bachelor's degree. As 
 a similar plan must be employed with those students in the graduate school, its result is that the four 
 years' college course has given way to the three years' course. This change benefits both the individual 
 and the college, in that it gives the student a liberal cdiication before entering on the special training and 
 increases the number of students doing real graduate work, building up real universities, while it makes 
 the institutions which do not offer similar courses, colleges of a fairly uniform grade. 
 
 Hemp], Gcori»;e. The thrcc-3'ear undei-gradunU" pci-iod its afFoctino; our scholastic 
 
 organization. Educational Review, 1897-, pp. 433— 150. Pp. J^IfS-.^d. 
 
 A three years' college course would strengthen the graduate and professional schools. The combined 
 course is merely a temporizing expedient, and is unj nst to the student who is not to enter a profession. 
 The prartice of giving double credit for work makes ridiculous the university's ]iretension of distinguishing 
 between humanistic and professional training. 
 
 Howell, W. H. Medical school as part of the university. Science, 1909^, pp. 129-140. 
 P. 132. 
 
 In the medical schools forming parts of universities, instruction has been raised to university level, 
 and should couTit toward the academic degree. Also many graduate courses are quite as technical as 
 those given in the preparatory sciences in the medical schools, and for one, as for the other, it is short- 
 sighted to assume that they are devoid of a general educational value. — A. B. G. 
 
 Hurd, H. M. The duty and responsibility of the university in education. Science, 
 1903-, pp. 65-76. Pp. 71-73. 
 
 Two theories on the question: "How shall medicine be studied?" The combined course: "The Bach- 
 elor's degree will be considered a preliminary to entering the medical school, the studies of the college will 
 be so combined with those of the medical school as to permit the student to complete his medical course 
 within six years after he has entered college." The other theory is to pursue the college course for gen- 
 eral culture and if the student has leisure this offers the best promise of a true education. 
 
 Jackson, Edv\ ard. Preliminary and graduation requirements for the medical course 
 in terms of work done. Bulletin of American Academy of Medicine, 1909, pp. 208-217. 
 Discission, pp. 218-230. 
 
 Division of opinion as to advantages of the combined course. "Obviously certain objections." "Credit 
 should be givt-n toward the M.D. for work from atiy source, before the last two years of clinical work, 
 so long as it is good." "The six-year plan should be only transitory. It is not the highest standard." — 
 A. B. G. 
 
 Jordan. 1). S. The American medical school and its entrance requirement. Bulletin 
 of American Academy of Medicine, 1908, pp. 489-497. (Reprinted from California St^te 
 Journal of Medicine, October, 1908. Reprinted, in part, in Bulletin of American Academy 
 of Medicine. 1908, pp. f29-33.) 
 
 Medicine must be taught by the method which science teachers have found most effective and the 
 stxidy of its practice must follow a thorough knowledge of the sciences on which its art depends. Only 
 the medical colleges can live which become integral parts of universities. Mere high school preparation 
 for the medical course is not sufficient to give the spirit or the view-point of a scientific man. The four 
 years of a college course spent primarily on Physiology, Biology and Chemistry, and secondarily on Lan- 
 guages, Literature and History, do give such training in a generous degree. It is urged, however, that 
 such a college course followed by a four years' course in Medicine keeps the student out of his profession 
 too long, 'to obviate this, some have proposed a shortening of the collcjie i.-o)n-st'. others Itnve adopted the 
 combined course. It is believed by some, the present writer among others, that the universities of Amer- 
 ica should begin with the Junior year, leaving the Freshman and Sophomore years to the colleges and the 
 
IN ACADEMK AN!) PKOKF.SSIONA L WORK 87 
 
 largor liifih schnols and prt-piiratory schools. By tliis iirran^rnni'iit all tin- work of tin- imivj-rsitirs should 
 be regardfd as professional. In this case the coiir.-.e in Medicine should be lengthened to live years, by 
 inclusion of courses in science. The course in Law should be lengthen>-d to four years by inclusioii of llis- 
 tory, Kconomics, and Political Science. A similar extension should be made in the j-ourses in l".ngin«'ering. 
 The final settlement of the matter will, in the writer's judgment, be along the lines indicated. The ex- 
 pedients adopted at present are merely an intermediate step toward the goal indicated above. — H. A. H. 
 
 Lie, F. II. Prtpurution foi- thv study ot" nicdiciiu. Coluinhiu Univcrsitv Quarterly, 
 
 1901, pp. o.'^iofi. Pp. 10 2- 1 or,. 
 
 "Not less than two, and still better, three, years should be spent in college in preliminary study. 
 . . . Columbia ... by making the eoti.bined collegiate and professional training to e\ten«i over n 
 period of seven years has .solved the problem in a satisfactory manner." 
 
 Lee, F. S. What medical subjcct.s can be t.ui^ht efficiently in the literary schools? 
 New York Medical Journnl, l^Ov^i, p}). 910-91 J). 
 
 The training given by a college is fundamentally different from that given by the medical .school; 
 pure science may be given by the college; .Medicine is an applied .science; the colleges can give iidroduc- 
 tory courses, but no credit should be given in medical sch.)ols for work done in strictly medical subjects 
 in literary colleges. To shorten the time, "let the student count toward his baccalaureate his first or first 
 two years in a School of Medicine . . . hut let us not allow the reverse." 
 
 Lefevre, Ej^^bert, Dr. Discussion. New York (Stute) University, Rej^enth Bulletin, 
 No. 61, le.'d Convocation, !9(^K j^p. ^.)-i ft". 
 
 Universities with medical departments are able to give the baccalaureate degree and the degree 
 of M.D. in seven years by allowing the student to take the first year of the medical course in his .Senior 
 year as elective. Independent colleges sh )ul(l he on the same footing as the universities and their stu- 
 dents should not be discriminated against, or temjited to leave before finishing their undtrgradtiate course. 
 Time credits should not be given n.erely because a sttident has the baccalaureate degree, but it is imper- 
 ative that certain specific subjects be included in bis baccalaurcite work. In order to pre|)are the stu- 
 dent for the medical course these subjects should be taught with that end in view. This does not de- 
 mnnd that they be taught as technical subjects; they can be taught from the standpoint of pure sciences. 
 The colleges should not be compelled to teach jjractical Anatomy. \ comprehensive course in Compara- 
 tive Anatomy, including dissection of the manunals, would prepare the students to complete during their 
 second year the practical Anatomy of both the first and second years. There is a basis on which it is 
 possible to admit students who have taken the medical preparatory course in the undergraduate college 
 to the second year of the medical schools without in any degree lowering the standard of the n'.edical 
 education or introducing into the baccalaureate course subjects that have no right there.- -II. ;\. H. 
 
 Lewis, F. T. The preparation for the studv of medicine. Popular Science Montlily. 
 1909-, pp. 6/5-74. Pp. IS-K]^. 
 
 "Students should be warned against believing that the \\.\. dcgr«e may be earned by two years of 
 college work. This low standard, thinly disguised by the fact that the degree is not given the Htudent 
 till he has spent two years in the medical school, has been udoj)ted by numy colleges." 
 
 Lonfj, .1. II. Preliminary medicnl education. Science, 1907\ pf). 157-4'64. Ba.sed 
 
 on a report to the American Medical Association, presented April 29, 1907. 
 
 The committee sent ?i circular letter to all the colleges, universities and technical schools suggesting a 
 year's preliminary training in Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Modern Languages for inteiuling mi-dical 
 students, outlining the coiir.ses and asking whether the work could be arranged. The replies are not given 
 in detail. k 
 
 Low, Scth. Addres' on the relation of professional schools to the university. National 
 
 Educational A.ssociation, Proceedinjx^, 189.'i. pp. 146-149. 
 
 In e(pii)in ent and chirarter tin* professional school connected with a university is best adapted for 
 obtaining a professional education. 
 
88 RKPOJIT OX COMBINE';'- COURSES 
 
 Mclntire, C Should credit be given in tlie medic;d course for prcliminar}' studies 
 
 beyond the entrance requirements? Bulletin of American Academy of Medicine, 1907, 
 
 pp. 134.-143." 
 
 The physician needs a broad training as a basis for his professional work. This is best secured by 
 a college course. It seems wise to offer every possible inducement to secure this training for medical 
 students. Some institutions have adopted the combined course where the first year medical studies are 
 offered as electives to the Seniors of the academic department, awarding the Bachelor's degree at the end 
 of the first medical year. With our present educational system, I can conceive of nothing more pernicious 
 or misleading. The combined course drops the culture studies at the time of times when they should be 
 continued, and substitutes technical subjects for them. It is, in effect, passing a man into his medical 
 course at the end of the Junior year (in some colleges at its beginning) with the culture course unfin- 
 ished and labeling him falsely. You are making the physician at the expense of the man. In his opening 
 address before the 42d University Convocation of the State of New York, in 1901, the Honorable White- 
 law Reid, referring to the expected discussion of this subject, said: "I may venture beforehand on this 
 territory long enough to express the iiope that neither in their discussion, nor in any other under these 
 auspices shall any decision Ibe reached to call fifty cents a dollar, whether in your coinage or in your 
 scholarship." While Dr. Mclntire is opposed to the combined course and to allowing the first year of 
 the medical course to count as the fourth year of the college course, he is in favor of allowing medical 
 credit for medical subjects taken in college, so that some college graduates, who have taken the proper 
 scientific subjects in their college course may complete the medical course in three years. In conclusion 
 he says: A college training is eminently desirable for the preparation of the material out of which the 
 physician is to be made. Taking professional subjects, taught for the technology in a professional school, 
 is not a college or liberal education, and giving a culture degree for studies pursued technically is a 
 mistake. Science studies can be used for liberal culture, and fit the student to pass at once into ad- 
 vanced work in the same subjects. Time allowance should be made when such subjects have been taken, 
 especially if in conjunction with the broadening training of the college course. The medical and other 
 profes8ional schools ought to foster by every means in their power the men who so prepare themselves 
 for their life work. — H. A. H. 
 
 Main, J. H. T. College sul)jecLs: medical credit. Bulletin of American Academy of 
 Medicine, 1907, pp. 97-103. Reprinted from The Grinnell Review, April, 1906. 
 
 Medical credit should be given for work in colleges when the work meets the requirements de- 
 manded by medical standards. State Boards of Medical Examiners are not justified in refusing to 
 accept such work when it is in the proper subjects and up to the standard of similar work given in 
 the medical schools. Whether the work is up to the standard can be ascertained by the Board of Ex- 
 aminers a.s easily in the case of the colleges as in the case of the medical schools. The consensus of 
 opinion in the best informed quarters, the medical men themselves being the judges, is that properly 
 equipped colleges can teach the pure medical sciences. Students with college credit have repeatedly dem- 
 onstrated their ability to pass the most rigid examinations. — H. A. H. 
 
 Mercer, W. F. What can the college and the fitting school do to aid in the study of 
 
 medicine? Bulletin of American Academy of Medicine, 1908, pp. 93-107. 
 
 Graduation from college is the ideal preparation for a medical course. Twenty-six years is young 
 enough to begin the practice of medicine. If, however, it is rpre'-^'-.^'-y to ,s;n e a year or two, the place to 
 save that time, or a large part of it, is in the grades and the high school. Fewer subjects should be 
 taught in the schools and these taught more thoroughly. The time is, or soon will be, at hand in which 
 the physician must be an educated man, a man that knows more than his profession. He must have a 
 certain amount of culture. If we have to take less than graduation from college for entrance to a 
 medical school, I should contend for not less than two years of good, solid college work. At least one 
 of these years must be taken up with the fundamental medical sciences. These students should not be 
 graduated from the college at the end of the two years, nor should they be allowed a degree after two 
 years in a medical college. Let them go with the understanding that they are making a sacrifice to save 
 time. The literary colleges should insist as far as possible that their graduates who take up Medicine 
 should attend those medical colleges that require graduation for entrance. Medical n en do not under- 
 stand and appreciate the excellent work which the literary colleges are doing in the fundamental medical 
 sciences. Chemistry, Physics and Biology. The literary colleges are doing more and better work in 
 these preliminary sciences than the average medical college can possibly do. The medical colleges should 
 give credit for such work done in literary colleges. I would be the last man to ask credit for work that 
 
IX ACADEMIC AND I'KOKKSSIONAI. WOKK 89 
 
 was not done, but it does seem unfair for the medical men to ipiore entirely the work done when, if they 
 could see the work, they would admit it to be well done. 'I'here should be a minimum of two years' 
 college work for entrance to the medical school, and a year's time credit in the meilical school should 
 be given to those college graduates who have clearly done that amount of work in the medical sciences. 
 — H. A. H. 
 
 Miller, VV. McN. Can the third and fourth years of the literary collej^e ^ive tiny <>f 
 
 the subjects of the medical coursi ? Hulletin of Ainericaii AcadiMny of Medicine, 1909, 
 
 pp. 153-161. Pp. loo-JOJ. 
 
 "Not only can the third and fourth years of the college give some of the subjects of the medical 
 course, but they can and should give all the subjects that pertain fundamentally to Medicine, or, in other 
 words, they should give all the work of the medical course that is not teclinically applied in the arts 
 that comprise the greater art of Medicine." Suggests also a four years' technical course to follow the 
 four years' pre-medical course with degree M.B. at end of first two, and M.D. at end of last two years. 
 
 Musscr, J. H. Some aspects of medical ediiCHtion. American Medical Association 
 
 Journal, 1904. pp. 15.S3-1540. I\ I5ii7. (Reprinted, in part, in Science, 1904"-, pp. 
 
 5i30-J237. ) 
 
 "There should be one educational requirement — the equivalent of that for which a first-class college 
 degree stands, whether received at a high school or university." The preliminary training should be in- 
 sisted upon, even at a sacrifice of time and money, as it will be tiine saved in later years and the money 
 outlay is returned more quickly. 
 
 New York (State) Education Departin.-nl . Animal Kepoi-t, 1905, pp. 553-554; 
 1906, pp. 327-3Ji8: 190T, pp. 311-31}i5; 1910, pp. 590-591. 
 
 The discussion in the state has constantly favored the combined course. Present attitude of the 
 Board of Regents is stated in the Revised Rules: "A college or university may be registered as main- 
 taining a satisfactory standing for one full year of Medicine when the <'ombined course for bnccalaureate 
 and medical degrees is not less than seven years." — A. B. (1. 
 
 \iprhtinf;^ale, A. F. The tendency of students to omit the collctre course tliat they 
 
 may enter professional scluwls direct from the secondary schools. School Review. 1897, 
 
 pp. 7J5-83. 
 
 The lack of college degree requirement admits to professional .schools many who are unfit and who 
 can never become properly qualified to practice their profession on account of lack of elementary edu- 
 cation. 
 
 O'She.i, M. \. Shortening the college course: the social point of view. .American 
 Journal of Soci<)lo<j;v, 1903. pp. 746-761. 
 
 The plan of shortening the college course by finishing the combined college and professional course in 
 six years instead of seven is moderate and brought about by practical, perhaps financial conditions, and by 
 the desire of the student to enter his profession. Few appreciate .John Fiske's point "thut the stability 
 and constant advance of the race require a continunl lengthening of the plastic age, so that each genera- 
 tion may master all that has been accomplished i)V those who have gone before." .\ doctor or lawyer in- 
 sufficiently prepared is a menace to his community: every effort should be made to lengthen and strengthen 
 the college course. 
 
 Perrin, B. A shorter college course. Itidependent, 1900, p|>. 1780-1782. 
 
 With the .ncademy and the professional .school giving more and more of general culture there must 
 he a point when the ndditional college cours«- becomes a luxury. The tendency is for professional schools 
 to demand a college degree for entrance. i)ut the duration of the college period need not be the sairc for 
 all. The procedure of shortening the college course to adapt it to the needs of individuals must be left 
 to each institution. "To sum up, let the old rollepinte course be shortened by those students who are 
 able or willing or compelled to do it, and not by the colleges thcm.selvc,s for everj'body." 
 
90 REPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 Pritchett, H. S. Professional education : why the pubhc should enforce high stand- 
 ards. Outlook, 1908% pp. 870-873. 
 
 "Low educational standards are not only an injustice to the public on its own account, but are ab- 
 solutely demoralizing to the profession." 
 
 Rhees, Rush. What the independent colleges think. New York (State) University, 
 Regents Bulletin No. 64, 4<2d Convocation, 1904, pp. 238-245. 
 
 If the medical schools of the highest grade can be induced to agree to such a course as has been 
 outlined by the Regents, well equipped colleges will be able to do the work suggested. Comparative 
 Anatomy may be taught in college, but a college should not undertake instruction in Human Anatomy with 
 the dissection of the human form. There is also objection to Pathologic Bacteriology in a college. The 
 medical faculties, however, hold it essential that their students shall have had in the first year of their 
 course that kind of training in Anatomy which can be got alone from the dissection of the human form. 
 Unless this can be adjusted so that the medical school can put all this Human Anatomy in the second year, 
 the plan of having colleges do the first year work of the medical course does not seem feasible. We may, 
 however, put tlie shoe on the other foot, and the colleges may give credit toward the college degrees for 
 work in pure science done in the medical school. Have the prescribed college subjects all done by end 
 of Junior year, then do remaining work in medical school. — H. A. H. 
 
 Royce, Josiah. The American college and life. Science, 1909S PP- 401-407. Pp. 
 
 "One can not in any general way distinguish between the educational oflBces of technical and pro- 
 fessional studies on the one hand, and the studies productive of cultivation, on the other." — A. B. G. 
 
 Schurman, J. G. To what extent should undergraduates be allowed to take profes- 
 sional work as a part of their undergraduate course .f* National Association of State Uni- 
 versities. Transactions, 1907, pp. 75-78. Discussion, pp. 78-80. 
 
 The argument is concerned only with the integrity of the liberal arts course. The policy of com- 
 pelling the student to give his whole time during the first three years to the arts course, and the whole 
 fourth year to the professional course has been satisfactory at Cornell. President Schurman does not 
 individually favor the larger substitution of professional for arts and science work which the six years' 
 plan involves, i. e., the practice of allowing students to spend two years in the College of Arts and 
 Sciences and then go over to the professional school, and at the end of these two periods of two years 
 each, receive the A.B. degree. — A. B. G. 
 
 Seymour, T. D. The three years' college course. School Review, 1897, pp. 709- 
 
 720. Pp. 718-719. Discussion, pp. 720-728. 
 
 "A sort of compromise between the claims of college and professional school is not only possible, but 
 actual."— A. B. G. 
 
 Shaler, N. S. The use and limits of academic culture. Atlantic MonthW, 1890, 
 pp. 160-170. Pp. 164-168. 
 
 Favors allowing students of sufficient maturity and scholastic attainments to take professional work 
 for the fourth year of the college course. It will give new zest to the work of those students whose in- 
 terest in purely cultural subjects has begun to lag, will make the transition from cultural subjects to 
 professional less abrupt, will create a greater union of interests between the several faculties of the 
 University, and will enable the young man to begin the active work of his profession one year sooner. 
 — H. A. H. 
 
 Simmons, G. H. Medical education and preliminary requirements. American Med- 
 ical Association Journal, 1904, pp. 1204-1210. Pp. 1207-1210. 
 
 The medical schools vary greatly, in the length of the course, the length of the school term, the time 
 spent on different subjects. Until the high schools become standardized, the minimum requirements of 
 a high school education or its equivalent vary. "The ideal preliminary education would be a four years' 
 
IN ACADKMIC AND PROFESSIONAL WORK ')1 
 
 high school course followed by two years of eleetives in a college of liberal arts, the two college years 
 to he devoted to work more or less lieariiifj on hut riot necessarily fundamental to, the medical course. 
 . . . It means the inclusion of the scientific ai\<l practical, and the omission of the so-called aca- 
 demic." ... If the universities will give the douhle degree for a two years' course in the College of 
 Liberal .\rt.s, plus four years in the professional school, it will be ideal." 
 
 Stevenson, J. J. Tlu- collo<«;i' course. Popular Science Monthly, 19055-04, pp. 
 
 202-209. 
 
 "The practical shortening of the college course to three years . . . is a confession of failure. 
 . . . Four years are none too long for the necessary moral and intellectual discipline." 
 
 Tucker, W. G. Address <klivered at the openinor of the seventy-seventh session of 
 
 the Albany Medical C'olle.^e. Science, 1907"-, pp. 609-625. Pp. (m)-6^2. 
 
 The time spent in preparatory work is now too long; the student will do well to go from the high 
 school directly to the medical college, or spend at the most not more than two years in jntermp<1iate 
 work. . . . The old-fashioned college course is of little use to the medical student. 
 
 University of California. President's Biennial Reports, 1904-06, p. 17. 
 
 Vander Veer, Albert. How can the school life of the intending physician be arranc^'il 
 to produce the desired training with the most economic expenditure of time.'' Hulhtin 
 of American Academy of Medicine, 1908, pp. 114-142. Discussion, pp. 126-142. 
 
 Vander ^'ecr, Albert. Should the Regents register college courses »is the equivalent 
 
 oi the first year in a medical school? New York (State) University. Regents Bulletin 
 
 No. 64, 42d Convocation, 1904, pp. ^23-236. 
 
 An outline for first year of a medical course, consisting of work which might be done either in a 
 college or medical school, was prepared by the Regents and sent to many leading educators for their 
 opinions. 'Ihe article in question gives this outline and the answers received concerning the acceptability 
 of this first year's work. Answers both favorable and unfavorable are given. In concluding his report 
 of these answers. Regent Vander Veer says: "I am ccmvinced, in view of the information gathered from 
 prominent educators, . . . that the "time is near at hand when this question must be definitely 
 arranged and that encouragement should be given to the scheme of the seven years' work for both de- 
 grees." There are various views on the subject of medical education, but one point is prominent, namely, 
 that the length of time as now arranged "is too long for a student to take four years in preparatory 
 school and then four years in college before beginning his medical work. There should be such a con- 
 sensus of opinion as will encourage the student who is to take up the profession of medicine to pro- 
 ceed with his academic (college) course in such a way as to fit him more fully than does the prepar- 
 atory and high school course. The overlap of one year allowed bv the New York law of !<)(« is «>rrect. 
 — H. A. H. 
 
 Vaughan, V. C. The pari of the undergraduate college in preparation for profes- 
 sional education. Association of American Universities. Nintli Anniinl Cimference. 1908, 
 
 pp. 26-31. l)iscussi(m, |jp. JJl 40. 
 
 The medical student should be thoroughly grounded in the basic principles of Chemistry, Physics, 
 Biology. The instruction should be of university grade and the B.A. "should not be accepted without 
 ascertaining how thoroughly the student has been grounded in these sciences. Sufficient Modern Lan- 
 guages, at least French and" German, should be studied to read them intelligently, and it is the purpose 
 of medical educators to require at least two years in the university in these subjects for admission to 
 the medical school. 
 
 Ward, II. n. .Vddress of President. Association of American Medical Colleges. Pro 
 
 ceedin?s, 1908, pp. 9-eS6. Pp. S3-20. 
 
 Discusses the Senior in nhtentia degree and the requirements of one or two y<iirs preliminary college 
 work. 
 
9!^ REPORT ON COMBINED COURSES 
 
 Wathen, W. H. Should the regents register combined baccalaureate and medical 
 courses of otlier states? New York (State) University. Regents Bulletin No. 64, 42d 
 Convocation, 1904, pp. 237-238. 
 
 No time credit on the medical course should be given for college work, and subject credit should 
 be given only upon examination. The medical school should, however, have no concern about the accept- 
 ance of the medical freshman year as an equivalent for the work of the college senior year. "The medical 
 school that insists on the privilege of allowing a time credit for a Bachelor's degree, or for work done 
 in the college, is influenced by commercialism." 
 
 Welch, W. H. Medicine and the university. American Medical Association Jour- 
 nal, 1908, pp. 1-7. P. 4. 
 
 In addition to the baccalaureate degree, laboratory training in Physics, Chemistry and Biology, and 
 a reading knowledge of French and German are insisted on by certain medical schools, but conditions 
 are not ripe for their general adoption. Various solutions of the problem of shortening the college course 
 have been offered, but none are entirely successful. 
 
 West, A. F. Length of the baccalaureate course and preparation for the profes- 
 sional schools. National Educational Association, Proceedings, 1903, pp. 509—516. Dis- 
 cussion, pp. 514—516. 
 
 If it becomes true that the majority of young men cannot stay through a four years' course the 
 shorter course must be established. It is a matter of speculation whether the three years' course will bring 
 more students to college and more graduates to professional schools. 
 
 Wigmore, J. H. ; Crossley, F. B. A statistical comparison of college and high school 
 education as a preparation for legal scholarship. American Bar Association. Reports, 
 1909, pp. 941-965. Discussion, pp. 838-860. 
 
 A study of the work of ten classes (1895-1905) with reference to their preliminary education. The 
 conclusions are: 1. For developing the very highest powers, a college education is essential. Whether 
 two years of it are as eiBcient, relatively or absolutely, as four years of it, does not fully appear. 2. For 
 developing the very lowest powers, a college education is essential. 3. For developing ordinary and high 
 powers, a college education has, in some respects, the chances in its favor; but, on the whole, and for the 
 vast majority of men, it appears not to be essentially different in its results in legal scholarship. 
 
 Wright, J. H. The three years' college course. School Review, 1897, pp. 696- 
 709. Pp. 699-700. 
 
 To keep professional students from omitting the college course entirely we must either shorten the 
 time of preparation for college, or the time of college or professional study. We cannot reduce the time 
 of preparatory study, on account of those who do not go to college at all, and we must not reduce the 
 time of professional training. The work of the four years' course may be compressed into three, leav- 
 ing the fourth year for work in the professional scliools. As the three years' course is not obligatory, 
 those who can spend four years in purely liberal study, do so. 
 
 Zapffe, F. C. Present status of medical education. Bulletin of American Academy 
 of Medicine, 1909, pp. 358-369. Pp. 367-368. 
 
 Suggests a five years' course, giving medical credit for work in recognized colleges, and a six years' 
 course "consisting of one year in science, four years in purely medical subjects and one year in hospital 
 work, this course to lead to the degree of M.D. By also taking two years' work in the college the stu- 
 dent might be given his baccalaureate degree." 
 
IN ACADKMIC ANU PROKKSSION AL \\ OKK 98 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 OmioiH OF Ukport I 
 
 Pa«t I. Statjimkxts ok thk Univzhsities 3 
 
 I'niversity of California 3 
 
 Catholic University of America 3 
 
 I'niversity of Chicago 4 
 
 Columbia University 7 
 
 Cornell University 9 
 
 Harvard University 9 
 
 University of Illinois 10 
 
 Indiana University 10 
 
 The State University of Iowa 19 
 
 Johns Hopkins University 14 
 
 I'niversity of Kansas 14 
 
 Leiand Stnnfurd Junior University 15 
 
 University of Michigan 17 
 
 University of Minnesota 19 
 
 University of Missouri 90 
 
 University of Nebraska 99 
 
 University of Pennsylvania 94 
 
 University of Virginia 95 
 
 University of Wisconsin 96 
 
 Yale University 98 
 
 Summary 99 
 
 PaJIT II. KXPRESSIOKS OF OpiNION 31 
 
 Question 1 31 
 
 I. Opinions favorable to the combined course 31 
 
 II. Opinions opposed to the combined course 43 
 
 III. President Hadley's view SI 
 
 Question If .' 51 
 
 I. Opinions favoring 11(a) : 59 
 
 11. Opinions opposing the combined course, but favoring prescription of prcparatorj' 
 
 professional work 56 
 
 III. Opinions favoring the combined course and preferring pre-professional work of a 
 
 general character 5" 
 
 IV. Opinions opposing the combined course and preferring collegiate work of a general 
 
 character 60 
 
 V. Answers representing a variety of opinions 69 
 
 Qntittion /// 66 
 
 I. Opinions favoring the combined course in the form of the second type 66 
 
 II. Opinions opposing the combined course fivoring collegiate courses of the second type 70 
 
 HI. Opinions favoring the combined course nrt opposed to courses of the first type 72 
 
 IV. Opinions opposing the combined course that regard the distinction between the two 
 
 types as immaterial 77 
 
 I>etter from President Faunce 78 
 
 R i^siM f: 79 
 
 l.IST or REFEBENTrS OX THE C-OMBIKKD CoURSE 81 
 
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