ANTHROPOLOGY LIBT^^Y
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OF THE
University of California.
RECEIVED BY EXCHANGE
Class
^^17
e_
\S09
Pigmentation Survey
of
School Children in Scotland
By
James Fowler Tocher, B.Sc, F.I.C.
Aberdeen
Printed for the University
1908
Aberdeen University
Studies : No. 36
Pigmentation Survey
of
School Children in Scotland
University of Aberdeen.
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATIONS.
Convener : Professor James W. H. Trail, F.R.S., Curator of the University
Library.
UNIVERSITY STUDIES.
General Editor : P. J. Anderson, LL.B., Librarian to the University
and Clerk of the General Council.
y igoo. No. I. — Roll 0/ Alumni in Arts of the University and King's College of Aberdeen, i5g6-i86o.
Edited by P. J. Anderson.
„ No. 2. — Records of Old Aberdeen, ii57.i89i. A. M. Munro, F.S.A. Scot. Vol. I.
„ No. 3. — Place Names of West Aberdeenshire. James Macdonald, F.S.A. Scot.
1901. No. 4. — The Family of Burnett of Leys. George Burnett, LL.D., Lyon King of Arms.
„ No. i.— Records of Invercauld, 1547-1828. Rev. J. G. Michie, M.A.
/ 1902. No. 6. — Rectorial Addresses in the Universities of Aberdeen, 1835-1900. P. J. Anderson.
„ No. 7.— The Albemarle Papers, 1746-48. Professor C. S. Terry, M.A.
1903. No. 8.— The House of Gordon. J. M. Bulloch, M.A. Vol. I.
„ No. g.— Records of Elgin. William Cramond, LL.D. Vol. L
1904. No. 10. — Avogadro and Dalton. A. N. Meldrum, D.Sc.
„ No. 11. — Records of the Sheriff Court of Aberdeenshire. David Littlejohn, LL.D. Vol. L
„ No. 12. — Proceedings of the Anatomical and Anthropological Society, 1902-04.
1905. No. 13. — Report on Alcyonaria. Professor J. Arthur Thomson, M.A., and others.
„ No. 14.— Researches in Organic Chemistry. Prof. P. R. Japp, F.R.S., and others.
„ No. 15. — Meminisse Juvat : with Appendix of Alakeia. Alexander Shewan, M.A.
„ No. 16. — The Blackhalls of that Ilk and Barra. Alexander Morison, M.D.
1906. No. 17. — Records of the Scots Colleges. Vol. L P.J.Anderson.
„ No. 18. — Roll of the Graduates of the University of Aberdeen, 1860-1900. Colonel William
Johnston, C.B., LL.D.
„ No. 19. — Studies in the History and Development of the University of Aberdeen. P. J.
Anderson and others.
„ No. 20.— Studies in the History and Art of the Eastern Provinces of the Roman Empire.
Professor Sir W. M. Ramsay, D.C.L., and pupils.
„ No. 21. — Studies in Pathology. William Bulloch, M.D., and others.
, No. 22. — Proceedings of the Anatomical and Anthropological Society, igo^oS.
„ No. 23. — Subject Catalogues of the Science Library and the Law Library. P. J. Anderson.
„ No. 24. — Records of the Sheriff Court of Aberdeenshire. David Littlejohn, LL.D. Vol. IL
1907. No. 2y^Studies on Alcyonarians and Antipatharians. Prof. Thomson, M.A., and others.
„ No. 26. — Surgical Instruments in Greek and Roman Times. J. S. Milne, M.A., M.D.
„ 1^0. 27.— Records of the Sheriff Court of Aberdeenshire. David Littlejohn, LL.D. Vol. IIL
„ No. 28. — Flosculi Graeci Boreales. Ser. IL Professor John Harrower, M.A.
„ No. 29. — Record of the Quatercentenary, igo6. P. J. Anderson.
„ No. iO.—The House of Gordon. J. M. Bulloch, M.A. Vol. IL
1908. ^o. ii.--The Miscellany of the New Spalding Club. Vol.11.
„ No. 32. — The Religious Teachers of Greece. James Adam, Litt.D. (Gifford Lectures, 1904-06).
,, No. 33.— rA« Science and Philosophy of the Organism. Hans Driesch, Ph.D. (Gtfford
Lecture, 1907).
^„ No. i^.— Proceedings of the A natomical and A nthropological Society, 1906-08.
„ No. 3i.— Records of Elgin. Vol. II. Rev. Stephen Ree, B.D.
yy „ Ho. 36.— Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland. J. F. Tocher, B.Sc.
Pigmentation Survey
of
School Children in Scotland
By
James Fowler Tocher, B.Sc, F.I.C.
Aberdeen
Printed for the University
1908
MITHKOPOLOGY USMRT
^
^^^
v^n
CONTENTS.
PAOK
The Report 1
Plates I. to XXVI 108
Appendix to the Report 109
177088
[Fi'oni Biometrika, Vol. VI. Nos. 2 and S. September, 1D08.]
[All Rights reserved.]
PIGMENTATION SUEVEY OF SCHOOL CHILDREN
IN SCOTLAND.
COMMITTEE OF THE SURVEY.
Principal Sir William Turner, K.C.B.., F.R.S., Chairman.
Professor R. W. Reid, M.D., F.R.C.S.
J. Gray, B.Sc.
J. F. Tocher, B.Sc
THE REPORT.
The accompanying Report which is published under the direction of the above
Committee has been prepared by J. F. Tocher and consists of a Memoir on the
reduced data and an Appendix. The memoir includes 72 tables, 19 diagrams and
78 maps. The Appendix contains 16 tables of classified data, and includes a list
of teachers who made the Returns.
THE GRANTS.
Financial aid towards the Survey has to be acknowledged from the following
sources :
(1) (a) Grant by Royal Society in May 1902
(/9) .., „ „ 1904
(7) . » .. 1906
Total Grant by Royal Society
(2)
(3)
(4)
Biometiika vi
£
200
100
100
Grant by Carnegie Trust July 1908
Donations by Lord Strathcona towards the pay-
ment of outlays on special sections of the
work of analysis.
The expense of printing the Appendix has been
defrayed from a fund presented to this Journal
in memory of W. F. R. Weldon.
400
100
17
Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
PIGMENTATION SUEVEY OF SCHOOL CHILDEEN
IN SCOTLAND*.
By J. F. TOCHER, B.Sc.
CONTENTS.
MEMOIR.
Section
1. Introductory . . . .
2. Arrangements prior to Organiza-
tion , . . , .
3. Organization and Carrying out of
the Survey ....
4. Problems to be discussed .
5. Statistical Methods employed to
determine Significant Differ-
ences
6. Kelative Local Differences geo-
graphically considered. Indi-
vidual Differences in each Class
Explanatory and Introductory
Differences in Hair Colour:
(a) Fair Hair; (/5) Red Hair;
(y) Medium Hair ; (S) Dark
Hair ; (e) Jet Black Hair .
Differences in Eye Colour :
(a) Blue Eyes; O) Light
Eyes ; (-y) Medium Eyes ;
(8) Dark Eyes .
7. The General Resemblance of Local
Populations to the General
Population
I. Introductory .
II. Hair Colour : (a) Divisions
(/3) Counties ; {y) Districts
III. Eye Colour : (a) Divisions
(/3) Counties ; (y) Districts
8. Class Segregation
I. Interlocal Constants
I.
IL
IIL
Page
3
8
13
15
18
18
22
29
34
34
37
44
47
47
I.
n.
in.
IV.
VI.
vn.
Section
II. Significance of the Constiints
9. Peculiarities in the Distribution
of Colour in Scotland
General ....
Red Hair ....
Relati<jnship between (Jraclic
speaking Population and Pig
mentation
Relationships between Pigment
ation. Density of Population
and Foreigners
Relationship between Pigment
ation and the Death Rate
The Probable Cause of the
Association of the Medium
or Browuhaired Class with
Density of Population
Colour Classes which are as-
sociated geographically
VIII. Relationships between Pig-
mentation and Physical and
Mental Defects
10. Degree of Resemblance between
the Boy and Girl Population
in each of the Colour Classes .
11. The Colour Characteristics of the
Population of Greater Glasgow
and Environs . . . .
I. Introductory, with Tables of
cliissified data
48
51
51
53
54
57
59
60
66
69
An Appendix containing the actual data is issued as a supplement to this volume of Biomttrika.
J. F. Tocher
Section
II.
III.
Analysis of Glasgow Data
(a) General Divergency in
Colour
(1) Hair Colour; (2) Eye
Colour ....
(j3) Individual Classes.
(1) Hair Colour; (2) Eye
Colour ....
(y) General View
Specific Elements in the Glas-
gow Population causing Di-
vergency ....
(o) Introductory ; (/3) Gaelic
speaking Population of Glas-
gow ; (y) the Foreign Popu-
lation of Glasgow ; (S) the
Irish Population of Glasgow
Page
Section
Page
75
IV. Summary of Results of the
Analysis of the Population
75
of Glasgow ....
89
12. Comparison with other Data
91
75
I. Scottish Data : (o) East Aber-
79
deenshire Children, 1896 ;
(/3) Scottish Adults; the
79
Insane; (y) Scottish Adults,
80
Beddoe's observations
II. Foreign Data : (a) the Actual
91
D.itiX ; O) Comments .
93
82
III. The Data bearing on Corre-
lation and comparison with ♦
similar Data
95
(a) General ; (^3) Comptiri-
sons .....
95
82
13. Summary of Results .
97
( 1 ) Introductory.
In 1896, the writer organized and carried out a survey of the colour characters
of the school population (14,561) of East Aberdeenshire *-^the first local survey
of its kind in the British Isles. The cooperation of the teachers in East
Aberdeenshire was so hearty that the writer conceived the idea of making a survey
of the colour characters of the whole of the school population of Scotland and,
afterwards, of making a survey of the physical characters of the Scottish adult
population. The chief obstacle in the way of carr)'ing out both schemes was the
want of funds. At Glasgow, for instance, the British Association approved of the
idea but made no (irantf. In December, 1001, however, the writer applied to
the Royal Society of London for a Grant of £200, naming a Scottish Committee
prepared to see the pigmentation survey carried out. The promotion of the
adult survey was meantime held in abeyance. Tlie committee named was con-
stituted and consisted of the following: Professor, now Principal Sir William Turner,
K.C.B., F.R.S., chairman ; Professor R. W. Reid, M.D., F.R.C.S. ; J. Gray, B.Sc,
and the writer. Under the direction of this committee, the Survey was made
and this Report is published. The Grant applied for was given in May 1902,
and the supplementary Grants of £100 each were given in 1U04< and 1906. The
Royal Society has thus supplied the sum of £400 to enable the Survey to be
* Tocher, " Ethnographical Survey of School Children in Buchan," Trans. Buchan Field Cluh,
Vol. IV. pp. 137 — 152. Observations on the colour characters of over 2800 adults belonging to the
same population had already been made by the writer and his assistants in 1895 at Mintlaw in
Aberdeenshire. The results of an elementary analysis of these observations together with the results
of a similar analysis of measurements of adults in various parts of Aberdeenshire are embodied in joint
papers by J. Gray and the writer published in the following Journals : — Jour. Anthrop. Inst, Vol. xxx.
1900, pp. 104—124 ; B. A. Report, 1900, pp. 193—195; B. A. Report, 1904, p. 707; etc.
t A Committee was formed, but no work was done, and it was dissolved in 1903, on its being pointed
out that a Scottish committee with a Grant from the Royal Society was carrying out the survey.
17-2
4 Pigme7itation Survey of School Children in Scotland
carried out and to further the statistical portion of the work. A Donation from
Lord Stratheona in November 1906 of £100 towards anthropological research
on adults and children in Scotland has also to be gratefully acknowledged. A
portion (£21. \Qs.) has been expended on the work of the present Survey. The
Carnegie Trust in July 1908 made a Grant of £100 in aid of publication.
The total Grants in aid up to the present date thus amount to £521. Ida. The
total cost of the Survey including outlays, for aid in statistical, clerical and other
work has been £8G0. Is. 4d. The writer desires gratefully to acknowledge all
the Grants made, and further the aid given by Sir William Turner and Professor
Reid towards securing them. Without these Grants, the Survey would not have
been made.
(2) Arrangements prior to organization.
Immediately on receiving the Royal Society Grant of £200 in May, 1902, the
writer placed himself in communication with the officials of the Educational
Institute of Scotland and other teachers throughout the countr}\ The teachere
were found to be distinctly sympathetic and interested in the scheme and, by the
end of December, the writer was able to report to the Committee that there was
every likelihood of the teachers consenting to make the necessary observations.
On the 27th December, the General Committee of Management of the Educational
Institute of Scotland passed a favourable resolution communicated to the author
by the secretary of the Institute in the following terms : —
Coatbridge, 21 th Dec. 1902.
Dear Sir,
I have pleasure in informing you that the General Committee of Management at
their meeting to-day adopted the following motion : — " That the General Committee of Manage-
ment recommend the members of the Institute to afford whatever support it may be in their
power to give towards the carrying out of a pigmentation survey of school children in Scotland."
Faithfully yours,
(Signed) JOHN LAURENCE,
Sec. of the Institute.
J. F. Tocher, Esq.
Peterhead.
Thus the cooperation of the teaching profession seemed assured and every
confidence was felt that the returns would be made by the teachers without any
delay, after receiving the necessary schedules and instructions.
The preparation of the schedules and instructions caused the Committee much
anxiety. Quite 18 months were spent in discussing the best way to have the
observations made. All the leading authorities were consulted as to the numbers
of categories to be employed, the reproduction of suitable colour cards, and other
means of aiding the teachers in their task of determining the precise colours
involved. Although in many respects desirable, the limits of this memoir preclude
the author from giving more than a general statement of the decision arrived at.
At the outset both Sir William Turner and Professor Reid agreed that it would
be most desirable to have cither standard specimens of hair and artificial eyes
J. F. Tocher
properly shaded or to have colour cards if such were possible. Dr Francis Gallon,
Dr A. C. Haddon, Professors Macalister, K. Pearson and D. J. Cunningham were
each consulted and gave valuable suggestions. Artists and lithographers were
employed to reproduce the shades of colour from a very complete set of specimens
of hair of all shades and from specially prepared artificial eyes. A good deal of
progress was made, but on attempting to determine the various classes by aid of
colour cards giving either the limits or the means of the classes, the method failed
to produce satisfactory results. It was found that, compared with the results
obtained by the use of samples of natural hair, observers differed seriously in the
classification of colour by this method. This appeared to be due to the comparative
failure of the lithographers to reproduce the natural shades required. The writer
devised the following analytical table (Table I.), the range of each class being
TABLE I.
Analytical Table for Hair Colours.
Red
The hair is red ;
either light red,
bright red, or
dark red
All colours which
approach more to
red than to brown
or flaxen
Class 1.
Not Red
The hair is not red. It is either fair, brown, or dark
Fair
The hair is fair,
that is white,
flaxen, or golden-
yellow only
I A VERY LIGHT 1
} brown may be >
( included here )
Class 2.
Not Fair
The hair is not fair. It is brown (medium)
or dark
Medium
The hair is chestnut
brown, brownish,
or is neither red,
fair, nor dark
Class 3.
Dark
The hair is dark
brown, or dark or
black, but not jet
black
Class 4.
Jet Black only
Class 5.
Note. — There are five divisions of hair colours recognised by the Committee.
No. 1.— The first includes all shades of red— light red, bright red, and sandy red, &c.
No. 2. — The second division includes all shades of fair, but great care must be taken not to
include brown or medium hair. Flaxen, white, and golden yellow are the shades
of fair recognised.
No. 3.— The third division includes chestinit brown, dull brown, and all shades, not red
fair, or dark.
No. 4. — The fourth division, dark, includes very dark brown (looking black at a moderate
distance), and black.
No. 5. — The fifth division is very uncommon. It is jet black.
Pigmentation Survey of S'^lwol Children in Scotland
TABLE I— {continued).
Analytical Table for Eye Colours.
Pure Blue
The eyes are pure
blue
Deep blue or pure
blue is
Class 1.
I Light blue is|
I Class 2.
Not Pure Blue
The eyes are not pure blue. They are either browu, grey,
very light blue, or mixed
Note. — There are four classes or divisions of eyes.
No. 1. — The first is the pure blue or deep blue eye which cannot he mistaken.
No. 2. — The second includes light blue and light grey eyes.
No. 3. — The third includes all eyes not blue, light grey, or brown — they are called medium
eyes, and include grey, green, orange, and other mixed shades.
No. 4. — The fourth class includes hazel brown, dark brown, and dark eyes generally. The
fourth class is usually spoken of as dark, and the colour appears homogeneous in
character at a distance of two feet, at which distiHice observations ought to
be made.
In noting the colour of the eyes, first note whether they are blue or brown. If these are
excluded note whether they are grey. If light grey, they are light eyes, if grey, they are medium
eyes. If the eyes are neither blue (1), grey (.3), nor brown (4) they are either light eyes (2) or
medium eyes (3) [of which grey, previously mentioned, is only one shade]. Light eyes having
been already excluded, they are medium or mixed eyes. It is best to call up a few children at a
time andjvdge hy comparison.
fully described. In making colour observations, each class in this table is de-
terminable by the observer by a process of elimination of the other classes. The
results obtained by the use of this table were now compared with the results
obtained by using samples of hair, for hair colour, and of glass eyes, for eye colour
and also with the results, for eye colour, obtained from observations on boys and girls
selected as types of each class. It was found that both sets of figures closely agreed,
and the results were therefore considered very satisfactory. The colour canl method
Biometrika. Vol. VI. Nos. 2 and 3.
Table II.
Pigmentation Survey of Scliool Ciiildren in Scotland.
Nam* of Sckeol^^ _ _. Parish .„.,
County
Date of Survey
District No. .
Nome of Teacher
Sex of List of Children on this
Sheet, .,.
(Boy,orOirl.,. INDICATE COLOUR OF HAIR AND EYES by an X in CorrespondinK Col
*»♦ To taut trcnbtt to yowruif, number tlir whUi: school co,iKr\,Uitly from I mumnU, nfUr tht name' kart
been enlerrd from RtgiUrr and hr/ore notiif/ the colour,.
No.
AGE.
HAIR.
KYES
SURNAME.
RELATIONSHIPS.
Use thi-* column to in-
dicate rt.'Iatioii<tliips ill
any iiiaimcr you '^txK
klXATIONSIIIPS.
Fair
Red
Med
Dark
Jet
Black
Pure
Blue
Light
Med
ilark
Indicate rela(ioo»1iipt tiy croup-
ing and bracketing llie numbers of
the children who are related Co
one another in the undernoted
divisions, which sut: the reltlion-
ships.
iR'Xt coluniu.
If you u»e the next
For example, if 7 and li ztcfidl
brothers, aistcTS, or sister and
brother, write in "Full Druthers
and Sisters** column in brackets.
thus, the figures
(711)-
ir 10 and 23 are cdusins by fathers
being/u/7 brothers, write
do- 23),
^
FULL BROTHEKS AND
SISTERS.
No. and No.
,.
..
„
COUSINS.
Children whose Children whose
brothers (record
isiers (recotd
nd bracket the
lumbers here).
numbers here).
Nos- and Nos. and
,,
» „
..
M
•• „
.. (•
1, ..
• t *t
..
..
..
..
u
..
**
„ „
Children whose fat
)crs on ihe one
on the other arc f^ brothers and
sisters.
<o.— 'sTather and No.— '» Mother.
„ ,. and „ ,,
,. and.,.
„ ,, and „ „
, and „
.
„ and „ „
,
.. and „
.. Mid „
.. »nd „
J. F. Tocher 7
was then reluctantly abandoned and the analytical table with broad classes was
adopted as one likely to lead to the least error in determining the colour characters
of the children. The accompanying schedule (Table II., much reduced size) was
adopted by the Committee, the table (Table I.) with the description of the classes
being printed on the back of each schedule.
The form of schedule and descriptive analytical table being definitely settled
the author drew up a circular letter to the teachers which was adopted by the
Committee*.
Mr John Gray's name was, with the consent of the Committee, associated
with the writer's in the circular, as it had been mutually arranged that, after the
data had been collected and summarised by the author, a joint paper should be
prepared. This idea was departed from, at a later date, at Mr Gray's suggestion.
With the Committee's approval he has, instead, written a short memoir illus-
trating his method of dealing with the obsei-vations grouped into districts, from
Tables XI , XII., XIII. and XIV. of Appendix supplied to him by the writer who,
on completing the statistical analysis, gladly supplied Mr Gray with the tables
referred tof. District grouping suited the purpose he had in view of repre-
senting, by contour lines, the imaginary up and down steps by which he assumes
one locality gradually to merge in intensity of colour into adjacent ones. The
7 December 1903.
•Deau Sir, ob Madam,
As you may have seen reported, this Committee proposes, with your kind assistance, to
carry out a survey of the colour characteristics of the school children of Scotland.
We beg to enclose the necessary form, and we should feel very much obliged if you will kindly
record the names and colour characteristics of the children of your school for the use of the above
Committee.
The purpose of this survey of the colour characteristics of the children is to collect statistics in
order to elucidate racial characters, the laws of heredity, and the general problem of evolution.
The Committee suggests that, when convenient, the teacher in charge of each class should first have
the names and ages, and if possible the relationships, of the children recorded in the sheets. After this
has been completed, he or she could then, at convenient times, call up the children, five or six
at a time, and note the colour of the hair and the colour of the eyes, following the instructions on the
analytical table on the back of each obnervation sheet.
We may briefly mention that in carrying out this Survey, besides the private goodwill of hundreds
of Teachers, the General Committee of Management of the Educational Institute of Scotland support
the idea. The following resolution of the General Committee was adopted in December last : —
" That the G.C.M. recommend the Members of the Institute to afford whatever support it
may be in their power to give towards the carrying out of a Pigmentation Survey of School
Children in Scotland."
The Royal Society is aiding the survey by a grant from the Government Funds, while the results,
besides being published in scientific journals, will be printed as a separate memoir. This memoir
will contain a complete list of the contributing teachers and of the statistics forwarded from each
school. We have provided for the survey of over 7i;0,000 children, which is the estimated number in
Scotland.
We sincerely trust you will, without inconvenience to yourself, supply the Committee early with the
particulars asked, and do what you have in your power to assist in a survey which has such a high
bearing on the racial characters of the Scottish people.
t These tables as supplied to Mr Gray do not, of course, contain the figures from the late Returns.
8 Pigmentation Survey of School Chlldi'en in Scotland
reader is referred to Mr Gray's paper for details as to this system of representation
of intensity of colour. The author has to acknowledge his indebtedness to
Mr Gray for the help he gave in the construction of the schedule and to thank
him cordially for such cooperation as he was able to give otherwise. Owing to his
residence in London, Mr Gray was unable to take part either in the actual work
of organizing and carrying out of the survey, or in the laborious and prolonged
statistical analysis after the survey had been completed. The writer, however,
received great assistance from his own clerical staff, the members of which worked
frequently at high pressure to a late hour, in order to have the work completed
within a reasonable limit of time.
(3) Organization and carrying out of the Survey.
The colour classes, schedules and other forms being approved of by the
Committee, the next step to be considered was their issue to the teacher.^. A
reference to the Appendix to the Annual Report* issued by the Scotch Edu-
cation Department showed that in 1902 there were 3145 schools in the 33 counties
of Scotland with an actual average attendance of 646,501 scholars. It was further
noted, that, including principals, there were 11,638 certificated teachers giving
instruction to these children, and who, on the suggestion of the principals, might
be willing to take part in the voluntary task of noting the colour characters of
the children and recording them, together with the other information desired, on
the forms supplied. It was recognised from the outset that while many principals
would be quite willing to survey the whole school in each case, this would be a
task of great magnitude in the larger schools, where the average attendance
reached several hundreds and in many cases considerably over a thousand. The
average number to be examined in each school, on the assumption that each
head master or mistress made the observations, -amounted to 205 children; while
if every certificated teacher took part, the number was reduced to 55. It was
seen that there would be great deviations in excess of these averages and therefore
it was considered eminently advisable, if the survey was to be a success, that the
certificated teachers generally should be invited to take part. This, it will be
seen presently, was done through the medium of the principals, with the most
fruitful results from both principal and class teacher. The schools from which
it was considered desirable to receive returns of observations on the colour
characters of the children, were those aided by Parliamentary Grants. The
complete list of these schools receiving such grants for the twelve months ending
the 31st August, 1902, is given in the Appendix to the Report already referred to,
and this list formed the basis of the author's operations in carrying out the survey.
As was originally the design of the author, he arranged to classify the returns in
the usual and well-known basis of parishes and counties, and also into groups
intermediate on an average in magnitude between parishes and counties. As will
* Report of tlie Committee of Council on Education in Scotland, with Appendix, 1902-1903.
Appendix, Part II. Table 3, pp. 488— (J51.
J. F. Tocher 9
be seen later, these two methods were adopted by the Committee and employed
by the author as convenient and desirable ones for the purpose of analysis. At
this stage, however, Mr John Gray suggested "the natural subdivision of the
country into river basins, as it is well known that watersheds, when they form
mountain ranges even of moderate size act as racial barriers." The view was
expressed by him that " if the ordinary subdivision into counties were adopted,
we should have in many cases to include populations with quite different character-
istics in the same division and valuable ethnic distinctions would be lost in taking
an average." The suggestion seemed a good one as a means of determining the
differences between the populations in the various river basins. Also, when the
population in each river basin is subdivided into districts, we have the means of
determining whether any one district significantly differs from another in that basin.
But this method of grouping is neither superior nor inferior to any other method
of grouping populations in adjacent areas, as all that can be said in each case
is that, conformably to size of sample, the population differs or does not diflfer
from another population or from the general population of the country. Thus
counties and groups of counties are quite convenient groups for the statistician to
deal with, and since this method of grouping is well known to the public, it has
a slight advantage over any other. Again, one must remember that no one method
of grouping will solve all the problems the anthropometrician desires to solve.
For instance, one may wish to contrast a city population with its environs; a
mining population with a rural one ; or a coast population with an adjacent inland
population. Thus special groupings are frequently necessary.
In a small country like Scotland the river basins are exceedingly small,
compared with the great basins on the continents of Europe, Asia, Africa and
America. Besides, one has in Scotland a population the vast majority of the
members of which speak one language and which has bred intraracially for gene-
rations. It therefore did not seem to the writer to be likely that grouping by river
basins alone would yield all the information obtainable as to the distribution of
colour, but the general idea of basins was kept in view in constituting the groups
intermediate between parishes and counties, namely, districts. Thus a satisfactory
solution of the area problem was found, since all the groupings discussed, namely
schools, parishes, districts, counties and river basins, were and are available for
statistical analysis.
The writer proceeded to carry out the district* system of grouping, com-
mencing with the county of Lanark. Altogether 110 districts were thus consti-
tuted, the task of locating schools on the maps being an exceedingly laborious
one indeed, so that much time was consumed in the construction of the districts.
The Key maps opposite page 137 (Maps I.f and II.) show in a general way the
* The special district grouping has been used by the writer to determine urban, suburban and rural
differences and, as already stated, is the basis of Mr Gray's memoir. Of course the maps constructed
by him show the districts graded and do not show the actual numerical district averages as given
in tables supplied to him.
t For names of the Divisions see Explanatory Note, p. 148,
Biometrika vi 18
10 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
location of these districts, while their exact relationship to counties is given in
the following table (Table III.).
TABLE III.
Counties {with Districts).
Aberdeen, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87. Argyll, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104. Ayr, 23, 26,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36. Banflf, 85, 86, 87, 90, 91. Berwick, 39, 42. Bute, 103, 104.
Caithness, 97, 98. Clackmannan, 51. Dumbarton, 10, 12, 19, 22, 101, 105, 106. Dumfries, 35,
36, 37. Edinburgh, 44, 45, 46, 47. Elgin, 88, 89, 90, 91. Fife, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57.
Forfar, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 72, 73, 75, 76. Haddington, 43. Inverness, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 99, 100,
107, 108. Kincardine, 72, 73, 74, 75, 79. Kinross, 57. Kirkcudbright, 33, 34, 36. Lanark, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Linlithgow, 48, 49. Orkney, 109, 110. Nairn, 89, 90.
Peebles, 41. Perth, 51, 57, 58, 59, 68, 69, 70, 71, 76. Renfrew, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24.
Ross and Cromarty, 93, 95, 96, 99, 108. Roxburgh, 37, 38, 39. Selkirk, 38, 40. Shetland, 110.
Stirling, 10, 12, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63. Sutherland, 95, 96. Wigtown, 32, 33.
This completed the work of organization, and the writer at once proceeded to
carry out the survey. On the afternoon of the 7th December, 1903, the schedules,
with instructions, leaflets stating fully the object of the survey, circular letters
to teachers and addressed return envelopes* were sent out from Peterhead to
3329f different school establishments in Scotland. At the same time an explanatory
letter, setting out the objects of the survey, and the nature of the results
expected to flow from the data about to be collected, was sent to all the leading
daily and weekly newspapers in the country. Public attention was thus at once
directed to the scheme approved of and circulated by a Committee which had for
two of its members Professor (now Principal) Sir Wm. Turner, and Professor
R. W. Reid, well known University teachers, and notable for their contributions
in the domain of anatomical and anthropological science. The fact of having two
such experienced and distinguished men associated with the survey, actively
promoting it and directly recommending it to the teachers, has meant everything
to the success of the undertaking, and has translated it from a desirable and
important scheme on paper to an accomplished fact. The author can never
sufficiently thank Sir Wm. Turner and Professor Reid for their solid backing of
the survey, their hearty cooperation during the entire period from its inception
until now, and for their uniform courtesy and kindness during the entire course
of the many interviews the author has had with each. The proposed survey was
widely noticed by the daily press, was favourably commented on and strongly
recommended to the notice of the teachers.
* These envelopes were addressed to 86, York Place, Edinburgh, when by arrangement with the
Post Office, they were, as received, immediately sent on to Peterhead. The writer's examining work
took him frequently to Edinburgh and permitted of this arrangement being carried out. On his own
behalf and that of the Committee he has cordially to thank Mr J. Rutherford Hill and his staflf for
providing a collecting centre for the Returns and for the trouble and care taken in sending them on to
their present resting place.
t This was the apparent number of schools at the time. Several of these were afterwards found to
be merged in other schools while a few were found to be extinct.
J. F. Tocher 11
Meantime, in order to have the returns systematically arranged for inspection
and tabling, two large cases (9' x 7') having 120 compartments were made ready
and put in the writer's laboratory. Of the compartments, 110 were prepared for
the special reception of the returns by districts, but of course each return
envelope had printed and written on it the name of the school, parish, district
and county to which it referred, for immediate identification. The remaining
compartments were reserved for incomplete returns. A special case with county
compartments was prepared to deal with the separate correspondence and a series
of despatch boxes was obtained to hold and systematise the tabled data. These,
with a typewriter, constituted the equipment for the survey. Everything was
now ready for action.
On the 8th December, one day after the issue of the schedules, the first group
of returns — 5 in number — was received. After this a steady flow of returns came
by each post. Within a fortnight, 366 had been received, and by the beginning
of the last week of December the author was able to submit his first Interim
Report to the Royal Society, stating that over 700 had been returned. Hundreds
of letters had meantime been received asking for additional schedules and for
explanation as to what appeared doubtful to the teachers making enquiries.
These were all promptly answered, and as a result of the experience gained with
those returns already sent in, an additional explanatory circular was sent out to
those schools from which returns had not yet been made. This circular made
clear doubtful points with regard to (1) classification of boys and girls, and (2)
the method of recording relationships. The circular had the desired effect of
obviating any further difficulties in making the observations. A steady stream of
returns came during the early months of the year 1904. Each return was at
once acknowledged and the teacher making the return thanked on behalf of the
Committee. The response of the teachers was remarkable. The vast majority
of them made the returns in an evidently painstaking and careful manner ; and
a great many of them, besides, wrote explanatory letters as to relationships,
ancestry and probable racial mixture of their groups. The author was kept
employed acknowledging these, and in replying to the hundreds of additional
letters of enquiry during the first nine months of the year. In order to keep
the scheme fully before the teachers, a reminder circular was issued in April to
those schools from which no returns or acknowledgments had been received.
This had the effect of bringing in a larger proportion of returns during the month
of April. The rate steadily decreased until November, when only 3 — the last
included in the analysis — came in by post and were acknowledged. The following
table (Table IV.) shows the actual numbers received during each month and the
rate of return per cent, per month.
Altogether, 2695 returns were however received, but of these 407 were in-
complete in certain particulars. Over 500 schools therefore made no return. The
following table shows only the number of schools from which complete returns
were received. With regard to the incomplete ones, either the names, ages, sex or
18—2
12 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
TABLE IV.
Tahle of Returns Received.
Year
Month
Number received
Per cent.
1903
1904
»
»
»
»
»>
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
817
548
344
146
270
84
22
22
25
5
2
3
35-71
23-95
15-04
6-38
11-80
3-67
•96
•96
109
•22
•09
•13
Totals
—
2288
100-00
colour characters singly or jointly with one another were wanting. These schools
have not been dealt with in this memoir. The data proper therefore consisted
of fully complete returns from 2288 schools containing the records of the names,
ages, sex, fraternal and cousin relationships, and colour characters of 257,766 boys
and 244,389 girls, a total of 502,155 children. Although there was a good deal
of further correspondence with the teachers, only a few more returns were received
after November, 1904. These have not been included in the district analysis
which was in operation before the returns were received but have been included
in the division, county and general analyses*. The work of classification and
tabling, which was commenced as soon as practicable, was soon in full operation.
The response of the teachers had been remarkably enthusiastic and complete.
The survey was an accomplished fact.
On behalf of the Committee the writer begs to acknowledge its great obliga-
tions to the teaching profession in Scotland for so promptly responding to the
invitation of the Committee to carry out the desired observations. The writer
also wishes to record his personal sense of indebtedness to the teachers and to
thank them very cordially for all the pains and trouble they have taken in making
the elaborate returns so vital to the success of the scheme. The credit of the
accomplished survey is undoubtedly due to the teachers. Without the recognition
* The late returns came from the counties of Lanark, Renfrew, Ban£f, Elgin and Inverness and
belonged, in the district scheme, to the first, fourth, eighteenth and ninety-first districts. The total
results of observations for these districts are however given in the Appendix tables and not the slightly
smaller figures on which the district analysis was made. The figures for the later returns are also of
course given along with the others under their respective parishes and counties and were included in all
analyses except the district one. The only points therefore to be noted are (1) that the district analysis
is based on the slightly smaller general totals and (2) that, in the analysis of Districts I., IV., XVIII.
and XGI. , the late returns (not to band at the time of analysis) are excluded.
J. p. Tocher It
by them of the importance of this scientific investigation, their cordial cooperation
and most painstaking and laborious setting down of all the minute details
required from each school, the survey would have been still in the limbo of
fancy, to remain there until the census office should have the power to deal with
the matter, along with the present ordinary details of this important statistical
department. Only when the recording of measurable and non-measurable cha-
racters comes to be included in the census, and is dealt with officially, will the
importance of much voluntary pioneer work by the teaching profession be fully
recognised.
(4) The Problems to he discussed.
Before proceeding to make a brief statement of the analytical methods employed
and to follow with a general discussion of the resulting classified data, it seems
desirable at this stage to enumerate the problems germane to the survey.
(a) The first problem clearly is: How are the children distributed with
respect to the various colour classes, what is the proportion of children found in
each class, and how does the general distribution among the classes compare with
those of the continental countries already surveyed ?
The answer to this problem is given (a) in Table XIII., where the general
distribution and the percentages of the colour classes are given, and (/3) in section
(12), where the results are compared with those of continental countries.
(b) The second problem deals with relative local differences in each colour
class. Considering each colour class or category separately, one must ask, by how
much does each locality in Scotland (division, county or district) differ from the
remaining population ? In other words, is the distribution of colour uniform
throughout Scotland, and if not by how much does the proportion for each class
in each locality differ from the proportion which would occur on an even distribu-
tion of the school population over the whole country ? This amount when found
for each locality is termed the relative local difference and the complete solution
of the problem is reached when significant relative local differences are determined,
and separated from those relative local differences which are fair samples of the
general population. This problem is dealt with under section (6).
(c) The third problem is one bearing on the general resemblance of local
populations to the general population. Here hair colour as a character is con-
sidered as a whole in each locality, all the classes constituting the character being
considered together. Similarly eye colour as a character is considered as a whole
in each locality. The distribution in each locality of the classes constituting each
character is compared with the corresponding general distribution of the classes
for the same characters which is found for the whole country. Considering, in
this manner, hair colour collectively or eye colour collectively, do or do not
local populations resemble the general population ? If local populations do not
resemble the general population how far do the actual local frequencies as a whole
differ from the corresponding frequencies which would occur on an even distribu-
14 Pigmentation Survey of School Childr^en in Scotland
tion of the population throughout the country ? In other words, if divergencies
from this even distribution occur, what is the relative degree of divergency for
each locality ? This is, in short, the third problem which is discussed in sec-
tion (7).
{d) The degree of local segregation of each of the colour classes constitutes
the fourth problem. If the population is not evenly distributed with respect to
the colour classes, which class shows the greatest degree of isolation into separate
groups ? This can be determined by considering successively the nature of the
distribution of relative local differences of each class collectively and without
reference as to where each local difference occurs. That is to say the relative
local differences of each class are successively considered interlocally as a whole
and the variability of each distribution determined. The greater the variability
of the distribution of relative local differences for a class the more uneven will be
the distribution of the class throughout the country, and the greater will be its
massing into groups, and thus the greater will be the local segregation of the
class. This problem is considered in section (8).
(e) It is important from the eugenic standpoint to know whether pigmenta-
tion is associated in any way with disease, inherited or non-inherited defects, race,
or with density, fertility or other characters of the population. These problems
are considered in section (9).
(/) An interesting problem which is concerned with sexual differences is
considered under section (10). The problem may be divided up into three parts.
1. In what respects, if in any, do the constants found for boys and girls differ?
2. Are there any significant pigmentation differences between boys and girls ?
3. What is the average resemblance between the male and female factors of the
population ?
{g) The next problem is one concerning urban and suburban populations.
The questions may be put. 1. Are there any significant differences between the
purely urban and the suburban and rural populations, and if so in what respects
do they differ ? 2. What differences occur (a) within each urban population {i.e.
intralocally), and (/9) between different urban populations {i.e. interlocally), and
are these differences environmental, racial or both ? This problem is dealt with
in section (11) with special reference to Glasgow and its environs.
{h) A further problem which is of importance turns on the point as to
whether hair and eye colours are independent variables or whether they are
dependent. It is desirable therefore to know what degree of association, if any,
exists between hair and eye colours. If association is found to exist does the
relationship found agree or differ with that indicated by former surveys of adults
and children. This problem is considered among others in section (12).
{i) The pigmentation data present other problems for solution, such as
whether brothers and sisters or cousins resemble one another to any degree in
hair and eye colour. These problems are not dealt with in this memoir.
J. F. Tocher 15
(5) Methods Employed to Determine Significant Differences.
In making a survey of the measurable physical characters of a population one
has not only to ascertain the type and variability of each character but also to
consider the relationship of each local group to the general population*. Thus, in
the recent investigation on the inmates of asylums it is shown that several
physical types exist among the Scottish insane, and that, whether they differ or
not from the sane population, local asylum groups generally do not resemble the
general insane population. But non-measurable characters can scarcely yet be
dealt with in the same way. It has not been found possible up to the present
time, for instance, to determine the value of the character, hair colour, just
because no quantitative scale based on experience has yet been devised on which
to plot the observations in an orderly way indicating increase or decrease of
intensity of colour. It is not clear whether such a scale is possible. Experimental
work has just been undertaken by the writer which may throw some light on this
point. But while hair colour cannot yet be represented on a scale of intensity of
colour such as stature or head length, it can be quite properly dealt with under
well defined classes or categories. As already explained, the limits of these classes
have been defined in the analytical table given in each schedule. What statisti-
cians have here to consider therefore are the frequencies of the various classes
individually and collectively without reference as to whether the classes can be
arranged on a scale showing grades of intensity of colour. This has been done on
a moderate scale for adults -f-, and it may be well to restate here the methods
employed before proceeding to state the results of the analysis.
A population of N individuals is to be considered, each of which possesses the
character X. The character X is not measurable but can be divided into m
classes. Let s, s^.-.Sm be the classes and let the class frequencies for the whole
population be respectively y^,, yg^...ys^' The population is divided into groups
of magnitude n, and each group is observed and classed with respect to the
character X. In making the observations, the probability that any person
observed (if the operation is a random one) belongs to class s is yg/N = p, and the
probability of the person not belonging to that class, but to one of the others is
(1 —py = q. If the groups are samples drawn from the general population purely
at random, the frequency for the class s for each of the groups is therefore equal
to nygjN = np = y/, which is thus for the class s the most probable number likely
to be drawn in this way ; or is, shortly, the theoretical class frequency. It is
necessary to consider what would happen if the whole population was observed in
unselected groups at random for the following reason. If the observed class
frequencies in the various geographical areas actually differed insignificantly from
the theoretical class frequencies then it would be clear that the population was
evenly distributed with respect to the character. Thus, so far as this character is
* Tocher : Biometrika, Vol. v. Part in. pp. 315 et seq.
t Tocher ; Biometrika, Vol. v. Part iii. pp. 335 et seq.
16 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
concerned, it would be a homogeneous population. Heterogeneity must be sought
for in other characters. If all the physical characters showed homogeneity then it
would be clear that one had a common race to deal with. But if, with respect to
the character X, the observed and theoretical class frequencies appeared to differ
significantly, then the population would not be evenly distributed with respect to
X. Instead, there would be excess frequencies in some classes and frequencies
falling quite short of theory {i.e. the proportional even distribution) in others in
various localities or groups. One would then have to ascertain whether the
significant differences were racial or due to other influences. The question now
is : How can one determine whether any difference between observation and
theory is significant or not ? In other words, if y," = observed class frequency,
how can one measure the significance of y," — y/ ? Pearson* has pointed out
that the distribution of such differences as i//' — y,, if occurring at random, takes
the form of the hypergeometrical series
. pN{pN-l)...(pN-n + l) ( qN
N{N- 1)...{N- w + 1) t "'' '^pN-n+ 1
, w(w-l) qN{qN-\)
!■
1.2 QiN-n+l){pN-n + 2)
and he has shown that the standard deviation of the distribution is given by
W-2//) = V^^^0
The areas on either side of the ordinate which divides the distribution at the
abscissal value {ys' —ys)l'^npq{N — n)l{N — 1), are proportional to the probabilities
of greater or lesser values than the particular value found occurring in fut\ire
samples. The areas can be determined when the form of curve is known. In the
great majority of cases in this survey, the values of n although fairly large are but
small fractions of N, and p is not very small. In such cases the hypergeometrical
distribution closely approximates the normal curve, the constants ySj and y9j
being respectively and 3 within the limits of their probable errors. The modal
value of the distribution is the nearest whole integer to — „ ^^ , which
differs insignificantly from the mean, nq. Thus the asymmetry and leptokurtosis
are insignificant and therefore the probability of greater or lesser values than that
found occurring in future samples can be determined from the tables of the
probability integral. In certain cases the fraction -^ is an appreciable one, and in
these the asymmetry and leptokurtosis are both significant.
In certain other cases p is rather small. In these cases the interpretation of
the value of the standard deviation given, which in itself is correct, requires
considerable modification because the hypergeometrical series can be no longer
• Pearson : Biometriha, Vol. v. pp. 178—175.
J. F. Tocher 17
satisfactorily represented by the normal curve. The tables of the probability
integral are therefore not applicable and do not give the probabilities. They can
be found however when the type and the constants of the curve which fits the
hypergeometrical distribution have been determined. Tables* for these extreme
cases are in the course of production, but they involve laborious calculation and it
may be some time before they are ready. Accordingly special stress must not be
laid on the differences found where the value of p is such as to give a significantly
asymmetrical distribution of samples from which the probabilities of greater or
lesser values in future samples are found.
The form in which each difference has been expressed and studied requires
notice. It is obvious that, in considering differences and their standard deviations,
one may take the observed absolute numbers and expected absolute values — that
is, in the notation herein used, y/' and ^/. Again one could take the observed
and theoretical percentages — that is the difference 100 {(i/g"/n) —p} ; or reckoning
y/ in each case as 100, one could take the difference as 100 ((^//Y^//)" !}•
Now it is easy to see that ynpq{N—'n)l{N—l), reckoned as a percentage, is
100 '^pq (N — n)ln (N— 1), the standard deviation with which 100 {(y/'/n) —p] has
to be compared. Expressed as a coefficient of variation, it is also easily seen to be
100 \/q(N — n)/np{N— 1), the variability constant (decreasing as n increases) with
which 100 [{ys'lVs) — 1] has to be compared. Thus there are for selection, according
to convenience, in the statistical analysis, the three ratios
(1) {y:'-y:)Hnpq{N-n)l{N-l).
(2) 100 [{ys'ln) - p]lsll00^pq {N - n)ln (iV - 1).
(3) 100 [{y^'lys') - 1}/100V^ {N - n)/np {N- 1).
It is perfectly obvious that the above ratios, applied to the data, will give
identical results. These ratios will, throughout this memoir, be called relative
local differences (RLB), this term being the one introduced by the writer in a
previous investigation to denote the local differences in the physical characters of
the Scottish insane*!*. In determining relative local differences, the first expression,
which deals with the absolute figures, has been the one used, the calculations
having been performed in duplicate. Since the percentages in district groups have
been calculated, it was found convenient to use the second form in cases where
it was necessary to compare certain of these districts with the general population.
The following table (Table V.) constructed to illustrate, by means of maps, the
relative local differences in the physical characters of the Scottish insane •[• will be
used throughout the memoir both in the text and in the maps, and defines the
terms used to indicate the significance or non-significance of the observed results.
From what has already been said, these relative local differences when n is fairly
* Biometrika, Vol. v. p. 175.
t Tocher : Biometrika, Vol. v. Part iii. pp. 317—318 ; also Table VIII. of that memoir.
Biometrika vi 19
18 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
TABLE V.
Glass Ranges.
The value found compared with the value for
the general population is
Specific Term
Glass
RLD.
Bangs of Class in
terms of
(y."-y.')/S(»;'-»;)
Veiy much smaller
Probably significantly less
Less but not quite significantly less
Very slightly less
Quite insignificantly different
Very slightly greater
Greater but not quite significantly greater ...
Probably significantly greater
Very much greater
Distinctly Micrometropic
Probably Micrometropic
Mesometropic
Mesometropic
Mesometropic
Mesometropic
Mesometropic
Probably Megalometropic
Distinctly Megalometropic
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
-3*5 upwards
-2-5 to- 3-5
-1-5 to -2-5
-0-5 to -1-5
0-5 to - 0-5
0-5 to 1-5
1-5 to 2-5
2-5 to 3-5
3'5 upwards
large, but small compared with N and p is not very small, are evidently the
abscissal values of the normal curve whose equation is
1 -t
y
\/27r
These conditions exist for the majority of cases, and here therefore, for any
individual result, the probabilities of greater or lesser values can be readily
calculated. But in cases where asymmetrical curves result owing to njN being
appreciable, or p small or both, the probabilities, as already stated, cannot be found
from the tables of the probability integral, and thus the specific term applied to
any class within the range of which the relative local difference falls, may or may
not apply in such cases. The terms * denoting the significance of the results in the
table of class ranges (Table V.) are therefore intended to be strictly applicable
only to relative local differences which are abscissal values of a normal curve, and
are applicable to those which are abscissal values of a distinctly asymmetrical
curve only as a first approximation. With this reservation those relative local
differences which fall beyond + 2 and - 2 may possibly or even probably be
significant, those falling beyond 4- 3 and — 3 may probably be significant, while
those falling beyond + 4 and — 4 may be regarded as distinctly significant.
(6) Relative Local Differences geographically considered. Individual differences
of each class. {Problem b.)
I. Explanatory and Introductory.
In studying the individual relative local dififerences of each class (that is the
individual relative differences, whether the divisions, counties, districts or other
• Tocher : Biometrika, Vol. v. p. 318.
J. F. Tocher
19
smaller areas are considered) the following plan will be followed with respect to
Scotland geographically. The distribution of each class with respect to the eight
great divisions of Scotland, as understood by the Registrar-General and used in
the census and other official reports, will first be considered. Then the county
distributions will be noted and finally the distributions with respect to the
smallest unit — the district — will be dealt with. Thus the reader (1) will get an
appreciation of the nature of the distribution in general terms, i.e. the significant
inter-divisional differences will be determined and pointed out ; (2) will learn how
far counties differ from one another, thus enabling the reader to note intra-
di visional as well as inter-county differences ; and finally (3) will see what localities
influence the various county and divisional differences, thus detecting differences
occurring within each county — that is, the significant intra-county or purely local
differences. It should be noted that the frequencies of the various classes of a
character such as hair colour or eye colour are correlated. Thus an excessive
frequency of one class would point to a defect in the frequency of one or more of
the other classes. Before describing the various differences, it will be useful here
to show the total frequencies of each class and their percentages for the whole of
Scotland. These are as follow (Table VI.) :
TABLE VI.
Colour Distnbution of Scottish Children.
Hair
Eyes
Fair
Bed
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
Totals
Boys A
,. B
Girls A
» B
64312
24-950
67036
27-430
14162
5-494
12435
5-088
111569
43-283
99873
40-866
64511
25-027
62073
25-399
3212
1-246
2972
1-216
37788
14-660
36347
14-873
78140
30-314
74068
30-307
84334
.32-717
78357
32-062
57504
22-309
55617
22-758
257766
per cent.
244389
per cent.
Boys A and Girls A = total frequencies of each class for whole of Scotland for boys and girls
respectively.
Boys B and Girls B= percentages of each class for whole of Scotland for boys and girls
respectively.
The following tables (Tables VII., VIII. and IX.) give the values of the
relative local differences for hair colour and eye colour of both boys and girls.
These differences, classed as described in Section 5, are shown in the maps, named
in the course of the descriptions of the differences in each colour class in this
section (Maps III. to XL.), and are the basis of the following remarks :
19—2
20 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotlatid
TABLE VIL
Relative Local Differences. Divisions.
Values of (y/' - y»)lisj myq |l - (^=3j)|
BOYS.
Hair
Eyes
Division
Fair
Bed
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
I.
2-24
1-96
-6-31
2-91
4-08
6-58
-4-68
•03
- -46
II.
4 -36
- -56
-9-98
5-66
6-60
12-92
-05 -5-67
-4-64
III.
2-13
6-08
-2-57
-1-69
-2-73
3-69
-1-56
2-15
-3-83
IV.
1-25
-2-99
1-64
-1-83
1-08
4-33
-5-82
- -50
3-31
V.
- -57
-2-95
-4-67
6-67
3-09
- 1-27
5-48
-1-74
-3-01
VI.
-8-48
-1-70
7-58
•95
- -96
-14-.38
1-96
4-78
4-66
VII.
3-63
1-60
3-88
-7-87
-4-03
1-22
1-55
-2-73
-33
VIII.
313
- -38
-1-79
- -19
-2-68
2-48
2-23
-2-20
-2-09
GIRLS.
Hair
Eyes
Division
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
I.
7-20
- -70
- 4-61
-2-49
2-70
7-19
-2-77
-3 22
•52
II.
4-08
-1-15
-10-13
5-33
9-98
14-25
-1-08
-7-10
-3-01
III.
8-12
5-16
- 4-92
-5-06
-1-28
4-48
-2^10
2-36
-4-13
IV.
4-02
-1-01
- 1-85
-1-61
•32
1-36
-6^50
-75
5-14
V.
- -24
-2-80
- 2-09
3-33
2-78
- 1-35
6*1
-2-80
-3-20
VI.
-19-99
-1-46
12-60
7-69
-2-73
-11-32
•14
5-03
3-85
VII.
5-68
1-27
1-43
-7-03
-4-15
- -85
2-41
- -33
-1-56
VIII.
7-62
- -50
- 4-68
-2-55
1-10
1-27
4-38
-3-64
-1-94
Explanatory Note on the " Divisions." (See Map I.)
I. = Northern Division (Sutherland group).
II. = North- Western Division (Inverness group).
III. = North-Eastern
IV. = East-Midland
V. = West- Midland
VL = South- Western
VII. = South-Ea8tem
VIII. = Southern
(Aberdeen group).
(Perth group).
(Argyll group).
(Ayr group).
(Lothian group).
(Dumfries group).
J. F. Tocher
21
TABLE VIII.
Relative Local Differences. Counties.
BOYS.
Hair
Eyes
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
Aberdeen Co. ...
•33
3 55
- ^27
-2-27
1-52
6-56
-1^27
2^38
-6-86
Aberdeen City ...
- 1-04
3
55
07
40
-5
12
- 5-86
r47
\-u
1-45
Argyll
- -81
-
81
-7
59
9
40
2
02
- -47
5^27
-1^08
-4-21
Ayr
5-89
—
77
-3
81.
-1
02
-
38
6^91
3-26
-5-60
-3-15
Banff
1-56
3
84
-1
20
-2
03
—
69
1-10
-4^02
r48
1-84
Berwick
5-72
-1
01
-4
38
—
39
85
1-64
3-06
-2^60
-1^85
Bute
- 4-56
59
2
57
64
2
57
- 4 33
2^56
1-03
- -31
Caithness
•18
1
12
-3
25
1
52
5
54
- 2-90
-2^21
1^98
2-68
Dumbarton
3-07
-2
38
-2
50
68
1
41
- 1^27
4^29
-3^16
- -09
Dumfries
2-93
-2
83
1
59
-2
40
-3
34
- 315
3^36
2-69
-4-06
Edinburgh Co. ...
3-10
12
1
14
-3
79
-2
63
6-28
- ^84
-2-54
-1-55
Edinburgh City . . .
3^19
-
45
—
62
-1
66
-2
29
1^30
-rio
-4^84
5-57
Leith
- 2-45
1
46
3
32
-1
18
-3
64
- 8-94
3^84
2^36
•70
Elgin & Nairn ...
6-15
61
-3
44
-2
47
-
21
8-82
-3-27
-2^02
-1-61
Fife K. & C. ...
1-26
-2
61
2
40
-2
32
-1
18
- 1^43
-1-58
3^19
- -64
Forfar
•54
06
58
—
66
-2
23
8-12
-3-52
-4^74
2-33
Dundee
- 377
—
33
4
00
—
99
1
37
- 31
-5^92
2^30
4-21
Haddington
- -48
1
14
1
52
-2
15
1
13
5-20
-1^26
-1-09
-1-80
Inverness
2^17
—
83
-7
00
5
23
4
08
8^82
- ^55
-4^79
-1-48
Kincardine
- -11
_
16
-3
05
3
98
-1
16
- 1-20
3-47
-1^25
-141
Kirkcudbright ...
- 2^02
70
-2
04
4
32
-1
33
1^93
r30
-2^86
-15
Lanark
1-62
—
08
25
-5
34
-
71
- 9^04
r34
6^76
-1-42
Glasgow
-12^00
-1
16
7
36
4
57
-1
52
-18-55
1^04
4 95
9-03
Oovan
-- 7-80
_
80
7
64
—
54
05
- ^09
- ^27
-2^31
2-98
Linlithgow
1^37
2
14
2
78
-6
50
-
64
- ^84
3^01
•45
-312
Orkney
3-31
91
-2
26
-
34
38
3-71
•31
r62
-5-33
Perth
4-29
-2
38
-4
52
98
4
53
3^30
- -34
-3^08
1-04
Renfrew
- 3-78
_
43
3
56
—
47
1
54
•92
-2-61
161
-29
Ross & Cromarty
3-96
06
-6
99
2
67
5
19
9^29
•64
-313
-5-07
Roxburgh
4-33
1
25
-1
99
-2
59
-
49
4^54
-74
-5-29
1-28
Selkirk & P. ...
- -82
64
5
95
-6
19
—
50
1-24
-2-88
2-96
-1-20
Shetland
1-84
1
88
-2
87
21
95
11^74
-5^06
-3-81
- ^09
Stirling
- -90
-2
13
-
28
2
08
1
02
ro5
- -08
•28
-112
Sutherland
- -94
2
20
-4
44
4
84
10
3^24
-3-05
- -93
1^66
Wigtown
•45
1-39
-2^30
1-22
•92
3 74
-2-34
- -32
- ^24
22 Pigmentation Survey oj School Children in Scotlarul
TABLE IX.
Relative Local Differences. Counties.
GIRLS.
Hair
Eyes
Pair
Bed
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Bine
Light
Medium
Dark
Aberdeen Co. ...
5-19
r49
-2 34
- 4-11
2-72
436
•17
•52
-4 46
Aberdeen City ...
- -33
2-37
- •ll
•53
-5^05
- 2^78
-1^21
3 65
- 38
Argyll
- -76
- 13
-5^44
5^91
4^26
•56
4-20
-M7
-3 78
Ayr
5-61
- •e?
- ^75
- 4^14
-r67
7-66
124
-2^82
-4-71
Banff
4-75
5^58
-2-05
- 4^92
-r79
VIA
-3-00
1^30
•87
Berwick
5-67
- ^07
-3^26
- 1^86
- ^97
1^29
275
-1^92
-196
Bute
- 116
•52
-1^03
2^03
•19
- 2^91
2-50
142
-185
Caithness
1-94
-M8
-1-94
- •OS
3 47
- 1^27
•04
- -89
2-03
Dumbarton
1-88
-2-54
-2-67
£•09
M6
- 2^42
6^93
-3^80
-131
Dumfries
6-59
-111
-2^00
- 3 92
- •lO
- 2^47
314
177
-330
Edinburgh Co. ...
5-88
2 73
173
- 8^52
-3 38
3^84
- ^40
•00
-2^83
Edinburgh City . . .
- 1-84
- ^51
•56
1-03
2^00
- 34
-1^02
-2^83
4-56
Leith
•18
- -43
r76
- -91
-4^18
- 8^32
4-32
4-09
-2 22
Elgin & Nairn ...
5-39
•43
-3^66
- 1-87
1^03
6^95
-4^60
•54
-146
Fife K. & C. ...
7-57
-2^43
-2^21
- 2^84
-4^79
- r94
-2 36
2^49
146
Forfar
•72
M4
•34
- \-m
1-05
4-96
-321
-4^91
4^78
Dundee
- 5-95
- ^12
3^18
2^08
r97
- 2^16
-6^32
4^49
3 77
Haddington
3-59
•54
-2-47
- -83
-r3i
3 34
1^25
-2^48
-1^44
Inverness
•92
-1^22
-7-30
5^74
8^68
10^71
- •oi
-8^04
- 13
Kincardine
4-38
1^48
-4^55
- 33
•94
191
4-06
-2^77
-2^99
Kirkcudbright ...
1^41
- ^72
-2^14
r2i
•51
- -90
4^65
-2-55
-149
Lanark
2-44
1-07
1^24
- 3^14
-5^18
- 5-24
\-m
273
- -32
Glasgow
-24^17
-1^93
9-85
14^28
1^40
- 14^61
-2^16
6^62
7-40
Oovan
-12-50
•09
9-53
2^22
- -84
- 2-07
1^39
-2^35
2^86
Linlithgow
4-95
•62
- ^97
- 3 63
-2-64
•49
r68
- ^58
-r61
Orkney
4^87
- ^27
-2^26
- 2-29
- ^06
4^01
•16
•69
-436
Perth
372
•20
-4^47
•15
3^95
2^93
- ^58
-P82
•17
Renfrew
- 8^37
-133
4-51
3^61
2^16
- 2^90
-146
2^69
1-08
Ross & Cromarty
4^83
- 38
-6^89
r69
5^28
9^24
-151
-1-87
-411
Roxburgh
4-45
r54
-2^40
- 2^81
•75
2 43
•70
-4^07
1-71
Selkirk & P. ...
- •ei
•71
4^85
- 4^96
-TOO
•34
-r62
2-90
-176
Shetland
4-67
•89
-3-24
- r77
ri8
9-73
-4^56
-332
•43
Stirling
- ^79
-2^26
3 33
- 1^81
- •©!
•55
•65
- ^86
- -22
Sutherland
3^58
- ^44
-2 •OS
- 1^20
•18
4^26
-225
-374
301
Wigtown
1^42
- 34
-2^98
r74
1^38
5-26
- ^46
-3-87
•34
II. Differences in Hair Colour.
Hair colour of both sexes will first be considered, (a) Fair Hair. (Maps III.,
IV., XXL, XXIL and XXXIX.) The North-Western, South-Eastern and Southern
divisions are significantly fair haired, or, using the term for significant excess of a
class, these divisions are megalometropic both for boys and girls. Naming the
divisions in a way more readily understood geographically, the Inverness group of
counties, the Border counties and the Lothians have the greatest excess of fair
hair (</" and ?) compared with the general population. The distributions for
J. F. Tocher 23
boys and girls, however, appear to be different. The results for girls show that
the whole of Scotland, excepting the West-Midland and South- Western divisions,
are megalometropic or conversely — the Argyll and Lanark groups are micro-
metropic, the proportion of fair hair in these divisions or groups being significantly
less than that of the general population. Looking now at the inter-county and
intra-county (district) differences it is seen that any megalometropic character in
the Northern division is due to Orkney and Shetland and only very slightly to the
east coast of Caithness. The following counties north of the Forth are signifi-
cantly fair haired : viz. Stirling, Perth, Inverness, Ross, Cromarty, Nairn, Elgin
and Banff. These are distinctly Highland counties or counties on the Highland
line. Examining the districts it is seen that the region of the Cromarty Firth,
the region immediately south of the Moray Firth, South Perthshire, South Forfar,
except Dundee, the Isle of Lewis, Dunfermline district and the Trossachs, are the
specific localities north of the Forth which are significantly fair. Skye and the
adjacent mainland are also moderately fair. South of the Forth, Dumbarton
(north of Glasgow), Ayr (south of Glasgow), Midlothian and the Border counties
are megalometropic. Lanark, excluding Glasgow, is probably megalometropic.
The specific localities significantly fair or megalometropic, south of the Forth, are
North Ayr, North Lanark, Midlothian, Berwick and a portion of Roxburgh. On
the whole the county distributions for boys and girls correspond. Haddington,
Fife and Linlithgow are significantly fair haired counties in the girl population.
In view of the fact that significant excess appears in so many large areas, one
must enquire where the micrometropic population is. The most outstanding cases
are the cities of Glasgow, Dundee, Leith and Greenock. The relative difference in
Glasgow is so great (RLD = — 12 00 and — 2417 for boys and girls respectively)
as to point to exceptional circumstances with respect to this great city. The
colour distribution is entirely different from any other part of Scotland. A sepa-
rate section will therefore be devoted to Glasgow and to problems bearing on the
relationship between density of the population generally and colour. Aberdeen
city is like the general population, while Edinburgh is significantly fair haired,
slightly more so than the surrounding population. Hawick, Airdrie, Dunfermline,
Forfar, Hamilton, Dumbarton and Perth are megalometropic towns; Stirling,
Kirkcaldy, Rutherglen, Montrose and Peterhead are micrometropic ; while Paisley,
Kilmarnock, Ayr, Arbroath, Inverness, Falkirk, Dumfries, Dysart and Galashiels
are mesometropic, i.e. these towns are like the general population.
Generally speaking, excess of fair hair is found both in the Highlands and the
Lowlands in Scotland, but it cannot be said that this class is characteristic of
either — the distribution is far from uniform. In the Highlands, fair hair is more
characteristic of the boundaries than of the heart of the Highland country. The
Moray and Cromarty Firths, East Perthshire, the Trossachs, Dumbarton, Lewis,
and East Caithness encircle and are mostly part of the Highlands, and these districts
are significantly fair populations. The Borders, North Ayr, and parts of Lanark
and Midlothian, as against Galloway, Selkirk, Peebles, Glasgow, and the region
24 Pigmentatiofi Survey of School Children in Scotland
surrounding Glasgmv, are fair Lowland districts. Orkney and Shetland are both
significantly fair, the only distinguishing feature in ftair colour among the popu-
lation of these islands.
(/3) Red Hair. (Maps V., VI., XXIII., XXIV. and LX.) Significant excess
of red hair is confined ((/* and ? ) to the North-East division ; there is a possible
significant excess for boys also in the Northern and South-Eastern divisions. The
counties of Aberdeen and Banff stand out clearly as having the greatest excess in
the North-Eastern division ; Midlothian, Roxburgh, Orkney and Shetland (for
boys) ; Linlithgow and Sutherland (for girls) are also megalometropic. Proportions
slightly above the average occur in Haddington, the Borders, Galloway, Arran and
Caithness ((/*), and in Haddington, Lanark, Peebles, Selkirk, Arran, Forfar and
TABLE X.
County Specification. Fair Hair. Both Sexes.
The sign (J indicates boys only ; and 9 » &^^ onl}'.
Megalometropic
Mesometropic
Micrometropic
Distinctly
Probably
Probably
Distinctly
Ayr
Dumbarton (J
Aberdeen City
Dundee
Berwick
Dumfries ,$
Argyll
Glasgow
Elgin & Nairn
Edinburgh Co. ^
Caithness
Oovan
Perth
Edinburgh City ^
Leith
Renfrew
Ross & Cromarty
Orkney ^
Forfar
Bute (J
Roxburgh
Inverness
Banff 9
Kirkcudbright
Aberdeen 9
Lanark
Dumfries 9
Selkirk (fe Peebles
Edinburgh Co. 9
Stirling
Fife 9
Wigtown
Haddington 9
Kincardine 9
Aberdeen ^
Banff cJ
Linlithgow 9
Fife K. & C. ^
Orkney 9
Haddington ^
Shetland 9
Kincardine ^
Sutherland 9
Linlithgow (^
Shetland ^
Sutherland ^
Bute 9
Dumbarton 9
Edinburgh City 9
Kincardine ( ? ) ; but in none of these cases can the differences be said to be at all
significant. Only on the border of the North Highlands is there even the slightest
excess of red hair. It is quite clear that the population north of the Orampians and
east of the Caledonian Canal is the only one in Scotland where red hair persists
quite above the average. Special notice of this peculiarity is taken in a later section.
J. F. Tocher
26
TABLE XI.
County Specification. Red Hair. Both Sexes.
The sign (J indicates boys only ; and $ , girls only.
Megalometropic
Mesometropic
Micrometropic
Distinctly
Probably
Probably
Distinctly
Banff
Aberdeen Co. $
AherdeenCity ^
Edinburgh Co. $
Argyll
Ayr
Berwick
Bute
Caithness
Edinburgh City
Leith
Elgin & Nairn
Forfar
Dundee
Haddington
Inverness
Kincardine
Kirkcudbright
Lanark
Glasgow
Govan
Linlithgow
Orkney
Perth
Renfrew
Ross & Cromarty
Roxburgh
Selkirk
Shetland
Stirling
Sutherland
Wigtown
Dumbarton $
Edinburgh Co. $
Aberdeen Co. $
Aberdeen 9
Dumfries $
Fife K. & C. ?
Dumfries ^
Fife K. & C. (J
Dumbarton 9
(7) Medium Hair. (Maps VII., VIII., XXV. and XXVI.) Excess of medium
or brown of various shades is peculiar to the Scottish Midlands, there being corre-
sponding defects in the north, the Borders and Galloway. The East-Midland,
South- Western and South-Eastern populous divisions show for boys significant
excess. In only one division — the South-Western — is there significant excess
among the girls. Among the counties, Renfrew, Selkirk and Peebles are megalo-
metropic for both sexes; Stirling and Midlothian for girls only; Linlithgow,
Fife, Dumfries and Haddington for boys only. Glasgow, Dundee and Leith are
megalometropic towns. As will be seen later, brown or medium hair is characteristic
of densely populated parts.
Biometrika vi
20
26 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
TABLE XII.
County Specification. Mediwm Hair. Both Sexes.
The sign $ indicates boys only ; and 9 » g"*!" only.
Megalometropio
Mesometropic
Micrometropic
Distinctly
Probably
Distinctly
Probably
Glasgow
Bute(?
Aberdeen Co.
Shetland
Argyll
Govan
Leitk $
Aberdeen City
Caithness $
Inverness
Renfrew
Linlithgow $
Banff
Elgin & Nairn $
Perth
Selkirk & Peebles
Dundee 9
Dumfries
Kincardine $
Ross & Cromarty
Dundee (J
Stirling $
Edinburgh Co.
Berwick 9
Ayr<?
Edinburgh City
Dumbarton 9
Berwick ^
Fife K. & C.
Wigtown 9
Sutherland $
Forfar
Elgin & Nairn 9
Haddington
Kincardine 9
Kirkcudbright
Lanark
Orkney
Roxburgh
Dumbarton $
Stirling ^
Wigtown (^
Ayr?
Bute ?
Caithness 9
Leith 9
Linlithgow 9
Sutherland 9
(8) Dark Hair. (Maps IX., X., XXVII. and XXVIII.) The distribution of
dark hair is very striking. Significant excess is found in the entire west of
Scotland, and compared with the general population there is a corresponding
significant defect of this class in the east. The Northern, North- Western and
West-Midland divisions ((/) and the North-Western, West-Midland and South-
' Western divisions (?) are distinctly megalometropic. The South- Western division
for boys shows slight excess. Examining the counties, it is seen that Sutherland,
Ross and Cromarty, Inverness, Argyll and Kirkcudbright, all in the west, are for
boys megalometropic. Kincardine (c/") is the sole eastern megalometropic county.
Significant excess among the girl population occurs only in the counties of Ross
and Cromarty, Inverness, Argyll, Renfrew and Wigtown. There is only a slight
excess in Kirkcudbright. Examining the districts it is seen that Mull, Jura and
the portion of the mainland opposite is the most significantly dark population
of Scotland. Then follow the remaining portion of Argyll, the western portions
of Inverness, Ross and Cromarty {excluding Skye) and Sutherland. Although Ayr-
shire (cT) is not megalometropic, the southern portion below Ayr itself is, the
district analysis showing significant excess in the Doon region and also in the
southern portion of Galloway (Wigtown and South Kirkcudbright). The district
J. F. Tocher
27
analysis shows the same restricted nature of the distribution in the girl popu-
lation. Wigtown is the only portion of Galloway with excess. The extreme
north of Ayrshire (and not the south as among ^), and an isolated portion on
the Moray Firth (Dornoch and Tain) are also dark-haired districts. Dundee,
Edinburgh and Aberdeen show among the girls a slight excess of dark hair,
Dundee being the most marked. Summing up the results for this class, it is found
that the Highlands, Galloway and the city of Glasgow are the populations which
show significant excess of dark hair. There is therefore clearly a sharp distinction
geographically, and, as will be shown later, racially in the distribution of this class
of hair colour. The east, excepting the slight excesses in Edinburgh and Aberdeen
cities ( $ ), a small portion of the coast-line north of Montrose and Donside (</)
is characterised by a significant defect in the expected proportion of dark hair
compared with what would occur on an even distribution of that class throughout
the whole country.
TABLE XIII.
County Specification. Dark Hair. Both Sexes.
The sign ^ indicates boys only ; and $ , girls only
Megalometropic
Mesometropic
Micrometropic
Distinctly
Probably
Probably
Distinctly
Argyll
Ross & Cromarty ^
Aberdeen City
Roxburgh
Edinburgh Co.
Inverness
Berwick
Fife ?
Linlithgow
Glasgow
Bute
Lanark 9
Selkirk & Peebles
Kincardine ^
Caithness
Lanark $
Kirkcudbright ^
Dumbarton
Aberdeen Co. ?
Sutherland ^
Edinburgh City
Ayr?
Renfrew ?
Leith
Elgin & Nairn
Forfar
Dundee
Haddington
Oovan
Orkney
Perth
Shetland
Stirling
Wigtown
Aberdeen Co. $
Ayr^
Banff (J
Dumfries $
Fife K. & C. (J
Renfrew $
Kincardine $
Kirkcudbright $
Ross & Cromarty 9
Sutherland ?
Banff?
Dumfries ?
20—2
28 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
(e) Jet Black Hair. (Maps XI,, XII., XXIX. and XXX.) In a general way,
the distribution of jet black hair resembles that of daik hair. While this however
is the case, the jet black class seems to be more scattered than the dark-haired
class. Taking the divisions first, the Northern, North- Western and West-Midland
divisions are clearly megalometropic both for boys and girls. The North-Eastern,
South-Eastern and Southern (j/*), the South-Eastern and South- Western (?), are
micrometropic ; the remaining divisions are fair samples of the general population —
they are mesoraetropic. Surveying the counties, it is seen that the excess in the
Northern division is due to Caithness ; the excess of the North- Western division
is equally divided among the respective counties, while the excess of the West-
Midland division is due to Argyll and Bute and slightly to Dumbarton. In the
South-Western division, although itself meso- {%) or micrometropic {<^), the
county of Renfrew stands alone in showing significant excess of this class. The
East-Midland and North-Eastern divisions are not at all uniform in their distri-
bution of jet black hair. Thus (J* and %) Perth resembles the contiguous county
of Argyll in showing excess; only the eastern portion {(^) is micrometropic.
Among girls, Fife is the only eastern county in this division which is micro-
metropic. The other eastern counties and Dundee show a slight excess over the
general population. Aberdeenshire (but not Aberdeen city) stands out as mega-
lometropic, although the North-Eastern division itself is either meso- {%) or
micrometropic (cT). Taking now a more detailed view of the distribution locally,
one notes that, starting from John o' Groat's, excess of jet black hair runs along
the coast to Inverness, where it leaves the coast and permeates the upper regions
of the Findhorn, Spey and Donside. A slight excess is found along the Buchan
coast. It is absent again until the Forfar and Fife coasts are reached, when
again slight excess is noticed. It is in defect south of the Forth on the coast-
line. Running inwards from Fife and Forfar the excess increases and reaches
a maximum in North Perthshire, where it unites with the excess in the Spey
valley and the slight excess of Donside. Southwards from Perthshire it reaches
Stirling, Dumbarton, and a portion of Renfrew. Northwards it runs through
Inverness, part of Ross, and on to Skye and Lewis. It avoids the main portion
of Argyll where there is great excess of dark hair, but affects the portion con-
tiguous to Skye and Inverness, i.e. the mainland to Ardnamurchan Point, and the
Isles of Mull, Tyree, Coll and Rum. An isolated spot occurs in Wigtown {%), and
in North Ayr and the contiguous portion of Lanark (</). A general view of this
class, small numerically, shows that jet black hair, like dark hair, is characteinstic
of Highland counties, but that the distribution is not so restricted as in the case of
dark. There is a greater scatter in the distribution for boys than in the corre-
sponding distribution for the girl population.
J. F. Tocher
TABLE XIV.
County Specification. Jet Black Hair. Both Sexes.
The sign $ indicates boys only ; and 9 > gi^s only.
29
Megalometropic
Mesometropie
Micrometropic
Distinctly
Probably
Probably
Distinctly
Inverness
Bute $
Ayr
Edinburgh Co.
Aberdeen City
Perth
Aberdeen City $
Banflf
Dumfries ^
Leith
Ross & Cromarty
Caithness 9
Berwick
Linlithgow $
Fife K. & C. 9
Caithness $
Dumbarton
Lanark $
Argyll $
Edinburgh City
Elgin & Nairn
Forfar
Dundee
Haddington
Kincardine
Kirkcudbright
Glasgow
Govan
Orkney
Renfrew
Roxburgh
Selkirk & Peebles
Shetland
Stirling
Sutherland
Wigtown
Aberdeen Co. $
Argyll $
Fife K. & C. <^
Lanark $
Linlithgow $
Bute V
Dumfries 5
-
III. Differences in Eye Colour, (a) Blue Eyes. (Maps XIII., XIV., XXXI.
and XXXII.) The general percentage for blue eyes among boys is 14"66 and
among girls is 14-87. The greatest excess is found in Shetland and the smallest
percentage in Glasgow. Noting first the general distribution it is seen that the
north is distinctly the blue-eyed region. The Northern, North-Western, North-
Eastern (cf and %) and East-Midland (cT) are significantly blue-eyed. The
South-Eastern (</) and Southern (c/" and %) show slight excess. The South-
western (</ and ? ) is distinctly micrometropic — there is quite a deficiency of
blue eyes in this division compared with the general population. The West-
Midland division is only slightly micrometropic. Examining the county distri-
butions, one finds that Orkney, Shetland and Sutherland (but not Caithness) are
significantly blue-eyed ; all the counties in the North-Western division ((/ and % )
are also megalometropic; in the East-Midland division, Perth and Forfar (but
not Kincardine, the coast, Dundee and Fife) are also quite significant in their
30 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
excess of blue eyes. Midlothian and Haddington (South-Eastem division) show
significant excess; Berwick (j/*) only a slight excess. Wigtown and Roxburgh
(of the Southern division) and only Ayr (South- Western division) are megalo-
metropic counties with respect to blue eyes. On the county basis of analysis,
the tract of country stretching from Fife through the Midlands to Dumbarton
and southwards through Stirling, Linlithgow, Lanark, "Renfrew, Peebles, Selkirk,
Kirkcudbright and Dumfries, is characterised by a deficiency (in many localities
highly significant) of the blue-eyed class of children. Argyll alone of the Highland
counties shows no bias in favour of blue eyes ; it is like the general population.
Examining the distribution from the results of the district analysis it is seen
that there is no significant excess on the east coast except in the Elgin district.
Inwards from Elgin, north to Sutherland, west to Lewis, south to the border of
Argyll and North Perthshire, and east through the Spey region to West Aberdeen-
shire, blue eyes is quite in excess of the general population both for boys and
girls. The excess is small in Mid Perthshire, increases in the south of the county
and diminishes rapidly in passing into Stirlingshire and the populous region
between the Forth and the Clyde. Turning eastwards, the excess becomes sig-
nificant in North -East Lanarkshire and the neighbourhood of Linlithgow. In
the Lothians, the excess found there by the county analysis is shown by the
district analysis to be fairly evenly distributed. No great city shows excess of
the blue-eyed population. On the contrary, there is a significant defect in each,
TABLE XV.
County Specification. Blue Eyes. Both Sexes.
The sign $ indicates boys only ; and 9 > gi^^^ only.
Megalometropic
Mesometropic
Micrometropic
Distinctly
Probably
Probably
Distinctly
Aberdeen Co.
Ayr
Edinburgh Co.
Elgin & Nairn
Perth
Sutherland $
Haddington ?
Argyll
Banff-
Berwick
Dumbarton
Caithness $
Dumfries ^
Aberdeen City 9
Bute $
Leith
Lanark
Glasgow
Aberd.een City ^J
Forfar
Edinburgh City
Fife K. & C.
Renfrew ^
Bute (J
Inverness
Orkney
Ross & Cromarty
Shetland
Wigtown
Haddington ^
Roxburgh $
Sutherland ^
Dundee
Kincardine
Kirkcudbright
Govan
Linlithgow
Selkirk & Peebles
Stirling
Renfrew $
Caithness $
Dumfries $
Roxburgh ^
J. F. Tocher
31
excepting Edinburgh (</ and $ ), and Dundee (j/"), which approximate the general
population in distribution.
Looking at the distribution of bltte eyes in the division and county maps, it seems
a very mde one. That is, geographically considered it is wide, but it must of course
be kept in mind that the areas shown are very sparsely populated. The populous
area between Edinburgh and Glasgow and the populous centres are mainly defective
in blue eyes. Thus the question of density again arises. It will be seen later that
just as fair hair is negatively correlated to density so also are blue eyes.
(/3) Light Eyes. (Maps XV., XVI, XXXIII. and XXXIV.) The proportion
of light-eyed children in the general population is 30'314 per cent, for boys and
30-307 per cent, for girls. The West-Midland division (that is, the Argyll group)
stands out prominently as the only division where significant excess of light eyes
occurs both among boys and girls. The Southern or Galloway division is also
significant for girls, while the South-Eastern or Midlothian division (</" and ?),
Galloway (f^), the South- Western (j/*) have a moderate but not a significant
TABLE XVI.
County Specification. Light Eyes. Both Sexes.
The sign ^ indicates boys only ; and $ , girls only.
Megalometropic
Mesometropic
Micrometropic
Distinctly
Probably
Probably
Distinctly
Argyll
Dumbarton
Leith
Kincardine $
Kirkcudbright $
Berwick
Dumfries
Ayrc?
Bute $
Kincardine $
Linlithgow ^
Aberdeen Co.
Aberdeen City
Caithness
Edinburgh Co.
Edinburgh City
Fife K. & C.
Haddington
Inverness
Lanark
Glasgow
Govan
Orkney
Perth
Ross & Cromarty
Roxburgh
Stirling
Wigtown
Kirkcudbright $
Ayr?
Bute 9
Linlithgow $
Renfrew 9
Selkirk & Peebles?
Sutherland $
Elgin & Nairn $
Renfrew $
Selkirk & Peebles $
Sutherland ^
Banff $
Forfar ?
Dundee
Shetland
Banff (^
Forfar $
Elgin & Nairn ?
32 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
excess of this class. It is seea from the county analysis that Argyll and Airan
account for the excess in the West Midland division {^ and % ), Dumbarton also
contributing in the case of the girl population. Taking the more local view
revealed by the district analysis, it is found that the excess in Argyll thins off
through Inverness to Ross, where it disappears. It extends eastwards and north-
wards through Mid Perthshire and over to Deeside and the Kincardine coast.
All these are thinly populated districts. In the populous districts between Edin-
burgh and Glasgow excess appears sporadically here and there. It runs from
Glasgow and Greenock through Renfrew, North Ayr to Kirkcudbright and South
Dumfries, a slight break occurring in the district inland from the town of Ayr.
Finally, south of the Lothians, a tract from Peebles to Berwick shows moderate
excess. Passing from the purely local distribution to the distribution in a general
sense, it is quite clear that the light-eyed class is more characteristic of the south
than of the north. The excess is more marked in the girl population. Renfrew,
Selkirk and Peebles are the exceptions. These counties are slightly micrometropic,
or, compared with the general population, the proportion of the light-eyed class is
scarcely so great, although not significantly less.
(7) Medium Eyes. (Maps XVII., XVIII. XXXV. and XXXVI.) Turning
now to the mixed class of eye defined as medium, it is found that there is 32"72
per cent, of this class for boys and 32 06 per cent, for girls in the general popu-
lation. The only division in Scotland where this class is in significant excess is
the populous South -Western division or Lanark group of counties. This result
is found for both boys and girls. The North-Eastern division or Aberdeen group
shows a moderate excess (j/* and $ ), but the excess is not greater than could
quite possibly occur in making a random selection of the same number from the
general population. Examining the distribution with respect to counties, it is
seen that Lanark (excluding Glasgow), Dumfries, Selkirk and Peebles — just those
counties deficient in all the other classes (excepting Dumfries which has also
excess of light eyes) — are the megalometropic counties of this class. These counties
are all contiguous and the result is common to both boys and girls. The counties
of Fife and Aberdeen and the cities of Dundee and Aberdeen have also an excess
of medium eyes ((^ and $ ). Caithness ((/•) and the Orkney Islands show a
moderate excess of the class. Taking the local distribution, it is found that West
Renfrew, North Lanark stretching into Stirling, Selkirk and the town of Dumfries,
are the areas where the greatest excess is shown in these counties. West Fife
in Fifeshire, the southern portion of the Buchan coast in Aberdeenshire, account
for the moderate excess found in these counties. The coast from John o' Groat's
to Banff, with one or two local exceptions, shows an excess of the medium class.
Taking a general view of the distribution of medium eyes, it is seen that excess
of the class is restricted to an area commencing with Fife and extending right to
Dumfries through Lanark. The other regions of excess are more or less detached
from this region.
J. F. Tocher
83
TABLE XVII.
County Specification. Medium Eyes. Both Sexes.
The sign ^ indicates boys only ; and 9 > gii'ls only.
Megalometropic
Mesometropic
Micrometropic
Distinctly
Probably
Probably
Distinctly
Glasgow
Selkirk & Peebles
Aberdeen Co.
Kirkcudbright
Forfar
Lanark $
Dumfries $
Argyll
Berwick $
Inverness
Aberdeen City $
Fife K. & C. ^
Banft"
Dumbarton $
Roxburgh
Leith $
Lanark 9
Bute
Edinburgh Co. $
Ayr (?
Dundee 9
Renfrew $
Caithness
Perth ^
Edinburgh City ($
Elgin & Nairn
Ross & Cromarty $
Shetland ^
Haddington
Ayr $
Dumbarton $
Govan
Edinburgh ^
Sutherland 9
Linlithgow
Kincardine 9
Wigtown 9
Orkney
Shetland 9
Stirling
Aberdeen City $
Leith (J
Dundee ^
Kincardine ^
Renfrew $
Sutherland ^
Wigtown cJ
Berwick 9
Dumfries $
Edinburgh Co. ?
Fife ?
Perth $
Ross & Cromarty ?
(8) Dark Eyes. (Maps XIX., XX, XXXVII. and XXXVIII.) The per-
centage of dark eyes in the general population of boys is 22'31 ; in the general
girl population it is 22"76. The distribution of dark eyes from the point of view
of the * division ' analysis shows excesses in the South- Western or Lanark division
and the East-Midland or Perth-Forfar division. The buffer county of Stirling,
belonging to the West-Midland division, resembles the general population. The
North- Western, West-Midland and North-Eastern divisions are all distinctly micro-
metropic (both cT and ? ) for this class. The other divisions are slightly
micrometropic or are mesometropic. Examining the results of the county analysis
it is noted that Dundee city and Forfar county are responsible for the significant
excess in the East-Midland division, while Glasgow alone is responsible for the
excess in the South- Western division. Outside these divisions there is a probably
significant excess in the counties of Caithness and Sutherland. A slight excess
occurs in Banffshire as also in the county of Roxburgh. Taking a local view it
is found that an excess occurs in the south and east of the county of Lanark, in
South Ayrshire, East Fife and the neighbourhood of Perth, besides the cases
just mentioned. The most striking feature in the distribution of dark eyes is the
Biometrika vi 21
34 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotla^id
fact that excess is in the main confined to the great cities. These cities are deficient
in blue eyes. There does not seem to he any great bias in favour of or against light
and medium eyes, but there does seem to be a bias in favour of dark as against blue
in the chief cities of Scotland.
TABLE XVIII.
County Specifix)ation. Dark Eyes. Both Sexes.
The sign ^ indicates boys only ; and ? , girls only.
Megalometropio
Mesometropio
Micrometropic
Distinctly
Probably
Probably
Distinctly
Edinburgh City
Dundee
Glasgow
Forfar ?
Govan
Caithness $
Sutherland 9
Aberdeen City
Banff
Berwick
Bute
Dumbarton
Leith
Elgin & Nairn
Fife K. & C.
Haddington
Inverness
Kirkcudbright
Lanark
Perth
Renfrew
Roxburgh
Selkirk & Peebles
Shetland
Stirling
Wigtown
Edinburgh Co. $
Forfar $
Kincardine ^
Sutherland $
Caithness ?
Linlithgow ?
Ayrc?
Linlithgow $
Dumfries ?
Edinburgh Co. ?
Kincardine ?
Aberdeen Co.
Argyll
Orkney
Ross & Cromarty
Dumfries $
Ayr?
(7) The General Resemblance of Local Populations to the General Population.
I. Introductory. II. Hair Colour as a Character, all Classes constituting
the Character being considered together. III. Eye Colour as a Character, all
Classes constituting the Character being considered together.
I. Introdtictory. (a) Class frequencies constituting a character are here con-
sidered as a whole for each locality (division, county or district), that is to say,
intralocally and collectively, and compared with the proportional class frequencies
of the general population. (0) As an alternative method, leading to the same
result, class frequencies collectively of one locality are compared with the class
frequencies collectively of the remaining population and the extent of divergency
of the local population measured.
J. F. Tocher 36
In the previous section the difference between each local group and the general
population, i.e. the (RLBYs for each colour class, were detected and discussed. In
doing so, the significance or non -significance of these differences for each local
group (division, county or district) w^as determined for each colour class or category.
It has been noted that for each class of hair colour or of eye colour, many localities
exhibit significant differences from the general population. In others the dif-
ferences may be insignificant, while in a few localities the differences may be
considerable although not quite significant. But it is possible that a locality may
exhibit a difference or differences almost or just significant for one or more colour
classes and yet, when the differences of all the classes constituting the character
(either hair colour or eye colour) in any one locality are considered collectively,
these differences as a whole may quite conceivably occur even if the locality in
question were a fair sample of the general population. A comparison between the
entire pigmentation of each local group and the entire pigmentation of the general
population is therefore necessary, in order to detect what local groups really
diverge and what local groups do not diverge significantly from the general popu-
lation, for the two characters under consideration, namely, hair colour and eye
colour. In other words, the degree of general resemblance of local populations
(firstly in hair colour and secondly in eye colour) to the general population is to be
determined. Such a determination can be made at least in two ways, and has
already been made in the pigmentation of one fairly long series, namely, the
Scottish Insane.
(a) One can observe for each locality how closely the observed frequencies of
the various classes of hair colour or eye colour as a group correspond to their
respective theoretical frequencies^the theoretical frequencies meaning of course, as
already noted, those which would be got if, for each locality, the frequencies of the
various classes constituting the character were proportionally the same as the
frequencies found in the general population The probability that differences in
the class frequencies would arise at random in any locality as great as, or greater
than, the observed set of differences in class frequencies, can be found by evaluating
V Wx ^?^ + V TT^ U 1.3^1.:i.5^'-'^1.3.5...(n'-3);
if n' be even, and
if n' be odd,
where n' = n+l classes in the series constituting the character, nir = theoretical
frequency of any class, w/ = observed frequency of any class and
Hmr — rrirf]
\ Mr }
21—2
36 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
This is Pearson's test of goodness of fit* and is applicable, in the manner above
stated, to the present data.
(yS) One can determine the divergency in hair colour or eye colour of any
locality from the remaining population by measuring how far the local group deviates
from being a random sample of the general population. This can be done by
forming a divergency table and evaluating the mean square contingency coefficient
which measures the degree of departure of the local group from complete resem-
blance to the general population, or the degree of relative divergency of the local
group. Such tables f have already been formed for the purpose of determining the
relative divergency of the local insane from the general insane population with
respect to pigmentation. In a divergency table two groups of the population are
dealt with, the local group and the remaining population, but of course the number
of classes is not limited. In this investigation the number of classes is small, five
for hair colour and four for eye colour. The frequencies for a particular class, S,
of the two groups form a column of the table, while the frequencies of all the
different classes of either group form a row of the table. If x^ = the total square
contingency coefficient and ;)^2_^j^ »" LLl-^ ^ — number in any local group and
N
N = total population, then the relation y^"^ = jrr^ X^ holds between x'- *°^ X^ 5
or x^ is a fraction of the total square contingency, being, as seen in the working,
a partial summation of x'-- The mean square contingency coefficient is of coui-se
'~V i + x'V^'
Since x^ ^^^ already been calculated, the above formula need not be used. In
terms of x^
^^ = ^^Vn-1 + x''
and is readily obtained. Since Q measures the divergence of a local group from
the remaining population, it is called the divergency coejfficient. The probable
errors of Q have not been evaluated, except in one or two instances. It is sufficient
to note that any value of Q > '008 in the present series is probably significant.
The values of Q and log P have been calculated for all the forms of local groups,
namely, divisions, counties and districts, and are given in the following tables
(Tables XIX., XX., XXI. and XXII.). These two sets of constants have been
classed, the classification being the same as that previously adopted for the pig-
mentation of adultsj. As may be seen from the maps, Class O with values of
log P < 3 and Q < "008 is the non-significant class, the localities belonging to this
class being similar on the whole to the general population.
♦ Phil. Mag. Vol. i. pp. 157—175, July 1900.
+ Tocher : Biometrika, Vol. v. pp. 333, 334. For theory and probable errors see Pearson, Biometrika,
Vol. V. pp. 198—203.
X Tocher : Biometrika, Vol. v. pp. 336 — 840.
J. F. Tocher
37
II. Hair colour, (a.) Divisions. Considering first the divisions it is seen on
referring to the table (Table XIX.) and maps (Maps XLI. and XLII.) that the
East-Midland division resembles the general population in hair colour, both boys
TABLE XIX.
Divergency in Hair Colour and Eye Colour. Divisions.
Division
Hail-
Eyes
of
Boys
Girls
Boys
Girls
Scotland
LogP
Q
LogP
Q
LogP
Q
LogP
Q
1
TO-3
•0143
T2 3
•0160
n^7
•0143
12 ^8
•0152
2
28-9
•0231
39^5
•0281
37 2
•0265
44^1
•0296
3
9-8
•0141
19^5
•0210
5-4
•0104
7.7
•0123
-4
2-1
•0076
3^8
•0083
9^8
•0137
9^2
•0146
5
12-8
•0157
5^9
•0103
6-4
•0110
9 3
•0139
6
11-3
•0188
47-0
•0380
28^8
•0286
18^5
•0237
7
15-7
•0180
14^4
•0181
2^7
•0058
1^1
•0052
8
3-6
•0080
12^9
•0158
3 4
•0077
5^2
•0103
and girls, more than in any part of Scotland. The Southern division (j/") and the
West-Midland division (?) approximate more closely to the general population in
the distributions of hair colour than the remaining divisions. All the other
divisions diverge widely from the general population. The divergency is greatest
in the North-Western division for both sexes. This is clearly due to the excesses
of dark, jet black and fair hair in this division and the comparative absence of
medium. Red hair is only slightly in defect in the division.
(yS) Examining the general distributions in the county groups, it is noted that
the eastern counties generally can passably be described as samples of the general
population. The Northern Isles (</•), Aberdeen ((/), Kincardine (^f), Forfar
(cT and %), excluding Dundee, Fife (.</'), Haddington {f^), Stirling, right to Dum-
barton in the West (</ and %), and also Lanark (</), excluding Glasgow, show, by
their divergency coefficients being small, < '008, that their populations approximate
the general population in hair colour. Kirkcudbright and Wigtown in the extreme
south are also like the general population. The rest of Scotland shows great
divergency from the general population in its distribution of hair colour. For
instance the north-west region, owing to both its darkness and fairness, and the
south-east region contiguous to the Border, owing to its fairness and brownness,
are widely divergent. Can any reason or reasons be assigned why certain counties
or areas are more like or more unlike the general population than others?
References to the maps (Maps XLIII. to XLVI.) and to the following table
(Table XXIII.) show that at least for the boy population the counties which show
38 PigmeiUation Survey of School Children in Scotland
least divergency for hair colour are just those counties densely populated, Lanark,
Stirling and the like.
It must be remembered that the four great cities, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Dundee
and Aberdeen, are excluded from the county analysis. Three of these, Glasgow,
Dundee and Aberdeen, show significant divergency, that of Glasgow being very
great. Edinburgh, however, resembles the general population.
Now if an urban population consisted of persons coming from all parts of the
country indiscriminately, each group in the densely populated area would be a fair
TABLE XX.
Divergency in Hair Colour and Eye Colour. Counties.
Counties
Hair
Eyes
Boys
Girls
Boys
Girls
LogP
Q
LogP
Q
LogP
Q
LogP
Q
Aberdeen Co. ...
3-2
•0084
5-6
•0105
T6^8
•0174
61
•0114
Aberdeen City ...
7-3
•0123
6-7
•0114
7 5
•0116
31
•0083
Ai-gyll
21-5
•0201
12-3
•0159
7^4
•0115
5^4
•0100
Ayr
8-0
•0118
7 3
•0126
15^2
•0173
159
•0173
Banff-
4-7
•0088
147
•0169
3^0
•0080
2^5
•0061
Berwick
7-2
0120
6^1
•0116
31
•0079
39
•0070
Bute
5-4
•0101
\-b
•0045
6^0
•0091
3-2
•0080
Caithness
8-9
0124
3 1
•0086
4^5
•0085
12
•0046
Dumbarton
31
0084
3 3
•0085
41
•0090
10^2
•0142
Dumfries
6-7
0109
9^5
•0138
7^4
•0115
5^8
•0096
Edinburgh Co. ...
5-7
0100
20-6
•0201
§•1
•0125
4^6
•0088
Edinburgh City . . .
3-7
(3077
11
•0056
9-9
•0128
6^0
•0095
Leith City
5-4
0102
4^8
•0090
173
•0179
T8-4
•0189
Elgin & Nairn ...
8-7
0125
6^2
•0116
18^0
•0175
12^4
•0154
Fife K. & C. ...
3-6
0080
15-5
•0179
2-3
•0064
4^8
•0073
Forfar
1-4
0047
1-4
•0048
T71
•0181
13-7
•0159
Dundee City
4-4
0093
^•2
•0126
9-9
•0127
12^9
•0152
Haddington
ri
0054
3^6
•0080
6^7
•0103
3^0
•0082
Inverness
14-9
0163
27 •e
•0233
17^0
•0180
30^8
•0241
Kincardine
3
0085
6^9
•0109
§•9
•0069
6^9
•0105
Kirkcudbright ...
4-4
0092
13
•0050
2 3
•0062
5 9
•0096
Lanark
1-6
0043
7-6
•0128
19-2
•0200
§•8
•0111
Glasgow
29-5
0248
120^0
•0510
71 •a
•0381
49^8
•0324
Oovan
16-9
0176
34^0
•0265
2-2
•0064
3-4
•0078
Linlithgow
6-2
0114
7-7
•0120
3 4
•0075
1-4
•0042
Orkney
2-2
0069
5^9
•0100
9-0
•0118
6^5
•0108
Perth
10-5
0142
7^4
•0124
3
•0072
2-4
•0063
Renfrew
4-8
0089
15^3
•0180
2^9
•0080
35
•0077
Ross & Cromarty
14-3
0167
15-6
•0175
21^5
•0197
19^8
•0192
Roxburgh
4-1
0095
5 5
•0104
8^5
•0121
4^6
•0088
Selkirk & Peebles
TO-7
0139
7^9
•0118
3 5
•0074
2-3
•0064
Shetland
2-3
0067
56
•0103
31 6
•0237
22^7
•0205
Stirling
2-8
0060
3-9
•0076
I'd,
•0027
19
•0021
Sutherland
7-9
0116
21
•0073
4 6
•0084
7^0
•0120
Wigtown
1-2
0052
2-4
•0067
31
•0078
7-4
•one
J. F. Tocher
39
TABLE XXI.
Divergency in Hair Colour. Districts.
LogP 1
Class
LoeP
Class 1
Number
Number
■■^^c
of
of
District
District
Boys
Girls
Boys
Girls
Boys
Girls
Boys
Girls
1
3-58
2-13
57
5-52
4-86
I
I
2
12-87
7-32
III
II
58
1-64
1-88
3
5-90
3-79
I
59
7-28
5-65
II
I
It
2-46
1-87
60
4-73
4-49
I
I
5
4-17
4-24
I
I
61
2-36
4-51
I
6
1-79
2-55
62
2-21
4-39
I
7
119
1-30
63
1-02
3-19
8
2-33
2-07
64
3-48
4-47
I
9
5-42
1-64
I
65
211
4-46
I
10
7-65
4-50
11
I
66
4-66
6-06
I
I
11
7-75
2-43
II
67,68
6-55
4-56
I
I
12
4-29
2-56
I
69
2-26
2-04
13
44-88
146-66
VII
VII
70
7-06
16-75
II
V
U
3-83
3-18
71, 76
10-48
5-38
III
I
15
4-63
8-84
I
II
72
3-57
2-52
16
2-58
2-06
73
1-32
1-25
17
1-94
2-97
74
3-37
6-91
I
18
5-65
7-84
I
II
75
1-62
3-48
19, 20, 22
1-54
2-62
77
7-43
6-76
II
I
21
1-09
2-95
78
2-64
113
23,30
8-40
2-04
II
79
2-50
2-97
24
8-01
13-17
II
IV
80
5-08
10-45
I
III
25
3-60
1-15
81
1-10
1-18
26
3-88
8-19
II
82
1-17
1-03
27
1-14
9-77
II
83
2-03
4-39
I
28
9-05
5-89
II
I
84
4-46
4-18
I
I
29
1-13
2-40
85
4-55
6-84
I
I
31
5-09
1-95
I
86
1-54
3-46
32,33
3-61
2-06
87
3-55
7-86
II
34
3-02
1-48
88
14-73
7-64
IV
II
35
1-52
1-89
89
3-54
1-34
36
1-36
8-32
II
90
3-72
8-52
II
37
7-09
8-67
II
II
91
14-45
12-61
IV
III
38
5-16
3-20
I
92
2-52
3-92
39
1-35
2-33
93,94
6-75
8-16
I
II
40
5-26
4-49
I
I
95
10-65
3-23
III
41
5-06
3-01
I
96
7-56
6-86
II
I
42
7-01
7-69
II
II
97
17-15
10-85
V
III
43
105
3-62
98
3-10
2-77
44
3-78
1-08
99
14-78
15-76
IV
IV
45
5-51
4-92
I
I
100
11-10
19-11
III
VI
4B
2-03
6-95
I
101
5-83
3-98
I
47
2-06
15-87
IV
102
15-65
4-99
IV
I
48
4-72
2-00
I
103
2-56
4-93
I
49
6-01
8-06
I
II
104
5-17
1-12
I
50
3-18
1-89
105
7-91
12-67
II
III
51
3-80
3-14
106
3-47
4-45
I
52
7-34
16-33
II
V
107
2-23
3-88
53
3-02
5-48
I
108
3-87
3-79
54
1-02
4-73
I
109
2-23
5-88
I
55,56
4-63
6-53
I
I
110
2-31
5-62
I
Scale of Divergency classes is given on the Divergency Maps (Maps XLIII. et seq.).
40 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
TABLE XXII.
Divergency in Eye Colour. Districts.
y.
3
Class
y»
Class
Number
Number
A
■■
of
of
District
District
1
Boys
Oirls
Boys
Girls
Boys
OirU
Boys Girls
1
1
7-8
2-3
57
58-2
55-6
III
III
2
189-7
76-2
VII
V
58
7-3
3-6
3
18-7
24-2
I
I
59
49-2
17-8
III
Jt
5-2
22-2
I
60
21-5
20-9
I
I
5
10-9
7-7
61
37-8
34-5
II
11
6
63-4
51-7
IV
III
62
19-8
21-8
I
I
7
25-9
11-3
I
63
13-9
4-4
8
43-3
21-9
II
I
64
35-0
38-2
II
II
9
40-9
32-2
II
I
65
38-8
23-2
II
I
10
18-4
6-0
I
66
40-3
53-2
II
111
11
31-6
44-5
I
II
67, 68
44-2
38-4
II
11
12
37-9
45-7
II
II
69
22-4
15-3
I
13
270-0
198-5
VII
VII
70
39-0
60-5
II
111
U
7-3
3-7
71,76
25-8
23-3
I
1
15
42-6
30-7
II
I
72
7-0
9-5
16
19-4
27-9
I
I
73
5-7
21-3
I
17
10-2
18-2
74
2-4
14-2
18
10-9
17-4
75
11-9
7-7
19, 20, 22
29-1
47-2
I
II
77
32-3
16-2
I
21
4-9
17-0
•0
78
23-6
25-0
I
I
23,30
56-5
42-6
III
II
79
28-4
25-7
I
1
24
5-9
3-6
80
53-4
57-9
III
111
25
13-1
9-8
81
18-9
14-6
I
26
19-5
29-9
I
I
82
13-4
6-6
27
17-3
14-4
83
49-1
16-0
III
28
32-9
45-4
I
II
84
20-4
9-4
1
29
56-0
45-9
III
II
85
36-0
51-9
II
111
31
9-2
4-5
86
9-2
301
1
32,33
24-3
42-1
I
II
87
12-6
15-6
3k
12-9
20-3
I
88
107-4
74-8
VI
IV
35
52-4
25-1
III
I
89
18-8
13-7
I
36
17-8
26-6
I
90
83-6
13-4
V
37
12-6
7-3
91
65 -6
60-2
III
111
38
9-3
8-4
92
21-0
16-0
I
39
66-7
17-1
III
93,94
124-8
112-3
VII
VII
40
45-0
21-6
II
I
95
7-5
1-7
41
8-0
8-2
96
43-7
59-7
II
111
42
17-7
16-0
97
26-0
•7
I
43
27-7
16-2
I
98
1-6
7-1
U
40-6
20-4
II
I
99
24-8
39
1
11
45
80-2
85-1
V
V
100
16-7
6-3
46
9-1
1-8
101
24-7
13-8
I
47
44-4
23-5
II
I
102
79-1
35-2
V
11
48
44-2
12-9
II
103
24-4
4-1
I
49
42-2
39-9
11
II
104
15-3
12-2
50
13-3
23-0
I
105
31-7
26-2
I
I
51
12-6
17-6
106
35-9
47-8
II
III
52
10-6
26-0
I
107
10-7
34-5
11
53
7-0
11-4
108
50-2
47-8
III
111
54
13-9
6-0
109
35-5
28-9
II
1
55,56
6-2
19-6
I
110
144-0
102-0
VII
VI
J. F. Tocher 41
TABLE XXITI.
Counties considered
Average Density of Population in non-divergent counties (Boys)
» „ „ „ (Girls)
Average Density of Population, taking the 33 counties of Scotland
Persons per
Square Mile
291
263
256
sample of the whole country. If, however, there were special causes leading
persons belonging to one or more of the colour classes to congregate in certain areas
to the exclusion- of others, the groups in the densely populated areas would tend
to diverge from the form of distribution found to hold for the whole country. The
densely populated counties of Forfar, Fife, Stirling, Dumbarton and Lanark
(excluding Glasgow), are fair samples of the boy population, and therefore in these
densely populated areas no special causes are likely to be found to exist tending to
change the distribution of hair colour. The same can be said of the girl populations
of Forfar, Stirling and Dumbarton. But the still denser centres, namely the great
cities, are different, excepting Edinburgh, which is quite like the general popula-
tion, for both boys and girls. The cities of Aberdeen, Dundee and particularly
Glasgow, densely populated centres, diverge largely from the general population,
for some reason or other. What special cause or causes are in operation which
make the chief cities, excepting Edinburgh, unrepresentative ? Two suggest them-
selves. (1) One would expect great seaports to differ if foreigners and others
(Irish, etc.) of non-Scottish origin, who on an average differed in their colour
characters from the general Scottish distribution, settled in these places.
(2) Another special cause would clearly exist in the case where a country popula-
tion contiguous to a large town differed largely from the general population, their
influx thereby changing the character of the town population — a population which
otherwise should be a fair representation of the whole country. It will be seen in
a later section that the facts support the foregoing propositions at least in the
special case of Greater Glasgow, which contains within its bounds one-fifth of the
whole population of Scotland.
(7) Divergency in hair colour in district groups will now be briefly considered.
It has just been stated that of the great cities Glasgow stands out as by far the
most divergent, Aberdeen, Dundee and Leith following, while Edinburgh is quite
passably a sample of the general population and is thus for hair colour a repre-
sentative sample of all parts of Scotland. Kirkcaldy, Perth, Inverness, Ayr,
Kilmarnock, Montrose, Stirling, and other smaller towns moderately resemble the
general population. Examining now the country districts, it is seen that by far
the most divergent area is along the seaboard of the west (see Maps XL VII. and
XLVIII.). This area contributes largely to the divergency of the north-west by
its blackness, darkness and fairness, as revealed by the division and county analyses,
and has the following boundaries. It commences in the north-west of Ross, is
Biometrika vi 22
42 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
bounded by Strath Glass eastward, includes Skye in the west and terminates in
Islay and Jura for boys and Mull for girls. This is of course the heart of the
Gaelic speaking region. The region of the Caledonian Canal is less divergent than
the west, but passing over to Perthshire, East Inverness due again to excess of fair
and jet black, and Moray due to fair, the divergency increases. The divergency of
the population eastward of this diminishes but it is still high in Donside in
Aberdeenshire. Travelling southwards, it again reaches a maximum in the region
of Dunkeld and eastward towards the coast, but excluding it, due again to blackness
and fairness. As already pointed out in the county groups, the east coast is not
very divergent, Fife being the most divergent portion of the coast-line. The region
around Dunfermline, due to a large excess of fair, is widely divergent, as also is
Midlothian from the same cause. Berwick, north of the Tweed, is a divergent
population, but Roxburgh, south of the Tweed, is very like the general population.
From Berwick the divergency follows the Tweed and passing through Selkirk and
Peebles reaches the Sol way Firth, where it again turns in a north-western
direction {%), avoiding Galloway which, as has been already pointed out, passably
resembles the general population. The divergency {%) maintains the same degree
in Ayr (north) as in Dumfries, but excepting a portion south of Ayr burgh the
whole of the south-west population of boys is fairly homogeneous.
As shown by the district grouping the local populations of boys which passably
resemble the general population, are the regions of West Caithness, the south
coast of the Moray Firth, excepting Elgin, the Deveron Valley, the Ythan valley*
Deeside, Kincardineshire, the south-west of the Firth of Forth, the south-east of
Fife, the Lothians, the Teviot valley and the south-west of Scotland — that is, west
of Peebles and Dumfries, and south of Renfrew and North Lanark. Speaking
generally of the boy population, the populous area commencing in the north-east
and ending in the region of Glasgow, i.e. in the northern portion of the south-west
(including most of the intervening area), is the least divergent area for boys. The
north-west and south-east are the most divergent — the north-west mainly because
of its darkness, and the south-east mainly because of its fairness.
The divergency of the girl population is dififerent in some respects. Only a
small portion of the coast near Inverness is non-divergent instead of the larger tract
for boys. The Lothians, a considerable portion of Dumfries, the northern part of
Kirkcudbright and Ayr north of the burgh are all more divergent than the boy
population and do not passably resemble the general population as the corre-
sponding groups for boys do. The northern portion of Argyll and the southern
portion of Inverness are non-divergent girl populations, the corresponding boy
populations being much more divergent. On the whole the non-divergent girl
groups are more isolated from one another than the boy groups, and the separation
of the population (excluding certain towns) diagonally into an east-north-east and
midland non-divergent population and a west-north-west and east-south-east
divergent one is not so apparent. In a general way one can see that the district
groups confirm the results of the county analysis. One can see fh)m the district
J. F. Tocher
43
TABLE XXIV. Divergency in Hair Colour.
Not Significant or Scarcely
Probably Significant or Quite Significant.
Widely Divergent.
Significant. Class
Classes I and II
Classes III and upwards
Division
Division
Divergence is mainly
due to excess of
Division
Divergence is
mainly due to
excess of
East-Midland
North-Eastern ( ^ )
fair, red
Northern
fair, jet black,
Southern ( (^ )
West-Midland ( 9 )
dark, jet black
North-Western
South-Eastern
South-Western
North-Eastern ( 9 )
West Midland ((^)
Southern ( 9 )
dark(^)
fair, dark, jet
black
fair, red ( (J )
medium ( J )
medium, dark
fair, red
dark, jet black
fair
County
County
County
Orkney & Shetland ( ($ ) fair
Orkney & Shetland ( 9 )
fair
Fife (9)
fair
Aberdeen ( ^ ) red
Aberdeen ( 9 )
red, jet black
Banf}" ( 9 )
fair, red
Kincardine ( ^ )
Kincardine ( 9 )
fair
Selkirk (c?)
medium, red
Forfar
Lanark ( 9 )
fair
Peebles (^)
medium, red
Fife
Caithness ( ^ )
fair, jet black
Ross & Cromarty
fair, dark, jet
Stirling
Kirkcudbright ( ^ )
red
black
Dumbarton
Bute((?)
medium, jet black
Inverness
jet black, dark.
Lanark ( $ )
Sutherland (^)
dark, jet black
fair
Wigtown
Elgin
fair
Argyll
dark, jet black
Haddington
Banff ((?)
fair, rod
Perth (^)
fair, jet black
Caithness ( 9 )
Aberdeen City
red, dark
Glasgow
medium, dark
Kirkcudbright ( 9 )
Dundee
medium, dark, black
Govan
medium
Bute ( 9 )
Leith
medium
Sutherland ( 9 )
Berwick
fair, medium
Edinburgh City
Roxburgh
Dumfries
Ayr
Selkirk ( 9 )
Peebles ( 9 )
Perth ( 9 )
fair
fair, medium
fair
medium, red
medium, red
fair, jet black
District or Area
District or Area
District or Area
Caithness inland
Banff and Aberdeen Coast
Seaboard on west
dark, jet black
Lower Spey, Findhorn &
The district parallel eastward to the Cale-
coast from Suther-
(fair slightly)
Deveron Valleys, except
donian Canal ( (^ )
land to Mull,
Elgin
Upper Tweeddale, Ettrick and Yarrow region
bounded by Strath
Deeside
Leith
Glass and Cale-
Kincardine coast
Hamilton
donian Canal east-
Esk Valleys
Dundee
wards
Loch Earn
Central Buchan
Caithness Seaboard
fair, dark, jet
Falkirk region ( (^ )
Stirling
to Black Isle
black
Haddington coast
South Forfar
Upper Spey and
fair
Teviotdale
Loch Leven district
Findhorn Valleys
Galloway & Clyde Valley to
South-East Fife
Region South of
fair, jet black
Ayr Coast ( ^ )
Selkirk
the Forest of
Galloway & South Ayr ( 9 )
Athol
Upper Spey region parallel
Donside ( 9 )
fair
to Caledonian Canal, east-
Dunkeld region
fair, black
wards & northern portion
Dunfermline region
fair
of Argyll (c?)
Glasgow
dark, medium
Towns : — Edinburgh
Greenock
dark
Kirkcaldy
Perth
Inverness
Ayr
Kilmarnock
Montrose
Stirling
22—2
44 Pigmentation Siu'vey of School Children in Scotlaiul
maps (XLVII. and XLVIII.) that the denser midland and east coast areas are well
mixed samples of the population. Over the whole of Scotland about 60 of the
separate district groups are quite representative of the general population, repre-
senting a total of 114,482 boys in the boy population of 257,766, or 44*4 per cent.,
and 97,839 girls in the girl population of 244,389, or 40 per cent.
The results of the divergency analysis for hair colour can now be summarised.
Taking large samples of the population (i,e. the divisions) to remove merely local
differences and to some extent the effect of unequal density, thus getting a general
view, it is seen that the populous East-Midland division is a fair representation of
the general population for hair colour of both boys and girls. The Southern
division is so for girls only. The fairly populous North-Eastern division diverges
mainly because of its fair-haired and red-haired population ; the less populous West-
Midland division because of its dark population. The other divisions are widely
divergent for several reasons. The divergencies of the Northern and North and
North-Western divisions are accentuated by their being comparatively small
samples separated geographically from the rest of the population, and are not like
the rest of the country because of their excessive fairness and darkness.
Taking smaller samples of the population (counties, cities and districts) it is
seen that populous counties are fairly representative of the general population ;
many populous districts also are ; but the great cities (excluding Edinburgh which
is representative of the population) are divergent. There are elements present in
the urban populations which make them unrepresentative of the general population.
Certain outlying sparsely populated districts, particularly on the west coast, are
also divergent and unrepresentative. The cause or causes of the divergency in the
populations affected will be considered in the next section.
III. Eye Colour, (a) Divisions. The Southern and South-Eastern divisions
(</• and $ ) are the most representative of the general population. These popula-
tions are passable samples of the general population. Next in order are the North-
Eastern, East-Midland and West-Midland divisions. Then follow the Northern —
due to excess of blue eyes, and the South- Western — due to excess of medium and
dark ; and lastly the most divergent of all, the North- Western, whose divergency
is also mainly due to the excess of blue eyes. (See Maps XLIX. and L.)
(yS) Counties. Examining the county divergencies it is seen that, in the boy
population, and taken in the order of greatest divergency to least divergency, the
following counties diverge greatly from the general population owing to excess of
blue eyes, namely : Orkney, Shetland, Ross, Cromarty, Inverness, Elgin, Nairn,
Aberdeen and Forfar. Ayr in the south greatly diverges owing to excess of both
blue and light eyes, and Lanark greatly diverges owing to a large excess of medium
eyes. The divergencies in all the foregoing cases are very great. Among the still
significantly but less divergent counties are the Lothians and Roxburgh (excess of
blue eyes), Dumfries (excess of light and medium), Argyll and Dumbarton perhaps
(excess of light eyes). The non-divergent regions are somewhat isolated from one
another ; they are Banff and Kincardine in the north ; Perth, Fife, Stirling,
J. F. Tocher 45
Dumbarton, Renfrew and Linlithgow, all contiguous — that is, practically the whole
of the Scottish Midlands ; Berwick, Peebles and Selkirk, contiguous in the south-
east, and finally Kirkcudbright and Wigtown in the south.
The girl population shows on the whole equal divergencies in the northern
counties already mentioned, divergencies which are due to excess of blue eyes ; in
Ayr the divergency is almost entirely due to blue eyes and scarcely any to light
eyes as among the boy population. The divergency in Lanark is only just
significant and is due to excess of both medium and light eyes. Wigtown and
Kirkcudbright are both significantly divergent, due in the case of Wigtown to
excess of blue eyes and in the case of Kirkcudbright to excess of light eyes.
Galloway therefore differs distinctly in its boy and girl distributions of eye colour.
The non-divergent regions or rather the non-significantly divergent regions in the
girl population for eye colour are as follows : Caithness and Banff in the north ;
Perth, Linlithgow, Stirling, North Lanark and Renfrew all contiguous; and Ber-
wick, Selkirk and Peebles also contiguous near the Border.
(7) Districts. Looking at the district results, they confirm the county analysis
and also the conclusions arrived at with respect to hair colour. The populous
Midlands, namely, North Lanark, Perth, Stirling, Dumbarton, Fife and portions of the
east coast (i.e. Forfar and north-east Aberdeenshire, and from Nairn to Caithness)
are all comparatively representative of the general population in eye colour. Thus
while Glasgow itself is divergent, the great part of the environs is not. Such
populous centres as Greenock, Kilmarnock, Falkirk, Ayr, are scarcely significantly
divergent. Edinburgh, Dundee and Aberdeen cities are significantly divergent.
In Aberdeen it is due to excess of medium, in Dundee to excess of dark and
medium and in Edinburgh to excess of dark alone. It is seen, just as in hair
colour, that the very sparsely populated regions and the very thickly populated
areas are the most divergent. But while all the sparsely populated regions diverge
on account of excess of blue eyes, all the very densely populated areas diverge
because of excess of light, medium or dark. It is to be expected that Dundee
would have a fair proportion, or even excess, of dark eyes, since the country
adjacent to the city, namely, Perthshire and Forfarshire, are the only counties in
Scotland showing excess of this class. The reason for the excess in Edinburgh is
not so apparent, unless the migration from these counties to the capital is greater
than from the rest of the country. The foreign population, as will be shown later,
is significantly associated in general with dark eyes, but on examining the returns,
it has been found that foreigners are not present in Edinburgh in sufficient
numbers to affect the distribution of dark eyes in the school population there.
With Glasgow or certain districts of the western city, the case is different, as will
presently be shown. Forfarshire and Perthshire people are perhaps likely to have
migrated to Edinburgh in greater numbers than people from other parts. This
would account for the excess. The excess of medium eyes in Glasgow may be
partly accounted for by a greater proportion of migrants from Lanarkshire, Dum-
fries, Peebles, Selkirk and Fife, all counties with a distinct excess of this class.
46 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
TABLE XXV.
Divergency in Eye Colour.
Not Significant or Scarcely
Probably Significant or Qaite {
Widely Divergent.
Significant. Class
Division
Significant. Classes I and II
Classes III and upwards
Division
Due to Excess of
Division
Doe to Excess of
South -Eastern
Northern
blue
North-Western
blue
Southern
North -Eastern
East- Midland
West-Midland
medium & blue
dark & blue
light
South-Westem
medium
County
County
Dae to Excess of
County
Due to Excess of
Banff
Sutherland
blue, dark
Shetland
blue
Caithness
Aberdeen
blue, medium
Ross «& Cromarty
blue
Kincardine
Argyll
light
Inverness
blue
Perth
Dumbarton
light
Elgin & Nairn
blue
Stirling
Midlothian
blue
Forfar
blue & dark
Dumbarton
Roxburgh
blue (and dark)
Lanark ( $ )
medium
Govan
Dumfries
light
Ayr
blue & light
Renfrew
Orkney
blue
Glasgow
medium & dark
Linlithgow
Aberdeen City
medium
Leith
light & medium
Selkirk
Dundee City
medium & dark
Peebles
Edinburgh City
dark
Berwick
Kirkcudbright
Wigtown
Bute
Haddington
Fife
Kinross & Clackmannan
District or Area
District or Area
District or Area
Dae to Excess of
Environs of Glasgow
Parts of North Lanark and North
North-East Lanark,
blue
Renfrew including Greenock
Ayr
Midlothian except near Edinburgh
Carluke region
Kilmarnock
Elgin district
blue
Ayr
South Fife ( 9 )
Spey Valley
blue
Parts of North Lanark
Dundee
Black Isle
blue
Falkirk area
Most of Perthshire
Glen Urquhart
blue
Environs of Edinburgh
Edinburgh City
region
Fifeshire generally except
Aberdeen City
Islay & Jura
light
Loch Leven area
Galloway
Shetland
blue
North Forfar
Linlithgow area
Gbisgow
medium & dark
Area from Buchan coast to
Skye and the adjacent mainland,
Spey Valley
north and south
Dornoch and Tain region
Orkney
Caithness inland
Remaining environs of Glasgow
North and South Uist
Irvine
Roxburgh
Mull and adjacent mainland
Outskirts of Perth city
South Ayrshire
Donside
Dumfries
Part of Buchan coast
North Kirkcudbright
Lewis
South Roxburgh
North Dumbarton
Peebles
Berwick
J. F. Tocher 4T
Whether migrants from these counties partly account for the excess of medium
eyes in Glasgow or not, excess of medium eyes is associated with densely populated
centres and is accordingly dealt with in the section discussing the relationship
between density of population and colour. It should be finally noted that the very
sparsely populated regions, all of them having an excess of blue eyes, are inhabited
by a people who have been undisturbed by any recent immigrations and who most
probably are descendants of a race long resident in the country.
The accompanying table (Table XXV.) gives a synopsis of the results respect- "
ing the relative divergency in eye colour, in the divisions, counties and districts
respectively.
(8) Class Segregation. The Nature of the Distribution of Relative Local Differ-
ences of each Class considered collectively and interlocally, without reference
as to where they occur geographically, and the Degree of Segj'egation of each
Class determined.
I. Interlocal Constants. It has been shown (Section 6) that, in each colour
class, differences occur throughout the country in localities (specifically pointed
out, in each case, in the section referred to), which are distinctly significant.
Positive differences, much in excess of the expected, occur in contiguous areas,
indicating a differentiation for each class more or less from the remaining
population. That is, the existence of these individual local differences proves
that the population is not an evenly distributed one with respect to the colour
class or classes under consideration. It is true that many of the differences could
quite well occur at random and therefore that many localities resemble the
general population with respect to one or more classes. But those larger differ-
ences, reckoned significant owing to the great odds against their occurring at
random, quite upset the proposition that the distribution of the class over the
whole country is a random one. Having indicated the localities where individual
significant differences occur (thus proving segregation) and also those where non-
significant differences occur, the differences for each class collectively will be
considered without reference as to where they occur geographically in order to
compare the degrees of segregation of the classes. It will then be seen which class
has the greatest geographical separation. It is therefore necessary to provide a
measure of local segregation, that is to say, one must have a single common
measure, for each class, of the extent of the deviation from a uniform distribution
of persons belonging to the class over the whole country. This measure is easily
obtained when it is remembered that the relative local differences are all the local
differences reduced to a common scale by dividing each difference by its standard
deviation. Since this is the case, if the differences are such as w^ould arise from
a uniform distribution of the persons belonging to each class all over the country
these differences as a series would of course form a normal distribution with a
'67449 "67449
mean value ^ = + — -. — , and a standard deviation s= 1 + ..^ ^ , where a is
the number of groups (either counties, districts, or units of area) considered. Thus
48 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
h and s are interlocal constants. This test of the degree of homogeneity of a class
or character in a population scattered over a wide area has already been applied
by the writer, the constants for both measurable and non-measurable characters
being determined*. If then a population is non-segregated with respect to any
class (that is, if persons belonging to the class are well distributed over the
country) the interlocal constants h and (« — 1 ) will be both equal to zero within
the limits of their probable errors, and the segregation of a class will increase as
these constants become greater and greater.
The following table (Table XXVI.) gives the values of the interlocal constants
for both the boy and girl populations, the distributions considered being those
of the relative local differences arrived at from the county data — that is, with
the county as the unit of area. Table XXVII. is one in which the classes are
arranged in the order of the significance from lesser to greater segregation.
II. Significance of the Constants. These results show how decided the devia-
tions are from purely uniform distributions of the class populations. It is seen
that the blue-eyed class and the fair-haired class are both highly separated geo-
graphically from the general population. The separation is greater in the case of
fair-haired girls than in the boys of the same class. The deviation from a random
distribution for boys and girls is of the same order in the other colour classes.
TABLE XXVI.
Interlocal Constants, Colour Segregation.
(This table shows that a grouping of children of the same class occurs no matter what class
is selected. The figures show the relative extent of the segregation of the classes.)
A=mean of the series of relative local differences, boys or girls, for each colour class.
«= standard deviation of the series of relative local differences, boys or girls, for each colour
class.
V= standard deviation, as above (boys).
S/= standard deviation, as above (girls).
•
Boys
Girls
h
(«-l)
«-l
h
(«-l)
«-l
««-«/
Fair Hair
Red Hair
Medium Hair .
Dark Hair
Jet Black Hair .
Blue Eyes
Light Eyes
Medium Eyes .
Dark Eyes
-45
•18
- -57
- ^04
-20
1-17
- -09
- -51
- -33
2-75
•69
2^82
2-24
1-36
5-02
1-78
2-09
2-11
3412
8-56
34-86
27-79
16-87
62-28
22-08
25-93
26-18
1-14
-09
- -81
- -39
-32
1-02
•13
- -59
- -35
514
•56
2-90
2 95
193
412
1^85
2^15
1-87
63-77
6-95
35-98
36-60
23^95
5M2
22^95
26-68
23-20
-2-39
•13
- -09
- 71
- -57
•90
- •o?
- 06
•24
* Biometrika, Vol. v. pp. 828—327.
J. F. Tocher
49
Red hair is the only class which shows a moderate approach to uniformity of
distribution, but even in this class the deviations are 7 and 8^ times their probable
errors for boys and girls respectively. There is, however, a decided approach
towards an even distribution of this class over the whole country compared with
all the other classes. But for the probably significant excesses in the north-east
TABLE XXVII.
Segregation in Colour.
(This table shows that children with red hair are the most uniformly distributed class, while
fair haired blue eyed children are not well distributed throughout the country. They have
a tendency to occur in groups and show therefore the greatest segregation.)
Divergence from homo-
geneity is
Significant
Very significant
Highly significant
Excessively great
Interlocal constant is
between and 1*0
1-0 and 2-0
2-0 and S'O
above 3'0
Class of Category
Red Hair ($ and 9
|Jet Black Hair ^ and $
/Light Eyes ^ $ Dark Eyes $
rDark Eyes ^ Medium Eyes J $
) Dark Hair ^ and $
/ Fair Hair ^ Medium Hair ^ 9
Fair Hair $ Blue Eyes ^ 9
of Scotland and the neighbourhood of Edinburgh as shown in the class analysis
(Section 6), the distribution of the class of red-haired persons would be fairly
uniform. The chance against meeting a schoolboy of this class in travelling over
Scotland is about 17 to 1. One would have to note at random the colour
characters of at least 18 people on an average in order to have one of this class in
the group. But the chances are slightly lower in Aberdeen and Banff and Mid-
lothian. They fall to about 14 to 1 against. The chance against meeting a
person of the jet black class is much smaller, about 99 to 1, but the chances
vary more as one moves from place to place. In certain places it is as small as
400 to 1. The chance against meeting a person of the dark class or of the fair
class is about 3 to 1 and of the medium class about 3 to 2 and so on. The point
is that while one can state in a general way the chances for or against a Scottish
child belonging to any one of the hair and eye colour classes, these chances
vary largely from district to district. The question may be asked, What is the
typical Scotchman like ? One cannot answer that question offhand from the
present data, which deals with school children only. It must be remembered
that there is a change in hair colour and eye colour in passing from childhood
to manhood. Hair colour generally becomes darker more or less with age. A fair-
haired boy or girl may or may not become a fair-haired man or woman, but there
is a tendency to become darker. A measure of the change, from Prussian and
British data by Pearson*, and by the author f from the Aberdeenshire data, shows
Biometrika vi
* Pearson : Biometrika, Vol. iii. p. 161.
+ Biometrika, Vol, v. pp. 339—341.
23
60 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
that the correlation between age and hair colour is quite appreciable. On the
assumption that the rate of change of hair colour and eye colour with age is
not likely to vary appreciably in passing from one district to another, the author
determined the probable distribution of the colour of the adult population of
Scotland, The result was published in the same memoir*. Using the result
together with the percentage results for the whole of Scotland for boys and girls
as found from the present data, the following table (Table XXVIIl.), constructed
as a probability table, gives the chance of a person of Scottish nationality possessing
any one of the following characteristics : —
TABLE XXVIIL
The Prohability of the Person belonging to any one of the following
Colour Classes is
Colour
Adult
Population
Boys
Girls
Scotland
Generally
Kange in
Counties
Scotland
Generally
Bange in
Counties
From
To
From
To
Hair :
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark )
Jet Black j —
Et/es :
Blue )
Lightf
Medium
Dark
•115
•042
•559
•284
•278
•459
•263
•250
•055
•433
•250
•013
. ^147
•303
•327 •
•223
•221
•046
•373
•187
•008
•103
•227
•279
•174
•314
•069
•495
•.308
•024
•259
•337
•344
•244
•274
•051
•409
•254
•012
•148
•303
•321
•228
•243
•041
•356
•194
•002
•118
•241
•266
•159
•344
•068
•474
•291
•026
•252
•348
•358
•263
With regard to the juvenile population, the above table shows that one can
hardly say any particular eye colour is typical of Scotland. There is a bias in
favour of light and medium eyes. Brown hair is the most likely colour for a
child to possess. Fair and dark are equally likely hair colours in the juvenile
population. Medium eyes and brown or medium hair are more typical of the
adult population.
Summarising the results of this section, it has been found possible to classify
the degrees of segregation of the colour classes — a segregation already proved,
although its amount was not revealed in any one case in considering the individual
differences. It has now been shown that segregation of certain classes from others
exists. The greatest segregation from others (or congregation as a class) is shown
* Tocher: Biometrika, Vol. v. pp. 339—341.
J. F. Tocher 51
in the case of blue eyes, the interlocal or segregation constants (* — 1 ) being
5-02 and 4-12 respectively (see also Diagrams VI. and XV.). The odds against
an even distribution of persons belonging to this class is thus enormously great,
as also are the odds against persons of the fair-haired class being evenly dis-
tributed (see Diagrams I. and X.). The difference in the segregation of the boys
and girls is marked. Medium hair and dark hair are approximately equal to fair
hair {(^) in their divergence from uniformity of distribution (Diagrams III., IV.,
XII. and XIII.), and then follow medium and dark eyes (Diagrams VIII., IX.,
XVII. and XVIII.), and with slightly less segregation still, light eyes (Diagrams
VII. and XVI.), and jet black hair (Diagrams V. and XIV.). Finally, in the
case of red hair the interlocal constant shows persons belonging to this class to
be the most evenly distributed one throughout the country (Diagrams II. and
XI.). In no case, however, can the exact probability of an individual belonging
to any particular class be predicted with accuracy, just on account of the uneven
nature of the distribution of persons belonging to the class. It falls finally to be
noted here that the differences for each class have been considered collectively,
without reference as to where they occur geographically or as to whether the
differences for boys and girls occur together in the same place. This point is
specially dealt with in another section, where a measure is given of the agreement
of the sexes in colour characters.
The most striking result in this section is that bearing on red hair. Its
distribution is so markedly different from the rest of the classes as to attract
attention. The occurrence of red hair in Scotland either (a) is independent of
race, or (/3) is one of the effects of blending of races — perhaps widely divergent
races, or (7) is an abnormal condition in hair colour and deserves the attention
of the physiologist and pathologist.
(9) Peculiarities in the Distribution of Colour in Scotland.
I. General. An examination of Table XXIX. will show how far the distri-
bution for boys and girls differ, and also what excesses for hair colour and eye
colour occur together. It should be noted that this does not necessarily mean
that a particular combination (e.g. fair hair and blue eyes) is in excess. This
can be accurately determined only by comparing the excess frequencies of the
particular combinations found in the localities under consideration with the pro-
portional frequencies of the same combinations in the general population. The
statistical labour involved in such an analysis would be very great and could
not be attempted by the writer until the present analysis had been completed.
Besides, no funds were available to defray the considerable additional expense
which would have been incurred in providing for clerical assistance in tabling
the combinations and otherwise completing the statistical analysis. Thus, the
results of the present investigation are those flowing from individual classes and
only indirectly from combinations.
23—2
52 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
The table (Table XXIX.) shows that in the girl population of the entire
north, excess of blue eyes and fair, dark and black hair occurs together. Excess
of blue eyes, although common to the entire north for the boy population, is
associated with great excess of fair hair only in the North- Western division, and
with excess of red hair in the North-Eastern division, which excess is also
TABLE XXIX.
Excess positive Frequencies* peculiar to each of the eight great Divisions
of Scotland.
B = Boy Population. G = Girl Population.
Colour
Division
I
n
III
IV
V
VI
vn
VIII
Eair :
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark
Jet Black ...
Eyes :
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
BG
B
BG
BG
BG
BG
BG
BG
BG
BG
BG
BG
G
B
B
BG
BG
BG
BG
BG
G
B
BG
BG
BG
B
B
BG
BG
B
BG
characteristic of the girl population in that division. The characteristic feature
of the East-Midland division is that it possesses both an excess of blue eyes and
an excess of dark eyes. There is an excess of fair hair ( ? ), and a defect of red
hair (j/*), but otherwise the hair distribution does not markedly differ from the
general population. The West-Midland population differs quite sensibly from
the East-Midland. The characteristic feature of the West-Midland population is
that excess of light eyes occurs with excess of both dark and jet black hair. The
South- Western division with its dense urban populations is quite different from
the Southern and South-Eastern divisions. The South-Western population has an
excess of medium hair occurring with excesses of medium and dark eyes, while
the remaining Southern population is characterised by an excess of fair hair
only. The Southern division {%) has the excess of fair hair occurring with
excess of light eyes.
The question may well be asked : What can one learn from all this maze of
detail as to the significant differences in the distributions of the various colour
classes ? Are they racial differences or differences due to other factors ? One
* In Bome cases the excess positive frequencies are not quite significant (see tables of relative
differences, Table VII.).
1
J. R Tocher • 53
cannot in this memoir enter into a general discussion as to the origin and racial
characteristics of the Scottish people. This memoir is concerned only in eluci-
dating the nature of the colour characteristics of Scottish children for the purpose
of assisting those engaged in studying racial and social problems and problems
in heredity. Such peculiarities as may assist this study may therefore be noticed
in detail.
II. Red Hair. A striking peculiarity in the distribution of red hair has
already been noted in the last section. The class is almost uniformly distributed
throughout Scotland. Three probable causes of its occurrence were stated in the
section referred to. Whether any of these are valid must be determined by
investigation, but the fact remains that the distribution of the class widely ditfers
from the distributions of the other classes.
The occurrence of red hair is certainly not confined to modern times, neither
is it peculiar to any social circle. It has occurred in the past as a becoming
feature in princes and among the people. It is an inherited trait in many
distinguished families. Is it that here one has a case of exclusive inheritance,
and therefore that cases of red hair occurring in families none of the parents
of which belong to the class, are reversions ? Such observations as have been
made point to this conclusion, but a larger mass of data is wanted to prove or
disprove this view.
It is a curious circumstance that significant excess of the class should be
found occurring in the historic home of the opponents of Agricola. The solitary
reference of Tacitus to the red-haired Caledonians who inhabited Scotland north
of the Grampians deserves a passing notice. Taking the general impression of
Tacitus as indicated in his statement " Namque rutilae Caledoniam habitantiam
comae, magni artus, germanicam originem asseverunt " to mean that the northern
Scottish people in his time were mostly red-haired in our sense and appeared to
have a North European origin, it is perfectly obvious that the North of Scotland
has changed most markedly, as one should expect it would have, in the long
interval between his time and the present day. Not more than 5"49 per cent,
and 509 per cent, respectively of the boy and girl populations of Scotland are
red-haired. It is curious to note, however, that the greatest excess of red hair
from this proportion is found in the region of Scotland north of the Grampians.
While this is the case one must remember that the actual proportion of red-
haired persons anywhere in the north is really a small one. Only a small pro-
portion, ranging from 5 to 7 per cent., taking fairly large areas, is at the present
day red-haired. But if the observation of Tacitus has any truth in it at all, is
it fair to infer, since hair colour is an inherited character, that this small class
has for a considerable portion of its ancestry the race found in North Britain in
later Roman times ? One must not come to the hasty conclusion that there was
in reality an exclusively red-haired race in Scotland or anywhere else. Indeed,
no such exclusive race now exists. But at the present time one finds red hair
occurring in all the North European races more or less. That is to say, the
54 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
English, Irish, French, German, Danish, Dutch, Belgian, Norwegian and Swedish
speaking peoples, at least, have all of them certain proportions of the red-haired
class in their respective populations. It thus appears that in every Northern
race there is likely to be a certain proportion of the red-haired class. A moderate
proportion (.5 per cent.) is found in Scotland generally, and all one can meantime
say therefore is that it is a characteristic of one-seventeenth of the population
of the north-east of Scotland to have red hair ; or that tJiat population, observed
in early time to have red hair, has a significant excess of that class over the
general proportion found in the country at the present time.
III. Relationship between Gaelic speaking Population and Pigvfientation. As
already indicated, one cannot open a discussion as to the origin, distribution and
characteristics of the Keltic and non-Keltic portions of the populatic^n. Nothing
germane to this investigation would be solved by it. Authorities differ greatly
as to the facts. One could by an analysis of the colour characters of the popu-
lation with respect to surnames. Highland, Lowland and otherwise, throw a
little light on that portion of the Keltic problem bearing on colour. This has
already been done by the writer for the populations of Aberdeenshire of 1696
and 1896*, and he proposes at some future time to table the data now collected
for the whole of Scotland in a similar way. What can be done, however, is to
investigate the characters of the Gaelic speaking portion of the population as com-
pared with the non-Gaelic speaking and greater portion, and note whether they
are really different or not. Here one is on safe ground. The problem of the ethnic
descent of the Gaelic speaking and non-Gaelic speaking portions of the popu-
lation the writer leaves untouched. But he proposes to note whether there is any
particular association of colour with the Gaelic speaking population. In the
Report on the Scottish Census of 1901 f, the number of "Gaelic and English"
speaking persons above three years of age is given for each division of Scotland.
The percentages of Gaelic and English speaking persons in the eight divisions
of Scotland can thus be found and compared with the corresponding percentages
for hair colour and eye colour found from the results of this survey. The corre-
lation coefficients were determined in the following manner : — Let x^ = deviation
from mean percentage of the Gaelic speaking population; ajj = corresponding
deviation from the mean percentage of children belonging to any colour class ;
o-i = standard deviation of percentage of the Gaelic speaking population ; cr^
= standard deviation of the percentage of children belonging to colour class s\
and iV= number of the divisions into which Scotland is divided; then the corre-
lation coefficient is:
and determines the degree of association or correlation between the Gaelic speaking
population and the colour class s. Taking as an example 5=jet black hair, the
following table (Table XXX.) was formed : —
* British Association Report, Cambridge, 1904, p. 707.
t Eleventh Decennial Census of the Population of Scotland with Report, Vol. i. Table XV. p. xxviii.
"*■' OF THE
UNIVERSITY
OF
J. F. Tocher
TABLE XXX.
55
Division
Gaelic speaking
Population
Jet Black Hair
Xi
X2
I. N.
4-82
-30
II. NW.
39-17
•79
III. NE.
- 9-30
--25
IV. EM.
- 8-35
--10
V. WM.
1-73
•08
VI. SW.
- 8-57
--20
VII. SE.
- 9-35
--38
VIII. S.
-10-15
--22
An inspection of this table reveals the fact that in every division where there
is an excess of the Gaelic speaking population there is an excess of the jet black
class, and vice versa. The values of the correlation coefficient r and its probable
error in the particular case when r=0, or E(r=o), have been evaluated for all
the colour classes and the Gaelic .speaking population with the following result
(Table XXXI.). The ratio rlE(r=o) shows how much the correlation found exceeds
the probable error when r is equal to zero.
TABLE XXXL
Correlation of Hair and Eye Colours with Gaelic
speaking population.
r
■^'(r=0)
Fair Hair
•3482
1-37
Red Hair
- -3027
-1-19
Medium Hair ...
- -8663
-3-40
Dark Hair
•8126
3-19
Jet Black Hair ...
•9581
3-76
Blue Eyes
•8663
3-40
Light Eyes
- -1248
-0-49
Medium Eyes ...
- -8760
-3-44
Dark Eyes
- -6387
-2-51
This result is of some importance. It shows definitely for the first time the
general nature of the colour characters of the Gaelic speaking as against the
non-Gaelic speaking population of Scotland. It proves that the proportion
of dark-haired and jet black-haired persons is far greater among the Gaelic
speaking than among the non-Gaelic speaking population. In technical language,
dark hair and jet black hair are positively correlated to the Gaelic speaking
population. The association is clear, and the result ought to be of assistance to
the student of the Keltic race. The above table also shows that blue eyes are
associated with the Gaelic speaking population, the association being slightly
56 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
greater than in the case of dark hair, and nearly as great as in the case of jet
black hair. The odds against a less correlation than that found are so great as
to warrant the conclusion that blue eyes are far more common where Gaelic is
spoken than where it is not. Medium eyes are distinctly correlated negatively
to the Gaelic speaking population. One may safely conclude that medium eyes
are rarer in Gaelic speaking regions than in the rest of the country. Medium
hair, and in a lesser degree dark eyes, are also negatively correlated to the Gaelic
speaking population, the correlations being appreciable in each case, but fair
hair, red hair and light eyes are present in practically the same proportions in
both the Gaelic and non-Gaelic speaking populations. Thus, on a direct survey
of the Gaelic speaking population, one would expect the group to be much darker
in hair colour and more blue eyed persons would be expected among the Gaelic
speaking than in the remaining population, the excess being accompanied by lesser
proportions of medium hair and medium eyes and also dark eyes. No sensible
differences would be expected in the fair-haired, red-haired, and light-eyed classes
compared with the general population. The definite relationship between the
Gaelic speaking population and certain colour classes now established, enables one
to interpret more fully the meaning of the significant differences in the western
portion of Scotland. In Table XXX. it is seen that the North- Western, West-
Midland and South- Western divisions are the only ones in which there is an excess
of Gaelic speaking persons over the general average. In these divisions about
65 per cent, in Sutherland and about 50 per cent, in each of the counties of
Ross and Cromarty, Inverness and Argyll speak Gaelic. So far as hair colour is
concerned, all these counties show great excess of dark and jet black hair. This
excess is therefore due mainly to the Gaelic speaking populations in these counties.
Light eyes, although in excess in Argyll, are neither peculiar to the Gaelic
speaking population nor to the non-Gaelic speaking population, since the value of
the correlation coefficient is a very small one. The one group is likely to have
as large a proportion of light eyes as the other. But blue eyes are associated even
more intensely with Gaelic speaking people than dark hair, and this class is in
excess in Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Inverness and the Western Isles. A
fairly large proportion of the dark-haired Gaelic speaking people have therefore
blue eyes. In these counties, however, fair hair is also in excess, and since the
Northern Isles, Orkney and Shetland, are characterised by a large excess of fair
hair and blue eyes and by an exceedingly small proportion of Gaelic speaking
people, one would infer that blue eyes are largely associated with fair hair in the
non-Gaelic portion of the population of these counties as well. Thus these counties
consist of a mixture of fair-haired, blue-eyed, or blonde non-Gaelic speaking popii-
lation (or if Gaelic speaking, at least of non-Keltic origin) and a dark-haired
Gaelic speaking population. The distribution of eye colour in this latter population
is unknown, but all classes of eyes are most probably represented, a fairly large
proportion of blue eyes being quite certain.
J. F. Tocher
57
IV. Relationships between Pigmentation, Density of Population, and Foreigners.
In the Census Report already referred to, the number of persons per square mile
is given for each of the eight chief divisions of Scotland*. The means are at hand
therefore to compare the density of the population with pigmentation. With
regard to the foreign element, one would naturally come to the conclusion without
examining the actual data that foreigners are likely to be found in the more
densely populated areas of the country. Business leads them to where the
industries are and therefore to where closely packed populations reside. It is
desirable therefore that any correlation existing between the two should be
measured. The association has been measured from two sets of data. The degree
of correlation has been determined (1) between foreigners and density (number
of persons per square mile), and (2) between foreigners and the number of families
(a) living in one and two rooms, (/3) living in three to nine rooms, and (7) living
in ten rooms and upwards. The correlation coefficients were calculated from
the following table (Table XXXII.) :—
TABLE XXXII.
Number of families living in
(per 1000 of each division)
Division
Persons per
square mile
One and
Three to
Ten rooms
two rooms
nine rooms
and upwards
I.
31
535-8
440-4
22-5
II.
23
490-9
468-3
40-6
III.
127
394-3
569-4
36-3
IV.
166
549-8
419-0
31-1
V.
87
552-5
408-6
38-8
VI.
827
686-4
296-2
17-3
VII.
363
530-7
422-1
47-2
VIII.
62
376-9
562-9
60-2
The following table (Table XXXIII.) gives the population, the number of
foreigners, and the number per 1000 of the respective populations, of each division
in Scotland : —
TABLE XXXIII.
Division
Population
Foreigners
Number of Foreigners
per 1000
Deviation from mean
per 1000
I.
112175
147
1-3105
-1-6643
II.
166554
124
0-7445
-2-2303
III.
460941
621
1-3472
-1-6276
IV.
665215
1515
2-2775
-0-6973
V.
348585
1044
2-9950
0-0202
VI.
1862775
15062
8-0858
5-1110
VII.
662415
3888
5-8694
2-8946
VIII.
193443
226
1-1683
-1-8065
Eleventh Decennial Census, Appendix Tables, p. xxxv.
Biometrika vi
24
58 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
The last column in above table has of course to be compared with each of
the values for the various classes of hair colour and eye colour and with the
density figures. The values of r, the correlation coefficient, and rjEy are given
in the following tables (Tables XXXIV. and XXXV.):
TABLE XXXIV.
Foreigners and Density.
Correlation between
r
r
Foreigners and Density
„ and Number of families in 2 rooms and less
„ and Number of families in 3 to 9 rooms
„ and Number of families in 10 rooms and upwards ...
•9456
•7555
- 7793
- 3362
37 46
7^38
-8 •.32
-177
These results are interesting. They show that foreigners tend (1) to reside in
most densely populated areas, (2) to reside in districts where families live in one
room or two rooms, and (3) not to reside as a rule in districts where families live in
three to nine rooms. There is not a very decided tendency against their residing
where families live in large houses with many rooms.
The following are the results of the comparison between foreigners, density and
pigmentation :
TABLE XXXV.
Correlations between Density of Population, Foreigners and Pigmentation.
Colour
Density
Foreigners
r
r
-E(r=0)
r
r
■E(r=0)
Hair:
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark
Jet Black ...
Eyea :
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
-•805
-•001
•716
-•195
-•460
-•612
•090
•560
•533
316
•005
2^81
•77
1^81
2^40
•35
2-19
2^09
-•788
-093
•757
-•243
-•497
-•668
•219
•523
•614
3 09
•37
2^97
•95
1-95
2-62
•86
2^05
2^02
The striking feature in the above table is the great similarity in the results in
comparing foreigners with pigmentation and density with pigmentation. The
results show the futility of attempting to draw any conclusions as to the probable
predominant colour classes of foreign immigrants from these tables since the
J. F. Tocher
59
correlation between foreigners and density is exceedingly bigh. It is certainly tbe
case tbat foreigners coming into this country live in districts in Scotland baving
on an average distinctly greater proportions of medium haired, medium eyed and
dark-eyed persons among their number than that found for tbe general population.
But these are just tbe classes which are in excess in densely populated parts, and
foreign immigrants reside for the most part in these denser centres. One cannot
therefore say from tbe foregoing whether tbe foreign immigrants have large pro-
portions of these classes among their number or not. It is not known what tbe
proportions are. It has simply been proved that they are associated with densely
populated centres in Scotland. Tbe colour characters of the immigrants themselves
must be investigated. Tbe effect of tbe foreign element in the population will be
considered in detail in the special section on Glasgow and environs.
The subsection can be summarised as follows :
ip • J on reaching this / Densely > where (among school children) /Medium Hair)
> country tend •< Populated V excesses are found of the < Medium EyesV
mmigran s| ^ reside in ( Areas ) following classes, namely : (Dark Eyes I
V. Relationship between Pigmentation and the Death Rate. It is stated by
Pearson* that there is a positive correlation between fairness and disease in child-
hood. It has long been known tbat there is a correlation between density of
population and tbe death rate not due directly or mainly to the crowding of persons
together but to tbe association with density of filth, poverty, drunkenness and the
like. Russell has shown the correlation between tbe size of house and the general
death ratef. NewsbolmeJ pointed out in 1891 tbat tbe true test of density is a
statement of the number of persons living in each occupied room. Applying any
test of density, the correlation between it and the death rate is high, using Scottish
figures. Taking for instance the number of persons per square mile, the correlation
TABLE XXXVI.
Correlation between Density of Population and
Death Rate in Scotland.
Division
Deviation from mean number
Deviation from mean
of persons per square mile
Death Kate
I.
-179-75
-1-240
II.
-187-75
- -078
III.
- 83-75
-1-012
IV.
- 44-75
-138
V.
-123-75
- -275
VI.
616-25
2-450
VII.
152-25
-315
VIII.
-148-75
- -297
* Pearson : Biometrika, Vol. in. p. 465.
t Russell : Proceedings of Glasgow Philosophical Society, Nov. 1888.
X Newsholme: Journal of Royal Statistical Society, Feb. 1891.
24—2
60 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
was found to be r = •9125 from the accompanying table (Table XXXVL). Diagram
XIX. shows graphically the connection between density and other characteristics
in the population.
Thus the association is very high. It will be of interest now to note what
relationship, if any, exists between colour and the death rate. The following results
were obtained (Table XXXVII.).
TABLE XXXVII.
Correlation between Death Rate and Pigmentation.
r
r
B(r=0)
Hair:
Fair
-•806
-3-16
Red
-•347
-136
Medium
•567
2^23
Dark
•064
•25
Jet Black ...
- •252
- -99
Ei/es :
Blue
-•488
-1^91
Light
•226
•89
Medium
•284
111
Dark
•410
161
This result, a positive correlation between the death rate and medium hair, and
another between death rate and dark eyes, was to be expected, since density is
similarly associated with colour. The denser the population is the greater is the
death rate; the denser the population is the greater is the excess of medium
hair ; therefore the greater the excess of medium hair, the greater the death rate.
(1) Is it to be concluded that medium haired or dark-eyed people are less virile
and cannot stand the strain of city life ? (2) Must one say that the blue-eyed fair-
haired classes have been all killed out in densely populated areas since they have
less resistive power and it is now the turn of the darker section of the population
who now presumably show greater mortality ? (3) Or must it be said that the
conditions of town life are such as to cause a larger section of the fair-haired class
to become so much more sensibly darker in towns than in rural districts so as to
be classed as medium or brown ? There is a darkening in the fair-haired class
with age ; that much is well known. Is the darkening more intensely operative in
towns, and why ? (4) If not, can any explanation be offered as to why medium
hair colour is associated positively with density and thus with the death rate — why
a proportion of medium haired persons much above the average live in more densely
populated parts (and are thus of the poorer class) where mortality is higher than
the average ? An attempt will now be made to answer these questions so far as
they can be answered, seriatim.
VI. The probable Cause of the Association of the Medium or Brown Haired
Class with Density of Population, It cannot be said from the data of this survey
J. F. Tocher
61
what colour class is more virile than another or whether there is any difference
among the classes. Is such an hypothesis necessary ? This question is put, because
it can be quite easily seen that if there is a large proportion of the medium class
living in very densely populated areas, deaths among medium haired persons will
be more frequent there than in the rest of the country. But this does not explain
why medium haired persons are in excess in densely populated parts. No reason
is known why darkening with age should be more intense in densely populated
centres, but it is a possible explanation of the excess of medium in these centres
and the hypothesis should be proved or disproved by observation. If there was
any special force tending to send medium haired and dark-eyed persons in from
the country to towns, that would explain the excess. But no such force is known
to exist. If foreign immigrants had a high percentage of medium hair this
might be a factor, but foreigners coming into this country are, on an average,
Diagram XIX
Relationship between Density and the other characteristics of the Scottish Population
62 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
darker-haired * than the Scottish population. With a less proportion of medium
hair than that occurring in this country, the foreigners — a handful compared with
the total population of towns — could have no effect in this direction. They are
likely, from actual observations, to have an eflfect in very densely populated areas
in the direction of darkness of hair and dark eyes. If Irishmen and Englishmen
were browner-haired on an average than Scotchmen, and if it was proved that a
high proportion of them lived in densely populated areas of Scotland, this would
be an important factor and a probable explanation. It is true that, at any rate
in Glasgow, the Irish are found in large numbers, but from the results of this
survey (see Glasgow section — Irish children) and the results given by the pioneer
observer of colour in this country, Beddoef, Irishmen have no greater proportion
of the medium class on an average than Scotchmen. Beddoe's statistics for England
have also been tabulated and a general percentage evaluated. The English appear
on an average to be no browner-haired than the Scot. Both indeed seem likely to
have a less proportion of this class. Pearson's statistics for English boys show that
they are fairer than Scottish boys. There seems however to be a higher proportion
possessing jet black hair.
The following table (Table XXXVIII.) shows the colour distributions of
English, Scottish, and Irish populations, as at present known.
TABLE XXXVIII.
Hair
Eyes
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
(1) Irish
10-4
4-6
33-4
40-5
11-0
66-5
14-7
18-6
(2) English, North of England
21-3
5-8
41-6
28-6
2-6
—
60-5
14-7
24-7
(3) Scottish Adults, Probable
Distribution
11-5
4-2
55-9
28-4
—
—
27-8
45-9
26-3
(4) Scottish Boys, Actual Ob-
servation
25-0
5-5
43-3
25-0
1-3
14-7
30-3
32-7
22-3
(5) Irish Boys, Glasgow
(6) English Boys
22-1
5-1
35 1
331
4-6
21-2
26-0
28-4
24-4
33-5
4-1
34
26-5
1-9
—
41-5
37-0
21-6
The figures for the Irish and English populations are derived from Beddoe's
tablesf. The figures for Scottish adults are the author's, deduced from results
from the Aberdeenshire adults and Scottish school children J. The figures for
Scottish boys are from the present data ; those for Irish children are also from the
present data. Pearson's figures are taken from the Fourth Huxley Lecture §.
The table is not intended to represent the actual distributions for the three king-
doms, but merely to show that the excess of medium hair found in Scotland is not
* See actual results in section on Glasgow ; also Livi and others on Italians, Jews, Russians, etc.
t Beddoe: Races of Britain, pp. 188, 189 ; and pp. 160 et seq.
X Biometrika, Vol. v. pp. 341, 342.
§ Journ. Anthrop. Instit. Vol. xxxiii. 1903, pp. 214, 215.
J. F. Tocher 63
likely to be from Irish or English sources. The presence of neither foreigners,
Irishmen, Englishmen, nor of brown-haired immigrants from rural districts at
home (although they might contribute a little) can explain the excess of medium
hair. None of these groups are likely to have contributed ; it has been proved,
in short, that they do not. Having considered among others the effect of the
presence of persons of a non-Scottish origin — the effect of a section of the popu-
lation proved to be present whose origin is forth of Scotland — and shown it
to be inappreciable or non -operative, one must conclude that the cause has an
internal origin and is not derived from an external source. It must be some-
thing operating within the Scottish population itself What factor is operating
within Scotland producing an excess in densely populated areas of the various
shades of brown hair classed as medium ?
One or more of at least three factors might possibly operate and provide the
explanation.
(A) Darkening among the fair-haired might occur earlier in towns and might
he more intense. No grounds exist for this explanation. It is purely hypothetical
and requires investigation. (B) The medium class might be the most fertile.
Since this class is correlated with density of population, since the lower classes live
in the densely populated areas, and since it has been shown that the lower classes
are the most fertile, one might conclude that the medium class is the most fertile
of the fertile lower classes. If true, this would explain the excess. (C) The excess
might be due to the effect of blending of the fair and dark classes of the population.
With regard to (A) until observations from towns and rural districts, bearing
on this, are calculated, the truth or otherwise of the hypothesis cannot be verified.
The pigmentation survey returns contain no data capable of furnishing the means
of testing this hypothesis.
(B) The probability of the medium haired class being the most fertile. Com-
paring the number of births per 100 families (calculated from the figures of
the Census Report — the only data at present available to estimate the relative
fertility in the various divisions of Scotland) with density of population, the value
of the correlation coefficient was found to be
r = -782 + -093 ; and ~ thus = 8-44; and ^^ = 308.
J^r J^ (r=o)
That is to say, births per family are greater in number in more densely populated
areas than in sparsely populated parts*. Of course this does not give the measure
of true fertility. To get this, one would require to get a return of the number of
wives for each division, whose ages are within the childbearing range, and compare
* On the other hand on comparing the number of families per 1000 of the population with density
of population the correlation was found to be negative (r= - -6109=1= •1495). This does not necessarily
mean that in towns the families are larger. The large population of young men and women employed
in industries and otherwise and drawn from less densely populated areas contribute largely, if not
mainly, to the result.
64 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
this with the number of births in each division. The value, r = 782, cannot be
taken as the true measure unless the ratio of the number of possibly fertile wives
to the number of families is quite approximately the same in each division. The
correlation, however, between the number of births per family and density of
population is so high as to warrant the conclusion that fertility is really greater
among the inhabitants of densely populated areas. Since the more densely
populated centres are occupied by the lower classes, this is tantamount to saying
that the lower classes are more fertile than the remaining section of the population,
a conclusion already reached by several observers. Let now the number of births
per family, in each division, be compared with the pigmentation data. The
following results were obtained :
TABLE XXXIX.
Gorrelation between Pigmentation and Births per Family.
Colour
r
T
jB(r=0)
ffair :
Fair
-•936
-3-67
Red
-•043
-0^17
Medium
•727
2-85
Dark
- -059
-0^23
Jet Black ...
-•504
-1-98
Ei/es :
Blue
-•776
-3 04
Light
•386
151
Medium
•671
2^63
Dark
•292
1^15
These results show that the number of births per family is greater where there
are excesses of medium hair and medium eyes and is much less in regions of excess
of fair hair and blue eyes. Now these results are similar to those obtained in
comparing density of population with pigmentation except that dark eyes are
significantly associated with density, but not with the birth rate per family. Thus
the lower class population is associated with a higher birth rate per family and
with an excess of medium hair and medium eyes over the general population. Is
one to say that the medium haired, medium eyed classes are as a whole more fertile
over the whole country ; or are only those sections of them living in more densely
populated parts (i.e. working class sections of these classes) the more fertile ? That
question cannot be answered from the present data, but it can be said that the
medium haired, medium eyed and populous lower classes are more fertile than the
remaining population, and this factor is probably operating in favour of producing
distinct excess of these classes in the more densely populated areas of Scotland
where they are found.
(C) The probability that excess of medium hair in dense centres is due to
blending. Consider first a population consisting of more or less isolated groups of
J. F. Tocher 66
fair- haired and dark-haired people living in sparsely populated regions. The
chances of conjugal union of persons of the same colour class, if the mating occurs
at random or is pangamic, are greater than if they lived all together as one group
in a densely populated town. In the past, more unions between persons of the
dark-haired class (for instance, in the west coast) were likely, on the assumption that
mating occurred purely at random, to occur than between them as a class and the
fair-haired class. Similarly, isolated groups of the fair-haired class would have more
unions among themselves than with the smaller dark-haired groups. On the other
hand, however, wherever towns sprang up, the different classes would be brought
more in contact with one another and the chances of union among all classes with
one another would be greater. But does mating actually occur purely at random ?
That is to say, taking the character here considered, hair colour, does the fair-haired
class, for instance, select mates indiscriminately from the other classes or do they
tend to mate more with members of their own class ? Similarly, taking eye colour,
what is the nature of the mating ? Pearson* has shown that, for certain measur-
able characters, like tends to mate with like ; that is, assortative or homogamic
mating exists. For eye colour he has shown that both homogamic and preferential
mating exist. Can one say with respect to hair colour whether the mating is
homogamic, preferential or pangamic ? In the past, with isolated groups and with
the clan system in vogue, endogamic mating would certainly exist and be a power-
ful factor in determining the prevailing colour characters. Thus one would expect
at the present day to find a section of the population in the Highlands with
characters distinctly different from another section, and this, one finds, is the case.
Different race or clan groups have married within the race or clan and retained
the ancestral characters. But endogamic mating can now no longer be a powerful
factor, except in isolated cases, since greater intermixture and greater dispersal of
the population now occur than was ever possible in the past. Retaining this form
as possibly contributing, and remembering that mating of unlikes (conjugal union
of say a member of the jet black class with a member of the fair-haired class) is also
quite possible, the five possible forms emerge, namely :
Homogamic =like with like;
Endogamic = members of the same clan ;
Preferential = preference for a certain colom* ;
Heterogamic = mating of unlikes ; and
Pangamic = random.
Now while it has been shown that inheritance of eye colour is more of the
exclusive form than of the blended form, is it more likely that hair colour (except
perhaps red hair which has been already noticed) is a case of blended rather than
of exclusive inheritance ? As yet there are no statistics from which the intensity
of blending can be directly proved or disproved. One can only advance the theory
that blended inheritance prevails largely in hair colour, and see whether it explains
the excess of medium hair in densely populated centres. Blended inheritance in
♦ Pearson and Lee : Biometrika, Vol. ii. pp. 357—462 ; and pp. 481—498 ; and many others.
Biometrika vi 25
G6 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
hair colour certainly exists, although no statistics are forthcoming to prove its
intensity. The average observer will have noticed that the offspring of parents,
one fair and one dark, are not uniformly fair and dark, but have also on an average
among their number members of the brown-haired or medium class. What the
proportions of each are, on an average, will be revealed by observation. What
form the distribution takes does not affect the argument. Granted that pangamic
mating (not excluding other forms) now exists for hair colour among the Scottish
people and granted blended inheritance as probably occurring as one of the results,
and the phenomenon of regression will appear in hair colour. The colour of future
generations of offspring will tend to become brown-haired and in a few generations
a brown type will be established breeding true to itself. Thus in densely populated
areas where greater opportunities for random mating exist, a greater proportion of
medium hair will arise, granting blending of hair colour as an appreciable factor,
but not of course debarring exclusive and even particulate inheritance as operative
as well. This alone, or together with the suggested greater fertility of the medium
haired class, would explain the excess of medium hair found in densely populated
areas particularly in and around Glasgow, an excess which is not explainable by
the presence of non-Scottish or Scoto-Keltic elements in the population. As has
been said before, it cannot be proved from the present data what is the cause of
the excess, and the foregoing is only the probable explanation. The proof or
otherwise of the validity of the theory will be forthcoming when the results of
direct observations on parents and offspring have been made, tabulated and
analysed.
VII. Colour classes which are associated geographically, (a) Hair classes
which are associated with one another. — The theory that brown hair is really a
blend of fair and dark is supported by the fact that throughout the country excess
of the class is not generally associated with excess of other hair colour classes. In
order to determine the extent of the association of excesses and otherwise of the
various colour classes, the percentages of all the classes were compared with one
another and the correlation coefficients determined. The following table (Table XL.)
gives the numerical values of the correlations of each class with all the other
classes. One must be careful as to the meaning of the result. Association of
excesses of fair hair and blue eyes (a positive correlation) does not necessarily
mean from this portion of the analysis that the blonde type predominates in the
region of excess. All the analysis tells one is that regions of excess of fair hair
are also regions of excess of blue eyes. This will be evident when one considers
the other associations with fair hair. Examining the table it will be seen that
regions of excess of jet black hair are also generally regions of excess of fair and
dark. This combination could not obviously occur in the same person. Regions
of excesses of fair and dark indicate the presence of two types — a heterogeneous
and not a homogeneous population. On the other hand, examine the column
indicating the associations with excess of medium hair. Excess of medium hair as
a rule is associated with excess of no other colour class. The negative correlations
J. F. Tocher 67
show that regions of excess of medium hair are not regions of excess but of defect
of dark and jet black hair. This would seem to indicate a greater approach
towards fusion of the fair and dark types in more densely populated centres and
the consequent gradual disappearance of these types to form the medium (brown
or dark brown) type. There is no bias for or against the presence of red as
a class with excess of medium hair. Excess of red hair is found as a rule only in
regions where the proportion of the dark-haired class is well below the average. A
slight excess of fair is associated with excess of red. The probable reasons for
these positive and negative associations will not be further entered into here.
Sufficient evidence has not yet been accumulated to explain the differences with
regard to pigment and matrix in human hair*. The present grouping of the shades
into five classes is based on the general appearance of hair in the mass. The
problem generally is one on inheritance, but the material to solve the problem
comes from divers sources, chemical, microscopical, biological, statistical. Until
this material is collected and dealt with, no explanation of any great weight from
a scientific point of view can be given, particularly as to the shades of red
hair, although several quite plausible theories can quite easily be advanced. One
must therefore be content to state the bare facts as they emerge from the statis-
tical analysis. It does not appear to be an insoluble although perhaps it is a
somewhat difficult problem. When more light is obtained the explanation will be
forthcoming.
(/3) Eye classes associated with one another. — Excess of dark eyes in densely
populated centres. The only class which is not positively associated significantly
with any other class is the class of light eyes. Excess of light is negatively
associated with blue and dark. Where light eyes are in excess, blue and dark eyes
are not likely to be so, but the reverse ; there is likely to be a defect of these
classes. Excess or defect of light eyes is not connected with any excess or defect
of medium eyes. Excess of blue eyes is as a rule associated with defects in the
frequencies of the other classes of eye colour. Excess of dark eyes accompanies
excess of medium and defect of the other two, light and blue. So that, broadly
speaking, it is found that excess of blue eyes is found alone, excess of light eyes is
found alone and excesses of dark eyes and medium eyes occur together. This is
an interesting result, since it has been shown by both Galton and Pearson that
exclusive inheritance prevails in the dark-eyed class. That is to say, the offspring
for example of parents one dark-eyed and the other light-eyed or blue-eyed are,
as a rule, either dark-eyed or light-eyed or blue-eyed. Medium eyes do not
usually appear from such unions. There is no evidence as yet as to the blending
or otherwise of the three classes, blue, light and medium. But since the offspring
of parents, one dark-eyed and the other medium eyed, are likely to be either dark-
eyed or medium eyed, unions among the two classes for generations would have no
appreciable effect on the eye colour of the ofi'spring, and therefore, as the results of
* The chemical and microscopical aspects of the problem of hair colour will be dealt with by the
author in another memoir.
25—2
68 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
this investigation show, one would still have the two classes, just as though there
had been no intermarriages in these classes at all. Pearson* has shown that
preferential mating is likely to be operative against the dark-eyed class and he
also shows from Galton's data that they are more fertile under their present
environment than say the light-eyed. Tlie results of the present analysis do not
tend to confirm this (see Table XXXIX.), but it must be remembered that the
comparison was not made between births with respect to possibly fertile wives
and pigmentation, but between births per family and pigmentation. Thus, with
TABLE XL.
Association of Colour Classes in the same Regions.
Values of r the correlation coefficient.
Hair
Ejes
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark
Jet Black
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
1
•3074
\
- -6916
•0873
1
- -0867
- •5881
-•6459
I
•3733
- 3414
-•9039
•8443
1
•7207
•0324
- -9431
•6075
•8728
1
- ^3044
- ^3966
•2273
•1166
- •2565
- ^4329
1
- ^5786
•3858
•8563
- 6295
-•8211
- ^8226
-•0905
1
- -4233
•0022
•6874
-•5110
- ^5200
- 5429
-•4290
•6991
1
TABLE XLI.
Classes, excesses of which are found together in the same regions.
Hair
Eyes
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
Hair :
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark
Jet Black ...
Eyes :
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-l-
—
+
+
+
+
-f-
The rows or columns show for any one class what other classes are associated with it
* Pearson : Phil. Tram. Vol. 195, pp. 79—160; and Oratnmar of Science, 1900 ; page 428.
J. F. Tocher
69
the proper data, it is possible that the positive association may become a
significantly positive one. Since excess of dark eyes in the Scottish population
has been here shown to occur in densely populated parts, the dark-eyed class here
at any rate belongs largely to the poorer section of the population. But the lower
classes are more fertile than the upper classes. If the dark-eyed portion of the
lower classes is more fertile than the remaining portion, and if a selective death
rate does not operate against the dark-eyed, this would go far to explain the
excess of dark eyes in densely populated parts not explainable by the presence
of foreigners or of migrants from contiguous rural areas.
VIII. Relationships between Pigmentation and Physical and Mental Defects.
In a recent memoir*, already referred to, it was shown, using the division analysis
results of the present data, that cases of insanity were in excess of the mean in
areas where there was an excess of light eyes in the population. The enquiry has
been extended in order to note whether excess of any particular hair colour or eye
colour is associated with physical or mental defects such as blindness, deafness and
imbecility. The following results were obtained, the results for insanity cases
being included. The figures used in comparing the results were taken from the
Census Report 1901.
TABLE XLII.
Relationships between Pigmentation and certain Defects or Affections.
Hair Colour.
Defect or Affection
Fair
Bed
Medium
Dark
Jet Black
r
r
■£(r=0)
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
-E(r=0)
E{r=0)
-E(r=0)
Insanity
Imbecility or Feeble-
mindedness
Blindness
Deafness
Deaf and Dumb
-•024
•608
■565
■300
■126
- ■lO
2^38
2^22
1-18
•49
-•582
-•213
•006
•054
•148
-2^28
- ^83
•02
•21
•58
-•128
-•942
-•868
-•707
-•136
- •SO
-3^69
-3^4(»
- -53
•340
•672
•546
•572
-•026
133
2-63
2^14
2-24
- •lO
■084
•893
•885
•789
•273
•33
3-50
3 47
3^10
1-07
Eye Colour.
Defect or Affection
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
r
r
-E{r=o)
r
r
r
r
r
E{r=0)
E(r=o)
E{r=o)
Insanity
Imbecility or Feeble-
mindedness
Blindness
Deafness
Deaf and Dumb
-•072
•841
•951
•819
•309
- -28
3 30
373
321
1^21
•695
-•253
-•464
-■386
-•453
2-73
- ^99
-1^82
-1^51
-1^78
-•322
-•753
-•775
-•609
-•118
-r26
-2^96
-3-04
-2^39
- ^46
-•482 -1-89
-•547 1 -2^15
-•442 -1^73
-•489 1 -1^92
•149 ^58
Biometrika, Vol. v. p. 342.
70 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
These results show that the distribution of cases of mental affection differs from
those of the three other classes of defects. Excesses in the number of cases of
imbecility, blindness and deafness occur in regions of excess of blue eyes and dark
and jet black hair. From the results of the enquiry into the relationship between
the Gaelic speaking portion of the population and pigmentation, it was shown that
these were the classes correlated positively with excess of Gaelic speaking people.
The correlation between this portion of the population and the four groups were
accordingly calculated when it was found to confirm the conclusion that the Gaelic
portion was correlated positively to those groups as expected, as the following table
(Table XLIII.) shows :
TABLE XLIII.
Relationship between the Gaelic speaking Population
and Defects.
Defect or Affection
Value of r
r
■E(r=0)
Deaf
Blind
Imbeciles
Deaf and Dumb ...
•865
•884
•788
•295
3^39
3 47
3-09
From whatever cause, therefore,a signifi^cantly greater number of cases of imbecility,
blindness and deafness occur in Gaelic speaking regions than occur throughout the
country in general. Emigration of the fitter portion of the inhabitants from the
west in greater proportion than from other parts of Scotland would explain the
occurrence of larger proportions of cases of defect in the Highlands. It must not
be concluded therefore that Gaelic speaking Scots on an average are in any way
inferior physically to Lowland Scots — perhaps the reverse is the case — or that a
really higher proportion of defects exist among the race or races which speak the
Gaelic language.
(10) Degree of resemblance between the Boy and Oirl Populations in each of the
Colour Classes.
It has been seen in a general way that the boy and girl populations agree in
many localities in showing excess or defect frequencies in the various classes
compared with the general population, and in several cases it was found that the
populations differed, excesses in one sex being associated with defects in the other
and vice versa. It is necessary therefore that the difference between the two
populations generally should be measured; It will be seen then which of the
classes shows the greatest agreement and which the greatest difference, or whether
there is any appreciable difference in the extent of association or independence of
the two sexes as separate populations.
(a) The degree of resemblance between the boy and girl populations in the
same localities was determined, using in the first instance the percentage figures as
J. F. Tocher
ri
found for the eight great divisions of Scotland. If x^ = deviation from the mean
percentage of any class in any division for boys, ay = the corresponding deviation
from the percentage in the same division for girls, o-,„ and oy the standard devia-
tions of the respective percentage distributions,
and measures the general degree of resemblance between the boy and girl
populations in the same division.
(/8) In the second instance the values of the relative local diflferences found
for counties and cities were used. If Im = the relative local difference of any class
for boys, and If = the corresponding relative local difference of the same class in the
same locality for girls, then
r =
No-i at,
and is a measure of the general resemblance between the boy and girl populations
on the county and city basis of grouping.
(7) In the third instance the counties alone were used, the cities being
included in their respective counties while percentages were used as the basis, just
as in the case of the great divisions. The following results were obtained :
TABLE XLIV.
Degree of Resemblance between the Boy and Girl Populations.
Values of r
Values of r
Values of r
Colour
percentages
Counties and
Percentages
Divisions
Cities- .RLD.
Counties
Hair :
Fair
•83
•83
•63
Red
•73
•68
•49
Medium
•93
•87
•74
Dark
•72
•68
•72
Black
•89
•71
•73
Average
•82
•75
•66
E^es :
Blue
•99
•95
•92
Light
•92
•86
•82
Medium
•85
•83
•79
Dark
•91
•91
•91
Average
•92
•89
•86
These results show that on an average any excess or defect in the boy
population from the general mean in any locality is accompanied in about 70 to 90
per cent, of the cases by a corresponding excess or defect in the girl population and
vice versa. The agreement is least in the case of red hair.
72 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
It may be of interest to point out that Tschepourkowsky has determined the
mean resemblance between man and woman to be about 8, the characters studied
interracially being stature, relative arm length, cephalic index and four other
measurable characters*.
(11) The Colour Characteristics of the Population of Greater Glasgow and
Environs.
I. Introductory. — Tables of classified data. The city of Glasgow deserves
special investigation for many reasons. (1) By far the largest in Scotland,
the second city of the Empire contains one-fifth of the total population of the
country. (2) Glasgow and the immediately adjacent counties, that is, Lanark,
Renfrew, Ayr, Dumbarton and Stirling, contain one-half of the whole Scottish
population. (3) Not only are these counties the most densely populated ones, but
Glasgow itself greatly exceeds any Scottish town in the density of its population.
(See Table Llll.) (4) The Census shows it to contain a much larger proportion
of foreigners than any other town in Scotland. The Gaelic speaking population
owing to its proximity to the Highlands is well represented. Ireland is also
well represented. (5) Finally, it has been shown from the results of the present
analysis that the great western city diverges in an extreme degree from the rest
of Scotland not only in the distribution of hair colour of its school population but
also in the distribution of eye colour, both for boys and girls.
The following table (Table XLV.) shows the observed and expected results for
Glasgow and Govan and Glasgow proper, the expected results meaning of course
those which would occur on an even distribution with respect to colour of the
whole of the school children throughout Scotland.
TABLE XLV.
Glasgow and Govan.
Besult
Hair
Byes
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
Observed
Expected
17809
21267
4179
4308
36528
34240
21809
20478
965
997
9941
11986
24661
24644
27021
26325
19667
18335
The observed result
compared with the
expected one is ...
3458
less
129
less
2288
greater
1331
greater
32
less
2046
less
17
greater
696
greater
1332
greater
* Bionutrika, Vol. iv. pp. 161—168.
J. F. Tocher
TA.BLE XLY.— (continued).
Glasgow Proper.
73
E«sult
Hair
Eyes
Fair
Bed
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
Observed
Expected
12734
15290
2984
3094
25967
24606
16042
14734
716
719
6736
8628
17634
17714
19802
18934
14271
13167
The observed result
compared with the
expected one is . . .
2556
less
110
less
1361
greater
1308
greater
3
less
1892
less
80
less
868
greater
1104
greater
From the foregoing table it is seen that there are about 3500 less than the
expected number of fair-haired children, about 2300 more medium haired and over
1300 more dark-haired. There are 2000 less blue-eyed children than expected,
about 700 more medium eyed and over 1300 more dark-eyed children. Such
differences, even with the large numbers dealt with in Glasgow, have a definite
significance and are not differences which would occur in making a random draw
of the same numbers from the general population.
In the county and district analyses, Glasgow has been treated as a unit. The
city has been contrasted as a whole with the neighbouring counties and also with
the immediately surrounding population, a population which has been divided up
into districts. In both cases, it has been shown to be unlike those outside popula-
tions. It seems highly desirable therefore to examine Glasgow from the inside in
order to see what is the cause of the great difference; whether, analysed intra-
locally, the population of the city is different in different parts of the city; and
whether these various divisions agree with or differ from the surrounding sub-
urban areas.
Under the School Board of Glasgow the city is divided into ten educational
districts. The accompanying table (Table XLVI.) gives a hst of the districts and
their respective schools :
In order to have approximately equal numbers in the various areas dealt with
by the author, Calton, Camlachie and Bridgeton were grouped into one pigmenta-
tion district; Tradeston, Gorbals and Hutchesontown, three other educational
districts, were grouped into another pigmentation district. The following pig-
mentation districts were also constituted for the environs of Glasgow: North
Suburban, South Suburban, East Suburban and West Suburban. The following
table (Table XLVII.) shows how the pigmentation groups of Greater Glasgow were
made up, while the succeeding table (Table XLVIII.) shows the actual frequencies
of the various classes for these districts, The results of the analysis of these figures
Biometrika vi 26
74 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
TABLE
XLVI.
Educational District. Name of School.
Educational District. Name of School.
I. Anderston District.
9.
Alexandra Parade.
*10.
Golfhill.
1.
Bishop Street.
ni.
HaghiU.
2.
Finnieston.
3.
Overnewton,
V. Calton District.
4.
Anderston.
5.
Kelvinhaugh.
*1.
Tureen Street.
6.
Kent Road.
2.
St James's.
*7.
Glasgow High School.
3.
Calton.
8.
Washington Street.
II. Milton District.
VI. Camlachie District.
1.
Thomson Street.
1.
Dobbie's Loan.
2.
Barrowfield.
2.
Henderson Street.
*3.
Parkhead.
3.
Rockvilla.
4.
Camlachie.
4.
Milton.
5.
Campbellfield.
5.
Garnetbank.
6.
Annfield.
*6.
Glasgow High School for Girls.
*7.
Newlands.
7.
Kay.
*8.
Quarrybrae.
8.
Oakbank.
9.
Grove Street.
VII. Bridgeton District.
10.
Woodside.
11.
St George's Road.
1.
Rumford Street.
12.
Springbank.
2.
Hozier Street.
13.
Napiershall.
*3.
John Street.
*14.
Pupil Teachers' Institute.
4.
Springfield.
15.
Dunard Street.
6.
Dalmarnock.
16.
Willowbank.
6.
Queen Mary Street.
*17.
Woodlands Institute School (for Cripple
*7.
Strathclyde.
Children).
8.
Special School for Cripple Children
III. St Rollox District.
VIII. Tradeston District.
1.
Kennedy Street.
*1.
Centre Street.
2.
Springburn.
2.
Crookston Street.
3.
Keppochhill.
3.
Shields Road.
4.
Freeland.
4.
Sir John N. Cuthbertson.
5.
Martyrs'.
*6.
Scotland Street.
6.
St David's.
7.
Townhead.
IX. GoRBALS District.
8.
Elm vale.
9.
Provanside.
1.
Greenside Street.
*10.
Hydepark.
2.
Abbotsford.
3.
Gorbals.
IV. Dennistoun District.
X. Hutchesontown District.
1.
Wellpark.
2.
St Rollox.
1.
Rose Street.
3.
Dovehill.
2.
Camden Street.
4.
Dennistoun.
3.
Oatlands.
*5.
Whitehill.
*4.
Mathieson Street.
6.
Alexander's.
5.
Wolseley Street.
7.
Petershill.
6.
Adelphi Terrace.
8.
Rosemount.
*7.
Hayfield.
♦ No returns were received from these schools,
J. F. Tocher
75
are given in Tables XLIX. and L. (Table XLIX. Relative Local Differences and
Table L. General Divergency). The results are also shown diagrammatically in
Maps LV. to LXXVIII.
TABLE XLVIL
Name of Pigmentation Groups
Pigmentation Group embraces
I Anderston
II. Milton
III. St RoUox
IV. Dennistoun
V. Calton, Camlachie and Bridgeton
VI. Tradeston, Gorbals & Hutchesontowu
VII. South Govan
VIII. Partick
IX. South Suburban District
X. North Suburban District
XI. East Suburban District
XIT. West Suburban District
The Wards of Anderston, Broom ielaw, Sandy-
ford, Exchange, Blythswood, part of Park
The Wards of Cowcaddens, Park (part of),
Woodside (part of)
The Wards of Townhead, Cowlairs (part of),
Springburn (part of)
Dennistoun Ward
The Wards of Calton, Whitevale, Milend,
and Dalmarnock
The Wards of Kingston, Gorbals and
Hutchesontowu
All the Govan School Board area south of
the river
Partick ; Kelvinside Ward
The Parishes of Eastwood, Cathcart, Ruther-
glen and Cambuslang
The Parishes of Cadder, New Kilpatrick,
Old Kilpatrick and Baldernock
The Parishes of Bothwell, Barony and Old
Monkland
The Parishes of Renfrew and Abbey (Paisley
Burgh and Paisley landward)
n. Analysis of Glasgow Data, (a) General Divergency in Colour. (1) Degree
of General Resemblance of the various divisions of Glasgow to the General
Population in Hair Colour. It will be remembered that in the district analysis,
the 13th district, Glasgow and Govan, exhibited the excessive divergencies from
the general population as represented by log P = 44*8 for boys and log P = 1466
for girls. In the county analysis the chief cities were treated separately from the
counties and Govan was separated from Glasgow, when it was found that the values
of log P fell — that is, less divergency was exhibited for Glasgow and Govan
separately than for Glasgow and Govan together. Still the significance of the
divergency was very great. Log P (boys) for Glasgow proper was 29'5 and for
Govan 16'9. For girls the values were 120"0 and 34'5. Glasgow proper is thus
much more divergent than Govan.
From the analysis of Greater Glasgow and environs, one is able to locate
the areas of greatest divergency. Of all the pigmentation groups, the sixth
group (Tradeston, Gorbals and Hutchesontowu) stands out the most divergent in
hair colour for both boys and girls. South Govan and Anderston follow a long
way behind. From the fact that there is a large excess of medium and dark hair
in the girl population, Calton, Camlachie and Bridgeton as a group is as greatly
divergent as South Govan, but the boy population is quite a good sample of the
26—2
76 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
TABLE XLVIII.
Frequencies of the Colour Glasses in the various Divisions of Glasgow.
BOYS.
Hair
Eyes
Totals
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
Anderston
Milton
StRollox
Dennistoun
Bridgeton Group
Tradeston Group
Particle
Govan South
South Suburban Area
East Suburban Area
North Suburban Area
West Suburban Area (Paisley)
717
1161
741
825
1320
1122
932
1054
970
1373
981
864
199
322
160
196
286
282
224
266
247
293
267
182
1654
2411
1378
1552
2518
2842
1947
2408
1936
2681
2082 ■
1477
960
1322
710
870
1448
1749
986
1304
1170
1493
1121
787
34
51
15
34
61
107
49
67
34
68
39
75
414
626
313
402
605
527
723
628
634
732
505
496
1197
1634
955
1082
1597
1829
1234
1554
1283
1745
1406
983
1073
1739
1028
1166
2088
2136
1251
1669
1425
2178
1566
1123
880
1268
708
827
1343
1610
930
1248
1015
1253
1013
783
3564
5267
3004
3477
5633
6102
4138
5099
4357
5908
4490
3386
Totals
12060
2924
24886
13920
634
6605
16499
18442
12878
54424
GIRLS.
Hair
Eyes
Totals
Fair
Bed
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
Anderston
681
172
1479
1005
43
470
979
1092
839
3380
Milton
114!)
283
2168
1482
58
654
1633
1599
1254
5140
StRollox
836
163
1601
1007
46
421
1103
1235
894
3653
Dennistoun
729
143
1422
834
43
384
924
1141
722
3171
Bridgeton Group
1242
289
2586
1643
50
630
1679
2117
1384
5810
Tradeston Group
1190
272
2807
1873
88
640
1865
2134
1591
62:«)
Partick
870
205
1721
1025
48
708
1159
1107
895
3869
Govan South
1051
249
2344
1321
51
545
1593
1640
1238
6016
South Suburban Area
1000
189
1821
1106
32
528
1309
1362
949
4148
East Suburban Area ...
1448
306
2294
1369
52
673
1577
1963
1266
5469
North Suburban Area
1080
220
1825
1095
29
532
1389
1364
964
4249
West Suburban Area (Paisley)
811
173
1389
857
76
497
949
1031
829
3306
53441
Totals
12087
2664
23467
14617
616
6682
16159
17785
12815
J. F. Tocher
77
TABLE XLIX.
Relative Local Differences. Greater Glasgow and Environs.
BOYS.
Hair
Eyes
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
Anderston
- 6-71
•25
3^80
2^65
-1^60
- 5-17
4-29
-3-35
3-44
Milton
- 4-93
2^01
3^69
•12
-1-86
- 5^75
114
•46
3^11
St Rollox
- -36
- ^40
2-88
-1-78
-3-73
- 6-61
1^78
r76
1-67
Dennistoun ...
- 1-68
•38
1^63
- •oi
-1-45
- 5^20
1-05
1-03
2^10
Bridgeton Group
- 2-66
-1^38
2^18
1-18
-1^14
- 8^41
-3^24
7^03
2^79
Tradeston Group
-11-99
-3-01
5^26.
6^63
3^58
- 13^46
- -58
3^85
7^74
Partick
- 3-64
- ^22
4^94
-r80
- -39
5-16
- ^69
-3^44
•26
South Govan
- 7-13
- ^87
5-74
•91
•42
- 4^78
•26
•02
3^75
South Suburban Area
- 4-13
•52
1^55
■ 2-80
-2^81
- ^21
-1^25
- ^02
1^58
East Suburban Area
- 3-07
-1-81
3^30
•43
- ^69
- 4-99
1^31
6^87
-2-06
North Suburban Area
- 4-84
136
4^22
- -10
-2^32
- 6^52
1-48
3^11
•41
1 West Suburban Area
i
•78
- -29
•42
-2^41
-5-09
- -01
-1^62
•57
M6
GIRLS.
Hair
Eyes
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
Anderston
- 9^55
- •oo
3^44
5^83
•33
- 1-59
-r7i
•31
2^88
Milton
- 8^24
137
193
5^72
- ^54
- 4-37
2^30
-1^48
2-83
St Rollox
- 6-20
-r74
3^66
303
•27
- 5 73
- -15
2^28
2^49
Dennistoun ...
- 5^64
-1^50
4^58
M7
•76
- 4^40
-1^44
4^76
•01
Bridgeton Group
- 10^47
- ^41
5^71
5-11
-2^47
- 8^73
- 2-38
7-23
1-95
Tradeston Group
- 14-93
-2^63
6^81
8^57
1-48
- 1033
- -65
3^76
5-30
Partick
- 6-95
•60
4^61
1-57
•18
6-04
- -48
-4^63
-56
South Govan
- 10-39
- ^41
8^53
1^54
-r26
- 8-05
2-26
•97
3-28
South Suburban Area
- 4-84
-V58
4^01
1^89
-2-61
- 3-91
1-76
1^08
•18
East Suburban Area
- 1-60
1^72
r64
- 63
-1-77
- 5-39
-2-40
6^14
•37
North Suburban Area
- 2-97
•26
2-78
•56
-317
- 4-34
3-41
•06
- -11
West Suburban Area
- 3^76
•38
1-35
•70
5-77
•27
-2-02
-1-08
3^20
78 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
TABLE L.
Divergency in Hair Colour and Eye Colour. Greater Glasgow and Environs.
Hair
Eyes
Bojs
Girls
Boys
Girls
LogP
Q
LogP
Q
LogP
Q
LogP
Q
Anderston
Milton
StRollox ...
Dennistoun ...
Bridgeton ...
Tradeston ...
Particle
Qovan
South Suburban Area .
East Suburban Area
North Suburban Area .
West Suburban Area .
To -7
6-2
4-5
1-3
2-3
36-3
5-5
11-0
5-2
3-4
7-8
6-7
•0139
•0114
•0090
•0150
•0069
•0263
•0101
•0150
•0105
•0081
•0116
•0109
20 ^6
15^0
9^6
§•9
25^4
52^6
10^8
25^2
7^1
2-7
4-5
9-8
•0201
•0179
•0137
•0127
•0226
•0321
•0143
•0226
•0125
•0063
•0093
•0135
IT -5
§•9
93
§•7
22^2
44-2
60
6^2
16
T2 6
9^2
1-6
•0143
•0119
•0130
•0104
•0204
•0286
•0110
•0109
•0034
•0149
•0131
•0035
2^2
6-8
8^9
1-b
22^2
25-0
10^9
14^4
31
11^2
5^5
4-0
•0066
•0106
•0122
•0117
•0210
•0224
•0137
•0166
•0081
•0149
•0099
•0069
general population — there is no great excess or defect in any of the classes. Milton,
the north suburbs and west suburbs are about equally divergent for boys, and show
a fall as compared with those just mentioned. Then follow Partick, St Rollox and
the south suburbs. These show a distinct approach to uniformity of distribution
and resemble the general population. Finally the boy populations of the adjacent
'areas of Calton, Camlachie, Bridgeton, Dennistoun and the east suburbs are fair
samples of the general population. Of all the pigmentation groups, only the
population of the east suburbs among the girls show resemblance to the general
population. As indicated by the boy results, the east end of Glasgow is thus
the least divergent and the adjacent southern area — Tradeston, etc. — the most
divergent.
(2) Eye Colour. On examining the results for eye colour, it is seen that
Tradeston, Gorbals and Hutchesontown again come out most divergent. Clearly
there are elements in this population of a different character from the population
in general. Calton, Camlachie and Bridgeton are also very divergent. South
Govan follows in the decreasing scale, then Anderston and the other groups. The
south and west suburban areas are quite like the general population, but the east
suburban group, partaking of the character of the east end of the city, is as
divergent as Anderston, a populous centre.
Thus the special features of the divergency analysis of the component parts of
Greater Glasgow are that (1) the eastern portion of the city is quite like the
general population in hair colour but is most unlike in eye colour; (2) the
suburban areas are much liker the general population than the purely city areas:
J. F. Tocher 79
(3) in several cases the divergencies for the boy and girl populations are unequal.
When this is the case, the girl population has the greater divergency.
(/3) Individual Glasses. (1) Hair Colour . The relative local differences have
in all cases been calculated and show definitely the cause of the divergencies in
each pigmentation group. It will be recalled that fair hair is in defect in the city
generally. The difference between the city and the general population is very
great, 12 and 24 times the standard deviation of sampling of the differences for
boys and girls respectively. There is a distinct fall in the magnitude of the
difference in taking Glasgow to pieces. Still in no case is fair hair in excess in the
city. There is only a slight excess in the west suburban group. Tradeston is
prominent in the magnitude of its negative difference, and resembles the figure for
Glasgow generally. South Govan and Anderston, also in the heart of the city,
follow with large differences. Milton and the three suburbs, north, south, and
east, differ in a moderate degree, while St Rollox, Dennistoun and Bridgeton for
boys are passable as samples of the general population, such negative differences as
they show being quite possible in a draw from an evenly distributed population.
In the girl population, however, only the four suburbs are passable as representative
of the general population. All the city groups differ widely from the general
average. In a word, one or two of the northern areas in Glasgow possess the
average proportion of fair hair and are thus somewhat like the suburbs, but the
densely populated areas in the city generally are awanting in the proper proportion
of the fair-haired class.
There are slight excesses of red hair in Milton, Partick and the north, east, and
south suburban groups, but in none of the cases are the excesses significant. Thus
the uniformity of the distribution of this colour class is shown to exist practically
all over the country, the north-east of Scotland being the exception. No grouping
occurs to speak of in the densely populated city of Glasgow and no defect in the
frequency of this class occurs to an extent in the least significant. Town and
country are thus much alike with regard to this class.
Medium or brown hair however occurs in quite excessive frequencies in several
of the city groups, but is less frequent in the suburbs generally. In the west sub-
urban area. Paisley and Renfrew, the proportion is quite an average one. Tradeston,
Gorbals and Hutchesontown {^ and ?); Calton, Camlachie and Bridgeton (?);
and South Govan (</* and % ) are the areas of greatest excess of the various shades
of brown constituting the medium class. Dennistoun (^f) and Milton ( $ ) are fair
samples of the general population in this class. In the dark-haired class, Tradeston,
Gorbals and Hutchesontown again stand out. The greatest excess of this class is
found over the area of these three divisions. Anderston and the south suburban
group for boys show perhaps significant excess, but the differences in the other
groups although positive are not significant. In the suburbs generally there are
less dark-haired children proportionally than in the heart of the city, and the
northern portion of the city itself has a less proportion than the southern and
eastern portion. With regard to the small class of jet black haired persons,
80 Pigraentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
Tradeston, Gorbals and Hutchesontown are the only divisions of the city which
show significant excess. Excess occurs outside the city only in one suburban group,
that of the west, Paisley and Renfrew.
(2) Eye Colour. The blue-eyed class, much below the average for Glasgow as
a whole, shows significant negative differences in all the divisions and groups
excepting the Partick and Kelvinside group, which shows a decided excess. Light
eyes are in excess only in Anderston, the heart of the city, and in the north
suburban area. There is a slight excess among girls in the South Govan group.
Medium eyes are in excess in the east of Glasgow and in defect in the west.
Starting in the north suburban area, the excess appears in St Rollox, Dennistoun
and the Bridgeton group and finally in the Tradeston group. Govan, the south
and west suburbs are like the general population. The defect is greater in Partick.
The distribution of dark eyes is interesting on account of the fact that excess in
Scotland generally is limited, when a large number of cases is considered, to one
region of Scotland, that of Perthshire and Forfarshire. The only suburban area
showing excess of this class is the west (Paisley and Renfrew) for girls. There is
a slight excess in the boy population of the south suburban area. In the city,
Partick is different from the rest of the population in that it possesses the average
number — it is quite like the general population for this class. All the other
divisions and groups show excess of dark eyes. It is most marked in the Tradeston
group, the excess there being highly significant. South Govan follows and then
Anderston and Milton. The excess is significant for boys in the Bridgeton group
but not quite significant among the girls of that group.
(7) General view. The predominant colours of each of the divisions of Glasgow
can now be stated. They are given in the following two tables. Table LI. shows
significant positive differences only and these are classed so as to show the
intensity of the excesses. Table LII. is a condensation of Table LI. and gives a
brief specification of each division.
Taking a general survey of the pigmentation distribution of Greater Glasgow
as shown by an analysis of its divisions and the environs, one sees that the excesses
of medium and dark hair and medium and dark eyes (found in considering Glasgow
as a unit) are not evenly distributed over the city and suburbs. It is however the
predominant feature of the more densely populated and larger portion of the city to
be brown or dark in hair colour and medium or dark in eye colour. This of course
but confirms the general result in comparing density with pigmentation. There are
some interesting features in the colour distribution which deserve special mention.
The occurrence in certain parts of Glasgow of excesses of classes generally deficient
in the city (either with or without the prevailing colours) is striking. Why, for
instance, should Anderston have an excess of light eyes in the boy population?
Why should Milton be the only district having even a slight excess of red hair?
Why should the Tradeston group be the only one in the city having an excess of
the jet black class, and be otherwise so very divergent as it has proved to be ?
Why should Partick be the only division in Glasgow having blue eyes in excess.
J. F. Tocher
81
TABLE LI.
Specification of the Greater Glasgow Population.
(Only significant positive relative local differences shown.)
BOYS.
Anders-
ton
Milton
St
EoUox
Dennis-
toun
Bridgeton
Group
Tradeston
Group
Partick
South
Govan
S. S.
E. S.
N. S.
W.S.
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark
Jet Black
General Diver- 1
gency for >
hair colour )
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
General Diver- )
gency for eye >
colour )
4
3
3
4
3
3
2
4
1
3
2
3
1
2
1
7
3
7
5
6
4
7
4
7
7
5
1
5
1
6
3
4
1
3
1
7
3
•4
2
3
2
5
1
GIRLS.
Anders-
ton
Milton
St
Bollox
Dennis-
touu
Bridgeton
Group
Tradeston
Group
Partick
South
Govan
S. S.
E. S.
N. S.
W.S.
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark
Jet Black
General Diver- )
gency for >
hair colour )
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
General Diver- j
gency for eye >
colour J
3
6
6
3
6
4
3
1
4
3
2
2
4
2
5
2
6
5
7
7
7
7
9
7
4
5
7
5
3
6
3
9
7
3
4
4
2
2
6
3
3
1
3
1
6
2
1
Diflferences betv/een 2*5 and 3*5 are here class 3 ; between 3-5 and 4'5 class 4 ; between 4*5 and
5'5 class 5 and so on. The object is to show the degrees of difference even in significant cases.
In the general analysis of the whole country, all differences above 3*5 are shown as one class. In
the maps however all differences above 3"5 are included in class 4, to be in conformity with the
general scheme.
Biometrika vi 27
82 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
TABLE LII.
Boys
Girls
Hair
Eyes
Hair
Eyes
Anderston
Medium, Dark
Light, Dark
Medium, Dark
Dark
Milton
Slightly red, Medium
Dark
Medium
Dark
St Rollox
Medium
—
Medium, Dark
—
Dennistoun
—
—
Medium
Medium
Bridgeton Group
—
Medium
Medium, Dark
Medium
Tradeston Group
Medium, Dark, Black
Medium, Dark
Medium, Dark
Medium, Dark
Partick
Medium
Blue
Medium
Blue
South Govan ...
Medium
Dark
Medium
Dark
South Area
Dark
—
Dark
—
East Area
—
Medium
Bed
Medium
North Area
Medium
Medium
Medium
Light
West Area
Jet Black
—
Jet Black
the only excess in hair colour (scarcely significant) being that of the dark class ?
Finally there is the general problem of the colour characters of Glasgow. Why
should this population differ so markedly in pigmentation from the general popu-
lation of Scotland ? This problem will now be solved as far as it can be solved from
the data of the survey and other available information.
III. Specific Elements in the Glasgow Population, causing Divergency.
(a) Introductory. In one of the previous sections (Section 9) it was proved
(1) that excess of blue eyes, dark hair, and jet black hair, are associated with
regions of excess of the Gaelic speaking population; and (2) that excess of medium
or brown hair, medium eyes and dark eyes are associated with more densely popu-
lated regions, which in turn are also regions of excess of foreigners. This means,
briefly, that blue eyes, dark, and jet black hair are probably typical of Gaelic
speaking people* although of course all the other classes are represented in this
population, and that brown hair is typical of densely populated areas which in turn
have a proportion above the average of foreign immigrants.
(j9) The Gaelic Speaking Population. Taking the Gaelic speaking population
first, there is undoubtedly a large Scoto-Keltic or Highland element in Glasgow.
At the last Census, no fewer than 18,279 persons could speak Gaelic and English
in the city proper. This is equal to 9 per cent, of the total Gaelic speaking
population. Taking Glasgow, Govan, Kinning Park and Partick, that is Greater
Glasgow (without the environs), the Census shows that nearly 24,000 or 11"7 per
cent., or more than one-ninth of the whole Gaelic population, is concentrated in the
great western city. An analysis of the Census returns further shows Kelvinside, with
64 per cent. ; Tradeston (Kingston Ward), with 5 per cent. ; Milton (Park Ward),
* Gaelic speaking people are not associated with dense areas as a whole. The correlation is
negative, r=: - -39* '2, The association with sparsely populated parts is therefore not very high,
J. F. Tocher 83
with 4"9 per cent.; Anderston, particularly Sandyford Ward, with 4'8 per cent., to be
quite in excess of the general average for Greater Glasgow, which is 2*6 per cent,
of the whole population of the city. Govan is also in excess, having 4*4 per cent,
of Gaelic speaking people in its population. One seems justified in inferring that
such a population distributed over Glasgow would have a marked effect on the
nature of the distribution of colour. Since Glasgow is significantly darker than
the general population, since dark hair is significantly associated with the Gaelic
speaking population, and since at least one-ninth of the whole Gaelic speaking
population resides in Greater Glasgow, the conclusion is inevitable that the Gaelic
speaking portion contributes largely to the significance of the excess of dark hair.
It is not contended that this is the whole cause of the significant excess, but it is
a prominent factor. But it may be argued that blue eyes are in defect in Glasgow
generally and since blue eyes are also associated with Gaelic speaking people, their
presence does not seem, on this hypothesis, to affect the character of the distribu-
tion. The answer is : it must be borne in mind that the combination of blue eyes
and fair hair in one person, that is the blonde type, is in great defect in Glasgow,
thus diminishing the proportion of blue eyes to a great degree. There are also
large excesses of dark eyes to which it will presently be seen the foreign element
contributes. These and other factors prevail over the Gaelic factor and the
theoretical excess of blue eyes is converted into an actual deficiency in this class,
with one exception only. This exception is the Kelvinside and Partick group.
Here a highly significant excess of blue eyes appears with an excess of dark hair,
thus revealing the presence of the Gaelic speaking portion as one of the pre-
dominant causes of the divergency in these districts, for it has already been
observed that in Kelvinside alone 6*4 per cent, (the highest percentage in any
district in Glasgow) of the population speak Gaelic. Presence of excess of light
eyes among boys in Anderston deserves notice. While it has been observed that
excess of blue eyes is associated with the Gaelic speaking portion generally, it
must be noted that Argyll has in its rural population 62 per cent, of Gaelic speaking
people and has a large excess of light eyes. Excess of this class is therefore a
characteristic of a section of the Highlands as it has been shown also to be of Ayr
and Galloway which are closely allied in blood to the Highlands as it formerly was
in language. It is highly probable that county immigrants and their descendants
from Argyll, Ayr and Galloway, are at the present time in excess of the general
proportion in Anderston generally, thus disturbing the balance in favour of an
excess of light eyes in the boy population. In addition to this, there is the Irish
element. Beddoe's results, already quoted, show an excess of light eyes in the
Irish compared with the Scottish figures of the present data. The Gaelic element
does not however account for excesses of medium hair and dark eyes in Anderston,
although it would account for the excess of dark hair and light eyes. The general
analysis shows Perthshire and Forfarshire to have significant excess of dark eyes,
which has been suggested to account for the similar excess in Dundee and perhaps
to some extent to explain the excess of the same class in Edinburgh. Are county
immigrants and their descendants from these regions in excess also in Anderston
27—2
84 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
and in Glasgow generally, for the excess of dark eyes is common practically over
the whole of Glasgow although it is more highly significant in Tradeston, Govan,
Anderston, Milton, and Bridgeton ? I think this is unlikely. There must be some
other factor or factors besides mere immigration from the Scottish Midlands.
What are they ?
(7) The Foreign Population of Glasgow. It was shown in the last section that
the correlation between foreigners and density of population was very high. It
was so high that on comparing foreigners and density of population separately with
pigmentation, the same conclusion was reached for each. It could not however be
said whether foreign immigrants were causing the excesses in the three classes
named by their great numbers or whether the excesses were there independently
of them, for, since foreigners came mainly to towns, it might be only through
density as the common link that the correlation existed at all. The association
between foreigners and density is however real. Foreign immigrants are likely to
be found to reside in greater numbers in the most densely populated areas and in
the smallest houses. Now it is very suggestive that, at the last Census, 9644
foreigners or 42*6 per cent, of the total number of foreigners in Scotland (22,627
in 1901) resided in Glasgow alone. It is also suggestive that of the great cities
Glasgow is by far the most densely populated. The following table gives the
relative densities of the chief towns in Scotland :
TABLE LIII.
Number of Persons per Square Mile in the Chief Towns of Scotland.
Town
Persons per
Square Mile
Town
Persons per
Square Mile
PoUockshaws
43,177
Coatbridge
12,830
Greater Glasgow . . .
39,331
Musselburgh
12,826
Leith
33,787
Alloa
12,661
Rutherglen
30,537
Kirkcaldy
12,515
Dundee
28,069
Barrhead
11,916
Johnstone
27,859
Dumbarton
11,387
Port Glasgow
24,289
Falkirk
11,223
Motherwell
21,978
Perth
11,031
Edinburgh
20,089
Peterhead
10,991
Greenock
18,598
Inverness
10,514
Fraserburgh
17,510
Galashiels
10,085
Kilmarnock
17,125
Ayr
9,177
Hamilton
15,750
Brechin
9,086
Aberdeen
15,716
Stirling
8,552
Clydebank
14,959
Dunfermline
8,016
Dumfries
14,726
Kirkintilloch
7,992
Wishaw
14,536
Forfar
7,444
Bo'ness
13,889
Montrose
5,422
Airdrie
13,598
Renfrew
3,742
Hawick
13,434
Irvine
3,429
Arbroath
13,075
Rothesay
2,461
J. F. Tocher
85
TABLE LIV.
Population in 1901 of the Chief Towns in Scotland arranged
in the order of their magnitude.
Town
Population
Town Population
Greater Glasgow ...
906,391
Stirling
18,403
Edinburgh
316,837
Hawick
17,303
Dundee
161,173
Port Glasgow
16,857
Aberdeen
144,117
Rutherglen
16,185
Leith
77,439
Galashiels
13,615
Greenock
68,142
Dumfries
13,092
Coatbridge
36,991
Montrose
12,427
Kilmarnock
34,165
Peterhead
11,794 1
Kirkcaldy
34,079
Musselburgh
11,711 1
Perth
32,873
Alloa
11,421
Hamilton
32,776
Forfar
11,397
Motherwell
30,418
Pollockshaws
11,183
Falkirk
29,280
Johnstone
10,503 1
Ayr
28,697
Kirkintilloch
10,502
Dunfermline
25,250
Barrhead
9,855
Arbroath
22,398
Irvine
'. 9,618
Airdrie
22,288
Rothesay
. 1 9,378
Inverness
21,238
Bo'ness
9,306
Wishaw
20,873
Renfrew
9,296
Dumbarton
19,985
Fraserburgh
9,105
Clydebank
18,670
Brechin
8,941
From the results found in ascertaining the degree of association between
density and pigmentation, excesses of medium hair, medium eyes and dark eyes
would be expected in Glasgow, But the most densely populated parts of the
city have been proved to be likely to contain more foreigners than the less densely
populated parts. Thus the greater the number of persons per square mile a popu-
lation has, the greater will be the expected excess of the three classes associated
with excess of foreign immigrants. Now the only large group which has the
complete density-colour specification (and in the greatest excess) and which has
the highest general divergency, is the group of divisions Tradeston, Gorbals and
Hutchesontown. It is highly probable that the foreign element may be one of
the factors in the divergency of this group — foreign immigrants may contribute to
the excesses in one or more of the classes there. In order that an estimate of the
probable number of school children of foreign parentage attending Glasgow schools
might be formed, an enumeration of those possessing foreign surnames was made.
At the same time the colour characters were noted and classified. Only those
surnames which were unmistakably foreign were taken, so that the estimate is
most probably below instead of above the actual figures. The following is the
result of the enumeration for the various pigmentation groups of Greater Glasgow.
The environs were not included.
86 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
TABLE LV.
Children in each division having foreign
Division or Group
surnames, per cent, of the total number
of children in Greater Glasgow having
foreign surnames
Anderston
12-61
Milton
7-78
StRollox
1-28
Denuistoun ...
7-98
Calton, Camlachie and Bridgeton
3-85
Tradeston, Gorbals and Hutchesontown ...
59-21
South Govan
6-50
Partick and Kelvinside
•89
Totflls
100-00
This result is striking and confirms what has been said as to the Tradeston
group. In two schools alone, Gorbals and Adelphi Terrace, about 500 children
had distinctly foreign, mostly Jewish, surnames. The colour characters of these
children were tabulated with the following result (Table LVL):
TABLE LVL
Children with Foreign Surnames
Gorbals
Adelphi Terrace
per cent.
per cent.
Hair :
Fair
3-14
8-00
Red
1-04
2-29
Medium
37-98
26-29
Dark
53-31
56-57
Jet Black
4-53
6-86
B^es :
Blue
314
1-71
Light
17-42
17-71
Medium
21-25
18-86
Dark
58-19
61-71
In Gorbals Public School 41 per cent, and in Adelphi Terrace Public School
44 per cent, of the children of foreign parents had dark hair associated with dark
eyes in the same individual. Thus the Jewish element alone in the Tradeston
group is sufficient to account for the excesses in dark hair, jet black hair, and dark
eyes, found in this populous district.
It has been directly ascertained that the foreign element in the Tradeston
group is largely made up of Jews of Russian and Polish origin. From the Census
Report it is seen that of the whole number of foreigners in Glasgow, 60 per cent.
J. F. Tocher 8T
are Russians and Poles; 15 per cent, are Italians; 10 per cent, belong to other
races whose predominant hair colour is known to be brown or dark. Only 15 per
cent, belong to Northern races or peoples likely to have a moderate or large pro-
portion of the blonde type, namely, Germans, Swedes, Norwegians, Dutch and
Belgians. Thus wherever foreigners congregate together in the city anywhere
they are likely to increase the darkness of the population rather than otherwise.
The general effect outside the Tradeston group may be small, since the foreign
population is more scattered, and is in much smaller proportion consequently in
every division but Tradeston and Gorbals. Any effect Italians have would be in
the direction of excess of medium hair and dark eyes since Livi* has shown these
are the typical classes among Italians, but there is no evidence of the concentration
of members of this race as a group in the cityf .
(8) The Irish Population of Glasgow. The Gaelic speaking population has
been shown to be likely to influence the colour distribution of Glasgow in the
direction of excess in the dark and jet black haired classes and also probably in the
blue-eyed and light-eyed classes. The divisions likely to be influenced have also
been pointed out. But there is another very important element in the Glasgow
population still to be considered. It is estimated by reliable authorities that
there are about 100,000 Irishmen in Glasgow. Over 40,000 as a minimum are
ProtestantsJ. The proportion of persons of Irish origin in other parts of Scotland
is very small. The effect of this large population, if its colour characters differed
from those of the Scottish population, would be very great. In one of the previous
sections (Section 9, Table XXXVIII.) it was pointed out from Beddoe's figures
that compared with Scotland, Ireland was likely to have much higher proportions
of light eyes (light and blue, however ; Beddoe grouped both together as one class),
dark hair and jet black hair. Beddoe's figures of course refer to the adult Irish
population. It therefore seemed desirable to get an estimate of the distribution
of colour among Irish children. The colour characters of school children, stated by
the teachers to be of Irish origin, in certain Glasgow schools were tabulated, when
the figures given in the accompanying table (Table LVII.) were obtained.
These figures confirm the conclusion from Beddoe's results. Dark and jet black
hair are both in excess compared with the Scottish population. The distribution
therefore differs markedly from the general Scottish distribution. If children of
Irish origin were present in a moderately large proportion in any of the districts,
they would sensibly affect the colour distributions in the schools of Glasgow. In
order to gain some information as to the number of children of Irish origin in each
of the pigmentation districts of Glasgow, the author recently communicated with
the headmasters who very kindly sent in a return showing the numbers approxi-
mately of children of non-Scottish origin, in three classes : (a) foreign, (/3) Irish,
* R. Livi, Antropometria Militare, Roma, 1898.
t Canon Ritchie has very kindly supplied me with figures from the Roman Catholic Clergymen of
Glasgow which show that Italians are nearly in even proportions in the various divisions.
t This estimate is based on figures supplied by Orangemen, through the kindness of Mr Hugh
Berrie, Glasgow,
88
Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
TABLE LVII.
Colour Distribution of Children of Irish origin.
Per Cent.
Irish Adaltg
Boys
Girls
Beddoe
Hair :
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark
Jet Black
Eyes :
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
24-31
4-53
40-32
27-26
3-58
22-53
26-52
28-84
22-11
22-11
5-09
35-13
33 07
4-60
21-23
26-03
28-38
24-36
10-4
4-6
33-4
40-5
11-0
66-5
14-7
18-6
(7) English and Welsh. The following table (Table LVIII.) shows the percentages
of each of the three classes based on the returns received. The author desires
cordially to thank the teachers of Glasgow for supplying the additional information
asked for — information which assists in the verification of some of the conclusions
as to the cause of the great divergency of the population of Glasgow from the
general population.
TABLE LVIII
Percentages of Children of Non-Scottish Origin. Glasgow Proper.
Division
Number of Children of Origin as noted
below in Public Schools sending returns
Per Cent.
Foreign
Per Cent.
Irish
Per Cent.
English
Anderston
Milton
StRollox
Deunistoun ...
Calton, Camlachie and Bridgeton
Tradeston, Gorbals and Hutchesontown ...
-68
1-16
-67
-15
-24
8-18
6-61
4-29
7-99
9-35
5-15
3-72
3-39
4-90
6-42
5-80
4-36
3-08
This table does not of course represent the absolute percentages of non-Scottish
children in the above named divisions. Practically the whole of the children
attending Catholic schools are excluded. The percentage of Irish school children
in each division is really much higher. The above table merely shows the pro-
portion in the public schools sending returns. The table serves its purpose as
J. F. Tocher 89
showing the large Irish element in the public schools of Glasgow — an element
which, from the results of the analysis of the colour characters of Irish school
children in Glasgow, tends to make the hair colour distribution of the western city
darker than the remaining Scottish population. The school children of Irish origin
have on an average 2 per cent, more of the dark-haired class (boys) and about 8 per
cent, more in the girl population. A distinctly greater proportion belong to the
jet black class among the Irish population, about 4 per cent., compared with
1^ per cent, in the Scottish population. Although a greater proportion of the
Irish population observed, compared with the general Scottish population, has
blue eyes, this class does not appear in excess in any of the populous centres
except Partick. Partick was not included nor was Govan in the investigation as
to the number of school children of non-Scottish origin — an omission which the
author regrets he made when the Glasgow teachers were invited to send the
additional returns. Further work is contemplated on the Glasgow returns and an
additional return is expected from many of the large Catholic schools. These schools
have an attendance of about 20,000 children whose colour characters have not yet
been observed. A very large number of these children are of Irish origin and a
knowledge of their colour distribution will be useful. Of course since these children
were not included in the present survey, they do not contribute to the divergency
found for Glasgow.
The results of this subsection show that children of Irish origin clearly affect
the nature of the distribution of colour in Glasgow. They tend, as the Scoto-
Keltic and the foreign populations do, to create an excess of dark hair and jet
black hair. The Irish population does not appear to affect the eye colour distri-
bution of Glasgow sensibly. It may however do so. Other factors which have
not yet been discovered may be operating to obscure the effect of the Irish
element on the distribution of eye colour in the western city.
The association of excess of dark hair, jet black hair, blue eyes and light eyes
with the Scoto-Keltic and Irish populations is a striking feature in these results.
The results but confirm the common origin of the two peoples — their association
as determined by language, by history and by tradition.
IV. Summary of this Section. (1) The general analysis reveals Glasgow to
diverge largely from the general population both in hair colour and eye colour.
(2) Further analysis shows the divergency to be due to excesses of the medium
and dark haired classes and the medium and dark eyed classes, and to defects of
the fair-haired and blue-eyed classes.
(3) Analysis of the divisions into which Glasgow is divided brings out the fact
that the excesses are not uniformly distributed over the city. No excess of the
fair-haired class appears in any quarter of the city, but certain districts, St Rollox {(^),
Dennistoun {^), and the western suburban area (Paisley) have about the average
proportion of this class. Milton, the Cowcaddens district, is the only one showing
excess — a slight one — of the red-haired class. Excess of medium hair in varying
Biometrika vi 28
90 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
proportions occurs in every district of the city. In St Rollox, Dennistoun, Calton
and Bridgeton, the excesses are not so marked in the boy population. Excess of
dark hair is characteristic in a marked degree of Anderston and Tradeston, Gorbals
and Hutchesontown, In other densely populated centres the girl population also
shows excesses of this class. Jet black hair is in excess in the Tradeston group.
Blue eyes is in excess only in the Partick group ; light eyes in Anderston ;
medium eyes in Dennistoun and the Bridgeton and Tradeston groups ; dark eyes
in Anderston, Milton, Govan and the Tradeston group.
(4) The environs of Glasgow diverge in a much less degree from the general
population. The population is not so dark as in the city.
(5) The deficiencies in the blue-eyed and fair-haired classes are due to the
presence of a complex group which, with a darker colour specification, creates
deficiencies in these classes. This complex group includes Highland, Irish, and
foreign populations.
(6) It cannot be said from the data whether these classes (fair hair; blue eyes)
are less fitted for town life or whether this theory would account for any of the
low percentages of these classes. The low percentages are on the other hand
explained by the presence of the darker Scoto-Keltic and non-Scottish elements.
(7) The Scoto-Keltic, Highland or Gaelic speaking population appreciably
affects the distribution of colour and helps to explain excesses in dark hair and
light and blue eyes.
(8) The Irish population, a very large one, also helps to explain the large
excesses in dark and jet black hair and probably light eyes where they occur.
(9) The foreign element helps largely to explain why Tradeston and Gorbals
diverge so widely from the rest of the population. The presence of other non-
Scottish groups in this part of the city is probable.
(10) The country north-east and almost contiguous to Glasgow might con-
tribute in some degree to excess of dark eyes, since these parts (Stirling, Perth,
etc.) have an excess of this class in their own populations. The greater fertility of
the lower classes, and of the dark-eyed portion particularly, might contribute to
explain the excess of this class.
(11) Excess of medium hair and medium eyes cannot be accounted for by the
presence of a Scoto-Keltic element or of a non-Scottish element or by the migra-
tion of excesses of Scottish members of these classes from rural districts to the
city. Excesses of these classes are not found to any extent outwith densely
populated centres.
(12) The excesses may be due to blending of fair and dark populations or to
greater fertility of the medium classes, or to both these causes,
J. F. Tocher
91
(12) Comparison with other Data.
I. Scottish Data, (a) East Aberdeenshire Children in 1896. The only data
of a similar character with which any of the results of the present survey can be
at all compared are the East Aberdeenshire results of 1896 published in a
preliminary paper by the author in 1897*. Owing to slightly different ranges in
some of the classes however the results are not directly comparable, as printed,
with the results for East Aberdeenshire in 1903, when the general pigmentation
survey was carried out. Fortunately in 1896, the teachers were asked not only to
record the colour with reference to the classes then adopted but also to note where
possible, and always if in doubt, the probable sub-class from a series of stated sub-
classes, similar to Broca's scale. Thus the author has been able to retabulate
where necessary the results of 1896 and, as far as possible, place the children in the
classes as specified in the analytical tables of the present survey. The first survey,
it has been found, had a wider range of medium and a slightly wider range of red.
With respect to the eye classes, the blue and light-eyed class of 1903 corresponds
pretty closely to the light-eyed class of 1896. The following table (Table LIX.)
shows the relative differences in the classes between the two sets of observations.
To be more specific, the table shows the difference per cent, (or d) in each class
compared with the probable error of the percentage difference, that is, compared
with
£, = 67-449 v^hTS,
\ m n
where in this formula, p = ^; q = {l —p); y= observed frequency of the class in
TABLE LIX.
Relative Difference between East Aberdeenshire in
1896 and 1903. (Boys and Girls.)
Colour
d
ffair :
Fair
1-77
Red
-2-05
Medium
-6-79
Dark
6-28
Eyes:
Light
Medium
6-29
-1-74
Dark
-3-78
* Tocher: Trans. Buchan Field Club, Vol. iv. pp. 137—152.
28—2
92 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
the first sample; m = number in first sample, p'=j;^,\ (1— i>') = 5''i y' = observed
frequency of the class in the second sample ; n = number in second sample ;
N = total children in first sample ; and N' = total children in second sample.
The negative sign indicates that the proportion of the class considered was
less in 1903 than in 1896 and the positive sign that it was greater. The above
results seem to indicate that the school population of East Aberdeenshire became
darker haired to an extent which must be reckoned significant, and lighter eyed
to an extent also significant in the eight years' interval. Making allowance
for any difference in method of observation, and comparing parish with parish,
the results are however very similar. The difference lies chiefly in the results
from the two towns in the division, Peterhead and Fraserburgh,
(yS) Scottish Adults — The Insane. The colour results of the survey of asylums
in Scotland are not directly comparable, since the observations were made on
adults and since the group is a selected one and is not truly representative of the
general population. All one can do is to note in a general way the agreement or
otherwise of the two sets of data. The author has not found it possible to spare
the time to estimate from the juvenile data the probable distribution of the
ordinary adult population in each division or to deal in further detail with the
colour characters of the insane. Moreover it seems more desirable — more satis-
factory — to wait until the adults of the normal population are directly surveyed.
Instead of the promised detailed comparison between the two sets of data, it seems
sufficient to point to the leading features. Both sets of data agree in showing less
divergency in densely populated parts. The excess of dark hair in the west found
for the asylum population has been amply confirmed by the results of this survey.
The region of excess of dark eyes in the asylum population has proved to be the
same region for the general school survey, Perthshire, Stirling and Forfar are the
counties constituting this region. The excess of medium hair is in both associated
with density. The proportions of fair hair and red hair are small compared with
the juvenile population. Excess of light eyes is somewhat similarly distributed,
but is not so much south-west as the juvenile distribution. The region of excess
of red hair is quite the same. Briefly, while it would be useless to compare the
relative frequencies of the two sets of data for the reasons already stated, still when
the local class frequencies of each set are compared with each set's own general
population, they show on the whole the same significance. It has been shown
that the colour distribution of the insane population as a whole cannot represent
the general distribution of the sane in one important particular, namely, in the
frequency of the light-eyed class. Regions of excess of insanity from the general
average are associated with regions of excess of light eyes, thereby increasing the
proportion of light eyes in the general insane population beyond the expected
amount for the general adult sane population*.
* Biometrika, Vol. v. pp. 298—350.
J. F. Tocher
93
(7) Scottish Adults — Beddoes Observations. The figures of the pioneer observer
Dr Beddoe are useful, indicating as they do the predominant classes in various
localities in Scotland. The samples of the. population observed by Beddoe are
usually small and in many cases they are too local to give an idea of the dis-
tribution of the surrounding area. His classes do not all correspond to those of
the present data, and since adults and not children were observed by him one is
farther debarred from attempting to compare directly the relative frequencies
of his classes in various localities with those from this survey. The proportion
of red hair generally found by him appears to be slightly higher than that found
by the teachers of Scotland among the children. The excesses however appear
in the same districts. He shows excess of dark hair in the same western regions
of the country. The proper time to enter into a discussion of Dr Beddoe's results
is when a survey of the colour characters of the adult population has been
completed and the results tabulated and analysed.
II. Foreign Data, (a) The Actual Data. The results of this survey will now
be compared with the results of tiie surveys of the colour characters of children
which have been carried out in Germany, Switzerland and (partially) in England,
and with the results of the surveys of the colour characters of the adult popu-
lations of Sweden and Italy (military data). The following table (Table LX.)
gives the percentages of the classes in each of the countries named, the school
figures for Scotland being given alongside for comparison.
TABLE LX.
Hair
Eyes
Authority
Country
Nature of
Population
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark
Light
Medium
Dark
Virchow . . .
Prussia
Children
72-4
•3
26-0
1-3
42-9
32-6
24-5
Beddoe . . .
Switzerland
52-9
2-9
38-9
5-3
Retzius ...
Sweden ...
Adults
75-3
2-3
21-6
•8
66-7
28-8
4-5
Livi
Italy
Military
8-2
-6
60-1
31-1
10-3
20-6
69-1
Ammon ...
Baden
Adults
41-6
1-7
38-6
18-1
64-4
22-9
12-7
Tocher . . .
Russian Jews in Glasgow
Children
5-1
1-2
33-4
59-7
19-8
21-1
59-1
Pearson ...
England
Boys
33-5
4-1
34-0
28-4
41-5
37-0
21-6
Tocher ...
Scotland
Boys
24-95
5-49
43-28
26-28
44-97
32-72
22-31
,,
,,
Girls
27-43
5-09
40-87
26-62
45-18
32-06
22-76
(/S) Comments. The first fact worthy of notice is that Scotland occupies an inter-
mediate position between the extreme northern race (Germany) and the extreme
southern one (Italy) in the matter of pigmentation. The northern German race
has about 72 per cent, of the fair-haired class ; the Italian race about 60 per cent,
of the brown-haired class and 31 per cent, of the dark-haired class. Scotland has
about equal proportions of fair and dark; about one-fourth of the school population
is either fair-haired or dark-haired ; the remaining belong to intermediate classes
which include the shades of brown and red. Now if a pure race of the blonde
94 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
type is defined as meaning a population which has been isolated and has bred
within itself in an environment unsuitable for the production of hair pigment for
a sufficient length of time to ensure that every individual will be fair-haired, it is
obvious none of the northeni races are pure races of the blonde type. They have
relatively large sections in their respective populations which are pigmented.
Similarly if by a pure race of the dark-haired type is meant a population which has
bred within itself in an environment suitable for the production of hair pigment
for a sufficient length of time to ensure that every individual was uniformly
pigmented dark, it is clear the southern Italian race is not a pure race of the
dark-haired type. The Italian people are largely of the brown or intermediate
type (about 60 per cent.) ; 31 per cent, or nearly one-third are dark ; about
8 per cent, are fair. If all the races of mankind were uniformly pigmented or
non-pigmented, hair colour would cease to be one of the tests of race. But this
is not the case and the problem is : how far can one use colour as a test of race or
of racial purity ? One must in the first place consider whether in conjugal unions
between the fair and dark types blended or exclusive inheritance holds, or whether
both exist. It is clear from observation that blended inheritance does exi.st for
fair and dark hair colours, the shades of brown being the blend. What is wanted
is a measure of the blended inheritance in this case. From observation it is
possible that exclusive inheritance exists in the case of red hair. But the main
point here is that, in hair colour, one has a problem in blended inheritance.
Now granting equipotency of the two types, fair and dark, and random mating
with respect to hair colour as well as other forms of mating as probable, and it is
obvious that varying proportions of fair, dark and the shades of brown hair will
occur in the population of a country according to the proportions of the fair and
dark types originally settling in that country. Is anything known of an exact
nature as to the distribution of colour in the offspring of fair and dark parents, i.e.
of parents one dark and one fair ? Insufficient data exist to show the exact nature
of the distribution. A large number of carefully made observations are required.
Individual cases can be cited. (A) Dark-haired, and (B) fair-haired, have a family
of five. One is fair, one is dark, three are medium. All are children, but the
oldest, classed medium, is getting darker and will probably be dark. To be
accurate one must compare the colour of the parents when they were children with
the colour of the offspring as children ; or the colour of the parents with the colour
of the offspring as adults. Can it be said that the most probable distribution of
colour in the offspring of such parents, granting blended inheritance and equi-
potency in determining pigment, is, in say a family of four, 1,2, 1 ; one fair-haired,
two medium and one dark-haired ? The object of science is to give a shorthand
description of the facts. In this case the expanded binomial (^ -I- ^)- is put
forward tentatively as the shorthand description. If true it is a problem like deter-
mining the number of times two heads, one head and no heads, will turn up in
spinning two coins together. The most probable distribution in this case is, 1, 2, 1.
Can hair colour in Scotland be cited as an example of this simple binomial distri-
bution, similar to the Mendelian example in the crossing of peas ? This has to
J. F. Tocher 95
be determined. What the writer wishes to lead up to is this. In Scotland the
distribution of colour is roughly, 1 fair, 2 mixed, and 1 dark. Is it fair to infer
that the original elements of the Scottish population were fair-haired and dark-
haired races in approximately equal proportions ? Proof is wanting but the
distribution is suggestive. From our knowledge of the distribution of eye colour
in Scotland, it is unlikely that although there were fair-haired and dark-haired
races, the two elements were entirely blonde and brunette — the blue-eyed fair-
haired type, and the dark-eyed dark-haired type. It cannot be shown from the
data what proportion of the dark-haired element was of the brunette type or
what proportion was of the type found in the Gaelic speaking population, the hlue
or light-eyed dark-haired Keltic type. Who were our ancestors of the brunette
type ? Were they of the Mediterranean or Danish type or both ? The fair- haired
element probably was made up of the blonde type, Scandinavians and others of
Germanic stock who, history tells us, came to our shores in bygone centuries and
who fought, struggled, settled and made Scotland — the Scotland of the dark-haired
Kelt — their home. Together with the darker elements they may have united and
appear to be now uniting to form a blend — the Scottish type — one which in
physical characters has proved itself vigorous and which, considering mental
characters, has been at least relatively as productive of men of ability as any in
the British Isles.
III. The Data hearing on correlation, and comparison with similar data.
(a) General. Hitherto, throughout the entire course of this investigation, the
author has been considering hair colour and eye colour separately— taken one at
a time. It is obvious however that an account of the colour characters of the
Scottish children would be incomplete which did not include an investigation on
the two taken together as found occurring in each individual.
It is one of the disadvantages of a private investigation as compared with
an official one carried out by a Department of the State, that an adequately
paid staff is not available to tabulate the enormous mass of data, the complete
analysis of which is necessary before a full account can be given of all the facts
which flow from the results and which lie hidden until the tabulation has been
made. Although the author has been continuously engaged in the tabulation
and numerical treatment of the returns so kindly made by the teachers voluntarily
more than four years ago, he has been able only to complete the investigation in so
far as it refers to the separate colour characters. The large mass of data bearing
on fraternal and other relationships lie practically untouched. The tabulation of
the combinations of the two characters has still to be made, except for one or two
districts. The author has complete confidence that not only will he be able to get
the funds necessary for clerical assistance to tabulate these important data, but
that he will be personally given sufficient time to do the work. The correlations
between hair and eye colour when such data are tabulated and the values of the
correlations evaluated for each locality will be of great value. Not only will the
predominant types in each district be determined but the relative homogeneity
96 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
of each group will be accurately ascertained. Again, there are the colour characters
of groups of families as revealed by surnames to be considered. A tabulation and
analysis of the colour characters of surname groups for each surname would show
whether they were really associated, like family groups, or were merely samples
of the general population. The degrees of resemblance of brothers and sisters
would be determined on numbers hitherto undealt with and would confirm or
otherwise the measures found from the numerically smaller English data. Finally,
the degrees of resemblance between the various kinds of cousins, an investigation
suggested to the author by Professor Karl Pearson, await determination*, and
the determination cannot be made until the almost overwhelming mass of data
bearing on cousinships has been also tabulated,
(yS) Comparisons. The correlation between hair and eye colour has been
determined, the contingency method being used, for one Scottish group, namely,
19,279 school children of the city of Aberdeen, and also for 1000 children taken at
random from the entire pigmentation data. The following two tables give re-
spectively (Table LXI.) the results of the observations of hair and eye combinations
in the city of Aberdeen, and (Table LXII.) the values of the contingency coefficients.
The author's results for other Scottish populations and those from British and
continental returns are given alongside for the purpose of comparison.
TABLE LXI.
Hair and Eye Table. 19,279 Children in the City of Aberdeen.
Hair.
>>
W
Fair
Bed
Medium
Dark
Jet Black
Totals
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
1105
2285
1208
366
131
405
360
209
885
2434
3242
1621
348
851
1601
2094
1
9
29
95
2470
5984
6440
4385
Totals
4964
1105
8182
4894
134
19279
These results show, if it is a mark of racial purity of any race to have its
individuals all of one hair colour and of one eye colour, that the Prussian school
children are relatively more homogeneous than the Scottish school children, and
that the latter in turn are more homogeneous than the British schoolboys
generally, since the value of the correlation is lowest in the case of the Prussian
children and highest in the case of the British schoolboys. It may be here noted
that if two races, one of the blonde type and one of the brunette type, were
present in a population in equal proportions, the degree of correlation between
hair colour and eye colour would be equal to unity. On the other hand, (1) the
* The author intends to hand over the classified data on cousinships to Professor Pearson as soon
as they have been abstracted and tabulated.
J. F. Tocher
TABLE LXII.
Correlations. Hair and Eyes.
97
Population
Contingency
Coefl&cient
Returns by
Reference
Scottish Children, General, 1903 ...
Scottish Children, East Aberdeen, 1896
Scottish Children, Aberdeen City, 1903
British Schoolboys
Prussian Children
Jewish Children
Adult Scottish Population
Male Asylum Inmates
Female Asylum Inmates ...
Swedish Conscripts ...
Italian Conscripts
Baden Conscripts
•3453
•3802
•3361
•4203
•2714
•3381
•3673
•3039
•2994
•2495
•3091
•3540
J. F. Tocher
5)
K. Pearson
R. Virchow
J. F. Tocher
»
G. Retzius
R. Livi
0. Ammon
This Memoir
"
Biometrika, Vol. ill. p. 461
5) ))
Biometrika, Vol. v. p. 339
" . "
Biometrika, Vol. iii. p. 461
Mean of above values
•3312
more this population in time and through intermarriage was thoroughly crossed,
or (2) the nearer this population came to consist of members entirely of either
race, the smaller would be the value of the correlation and the nearer it would
approach to zero. Looked at from this point of view, a large value for the corre-
lation would mean heterogeneity in that population and a small value greater
homogeneity.
Judging from the above results, the correlation between hair and eyes does
not appear very close in any of the countries. With more local groups it is
probable that in countries like Prussia and Italy less association would be found.
In the further investigations on the data of this survey, it will be interesting
to find what values the correlation coefficients take in the various districts;
particularly (a) in those where one type has been found to be predominant, and
(y8) in those sparsely populated parts where two diverse types were found.
(13) Summary of the Results.
I. The general result of the Pigmentation Survey of School Children in
Scotland shows that, of the 502,155 children surveyed, about one-fourth are fair-
haired, one-fourth dark-haired, and nearly one-half belong to two intermediate
classes embracing the various shades of brown or medium and red hair. The pro-
portion of the brown or medium class in the boy population is about 43 per cent.,
and in the girl population 41 per cent. The class embracing the various shades of
red hair constitutes about 5 per cent, of the population. In the dark-haired group
there are two classes — a large class with dark brown hair approaching to black,
Biometrika vi 29
98 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
and a small class with jet black hair. This latter class constitutes only 1{ per
cent, of the total population. The girl population contains a higher proportion
of the fair-haired class than the boy population, over 27 per cent, as against
25 per cent. There is a correspondingly less proportion of the medium or brown-
haired class in the girl population. The cause of this difference is not quite
apparent. It should be remembered that the children surveyed are those of
school age — a fairly wide range, from 6 to 18 — and that hair colour in children
gets visibly darker as the children get older. If the children were classed according
to age and their colour characters tabulated, it would be ascertained whether or
not the difference was due to an earlier darkening in hair colour among the boy
population, or whether the boy population was really significantly darker in hair
colour from infancy than the girl population. From the results of observations
of the physical characters generally of both sexes, a really significantly darker boy
population from natural causes is improbable. It should moreover be remembered
that, in determining hair colour, boys and girls are not judged exactly under
the same conditions. Hair colour in girls is generally judged from long tresses.
These are usually absent in boys, whose hair colour is judged from the shorter
mass. Besides, girls' hair frequently shows extreme variety of tint from tip to
root. Another possible explanation is the stimulus given to the increase of pigment
by hair cutting in the boy population. This explanation requires verification
from observations, (a) on a population of children in which the conditions are the
same, and (/3) on the adult population.
The results of the observations on eye colour show that over 22 per cent,
(nearly one-fourth) of the school children of Scotland have dark brown or dark
eyes, and over three-fourths of the population possess blue, light or medium eyes.
About 15 per cent, possess pure blue eyes, 30 per cent, light eyes, and about
32 per cent, (nearly one-third of the population) possess eyes of the mixed type
— the varieties classed as medium eyes.
Comparing these general results with the results of similar surveys in foreign
countries, it is seen that they differ markedly in many respects. In Northern
Europe, between the same latitudes as Great Britain lies from Frankfurt, Prague
and Cracow in the south to Christiania, Stockholm and St Petersburg in the
north, one finds a heterogeneous population in which the fair-haired class pre-
dominates. In Prussia alone, 72 per cent, or nearly three-fourths of the children
are fair-haired. In Sweden, a similar proportion of the adults are fair-haired. In
Schleswig, 80 per cent, of the children are fair-haired ; in Saxony, 69 per cent.
Germany, south of Frankfurt and Coburg, is distinctly darker than the northern
and larger portion. But even in South Germany the proportion of the fair-haired
class far exceeds that found in Scotland. In Alsace and Lorraine the proportion
is 47 per cent. ; in Baden 58 per cent. ; in Wiirtemberg 62 per cent. ; and in
Bavaria 54 per cent. The difference in the distribution of eye colour is not so
marked. Prussia is somewhat similar to Scotland in its eye colour, the proportions
being in Prussia 43, 33 and 24 as against 45, 33 and 22 in Scotland for light,
J. F. Tocher 99
medium and dark eyes respectively. Germany as a whole has a significantly
greater proportion of dark eyes than in Scotland, 32 per cent, as against 22 per cent,
Scotland does not resemble Italy in any respect, except that in both medium
is the predominant class in hair colour. In Italy, however, the proportion is
significantly greater, 60 per cent, as against 43 per cent, in Scotland. Nowhere
on the Continent does one find a distribution of hair colour similar to Scotland.
It remains to be seen, when observations are made on English, Welsh and Irish
children, in what respects these will differ from the results for Scottish children
as shown by this survey. The difference between Pearson's series of 4000 children
and Scottish children is not very great.
II. The results of this survey show that the distribution of colour is by no
means uniform throughout Scotland. On the contrary, there are well-defined areas
where the proportions of the various classes exceed quite significantly the pro-
portions which would occur if the population were as evenly distributed throughout
Scotland as, say, the grain of a cornfield is sown by the farmer. In this example,
the distribution of the grain is not absolutely uniform, but the farmer succeeds in
preventing excessive deposits of grain in one part and meagre deposits in another.
An enumeration of the number of seeds in each square yard, and an analysis of
the numbers would show that the intention had been to make a uniform distri-
bution. No such uniform distribution of the population of Scotland is found
when the population is considered in sections as represented by the various colour
classes. This is quite apart from the density of the population, which is well
known to be very far from being uniform. The proportions of the various classes
quite exceed in the expected values in many localities.
Excesses of blue eyes and fair hair occur mainly in the north of Scotland and
are common for both sexes to Orkney, Shetland, the isle of Lewis, Ross, Cromarty,
Elgin, Nairn and Perth, and portions of Stirling, Forfar and Fife ; also to Ayr
and portions of Renfrew and Lanark in the west and Berwick in the east ; in all
representing only about 1,000,000 of the population ; that is, about one-fifth of
the whole population of Scotland has a significantly greater proportion than the
average of the fair-haired and blue-eyed classes, the excesses being common to
both sexes. In the girl population the distribution of excess of both classes is
greater ; it extends to a population of nearly two millions in the case of fair hair
and to about a million-and-a-half in the case of blue eyes. The distribution of
red hair is fairly uniform throughout Scotland. The region of marked excess for
a large area is the north-east of Scotland. Isolated cases of excess occur in
Sutherland and in the north-east of Lanarkshire. Excessive proportions of medium
or brown hair occur in Glasgow, Govan, Dundee, and in the counties of Renfrew,
Selkirk and Peebles. The excess in Leith for the boy population is also probably
significant, as also the excesses in the counties of Stirling (girls), Linlithgow and
Bute (boys). Excess of this class (see VII.) is peculiar to densely populated
districts. Excess of dark hair is peculiar to the west of Scotland, the only eastern
county showing excess of this class (boys only) being the small county of Kin-
29—2
100 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
cardine. The counties of Inverness and Argyll, and the city of Glasgow, show
excess of this class for both the boy and girl populations. Kirkcudbright and
Sutherland (boys), and Renfrew (girls), also show significant excess. The west
is also the region of excess of jet black hair, a small class numerically. Altogether
there are only about 6000 children out of a total of over 500,000 who possess jet
black hair. The excess is common to both sexes in the counties of Perth, Inverness,
Ross and Cromarty. Caithness (boys) and Argyll (girls) also show significant
excess. Excess of blue eyes has already been stated to be common to the north.
Significant excess of light eyes is common to Argyll and Dumbarton in the west
and to Leith in the east. Kincardine and Kirkcudbright both show significant
excess of this class in the girl population. Significant excess of medium eyes
is peculiar to the great cities, Glasgow, Aberdeen (girls), Leith (girls), and Dundee
(girls); and to the county of Lanark generally. Significant excess of dark eyes
is also peculiar to the great cities, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Dundee. The county
of Forfar shows significant excess for the girl population.
III. Many parts of Scotland quite resemble the general population in hair
colour and eye colour. These parts are usually densely populated. Notable
exceptions occur. Glasgow is the striking example. The presence of non-Scottish
elements and of excess of the Highland element makes Glasgow unrepresentative.
The populous East-Midland division is most representative of the general popu-
lation in hair colour. The populous counties, Forfar, Fife, Stirling and Dumbarton,
and the city of Edinburgh are fairly representative of the general population.
The counties which diverge largely in hair colour from the general population,
and have therefore non-representative populations, are Ross, Cromarty, Inverness
and Argyll, the divergency being common to both the boy and girl populations.
The divergency in the case of Argyll is due to excess of dark hair and jet black
hair, and in the other cases to excesses of both fair and dark. The divergency in
the north-east of Scotland is due to excess of red hair and fair hair. The sea-
board on the west coast from Sutherland to Mull is highly divergent, due to
significant excess of dark hair and jet black hair. In eye colour, the Southern
and South-Eastern divisions are the most representative ; the North-Western
and South- Western the most divergent. Orkney, Shetland, Sutherland, Ross,
Cromarty, Inverness, Elgin, Nairn and Forfar all diverge because of excess of blue
eyes ; in Sutherland and Forfar excess of dark eyes also contributes to the diver-
gency. In the cities of Glasgow and Dundee, the divergency is due to excess of
medium and dark eyes ; in Aberdeen to medium ; and in Leith to light and
medium. The counties of Argyll, Dumbarton and Dumfries in the west diverge
because of excess of light eyes ; and Ayr because of blue and light. The isle
of Lewis diverges because of excess of blue eyes and the isles of Jura and Islay
because of excess of light. These islands contribute largely to the divergency
of their respective counties, Inverness and Argyll.
IV. It has been proved (see II. and III.) that excesses in the various classes,
or positive ditferences much in excess of the expected, occur all over the country,
J. F.. Tocher 101
frequently in contiguous areas, thus indicating a diflferentiation for each class
from the general population. In measuring the degree of geographical separation
or local segregation for each class, it has been proved that the blue-eyed and
fair-haired classes have the greatest degree of local segregation. The segregation
of these classes from the others is excessively great. Children belonging to these
classes are congregated more in sparsely populated regions than in densely
populated or moderately populated parts. The medium haired and medium eyed
classes show the next greatest degree of local segregation. Children of these
classes are congregated more in towns and in densely populated parts. The
other classes all show a high degree of segregation except the red-haired class,
which is almost uniformly distributed throughout the country. But for the
regions of excess in the north-east of Scotland and in one or two other isolated
and much smaller areas the distribution of this class would be practically uniform.
This fact suggests that the occurrence of red hair (a) is independent of race,
or (y8) is one of the effects of blending of races, perhaps widely divergent races,
or (7) is an abnormal condition in hair colour and deserves the attention of the
physiologist and pathologist. The statement of Tacitus as to the red-haired
Caledonians points at least to the fact that red hair was a trait among the
inhabitants of the north of Scotland in earlier times, and it is a striking circum-
stance that excess of this class is found in the region referred to by him.
V. It has been found that regions of excess of the dark-haired, jet black
haired and blue-eyed classes are associated with regions of excess of the Gaelic
speaking population. The measure of the association is given. This association
was to be expected, seeing that these classes occur in excess in western counties,
where the population is bilingual and where Gaelic is the mother tongue of a
large proportion of the inhabitants. A typical Scoto-Kelt is therefore blue-eyed
and dark-haired, but the light-eyed dark-haired type is also common in Argyll
and its Isles. It will be seen later (XVI.) that there is a similar Irish type.
VI. It is proved that foreign immigrants tend to reside in the most densely
populated areas in Scotland and in districts where families live in one or two
rooms. The children of foreign immigrants have an effect, — scarcely an appre-
ciable one, — on the population of Scotland as a whole, but in certain very densely
populated parts they have a distinct effect. For example, it is shown that in
certain divisions of Glasgow, Tradeston and Gorbals (see XVI.), the proportion
of school children of foreign origin is so high as to change completely the nature
of the distribution of hair colour and eye colour.
VII. It is proved that densely populated regions are positively correlated with
excesses of the following classes : medium hair, medium eyes and dark eyes.
The more densely populated a region is the greater will be the proportions of
these classes in the population, and conversely, the more sparsely populated a
region is, the smaller on an average will be the proportion of the classes just
named.
102 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
VIII. It is well known that mortality is higher in more densely populated
regions than others. It has been proved (see VII.) that certain classes are more
characteristic of crowded areas than others. It is therefore to be expected that
these classes would be positively correlated with the death rate. It is shown that
an increase in the proportions of medium hair and dark eyes is associated with an
increase in the death rate. This does not necessarily mean that persons belonging
to these classes are less virile but simply that a large proportion of them live
under conditions which are productive of a higher mortality. A direct investiga-
tion to determine whether any colour class is associated positively with a high
death rate is desirable.
IX. It is shown that neither the Highland, Irish, English nor foreign elements
in the population account for the high proportion of medium hair found in all
densely populated regions. These elements however (excepting the English) where
present, tend to increase the proportion of dark and jet black hair.
X. It is proved that the number of births per family is greater on an average
in densely populated parts, and, as a consequence, that the number of births per
family is greater where there are large proportions of medium hair and medium
eyes. The lower classes are found in the denser centres. Thus it is likely that
the medium haired, medium eyed lower classes are on an average more fertile than
the remaining population. Here again a direct investigation is desirable.
XI. The main cause of the large excess of medium hair in densely populated
parts probably arises from the blending of colour in the offspring of fair-haired
and dark-haired persons : it is pointed out that blended inheritance exists in hair
colour and what is wanted is a measure of its intensity. In densely populated
areas, greater opportunities for intermixture of races occur, and it is shown
(II. and III.) that in the large sparsely populated districts fair hair and dark hair,
indicative of at least two different types, occur in excess, while in the urban regions
these excesses mainly disappear and excess of medium hair appears.
XII. The excess of dark eyes in urban areas does not appear to be explainable
in the same way. It has been suggested that exclusive inheritance in eye colour
may be one of the causes of the excess in these areas. In the offspring of dark-
eyed and blue-eyed parents it is possible that reversions may occur, maintaining
the dark-eyed type.
XIII. The extent of the association of the colour classes geographically has
been determined. One of the main results shows that as a rule medium hair is
associated geographically with no other hair colour and goes to confirm the theory
that medium hair is a blend. Thus it is to be expected that the proportion of
this class will increase, tending to make the hair colour of the Scottish people
more and more uniform. Excess of red hair is found as a rule only in regions
where the proportion of dark hair is well below the average ; a slight excess of fair
is associated with excess of red. There is no positive association geographically of
J. F. Tocher 103
any class with light eyes. Excess of blue eyes occurs alone, but excesses of dark
eyes and medium eyes as a rule occur together.
XIV. It has already been shown elsewhere by the author that where there
is an excess of light eyes in the population the number of cases of insanity is above
the average and vice versa. It is now shown here that a greater number of cases
of imbecility, blindness and deafness occurs in regions where blue eyes, dark and
jet black hair are in excess. It has been already pointed out (see V.) that these
classes are associated with the Gaelic speaking population. A direct determination
of the relationship shows that significantly greater numbers of cases of these
defects occur in Gaelic speaking regions than throughout the rest of Scotland.
This is most probably due to the greater rate of emigration of the fitter portion
from, and the relative absence of immigration to, the Highlands.
XV. The degree of resemblance between the boy and girl populations has
been determined. It is found that positive and negative differences in the boy
population are mainly associated with positive and negative differences in the girl
population in the same regions. The resemblance is least in the red and dark-
haired classes and greatest among the medium-haired and blue-eyed classes. The
resemblance is closer in eye colour than in hair colour.
XVI. Glasgow so greatly diverges from the general population in hair colour
and eye colour that it has been made the subject of a special investigation. The
various municipalities constituting Greater Glasgow, as well as its environs,
have been included in the investigation. It is shown that the Highland, Irish,
foreign elements all contribute to increase the proportion of the dark-haired
classes. Tradeston and Gorbals have greater proportions of dark hair, jet black
hair and dark eyes, mainly due to the large foreign element present in these
populous divisions. The detailed analysis shows that the immigrants are of
Russian origin and this is confirmed by direct enquiry. More than 500 Jewish
children attend school in these divisions. Dark hair, jet black hair, dark eyes are
the leading classes in this population. The Highland and Irish elements are found
all over the city. It is shown that the Irish resemble to a great extent in colour
characters the Highland population. Both contribute very largely to the excess
of dark hair. Medium hair is in excess all over the city, as expected, since this
class is associated with density and since Glasgow contains a greater number of
persons per square mile than any other part of Scotland. The high proportions
of these classes (dark and medium) cause a corresponding defect in the proportion
of fair hair in Glasgow. Only in one or two divisions, St Rollox, Dennistoun, and
the Paisley district, does the proportion of fair hair approach the average for
Scotland. In all the other divisions fair hair and blue eyes are distinctly below
the average. It cannot be said from the results of this survey whether fair-haired
and blue-eyed children are less fit for town life than the other classes, but the
defect in fair hair at least is quite explainable on the ground that the proportion
is disturbed (a) by a darker Scoto-Keltic or Highland element, (/3) by a darker
Irish element, (7) by a darker foreign element and (S) by the effects of blending of
104: Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
fair and dark producing the various shades of brown classed as medium. All these
contribute to the result and, taken together as a whole, are sufficient to cause the
defect in the proportion of fair hair. Entia non sunt multiplicanda. It is probable
that the country north-east and contiguous to Glasgow may contribute to the
excess of dark eyes, but it is also probable, since the lower classes are more fertile,
since dark eyes are associated with density, and since it has been shown elsewhere
that dark eyes are associated with greater fertility, that greater fertility may
contribute to produce the excess found in Glasgow.
XVII. The population of East Aberdeenshire which was surveyed in 1896 has
possibly become slightly darker in hair colour and lighter in eye colour in the
eight years' interval. The change does not appear to have taken place in the
rural districts but is more likely to have taken place in the two towns, Peterhead
and Fraserburgh.
XVIII. The regions of excess and defect in hair colour and eye colour as
found in surveying the Scottish insane correspond in many cases to similar regions
as found by this survey. In others they do not agree. This arises mainly from
(a) the fact that the insane are a somewhat selected population, (/9) the fact that
they are adults and not therefore directly comparable and (7) the fact that the
numbers are small compared with the numbers in this survey.
XIX. Several of Dr Beddoe's results have received confirmation, but the
remarks on the Scottish insane (see XVIII. above) apply to his observations. His
results are not directly comparable.
XX. The degree of association between hair colour and eye colour found from
the results of this survey corresponds very closely to the values already found from
other British and from foreign data.
XXI. The results of this survey point to the conclusion that there are at
least five types in Scotland, (a) One whose colour characters are dark hair and
dark eyes ; (y8) dark hair and blue or light eyes ; (7) fair hair and blue eyes ;
(S) a fourth type probably a product of two or more of the foregoing possessing
medium hair (and perhaps dark hair) and medium eyes ; (e) a fifth type, possessing
red hair associated mainly with medium eyes, is also present in small proportions
(about 5 per cent.) and is also probably a product of two or more of the other
types. These may be named respectively (a) the Dark European type (examples
of subtypes: (1) Mediterranean, (2) Danish); (/3) the Scoto-Keltic type; (7) the
Scandinavian or Germanic type; (S) the Scottish type; and (e) the Caledonian
type.
J. F. Tocher
105
MAPS.
PI.
PL
I. Key Map, Districts and Counties. I.
XLIV.
Hair
Colour, Local Diver-
II.
„ Divisions,
Counties and
gencies. Girls, Counties.
XIIL
Chief Towns.
IL
XLV.
Density of Population in
Non- Divergent Coimties.
5>
Divisions.
XLVI.
Density of Population for
III.
Fair Hair,
Boys.
in.
each County in Scotland.
)>
IV.
»
Girls.
)>
XLVII.
Hair
Colour, Local Diver-
V.
Red Hair,
Boys.
»
gencies, Boys, Districts.
XIV.
VI.
)5
Girls.
))
XLVIIL
Hair Colour, Local Diver-
VII.
Medium Hair,
Boys.
IV.
gencies, Girls, Districts.
)?
VIII.
»
Girls.
?»
XLIX.
Eye
Colour, Local Diver-
IX.
Dark Hair,
Boys.
>5
gencies, Boys, Divisions.
)5
X.
J)
Girls.
)J
L.
Eye
Colour, Local Diver-
XI.
Jet Black Hair,
, Boys.
V.
gencies. Girls, Divisions.
5)
XII.
»
Girls.
?)
LL
Eye
Colour, Local Diver-
XIII.
Blue Eyes,
Boys.
J>
gencies. Boys, Counties.
XV.
XIV.
If
Girls.
»
LIL
Eye
Colour, Local Diver-
XV.
Light Eyes,
Boys.
VI.
ger
icies, Girls, Counties.
»
XVI.
?)
Girls.
>>
LIII.
Eye
Colour, Local Diver-
XVII.
Medium Eyes,
Boys.
5»
gencies. Boys, Districts.
51
XVIII.
)>
Girls.
5)
LIV.
Eye
Colour, Local Diver-
XIX.
Dark Eyes,
Boys.
VIL
gencies. Girls, Districts.
55
XX.
)>
Girls.
»
LV.
Glasgow. Boys, Divergency
in hair colour.
XXI.
Counties.
LVI.
»i
Girls, Divergency
XXI.
Fair Hair,
Boys.
>i
in hair colour.
5>
XXII.
J)
Girls.
J)
LVIL
>)
Boys, Divergency
XXIII.
Red Hair,
Boys.
VIIL
in eye colour.
55
XXIV.
5?
Girls.
n
LVIIL
5?
Girls, Divergency
XXV.
Medium Hair,
Boys.
>>
in eye colour.
55
XXVI.
)5
Girls.
u
LIX.
)5
Boys, Fair Hair.
XXIL
XXVII.
Dark Hair,
Boys.
IX.
LX.
>>
Girls, Fair Hair.
55
XXVIII.
)>
Girls.
»>
LXI.
J»
Boys, Red Hair.
55
XXIX.
Jet Black Hair,
Boys.
u
LXII.
5>
Girls, Red Hair.
55
XXX.
)>
Girls.
»
LXIIL
»
Boys, Medium Hair.
XXIIL
XXXI.
Blue Eyes,
Boys.
X.
LXIV.
>J
Girls, Medium Hair.
55
XXXII.
>)
Girls.
»
LXV.
))
Boys, Dark Hair.
55
XXXIII.
Light Eyes,
Boys.
M
LXVI.
»
Girls, Dark Hair.
55
XXXIV.
»
Girls.
»
LXVII.
H
Boys, Jet Black Hair.
XXIV.
XXXV.
Medium Eyes,
Boys.
XL
LXVIIl
)5
Girls, Jet Black Hair
55
XXXVI.
»
Girls.
)i
LXIX.
))
Boys, Blue Eyes.
51
XXXVII.
Dark Eyes,
Boys.
5>
LXX.
?»
Girls, Blue Eyes.
55
XXXVIII.
»
Girls.
»
LXXI.
»
Boys, Light Eyes
XXV.
XXXIX.
Fair Hair, Boys,
1 Districts.
XII.
LXXII.
,,
Girls, Light Eyes.
51
XL.
Red Hair, Boys,
»>
>>
LXXIII
)J
Boys, Medium Eyes.
55
XLI.
Hair Colour, Local Diver-
LXXIV
»
Girls, Medium Eyes.
55
gencies, Boys,
Divisions.
J»
LXXV.
»
Boys, Dark Eyes.
XXVI.
XLII.
Hair Colour, Local Diver-
LXXVI,
»
Girls, Dark Eyes.
55
gencies, Girls,
Divisions.
5)
LXXVIl
[• „
Key Map.
55
XLIII.
Hair Colour, Local Diver-
LXXVIIl
f. »
Key Map with Sub-
gencies, Boys,
Counties.
XIIL
urban areas.
15
Biometrika vi
30
106 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
DIAGRAMS.
Distribution
of Relative Local
Differences.
I.
Boys,
Fair Ilair.
PI.
XVI.
IX.
Girls, Medium Hair.
PI.
XVIIL
XL
5»
Red Hair.
»
X.
„ Dark Hair.
11
III.
>?
Medium Hair.
11
VI.
„ Jet Black Hair.
xvn.
IV.
7)
Dark Hair.
11
XV.
„ Blue Eyes.
XX.
V.
)>
Jet Black Hair.
XVII.
XVI.
„ Light Eyes.
11
XI.
11
Blue Eyes.
XIX.
XVII.
„ Medium Eyes.
11
XII.
11
Light Eyes.
11
XVIII.
„ Dark Eyes.
11
XIII.
11
Medium Eyes.
11
XIX.
Relationship between
Density and
XIV.
,,
Dark Eyes.
11
Other Characteristics
in the
VII.
Girls
Fair Hair.
XVIII.
Population. See p.
61.
VIII.
11
Red Hair.
11
I.
IL
in.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
vin.
IX.
X.
XL
XII.
XIIL
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVIL
XVIIL
TABLES.
Page
Analytical Table of Hair and
XIX.
Eye Colours
4
Schedule ....
6
XX.
Counties (with Districts)
10
Returns Received .
12
XXL
Class Ranges ....
18
Colour Distribution of Scottish
XXIL
Children ....
19
Relative Local Differences
20
21
22
XXIII.
11 11 11
11 11 11
XXIV,
County Specification, Fair
Hair, Both Sexes
24
Coimty Specification, Red
XXV.
Hair, Both Sexes
25
County Specification, Medium
Hair, Both Sexes
26
XXVI.
County Sijecification, Dark
Hair, Both Sexes
27
XXVII.
County Specification, Jet
XXVIII
Black Hair, Both Sexes .
29
County Specification, Blue
XXIX.
Eyes, Both Sexes
30
County Specification, Light
XXX.
Eyes, Both Sexes
.31
County Specification, Medium
Eyes, Both Sexes
33
XXXL
County Specification, Dark
Eyes, Both Sexes
34
Divergency in Hair and Eye
Colour, Divisions
Divergency in Hair and Eye
Colour, Counties
Divergency in Hair Colour
Districts ...
Divergency in Eye Colour,
Districts
Comparative Densities of
Population .
Divergency in Hair Colour.
Divisions, Counties and Dis
tricts ....
Divergency in Eye Colour
Divisions, Counties and Dis
tricts ....
Interlocal Constants, Colour
Heterogeneity .
Heterogeneity in Colour
Probability Table, Hair and
Eye Colour
Excess Positive Frequencies
peculiar to great Divisions.
Correlation Table, Gaelic
Population and Jet Black
Hair
Correlation, Hair and Eyes
with Gaelic siHiaking Popu-
lation ....
Page
37
38
39
40
41
43
46
48
49
CO
52
J. F. Tocher
107
Page
Page
XXXII.
Density of Population, Divi-
XLVII.
Pigmentation groups of
sions
57
Greater Glasgow
75
XXXIII.
Foreigners in each great Di-
XLVIII.
Frequencies of Colour Class&s
-
vision ....
57
in Greater Glasgow .
76
XXXIV.
Correlations, Foreigners and.
XLIX.
Relative Local Differences,
Density ....
58
Greater Glasgow and Envi-
XXXV.
Correlations, Density and Pig-
L.
rons .....
Divergency in Hair and Eye
/ /
mentation and Foreigners
and Pigmentation
58
Colour, Greater Glasgow and
Environs ....
78
XXXVI.
Density and the Death Rate .
59
LI.
Specification of the Greater
XXXVII.
Correlations, Death Rate and
Glasgow Population .
81
Pigmentation
60
LIL
Condensed Specification of
XXXVIII. Colour Distributions, Irish,
Greater Glasgow Population
82
English and Scottish Adults
62
LIIL
Number of Persons per square
XXXIX.
Correlations, Births per family
mile in Chief Towns of Scot-
and Pigmentation
64
land
84
XL.
Associations, Colour Cla-sses
LIV.
Population in 1901 of Chief
in the same Regions.
68
Towns in Scotland .
85
XLI.
Classes, excesses of which are
LV.
Foreign Surnames in Glasgow
86
found together in the same
LVI.
Colour Characters of Foreign
Regions ....
68
Immigrants in Glasgow
86
XLII.
Relationships between Pig-
LVIL
Colour Distribution of Chil-
mentation and certain De-
dren of Irish origin .
^88
fects
69
LVIII.
Percentages of Children of
XLIII.
Relationship between the Gae-
Non-Scottish origin .
88
lic speaking Population and
LIX.
Relative Difference between
Defects ....
70
East Aberdeenshire in 1896
XLIV.
Degree of Resemblance be-
and 1903 ....
91
tween the Boy and Girl
LX.
Comparative Table, British
Populations
71
and Foreign Data
93
XLV.
Observed and Expected Re-
LXI.
Hair and Eye Colour, City of
sults, Glasgow and Govan
72
Aberdeen ....
96
XLVI.
School Board Districts and
LXII.
Correlation, Hair and Eyes,
Schools in Glasgow .
74
British and Foreign Data .
97
Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II.
Plate I.
ff!AA.K.JolTOJtqn.Lmat6Aj am btir^b^X
■-4'..'F0RN\<
Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II.
Plate II.
-'NjQi*' ^•^
U~
"^
/ ^ ROSS /
\
■ /■
~^ ® \
< r R r * R
AROINI
^'\
/' ^J L®'""'-(5r," V
I --.l^yC \KlRKCUOBRlfiHT l(3s) f
i/
ruf<f,mi
Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II.
Plate III.
r-xch
I '"v/t-^;"^
>
Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II.
Plate IV.
Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II.
Plate V.
Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II.
Plate VI.
^'?'^(
Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II.
Plate VII.
Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II.
Plate VIII.
Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II.
Plate IX.
Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II.
Plate X.
^.
Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II.
Plate XI.
Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II.
Plate XII.
O IH.
UNIVERSITY
OF
Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II.
Plate; XIII.
Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II.
Plate XIV.
Hair Colour
Local Diverg-encies
Boys— Districts
XLIX.
Hair Colour
Local Diverg"encies
Girls— Districts
Eye Colour #;^ ' ^ - .
Local Diverg-encies ^^ ^ • ^^-^
Girls —Districts
Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II.
Plate XV.
Biometrika. Vol. VI, Part
Plate XVI.
u
Diagram II
Distribution of Relativ
Local Differences
Counties — Boys
RED HAIR
Equation ^ _ 33 g-j^:
to curve it ,J^
/
,.'—
^
---g
^
u
Diagram IV
Distribution of Relativ
Local Differences
Counties — Boys
DARK HAIR
Equation , , _ 35 j^
to curve ^- V2^ ^
^•'-
'-'
,
■~
^ ,
:==—
~—
~^..
u
^
Diagram I
Distribution of Relati
Local Differences
Counties — Boys
FAIR HAIR
(Each square represents
a county )
Equation y^ ^ g-*^
to curve ^ y^
/
^. — •
-^
■-'
f
' ,
-—-
-...
\
o
Diagram III
Distribution of Relativ
Local Differences
Counties — Boys
MEDIUM HAIR
Equation y __ 35 j^r
to curve •-' v'2w-
/
■•'
-^
-
'-—
~
'^ —
— J
—
—
—
-~^..
■\
f
Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II.
Plate XVII.
a
a
1
1
Diagram V
Distribution of Relative
Local Differences
Counties — Boys
JET BLACK HAIR
Equation ,._ 35 jj-a
to curve -^"y^^
1
Diagram VI
Distribution of Relative
Local Differences
Counties — Qiris
JET BLACK HAIR
Equation y^ ^ g-i-^^
to curve H .J^
/■
'■-'
/
-
—
—
. -■
c —
......
__.—
'■
...
—
—
—
— ...
■■~
^
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---.
.--.-
--J
N
-....
Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II.
Plate XVIII.
^ SQSq II
O ■= _ ^ w ^
Q S J "^ s 5
Q Is
/
'-■'
..-.-
—
—
—
■■ —
—
—
—
^
\
u
Diagram X
Distribution of Relativ
Local Differences
Counties — Girls
DARK HAIR
Equation 35_ j^
to curve ^ ^^
/
,.-^
....-
.--
^ 1
—-
--...
...
~^..
u
Diagram VII
Distribution of Relativ
Local Differences
Counties — Girls
FAIR HAIR
Equation y^ ^ g-l^
to curve ^ y^
/■
^^-
-'"
__
r—
■'■
r"
—
kzz
—
""~---.
1
Diagram IX
Distribution of Relativ
Local Differences
Counties — Girls
MEDIUM HAIR
Equation ^ g-i-r
to curve ^ y^
/
_,.—'
^^
■
_^
"^ — .
-^.,
^^V—
N
OF THE
UNIVERSITY
Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II.
Plate XIX.
« 1 i
T
I
1
<0
1
Diagram XIV
Distribution of Relative
Local Differences
Counties — Boys
DARK EYES
Equation y 35 C"*'"^
to curve J ^2 IT
.J-
/'
r-
_=—
;_.,^
r
—
- —
-■
--.-..
r —
—
"•~-.
— ,
\
-~^..
■n
2
Diagram XI
Distribution of Relative
Local Differences
Counties — Boys
BLUE EYES
Equation j, — "^^ g-J^^
to curve ^ y^
a
Diagram XIII
Distribution of Relative
Local Differences
Counties — Boys
MEDIUM EYES
Equation j, 35 ^-i^^^i
to curve if ^2^
1
1
<0
J
•'•'■'
-~—
f-—
.-■''
'
.
_.
._
-...,
.- —
._.—
NTT
\
-—-..,
— ...
"^ —
'*^'^..
'>^—
\
22222°'"'"'°"'*""''
22222"°''"'''°*''""'
Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II.
Plate XX.
u
„
Diagram XVI
Distribution of Relativ
Local Differences
Counties — Qirls
LIGHT EYES
Equation j/— ^^ g-t-a
to curve ^ y^
/
'■''■
,.-—
^
~
-.-.
~.,^
u
Diagram XV
Distribution of Relativ
Local Differences
Counties — Qirls
BLUE EYES
Equation y 35 ^_^j
to curve ^ y^
,^. —
""■
-
—
—
—
r —
..-
^-...
—
—
-....
^
u
Diagram XVIII
Distribution of Relativ
Local Differences
Counties — Qirls
DARK EYES
Equation j, 35 Q-\:r
to curve ^ y^^
/
..-■--
^^
■"*
^.-
1
...
■ ,
LI
„
Diagram XVII
Distribution of Relativ
Local Differences
Counties — Girls
MEDIUM EYES
Equation ^z— ^ o-h^
to curve ^ y^^
/
■
._.-.-
f
.— ■
CZT
..-.-..
— ..
'\
Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II.
Plate XXL
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Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II.
Plate XXII.
Of
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Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II.
Plate XXIII.
Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II.
Plate XXIV.
Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II.
Plate XXV.
Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II.
Plate XXVI.
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PIGMENTATION SURVEY OF SCHOOL CHILDREN
IN SCOTLAND. i
By J. F. TOCHER.
This Appendix to the Report giving the absolute numbers fur all the divisions,
counties and districts of Scotland is issued as a Supplement to Biometrika,
Vol. VI. , . i
The cost of printing has been defrayed frotn a special fund presented to this
Journal in memory of W. F. R. W el don. j
CONTENTS.
PAGE
I. Grand Summary. Boys and Girls,
Divisions ..... 109
IL Percentages, Boys and Girls, Di-
visions . . . . .110
III. Grand Summary, Boys, Divisions
„ „ Girls, „ -r 110
IV. Percentages of the Classes, Boys
and Girls, Divisions . .111
V. Grand Summary, Boys, Counties . 112
VL „ „ Girls, „ . 113
VII. Percentages, Boys, Counties
VIII. „ Girls,
IX. „ Chief Cities
X. Values of A
XI. District Summaries, Boys
XII. „ „ Girls -
XIII. „ Percentages, Boys
XIV. „ „ Girls
XV. County and Parish Data
XVI. Observers and Schools
PAflE
5
lU
115
116
. 116*^117
. 118-
-119
. 120-
-121
. 122-
-123
. 124 cSi 125
. 126-
-152
. 153-
-175
APPENDIX.
TABLE I.
Grand Summary. Boys and Girls. Divisions.
Hair
.
Eties
Division
—
Totals
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
1
4062
781
5552
3610
238
2508
4030
4496
3209
14243
2
5214
949
6891
5139
401
3656
5592
5460
3886
18594
3
19453
4219
29396
17479
800
11039
21331
23483
15492
71345
It
20092
3822
31672
18701
954
11470
21794
24397
17580
75241
5
10429
1947
- 16417
10692
581
5788
12909
12695
8674
40066
6
47607
10083
83969
49732
2285
26365
58941
63868
44502
193676
7
17088
3425
26823
14735
622
9278
19303
20070
14042
62693
8
7403
1371
10722
6498
303
4031
8308
8222
5736
26297
Totals
131348
26597
211442
126584
6184
74135
152208
162691
113121
502155
Biometrika. Vol. vi. Supplement.
31
110 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
TABLE II.
Percentages. Boys and Girls. Divisions.
Haib
Eteb
Division
Fair
Bed
Mediam
Dark
Jet
Black
Bine
Light
Mediam
Dark
1
28-52
5-48
38-98
25-35
1-67
17-61
28-29
31-57
22-53
2
28-04
5-10
37-06
27-64
2-16
19-66
30-08
29-36
20-90
3
27-27
5-91
41-20
24-50
112
15-47
29-90
32-91
21-72
4
26-70
5-08
42-09
24-86
1-27
15-24
28-97
32-43
23-36
5
26-03
4-86
40r-97
26-69
1-45
14-45
32-22
31-68
21-65
6
24-58
5-21
43-36
25-68
1-17
13-61
30-43
32-98
22-98
7
27-26
5-46
42-79
23-50
•99
14-80
30-79
32-01
22-40
8
28-15
5-22
40-77
24-71
115
15-33
31-59
31-27
21-81
TABLE III.
Grand Summary. Divisions.
BOYS
Division
Haib
Eyes
Totals
Fair
Bed
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Blae
Light
Mediam
Dark
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
1963
2568
9278
9762
5128
23891
8179
3543
452
513
2251
2003
1043
5361
1803
736
2994
3666
15586
16911
8635
43944
14054
5779
1994
2630
9015
9551
5577
24979
7374
3391
133
190
403
506
306
1216
322
136
1304
1841
5587
5956
2971
13314
4724
2091
2100
2902
10946
11255
6618
30348
9737
4234
2467
2875
12132
12631
6657
33075
10169
4328
1665
1949
7868
8891
4443
22654
7102
2932
7536
9567
36533
38733
20689
99391
31732
13585
Totals
64312
14162
111569
64511
3212
37788
78140
84334
67504
257766
GIRLS
Division
Hair
Eyes
Totals
Fair
Bed
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Blue
Light
Mediam
Dark
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
2099
2646
10175
10330
5301
23716
8909
3860
329
436
1968
1819
904
4722
1622
635
2558
3225
13810
14761
7782
40025
12769
4943
1616
2509
8462
9150
5115
24753
7361
3107
105
211
397
448
275
1069
300
167
1204
1815
5452
5514
2817
13051
4554
1940
1930
2690
10385
10539
6291
28593
9566
4074
2029
2585
11351
11766
6038
30793
9901
3894
1544
1937
7624
8689
4231
21848
6940
2804
6707
9027
34812
36508
19377
94285
30961
12712
Totals
67036
12435
99873
62073
2972
36347
74068
78357
56617
244389
i
J. F. Tocher
111
TABLE IV.
Percentages of the Glasses for each of the Divisions.
BOYS
Haib
E^
CES
Divisi )n
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
1
26-05
6-00
39-73
26-46
1-76
17-30
27-87
32-74
22-09
2
26-84
5-36
38-32
27-49
1-99
19-24
30-34
30-05
20-37
S
25-40
616
42-66
24-68
1-10
15-29
29-96
33-21
21-54
4
25-20
5-17
43-66
24-66
1-31
15-38
29-06
32-61
22-95
5
24-78
5-04
41-74
26-96
1-48
14-36
31-99
32-18
21-47
6
24-04
5-40
44-21
25-13
1-22
13-40
30-53
33-28
22-79
1
25-77
5-68
44-29
23-24
1-02
14-89
30-68
32-05
22-38
8
26-08
5-42
42-54
24-96
1-00
15-39
31-17
31-86
21-58
General
Population
24-95
5-49
43-28
25-03
1-25
14-66
30-31
32-72
22-31
GIRLS
Division
Hair
Eyes
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Blue
Light
Medium
Daik
1
31-30
4-90
38 14
24-09
1-57
17-95
28-78
30-25
23-02
2
29-31
4-83
35-73
27-79
2
34
20-10
29-80
28-64
21-46
S
29-23
5-65
39-67
24-31
1
14
15-66
29-83
32-61
21-90
-4
28-30
4-98
40-43
25-06
1
23
15-10
28-87
32-23
23-80
5
27-36
4-67
40-16
26-39
1
42
14-54
32-47
31-16
21-83
25-16
5-01
42-45
26-25
1
13
13-84
30-33
32-66
23-17
7
28-77
5-24
41-24
23-78
97
14-71
30 -9^
31-98
22-41
8
30-37
5-00
38-88
24-44
1
31
15-26
32-05
30-63
22-06
General
Population
27-43
5-09
40-87
25-40
1
22
14-87
30-31
32-06
22-76
SI— 2
112 Plgraentatlon Survey of School Children in Scotland
TABLE .V. .
Grand Summarij. Counties.
BOYS
. ,. ..
Haik
E
YES
County
Nn
Totals
1
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Blue
Light
Medium
1
Dark
Aberdeen
6426
1600
11189
6382
283
3844
7848
8682
5506
25880
Argyll
2
1202
257
1866
1513
77
709
1658
1573
•975
4915
Ayr
8
4476
893
6977
4116
203
2748
5238
5125
3554
16665
Banff
h
1250
325
2(147
1147
55
734
1335
1626
1129
4824
Berwick
5
462
72
554
362
22
238
500
435
299
1472
Bute
233
71
567
312
25
124
407
412
265
1208
Caithness
7
711
10)
1141
744
68
361
805
976
691
2833
Clackmannan ...
8
493
87
844
469
6
245
627
639
388
1899
Dumbarton
9
1408
250
2188
1338
77
739
1736
1615
1171
5261
Dumfries
10
1503
262
2r02
1336
43
745
1826
1941
1134
5646
Edinburgh
11
5387
1169
9217
5025
186
3044
6416
6642
4882
20984
Elgin
12
819
160
1068
650
35
573
- 722
836
601
2732
Fife
IS
3085
618
5340
2946
156
1768
3541
4112
2724
12145
Forfar
H
3887
878
7173
3966
194
2594
4493
5177
3834
16098
Haddington
15
497
123
912
466
31
380
589
641
419
2029
Inverness
16
1293
257
1889
1389
93
938
1474
1454
1055
4921
Kincardine
17
647
141
1050
739
26
360
870
822
551
2603
Kinross
18
125
26
268
118
5
66
168
197
111
542
Kirkcudbright ...
19
712
176
1263
865
30
484
956
923
683
3046
Lanark
20
16455
3788
31329
17736
837
8686
21428
23751
16280
70145
Linlithgow
21
1299
311
2278
1094
58
718
1625
1664
1033
5040
Nairn
22
136
25
232
97
4
76
171
166
81
494
Orkney
23
565
.101
. 819
496
27
353
615
691
349
20<J8
Peebles
u
214
60
502
198
11
121
330
326
208
985
Perth
25
2172
394
3286
2052
14o
1283
2426
2506
18.34
8049
Renfrew
26
2960
680
5638
3127
176
1880
3682
4199
2820
12581
Ross & Cromarty
27
1275
256
1777
1241
97
903
1428
1421
" 894
4646
Roxburgh
28
794
168
1155
639
32
492
863
782
650
2788
Selkirk 1 ....
29
320
68
: 591
229
14
223
277
461
■ 261
1222
Shetland
SO
371
91
540
346
21
354
329
382
304
1309
Stirling ^ .
SI
2285
465
4014
2414
127
1399
28!l7
3057
2032
9305
Sutherland ..;
32
316
91
: 494
408
17
236
.351
4l8
■ 321
1326
Wigtown ■ ^- ...
1
33
534
130
4.4162-
859
, ^ 551
31
369
.589
682
1
465
2ia5
Totals' --...
—
64312.
J 11569-
.64511
3212-
37J88
7£140.
84334
57504.
257766
J. F. Tocher
113
TABLE VI.
Grand Summary. Counties.
GIRLS
County
No.
Hair
-
Eyes
Totals
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
Aberdeen
1
6890
1322
9762
5972
271
3677
7293
7963
5284
24217
Argyll
2
1222
229
1676
1324
86
688
1504
1418
927
4537
Ayr
3
4687
795
6483
3837
171
2708
4911
4960
3394
15973
Banff
Jt
1499
336
1944
1103
46
761
1398
1622
1147
4928
Berwick
5
450
66
477
303
12
211
442
387
268
1308
Bute ,
6
306
64
465
sm
15
140
397
401
242
1180
Caithness
7
744
117
996
647
50
357
775
798
624
2554
Clackmannan ...
8
485
67
706
394
4
195
561
555
345
1656
Dumbarton
9
1422
214
1940
1326
69
679
1729
1470
1093
4971
Dumfries
10
1658
251
2085
1217
63
721
1702
1750
1101
5274
Edinburgh
11
5822
1084
8656
5033
212
2957
6398
6687
4765
20807
i Elgin
12
836
134
991
634
41
505
691
841
599
2636
Kite ■ .
13
3518
547
4575
2850
98
1709
3317
3813
2749
11588
P'orfar
U
3922
785
6313
3840
211
2315
4188
4834
3734
15071
Haddington
15
625
108
770
496
18
353
637
595
432
2017
Inverness
16
1283
215
16.30
1330
119
936
1387
1216
10:^8
4577
Kincardine
17
797
146
929
640
36
413
866
752
517
2548
Kinross
18
159
26
223
113
5
65
172
179
110
'526
Kirkcudbright ...
19
783
131
1063
722
36
390
940
815
590
2735
Lanark
20
16165
3353
28447
17729
729
8685
20150
21888
15700
66423
Linlithgow
21
1459
252
1916
1103
38
721
1498
1510
1039
4768
Nairn
22
153
30
184
113
3
96
137
173
77
i483
Orkney '
23
573
87
672
405
21
321
536
577
324
1758
1 Peebles
n
244
49
"466
217
8
120
315
338
211
;984
Perth
25
2246
394
2944
1953
130
12.30
2301
2385
1751
7667
j Renfrew
26
2864
574
5095
3187
169
1658
3532
3945
2754
11889
, Ross & Cromarty
Tf
1.363
221
1595
1179
92
879
1303
1.369
899
4450
1 Roxburgh
28
800
147
984
587
35
423
790
723
617
2553
j Selkirk
29
309
63
484
209
12
192
276
384
225
1077
Shetland
30
378
64
"408
261
18
284
272
310
263
1129
Stirling
31
2351
397
3701
2135
105
1310
2661
2749
1969
8689
1 Sutherland
32
404
•61
■ 482
303
16
242
347
344
333
1266
Wigtown
33
619
106
811
• 581
• 33
1
406
642
606
496
2150
1
Totals , v..
67036
12435
99873
62073
2972
36347
74068
78357
55617
244389
114 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotlaml
TABLE Vlf.
Colour Percentages. Counties.
BOYS
Haib
Eyes
County
No.
1
Fair
Bed
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Pure
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
Aberdeen
24-83
6-18
43-24
24-66
1-10
14-85
30-32
33-55
21-28
Argyll
"2
24-46
5-23
37-96
30-78
1
57
14-43
33-73
32-00
19-84
Ayr
3
26-86
5-36
41-86
24-70
1
22
16-49
31-43
30-75
21-33
Banff
4
25-91
6-74
42-43
23-78
1
14
15-22
27-67
33-71
23-40
Berwick
5
31-39
4-89
37-64
24-59
1
49
16-17
33-97
29-65
20-31
Bute
6
19-29
5-88
46-94
25-82
2
07
10-27
33-69
34-10
21-94
Caithness
7
25-10
5-97
40-27
26-26
2
40
12-74
28-42
34-45
24-39
Clackmannan ...
8
25-96
4-58
44-44
24-70
32
12-90
33-02
33-65
20-43
Dumbarton
9
26-76
4-75
41 -59
25-43
1
47
14-05
33-00
30-70
22-25
Dumfries
10
26-62
4-64
44-32
23-66
76
13-20
32-34
34-38
20-08
Edinburgh
11
25-68
5-57
43-92
23-95
88
14-51
30-68
31-65
23-26
Elgin
12
29-98
5-86
39-09
23-79
1
28
20-97
26-43
30-60
22-00
Fife
13
25-40
5-09
43-97
24-26
1
28
14-56
29-15
33-86
22-43
Forfar
U
24-15
5-45
44-56
24-64
1
20
16-11
27-91
32-16
23-82
Haddington
15
24-49
6-06
44-95
22-97
1
53
18-73
29-03
31 -59
20-65
InvernesH
16
26-27
5-22
38-39
28-23
1
89
19-06
29-95
29-55
21-44
Kincardine
17
24-85
5-41
40-33
28-39
1
00
13-83
33-42
31-58
21-17
Kinross
IS
23-06
4-80
49-45
21-77
92
12-18
30-99
36-35
20-48
Kirkcudbright ...
19
23-38
5-78
41-46
28-40
98
15-89
31-39
30-30
22-42
Lanark
20
23-46
5-40
44-66
25-29
1
19
12-38
30-56
33-86
23-21
Linlithgow
21
25-77
6-17
45-20
21-71
1
15
14-25
32-24
33-01
20-50
Nairn
22
27-53
5-06
46-96
19-64
81
15-39
34-61
33-60
16-40
Orkney
23
28-14
5-03
40-79
24-70
1
34
17-58
30-63
34-41
17-38
Peebles
2k
21-73
6-09
50-96
20-10
1
12
12-28
33-50
33-10
21-12
Perth
25
26-99
4-89
40-83
25-49
1
80
15-94
30-14
31-13
22-79
Renfrew
26
23-53
5-41
44-81
24-85
1
40
14-94
29-27
33-38
22-41
Ross & Cromarty
27
27-44
5-51
38-25
26-71
2
09
19-44
30-73
30-59
19-24
Roxburgh
28
28-48
6-02
41-43
22-92
1
15
17-68
30-96
28-05
23-31
Selkirk
29
26-19
5-56
48-36
18-74
1
15
18-25
22-67
37-72
21-36
Shetland
30
27-10
6-65
39-45
25-27
1
53
25-86
24-03
27-90
22-21
Stirling
31
24-56
5-00
43 14
25-94
1
36
15-03
30-28
32-85
21-84
Sutherland
32
23-83
6-86
37-26
30-77
1
28
17-80
26-47
31-52
24-21
Wigtown
33
26-37
6-17
40-81
43-28
26-18
1-47
17-53
27-98
32-40
22-09
Total Population
24-95
5-49
25-03
1-25
14-66
30-31
32-72
22-31
J. F. Tocher
115
TABLE VIII.
Colour Percentages. Counties.
GIRLS
County
No.
Hair
E
YES
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark
24-65
Jet
Black
Pure
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
Aberdeen
1
28-41
5-46
40-31
1-12
15
18
.30-12
32
88
21-82
Argyll
2
26-93
5-05
36-94
29-18
1-90
15
16
33-15
31
26
20-43
Ayr
S
29-34
4-98
40-59
24-02
1-07
16
95
30-75
31
05
21-25
Banff
4
30-42
6-82
39-45
22-38
•93
15
44
28-37
32
.)1
23-28
Berwick
5
34-40
5-05
.36-47
23-16
-92
16
13
33-79
29
59
20-49
Bute
25-93
5-42
39-41
27-97
1-27
11
87
33-64
33
98
20-51
Caithness
7
29-13
4-58
39-00
25-33
1-96
13
98
30-35
31
24
24-43
Clackmannan ...
8
29-29
4-05
42-63
23-79
-24
11
78
33-88
33
51
20-83
Dumbarton
9
28-61
4-30
.39-03
26-67
1-39
13
66
34-78
29
57
21-99
Dumfries
10
31-44
4-76
.39-53
23-08
1-19
13
67
32-27
33
18
20-88
Edinburgh
11
27-98
5-21
41-60
24-19
1-02
14
21
30-75
32
14
22-90
Elgin
12
31-72
5-08
37-59
24-05
1-56
19
16
26-21
31
90
22-73
Fife
13
30 -.36
4-72
39-48
24-59
•85
14
75
28-62
32
91
23-72
Forfar
U
26-02
5-21
41-89
25-48
1-40
15
36
27-79
32
07
24^78
Haddington
15
30-99
5-35
38-18
24-59
•89
17
50
31 -58
29
50
21-42
Inverness
16
28-03
4-70
35-61
29-06
2-60
20
45
30-30
26
57
22-68
Kincardine
17
31-28
5-73
36-46
25-12
1-41
16
21
.33-99
29
51
20-29
Kinross
IS
30-23
4-94
42-40
21-48
-95
12
36
.32-70
34
03
20-91
Kirkcudbright ...
19
28-63
4-79
38-87
26-40
1-31
14
26
34-37
29
80
21-57
Lanark
m
24-33
5-05
42-83
26-69
1-10
13
07
30-34
32
95
23-64
Linlithgow
21
30-60
5-29
40-18
23-13
•80
15
12
31-42
31
67
21-79
Nairn
22
31-67
6-21
38-10
23-40
•62
19
88
28 -.36
35
82
15-94
Orkney
23
32-59
4-95
.38-23
23-04
1-19
18
26
30-49
32
82
18-43
Peebles
2k
24-80
4-98
47-36
22-05
-81
12
20
32-01
34
35
21-44
Perth
26
29-29
5-14
38-40
25-47
1-70
16
04
30-01
31
11
22-84
Renfrew
26
24-09
4-83
42-85
26-81
1-42
13
95
29-71
33
18
23-16
Ross & Cromarty
27
30-63
4-97
.35-84
26-49
2-07
19
75
29-28
30
77
20-20
Ro.xburgh
28
31-34
5-76
38-54
22-99
1-37
16
57
30-94
28
32
24-17
Selkirk
29
28-69
5-85
44-94
19-41
1-11
17
83
25-63
35
65
20-89
Shetland .v.
30
33-48
5-67
.36-14
23-12
1-59
25
16
24-09
27
46
23-29
Stirling
31
27-06
4-57
42-59
24-57
1-21
15
-08
30-62
31
-64
22-66
Sutherland
32
31-91
4-82
38-07
23-94
1-26
19
-12
27-41
27
-17
26-30
Wigtown
33
28-79
4-93
37-72
27-02
1-54
18-88
29-86
28-19
23-07
Total Population
—
27-43
6-09
40-87
25-40
1-22
14-87
30-31
32-06
22-76
IIG Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
TABLE IX.
Colour Percentages. Chief Cities.
BOYS
Haik
Eyes
Fair
Bed
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Pure
Blue
LiKht
Medium
Dark
22-85
19-98
24-61
22-69
21-44
24-16
23-42
24.36
23 -.58
21-99
Aberdeen City ...
„ County
Edinburgh City ...
Leith
Edinburgh County
Dundee
Forfar
Glasgow-
Go van
Lanark County ...
24 -.54
25-06
26-31
23-57
26-76
23-22
25-22
2213
21-50
25,32
6-22
6-15
5.39
5-92
5-53
5-41
5-50
5 -.35
5 -.30
5-48
43-31
43-17
42-98
45-42
44-05
45-38
43-61
45-26
47-15
43-35
25-19
25-23
24-32
24-36
22-81
24-58
24-70
26-10
24-79
24-64
-74
1.39
1-00
-73
-85
1-41
-97
1-16
1-26
1-21
12-79
16-.56
15-11
10-55
17-66
14 -.54
17-94
11-09
14-63
12-96
30-92
29-83
>29-81
32-60
29-79
27-44
28-46
30-57
.30-18
30-64
33-44
.33-63
.30-47
34-16
31-11
33-86
30-18
.33-98
31-61
34-41
GIRLS
Hair
Eyes '
Fair
lied
5-58
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Pure
Blue
Li^ht
Medium
Dark
Aberdeen City ...
27-29
40-82 .
25-62
-69
13-93
29-78
33-68
22-61
„ ' County
29-36
5 -.36
39-91
23-91
1-46
16-16
30 -.38
.32-26
21-20
Edinburgh City ...
26-61
4-98
41-14
25-84
1-43
14-75
29-85
.30-75
24-65
Leith
27-53
4-97
41-99
24-89
-62
11-04
32-88
34.53
21-55
Edinburgh County
31 -01
5-91
42-03
20-34
-71
16-74
.30-06
32-06
21-14
Dundee
24-57
5-06
42-56
26-37
1-44
14-04
27-18
34.32
24-46
Forfar
27-81
5-39
41-07
24-38
1.35
16-99
28 -.54
29-31
25-16
Glasgow
21-44
4-85
43 -.56
28-85
1.30
11-98
29-76
3S-78
24-48
Go van
21-62
5-11
45-75
26-41
1-11
14-10
.30-97
30-92
24-01
Lanark County . . .
1
28-03
5-22
41-20
24-65
•90
13-84
30-71
3^-76
22-69
1
TABLE X.
Values of A or (w/' — y/)/Vwpg'. Counties.
A /a/i-( ~J^^ = {RLD) = Relative Local Dlfft
erence.
On comparing this table with Tables VIIL and IX. of memoir, it will be seen
how far the values of A diverge from those of {RLD). In many cases they are
fair approximations, but where n is moderately large the A's diverge widely from
the real relative local difference or (RLD). The signs (not shown in this table)
are the same as Tables VIII. and IX. of memoir.
J. F. Tocher
iir
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00
Sh
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Biometrika.
118 Pigmentatmi Survey of School Children in Scotlmid
TABLE XI.
District Totals.
BOYS
Hair
Eyes
Number of
District
Totals
Fair
Bed
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Pare
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
I
592
119
849
504
36
281
594
719
506
2100
II
464
111
557
308
22
378
305
401
378
1462
III
533
136
1153
555
25
345
660
881
516
2402
IV
391
66
668
442
22
240
508
478
363
1589
V
963
174
1394
883
53
444
1084
1178
761
3467
VI
931
214
1547
904
50
369
1171
1294
812
3646
VII
536
103
855
557
24
258
611
781
425
2075
VIII
260
60
365
205
13
109
361
278
155
903
IX
765
127
1063
639
29
293
912
867
551
2623
X
286
63
655
272
7
163
389
484
247
1283
XI
837
190
1826
936
44
474
1134
1397
828
3833
XII
664
170
1171
781
18
317
960
936
591
2804
XIII
9161
2227
18999
10658
481
4964
12679
13887
9996
41526
XIV
650
154
1222
782
27
416
837
892
690
2835
XV
360
102
772
354
18
168
536
599
303
1606
XVI
360
79
569
374
7
242
362
491
294
1389
XVII
388
87
656
404
19
226
533
485
310
1554
XVIII
626
128
1069
550
62
417
659
783
576
2435
XIX
224
66
485
232
10
82
352
385
198
1017
XX
79
9
81
56
3
18
88
65
57
228
XXI
282
50
497
244
16
164
322
385
218
1089
XXII
157
32
311
190
17
105
204
220
178
707
XXIII
55
10
152
56
5
31
81
118
48
278
XXIV
760
198
1749
946
47
546
1073
1205
876
3700
XXV
340
88
507
368
18
169
447
392
313
1321
XXVI
673
115
1029
560
30
408
660
831
508
2407
XXVII
522
127
1002
522
21
309
754
672
459
2194
XXVIII
1044
192
1451
837
68
612
1157
1049
774
3592
XXIX
359
81
592
388
11
304
414
391
322
1431
XXX
833
143
1178
600
22
501
954
811
510
2776
XXXI
515
98
905
652
24
285
639
738
532
2194
XXXII
400
101
657
431
22
318
430
515
348
1611
XXXIII
173
41
300
231
11
105
215
255
181
756
XXXIV
601
154
1042
711
22
402
807
750
571
2530
XXXV
421
88
727
378
16
162
562
601
305
1630
XXXVl
479
97
725
453
24
250
619
552
357
1778
XXXVII
819
130
1382
698
13
493
892
1036
621
3042
XXXVIII
347
61
432
241
13
156
377
327
234
1094
XXXIX
466
108
736
412
23
347
497
470
431
1746
XL
307
68
578
224
14
217
268
452
254
1191
XLI
214
60
502
198
11
121
330
326
208
986
XLII
453
68
539
350
18
234
487
418
289
1428
XLIII
497
123
912
466
31
380
589
641
419
2029
XLIV
2584
529
4220
2388
98
1484
2927
2992
2416
9819
XLV
1365
343
2630
1411
42
611
1888
1978
1314
5791
XLVI
643
137
1024
531
22
378
753
733
493
2367
XLVII
795
160
1343
695
24
571
858
939
649
3017
XLVIII
822
219
1577
776
42
395
1140
1203
698
3436
XLIX
477
92
701
318
16
323
485
461
335
1604
L
207
43
412
280
19
141
243
355
222
961
LI
523
94
868
487
9
262
660
655
404
1981
LII
506
69
643
456
19
257
538
492
406
1693
LIII
588
115
1072
540
13
321
751
770
486
2328
LIV
338
73
642
309
19
243
374
466
298
1381
LV
454
86
726
414
36
256
538
626
396
1716
J. F. Tocher
119
TABLE XL— (continued).
District Totals.
BOYS
Hair
E
rEs
Number of
Totals
District
Fair
Bed
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Pure
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
LVI
254
45
364
218
17
140
261
276
221
898
LVII
863
213
1749
847
38
476
1004
1424
806
3710
LVIII
283
68
560
325
15
187
390
434
240
1251
LIX
528
78
676
455
33
328
602
467
373
1770
LX
307
78
699
340
23
150
453
502
342
1447
LXI
471
96
737
477
35
356
498
577
385
1816
LXII
490
113
960
595
34
307
611
814
460
2192
LXI II
316
51
587
341
16
212
392
376
331
1311
LXIV
302
53
528
353
5
175
342
361
363
1241
LXV
435
114
911
469
22
380
576
570
425
1951
LXVI
2038
476
3964
2152
122
1270
2409
2950
2123
8752
LXVII
250
51
338
246
17
114
272
314
202
902
LXVIII
401
81
535
328
23
316
326
392
334
1368
LXIX
645
109
1042
579
20
278
710
820
587
2395
LXX
358
62
428
301
26
231
296
349
299
1175
LXXI
329
53
470
328
34
199
435
317
263
1214
LXXII
364
68
509
347
8
178
433
394
291
1296
LXXIII
271
65
531
267
10
191
360
355
238
1144
LXXIV
296
66
447
346
14
171
377
365
256
1169
LXXV
308
60
524
269
12
212
334
3.S4
243
1173
LXXVI
76
12
145
86
12
66
83
106
76
331
LXXVII
2868
727
5061
2943
86
1494
3613
3908
2670
11685
LXXVIII
480
105
748
402
28
232
491
672
368
1763
LXXIX
369
107
714
447
17
301
532
516
305
1654
LXXX
703
176
1025
598
42
495
744
822
483
2544
LXXXI
406
102
817
451
27
218
506
635
444
1803
LXXXII
416
103
789
402
17
262
575
561
329
1727
LXXXIII
511
104
791
445
36
366
548
639
334
1887
LXXXIV
332
114
708
373
14
281
471
493
296
1541
LXXXV
631
166
1201
599
17
304
738
969
603
2614
LXXX VI
271
66
465
240
16
186
290
346
236
1058
LXXXVII
530
116
767
485
14
304
512
639
457
1912
LXXXVIII
537
84
578
378
18
371
427
421
376
1595
LXXXIX
317
75
561
245
13
161
365
459
226
1211
XC
295
78
448
299
23
272
334
296
241
1143
XCI
298
62
301
254
28
218
271
256
198
943
XCII
346
90
611
393
28
235
380
544
309
1468
XCIII
450
78
574
431
19
329
479
444
300
1552
XCIV
85
21
136
96
9
111
112
71
53
347
xcv
236
61
396
324
31
148
341
359
200
1048
XCVI
255
76
366
316
9
217
250
313
242
1022
XCVII
489
104
605
454
53
206
460
614
425
1705
XCVIII
222
65
536
290
15
155
345
362
266
1128
XCIX
466
97
599
521
40
305
552
482
384
1723
c
303
60
364
330
28
185
367
318
215
1085
CI
288
69
475
379
17
143
443
399
243
1228
CII
261
42
384
391
13
130
466
294
201
1091
cm
343
67
590
404
22
254
371
509
292
1426
CIV
351
111
786
441
34
197
539
603
384
1723
cv
676
111
915
644
38
412
750
662
560
2384
CVI
288
35
433
226
10
86
323
379
204
992
CVII
145
17
219
163
7
105
173
157
116
551
CVIII
544
91
814
479
33
391
598
556
416
1961
CIX
565
101
819
496
27
353
615
691
349
2008
ex
371
91
540
346
21
354
329
382
304
1369
32—2
120 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
TABLE XII.
District Totals.
GIRLS
Haib
Etes
Nnmber of
District
Totals
Fair
Bed
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Pure
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
I
544
97
677
451
14
269
512
600
402
1783
II
459
83
525
280
16
289
387
325
362
1363
III
628
118
1014
522
20
348
675
831
448
2302
IV
412
89
667
416
19
307
419
496
381
1603
V
1003
177
1229
819
37
431
1029
1056
749
3265
VI
978
165
1384
794
30
366
1129
1126
730
3351
VII
551
110
779
470
15
254
562
681
428
1925
VIII
293
51
375
196
13
176
293
295
164
928
IX
642
102
956
607
23
288
809
677
556
2330
X
364
60
549
267
4
162
394
421
267
1244
XI
897
196
1515
899
37
419
1015
1282
828
3644
XII
677
164
1074
636
35
320
949
804
563
2636
XIII
8648
1952
17529
11151
484
4977
11982
13134
9671
39764
XIV
701
114
1166
755
23
421
849
838
651
2759
.XV
326
82
693
323
11
145
473
507
310
1435
XVI
361
51
468
357
12
127
381
462
279
1249
XVII
358
69
604
402
16
162
473
495
319
1449
XVIII
575
121
977
605
56
435
636
705
568
2334
XIX
. 223
63
480
255
15
92
352
359
233
1036
XX
83
8
90
60
5
11
90
64
81
246
XXI
231
41
425
235
12
168
235
329
212
944
XXII
184
32
290
169
9
87
227
202
168
684
XX[II
70
12
126
93
•7
39
99
102
68
308
XXIV
762
178
1569
984
32
504
1039
1177
806
3525
XXV
332
59
511
333
6
177
425
364
275
1241
XXVI
770
128
933
497
26
430
671
782
471
2354
XXVII
470
89
977
507
15
274
700
637
447
2058
XXVIII
1049
. 163
1296
827
35
605
1092
947
726
3370
XXIX
444
66
608
335
24
263
348
552
314
1477
XXX
811
147
1060
590
31
489
869
764
617
2639
XXXI
570
102
810
527
26
311
574
666
486
2036
XXXII
457
89
582
449
26
331
447
466
369
1603
XXXIII
217
32
317
213
8
130
240
220
197
787
XXXIV
640
111
875
597
30
335
777
668
473
2263
XXXV
385
62
561
359
14
153
480
460
288
1381
XXXVI
595
86
636
403
26
212
602
585
347
1746
XXXVII
948
140
1173
650
29
482
892
938
628
2940
XXXVIII
333
55
391
221
13
147
331
285
250
1013
XXXIX
478
93
603
376
22
280
463
447
382
1572
XL
302
62
477
205
12
188
269
381
220
1068
XLI
244
49
466
217
8
120
315
338
211
984
XLII
443
64
467
291
12
208
437
376
256
1277
XLIII
625
108
770
496
18
353
637
596
432
2017
XLIV
2593
485
4008
2518
139
1437
2908
2996
2402
9743
XLV
1602
289
2443
1448
36
642
1913
2009
1254
5818
XLVI
684
138
940
493
14
348
694
736
491
2269
XLVII
943
172
1265
574
23
630
883
946
618
2977
XLVIII
943
186
1344
785
24
440
1005
1130
707
3282
XLIX
516
66
672
318
14
281
493
380
332
1486
L
254
41
372
223
8
90
265
314
239
898
LI
516
73
735
413
7
218
688
678
360
1744
LIT
601
55
585
377
11
301
472
456
400
1629
LI 1 1
()91
121
975
507
12
318
745
770
473
2306
LIV
413
65
571
277
11
222
372
443
300
1337
LV
532
89
608
430
22
244
618
478
441
1681
J. F. Tocher
121
TABLE Xll.— {continued).
District Totals.
GIRLS
Haib
Eyes
Number of
District
Totals
Fair
Eed
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Pure
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
LVI
263
48
313
220
19
133
247
260
223
863
LVII
923
154
1474
829
20
466
880
1271
783
3400
LVIII
336
73
505
325
16
186
394
416
259
1255
. LIX
521
79
648
417
37
306
629
426
341
1702
LX
374
60
695
357
12
165
442
515
376
1498
LXI
510
78
585
394
24
315
451
455
370
1691
LXII
519
86
900
525
41
316
553
751
451
2071
LXIII
271
49
510
337
11
182
350
352
294
1178
LXIV
280
63
505
372
14
138
360
370
366
1234
LXV
426
94
809
408
21
322
485
523
428
1758
LXVI
2084
424
3560
2229
120
1178
2295
2880
2064
8417
LXVII
242
47
289
206
16
130
234
244
192
800
LXVIII
432
70
500
296
22
265
323
394
338
1320
LXIX
643
113
988
539
14
296
657
807
537
2297
LXX
360
62
306
268
30
227
256
275
268
1026
LXXI
325
52
411
321
21
190
397
311
232
1130
LXXII
374
48
494
282
16
186
386
340
302
1214
LXXIII
299
62
450
236
11
183
364
278
233
1058
LXXIV
375
79
400
294
13
186
392
365
218
1161
LXXV
307
62
360
236
18
172
270
309
232
983
LXXVI
92
15
99
77
10
67
74
92
60
293
LXXVII
2903
594
4342
2725
73
1482
3168
3582
2405
10637
LXXVIII
520
101
714
411
22
231
522
659
356
1768
LXXIX
457
84
582
411
21
257
544
439
315
1555
LXXX
754
132
807
535
34
446
721
670
425
2262
LXXXI
439
84
706
474
26
234
471
583
441
1729
LXXXII
509
80
684
396
18
233
533
569
352
1687
LXXXIII
569
101
704
413
31
324
538
586
370
1818
LXXXI V
364
63
648
313
27
240
451
432
292
1415
LXXXV
728
170
1139
597
15
276
772
952
649
2649
LXXXVI
341
79
457
251
17
234
304
354
253
1145
LXXXVII
634
112
753
421
20
345
538
619
438
1940
LXXXVIII
509
79
540
364
26
336
374
442
366
1518
LXXXIX
319
58
468
259
7
158
311
413
229
1111
xu
385
92
422
279
21
271
325
353
250
1199
XCI
327
57
275
243
31
216
256
251
210
933
XCII
350
65
545
411
17
254
385
448
301
1388
XCIII
507
64
574
405
33
335
494
457
297
1583
XCIV
93
35
91
104
7
98
117
71
44
330
xcv
270
41
380
301
19
140
297
332
242
1011
XCVI
349
52
360
227
11
226
290
245
238
999
XCVII
465
71
502
386
38
211
434
472
345
1462
XCVIII
279
46
494
261
12
146
341
326
279
1092
XCIX
484
61
494
481
33
306
473
410
364
1553
c
284
53
296
316
36
167
313
301
204
985
CI
298
56
430
341
16
147
389
381
224
1141
CII
258
54
337
291
14
134
372
258
190
954
cm
387
59
535
375
32
232
414
439
303
1388
CIV
412
90
671
442
26
200
529
554
358
1641
CV
660
73
765
657
34
363
733
600
493
2189
CVI
294
29
388
213
3
68
330
328
201
927
evil
104
31
205
122
12
99
168
99
108
474
CVIII
506
90
692
462
38
368
490
537
393
1788
CIX
573
87
672
405
21
321
536
577
324
1758
ex
378
64
408
261
18
284
272
310
263
1129
122 Pigmentation Sut^ey of School Children in Scotland
TABLE XIII.
District Percentages.
BOYS
Hair
Etbb
Number of
District
T,
Fair
Bed
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Pure
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
I
28-19
5-67
40-43
24-00
1-71
13-38
28-29
34-24
24-09
II
31-74
7-59
38-10
21-07
1-50
26-86
20-86
27-43
26 -85
III
22-19
5-66
48-00
23-11
1-04
14-36
27-48
3668
21-48
IV
24-61
4-15
42-04
27-82
1-38
16-10
31-97
30^08
22-85
V
27-77
5-02
40-21
25-47
1-53
12-81
31-26
33 98
21-95
VI
25-54
5-87
42-43
24-79
1-37
10-12
32-12
3649
22-27
VII
25-83
4-96
41-21
26-84
1-16
12-43
29-45
37-64
20-48
VIII
28-79
6-65
40-42
22-70
1-44
12-07
39-98
30-79
1716
IX
29-16
4-84
40-53
24-36
1-11
11-17
34-77
33-05
21-01
X
22-29
4-91
51-05
21-20
-55
12-71
30-32
37-72
19-26
XI
21-83
4-96
47-64
24-42
1-16
12-37
29-59
36-44
21-60
XII
23-68
6-06
41-76
27-86
•64
11-30
34-24
33-38
21-08
XIII
22-07
5-36
45-75
25-66
1-16
11-96
30-53
33-44
24-07
XIV
22-93
5-43
43-11
27-58
-95
14-67
29-53
31-46
24-34
XV
22-42
6-35
48-07
22-04
1-12
10-46
3337
37-30
18-87
XVI
25-92
5-09
40-96
26-93
•50
17-42
2606
35-35
21-17
XVII
24-97
5-60
42-20
20-00
1-23
14-54
34-30
31-21
19-96
XVIII
25-71
5-26
43-90
22-59
2-54
17-13
27 06
32-16
23-65
XIX
22-03
6-49
47-69
22-81
-98
8-06
34-61
37-86
19-47
XX
34-65
3-95
35-52
24-56
1-32
7-89
38-60
28-51
25-00
XXI
25-89
4-59
45-04
22-41
1-47
15-06
29-57
35-36
20-02
XXII
22-21
4-53
43-99
26-87
2-40
14-85
28-85
31-12
25-18
XXIII
19-78
3-60
54-68
20-14
1-80
11 15
29-14
42-44
17-27
XXIV
20-54
5-35
47-27
25-57
1-27
14-76
29-00
32-57
23-67
XXV
25-74
6-66
38-38
27-86
1-36
12-79
33-84
29-68
23-69
XXVI
27-96
4-78
42-75
23-26
1-25
16-95
27-42
34-52
21-11
XXVII
23-79
5-79
45-67
23-79
•96
14-08
34-37
30-63
20-92
XXVIII
29-07
5-35
40-39
23-30
1-89
17^04
32-21
29-20
21-56
XXIX
25-09
5-66
41-37
27-11
•77
21-25
28-93
27-32
22-50
XXX
30-01
5-15
42-44
21-61
•79
18-05
34-37
29-21
18-37
XXXI
23-47
4-47
41-25
29-72
1^09
12-99
29-12
33-64
24-25
XXXII
24-83
6-27 '
' 40-78
26-75
137
19-74
26-69
31-97
21-60
XXXIII
22-88
5-42
39-68
30-56
1-46
13-89
28-44
33-73
23-94
XXXIV
23-76
6-09
41-18
28-10
•87
15-89
31-90
29-64
22-57
XXXV
25-83
5-40
44-60
23-19
•98
9-94
34-48
36-87
18-71
XXXVI
26-94
5-45
40-78
25-48
1-35
14-06
34-81
31-05
20-08
XXXVII
26-92
4-27
45-43
22-95
-43
16-21
29-32
34-06
20-41
XXXVIII
31 -72
5-57
39-49
22-03
1-19
14-26
34-46
29-89
21-39
XXXIX
26-70
6-19
42-18
23-61
1-32
1989
28-48
26-93
24-70
XL
25-78
5-71
48-53
18-81
1-17
18-22
22-50
37 95
21-33
XLI
21-73
6-09
50-96
20-10
1-12
12-28
33-50
3310
21-12
XLII
31-72
4-76
37-75
24-51
1-26
16-39
34-10
2927
20-24
XLI II
24-49
6-06
44-95
22-97
1-53
18-73
29-03
31-59
20-65
XLIV
26-31
5-39
42-98
24-32
100
15-11
29-81
30-47
24-61
XLV
23-57
5-92
45-42
24-37
-72
10-55
32-60
34-16
22-69
XLVI
27-28
5-81
43-45
22-63
•93
16-04
31-94
31-10
20-92
XLVII
26-35
6-30
44-52
2304
•79
18-93
28-44
31-12
21-51
XLVIII
23-92
6-37
45-90
22-59
122
11-50
33-18
35-01
20-31
XLIX
29-74
5-74
43-70
19-82
TOO
20-14
30-24
28-74
20-88
L
21-54
4-47
42-87
29-14
r98
14-67
2629
36-94
23-10
LI
26-40
4-75
43-82
24 58
-46
13-23
33-32
33-06
20-39
LII
29-89
4-08
37-98
26-93
1-12
15-18
31-78
29^06
23-98
LIII
25-26
4-94
46-05
2319
-66
13-79
32-26
33-08
20-87
LIV
24-47
5-29
46-49
22-37
1-38
17-60
27-08
33-74
21-68
LV
26-46
5-01
42-31
24-12
2-10
14-92
31-35
30-66
2308
J. F. Tocher
123
TABLE XlU.—(contmued).
District Percentages.
BOYS
Hair
Eyes
Number of
District
Fair
Eed
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Pure
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
LVI
28-29
5-01
40-53
24-28
1-89
15-59
29-06
30-74
24-61
LVII
23-26
5-74
47-14
22-83
1-03
12-83
27-06
38-38
21-73
LVIII
22-62
5-43
44-77
25-98
1-20
14-95
31-17
34-69
19-19
LIX
29-83
4-41
38-19
25-71
1-86
18-53
34-01
26-39
21-07
LX
21-21
5-39
48-31
23-50
1-59
10-37
31-31
34-69
23-63
LXI
25-94
5-28
40-58
26-27
1-93
19-61
27-42
31-77
21-20
LXII
22-35
5-16
43-80
27-14
1-55
14-01
27-87
37-13
20-99
LXIII
24-10
3-89
44-78
26-01
1-22
16-17
29-90
28-68
25-25
LXIV
24-33
4-27
42-55
28-45
•40
14-10
27-56
29-09
29-25
LXV
22-30
5-84
46-69
24-04
1-13
19-48
29-52
29-22
21-78
LXVI
23-29
5-44
45-29
24-59
1-39
14-51
27-52
33-71
24-26
LXVII
27-73
5-64
37-47
27-27
1-89
12-64
30-16
34-81
22-39
LXVIII
29-31
5-92
39-11
23-98
1-68
23-10
23-83
28-65
24-42
LXIX
26-93
4-55
43-51
24-18
-83
11-61
29-64
34-24
24-51
LXX
30-47
5-28
36-42
25-62
2-21
19-66
25-19
29-70
25-45
LXXI
27-10
4-37
38-71
27-02
2-80
16-39
35-83
26-11
21-67
LXXII
28-09
5-25
39-27
26-77
•62
13-74
33-41
30-40
22-45
LXXIII
23-69
5-68
46-42
23-34
-87
16-70
31-47
31-03
20-80
LXXIV
25-32
5-64
38-24
29-60
1-20
14-63
32-25
31-22
21-90
LXXV
26-26
5-12
44-67
22-93
1-02
18-07
28-48
32-74
20-71
LXXVI
22-96
3-62
43-81
25-98
3-63
19-94
25-08
32-02
22-96
LXXVII
24-54
6-22
43-31
25-19
•74
12-79
30-92
33-44
22-85
LXXVIII
27-23
5-95
42-43
22-80
1-59
13-16
27-85
38-12
20-87
LXXIX
22-31
6-47
43-17
27-02
1-03
18-20
32-16
31-20
18-44
LXXX
27-63
6 92
40-29
23-51
1-65
19-46
29-24
32-31
18-99
LXXXI
22-52
5-66
45-31
25-01
1-50
12-09
28-06
35-22
24-63
LXXXII
24-09
5-96
45-69
23-28
-98
15-17
33-30
32-48
19-05
LXXXIII
27-08
5-51
41-92
23-58
1-91
19-40
29-04
33-86
17-70
LXXXIV
21-54
7-40
45-94
24-21
-91
18-24
30-56
31-99
19-21
LXXXV
24-14
6-35
45-94
22-92
-65
11-63
28-23
37-07
23-07
LXXXVI
25-61
6-24
43-95
22-69
1-51
17-58
27-41
32-70
22-31
LXXXVII
27-72
6-07
40-11
25-37
-73
15-90
26-78
33-42
23-90
LXXXVIII
33-67
5-26
36-24
23-70
1-13
23-26
26-77
26-40
23-57
LXXXIX
26-18
6-19
46-33
20-23
1-07
13-30
30-14
37-90
18-66
XC
25-81
6-82
39-20
26-16
2-01
23-80
29-22
25-90
21-08
XCI
31-60
6-58
31-92
26-93
2-97
23-12
28-74
27-15
20-99
XCII
23-57
6-13
41-62
26-77
1-91
16-01
25-88
37-06
21-05
XCIII
29-00
5 03
36-98
27-77
1-22
21-20
30-86
28-61
19-33
XCIV
24-50
6-05
3919
27-67
2-59
31-98
32-29
20-46
15-27
xcv
22-52
5-82
37-78
30-92
2-96
14-12
32-54
34-26
19-08
XCVI
24-95
7-44
35-81
30-92
-88
21-23
24-46
30-63
23-68
XCVII
28-68
6-10
35-48
26-63
3-11
12-08
26-98
36-01
24-93
XCVIII
19-68
5-76
47-52
25-71
1-33
13-74
30-59
32-09
23-58
XCIX
27-04
5-63
34-77
30-24
2-32
17-70
32-04
27-97
22-29
c
27-93
5-53
33-55
30-41
2-58
17-05
33-82
29-31
19-82
CI
23-45
5-62
38-68
30-86
1-39
11-65
36-07
32-49
19-79
CII
23-92
3-85
35-20
35-84
1-19
11-92
42-71
26-95
18-42
cm
24-05
4-70
41-38
28-33
1-54
17-81
26-02
35-69
20-48
CIV
20-37
6-44
45-62
25-60
1-97
11-43
31-28
35-00
22-29
cv
28-36
4-66
38-38
27-01
1-59
17-28
31-46
27-77
23-49
CVI
29-03
3-53
43-65
22-78
1-01
8-67
32-56
38-21
20-56
evil -
26-32
3-08
39-75
29-58
1-27
19-06
31-40
28-49
21-05
CVIII
27-74
4-64
41-51
24-43
1-68
19-94
30-50
28-35
21-21
CIX
28-14
5-03
40-79
24-70
1-34
17-58
30-63
34-41
17-38
ex
27-10
6-65
39-45
25-27
1-53
25-86
24-03
27-90
22-21
k
124 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
TABLE XIV.
District Percentages.
GIRLS
Hatb
Etes
Number of
District
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Pure
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
I
30-51
5-44
37-97
25-30
•78
1509
28-72
33-65
22-54
II
33-68
6-09
38-52
20-54
1-17
21-20
' 28-39
23-85
26-56
III
27-28
5-12
44-05
22-68
•87
1512
29-32
36-10
19-46
IV
25-70
5-55
41-61
25-95
119
19-15
26-14
30-94
23-77
V
30-72
5-42
37-64
25 09
113
13-20
31-52
32-34
22-94
VI
29-19
4-92
41-30
23-70
-89
10-92
33-69
33-60
21-79
VII
28-62
5-71
40-47
24-42
-78
13-20
29-19
35-38
22-23
VIII
31-57
5-50
40-41
21-12
1-40
18-97
31-57
31-79
17-67
IX
27-55
4-38
41-03
26-05
•99
12-36
34-72
29-06
23-86
X
29-26
4-82
44-13
21-46
•32
13-02
31-67
33-84
21-46
XI
25-31
5-53
42-75
25-37
1^04
11-82
28-64
36-18
2336
XII
25-68
6-22
40-74
26-03
1-33
12-14
36-00
30-50
2136
XIII
21-75
4-91
44-08
28-04
122
12-52
30-13
33-03
24-32
XIV
25-41
4-13
42-26
27-37
•83
15-26
30-77
30-37
23-60
XV
22-72
5-71
48-29
22-51
•77
10-11
32-96
35-33
21-60
XVI
28-91
4-08
37-47
28-58
•96
10-17
30-50
36-99
22-34
XVII
24-71
4-76
41-68
27-74
1-11
11-18
32-64
3416
22-02
XVIII
24-64
5-18
41-86
25-92
2-40
18-64
27-25
30-20
23-91
XIX
21-53
6-08
46-33
24-61
1-45
8-88
33-98
34-65
22-49
XX
33-74
3-25
36-59
24-39
2 03
4-47
36-58
26-02
32-93
XXI
24-47
4-34
45-02
24-90
1-27
17-80
24-89
34-85
22-46
XXII
26-90
4-68
42-40
24-71
1-31
12-72
33-19
29-53
24-56
XXIII
22-73
3-90
40-91
30-19
2-27
12-66
32-14
33-12
22-08
XXIV
21-62
5-05
44-51
27-91
•91
14-30
29-47
33-39
22-84
XXV
26 '75
4-76
41-18
26-83
•48
14-26
34-25
29-33
2216
XXVI
32-71
5-44
39-63
21-11
Ml
18-27
28-50
33-22
20-01
XXVII
22-84
4-33
47-47
24-63
•73
13-32
34-01
30-95
21-72
XXVIII
3113
4-84
38-45
24-54
1-04
17-95
32-41
2810
21-54
XXIX
3006
4-47
41-16
22-68
1-63
17-81
23-56
37-37
21-26
XXX
30-73
5-57
40-17
22-36
1-17
18-53
32-93
28-95
19-59
XXXI
28-01
5-01
39-80
25-90
1-28
15-28
28-21
32-68
23-83
XXXII
28-51
5-55
36-31
28-01
1-62
20-65
27-88
29-07
22-40
XXXIII
27-57
4-07
40-28
27-06
1-02
16-52
30-50
27-95
25-03
XXXIV
28-41
4-93
38-83
26-50
1-33
14-87
34-49
29-65
20-99
XXXV
27-88
4-49
40-62
26-00
1-01
11-08
34-76
33-31
20-85
XXXVI
34-08
4-93
36-42
23-08
1-49
12-14
34-48
33-51
19-87
XXXVII
32-24
4-76
39-90
22-11
•99
16-39
30-34
31-91
21-36
XXXVIII
32-87
5-43
38-60
21-82
1-28
14-51
32-68
28-13
24-68
XXXIX
30-41
5-91
38-36
23-92
1-40
17-81
29-45
28-44
24-30
XL
28-54
5-86
45-09
19-38
113
17-77
25-43
36-01
20-79
XLI
24-80
4-98
47 36
22-05
•81
12-20
32-01
34-36
21-44
XLII
34-69
5-01
36-57
22-79
•94
16-29
34-22
29-44
2006
XLIII
30 99
5-35
38-18
24-59
•89
17-50
31-68
29-50
2r42
XLIV
26-61
4-98
41-14
25-84
143
14-75
29-85
30-75
2465
XLV
27-53
4-97
41-99
24-89
•62
1104
32-88
34-53
2\-bb
XLVI
30-14
608
41-43
21-73
•62
15-34
30-58
32-44
21-64
XLVII
31-68
5-78
42-49
19-28
•77
17-80
29-66
31-78
20-76
XLVI II
28-73
5-67
40-95
23-92
•73
1341
30-62
34-43
21-54
XLIX
34-73
4-44
38-49
21-40
•94
18^91
3318
25-57
22-34
L
28-29
4-57
41-42
24-83
•89
10^02
28-40
34-97
26-61
LI
29-59
4-19
42-14
23-68
-40
12-50
33-72
3314
20-64
LII
36-89
3-38
35-91
2314
-68
18-48
28-98
27-99
24-55
LIII
29-96
5-25
42-28
21-99
-52
13-79
32-31
33-39
20-51
LIV
30-89
4-86
42-71
20-72
•82
16-61
27-82
33-13
22-44
LV
31-65
5-29
3617
25-58
131
14-51
30-82
28-44
26-23
J. F. Tocher
125
TABLE XIN .—{continued).
District Percentages.
GIRLS
Haib
Eyes
Number of
District
Fair
Red
Medium
Dark
Jet
Black
Pure
Blue
Light
Medium
Dark
LVI
30-48
5-56
36-27
25-49
2-20
15-41
28-62
30-13
25-84
LVII
27-15
4-53
43-35
24-38
-59
13-71
25-88
37-38
23-03
LVlil
26-77
5-82
40-24
25-90
1-27
14-82
31-39
3315
20-64
LIX
30-61
4-64
38-07
24-50
2-18
17-98
36-96
25-03
20-03
LX
24-97
401
46-39
23-83
-80
11-01
29-51
34-38
25-10
LXI
32-06
4-90
36-77
24-76
1-51
19-80
28-35
28-60
23-25
LXII
25-06
4-15
43-46
25-35
1-98
15-26
26-70
36-26
21-78
LXIII
23-01
4-16
43-29
28-61
-93
15-45
29-71
29-88
24-96
LXIV
22-69
5-11
40-92
30-15
1-13
11-18
29-17
29-99
29-66
LXV
24-23
5-35
46-02
23-21
1-19
18-32
27-59
29-75
24-34
LXVI
24-76
5 04
42-29
26-48
1-43
13-99
27-27
34-22
24-52
LXVII
30-25
5-87
36-13
25-75
2-00
16-25
29-25
30-50
24-00
LXVIII
32-73
5-30
37-88
22-42
1-67
20-08
24-47
29-85
25-60
LXIX
27-99
4-92
43-01
23-47
-61
12-89
28-60
35-13
23-38
LXX
35-09
6-04
29-83
26-12
2-92
22-13
24-95
26-80
26-12
LXXI
28-76
4-60
36-37
28-41
1-86
16-82
35-13
27-52
20-53
LXXII
30-81
3-95
40-69
23-23
1-32
15-32
31-80
28-00
24-88
LXXIII
28-26
5-86
42-53
22-31
1-04
17-30
34-40
26-28
22-02
LXXIV
32-30
6-81
34-45
25-32
1-12
16-02
33-76
31-44
18-78
LXXV
31-23
6-31
36-62
24-01
1-83
17-50
27-47
31-43
23-60
LXXVI
31-40
5-12
33-79
26-28
3-41
22-87
25-25
31-40
20-48
LXXVII
27-29
5-58
40-82
25-62
-69
13-93
29-78
33-68
22-61
LXXVIII
29-41
5-71
40-39
23-25
1-24
13-06
29-53
37-27
20-14
LXXIX
29-39
5-40
37-43
26-43
1-35
16-53
34-98
28-23
20-26
LXXX
33-33
5-84
35-68
23-65
1-50
19-72
31-87
29-62
18-79
LXXXI
25-39
4-86
40-83
27-42
1-50
13-53
27-24
33-72
25-51
LXXXII
30-17
4-74
40-55
23-47
1-07
13-81
31-59
33-73
20-87
LXXXIII
31-30
5-56
38-72
22-72
1-70
17-82
29-59
32-24
20-35
LXXXIV
25-73
4-45
45-79
22-12
1-91
16-96
31-87
30-53
20-64
LXXXV
27-48
6-42
43-00
22-54
-56
10-42
29-14
35-94
24-50
LXXXVI
29-78
6-90
39-91
21-92
1-49
20-44
26-55
30-92
22-09
LXXXV II
32-68
5-77
38-82
21-70
1-03
17-78
27-73
31-91
22-58
LXXXVIII
33-53
5-20
35-58
23-98
1-71
22-13
24-64
29-12
24-11
LXXXIX
28-71
5-22
42-13
23-31
-63
14-22
27-99
37-18
20-61
XC
32-11
7-67
35-20
23-27
1-75
22-60
27-11
29-44
20-85
XCI
35-05
6-11
29-48
26-04
3-32
23-15
27-44
26-90
22-51
XCII
25-22
4-68
39-27
29-61
1-22
18-30
27-74
32-28
21-68
XCIII
32-03
4-04
36-26
25-58
2-09
21-16
31-21
2»-87
18-76
XCIV
28-18
10-61
27-57
31-52
2-12
29-70
35-45
21-52
13-33
xcv
26-70
4-05
37-59
29-78
1-88
13-84
29-38
32-84
23-94
XCVI
34-93
5-21
36-04
22-72
1-10
22-62
29-03
24-53
23-82
XCVII
31-81
4-85
34-34
26-40
2-60
14-43
29-68
32-29
23-60
XCVIII
25-55
4-21
45-24
23-90
1-10
13-38
31-22
29-85
25-55
XCIX
31-17
3-93
31-81
30-97
2-12
19-70
30-46
26-40
23-44
c
28-83
5-38
3005
32-08
3-66
16-95
31-78
30-56
20-71
CI
26-12
4-91
37-69
29-88
1-40
12-89
34-09
33-39
19-63
CII
27-04
5-66
35-33
30-50
1-47
14-05
38-99
27-04
19-92
cm
27-88
4-25
38-54
27-02
2-31
16-71
29-83
31-63
21-83
CIV
25-H
5-48
40-89
26-93
1-59
12-19
32-24
33-76
21-81
cv
30-15
3-34
34-95
30-01
1-55
16-58
33-49
27-41
22-52
CVI
31-71
3-13
41-86
22-98
-32
7-34
35-60
35-38
21-68
evil
21-94
6-54
43-25
25-74
2-53
20-89
35-44
20-89
22-78
CVIII
28-30
5-03
38-70
25-84
213
20-58
27-41
30-03
21-98
CIX
32-59
4-95
38-23
23-04
1-19
18-26
30-49
32-82
18-43
ex
33-48
5-67
36-14
23-12
1-59
25-16
24-09
27-46
23-29
Biometrika, Vol. vi. Supplement.
33
1 26 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
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Oh
Aberdeen (Burgh) ...
Aberdour
Aboyne & Glen Tanar
Alford
Ardallie
Auchterless
Belhelvie
Birse
j Bourtie
: Cairney
i Chapel of Garioch ...
Clatt
Cluuy
CouU
Crathie and Braemar
Cruden
Culsalmond
Drumblade
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1 Fraserburgh
1 Fyvie
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1 Glenmuick & Tullich
1 Huntly
{ Inscb
Inverurie
Keig
Keithhall & Kinkell
Kennethmont
Kincardine O'Neil ...
J. F. Tocher
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Gladsmuir
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Morham
North Berwick
Ormiston
Pencaitland
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Spott
Stenton
Whitekirk & Tynmg-)
hame \
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Tester ...
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Lundie...
Mains & S
Maryton
Menmuir
Monifieth
Monikie
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Navar anc
Newtyle
Oathlaw^
Panbride
Rescobie
140 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
1
Totals
112
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Kirkhill
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35
] 42 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
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J. F. Tocher 153
TABLE XVI.
Observers and Schools contributing to the Data of the Pigmentation Survey of
School Children in Scotland*.
COUNTY OF ABERDEEN.
Burgh of Aberdeen. — Ashley Road, Mr W. Ross (77) ; Broomhill, Mr R. A. Watson
(77); Causewayend, Mr Rose (77); Commerce St., Mr J. Peter (77); Ferryhill, Mr J. D.
Anderson (77) ; Frederick St., ? (77) ; Hanover St., Mr W. D. McLean (77) ; King
Street, Mr. T. Hynd (77); Kittybrewster, Mr J. M«Kenzie (77); Marywell Street, Mr W. Fyfe
(77); Middle, Mr J. C. Barnett (77); Mile End, Mr J. F. Cruickshank (77); Old Aberdeen,
Mr W. B. Duguid (77) ; Porthill, Mr W. Stewart (77) ; St Clements Street, Mr D. B. Lothian
(77); St Paul Street, Mrs J. S. Skea (77); Skene Square, Mr A. Green (77); Skene Street,
? (77) ; Westfield, Mr W. Robertson (77) ; Woodside, Mr J. A. M-^Hardy (77; ; York Street,
Miss Spalding (77); Deaf and Dumb Institution, Mr Alex Pender (77); Normal, U. F. C,
? (77) ; St Margaret's Mission, Sister Katharine Mary (77) ; St Peter's, R.C., Mr J.
Brady (77); Cathedral, R.C., Mr P. M^Grath (77): Gordon's College, Mr C. Stewart (77); Rose-
mount, Mr J. Findlay (77). Parish of Aberdour — Aberdour, Mr J. Reaich (83) ; Auchmedden?
Mr W, Swanney (83) ; Parish of Aboyne and Glen Tanar — Aboyne, Mr J. Cruickshank (79) ;
Glen Tanar, Mr W. Walker (79) ; Parish of Alford— Alford Village, Mr D. C. Crabbe (80) ;
Gallowhill, Mr A. M'^Creadie (80) ; Parish of Ardallie— Ardallie, ? (82) ; Ardallie, Female,
Miss J. Kemp (82); Parish of Auchterless — Badenscoth, Mr. Geo. Ironside (82); Kirktown, Mr
A. Longmore (82) ; Parish of Belhelvie — Balmedie, Mr C. E. Glennie (78) ; Craigie, Miss Eraser
(78) ; Menie, Miss Jane Watt (78) ; Wester Hatton, Mr M. S. Craib (78) ; Parish of Birse— Birse,
Mr G. Innes (78); Finzean, Mr W. Adams (78); Forest, Miss Eva Shaw (78); Parish of Bourtie
— Bourtie, Miss Taylor (80) ; Parish of Cairney — Alehousehillock, Miss G. Gray (87) ; Cairney,
Mr P. Stuart (87) ; Ruthven, Mr W. Johnstone (87) ; Windyraw, Mr A. Middleton (87) ; Parish
of Chapel of Garioeh — Chapel, Miss E. J. Fordyce (80) ; Logie Durno, Mr J. B. Robson (80) ; Parish
of Clatt— Clatt, Mr W. Stewart (80) ; Parish of Cluny— Cluny, Mr W. Harper (80) ; Cluny,
U. F. C, Miss Deuchars (80) ; Corennie, Lady Gordon Cathcart's, Miss J. A. Ironside (80) ;
Parish of CouU — Coull, Mr A. Howie (79) ; Parish of Crathie and Braemar — Aberarder, Miss M.
Catto (79) ; Braemar, Mr J. Badenoch (79) ; Crathie, Mr W. Brown (79) ; Crathieside, Mr W.
Strath (79) ; Inverey District, Miss S. MacFarlane (79) ; Inverey, R. C, Miss M. Dallastone (79) ;
Parish of Cruden — Auchiries, Miss M. Campbell (78) ; Bogbrae, Mr J. C. Coutts (78) ; Hatton,
Mr W. Littlejohn (78); Errol, Epis., Mr Miller (78); Parish of Culsalmond— Tillymorgan,
Mr A. J. Wallace (80); Parish of Drumblade— Drumblade, Mr J. Taylor (87); Parish of
Drumoak— Drumoak Central, Mr J. R. Littlejohn (79); Glashmore, Miss J. A. M<=Beth (79);
Parish of Dyce — Dyce Overtown, Miss L. R. Mitchell (80) ; Dyce village, Mr G. Murray (80) ;
Parish of Echt— CuUerley, Miss M. J. Barron (79); Kirkton, Mr R. C. Burnett (78); Waterton,
Miss E. Peace (79) ; Parish of Ellon— Berefold, Mr R. Thomson (82) ; Drumwhindle, Mr L.
Gavin (82) ; Ellon, Mr D. Cameron (82) ; Esslemont, Mr A. Cairns (82) ; Parish of Fintray—
Disblair, Miss J. Meldrum (80) ; Hatton, Mr C. Smith (80) ; Parish of Forgue— Forgue, Mr R.
Wright (87) ; Largue, Mr J. Gray (87) ; Forgue Episc, Miss J. B. Duncan (87) ; Parish of
Foveran — Cultercullen, Mr J. Rose (78) ; Foveran, Mr J. Watson (78) ; Newburgh Mathers,
Mr Williams (78) ; Parish of Fraserburgh — Fraserburgh, Mr J. A. Sutor (83) ; Fraserburgh,
• The figures in brackets refer to the Districts, where blanks with a query occur, the names of
teachers were not supplied.
154 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotlatul
Infant, Miss Milne (83) ; Academy, Elementary Dept,, Mr R, Lees (83) ; Broadsea, Mr J. W.
Broome (83) ; Female Industrial, Miss N, Brown (83) ; St Peter's Episc., Mr J. Gray (83) ; Parish
of Fyvie— Fyvie, Mr A. Bremner (82); Steinmanhill, Miss J. A. Calder (82); Woodhead, Mr D.
Davidson (82) ; All Saints' Epis., Mr M, Sangster (82) ; St Katharine's, Miss A, Forbes (82) ;
Parish of Gartly— Braes, Miss J. W. Emslie (87) ; Central, Mr W. Smith (87) ; Parish of Glass—
Beldorney, Miss M. M. Duguid (87) ; Glass, Mr D. Wood (87) ; Parish of Glenbucket— Glen-
bucket, Mr J. N. Watt (80) ; Parish of Glenmuick and TuUich— Ballater, Mr J. Lawson (79) ;
Birkhall, Miss A. Begg (79) ; Inchmarnock — Miss C. Forbes (79) ; Kinnord, Miss R. Begg (79) ;
Parish of Huntly — Gordon, Mr D. M. J. James (87) ; Kinnoir, Miss A. AUardyce (87) ; Longhill,
Mrs H. Kemp (87) ; Parish of Insch^Insch, ? (80) ; Parish of Inverurie — Market Place,
Mr J. Philip (80) ; Infant School, Mr J. Rennie (80) ; St Mary's Epis., Mr J. Stuart (80) ; Parish
of Keig— Keig, ? (80) ; Parish of Keithhall and Kinkell— Keithhall, Mr Geo. Kemp (80) ;
Parish of Keunethmont— Kennethmont, Mr G. Cheyne (80) ; Old Town, Mr P. Camiibell (80) ;
Parish of Kincardine O'Neil — Greenburn, Miss J. A. Ogg (79) ; Kincardine O'Neil, Mr A. T.
Ross (79) ; Tornaveen, Mr P. Wallace (79) ; Torphins, Mr J. W. Williams (79) ; Parish of King
Edward — King Edward, Mr J. Elphinstone (86) ; Parish of Kininmonth — Kininmonth, Mr G. M.
Farquharson (84) ; Parish of Kinellar — Kinellar, Mr A. Forrest (80) ; Parish of Kintore —
Kintore, Mr W. Keys (80) ; Leylodge, Miss A. Riach (80) ; Port Elphinstone— Mr J. Ritchie
(80) ; Parish of Leochel Cushnie— CairncouUie, Mr G. Shearer (80) ; Corse, Mr E. S. Mearns (80) ;
Craigievar, Mr A. Grassick (80) ; Cushnie, ? (80) ; Parish of Leslie — Leslie, Mr G.
Riddell (80) ; Parish of Logie Buchan — Tipperty, Mr L. Smart (78) ; Parish of Logie Coldstone —
Logie Coldstone, Mr J. B. Anderson (79); Migvie, Miss E. Robertson (79); Parish of Longside —
Kinmundy, Mr. A. M<=D. Younie (84) ; Longside, Mr A. Center (84) ; Rora, Mr A. F. Annand (84) ;
Parish of Lonmay— Blackhills, Mr L. M«Leod (83) ; Lonmay, Mr J. S. Ewen (83) ; St Combs, Mr R.
Mirrless (83) ; Parish of Lumphanan — Lumphanan, Mr R. McLean (79) ; Parish of Meldrum —
Commercial Road, Mr C. F. Bearsley (82) ; Kirk St., Infant, Miss M<=Rae (82) ; TuUoch, Miss M.
Cooper (82) ; Parish of Methlick— Cairnorrie, Mr J. Macdonald (82) ; Methlick, Mr A. C.
Kirton (82) ; Parish of Midmar— Midmar and Corsindae Memorial, Mr J. Grant (79) ; Parish of
Millbrex— Millbrex, Male, Mr. P. McDonald (82) ; Millbrex District, Mr E. Ironside (82) ; Parish
of Monquhitter — Garmond, Miss M. A. Lyall (82) ; Greeness, Mr J. M. Stephen (82) ; Monquhitter,
Mr W. Barclay (82) ; Parish of Monymusk — Monymusk, Mr A. W. Simpson (80) ; Sir Arthur
Grant's, Miss E. M. Scott (80) ; Tillyfourie, Miss M. Main (80) ; Parish of New Byth— New Byth,
Mr M. A. Clark (86) ; Upper Brae, Miss J. Wilson (86) ; Parish of New Deer— Caimbanno,
Mr J. Macpherson (84) ; Knaven, Mr W. Hadden (84) ; New Deer, Mr H. Cowie (84) ; do.
Infant, Miss Morrison (84) ; Oldwhat, Mr A. Dunbar (84) ; Whitehill, Mr G. Greig (84) ; Bonny-
kelly, Miss A. B. Ohphant (84); Parish of Newhills— Blackburn, Mr J. Ligertwood (78);
Bucksburn, Mr M. G. Gerrard (78); Kepplehills, Miss Jackson (78); Kingswells, Mr D. J.
Williamson (78) ; Stoneywood, Mr C. Frazer (78) ; Parish of New Machar — New Machar, Mr J. Q.
Moncur (78) ; Parkhill, Miss A. J. Crane (78) ; Whiterashes, Mr J. M-^Gregor (78) : Parish of
New Pitsligo— Glasslaw, Miss E. Davidson (84); New Pitsligo, Mr J. Will (84); St John's
Episc, Miss Fowlie (84) ; Parish of Old Deer— Bulwark, Miss Watters (84) ; Clochan, Mr R. D.
Robertson (84): Fetterangus, Mr. W. Scorgie (84); Maud, Mr J. Law (84); Old Deer, Mr J. B.
Gillies (84) ; Shannas, Mr P. S. Pyper (84) ; Stuartfield, Miss S. M. Thomson (84) ; Parish of Old
Machar — Bridge of Don, Miss B. W. Killoh (78) ; Denmore, Miss A. Robertson (78) ; Whitestripos,
Miss A. Dey (78) ; Parish of Oyne— Oyne, Mr Riddell (80) ; Parish of Peterculter — Countess-
wells, Miss A. M. Duncan (78) ; Craigton, Mr D. A. Farquhar (78) ; Cults, Mr F. CroU (78) ;
Eddieston, Miss J. Rennie (78) ; Burgh of Peterhead— Academy, Mr J. Don (81); Buchanhaven,
Miss J. C. King (81); Central, Mr A. M«D. Reid (81); Infant, Miss A. Forbes (81); North,
Mr W. Murray (81); North, Infant, Miss E. Barclay (81); St Peter's Epis., Miss E. Bruce (81);
Parish of Peterhead (Landward)— Blackhills, Mr W. Smith (81); Boddam, Mr S. M'-Rim (81);
Burnhaven, Mr D. J. Mitchell (81); Parish of Pitsligo— Pitsligo, Miss H. Strachan (83);
Rosehearty, Mr A. Forbes (83); Sandhaven, Mr W. J. Caird (83); Parish of Premnay—
J. F. Tocher 155
Premnay, Mr W. L. H. Cruickshank (80) ; Parish of Rathen--Inverallochy, Mr D. C. Diindas (13) ;
Rathen, Mr J. Jack (83) ; Cortes, Mr E. Cowie (83) ; Parish of Rayne— North, Mr W. Black (80) ;
Old Rayne, Miss M. U. Morrice (80) ; Parish of Rhynie— Duflfs, Miss A. M«Gillivray (87) ; Lesmore,
? (87) ; Parish of St Fergus— Central, Mr J. Cormack (81) ; Northern, Miss J. Gall
(81) ; Parish of Savoch— Braeside, Mr W. Ferguson (82) ; Savoch, Girls, Miss E. Penny (82) ;
Parish of Skene— Central, Mr G. Mitchell (79) ; Garlogie, Miss J. F. Harper (79) ; Westhill,
Miss A. Mackie (79) ; Parish of Slains — Collieston, Miss H. Leslie (78) ; Slains, Mr Harper
(78) ; Parish of Strathdon— Corgarff, Mr A. Merriless (80) ; Forbeston, Miss F. Rennie (80) ;
Knocklea, Mr J. Forbes (80) ; Strathdon, Mr J. B. Innes (80) ; Tillyduke, Mr C. Farquharson
(80) ; Parish of Strichen— Strichen, Miss J. Aiken (84) ; Techmuiry 2nd, Mr P. Seath (84) ; All
Saints' Epis., Miss M. J. Greig (84) ; Parish of Tarland— Tarland, Mr J. Forbes (79) ; Parish of
Tarves— Auchedly, Miss C. P. Hay (82) ; Barthol Chapel, Mr. W. Wilson (82) ; Craigdam, Mr J.
Davidson (82) ; Parish of Tough— Tough, Mr Chas. Stewart (80) ; Parish of Towie— Ardlair,
Miss J. Collie (80) ; Towie, Mr J. McLean (80) ; Parish of Turriff— Ardmiddle, Mr J. Roy (86) ;
Birkenhills, Mr J. Dilworth (86) ; Fintry, Mr J. Clark (86) ; Turriff, Mr D. L. Phease (86) ;
Parish of Tyrie— Tyrie, Mr A. Coppland (84) ; Parish of Udny— Udny Green, Mr W. Sim (82) ;
Parish of Ythan Wells— Corse, Miss J. Tocher (82) ; Ythan Wells, Mr J. M«Pherson (82).
COUNTY OF ARGYLL.
Parish of Acharacle — Eilanshona, Mr J. McGregor (100); Glenborrodale, Miss A. F.
Cameron (100) ; Kinlochmoidart, Miss J. J. Macnaughton (100; ; Mingarry, Miss K. Edmonson
(100) ; Parish of Ardchattan and Muckairn — Achaleven, Mr W. W. Ewing (101) ; Glenetive,
Mr K. J. Robson (101) ; Letterwood, Miss A. Connell (101) ; Parish of Ardgour — Ardgour,
Miss Stuart (100) ; Duisky, Miss A. McMillan (100) ; Trislaig, Miss A. Campbell (100) ; Kingair-
loch. Miss C. McMillan (100) ; Parish of Ardnamurchan— Kilchoan, Mr A. C. Storrer (100) ;
Burgh of Campbeltown — Dalintober, Mr D. Fisher (103) ; Graiumar, Mr R. Y. Cunningham
(103) ; Millknowe, Mr J. Kirkwood (103) ; St Kierans, R. G, Miss T. Fisher (103) ; Parish
of Campbeltown (Landward) — Auchencorvie, Mr J. Templeton (103) ; Drumlemble, Mr D.
Cameron, Kilmichael, Mr W. H. Edgar (103) ; Peninver, Mr D. M. M<=Neil (103) ; Parish
of Coll— Acha, Miss M. Tyre (100) ; Arinagour, Mr R. MacTaggart (100) ; Cornaig, Mr T.
Johnston (100) ; Parish of Colonsay and Oronsay — Kilchattan, Miss J. Campbell (102) ; Parish
of Craignish — Craignish, Mr J. Kay (101) ; Barbreck, Miss M. Ferguson (101) ; Parish of
Cumlodden— Furnace, Mr W. G. M<=Kinlay (101) ; Parish of Dunoon and Kilmun — Ardentinny,
Mrs M. C. Giffen (104) ; Dunoon Grammar, Mr W. Dock (104) ; Glenlean, ? (104) ;
Innellan, Mr D. Ritchie (104) ; Kirn, Mr J. Connell (104) ; Rashfield, Miss J. Bruce (104) ;
Sandbank, Mr A. M^Neilage (104) ; Strone, Mr W. Baird (104) ; Parish of Gigha and Cara—
Gigha, Mr T. Scott (102) ; Parish of Glassary— Cairnbaan, Miss S. M^Intyre (101) ; Glassary,
Mr J. Pemmell (101) ; Minard, Mr G. Nicolson (101) ; Parish of Glenaray and Inveraray —
Bridge of Douglas, Miss Gibson (101) ; Parish of Glenorchy and Inishail — Bridge of Orchy,
Mrs MacLaine (101); Cladich, Miss C. Russell (101); Dalmally, Mr J. Macdonald (101);
Parish of Inverchaolain— Inverchaolain, Mr T. M«Nab (104) ; South Hall, Miss J. B. Eraser
(104) ; Parish of Jura— Ardlussa, Miss M. B. Spiers (102) ; Knockrome, Mr G. H. Fisher (102) ;
Small Isles, Mr W. M^Lintock (102) ; Parish of Kilbrandon and Kilchattan — Ardincaple,
Miss A. Mackay (101) ; Luing, Mr C. Clubb (101) ; North Luing, Miss M. Orr (101) ; Parish of
Kilcalmonell, Clachan, Mr J. Mackie (102) ; Whitehouse, Mr J. Ross (102) ; Parish of Kilcho-
man— Gortan, Mr A. Mackay (102); Kilchoman, Mr A. R. Scott (102); Kilnave, Miss M. R.
Hayes (102) ; Port Charlotte, Mr A. M«Dougall (102) ; Portnahaven, Mr N. Orr (102) ; Rock-
side, Miss M. Ferguson (102) ; Parish of Kilchrenan and Dalavich — Ardchonnell, Mr J. M'^Leod
(101); Dalavich, Miss M. Smith (101); Kilchrenan, Mr W. L. Bruce (101); Sonachan, Miss
J. G. M«Kenzie (101) ; Parish of Kildalton— Ardbeg, Mr H. Bisset (102) ; Glenegidale, Miss
156 Pigmentation Survetj of School Childr-en in Scotland
M. Bell (102) ; Kintour, Mr J. Mamie (102) ; Oa, Miss MacDougall (102) ; Port Ellen, Mr D.
M^Lachlan (102) ; Parish of Kilfinan — Ardlamont, Miss Simpson (102) ; Kilfinan, Mr J.
MacCallum (102) ; Millhouse, Mr D. McDonald (102) ; Otter Ferry, Mrs W. Stewart (102) ;
Tighnabruaich, Mr A. Barrett (102) ; Parish of Kilfinichen and Kilvickeon — Ardchevaig,
Mr A. R. Campbell (100) ; Biiuessan, Mr J. M^-Master (100) ; Creich, Mr A. Stewart (100) ;
Erraid, Miss G. M^Kechnie (100) ; lona, Mr Jas. Wood (100) ; Pennyghael, Miss C. L. Pagan
(100) ; Parish of Killarrow and Kilmeny— Bowniore, Mr J. Bryce (102) ; Kiels, Miss M. E.
Falconer (102) ; Kilmeny, Mr W. M'^Fadyen (102) ; Mulindry, Mr D. MacBean (102) ; Newton
of Kilmeny, Mr W. P. Cameron (102) ; Parish of Killean and Kilchenzie— Ballochintee, Miss
J. M^Gibbon (103); Glenbarr, Mr W. Agnew (103); Kilchenzie, Mr W. M<^Culloch (103);
Killean, Miss C. Livingston (103) ; Rhunahaorine, Mr W. Bain (103) ; Parish of Kilmodan —
Kilmodan, Mr J. Maclnnes (104) ; Stronafian, Mr P. A. Munro (104) ; Parish of Kilmore and
Kilbride — Kerrera, Miss M. Rodger (101) ; Strontoiller, Miss F. C. Sinclair (101) ; Parish of
Kilninian and Kilmore — Fanmore, Miss G. Warnock (100) ; Morinish, Miss M. Clark (100) ;
Tobermory, Mr J. S. Levack (100) ; Parish of Kilninver and Kilmelford — Kilmelford, Miss J. B.
Robertson (101) ; Parish of Lismore and Appin — Balachulish, Mr A. M'^^Callum (101) ; Bali-
garve, Mr J. Wilson (101) ; Baligrundle, Mrs Campbell (101) ; Duror, Mr R. Macgregor (101) ;
Glencreran, Miss M. M'^Kenzie (101); Lettermore, ? (101); Port Appin, Miss A.
M^Glashan (101) ; Strath of Appin, Mr D. Macpherson (101) ; Carnock, Glencoe St Mary's
Episcopal, Miss Janet Stewart (101) ; Parish of Lochgilphead — Ardrishaig, Mr A, Ramsay (101) ;
Parish of Lochgoilhead and Kilmorich — Kilmorich, Mr J. B. Logan (101) ; Lochgoilhead, Mr W.
Gilchrist (101) ; Parish of Morvern — Bunavullin, Miss H. Stewart (100) ; Claggan, Miss J.
Robertson (100) ; Lochaline, Mr D. B. Fletcher (100) ; Parish of North Kna^xlale — Bellanoch,
Mr A. Dixon (102) ; Parish of Oban ; Burgh, High, Mr J. Beattie (101) ; Parish of Saddell and
Skipness— Carradale, Mr J. R. M^Innes (102) ; Saddell, Mr W. Jenkins (102) ; Skipness, Mr T.
Johnston (102) ; Sperasaig, Mr J. S. Barwell (102) ; Parish of Southend — Glenbreckrie, Mr R.
Montgomery (103) ; Southend, Mr J. Morton (103) ; Parish of South Knapdale — Auchoish, Miss
J. Campbell (102) ; Dunmore, Mr D. McArthur (102) ; Invemeil, Miss L. Mactavish (102) ;
Ormsary, Miss K. Blair (102) ; Parish of Stralachlan and Strachur — Poll, Mr A. N. Sheridan
(101) ; Stralachlan, Miss J. E. Munro (101) ; Parish of Strontian — Strontian, Mr D. Cameron
(100) ; Parish of Torosay — Crogan, Miss C. M<^Kinnon (100) ; Kinlochspelve, Miss Mackinnon
(100) ; Lochdonhead, Mr W. G. MacBean (100) ; Parish of Tyree— Cornaigmore, Mr D.
M«Kinnon (100) ; Hillipool, Mr G. McDonald (100) ; Ruaig, Mr D. Gunn (100).
COUNTY OF AYR.
Parish of Alloway— Alio way, Mr J. Turn bull (31) ; Parish of Ardrossan — Academy, Mr J.
Butters (29) ; Eglinton, Mr W. Comrie (29) ; Parish of Auchinleck — Auchinleck, Mr J.
Henderson (26) ; Cronberry, Mr Jas. Hyslop (26) ; Glenrauir, Miss Mary Stuart (26) ; Lugar,
Mr Wm. Hume (26) ; Ayr Burgh — Grammar, Mr Hy. Robertson (25) ; Newton on Ayr Academy,
? (25) ; Russell Street, Mr A. D. Murphy (25) ; Ayr Episcopal, Mr Jas. Scott (25) ;
St Margaret's, R. C, Mr L. Gemson (25) ; Parish of Ballantrae — Auchenflower, Mr J. M.
Ferguson (32) ; Ballachdowan, Miss J. S. Dale (32) ; Glenapp, Miss J. Leask (32) ; Parish of
Barr — Rowantrce, Mr J. Brown (31) ; Parish of Bcith — Academy, ? (30) ; Greenhills,
Mr T. Stevenson (30) ; Gateside, Mr J. J. Bone (30) ; Parish of Colmonell— Barrhill, Mr D.
Millar (32) ; Colmonell, Mr A, Beattie (32) ; Corwar, Mrs Weir (32) ; Lendalfoot, Miss H. Gray
(32) ; Pinwherry, Miss W. Holms (32) ; Parish of Coylton— Coylton, ? (31) ; Little-
mill, Mr W, Guthrie (31); Parish of Crossbill— Crossbill, Mr Duncan (31); Kilken-an, Hillside,
Miss M-'Crcath (31) ; Parish of Dailly— Kilgrammie, Mr D. Taylor (31) ; Wallacetown Works,
Mr D. Guthrie (31); Parish of Dalmellington— Benwhat,, Mr A. M*^ Arthur (31); I^than Hill,
Mr D. Vallance (31); Parish of Dairy— Blairmains, Miss J. M^R. Deacon (30); West End,
J. F. Tocher 167
Mr D, Campbell (30) ; Parish of Dalrymple — Dalrymple, Mr A. Lockhead (31) ; HoUybush,
Infant, Miss Johnstone (31) ; Kerse, Mr A. Lyle (31) ; Parish of Dreghorn — Dreghom, Mr Jas.
Mair (28) ; Parish of Dundonald— Dundonald, Mr H. Gibb (28) ; Loans, Miss J. C. Brown (28) ;
Troon, Portland, Mr W. Scott (28) ; Troon, St Patrick's, Miss' Murphy (28) ; Parish of Dunlop—
Dunlop, Mr A. Brown (30) ; Parish of Fenwick— Fenwick, Mr W. Brown (30) ; Parish of
Galston — Allanton, Miss Hunter (28) ; Galston, Mr A. Young (28) ; Town of Girvan— Girvan, Mr
M. J. Finlayson (31) ; Girvan, H. G., Mr M. J. Finlayson (31) ; Parish of Girvan (Landward)—
Assell, Mr H. Raeburn (31) ; Doune, Mr J. Eaglesome (31) ; Girvan, Mr D. Thomson (31) ; Burgh
of Irvine— Bank Street, Mr R. Selkirk (28) ; Fullarton, ? (28) ; FuUarton, Loudon Street,
Mr W. Mitchell (28) ; Parish of Irvine (Landward)— Annick Lodge, Mr J. Dunlop (28) ; Parish of
Kilbirnie— Glengarnock, Mr R. Gray (30) ; Lady land, Mr J. Fulton (30) ; Female Industrial,
Miss Turnbull (30) ; St Bridget's, R. C., Mr H. M«Grath (30) ; Parish of Kilmarnock (Landward)
— Crooked Holm, Mr T. Duncanson (28) ; Grougar, Mr C. S. Macdonald (28) ; Rowallan,
Mr J. Clelland (28) ; Burgh of Kilmarnock— Academy, Dr H. Dickie (27) ; Academy H. G.,
Dr H. Dickie (27) ; Bentinck, Mr D. Walker (27) ; Glencairn, Mr Thos. Amos (27) ; Hamilton,
Mr G. H. Innes (27) ; High Street, Mr G. Smith (27) ; West Netherton, ? (27) ; Parish
of Kilmaurs — Crosshouse, Mr J. Wilson (28) ; Kilmaurs, Mr D. M^Naught (28) ; Parish of
Kilwinning — Auchentiber, Mr H. Paterson (30) ; Eglinton District, Mr R. Brothertone (30) ;
Kilwinning, Mr W. Blair (30); Parish of Kirkmichael — Kirkmichael, Mr J. Kirkland (31);
Parish of Kirkoswald — Townhead, Mr T. Chapel (31) ; Parish of Largs — Fairlie, Mr H. Allan
(23) ; Parish of Loudoun — Newmilns, Mr A. Hood (28) ; Parish of Mauchline — Crosshands,
Miss C. Mitchell (26) ; Mauchline, Mr J. Campbell (26) ; Parish of Maybole and Maybole West
Church — Cairn, Mr A. M. Nisbet (31); Lady land, Mr J. S. Poi-teous (31); Minishant, Mr J.
Clark (31); Parish of Monkton and Prestwick — Monkton, Mr Jas. Howat (26); Prestwick,
Mr W. Beaton (26) ; Parish of Muirkirk— Glenbuck, Mr J. Rodger (26) ; Wellwood, Miss Bella
Ross (26) ; Parish of New Cumnock — Beoch Side, Miss M"=Lennan (36) ; Dalleagles, Mr A. H.
Mackay (36) ; New Cumnock, Mr J. A. Wales (36) ; New Cumnock, R. C, Miss M. Connolly
(36); Parish of Ochiltree — Ochiltree, Mr A. Andrew (26); Sinclairston, Mr A. Green (26);
Parish of Old Cumnock— Garallan, Mr J. B. Wilson (26) ; Old Cumnock, Mr J. Dick (26) ;
Skares, Miss J. Wilson (26) ; Old Cumnock, R, C, ? (26) ; Parish of Riccarton—
Hurlford, Mr H. Andrew (28) ; Riccarton, Mr A. Inglis (28) ; Barleith, Miss I. Paterson (28) ;
Parish of St Quivox — St Qui vox, Mr A. Moody (26); Parish of Sorn — Auchencloigh, Miss
Forrester (26); Catrine, Mr J. Monie (26); Sorn, Mr Ed. Robertson (26); Parish of Stair —
Stair, Mr T. E. Scott (26) ; Parish of Stevenston— Kyles Hill, Mr Geo. Tait (29) ; Stevenston,
Mr J. Taylor (29) ; Ardeer, Mr W. Reid (29) ; Parish of Stewarton— Kingsford, Mr W. Hastings
(30); Stewarton, Mr A. L. Watt (30); Parish of Straiton— Loch Doon, Mr A. H. Campbell
(31) ; Straiton, Mr W. MacMorland (31); Parish of Symington— Symington, Mr Jas. Currie(26);
Parish of Tarbolton — Annbank, Mr J. M'^Arthur (26) ; Parish of West Kilbride— West Kilbride,
Mr J. G. Lyon (23).
COUNTY OF BANFF.
Parish of Aberlour— Aberlour, Mr W. Philip (90) ; Edenvillie, Mr D. R. Mackay (90) ;
Craigellachie, Miss E. H. M<= William (90) ; Parish of Alvah— Alvah, Mr A. Stuart (86) ; Dun-
lugas, Miss C. Simpson (86) ; Linhead, Mr J. H. Fraser (86) ; Burgh of Banff— Academy,
Mr M^Pherson (85); St Andrew's Epis., Miss I. Marr (85); Parish of Banff (Landward) —
Headrooms, Miss Adamson (85) ; Hilton, Mr A. Scott (85) ; Parish of Boharm — Boharm,
Mr R. Grant (90); Forgie, Miss M. Gill (90); Maggyknockater, Mr T. M. Smith (90);
Parish of Botriphnie — Botriphnie, Mr J. Innes (87) ; Parish of Boyndie — Blairmaud, Miss A.
Adamson (85); Boyndie, Mr W. Ledingham (85); Whitehills, Mr Geo. Wilson (85); Parish
of Cabrach — Lower, Mr T. Robertson (87) ; Upper, Mr J. S. Burns (87) ; Parish of CuUen
— Cullen, Mr W. Cramond (85); Parish of Deskford— Deskford, Mr W. Smith (86); Parish
of Enzie— Enzie, Mr W. F. Nichol (87) ; Port Gordon, Mr J. Reid (87) ; Parish of Fordyce
Biometrika. Vol. vi. Supplement. 37
158 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotlaiul
— Bogmuchals, Miss I. D. Craik (85); Brodiesord, Mr J. A, King (85); Fordyce Academy,
Mr A. Emslie (85) ; Portsoy, ? (85) ; Sandend, Mr Henry Gumming (85) ;
Portsoy Female Industrial, Miss Liddell (85); Parish of Gamrie — Longmanhill, Mr J.
Garine (85); Macduff, Mr D, Renton (85); Macduff Murray's, Mr J. Panton (85); Parish of
Glenrinnes — Glenrinnes, Mr S. Wilson (90) ; Parish of Grange — Grange, Mr J. D. Bums (87) ;
Parish of Inveravon — Glenlivet, Mr T. Laing (91); Inveravon, Mr A. Myron (91); Morinish,
Mr D. M. MacDonald (91) ; Tomnavoulin, Miss M. A. Henderson (91) ; Ballindalloch, Lady
Mcpherson Grant's, Miss E. S. Myron (91); Tombae, St Mary's, R. C., Miss A. Gordon (91);
Parish of Inverkeithney — Easterfield, Miss Jessie Gait (87) ; Kirktown, Mr J. E. Taylor (87) ;
Parish of Keith— Achanachie, Miss J. A. Henderson (87) ; Fife Keith, Infant, Miss J. L. Ander-
son (87) ; Keith, ? (87) ; Tarry Croys, Miss M. S. Robertson (87) ; The Glen, Miss J.
Crane (87) ; Newmill, Mr A. Johnstone (87) ; Parish of Kirkmichael — Kirkmichael, Miss M.
Gordon (91); Parish of Marnoch — Aberchirder, Mr D. Stewart (86); Culvie, Mr J. M'^Ivor
(86) ; Marnoch, Mr W. C. Shand (86) ; Netherdale, Miss J. Merson (86) ; Aberchirder Epis.,
Mr Morgan (86) ; Parish of Mortlach— Mortlach, ? (90) ; Parish of Ordiquhill— Ordiquhill,
Mr A. Donald (86) ; Cornhill, Mrs J. M. Kemp (86) ; Parish of Rathven— Arradoul, Miss E.
Johini (85); Buckie, Mr A. Muir (85); Findochty, M. J. Geddes (85); Rathven, Mr J. S.
Paterson (85) ; Buckie, Lady Cathcart's Indust., Miss J. Cocker (85) ; Parish of Rothiemay —
Rothiemay, ]Mr J. Geddes (87) ; Ternemny, Mr J. Mackie (87).
COUNTY OF BERWICK.
Parish of Abbey St Bathan's— Abbey St Bathan's, Mr E. J. Wilson (42) ; Parish of Ayton—
Burnmouth, Mr C. M. Alexander (42) ; Parish of Bunkle and Preston — Preston, Miss Robertson
(42) ; Parish of Channelkirk— Channelkirk, Mr H. M. Liddell (42) ; Parish of Chirnside— Chim-
side, Mr R. Kincaird (42); Parish of Cockburnspath — Ecclavv, Miss Nicholson (42); Parish of
Coldingham — Auchincrow, Mr R. Greig (42) ; Cairnbank, Mr Harris (42) ; Coldingham, Mr W.
Robb (42) ; Renton, Mr James Greig (42) ; Reston, Mr W. Dand (42) ; St Abbs, Mr A. Gibson (42) ;
Parish of Coldstream — Coldstream, Mr D. C. Hardie (42) ; Parish of Cranshaws — Cranshaws,
Mr W. B. Tomison (42) ; Parish of Duns— Millburn, Mrs E. S. Hopi^er (42) ; Parish of Earlston
— Mellerstain, Miss A. Shaw (42) ; Parish of Eccles — Ecclcs, Mr W. Leitch (42) ; Parish of
Edrom — Allanton, Mr Thomas Anderson (42) ; Parish of Fouldeu — Foulden, Mr C. Millar (42) ;
Parish of Gordon — Gordon, Mr J. Leitch (42) ; Parish of Hume and Stitchell — Hume, Mr A. H.
Cuthbert (42) ; Stitchell, Mr Wm. Smith (42) ; Parish of Hutton— Hutton, Mr John Brown (42) ;
Paxton, Mr J. Kinross (42); Parish of Lady kirk —Ladykirk, Mr W. Milne (42); Parish of
Langton — Langton, Mr J. M'^Donald (42) ; Parish of Lauder — Lauder, Mr W. Moore (42) ; Parish
of Legerwood — Legerwood, Mr R. Martin (42) ; Parish of Longformacus — Longformacus, Mr J.
Brown (42) ; Parish of Mertoun — Mertoun, Mr James Dodds (39) ; Parish of Mordington —
Mordington, Mr Sinclair (42) ; Parish of Nenthorn — Nenthorn, Mr A. Winton (42) ; Parish of
Polwarth — Polwarth, Mr R. Johnstone (42) ; Parish of Swinton — Swinton, Mrs Kayne (42) ;
Parish of Westruther— Gateside, Miss C. Harrower (42) ; Westruther, Mr W. Gibb (42) ; Parish
of Whitsome — Whitsome, Mr A. Brown (42).
COUNTY OF BUTE.
Parish of Cumbrae — Cumbrae, Mr R. Paterson (104); Parish of Kilbride — Bnxlick, Mr T.
Reid (103); Corrio, Mr A. Cameron (103); Lamlash, Mr H. Wilkie (103); Parish of Kilmory—
Littlemill, Mr J. D. M^Kinnon (103); Shiskine, Mr R. T. Irvine (103); Sliddery, Mr J. A. Cook
(103); Parish of Kingarth — Birgidale, Miss M. S. Stewart (104); Kerrycroy, Mr W. Fulton
(104); Kingarth, Mr W. T. Esplin (104); Mount Stewart, R. C, Mr J. Linsloy (104) ; Parish of
North Bute — Ballianlay, Mr J. Duncan (104); Kildavannau, Mrs G. Weir (104); North Bute,
Mr P. White (104) ; Burgh of Rothesay— Academy and Thomson's Institut., Mr J. D. Rose
(104); Rothesay, Mr J. M'^Kay (104) ; St Andrews, R. C, Sister Colette (104).
J. F. Tocher 159
COUNTY OP CAITHNESS.
Parish of Bower— Bower, Mr D. Crowe (98) ; Gillock, Miss Bain (98) ; Stanstill, Mr A. Henry
(98) ; Stemster, Mr J. Watson (98) ; Parish of Ca'nisbay — Canisbay, Mr A. Munro (97) ; Freswick,
Mr A. R. Forrest (97); John O'Groats, Mr G. F. Mackenzie (97); Mey, Mr Neil J. Leitch
(97) ; Stroma, Mr D. Corraack (97) ; Parish of Dunnet— Crossroads, Mr W. A. Fowler (98) ;
Dunnet, Mr A. Hay (98) ; Greenland, Miss M. A. Sutherland (98) ; Parish of Halkirk— Bannis-
kirk, Miss G. Sinclair (98) ; Calder, Mr G. Sutherland (98) ; Harpsdale, Miss J. Noble (98) ;
Leurery, Mr J. M^Kenzie (98); Spittal, Mr R. A. Morgan (98); Parish of Keiss— Aukengill,
Mr G. Stalker (97); Parish of Latheron— Bruan, Mr J. Sutherland (97); Dunbeath, Mr J.
Morrison (97) ; Lybster, Mr J. Mackenzie (97) ; Wheel, Miss E. M. Ross (97) ; Parish of Olrig —
Castletown, Mr A. S. Robertson (98) ; Durran, Miss K. M. Cameron (98) ; Murkle, Mr J. Weir
(98); Tain District, Miss J. Coghill (98); Olrig Female, Miss D. Sutherland (98); Parish of
Reay— Brubster, Mr D. M<=Leod (98) ; Reay, Mr D. Menzies (98) ; Parish of Thurso— Forss,
Mr W. Thom (98); Janetstown Dist., Miss J. Cormack (98); Miller Instit., Mr W. McLaren
(98) ; West, ? (98) ; Weydale Dist., Mr A. Killin (98) ; Parish of Watten— Gersa, Mr A.
Sutherland (98) ; Lanergill, Mr A. Malloch (98) ; West Watten, Mr P. Sutherland (98) ; Burgh
of Wick— Pulteneytown Academy, Mr W. Dick (97); Wick North, Mr Geo. Gunn (97); Wick
South, Mr A. S. Fullarton (97) ; West Banks, Mr C. Fletcher (97) ; Parish of Wick (Landward)
— Bilbster, Mr C. MacLennan (97) ; Staxigoe, Mr Geo. Sutherland (97) ; Tannach, Mr J. T.
Robison (97) ; Thrumster, Mr D. Finlayson (97) ; Whaligoe, Miss C. Sutherland (97).
COUNTY OF CLACKMANNAN.
Parish of Alloa Town— Alloa Burgh, Mr A. Wilson (51); Ludgate, Mr W. Millar (51);
Sunnyside, Mr Ferguson (51) ; Alloa Epis., Mr M. H. Locker (51) ; Parish of Alloa (Landward)—
Sauchie, Mr J. W. Paterson (51) ; Parish of Alva — Alva, Infant, Miss M. J. Lodge (51) ; Parish of
Clackmannan— Clackmannan, Mr J. R. Renton (51) ; Forestmill, Miss Anderson (51) ; Kennet,
Miss M. S. Aitchison (51); Parish of Dollar— Dollar, Mr J. Begg (51); Parish of Tillicoultry—
Coalsnaughton, Mr J. Hunter (51) ; Tillicoultry, Mr J. Wilson (51).
COUNTY OF DUMBARTON.
Parish of Arrochar — Ardlui, Miss Lumsden (101); Arrochar, Mr C. Grierson (101); Parish
of Bonhill— Alexandria, Main St, Mr A. F. Campbell (105) ; Vale of Leven Academy, Mr D.
Macintyre (105) ; Bonhill, Mr A. K. Edward (105) ; South Jamestown, Mr D. R. Balls (105) ;
Parish of Cardross— Cardross, ? (105) ; Renton, Mr J. Andren (105) ; Parish of Cum-
bernauld—Cumbernauld, Mr D. McPhie (10); Southern District, Miss E. M'^Phie (10); Burgh
of Dumbarton— Academy, Mr A. T. Watson (106) ; Knoxland, ? (106) ; West Bridgend,
Mr W. D. Anderson (106) ; Parish of Kilmaronock— Ardoch Bridge, Miss J. Forbes (105) ;
Kilmaronock, Mr Lang (105) ; Parish of Kirkintilloch— Lenzie Academy, Mr A. Buchanan
(12) ; Townhead, Mr D. Cameron (12) ; Parish of Kirkintilloch (Landward)— Condorrat, Mr W,
Kerr (12); Tweechar, Mr J. Smith (12); Parish of Luss— Luss, Mr A. Forsyth (105); Muirland,
Miss J. B. Cunningham (105); Parish of East Kilpatrick — Craigton, Mr D. Lindsay (19);
Temple, Mr. J. Scott (19) ; Parish of West Kilpatrick— Clydebank, ? (22) ; Duntocher,
? (22); Milton, Mr G. Jennings (22) ; Parish of Roseneath— Roseneath, Mr W. Stewart
(105) ; Parish of Row— Garelochhead, Mr J. Connor (105) ; Glenfruin, Miss M. A. Grant (105) ;
Helensburgh, Grant and James St, Mr J. A. Crabbe (105) ; Helensburgh Hermitage, Mr D.
Buchanan (105); Row, Mr W. Eraser (105); Shandon, Miss A. S. Connor (105); Helensburgh,
Trinity Episc, Mr A. J. Bailey (105).
37—2
160 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
COUNTY OF DUMFRIES.
Parish of Annan— Academy, Mr W. Duncan (37) ; Annan, Mr W. Howe (37) ; Breconbeds,
Mr J. Donaldson (37) ; Parish of Applegarth and Sibbaldbie — Sandyholra, Mr James Scott (37) ;
Sibbaldbie, Mr G. Nettleship (37) ; Parish of Brydekirk— Brydekirk, Mr W. Thorbum (37) ;
Parish of Canonbie— Gilnockie, Mr J. Hannam (37) ; Glenzier, Mr W, Guthrie (37) ; Harlaw,
Mr W. G. Robertson (37) ; Parish of Caerlaverock— Glencaple, Mr W. Alexander (35) ; Parish
of Closebum— Closeburn, Miss Somerville (36) ; Gubhill, Mr Ja. Riddick (36) ; Wallace Hall
Academy, Mr H. F. Menzies (36) ; Parish of Cummertrees — Trailtrow, Mr Wm. J. Rae (35) ;
Parish of Dalton— Dalton, Mr A. Galbraith (37) ; Parish of Dornock — Domock, Mr J. Dunlop
(37) ; Parish of Dryfesdale— Lockerbie Academy, Mr P. Malcolm (37) ; Burgh of Dumfries —
George Street, Mr J. Douglas (35) ; Loreburn Street, Mr J. B. Waddell (35) ; St Michael's Street,
Mr J. Hendrie (35) ; St Andrew's, R. C., Mr J. Burns (35) ; St John's Episcopal, Mr L. G.
MacDonald (35) ; Parish of Dumfries (Landward)— Brownhall, Mr J. White (35); Catherinefield,
Mr D. H. Hutcheon (35) ; Noblehill, Mr T. Laing (35) ; Parish of Dunscore— Bumhead, Mr J.
Dickson (36); Dunscore Village, Mr D. Gold (36); Parish of Durrisdeer — Birleyhill, Mr J.
Connell (36) ; Durrisdeer, Mr J. R. Boyle (36) ; Enterkinfoot, Miss Dobson (36) ; Parish of
Eskdalemuir— Davington, Mr E. H. Scott (37) ; Parish of Ewes— Ewes, Mr J. Lyall (37) ;
Parish of Glencairn— Craigmuie, Miss E. Anderson (36) ; Moniaive, Mr K. Hunter (36) ; Parish
of Gretna— Gretna, Mr James M«Indoe (37) ; Mount Pleasant, Mr A. S. Farquhar (37); Parish
of Hoddam — Hoddam, Mr A. Fairnie (37); Parish of Holy wood — Holy wood, Mr W. Kennedy
(36) ; Speddoch, Miss Bell (36) ; Steilston, Mr John Kennedy (36) ; Parish of Hutton and
Corrie— Corrie, Mr T. M<=Luskie (37) ; Hutton, Mr J. B. Edgar (37) ; Parish of Johnstone—
Cogrieburn, Mr D. Angus (37) ; Goodhoi)e, Mr J. Forsyth (37) ; Johnstone, Mr T. Craig (37) ;
Parish of Keir— Lower, Mr J. R. Gordon (36) ; Upper, Mr J. B. Soutar (36) ; Parish of Kirk-
connel — Cairn Combination, Mr J. Love (36) ; Parish of Kirkmahoe — Dalswinton, Mr T. Byers
(36) ; Parish of Kirkmichael— Garrel, Mr R. K. Howie (37) ; Nethermill, Mr W. Hair (37) ;
Parish of Kirkpatrick Fleming— Gair, Mr W. TurnbuU (37) ; Kirkpatrick Fleming, Mr C. F.
Brown (37) ; Parish of Kirkpatrick Juxta — Dumgree, Mr J. Smith (37) ; Kirkpatrick Juxta,
Mr A. W. Wright (37) ; Parish of Langholm— Langholm Academy, l (37) ; Wauchope,
Miss Janet Bell (37) ; Parish of Lochmaben— Hightae, Mr Jas. M<=Gregor (37) ; Lochmaben,
Mr J. D. Dean (37) ; Templand, Mr D. Paterson (37) ; Parish of Middlebie— Hottsbridge,
Mr J. Campbell (37) ; Middlebie, Mr Wm. Kerr (37) ; Eaglesfield, Mr J. L. Boyle (37) ; Parish
of Moffat— Academy, Mr J. Duncan (37) ; Annan Water, Mr A. Prosser (37) ; Evan Water,
Mr D. G. C. Stewart (37) ; Moffat Water, Mr Pollock (37) ; Parish of Morton— Morton Infant,
Miss C. M«Kay (36) ; Carronbridge, Duke of Buccleuch's, Mr D. Smart (36) ; Parish of Mous-
wald— Mouswald, Mr J. F. Young (35) ; Parish of Penpont— Penpont, Mr W, Laidlaw (36) ;
Parish of St Mungo— St Mungo, Mr J. Paterson (37) ; Parish of Sanquhar— Sanquhar, Mr R. N.
Carson (36) ; Menuoch Bridge, Duke of Buccleuch's, Miss K. Simpson (36) ; Wanlockhead,
Mr J. Edmond (36) ; Parish of Tinwald— Amisfield, Mr F. Ellon (37) ; Shieldhill, Miss MundeU
(37); Parish of Torthorwald— Collin, Mr J. Proudfoot (35); Torthorwald, Mr J. M-^Dougall (35) ;
Parish of Tundergarth— Tundergarth, Mr C. Wilson (37) ; Parish of Tynron— Tynron, Mr Wm.
Gookin (36) ; Tynron Endowed, Mr J. Lawrie (36) ; Parish of Westerkirk— M^dale, Mr John
Buchan (37) ; Westerkirk, Mr W. S. Irving (37).
COUNTY OF MIDLOTHIAN.
Parish of Borthwick— Borthwick, Mr J. J. H. Reid (47) ; Parish of Carrington— Carrington,
Mr R. B. Brunton (47) ; Parish of Cockpon— Bonnyrigg, Mr A. Somerville (47) ; Cockpen,
Miss C. Graham (47) ; Parish of Colinton— Colinton, Mr A. Robertson (46) ; Juniper Green—
Inf. and Ind., Miss Davidson (46) ; Juniper Green, Mr Jjis. Malloch (46) ; Slateford, Mr A.
Peterson (46); Swanston, Miss Graham (40); Parish of Corstorphine— Cor8tori)hine, Mr Q.
J. F. Tocher 161
M<=Gowan (46); Parish of Cramond — Davidsons Mains, Mr W. Bannerman (46); Lennie,
Mr R. B. Finlayson (46) ; Parish of Cranston — Cousland, Mr J. Simpson (47) ; Cranston,
Mr G. J. D. Barnes (47) ; Parish of Crichton— Crichton, ? (47) ; Pathhead, St Mary's
R. C, Miss Gibney (47) ; Parish of Currie — Balerno, i (47) ; Currie, Mr J. Jarvie (47) ;
Hermiston, Miss Houston (47) ; Parish of Dalkeith — King's Park, Mr P. Marshall (47) ; City
of Edinburgh — Bristo, Mr J. Philip (44) ; Broughton, Mr A. Hutcheson (44) ; Bruntsfield,
Mr J. King (44) ; Davie Street, Mr J. M<=Crindle (44) ; Dean, ? (44) ; Duddingston,
Mr A. Millar (44) ; Flora Stevenson, Mr D. Gloag (44) ; Granton, Mr A. Scott (44) ; Leith
Walk, Mr W^ Alexander (44) ; London Street, Mr A. Shennan (44) ; North Canongate, Mr A.
Young (44) ; North Merchiston, Mr A. H. Taylor (44) ; Parsons Green, Mr Williamson (44) ;
Portobello, ? (44) ; Portobello, Tower Bank, Mr R. Todd (44) ; St Bernard's, Mr W.
Mackay (44) ; South Bridge, ? (44) ; South Morningside, Mr J. Watson (44) ;
Warrender Park, Mr Jas. Andrew (44) ; West Fountainbridge, Mr A. J. Johnston (44) ; Abbey-
hill Epis., Miss Mackie (44) ; All Saints' Epis., Mr H. Hunter (44) ; Deaf and Dumb Institute,
Mr E. lUingworth (44) ; Practising Epis., Mr W. L. Rayner (44) ; St Andrew's Epis., Mrs M. E.
Morison (44) ; St James' Epis., ? (44) ; Parish of Fala and Soutra — Fala and Soutra,
Mr J. Duncan (47) ; Parish of Glencorse — Glencorse, Mr A. G. Bertram (47) ; Parish of Heriot —
Heriot, Mr W. Weir (47) ; Parish of Inveresk (Landward) — Cowpits, Miss Dunn (46) ; Craighall,
Miss Brown (46) ; Wallyford, Miss Allan (46) ; Parish of Kirknewton and East Calder — East
Calder, Mr J. Black (47) ; Kirknewton, Mr T. Dick (47) ; Oakbank, Mr W. Millar (47)
Parish of Lasswade — Lasswade, Mr James Gall (47) ; Loanhead, Mr R. M. Mackinnon (47)
Pentland, Mr T. L. Lee (47) ; Rosewell, Mr D. Nelson (47) ; Roslin, Mr E. A. White (47)
Loanhead St Margaret's, R. C, Mr M. Macintosh (47) ; Parish of Leith (Burgh) — Academy,
Mr J. W. Tait (45) ; Bonnington Road, ? (45) ; Couper Street, Mr W, Darling (45)
Great Junction Street, 1 (45) ; Links Place, ? (45) ; Lochend Road, Mr R
Donaldson (45) ; Lome Street, ? (45) ; Newhaven, Victoria, Mr R. B. Scott (45)
North Fort Street, Mr J. Eraser (45) ; St Thomas, Mr J. Morgan (45) ; Trinity Academy,
Mr T. M. Duncan (45) ; Yardheads, Mr T. Eraser (45) ; St James' Epis., Mr W. F. Walker (45)
Parish of Liberton — Burdiehouse, Mr R. H. Tait (46); Gilmerton, Mr Montgomery (46)
Liberton, Mr Thomas Custon (46) ; New Craighall, Miss A. M. Comrie (46) ; Gilmerton, The
Anderson Female Industrial, Miss Stewart (46) ; Parish of Mid-Calder — Bellsquarry, Mr Shields
(47) ; Causewayend, Miss Rutherford (47) ; Burgh of Musselburgh — Grammar, Mr Hope (46) ;
Fisherrow Burgh, Mr J. W. Stephen (46) ; St Peter's Epis., Mr Stone (46) ; Parish of New-
battle — East Houses, Mr M. B. Trail (47) ; Parish of Penicuik — Howgate, Mr Jas, Downs (47) ;
Kirkhill, ? (47) ; Penicuik Epis., Miss Annand (47) ; Parish of Ratho— Ratho, Mr T.
Heslop (46) ; Dalmahoy, St Mary's Epis., Mr PuUan (46) ; Parish of Stobhill— Stobhill, Mr J.
Hastie (47) ; Parish of Temple— Temple, Miss G. S. Lauder (47) ; Toxside, Mrs Cook (47) ;
Parish of West Calder— Gavieside, Mr J. H. Taylor (47) ; Harburn, Miss Anderson (47) ;
Leavenseat, Mr A. M'=Intosh (47) ; Woodmuir, Mr J. Graham (47).
COUNTY OF ELGIN.
Parish of Alves — Alves, Mr J. D. Cheyne (89) ; Parish of Bellie — Bellie, Mr A. J. Adams
(88) ; Fochabers Milne's Institute, ? (88) ; Parish of Birnie — Birnie, Mr A. Murray
(90); Parish of Cromdale— Advie, Mr W. T. Norval (91); Cromdale, Mr James Slater (91); Dava,
Miss Jean Peace (91) ; Parish of Dallas — Kellas, Miss M. Clark (90) ; Parish of Drainie — Drainie,
Mr J. McDonald (88) ; Lossiemouth, Mr A. S. Melvin (88) ; Parish of Duflfus— Burghead, Mr J.
Bremner (89) ; Duffus, Mr J, W. Corrigal (89) ; Roseisle, Miss H. Cowper (89) ; Parish of Dyke-
Dyke, Mr J. J. Burgess (89);. Kintessack, Miss Russell (89); Parish of Edinkillie — Conicavel,
Mr J. M'^CoU (90); Logie, Mr W. Russell (90); Relugas, Miss F. Maclennan (90); Burgh of
Elgin— Bishopmill, Mr G. Sutherland (88) ; Elgin, Girls, Miss Stephen (88) ; West End, Mr P.
162 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
Dow (88) ; Parish of Elgin (Landward)— Mosstowie, Mr W, Scott (88) ; New Elgin, Mr J. S.
Turner (88) ; Parish of Kinloss— Findhorn, Mr J. Dewar (89) ; Kinloss, Mr J. Stewart (89) ;
Parish of Knockando— Elchies, Mr J, Milne (90) ; Knockando, Mr C. Watt (90) ; Archiestown,
Miss C. M. Turner (90) ; Parish of New Spynie — New Spynie, Mr J. Thomson (88) ; Parish of
Raflford— Burgie, Miss A. Jeffrey (90) ; Parish of Rothes— Rothes, Mr T. R. Watson (90) ; Parish
of St Andrews Lhanbryde — Cranloch, Mr W. T. Melvin (88) ; St Andrews Lhanbryde, Mr R.
Stephen (88); Parish of Si)eymouth — Garmouth, Mr W. F. Stewart (88); Speymouth, Mr A.
Geddie (88) ; Parish of Urquhart— Urquhart, Mr A. Ritchie (88).
COUNTY OF FIFE.
Parish of Abdie — Abdie, Mr A. Lomie (55) ; Parish of Aberdour — Aberdour, Mr R. Young
(53) ; Donibristle Colliery, Mr P. Williamson (53) ; Parish of Anstruther Easter — Anstruther
Easter, Mr J. Paterson (55) ; Parish of Anstruther Wester — Anstruther Wester, Mr W. P.
Wilson (54) ; Parish of Auchterderran — Auchterderran, Mr A. Rankine (53) ; Cardenden, Mr T. A.
M'Ewen (53) ; Parish of Auchtermuchty — Dunshalt, Miss Melville (57) ; Parish of Auchtertool —
Auchtertool, Mr J. Glendinning (53); Parish of Ballingry — Ballingry, Mr J. Park (57); Parish
of Balmerino— Balmerino, Mr T. Barrie (55) ; Parish of Beath — Cowdenbeath, 1 (57) ;
Foulford, Mr W. A. Guthrie (57); Hill of Beath, ? (67); Kelty, Mr James B. Calder
(57) ; Parish of Burntisland — Burntisland Episcopal, Miss J. Stewart (53) ; Parish of Cameron —
Cameron, Mr J. Robertson (55) ; Denhead, Miss B. M'^Gillivray (55) ; Radernie, Mr W. Wilson
(55); Parish of Carnbee — Arncroach, Mr J. Donaldson (55); Cam bee, Mr J. Pentland Smith
(55) ; Parish of Carnock— Cairney Hill, Mr J. B. Rankine (52) ; Parish of CoUessie — CoUessie,
Mr W. Penman (57); Ladybank, Mr T. H. Ross (57); Parish of Crail-Crail, Mr M. Ireland
(55) ; Parish of Culross — Geddes, Mr J. Ramsay (52) ; Parish of Cults — Cults, Mr G. L. Leitch
(55) ; Parish of Cupar (Landward) — Brighton, Miss J. C. Gumming (55) ; Parish of Dairsie —
Dairsie, Mr W. S. Seath (55) ; Parish of Dalgety— Hillend, Mr J. Forrester (53) ; Parish of
Dunbog — Dunbog, Mr J. Anderson (55) ; Parish of Dunfermline (Burgh) — M'^Lean, Mr C.
M'^Chlery (52) ; Milesraark, Mr W, Hepburn (52) ; Queen Anne, 1 (52) ; St Leonards,
? (52) ; Parish of Dunfermline (Landward) — Charlestown, Mr J. Davidson (52) ;
Crossford, Mr A. Borthwick (52) ; Crossgates, Mr R. Wallace (52) ; Halbeath, Mr J. Robertson
(52) ; Limekilns, Mr A. Todd (52) ; Townhill, Mr J. Marshall (52) ; Wellwood, Mr G. Hen-
derson (52) ; Parish of Dunino — Dunino, Mr J. W. Somers (55) ; Parish of Dysart (Burgh) —
Dysart, Mr John Boyd (54) ; Parish of Elie— Elie, Mr R. Crombie (55) ; Parish of Falkland-
Falkland, Mr J. Richardson (57); Freuchie, Mr J. Methven (57); Parish of Flisk— Flisk,
Mr D. M. Dingwall (55) ; Parish of Forgan — Forgan, Mr J. Cameron (55) ; Wormit, Mr D. M.
Allison (55) ; Parish of Inverkeithing— Inverkeithing, Mr D. M. Scott (53) ; North Queensferry,
Mr J. M. Cuthill (53); Parish of Kennoway— Kennoway, Mr James Blair (54); Star, Mr W.
M'^Lachlan (54) ; Parish of Kettle— Kettle, Miss Lawson (57) ; Parish of Kilconquhar— Colins-
burgh, Mr J. H. Balleny (55) ; Kilconquhar, Mr D. L, Pye (55) ; Parish of Kilraany — Kilmany,
Female, Miss White (55) ; Parish of Kilrenny— Cellardyke, Mr J. Barbour (55) ; Kilrenny
Upper, Mr R. Forsyth (55) ; Parish of Kinghorn — Kinghorn, Mr W. Mann (53) ; Kinghorn,
Infant, Miss Gibson (53); Parish of Kinglassie — Kinglassie, Mr W. Spears (54); Parish of
Kingsbanis — Kingsbarns, Mr R. M'Kenzie (55) ; Parish of Kirkcaldy — Abbotshall, Mr J. Ogilvio
(58) ; East, Mr W. Watson (58) ; High (Elem. Dept.), Mr J. Corrie (58) ; Parish of Kirkcaldy
and Dysart (Landward)— Chapel, Mr G. Harris (54) ; Strathore, Mr D. T. Brunton (54) ; Parish
of Largo— Durham, Miss Riach (54); Kirkton, Mr T. Nicholl (54); Limdin Mill, Mr D. M.
Stewart (54) ; Parish of Largoward— New Gilston, Mr J. Inch (55) ; Parish of Leslie— Leslie,
Mr D. M'Leod (57) ; Parish of Lcuchars— liivlmullo, Mr D. Murrie (55) ; Guardbridge, Mr R,
Anderson (55) ; Leuchars, Mr J. Cribl)es (55) ; Parish of LochgcUy — Lochgelly, Mr P. MatiDuff
(53) ; Lumphinnans, Mr D. Low (53) ; Parish of Markinch— Balcurvie, Mr A. Coutts (54) ;
Coaltown, Mr A. S. Coutts (54); Markinch, Mr D. G. Coull (54); Preston, Mr James Monro
J. F. Tocher 163
(54) ; Parish of Monimail— Easter Fernie, Mr C. Arnott (55) ; Letham, Mr C. D. Smitton (55) ;
Parish of Moonzie— Moonzie, Mr J. Douglas (55) ; Parish of Newburgh— Newburgh, Mr Johu
Howat (55) ; Parish of Newburn— Newburn, Mr F. R. Lumsden (55) ; Parish of Pittenweem—
East, Mr A. Howat (55) ; South, Miss Watson (55) ; Parish of St Andrews (Burgh)— Burgh,
Mr E. King (55) ; Parish of St Andrews (Landward)— Boarhills, Mr T. S. Glover (55) ; Parish of
St Monance— St Monance, Mr Isaac Neirn (55) ; Parish of Scoonie— Smithy Green, Miss Ferrier
(54) ; Parish of Springfield— Springfield, Mr J. Forbes (57) ; Parish of Strathmiglo— Gateside,
Mr Duff (57) ; Strathmiglo, Mr G. Braid (57) ; Parish of Wemyss -Wemyss, Dorothy, Mr D. H.
Lindsay (54).
COUNTY OF FORFAR.
Parish of Aberlemno— Aberlemno, Mr J. Stewart (73); Pitkennedy, Mr "W. Irvine (73);
Parish of Airlie— Airlie, Mr W. Lyon (68) ; Parish of Arbirlot— Arbirlot, Mr Wilson (65) ; Parish
of Auchterhouse — Auchterhouse, Mr J. Robertson (68); Burgh of Arbroath — High (Elem.
Dept.), Miss M. Duguid (64) ; Inverbrothock, Mr A. F. Davidson (64) ; Keptie, Mr J. Kinnear
(64) ; The Abbey, Mr J. Hunter (64) ; The Hill, Mr J. Guild (64) ; Parish of Barry— Barry,
Mr D. Bain (65) ; Carnoustie, Mr D. A. Christie (65) ; Burgh of Brechin— Bank Street, Mr J. D.
Ross (73); The Tenements, Mr R. A. Scott (73); Parish of Brechin (Landward) — Aldbar,
Mr A. C. Robertson (73) ; Little Brechin, Mr C. Richard (73) ; Arrat, Miss J. H. Westwood (73) ;
Town of Broughty Ferry — Eastern, Mr Wm. Sim (65) ; Grove Academy, Mr Alex. Hutt (65) ;
Southern, Mr R. Cameron (65) ; Western, Mr J. Thomson (65) ; Parish of Careston — Careston,
? (73) ; Parish of Carmyllie— East, Mr G. S. McDonald (67) ; West, Mr W. F. Anderson
(67) ; Parish of Craig— Ferry den, Infant, Miss J. Coull (72) ; Westerton, Mrs J. Wilkie (72) ;
Parish of Cortachy and Clova— Clova, Mr G. Cameron (75) ; Glenprosen, Mr R. H. Volume (75) ;
Wateresk, Mr T. Campbell (75) ; Burgh of Dundee — Ancrum Road, Mr R. Locke (66) ; Ann
Street, Mr J. Gibson (66) : Balfour Street, Mr W. Bertie (66); Blackness, Mr J. Malloch (66);
Brown Street, Mr C. Sharp (66) ; Butterburn, Mr J. A. Anderson (66) ; Cowgate, Mr G. Sword
(66) ; Dudhope, Mr G. Simpson (66) ; Glebelands, Mr J. Mudie (66) ; Harris Academy, Mr J.
Brebner (66) ; Hill St, Mr G. Ferguson (66) ; Lochee, Liff Road, Mr R. W. Thornton (66) ; do..
South Road, Mr A. Dorward (66) ; Morgan Academy, Mr W. B. Irvine (66) ; Rosebank, Mr W.
Dickson (66) ; St Andrew's, Mr A. Leighton (66) ; Tay St, Mr D. Dawson (66) ; Victoria Road,
Mr R. Loggie (66) ; Wallace Town, Mr J. Watt (66) ; Lochee Epis., Mr A. Marr (66) ; St Martin's
Epis., Miss Gibb (66) ; St Paul's Epis., Mr W. Gray (66) ; Lochee, St Mary's, R. C, Mr R. A.
Smith (66) ; St Patrick's, R. C, Miss M'^Erlain (66) ; Sea field's Works, Half time. Miss Roy (66) ;
Parish of Dundee (Landward) — Drumgeith, Mr J. Keith (66) ; Parish of Dunnichen — Craichie,
Mr H. S. Deas (67) ; Letham, Mr T. M. Henry (67) ; Parish of Eassie and Nevay — Eassie and
Nevay, Mr A. Mearns (68) ; Parish of Edzell— Edzell, Mr T. Bennet (75) ; Waterside, Miss J.
Black (75); Parish of Fern— Fern, Mr J. Miller (75); Burgh of Forfar— West, Mr J. Campbell
(67) ; Parish of Forfar (Landward) — Lunanhead, Mr J. Yuille (67) ; Parish of Fowlis Easter
— FowHs Easter, Mr G. Colston (68) ; Parish of Glamis— Glen Ogilvy, The Milton, Mr Hender-
son (67) ; Parish of Glenisla— Folda, Mr T. D. Lyon (76) ; Glenisla, Mr R. Thomson (76) ; Kilry,
Mr J. C. Beaton (76) ; Parish of Guthrie — Guthrie, Mr J. Smith (73) ; Parish of Inverarity—
Inverarity, Mr P. Elder (67) ; Parish of Inverkeilor — Chapelton, Mr W. Linton (65) ; Inverkeilor,
Mr Chas. Crawford (65) ; Parish of Kettins — Kettins, Mr D. Macqueen (68) ; Parish of Kiunell
— Kinnell, Mr W. Gouldie (72) ; Parish of Kinnettles— Kinnettles, Mr G. Marten (67) ; Parish of
Kirkden — Kirkden, Mr Lee (67) ; Parish of Kirriemuir — Carroch, Mr S. J. Welch (75) ; Kirrie-
muir Evening School, Mr G. Kyd (75) ; Padanarum, Mr D. W. Fairweather (75) ; Reform St,
Mr A. Phyn (75) ; Roundyhill, Mr T. Hewit (75) ; Webster's Seminary, Mr A. Menzies (75) ;
Westmuir, Miss F. A. Hood (75) ; St Mary's Epis., Mr H. E. Peacock (75) ; Parish of Liff, Benvie,
etc.— Liff, Mr A. M<=Caskie (68) ; Muirhead of Liff, Mr J. B. Dorward (68) ; Parish of Lintrathen
— Braes of Coull, Mr J. Cook (76) ; Lintrathen, Mr W. F. Anderson (76) ; Parish of Lochlee —
164 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
Lochlee, Mr S. Cruickshank (75) ; Parish of Logie Pert — Craigo, Mr J. Eaton (73) ; Parish of
Lunan — Lunan, Mr Arch*!, Wilson (72) ; Parish of Lundie — Lundie, Mr J. Scott (68) ; Parish of
Mains and Strathmartine — Downfield, Mr W, Eckford (68) ; Strathmartine, Mr J. M<=A8h (68) ;
Parish of Maryton — Maryton, Miss Mary Kelman (72) ; Parish of Menmuir — Menmuir, Mr R.
Grimm (73); Parish of Monifieth—Monifieth, Mr J. H. Meldrum (65); Parish of Monikie —
Bankhead, Mr A. Clark (67) ;. Monikie, Mr P. Grant (67) ; Newbigging, Mr S. S. Low (67) ;
Burgh of Montrose — Academy, Mr A. J. A. Russell (72) ; Southesk, Mr J. Stobo (72) ; Parish of
Murroes — Murroes, Mr H. A. Forsyth (67) ; Parish of Navar and Lethnot — Navar and Lethnot,
Mr W. Paterson (75) ; Parish of Newtyle— Newtyle, Mr Morgan (68) ; Parish of Oathlaw —
Oathlaw, Mr M. A. Thomson (75) ; Parish of Panbride — Muirdrum, Mrs NicoUs (65) ; Paubride,
Mr J. C. Stuart (65) ; Parish of Rescobie — Rescobie, Mr W. Simpson (73) ; Parish of St
Vigeans and Arbroath (Landward) — Colliston, Mr R. S. Armit (65) ; St Vigeans, Mr Jas. Cox
(65) ; Parish of Tannadice — Burnside of Inshewaa, Mr W. Mortimer (76) ; Tannadice, Mr J.
Henderson (75) ; Parish of Tealiug— Tealing, Mr P. M. M«Kenzie (68).
COUNTY OF HADDINGTON.
Parish of Aberlady — Aberlady, Mr A. M. Jameson (43) ; Parish of Bolton — Bolton, Mr A. T.
Nicol (43) ; Parish of Dirleton — Kingston, Mr J. Aitchison (43) ; Dunbar (Burgh) — Dunbar,
Mr A. Caurie (43) ; Parish of Dunbar (Landward)— East Barns, Mr A. M'^Callum (43) ; Parish of
Garvald — Garvald, Mr J. Boucher (43) ; Parish of Gladsmuir — Longniddry, Mr J. G. Allan (43) ;
Samuelston, Mr J. Winton (43) ; Haddington Burgh — Primary, ? (43) ; Roman
Catholic, Miss English (43) ; Parish of Innerwick — Innerwick, Mr P. Purdie (43) ; Parish of
Morham — Morham, Mr W. Graham (43) ; Parish of North Berwick — Halfland Barns, Miss I. 0.
Brown (43) ; High (Elementary Department), Mr T. S. Glover (43) ; North Berwick, Mr G. Tait
(43) ; Parish of Ormiston — Crossroads, Mr Chalmers (43) ; Ormiston, Mr R. Henderson (43) ;
Parish of Pencaitland — ^Pencaitland, Mr C. A. Ritchie (43) ; Parish of Prestonpans — Prestonpans,
Mr J. Wallace (43) ; Parish of Salton— Salton, Mr W. A. Findlay (43) ; Parish of Spott— S^wtt,
Mr R. Grieve (43) ; Parish of Stenton— Stenton, Mr J. Brown (43) ; Parish of Whitekirk and
Tyninghame— Tyninghame, Mr R. A. Watt (43) ; Whitekirk, Mr J. Wood (43) ; Parish of
Whittinghame — Kingside Combination, Miss Hutchison (43) ; Whittinghame, Mr J. Hunter
(43) ; Parish of Yester— Longyester, Miss E. Muir (43) ; Yester, ? (43).
COUNTY OF INVERNESS.
Parish of Abernethy and Kincardine — Abernethy, Mr A. Steele (91) ; Dorback, Miss A.
Cruickshank (91) ; Glenbrown and Glenlochy, Miss H. M'=Gregor (91) ; TuUoch, Mr G. Gumming
(91) ; Parish of Alvie— Alvie, Mr F. Garden (91) ; Lagganlia, Miss M. McLean (91) ; Lynwilg,
Miss M. M^'Donald (91) ; Parish of Arisaig— Glenuig, Miss Mackay (100) ; Arisaig, R. C,
Miss M. J. M'^Cartan (100) ; Parish of Barra— Castlebay, Mr J. Smith (107) ; Craigston, Mr C.
W. Kelsey (107); Northbay, Mr P. Flanagan (107); Parish of Boleskine and Abertarff —
Boleskine, Mr Wm. Traill (94) ; Fort Augustus, Mr J. D. Robertson (94) ; Knockchoilum,
Miss I. Mackintosh (94) ; Parish of Bracadale — Carbost, Mr G. Barron (99) ; Glenbrittle,
Miss D. M'Crimmon (99) ; Struan, Mr W. P. Gold (99) ; Parish of Croy and Dalcross— Clava,
Mr J. Moir (89) ; Croy, Mr J. Wedderspoon (89) ; Parish of Daviot and Dunlichty — Brin,
Mr J. Macrae (91) ; Daviot, Mr A. M'^Lellan (91) ; Dunmaglass, Miss J. Davidson (91) ; Farr,
Mr J. G. M^Beth (91) ; Parish of Dores— Aldourie, Mr M. McDonald (94); Stratherrick, Mr G. R.
Wilson (94) ; Parish of Duirinish — Borraraig, Mr F. Nicolson (99) ; Borrodale, Mr J. M^Kay (99) ;
Colbost, Mr J. S. Young (99) ; Edinbain, Mr D. J. Mackenzie (99) ; Parish of Duthil and
Rothiemurchus — Deshar, Mr J. Galbraith (91); Dulnain Bridge, Mr W. Stuart (91); Duthil,
Mr J. Macrae (91) ; Rothiemurchus, Mr W. Dempster (91) ; Parish of Glenelg — Amisdale,
Miss M. Macdonald (99) ; Bracara, Miss C. F. Robertson (99) ; Glasuacardock, Mr T. O'Reilly
J. F. Tocher 165
(99) ; Glenelg District, Mr J. M"^ Arthur (99) ; Parish of Glengarry — Aberchalder, Miss Macnab
(94) ; Invergarry, Mr J. P. Graham (100) ; Glenquoich, Miss Durnie (100) ; Parish of Harris —
Amhuinnsuidh, Mr J. MacLeod (108) ; Drinishader, Mr D. Mackinnon (108) ; Finsbay, Mr D. J.
M«E.a (108) ; Kyles Stocknish, Mr M. Macarthur (108) ; Manish, Mr W. Cook (108) ; Scalpa,
Mr J. L. Neil (108) ; Scarp, Mr D. Craig (108) ; Scarista, Miss M. Paterson (108) ; Parish of Insh—
Insh, Miss E. W. Whyte (91) ; Inverness (Burgh)— Central, ? (92) ; Clachnaharry, Mr J. L.
Clark (92); Farraline Park, Mr A. Thomson (92); High (Elementary Department), Mr T.
"Wallace (92); High (Secondary Department), Mr A. M«Bain (92); Cathedral, Boys, Mr Hy.
Stafford (92) ; Northern Counties Blind Institution, Mr Anderson (92) ; Parish of Inverness
(Landward)— Culduthel, Mr J. M«Pherson (92) ; Leachkin, Mr J. Tough (92) ; Nairnside, Mr
Martin (92) ; Highland Orphanage, Miss C. A. Strachan (92) ; Parish of Kilmallie — Banavie, Mr J.
Young (100) ; Fort William, Mr A. Mackay (100) ; Kinlocheil March, Mrs W. Eraser (100) ;
Onich, Mr W. Hay (100) ; Fort William, R. C., Mr K. Mailley (100) ; Parish of Kilmonivaig—
Roy Bridge, Miss M. Nesbit (100) ; Tomcharich, Miss R. Cameron (100) ; Parish of Kilmorack
— Beauly, Mr J. Pollock (93) ; Struy, Mr D. Raid (93) ; Beauly, R. C, Miss L. M^Donell (93) ;
Marydale, R. C, Miss B. Carr (93) ; Parish of Kilmuir— Kilmaluag, Mr R. S. MacKay (99) ;
Parish of Kiltarlity — Culburnie, Mr H. Henderson (94) ; Guisachan, Mr J. M<=Phail (94) ; Parish
of Kingussie — Kingussie, ? (91) ; Newtonmore, ? (91) ; Parish of Kirkhill —
Kirkton, Miss M'^Glashan (93) ; Knockbain, Mr J. Shewan (93) ; Ptirisli of Laggan — Glentruim,
Mr A. Douglas (91); Lochlaggan, Mr J. Livingstone (91); Parish of Moy and Dalarossie —
Dalarossie, Mr S. Archibald (91); Moy, Mr J. Hunter (91); Raibeg, Mr D. Cameron (91);
Parish of North Uist — Boreray, Mr F. Maclean (107); Claddach Kirkibost, Miss Matheson
(107); Glaic, Miss M. M'^Donald (107); Grimisay, Mr D. Campbell (107); Heisker, Miss M. F.
Mackay (107) ; Locheport, Miss J. M. I. Grant (107) ; Lochmaddy, Mr J. McDonald (107) ;
Trumisgarry, Mr H. M^Dougall (107) ; Parish of Petty— East, Mr J. S. Gloag (89) ; West, Mr W.
M^Culloch (89) ; Parish of Portree— Braes, Mr J. Bruce (99) ; Glens, Mr R. Ramsay (99) ;
Penefiler, Mr K. Macpherson (99) ; Portree, Mr A. Gillanders (99) ; Raasay, Mr H. Macfarlane
(99) ; Rona, Mr A. Murchison (99) ; Torran, Mr T. Graham (99) ; Parish of Sleat— Ardvaser,
Miss A. M^^Donald (99) ; Drumfern, Miss Smith (99) ; Duisdale, Mr M. Macleod (99) ; Ferrin-
donald, Mr J. Christie (99) ; Kylerhea, Miss M. M'^Kinnon (99) ; Parish of Small Isles— Eigg,
Miss N. Ross (100) ; Rum, Miss H. 0. M^Crae (100) ; Muck, Miss M. A. Campbell (100); Parish
of Snizort— Carbost Macdiarmid, Mr J. M<=Iver (99) ; Kensaleyre, Miss A. Campbell, (99) ;
Parish of South Uist— Balivanich, Miss A. Fyffe (107); Carnan, Miss E. Coulan (107) ; Eriskay,
Mr T. M. Patten (107); Jochdar, Mr Jas. McLaughlin (107); Parish of Stenscholl— Digg,
Mr M. A. Mackinnon (99) ; Staflfin, Mr D. J. Macleod (99) ; Parish of Strath— Breakish,
Mr R. J. Stilt (99) ; Dunan, Mr J. A. Maclntyre (99) ; Kyleakin, Mr J. D. Gunn (99) ; Torrin,
Miss C. Maclean (99) ; Parish of Urquhart and Glenmoriston — Bunloit, Miss A. Mackintosh
(94) ; Corrimony, Miss Molly Kane (94); Dalchreichard, Miss M. F. Wilson (94); Glen Urquhart,
Mr B. Skinner (94) ; Invermoriston, Mr W. Grant (94).
COUNTY OF KINCARDINE.
Parish of Arbuthnot— Arbuthnot, Mr A. Mason (74); Parish of Banchory Devenick—
Banchory Devenick, Mr R. H. Dean (74) ; Portlethen, Mr J. R. Hunter (74) ; Parish of
Banchory Ternan —Central, Mr R. H. Paton (79); Crathes, Mr T. Menzies (79); Inchmarlo,
Mr W. Gilmour (79) ; Tilquhillie, Miss A. Morrison (79) ; Raemoir, Mrs Hadden (79) ; Parish of
Benholm— Benholm, Mr J. Russell (72) ; Johnshaven, Mr R. Stewart (72) ; Parish of Bervie —
Bervie, Mr T. Mitchell (72) ; Gourdon, Mr A. Urquhart (72) ; Gordons, Female, Mrs M. Stewart
(72) ; Parish of Dunnottar — Brackmuirhill, Mr A. Inglis (74) ; Dunnottar, Mr F. Reid (74) ;
Stonehaven, Epis., Miss L. Rettie (74) ; Parish of Durris — Crossroads, Mr A. Macdonald (79) ;
Parish of Fettercairn — Fettercairn, Mrs D. J. Young (73) ; Inch, Mr A. Moodie (73) ; Fasque,
Miss Munro (73) ; Parish of Fetteresso and Rickarton— Cairnhill, Mr J. Geddes (74) ; Cookney,
Biometrika. Vol. vi. Supplement. 38
166 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
Mr C. Innes (74) ; Muchalls, Miss C, Watson (74) ; Netherley, Miss Willox (74) ; Hickarton, Mr J.
Faulds (74) ; Stonehaven, ? (74) ; Tewel Joint, Miss A. N. Wood (74) ; Parish of Fordoun—
Fordoun, Mr J. G. Wallace (75) ; Landsend, Mr D. A. Duncan (75) ; TipiHjrty, Miss Duncan
(75); Parish of Garvock— Garvock, Mr J. Bethune (72); Parish of Glenbervie — Glenl>ervie,
Mr G. H. Kinnear(75); Parish of KinneflF and Catterline — Kinneff, Mr D. G. Dorward (74);
Catterline, Miss Cruickshank (74) ; Parish of Laurencekirk — Laurencekirk, Mr J, Grant (73) ;
Laurencekirk Episcopal, ? (73) ; Parish of Maryculter — East, Mrs Paton (74) ; West,
Mr W. R. Bain (74) ; Parish of Marykirk— Mary kirk, Mr J. B. Fenton (73) ; Napier Memorial,
Miss M. T. Hampton (73) ; Parish of Nigg— Cove, Mr A. J. Barclay (74) ; Kirkhill, Mr G.
Tough (74) ; Parish of St Cyrus— St Cyrus, Mr W. Russell (73) ; Parish of Strachan— Strachan,
Mr J. F. Mackie (79).
COUNTY OF KINROSS.
Parish of Cleish— Cleish, Mr T. Dobbifi (57) ; Parish of Fossoway and Tiilliebole— Cambo,
Mr S. T. Lear (57) ; Fossoway, Mr W. D. Robieson (57) ; Parish of Kinross — Kinross, Mr J. M.
Ross (57) ; Parish of Orwell— Orwell, Mr A. Duff (57) ; Milnathort, Reid Memorial, Mr E, Mann
(57) ; Parish of Portmoak— Portraoak, Mr A. Mitchell (57).
COUNTY OF KIRKCUDBRIGHT.
Parish of Anworth — Fleetside, Mr D. Clark (34); Skyreburn, Mr J. Pritchard (34); Parish
of Balmaclellan — Endowed Free, Mr J. Mitchell (34) ; Ironmaccannie, Mr A. M. Murray (34) ;
Monybuie, Miss M. Fleming (34) ; Parish of Balmaghie — Glenlochar, Mr D. R. Cunningham
(34) ; Laurieston, Mr A. Hitchcock (34) ; Parish of Bargrennan — Bargrennan, Mr D. K. Barne
(34) ; Knowe, Mr John Lochs (34) ; Parish of Borgue— Borgue, Mr J, M'^F. Doig (34) ; Parish of
Buittle— High, Mr Hugh Knox (34); Palnackie, Mr S. M'^Kie (34); Parish of Carsphaim—
Carsphairn, Mr J. Wilson (36) ; Parish of Colvend and Southwick — Banibarrock, Mr G. Ben-
tham (34) ; Colvend, Mr James Davidson (34) ; Southwick, Mr J. C. Ferguson (34) ; Parish of
Corsock — Corsock, Mr Jas. Weir (34) ; Parish of Crossmichael— Crossmichael, Mr John Clark
(34); Parish of Dairy— Corseglass, Miss R. Campbell (.36); Dairy, Mr J. Marchbank (36);
Stroanfreggan, Mr J. Leny (36); Parish of Girthon — Girthon, Mr Wm. Learmonth (34);
Parish of Irongray — Roughtree, Mr M. A. Henderson (36) ; Parish of Kells — Dee, Miss Smith
(34) ; Kells, Mr James Anderson (34) ; Mossdale, Mr W. Douglas (34) ; Pol) harrow, Mr Callan-
der (34) ; Parish of Kel ton— Castle Douglas, Mr H. A. Braine (34) ; Gelston, Mr S. M<=Murray
(34) ; Rhonehouse, Mr R. Harris (34) ; Parish of Kirkbean— Kirkbean, Mr W. D. Douglas (34) ;
Preston, Mr W. A. Forsyth (34) ; Parish of Kirkcudbright— Johnston, Mr J. M. Smith (34) ;
Townhead, Mr A. Matheson (34) ; Whinnie Liggate, Mr A. M'Kinney (34) ; Old Church, Miss
Naismith (34) ; Parish of Kirkgunzeon— Kirkgunzeon, Mr R. Milligan (34); Parish of Kirk-
mabreck— Kirkmabreck, Mr C. S. Robertson (34); Creetown, St Joseph's R. C, Miss Doran
(34); Parish of Kirkpatrick Durham— Kirkpatrick Durham, Mr R. M'^Conachie (34); Parish
of Lochrutton — Lochmtton, Mr A. Dick (36) ; Parish of Minnigaff— Cree Bridge, Mr G. C.
Cowburn (3.3) ; Parish of New Abbey — Lochend, Mr J. Hcrries (34) ; New Abbey, Mr E.
M<=Carrack (34) ; Parish of Parton — Parton, Mr Jas. Bell (34) ; Parish of Rerrick — Auchencaim,
Mr Geo. A. Mills (34) ; Dundrenuan, Mr J. Scott (34) ; Parish of Torregles— Terregles, Miss
N. A. Black (36) ; Parish of Tongland— Tongland, Mr Geo. Hunter (34) ; Parish of Troqueer—
Drumsleet, Mr J. Symington (36); Laurieknowe, Mr J. S. Elder (.36); Whinnyhill, Miss R. W.
M<=Kie (36) ; Parish of Twynholm— Twynholm, Mr D. G. Taylor (34) ; Parish of Urr— Dal-
beattie, Mr A. Baxter (34) ; Hardgato, Mr R. Aird (34) ; Milton, Miss A. J. Robson (34) ;
Springholm, Miss M. M^Dougall (34) ; Dalbeattie, R. C, Mrs Hadfield (34).
J. F. Tocher 167
COUNTY OF LANARK.
Parish of Airdrie (Burgh) — Academy, Mr H. Manners (9) ; Albert, Mr J. C. Carlisle (9)
Chapelside, Mr J. Moffat (9) ; Rochsolloch, Mr D. M. Simpson (9) ; Victoria, ? (9)
St Margaret's, R. C, Mr J. M^^Govern (9) ; Parish of Avoudale — Ballgreen, Mr A. Fleming (1)
Barnock, Mrs Ramsay (1) ; Crossbill, Mr J. Millar (1) ; St Patrick's, R. C, Miss C. Martens (1)
Parish of Biggar — High School, Biggar, Mr J. Young (1) ; Parish of Blantyre — High, Mr
D. Dunlop (15) ; Low, Mr J. Mess (15) ; Auchinraith, Mr J. Welsh (15) ; Parish of Botbwell —
Bellshill, Mr A. J. Noble (7) ; Bellshill Academy, Mr J. Donaldson (7) ; Botbwell, Mr J. M.
Crowe (7) ; Carfin, Mr Thomas Law (7) ; Carnbroe, Mr J. MacDonald (7) ; Chapelhall, Mr T.
Dymock (7) ; Hamilton Palace Colliery, Mr G. S. M^Callum (7) ; Mossend, Mr W. R. Archibald
(7) ; New Stevenston, Mr J. Patrick (7) ; Mossend, R. C, Miss M. Myles (7) ; Parish of Cadder —
Auchinloch, Mr L. Boyd (12) ; Bishopbriggs, Mr H. Anderson (12) ; Cadder, Mr T. H. CoUier
(12j ; Gartcosh, Mr W. Findlay (12) ; Lochfauld, Miss M. Smith (12) ; Stepps Road, Mr A. H.
Hunter (12) ; Parish of Calderhead — AUanton, Mr P. Lome (8) ; Calderhead, Mr Heard (8) ;
Dykehead, Mr J. C. Miller (8) ; Shotts, St Patrick's, R. C, Mr J. B. Daniel (8) ; Parish of
Cambuslang— Hallside, Mr A. Brown (15) ; Kirkhill, Mr R. Templeton (15) ; Newton, Mr A.
Stevenson (15) ; Parish of Cambusnethan — Berry hill, Mr R. Dey (4) ; Cambusnethan, Mr A.
Lawrie (4) ; Overtown, Miss J. Robertson (4) ; Waterloo, Mr G. R. Dick (4) ; Wishaw, Mr J.
Ingram (4) ; Newmains, Mr R. Hunter (4) ; Parish of Carluke — Braidwood, Mr J. Miller (3) ;
Carluke, G. and L, Miss ShoUbred (3) ; Kilncadzow, Mr R. Findlater (3) ; Market Place, H. G.,
Mr J. K. Barr (3) ; Yieldshields, Mr A. Miller (3) ; Parish of Carmichael — Carmichael, Mr J.
Aitken (1) ; Parish of Carmunnock — Carmunnock, Mr Alexander Rankin (14) ; Parish of
Carnwath — Auchengray, Mr J. M. Cooke (2) ; Braehead, Mr W. Messer (2) ; Carnwath, Mr
G. C. Murray (2) ; Forth, Mr M. Yates (2) ; Haywood, Mr A. Mcintosh (2) ; New Bigging,
Miss J. Dunlop (2) ; Wilsontown, Mr F. P. Wellwood (2) ; Parish of Carstairs — Carstairs,
Mr S. J. Somerville (2) ; Caledonian Railway Company's, Mr W. A. Russell (2) ; Parish of
Clarkston— Airdriehill, Mr J. M^Luckie (9) ; Drumbreck, Mr J. Millar (9) ; Longrigg, Mr D. S.
Masterton (9) ; Longriggend, Miss Grant (9) ; Parish of Covington and Thankerton — Covington,
Mr G. Dickson (1) ; Parish of Crawford — Crawford, Mr J. Murray (1) ; Daer and Powtrail,
Miss C. Dunlop (1) ; Summit, Mr G. Haddow (1) ; Parish of Crawfordjohn — Crawfordjohn,
Mr J. H. Henderson (1); Whitecleuch, Mr A. Porteous (1) ; Parish of Culter — Culter, Mr J,
Walker (1) ; Parish of Dalziel— Craigneuk, Mr G. T. Brough (6) ; Dalziel, Mr W. Fordyce (6) ;
Hamilton Street, Mr D. F. Macmillan (6) ; High, Mr D. Greig (6) ; Merry Street, Mr A.
Macdonald (6) ; Milton Street, Mr J. Stalker (6) ; Muir Street, Mr J. Graham (6) ; Craigneuk,
R. C, ? (6) ; Motherwell, R. C, Mr G. Bennett (6) ; Parish of Dolphin ton— Dolphinton,
Mr C. M^Kenzie (2) ; Parish of Douglas— Douglas, Mr C. C. Riach (1); Stablestone, Mr D. M^Kay
(1); Parish of Douglas Water — Douglas Water, Mr E. Waddell (1); Parish of Dunsyre —
Dunsyre, Mr J. Miller (2) ; Parish of East Kilbride — Auldhouse, Mr J. Auld (3) ; East Kilbride,
Mr J. T. Thom (3) ; Jackton, Mrs J. G. Eaglesome (3) ; Maxwellton, Mr W. Russell (3) ; Parish
of Glassford — Chapeltou, Mr G. Shearer (3) ; Glassford, Mr T. Laug (3) ; Parish of Glasgow
(Burgh)— Abbotsford, Mr T. C. Anderson (13); Adelphi Terrace, Mr F. W. Grant (13);
Alexander's, Mr W. Jamieson (13) ; Alexandra Parade, Mr John Clanachan (13) ; Anderston,
Mr P. M«D. Andrew (13) ; Annfield, Mr Andrew Hoy (13) ; Barrowfield, Mr D. Gilchrist (13) ;
Bishop Street, Mr Adam Miller (13) ; Calton, Mr W. A. Davidson (13) ; Camlachie, Miss
J. Morrison (13); Camden Street, Mr W. Fleming (13); Campbellfield, Mr W. Scott (13);
Crookston Street, Mr A. Miller (13) ; Dalmarnock, Mr W. M^^Intyre (13) ; Dennistown, Mr
J, Gibson (13); Dobbies Loan, Mr H. Muir (13) ; Dove Hill, Mr Robert Crawford (13) ; Dunard
Street, Mr J. Wood (13) ; Finnieston, Mr J. Knox (13) ; Elmvale, Mr J. Buist (13) ; Freeland,
Mr T. Smith (13) ; Garnetbank, Mr W. W. Russell (13) ; Gorbals, Mr Robert Edgar (13) ;
Greenside Street, Mr R. Reid (13) ; Grove Street, Mr F. Connor (13) ; Henderson Street,
Mr John Middleton (13) ; Hozier Street, Mr Hugh Cameron (13) ; Kay, Mr W. S. Jamieson (13) ;
38—2
168 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
Kelvinhaugh, Mr W. Lee (13) ; Kent Road, Mr R. J. Wilson (13) ; Kent Road H. G., ?
(13); Keppochhill, Mr W. Young (13); Martyrs', Mr W. M. Cullen (13); Napiers Hall,
Mr J. B. Freebaim (13); Oakbank, Mr J. Whyte (13); Oatlands, Mr J. A. J. Watt (13);
Ovemewton, Mr David Picken (13) ; Petershill, Mr John T. Smith (13) ; Provanside, Mr W.
Marshall (13) ; Queen Mary Street, Mr John Robertson (13) ; Rose Street, Mr A, L. Smith (13);
Rumford Street, Mr John Hay (13); St David's, Mr Hector Dove (13); St George's Road,
Mr W. A. Thompson (13) ; St James', Dr Knight (13) ; St Rollox, ? (13) ; Shield's
Road, Mr H. M'Callum (13) ; Sir John N. Cuthbertson's, Mr C. S. Ogilvie (13) ; Springbank,
Mr R. Gilfillan (13) ; Springbum, Mr Jos. Routledge (13) ; Springfield, Mr J. Brown (13) ;
Townhead, Mr Thos. Lindsay (13) ; Washington Street, Mr J. Glen (13) ; Well Park, Mr G.
Stewart (13) ; Willowbank, Mr R. Edgar (13) ;. Wolseley Street, Mr J. D. Robertson (13) ;
Buchanan Institution, Mr A. McLaren (13) ; Normal Practising, Mr J. Beveridge (13) ; Our
Lady and St Francis, R. C, ? (13) ; St Joseph's, R. C, Mr W. Lornax (13) ; St Mary's
Epis., Mr G. Harrison (13) ; Parish of Govan— Bellahouston Academy, Mr D. M'Gillivray (13) ;
Broomloan Road, Mr J. A. Mcintosh (13) ; Dowanhill, ? (13) ; Fairfield, Mr B.
Hutchison (13) ; Govanhill, ? (13) ; Greenfield, Mr A. M-'Leod (13) ; Harmony Row,
Mr Joseph Scott (13) ; Kinning Park, Mr T. Brodie (13) ; Partick, Church Street, Mr Purdie
(13) ; Partick, Hamilton Crescent H. G., Mr S. Eraser (13); Partick, Rosevale Street, Mr D.
Taylor (13) ; Partick, Stewartville, Mr J. Main (13) ; Partick, Thornwood, Mr W. C. Lindsay
(13); Pollokshields, Albert Road, Mr G. S. Brown (13); Polmadie, Mr W. Drumraond (13);
Rutland Crescent, ? (13) ; Whiteinch, Mr W. Greenhorn (13) ; St Saviour's, R. C,
Mr T. O'Connor (13) ; Parish of Hamilton (Burgh) — Academy, Mr D. MacLeod (5) ; Elementary,
Miss Baird (5) ; Beckford Street, Mr M. Blair (5) ; Bent Road, Mr W. Hamilton (5) ; Townhead,
Mr J. M'=Cabe (5) ; St John's Grammar, Mr J. Hendrie (5) ; Parish of Hamilton (Landward) —
Beechfield, Miss Smith (5) ; Ferniegair, Mr J. Dunn (5) ; Glenlee, Mr R. Steele (5) ; Greenfield,
Mr J. Blyth (5) ; Low Waters, Mr R. Muir (5) ; Quarter, Miss Marshall (5) ; Cadzow, Mr
P. M'^Gall (5) ; Parish of Lanark (Burgh) — Burgh, Mr A. Johnstone (2) ; Grammar, Mr H.
Henderson (2) ; Parish of Lanark (Landward) — Nemjihlar, Miss J. Millar (2) ; New Lanark,
Mr J. M«Latchie (2) ; Smyllum, R. C, Sisters of Charity (2) ; Smyllum Blind and Deaf Mutes,
Sisters of Charity (2) ; Parish of Larkhall— Academy, Mr C. W. Thomson (3) ; Duke Street,
Mr James Frame (3) ; Glengowan, Mr J. Paterson (3) ; Muir Street, Mr J. A. Beattie (3) ;
Parish of Lesmahagow — Auchinheath, Mr J. L. Tait (1) ; Bellfield, Mr J. Weir (1) ; Blackwood,
Mr William Martin (1) ; Kirkfield Bank, Mr J. Dunlop (1) ; Lesmahagow Senior, Mr M. Glover
(1) ; Lesmahagow Junior, Miss Grierson (1) ; Waterside, Mr R. Gibson (1) ; Parish of Libberton
— Libberton, Mr W. B. Smellie (2) ; Parish of Maryhill— Gairbraid, Mr J. Simpson (13) ; North
Kelvinside, Mr D. M. Cowan (13) ; East Park, Mr Ross (13) ; Possil Park, ? (13) ;
Parish of New Monkland— Avonhead, l (10) ; Gain, Mr J. Kiddie (10) ; Greengairs,
Mr J. Arthur (10); New Monkland, Mr T. Philip (10) ; Riggend, Mr J. Roger (10) ; Roughrigg,
Mr J. Gorman (10) ; Parish of Old Monkland— Baillieston, Mr R. Hunter (11) ; Blairhill, Mr J.
Pickin (11); Calderbank, Mr J. Russell (11) ; Coatbridge H. G., Mr W. Service (11) ; Coatbridge,
Laugloan, Mr H. B. Sergeant (11) ; Mount Vernon, Mr R. Young (11) ; Old Monkland, Mr J.
Laurence (11) ; West Maryston, Mr J. Gibson (11) ; Whiflact, Mr Charles B. Noble (11) ; Coat-
bridge St Patrick's, R. C, Mr J. Bonner (11); Whifflet, R. C, Mr J. Casey (11); Parish of
Pettinain — Pettinain, Mr E. Anderson (2) ; Parish of Rutherglen (Burgh and Landward) —
Burgh, Mr Henry C. Jack (14) ; Eastfield, Mr W. Forsyth (14) ; Farie Street, Mr J. F. Scott (14) ;
MacDonald's, Mr George Kerr (14); Parish of Shettleston— Millerston, Mr W. Thomson (11);
Shettleston, Mr M<=Haffie (11); Tollcross, Mr J. Mair (11); Parish of Shotts— Northrigg, Miss
S. M=Leod (8) ; Shotts, Mr A. Paterson (8) ; Parish of Springbum— Wellfield, Mr J. Brown
(12) ; Parish of Stonehouse — Greenside, Infant, Miss E. Black (3) ; Sandford, Miss Sutherland
(3) ; Townhead, Mr A. M'^Intosh (3) ; Parish of Wandcll and Lamington — Lamington, Mr D. S.
Melville (1); Lamington, Female and Infant, Miss H. H. Allan (1); Parish of Wistou and
Roberton — Roberton, Mr J. Waddell (1).
J. F. Tocher 169
COUNTY OF LINLITHGOW.
Parish of Abercorn — Abercoru, Mr A. Hardie (48) ; Abercorn, Girls, Miss M. Wilson (48) ;
Parish of Bathgate (Town) — Bathgate, Mr J. H. Wheclaw (49) ; Bathgate Academy, Mr H. Dunn
(49); Parish of Bathgate (Landward) —Starlaw, Miss Wardrop (49) ; Parish of Bo'ness and Carri-
den — Bo'ness, Mr J. Dunlop (48) ; Bo'ness Anderson Academy, Mr W. Gladstone (48) ; Bo'ness
Infant, Miss A. Brown (48) ; Borrowstown, Mr Jas. Boyd (48); Carriden, Mr Wm. Andrew (48)
Grangepans, Mr E. Nelson (48) ; Kinneil, Mr J. Hunter (48) ; Blackness, Miss B. Morrison (48)
Bo'nQss St Mary's, R. C, ? (48) ; Parish of Dalmeny— Dalmeny, Mr J. W. Sinton (48)
Parish of Ecclesmachan — Craigbinning, Mr J. B. Inglis (48); Parish of Kirkliston — Kirklis
ton, Mr Jas. Brown (48) ; Newhouses, Miss M«Knight (48) ; Winchburgh, Mr W. Fowler (48)
Parish of Linlithgow — Linlithgow Academy, Mr J. Beveridge (48) ; Linlithgow, Mr Jas. Forbes
(48) ; Parish of Livingstone— Blackburn, Mr W. Stewart (48) ; Livingstone, Mr J. Robertson
(48) ; Seafield, Mr M. Gray (48) ; Parish of Torphichen— Blackridge, Mr R. M. Brown (49) ;
Torphichen, Mr Menzies (49) ; Parish of Uphall — Broxburn, Mr J. P. Cleghorn (48) ; Uphall,
Mr J. S. Calder (48) ; Hatton, Infant, Miss Kinnear (48) ; Parish of Whitburn — East Benhar,
Mr R. Macdonald (49) ; Longridge, Mr T. Sutherland (49) ; Stoneyburn, Mr J. Steele (49) ;
Whitburn, Mr W. Thomson (49).
COUNTY OF NAIRN.
Parish of Ardclach— Campbell's, Mr D. Eraser (90) ; Fornighty, Miss E. D. Hall (90) ; Parish
of Auldearn — Auldearn, Mr T. H. Rutherford (89) ; Moyness, Miss E. J. Garden (89) ; Parish of
Cawdor — Barivan, Miss A. Aird (89) ; Cawdor, Mrs A. Allen (89) ; Clunas, Miss Barbour (89) ;
Burgh of Nairn — Monitory, Mr R. Jamieson (89) ; Parish of Nairn (Landward) — Delnies, Miss J.
Penny (89) ; Geddes, Mr J. Aird (89).
COUNTY OF ORKNEY.
Parish of Cross and Burness — Burness, Mr J. M. Gunn (109) ; Cross, Miss M. J. Stout (109)
North Ronaldshay, Mr C. B. Robertson (109) ; Parish of Eday— South, Mr J. Carrell (109)
Parish of Evie and Rendall— Gairsay, Miss J. D. M«Ewan (109) ; Rendall, Mr W. Wylie (109)
Parish of Firth and Stennis— Firth, Mr W. Mackay (109) ; Stennis, Mr F. S. Scott (109) ; Parish
of Harray and Birsay— Birsay, Mr Geo. S. Duthie (109); Harray, Mr P. M«Cullie (109); Hund-
land, Mrs Maxullie (109) ; Parish of Holm— East, Miss E. Sheridan (109) ; West, Mr J. Inkster
(109) ; Parish of Hoy and Graemsay — Graemsay, Mrs M. S. Campbell (109) ; Hoy, Mr Rendall,
(109); Rackwick, Miss M. T. Moat (109); Burgh of Kirkwall— Kirkwall, Mr J. M<=Ewen (109);
Parish of Kirkwall (Landward) and St Ola — Scalpa, Miss J. S. Scott (109) ; Parish of Lady —
Lady, Central, Mr J. Gariock (109); Sellibister, Mr R. Clelland (109); Parish of Orphir—
Kir>)ister, Mr J. Omond (109) : Orphir, Mr P. L. Muir (109) ; Parish of Rousay and Egilshay —
Egilshay, Mr W. M. Glen (109); Frotoft, Miss B. Norquay (109); Sourin, Miss J. Marwick
(109) ; Veira, Miss M^Kenzie (109) ; Wasbister, Miss M. W. Wards (109) ; Parish of St Andrews
and Deerness — Deerness, Mr M. Spence (109) ; Tonkerness, Mr S. Thompson (109) ; Parish of
Sandwick — North, Mr J. S. Robertson (109); Yesnaby, Miss M. Spence (109); Parish of
Shapinsay — Shapinsay, Mr J. Craigie (109) ; do. North, Miss J R. Hamilton (109) ; Parish of
South Ronaldshay and Burray — Burray, Mr A. M'^Callum (109) ; Hope, Mr G. Barclay (109) ;
Tomisons, Mr Cruickshank (109) ; Widewall, Mr D. M<'Cormack (109) ; Parish of Stromness —
Kirbuster, Mr H. R. T. Miller (109); Stromness, Mr D. Hepburn (109); Parish of Stronsay—
Central, Mr R. T. Annand (109) ; North, Female and Infant, Mrs M. L. Tolmie (109) ; South,
Fem., Miss M. Calder (109) ; Parish of Walls and Flotta— Brims, Miss M. C. Johnston (109) ;
Flotta, Mr A. Forbes (109) ; North Walls, Miss J. Sinclair (109) ; South Walls, Mr J. A. David-
son (109) ; Parish of Westray and Papa Westray — East Side (Skelwick), Miss J. M. Shurie
(109) ; Papa Westray, Miss M<=Conachie (109) ; Pierowall, Mr J. S. Sutherland (109) ; West Side
(Midbea), H. Stevenson (109).
170 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
COUNTY OF SHETLAND.
Parish of Bressay — Bressay, Mr W. G. A, Morgan (110); Parish of Delting — Brae, Mr J. H.
Moodie (110); Gonfirth, Miss A. C. M'^Pherson (110); Mid Lee, Mr T. Hanton (110); Olnafirth,
Mr D. Fraser (110) ; Roe, Mr A. Falconer (110) ; Parish of Dunrossness — Boddam, Miss Morrison
(110); Fairisle, Mr D. M'^Lean (110); Quendale, Mr M. R. Johnstone (110); Virkie, Mr H. H.
Gear (110); Parish of Fetlar — Fetlar, Mr B. Alexander (110); Parish of Lerwick — Gulberwick,
Miss L Innes (110); Lerwick, Central, Mr W. M. Wightnian (HO); Anderson Educational Insti-
tute, Miss Morrison (110); Quarft", Miss M. J. Henderson (110); Parish of Nesting, Lunnasting,
Whalsay and Skerries — Laxfirth, Miss C. Hutchison (110); Lunnasting, Mr A. G. M'^Michen
(110); Whalsay (Borough), Mr H. White (HO); Skerries, Mr Geo. Mackay(HO); Parish of
Northmavine — Eshaness, Miss E. M«Nicoll (110); North Roe, Mr R. S. Bremner (HO) ; SuUom,
Miss M. Calderwood (110) ; Urafirth, Miss J, Nicolson (HO); Parish of Sandsting and Aithsting
— Gruting, Mr J. S. Peterson (110) ; Skeld, Mr H. Mackay (110) ; West Burratirth, Mr H. Arthtir
(110); Parish of Tingwall, Whiteness and Weisdale — Girlsta, Miss J, A. Jamieson (110); Scallo-
way, Mr W. Robertson (HO); Trondra, Miss L. Likster (110); Weisdale, Mr E. M. Henderson
(110); Parish of Unst -Baltasound, Mr D. J. Henderson (HO); Haroldswick, Miss M. A.
Stephen (110); Uyasound, Miss M. A. Harrison (110); Westing, Mr J. Giflford (110); Parish of
Walls, Sandness, Papa and Foula — Dale, Mr J. D. Robertson (110); Foula, Mr P. Henderson
(110); Happyhansel, Mr J. Dalziel (110); Parish of Yell— Burravoe, Mr H. Robb (110);
Gutcher, Mrs Hoseason (110); Ulsta, Miss M. A. Esson (110); West Yell, Mr J. H. Smith
(110).
COUNTY OF PEEBLES.
Parish of Drumelzier — Drumelzier, Mr W. T. C. M'=Litosh (41); Parish of Innerleithen —
Innerleithen, Mr T. Weir (41) ; Leithenhope, Miss Smith (41) ; Walkerburn, Mr George Hardie
(41); Parish of Kilbucho, Broughton, and Qlenholm — Broughton, Central, Mr Hogg (41);
Glenholm, Miss Hall (41); Parish of Newlands — Lamancha, Mr W. Kyle (41); Newlands, Mr
W. Mackie (41) ; Parish of Peebles — Peebles, Mr James Tod (41) ; Halyrude, Miss Miuray (41);
Parish of Stobo — Stobo, Mr A. Jervies (41) ; Parish of Traquair — Traquair, Mr A. Menzies (41) ;
Kirkburn, Miss M. T. Fraser (41) ; The Glen, Miss Dewar (41) ; Parish of Tweedsmuir —
Tweedsmuir, Mr J. Yellowlees (41) ; Parish of West Linton — West Linton, Mr J. Halley (41);
West Linton Episcopal, Miss Lyrie (41).
COUNTY OF PERTH.
Parish of Abernethy — Abernethy, Mr A. Davidson (58); Parish of Abernyte — Abernyte,
Mr J. F. Falconer (68) ; Parish of Alyth— Alyth, Mr D. B. Lawson (70) ; Gauldswell, Miss E.
Fraser (70) ; Parish of Amulree — Araulree, Mr M. Black (71) ; Shian, Miss Cameron (71) ; Parish
of Ardoch — Braco, Mr T. B. MacOwan (59) ; Parish of Arngask — Arngask, Mr J. Wilson (58) ;
Parish of Auchterarder — Aberuthven, Mr J. M<=Math (58) ; Auchterarder, Mr D. Arkley (58) ;
Parish of Auchtergaven — Auchtergaven, Mr D. Munro (71); Stanley, Mr J. Cameron (71);
Parish of Balquhidder — Balquhidder, Mr William Be*ittie (59) ; Lochearnhead, Mr D. M<'Donald
(59) ; Strathyre, Mrs M<=Gechan (59) ; Parish of Blackford— Blackfonl, Mr W. M^Farlane (59) ;
Gleneagles, Mr R. Guthrie (59) ; Tullibardine, Mr L. A. Tovjtni (59) ; Parish of Blair Atholl—
Blair Atholl, Mr A. Kellock (76) ; Glenerichty, Miss M. C. Macdonald (76) ; Pittagowan, Miss
A. Reid (76) ; Strathtunimel, Miss M. Livingstone (76) ; Parish of Blairgowrie — Blairgowrie, Mr
R. Robb (70); Parish of Blairingone—Blairingone, Mr A. R. Morrice (51): Parish of Callander
—Callander, Mr R. Fulton (69); Parish of Caputh— Spittalfield, Mr M-'Murtrie (71); Wester
Caputh, Miss J, F. Smith (71) ; Meikleour, MrG. F. Teunant(71); Parish of Cargill— Burreltown,
J. F. Tocher 171
Mr G. Robertson (70) ; Newbigging, Mr J. S. Halliburton (70) ; Parish of Clunie— Clunie, Mr J.
Young (70) ; Parish of CoUace — CoUace, Mr G. H. Dale (70) ; Parish of Comrie — Comrie, Mr J.
Goldie (58) ; Glenartney, Miss Anderson (58) ; Glenlednock, Miss Findlay (58) ; St Fillans,
Mr G. Elder (58) ; Parish of Coupar Angus— Coupar Angus, Mr G. W. F. Strain (68) ; Parish of
CriefF— Crieff, Mr J. H. Brown (58) ; Monzie, Mr A. G. Graham (58) ; Taylor's Institution,
Mr G. Pollock (58); St Dominic's, R. C, Miss Doherty (58); Parish of Dron— Dron, Mr A. S.
Carnegie (58); Parish of Dull— Aberfeldy, Mr A. Grieve (71); Dull, Mr J. E. Adamson (71);
Foss, Miss Alice Barr (71); Styx, Miss Mary McDonald (71); Parish of Dunblane and Lecropt —
Dunblane, Mr A. Hamilton (59) ; Lecropt, Miss J. Duff (59) ; Dunblane, St Mary's Episcopal,
Miss Walker (59) ; Parish of Dunkeld and Dowally — Butterstone, Miss J. Reid (71) ; Dowally,
Mr M. Chalmers (71) ; Dunkeld, Royal, Mr G. R. CroU (71) ; Parish of Dunning — Dunning, Mr W.
Kerr (58) ; Parish of Errol— Errol, Mr W. Reid (68) ; Glendoick, Mr R. Strathdee (68) ; Errol,
Female and Industrial, Miss C. B. Taylor (68) ; Parish of Findo Gask— Findo Gask, Mr A. Wan-
less (58) ; Parish of Forgandenny — Forgandenny, Mr T. Moffat (58) ; Parish of Forteviot — Fort-
eviot, Mr W. Sprunt (58) ; Path of Condie, Mr A. Hossack (58) ; Parish of Fortingall— Fortingall,
Mr J. Simpson (71); Parish of Fowlis Wester — Balgowan, Miss M. Barclay (71); Buchanty,
Glenaldmond Subscription, Miss Young (71) ; Parish of Gartmore — Gartmore, Mr Menzies (59) ;
Parish of Glendevon — Glendevon, Mr W. N. Russell (51); Parish of Inchture — Inchture, Mr
T. S. Nicolson (68) ; Parish of Kenmore — Acham, Mr D. Ewan (71) ; Ardtalnaig, Miss M. Ross
(71); Fearnan, Miss Roberts (71); Kiltyrie, Mr A, Cameron (71); Lawers, Mr W. Davie (71);
Parish of Killin— Creanlarich, Mr H. M. Smith (71) ; Glendochart, Mr R. Paterson (71); Killin,
Mr J. Steven (71) ; StrathfiUan, Miss Matthews (71) ; Parish of Kilmadock— Deanston, Mr K. S.
Murray (59) ; Drumvaich, Miss J. C. Hislop (59) ; Kilmadock (Doune), Mr N. C. Merrie (59) ;
Parish of Kilspindie — Kilspindie, Mr G. Nish (68) ; Parish of Kincardine — Blair Drummond,
Miss Innes (59) ; Kincardine, Mr W. Kilgour (59) ; Thornhill, Mr J. G. Home (59) ; Parish of
Kinclaven — Kinclaven, Mr J. Foster (70) ; Parish of Kinfauns — Kinfauns, Mr J. Sprunt (68) ;
Parish of Kinloch-Rannoch — Auchtarsin, Mr D. Campbell (76) ; Georgetown, Mr P. McLaren
(76) ; Parish of Kinnaird — Kinnaird, Mr J. Fairweather (68) ; Parish of Kirkmichael — Glenshee,
Mr W. Richmond (76) ; Parish of Lethendy and Kinloch — Kinloch, Mr J. Arnott (70) ; Parish
of Little Dunkeld — Balnaguard, Miss Wilson (71) ; Drumour, Miss Forbes (71) ; Murthly and
AirntuUy, Mr W. Sprunt (71); Parish of Logie Almond — Logiealmond, Mr J. Stalker (71);
Parish of Logierait — Logierait, Mr J. Kennedy (71) ; Grandtully, Lady Stewart's, Miss Mitchell
(71); Parish of Longforgan — Longforgan, Mr R. Dow (68); Parish of Maderty — Maderty, Mr W.
Forbes (58) ; Parish of Meigle — Meigle, Mr J. Butter (68) ; Parish of Methven— Almondbank,
Mr J. Paterson (71) ; Methven, Mr D. M. Carmichael (71) ; Parish of Moulin — Straloch, Miss
A. A. Howe (76); Parish of Muckart— Muckart, Mr D. M. Hall (51); Parish of Muthill— Drum-
mond Street, Mr T. A. Donald (58); Parish of Persie— Blackwater, Mr W. M. Smith (70);
Strone of Callie, Mr A. CroU (70) ; Drimmie Burn, Miss J. J. Grant (70) ; Parish of Perth (Burgh)
— Caledonian Road, Mr D. S. Lowson (69) ; Central District, Mr W. Paterson (69) ; Craigie
(Western District), Mr W. Barclay (69) ; Kinnoull, ? (69) ; Northern District (Bal-
housie), Mr D. Walker (69) ; Southern District, Mr J. Clacher (69) ; St Ninian's Episcopal, Miss
Keith (69) ; Sharp's Institution, ? (69) ; Parish of Perth, East (Landward) — Craigend,
Miss J. Adamson (69) ; Tulloch, Miss J. E. Scott (69) ; Parish of Port of Monteith— Dykehead,
Mr S. Lardner (59) ; Port of Monteith, Mr E. Maclean (59) ; Parish of Redgorton — Redgorton,
Mr W. K. Anderson (70) ; Parish of Rhynd— Rhynd, Mr J. West (58) ; Parish of St Martin's—
Guildtown, Mr J. Meldrum (70) ; Parish of Scone — New Scone, Mr D. Sutherland (70) ; Stor-
montfield. Miss J. D. Jamie (70); Parish of Tenandry — Aldgirnaig, Mr T. M«Glashan (76);
Glenfincastle, Mr E. M. M'^Lean (76) ; Parish of Tibbermore — Tibbermore, Mr R. H. Meldrum
(70) ; Parish of Trinity Gask — ^Trinity Gask, Mr A. Murray (58) ; Parish of Trossachs — Tros-
sachs, Mr A. C. Macdonald (59) ; Parish of Weem— Weem Central, Mr J. P, M<= Alpine (71).
172 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
COUNTY OF KENFREW.
Parish of Cathcart — Cathcart, Mr A. Wylie (14) ; Crossmyloof, ? (14) ; Queen's Park,
? (14); Busby St Joseph's, R. C, Miss A. Rattray (14); Parish of Eastwood— PoUok-
shaws, Sir J. Maxwell's, Mr J. Prentice (16); Shawlands Academy, Mr Macnab (16); Thornlie-
bank, Mr J. S. Conner (16) ; Parish of Erskine — Erskine, Mr J. M. Duncan (21) ; Undercraig,
Mr J. M, Wilkie (21); Parish of Greenock (Burgh) — Ardgowan, Mr A. Bremner (24); Belville
Place, Mr M. Carmichael (24) ; Glebe, Mr John Wilson (24) ; Highlanders Academy, Mr R,
Wilson (24) ; Hillend, Mr James Watson (24) ; Holmscroft, Mr William Cook (24) ; Meams
Street, Mr Andrew Young (24) ; St Andrews Square, Mr A. K. Macdonald (24) ; Shaw Street,
Mr W. B. Ingram (24); West St John's Episcopal, Mr E. Murray (24) ; Parish of Greenock East
(Landward) and Port Glasgow (Landward) — Ladyburn, Mr W. Lees (21); Parish of Houston
and Killellan— Houston, Mr A. More (17); St Fillan's, R. C, ? (17) ; Parish of Inverkip
— Inverkip, Mr J. Lang (23) ; Parish of Kilbarchan — Kilbarchan, Mr M. Mycroft (17) ; Linwood,
Mr J. Macfie (17) ; Parish of Kilmalcolm— Kilmalcolm, Mr W. L. Walker (21) ; Parish of Levem
— Levern, Mr J. Wood (16) ; Parish of Lochwinnoch— Glenhead, Mr M. P. Holmes (17) ; Howwood,
Mr J. Thomson (17); Lochwinnoch, Mr J. Millar (17); Parish of Meams — Busby, Mr T.
Russell (16); Meams, Mr J. S. Downie (16) ; Parish of Neilston — Barrhead, Mr A. Rodger (17);
Grahamston, Mr H. R, Dalziel (17); Neilston, Mr Doak (17); Uplawmuir, Mr D. G. Nicolson
(17); St Thomas, R. C, Miss J. Whyte (17); Parish of Paisley (Burgh)— Ferguslie, Mr R.
Ferguson (18) ; North, Mr A. FairUe (18) ; South, Mr W. Taylor (18) ; South, Infant Dept., Miss
M<=Nair and Miss M<= Andrew (18); West, Mr G. Dick (18); Oakshaw, Mr D. Smith (18);
Neilson Educational Inst., Mr J. G. Thomson (18) ; Parish of Paisley (Landward) — Cardonald,
Mr J. Wallace (20) ; Inkerman, Mr A. Brown (20) ; Nethercraigs, Mr J. Cochran (20) ; Parish
of Port Glasgow (Burgh) — Chapelton, Mr M. A. R. Munro (21); Cluue Park, Mr D. Dryborough
(21) ; Parish of Renfrew (Landward)~Oswald, Mr R. M«Kechnie (19) ; Scotstown, Mr J. M'=Kean
(19) ; Yoker, Mr J. Barr (19).
COUNTY OF ROSS AND CROMARTY.
Parish of Alness — Boath, Miss P. Gumming (93) ; Parish of Applecross — Aligin, Mr A.
Macphail (99) ; Applecross, Mr J. D. Matheson (99) ; Arinacrinachd, Mr D. Mackenzie (99) ;
Dibaig, Mr G. P. MacMartin (99) ; Shieldaig, Miss H. Mackenzie (99) ; Torridon, Miss G.
Ironside (99); Parish of Avoch— Avoch, Mr D. F. Fleming (93); Killen, Mr*M<=Donald (93);
Parish of Barvas— Barvas, Mr J. Campbell (108) ; Bragar, Mr T. S Rennie (108) ; Lionel, Mr J.
M'^Kay (108) ; Skigersta, Mr M. Maclean (108) ; Parish of Camoch — Strathcouan, Mr G. Lang
(93) ; Parish of Contin — Scatwell, Mr J. Davidson (93) ; Parish of Cromarty— Peddieston,
Mr W. S. Stevenson (93) ; Parish of Dingwall — Dingwall Academy— Mr McDonald (93) ; Parish
of Fearn — Balmuchy, Mr J. Mackintosh (95) ; Hilton, Mr J, Watt (95) ; Parish of Fodderty—
Fodderty, Mr J. M«C. Duthie (93) ; Maryburgh, Mr D. Mackay (93) ; Parish of Gairloch—
Achtcrcaim, Mr G. H. T. Milne (99) ; Bualnaluib, Mr R. C. G. Rose (99) ; Inverasdale, Mr A
Poison (99) ; Kinlochewe, Miss M. M. Band (99) ; Laide, Miss B. Summers (99) ; Mellon LTdrigle,
Mr J. M. Summers (99) ; Melvaig, Mr J. M'^Lennan (99) ; Pool ewe. Miss M. Campbell (99) ;
Sand, Mrs Calder (99) ; Parish of Glenshiel— Letterfearn, Mr T. Purdie (99) ; Shiel, Miss J. A.
Maclean (99) ; Parish of Killearnan, -Killearnan, Mr W. Mcintosh (93) ; Tore, Miss H.
Macdonald (93) ; Parish of Kilnuiir Easter— Kilmuir Easter, Mr T. G. Meldrum (95) ; Tullich,
Miss J. Mackenzie (95) ; Parish of Kincardine, — Achnahannet, Mr J. A. Fotheringham (96) ;
Loubcroy, Miss Lily Banks (96) ; Gledfield, Mr G. G. Macleod (96) ; Parish of Kinloch Luichart
— Kinloch Luichart, Mr I). Macrae (93) ; Strathgarve, Miss Cram (93) ; Achnashecn, Mr D.
Duff (99) ; Parish of Knockbain — Munlochy, Mr W. Harvey (93) ; Upper Knockb<uu, Mr J.
Forbes (93) ; Arpafeelie, St John's Epis., Mr J. A. Clement (93) ; Parish of Loohalsh — Auchmore,
Miss J. Mackay (99) ; Lochalsh, Mr D. Macrae (99) ; Plocktou, Mr J. Sorley (99) ; Parish of
J. F. Tocher 173
Lochbroom — Achiltibuie, Mr D. Urquhart (99) ; Altando, Mr M. Gray (99) ; Ardindrean,
Mr W. Mackenzie (99) ; Auchduart, Mr K. M^Leod (99) ; Badcaul, Mr J. Haggarty (99) ; Loch-
broom, Miss Lang (99); Scoraig, Miss M. A. Rae (99); Strathcannaird, Miss C. Mackenzie (99);
Tanera, Mr K. M'Leod (99) ; Ullapool, Mr J. Cameron (99) ; Parish of Lochcarron — Attadale,
Miss A. M'^Leish (99) ; Balnacra, Mr M. Ross (99) ; Craig, Miss H. Butter (99) ; Strome, Mr T.
Fowler (99) ; Parish of Lochs — Achmore, Mr M. M^Kenzie (108) ; Airidhbhruaich, Miss A.
M«Leod (108) ; Balallan, Mr P. Clemenson (108) ; Cromore, Mr Given (108) ; Fidigary, Mr A. G.
Bm-ns (108) ; Graver, Mr J. Maciver (108) ; Grimshader, Miss A. Martin (108) ; Kershader,
Mr J. Blyth (108) ; Knock-ian-due, Mr R. Paterson (108) ; Lurebost, Mr D. Gunn (108) ;
Planasker, Mr W, Kerr (108) ; Parish of Logie Easter — Scotsburn, Mr R. H. Bone (95); Parish
of Nigg — Nigg, Mr A. Urquhart (93); Pitcalnie, Mr C. Campbell (93) ; Parish of Resolis —
CuUicudden, Mr K. Kemp (93) ; Newhall, Mr F. R. S. Black (93) ; Parish of Rosemarkie—
Fortrose Academy, Mr C. Laverie (93) ; Rosemarkie, ? (93) ; Parish of Rosskeen —
Invergordon, Mr W. D. Kennedy (95); Strathrusdale, Miss W. C. Ritchie (95); Parish of
Stomoway— Laxdale, Mr D. Clark (108); Nicolson, Mr W. J. Gibson (108), Tolsta ; Mr J.
Gowans (108); Tong, Mr S. Murray (108); Parish of Tain— Inver, Miss M. S. K«Kenzie (95);
Tain, Mr D. Murray (95) ; Parish of Tarbat— Old, Mr J. Ewing (95) ; West, Mr Geo. Ross (95) ;
Parish of Uig — Bernera, Mr J. N. Macleod (108) ; Breasclet, Mr J. Smith (108) ; Carloway,
Mr R. MacDonald (108); Crowlista, Mr A. H. Stapley (108); Crulivig, Miss A. Macdonald
(108); Dun Carloway, Mr F. Smith (108) ; Isilvig, Mr Macdonald (108); Parish of Urquhart and
Logiewester — Conon, Mr W. M<=Lennan (93) ; Culbokie, Mr W. Fowler (93) ; Ferintosh, Mr W.
Campbell (93) ; Mulbuie, Mr T. M^Kenzie (93) ; Parish of Urray— Marybank, IMr A. J. Forbes
(93) ; Tarradale, Mr K. M'^Lean (93).
COUNTY OF ROXBURGH.
Parish of Ancrum — Ancrum, Mr A. Kennedy (39) ; Sandystones, Mr T. Mainland (39) ;
Parish of Bedrule— Bedrule, Mr R. W. Ritchie (39) ; Parish of Bowden— Bowden, Mr J. B. Glen
(39) ; Midlem, Miss Kennedy (39) ; Parish of Castleton— Riccarton, Miss H. Cunningham (37) ;
Parish of Cavers and Kirkton— Cogsmill, Mr G. M. Skea (38) ; Denholm, Mr A. Oliver (38) ;
Kirkton, Mr J. Turnbull (38); Parish of Crailing— Crailing, Mr G. Fargie (39); Parish of
Eckford — Caverton Mill, Mr W. G. Sanson (39) ; Parish of Edgerston — Edgerston, Mr Jas.
Lawson (39) ; Parish of Ednam — Ednam, Mr D. Pringle (39) ; Hawick (Burgh) — Buccleuch,
Mr W. Pitcairn (38) ; Drumlanrigg, Mr J. Fower (38) ; St Mary's Infant, Miss Barnett (38) ;
Roman Catholic, Miss Butter (38) ; St Cuthbert's Episcopal, Mr D. Gillis (38) ; Parish of
Hawick (Landward)— Clarilaw, Mr D. M<=Connachie (38) ; Dean, Mr A. Turnbull (38) ; Newmill,
Mr W. Robb (38) ; Stouslie, Mrs Watt (38) ; Parish of Hobkirk— Hobkirk, Mr J. Culbertson
(39) ; Jedburgh (Burgh)— Grammar, Mr J. M. Archibald (39) ; St John's Episcopal, Mr A.
Sutcliffe (39) ; Parish of Jedburgh (Landward)— Lanton, Mr A. Pringle (39) ; Pleasants, Mr T.
Clark (39); Parish of Kelso— Kelso, Mr A. B. Fisher (39); Parish of Lilliesleaf— Lilliesleaf,
Mr A. Birrell (39) ; Parish of Linton — Linton, Mr J. Cook (39) ; Parish of Makerstoun —
Makerstoun, Mr Galloway (39) ; Parish of Maxton — Maxton, Mr T. Boyd (39) ; Parish of Melrose
— Blainslie, Mr A. Bennet (39) ; Gattonside, Miss Bella Dodd (39) ; Langshaw, Miss Sanderson
(39) ; Melrose, Mr T. Ingram (39) ; Newstead, Mr J. C. Bowers (39) ; Newton St Boswells,
Mr J. Roberton (39) ; Parish of Minto — Minto, Mr A. Harvey (39) ; Parish of Morebattle —
Morebattle, Mr Jas. Henderson (39) ; Mowhaugh, Mr M. A. R. Downs (39) ; Parish of Oxnam —
Towford, Miss Ellen Jolly (39) ; Parish of Roberton — Howpasley, Miss W. Innes (38) ; Roberton,
Mr T. Wilson (38); Parish of Roxburgh — Fairnington, Mr W. Henderson (39); Roxburgh,
Mr R. Whiteford (39); Parish of St Boswells— St Boswells, Mr W. McDonald (39); Parish
of Smailholm — Smailholm, Mr John Brown (39) ; Parish of Southdean — Glen Douglas, Miss
M«Ivor (39) ; Southdean, Mr A. C. Milne (39) ; Parish of Sprouston— Hadden, Mr E. B.
Cuthbert (39); Sprouston, Mr Wm. Black (39) ; Parish of Teviothead— Teviothead, Mr W. R.
Elliot (38) ; Parish of Yetholm— Yetholm, Mr G. Mather (39).
Biometrika. Vol vi. Supplement. 39
174 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland
COUNTY OF SELKIRK.
Parish of Ashkirk— Ashkirk, Mr J. Riddle (38) ; Parish of Caddonfoot— Caddonfoot, Mr T.
Litster (40) ; Parish of Ettrick— Chapelhope, Miss R. S. Ross (40) ; Ettrick, Mr A. M'Laren
(40) ; Burgh of Galashiels — Glendinniiig Terrace, Mr A. Thomson (40) ; Ladhoi)e, Mr T. Crerar
(40) ; Old Town, Mr Beveridge (40) ; Roxburgh Street, Mr W. Dunlop (40) ; Galashiels Epis.,
Mr F. H. Hogarth (40) ;.Parish of Galashiels, Landward— Lindean, Miss M. Moodie (40) ; Parish
of Kirkhope — Kirkhope, Mr J. S. Kerr (40) ; Redfordgreen, Mr M. W. Anderson (40) ; Gilmans-
cleuch, Mr T. Elliot (40) ; Burgh of Selkirk— Selkirk, Mr B. Waddell (40) ; Parish of Selkirk
(Landward) — Bowhill, Miss S. Gunson (40) ; Parish of Yarrow — Mountbenger, Miss Brown (40) ;
Yarrow, Mr Jas. Watson (40) ; Yarrowford, Miss Roper (40).
COUNTY OF STIRLING.
Parish of Airth — Airth, Mr Wm. Bowden (61) ; South Alloa, Mr C. Laing (61) ; Dunmore
Village, Miss Livingstone (61) ; Parish of Baldernock — Baldemock, Mr J, Gibson (12) ; Parish of
Buchanan — Buchanan, ? (59) ; Sallochy, Miss Allan (59) ; Parish of Campsie — Glen,
Miss J. F. D. Stewart (12) ; Torrance, Mr W. Robb (12) ; Parish of Denny— Denny, Mr J.
Gillanders (62) ; Lawhill, Miss M. Taylor (62) ; Longcroft, Mr J. Roberison (62) ; Denny, R. C,
Miss Hancock (62) ; Parish of Drymen — Auchentroig, Miss Eraser (59) ; Drymen, Mr J. Hall
(59); Finnich, Miss A. Young (59); Parish of Dunipace— Torwood, Mr R. M^Arthur (62);
Burgh of Falkirk— Bainsford, Mr J. Hunter (63) ; Central, Mr G. Nelson (63) ; Carmuirs, Mr J.
Smith (63) ; High, Mr W. Erskine (63) ; Parish of Falkirk (Landward)— Auchengean, Mr T.
Bartlie (63) ; Greenhill, Mr J. Davidson (63) ; Parish of Fintry— Fintry Stewarts, Mr J. Fin-
layson (59) ; Parish of Gargunnock — Gargunnock, Mr A. Davidson (59) ; Parish of Grange-
mouth— Dundas, Mr G. Hastie (61); Grange, Mr C, W. Thomson (61); Polmont, Mr D.
M«Ainsh (61) ; Redding Village, Miss Whyte (61) ; Wallacestone, Mr J, W. Biggar (61) ; Zetland,
Mr J. Drysdale (61) ; Town of Kilsyth— Academy, ? (12) ; Parish of Kilsyth (Land-
ward)— Banton, Mr W. Armstrong (12); Chapel Green, Mr T. Haig (12); Banknock, Mr J. D.
Hutton (12); Parish of Kipi>en — Arnprior, Mr J. Gardner (59); Buchly\'ie, Mr G. Dalgleish
(59) ; Parish of Larbert — Carronshore, ? (62) ; Larbert Central, Mr H. Martin (62) ;
Larbert Village, Mr W. K. Young (62) ; Carron, Mr R. Whyte (62) ; Parish of Logie — Causeway-
head, Mr A. Dalziel (59) ; Parish of Muiravonside — Blackbraes, Mr A. Campbell (61) ; Drum-
bowie, Mr Geo. G. Mackay (61); Maddiston, Miss J. F. Walker (61); Muiravonside, Mr D.
Watt (61); Parish of St Niniau's — Bannockburn, Mr R. Saunders (59) ; Cowie, Mr W. Morrison
(59) ; Fallin, Mr Arch. Tait (59); Milton, Mr J. M<=Innes (59) ; Muirland, Miss Finlayson (59);
Sauchie, Miss Jane Fergus (59) ; Parish of Slamannan — Avonbridge, Mr R. Duncan (10) ; Lime-
rigg, Mr .J. Allan (10) ; Rosemount, Mr D. Leslie (10) ; Slamannan, Mr J. Stevenson (10) ;
Barnsmuir, R. C, Miss H. Carolan (10) ; Burgh of Stirling— Abbey, Miss H. Reid (60) ; Allan's,
Mr Chas. Johnston (60) ; Craigs, Mr Wm. Yule (60) ; High, Mr Geo, Lawson (60) ; St Ninian's,
Mr R. B. Philip (60) ; Territorial, Mr J. Jamieson (60) ; Parish of Strathblane— Strathblane,
Mr M. F. Chisholm (12).
COUNTY OF SUTHERLAND.
Parish of Assynt — Achmelvich, Miss M. Emslie (96); Assynt, Miss Ria S. Miller (96);
Elphine, Mr A. Maoneill (96) ; Lochinver, Mr W. Newlands (96) ; Una^wol, Mr A. M'^Kenzie
(96); Parish of Clyne— Clyne, Mr H. S. Winchester (96); Doll, Miss M. J. Sullivan (96);
Strathbrora, Miss M. W. Kidd (96) ; Parish of Creich— Bonar Bridge, Mr D. Sutherland (96) ;
Invershin, Miss M. MacFarquhar (96); Rosehall, Mr A. Urquhart (96); Parish of Dornoch —
Balvraid, Miss H. Grant (95) ; Dornoch, Mr J. M. Moore (95) ; Embo, Mr J. Q. Phimister (96) ;
J. F. Tocher 175
Rearquhar, Miss M. K. Matheson (95) ; Parish of Durness — Durine, Mr Geo. Whyte (96) ;
Parish of Eddrachillis — Badcall Inchard, Mr A. Macrae (96) ; Fanagmore, Mr R. Gillies (96) ;
Old Shore, Mr Hy. Piatt (96) ; Scourie, Mr D. M«Leod (96) ; Parish of Farr— Armadale, Mr A.
Sutherland (96) ; Dalhalvaig, Mr W. Grant (96) ; Farr, Mr E. MacKay (96) ; Kirtomy, Miss
H. Mackay (96); Melvich, Mr A. Macintosh (96); Strathy, Mr G. G. Hastings (96); Parish of
Golspie — Golspie, Mr A. M<^Gem (95) ; Parish of Kildonan — Helmsdale, Mr H. C. Robertson
(96) ; Kildonan, Miss Douglas (96) ; Kinbrace, Miss A. Sutherland (96) ; Parish of Lairg —
Shinness, Miss M, Tough (96) ; Parish of Loth— Loth, Miss E. C. Wallace (95) ; Portgower,
Miss M. Gunn (95) ; Parish of Rogart— Blarich, Mr W. J. Paris (96) ; Rhilochan, Mr D. Mackay
(96) ; Rogart, Mr W. Campbell (96) ; Parish of Tongue— Melness, Mr J. W. Morison (96) ;
Skerray, Mr J. Milne (96).
COUNTY OF WIGTOWN.
Parish of Glasserton— Glasserton, Mr J. Lambert (33) ; Knock, Mr L. Smith (33) ; Raven-
stone, Mr H. S. Morton (33) ; Parish of Inch— Castlekennedy, Mr R. M^Lagan (32) ; Lochans,
Mr M. Boyd (32) ; Parish of Kirkcolm— Douloch, Mr A. Clyne (32) ; Kirkcolm, Mr J. M<=Dougall,
(32) ; Village, Miss M'^Rostie (32) ; Parish of Kirkcowan — Darnow, Miss Ross (33) ; Kirkcowan,
Mr J. B. Cuthbert (33) ; Parish of Kirkinner — Kirkinner, Mr P. Williamson (33) ; Longcastle,
Mr J. B. Dedman (33) ; Malzie, Miss H. G. G. Menzies (33) ; Parish of Kirkmaiden— Central,
Mr R. Davidson (32) ; Northern, Mr J. Laird (32) ; Parish of Leswalt — Larbrax, Mr J. Muir
(32) ; Leswalt, Mr A. M<=Master (32) ; Parish of Mochrum— Culshabbin, Mrs Campbell (33) ;
Elrig, Miss M. Woodbridge (33); Parish of New Luce — Glenwhill}', Miss M«Ilwrick (32);
Parish of Old Luce — Drochduil, Mr C. Hunter (32); Glenluce Academy, Mr M<=Pherson
(32) ; Glen of Luce, Mr W. Michie (32) ; Parish of Penninghame— Challoch, Miss Shoyan (33) ;
Loudon, Mr M. M. Barnes (33) ; Penninghame, Mr W. Baillie (33) ; Parish of Portpatrick —
Portpatrick, Mr J. Baird (32) ; Parish of Stoneykirk— Ardwell, Mr D. Thomson (32) ; Meoul,
Mr A. M'^Clymont (32) ; Sandhead, Mr R. M. Davidson (32) ; Burgh of Stranraer— Academy,
Mr Jos. Hood (32) ; Lewis Street, Mr T. D. Conacher (32) ; Sheuchan, Mr W. Wilson (32) ; St
Joseph's, R. C, Sisters of St Joseph (32) ; Parish of Whithorn— Isle, Mr W. Burns (33) ; Prin-
cipal, Mr J. B. Williams (33).
OF THE
UNIVERSITY
OF
CAMBRinOE: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
MAY 10 197^ DAY USE
RETURN TO
ANTHROPOLOGY LIBRARY
I ha publication is due on the LAST DATE
and HOUR stamped beJow.
RB17-40to-8,'72
(Q4186S10)4188— A-32
General Library
University of Califorois
Berkeley
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1770BG
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