ANTHROPOLOGY LIBT^^Y LIBRARY OF THE University of California. RECEIVED BY EXCHANGE Class ^^17 e_ \S09 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland By James Fowler Tocher, B.Sc, F.I.C. Aberdeen Printed for the University 1908 Aberdeen University Studies : No. 36 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland University of Aberdeen. COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATIONS. Convener : Professor James W. H. Trail, F.R.S., Curator of the University Library. UNIVERSITY STUDIES. General Editor : P. J. Anderson, LL.B., Librarian to the University and Clerk of the General Council. y igoo. No. I. — Roll 0/ Alumni in Arts of the University and King's College of Aberdeen, i5g6-i86o. Edited by P. J. Anderson. „ No. 2. — Records of Old Aberdeen, ii57.i89i. A. M. Munro, F.S.A. Scot. Vol. I. „ No. 3. — Place Names of West Aberdeenshire. James Macdonald, F.S.A. Scot. 1901. No. 4. — The Family of Burnett of Leys. George Burnett, LL.D., Lyon King of Arms. „ No. i.— Records of Invercauld, 1547-1828. Rev. J. G. Michie, M.A. / 1902. No. 6. — Rectorial Addresses in the Universities of Aberdeen, 1835-1900. P. J. Anderson. „ No. 7.— The Albemarle Papers, 1746-48. Professor C. S. Terry, M.A. 1903. No. 8.— The House of Gordon. J. M. Bulloch, M.A. Vol. I. „ No. g.— Records of Elgin. William Cramond, LL.D. Vol. L 1904. No. 10. — Avogadro and Dalton. A. N. Meldrum, D.Sc. „ No. 11. — Records of the Sheriff Court of Aberdeenshire. David Littlejohn, LL.D. Vol. L „ No. 12. — Proceedings of the Anatomical and Anthropological Society, 1902-04. 1905. No. 13. — Report on Alcyonaria. Professor J. Arthur Thomson, M.A., and others. „ No. 14.— Researches in Organic Chemistry. Prof. P. R. Japp, F.R.S., and others. „ No. 15. — Meminisse Juvat : with Appendix of Alakeia. Alexander Shewan, M.A. „ No. 16. — The Blackhalls of that Ilk and Barra. Alexander Morison, M.D. 1906. No. 17. — Records of the Scots Colleges. Vol. L P.J.Anderson. „ No. 18. — Roll of the Graduates of the University of Aberdeen, 1860-1900. Colonel William Johnston, C.B., LL.D. „ No. 19. — Studies in the History and Development of the University of Aberdeen. P. J. Anderson and others. „ No. 20.— Studies in the History and Art of the Eastern Provinces of the Roman Empire. Professor Sir W. M. Ramsay, D.C.L., and pupils. „ No. 21. — Studies in Pathology. William Bulloch, M.D., and others. , No. 22. — Proceedings of the Anatomical and Anthropological Society, igo^oS. „ No. 23. — Subject Catalogues of the Science Library and the Law Library. P. J. Anderson. „ No. 24. — Records of the Sheriff Court of Aberdeenshire. David Littlejohn, LL.D. Vol. IL 1907. No. 2y^Studies on Alcyonarians and Antipatharians. Prof. Thomson, M.A., and others. „ No. 26. — Surgical Instruments in Greek and Roman Times. J. S. Milne, M.A., M.D. „ 1^0. 27.— Records of the Sheriff Court of Aberdeenshire. David Littlejohn, LL.D. Vol. IIL „ No. 28. — Flosculi Graeci Boreales. Ser. IL Professor John Harrower, M.A. „ No. 29. — Record of the Quatercentenary, igo6. P. J. Anderson. „ No. iO.—The House of Gordon. J. M. Bulloch, M.A. Vol. IL 1908. ^o. ii.--The Miscellany of the New Spalding Club. Vol.11. „ No. 32. — The Religious Teachers of Greece. James Adam, Litt.D. (Gifford Lectures, 1904-06). ,, No. 33.— rA« Science and Philosophy of the Organism. Hans Driesch, Ph.D. (Gtfford Lecture, 1907). ^„ No. i^.— Proceedings of the A natomical and A nthropological Society, 1906-08. „ No. 3i.— Records of Elgin. Vol. II. Rev. Stephen Ree, B.D. yy „ Ho. 36.— Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland. J. F. Tocher, B.Sc. Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland By James Fowler Tocher, B.Sc, F.I.C. Aberdeen Printed for the University 1908 MITHKOPOLOGY USMRT ^ ^^^ v^n CONTENTS. PAOK The Report 1 Plates I. to XXVI 108 Appendix to the Report 109 177088 [Fi'oni Biometrika, Vol. VI. Nos. 2 and S. September, 1D08.] [All Rights reserved.] PIGMENTATION SUEVEY OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN SCOTLAND. COMMITTEE OF THE SURVEY. Principal Sir William Turner, K.C.B.., F.R.S., Chairman. Professor R. W. Reid, M.D., F.R.C.S. J. Gray, B.Sc. J. F. Tocher, B.Sc THE REPORT. The accompanying Report which is published under the direction of the above Committee has been prepared by J. F. Tocher and consists of a Memoir on the reduced data and an Appendix. The memoir includes 72 tables, 19 diagrams and 78 maps. The Appendix contains 16 tables of classified data, and includes a list of teachers who made the Returns. THE GRANTS. Financial aid towards the Survey has to be acknowledged from the following sources : (1) (a) Grant by Royal Society in May 1902 (/9) .., „ „ 1904 (7) . » .. 1906 Total Grant by Royal Society (2) (3) (4) Biometiika vi £ 200 100 100 Grant by Carnegie Trust July 1908 Donations by Lord Strathcona towards the pay- ment of outlays on special sections of the work of analysis. The expense of printing the Appendix has been defrayed from a fund presented to this Journal in memory of W. F. R. Weldon. 400 100 17 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland PIGMENTATION SUEVEY OF SCHOOL CHILDEEN IN SCOTLAND*. By J. F. TOCHER, B.Sc. CONTENTS. MEMOIR. Section 1. Introductory . . . . 2. Arrangements prior to Organiza- tion , . . , . 3. Organization and Carrying out of the Survey .... 4. Problems to be discussed . 5. Statistical Methods employed to determine Significant Differ- ences 6. Kelative Local Differences geo- graphically considered. Indi- vidual Differences in each Class Explanatory and Introductory Differences in Hair Colour: (a) Fair Hair; (/5) Red Hair; (y) Medium Hair ; (S) Dark Hair ; (e) Jet Black Hair . Differences in Eye Colour : (a) Blue Eyes; O) Light Eyes ; (-y) Medium Eyes ; (8) Dark Eyes . 7. The General Resemblance of Local Populations to the General Population I. Introductory . II. Hair Colour : (a) Divisions (/3) Counties ; {y) Districts III. Eye Colour : (a) Divisions (/3) Counties ; (y) Districts 8. Class Segregation I. Interlocal Constants I. IL IIL Page 3 8 13 15 18 18 22 29 34 34 37 44 47 47 I. n. in. IV. VI. vn. Section II. Significance of the Constiints 9. Peculiarities in the Distribution of Colour in Scotland General .... Red Hair .... Relati ( included here ) Class 2. Not Fair The hair is not fair. It is brown (medium) or dark Medium The hair is chestnut brown, brownish, or is neither red, fair, nor dark Class 3. Dark The hair is dark brown, or dark or black, but not jet black Class 4. Jet Black only Class 5. Note. — There are five divisions of hair colours recognised by the Committee. No. 1.— The first includes all shades of red— light red, bright red, and sandy red, &c. No. 2. — The second division includes all shades of fair, but great care must be taken not to include brown or medium hair. Flaxen, white, and golden yellow are the shades of fair recognised. No. 3.— The third division includes chestinit brown, dull brown, and all shades, not red fair, or dark. No. 4. — The fourth division, dark, includes very dark brown (looking black at a moderate distance), and black. No. 5. — The fifth division is very uncommon. It is jet black. Pigmentation Survey of S'^lwol Children in Scotland TABLE I— {continued). Analytical Table for Eye Colours. Pure Blue The eyes are pure blue Deep blue or pure blue is Class 1. I Light blue is| I Class 2. Not Pure Blue The eyes are not pure blue. They are either browu, grey, very light blue, or mixed Note. — There are four classes or divisions of eyes. No. 1. — The first is the pure blue or deep blue eye which cannot he mistaken. No. 2. — The second includes light blue and light grey eyes. No. 3. — The third includes all eyes not blue, light grey, or brown — they are called medium eyes, and include grey, green, orange, and other mixed shades. No. 4. — The fourth class includes hazel brown, dark brown, and dark eyes generally. The fourth class is usually spoken of as dark, and the colour appears homogeneous in character at a distance of two feet, at which distiHice observations ought to be made. In noting the colour of the eyes, first note whether they are blue or brown. If these are excluded note whether they are grey. If light grey, they are light eyes, if grey, they are medium eyes. If the eyes are neither blue (1), grey (.3), nor brown (4) they are either light eyes (2) or medium eyes (3) [of which grey, previously mentioned, is only one shade]. Light eyes having been already excluded, they are medium or mixed eyes. It is best to call up a few children at a time andjvdge hy comparison. fully described. In making colour observations, each class in this table is de- terminable by the observer by a process of elimination of the other classes. The results obtained by the use of this table were now compared with the results obtained by using samples of hair, for hair colour, and of glass eyes, for eye colour and also with the results, for eye colour, obtained from observations on boys and girls selected as types of each class. It was found that both sets of figures closely agreed, and the results were therefore considered very satisfactory. The colour canl method Biometrika. Vol. VI. Nos. 2 and 3. Table II. Pigmentation Survey of Scliool Ciiildren in Scotland. Nam* of Sckeol^^ _ _. Parish .„., County Date of Survey District No. . Nome of Teacher Sex of List of Children on this Sheet, .,. (Boy,orOirl.,. INDICATE COLOUR OF HAIR AND EYES by an X in CorrespondinK Col *»♦ To taut trcnbtt to yowruif, number tlir whUi: school co,iKr\,Uitly from I mumnU, nfUr tht name' kart been enlerrd from RtgiUrr and hr/ore notiif/ the colour,. No. AGE. HAIR. KYES SURNAME. RELATIONSHIPS. Use thi-* column to in- dicate rt.'Iatioii December January February March April May June July August September October November 817 548 344 146 270 84 22 22 25 5 2 3 35-71 23-95 15-04 6-38 11-80 3-67 •96 •96 109 •22 •09 •13 Totals — 2288 100-00 colour characters singly or jointly with one another were wanting. These schools have not been dealt with in this memoir. The data proper therefore consisted of fully complete returns from 2288 schools containing the records of the names, ages, sex, fraternal and cousin relationships, and colour characters of 257,766 boys and 244,389 girls, a total of 502,155 children. Although there was a good deal of further correspondence with the teachers, only a few more returns were received after November, 1904. These have not been included in the district analysis which was in operation before the returns were received but have been included in the division, county and general analyses*. The work of classification and tabling, which was commenced as soon as practicable, was soon in full operation. The response of the teachers had been remarkably enthusiastic and complete. The survey was an accomplished fact. On behalf of the Committee the writer begs to acknowledge its great obliga- tions to the teaching profession in Scotland for so promptly responding to the invitation of the Committee to carry out the desired observations. The writer also wishes to record his personal sense of indebtedness to the teachers and to thank them very cordially for all the pains and trouble they have taken in making the elaborate returns so vital to the success of the scheme. The credit of the accomplished survey is undoubtedly due to the teachers. Without the recognition * The late returns came from the counties of Lanark, Renfrew, Ban£f, Elgin and Inverness and belonged, in the district scheme, to the first, fourth, eighteenth and ninety-first districts. The total results of observations for these districts are however given in the Appendix tables and not the slightly smaller figures on which the district analysis was made. The figures for the later returns are also of course given along with the others under their respective parishes and counties and were included in all analyses except the district one. The only points therefore to be noted are (1) that the district analysis is based on the slightly smaller general totals and (2) that, in the analysis of Districts I., IV., XVIII. and XGI. , the late returns (not to band at the time of analysis) are excluded. J. p. Tocher It by them of the importance of this scientific investigation, their cordial cooperation and most painstaking and laborious setting down of all the minute details required from each school, the survey would have been still in the limbo of fancy, to remain there until the census office should have the power to deal with the matter, along with the present ordinary details of this important statistical department. Only when the recording of measurable and non-measurable cha- racters comes to be included in the census, and is dealt with officially, will the importance of much voluntary pioneer work by the teaching profession be fully recognised. (4) The Problems to he discussed. Before proceeding to make a brief statement of the analytical methods employed and to follow with a general discussion of the resulting classified data, it seems desirable at this stage to enumerate the problems germane to the survey. (a) The first problem clearly is: How are the children distributed with respect to the various colour classes, what is the proportion of children found in each class, and how does the general distribution among the classes compare with those of the continental countries already surveyed ? The answer to this problem is given (a) in Table XIII., where the general distribution and the percentages of the colour classes are given, and (/3) in section (12), where the results are compared with those of continental countries. (b) The second problem deals with relative local differences in each colour class. Considering each colour class or category separately, one must ask, by how much does each locality in Scotland (division, county or district) differ from the remaining population ? In other words, is the distribution of colour uniform throughout Scotland, and if not by how much does the proportion for each class in each locality differ from the proportion which would occur on an even distribu- tion of the school population over the whole country ? This amount when found for each locality is termed the relative local difference and the complete solution of the problem is reached when significant relative local differences are determined, and separated from those relative local differences which are fair samples of the general population. This problem is dealt with under section (6). (c) The third problem is one bearing on the general resemblance of local populations to the general population. Here hair colour as a character is con- sidered as a whole in each locality, all the classes constituting the character being considered together. Similarly eye colour as a character is considered as a whole in each locality. The distribution in each locality of the classes constituting each character is compared with the corresponding general distribution of the classes for the same characters which is found for the whole country. Considering, in this manner, hair colour collectively or eye colour collectively, do or do not local populations resemble the general population ? If local populations do not resemble the general population how far do the actual local frequencies as a whole differ from the corresponding frequencies which would occur on an even distribu- 14 Pigmentation Survey of School Childr^en in Scotland tion of the population throughout the country ? In other words, if divergencies from this even distribution occur, what is the relative degree of divergency for each locality ? This is, in short, the third problem which is discussed in sec- tion (7). {d) The degree of local segregation of each of the colour classes constitutes the fourth problem. If the population is not evenly distributed with respect to the colour classes, which class shows the greatest degree of isolation into separate groups ? This can be determined by considering successively the nature of the distribution of relative local differences of each class collectively and without reference as to where each local difference occurs. That is to say the relative local differences of each class are successively considered interlocally as a whole and the variability of each distribution determined. The greater the variability of the distribution of relative local differences for a class the more uneven will be the distribution of the class throughout the country, and the greater will be its massing into groups, and thus the greater will be the local segregation of the class. This problem is considered in section (8). (e) It is important from the eugenic standpoint to know whether pigmenta- tion is associated in any way with disease, inherited or non-inherited defects, race, or with density, fertility or other characters of the population. These problems are considered in section (9). (/) An interesting problem which is concerned with sexual differences is considered under section (10). The problem may be divided up into three parts. 1. In what respects, if in any, do the constants found for boys and girls differ? 2. Are there any significant pigmentation differences between boys and girls ? 3. What is the average resemblance between the male and female factors of the population ? {g) The next problem is one concerning urban and suburban populations. The questions may be put. 1. Are there any significant differences between the purely urban and the suburban and rural populations, and if so in what respects do they differ ? 2. What differences occur (a) within each urban population {i.e. intralocally), and (/9) between different urban populations {i.e. interlocally), and are these differences environmental, racial or both ? This problem is dealt with in section (11) with special reference to Glasgow and its environs. {h) A further problem which is of importance turns on the point as to whether hair and eye colours are independent variables or whether they are dependent. It is desirable therefore to know what degree of association, if any, exists between hair and eye colours. If association is found to exist does the relationship found agree or differ with that indicated by former surveys of adults and children. This problem is considered among others in section (12). {i) The pigmentation data present other problems for solution, such as whether brothers and sisters or cousins resemble one another to any degree in hair and eye colour. These problems are not dealt with in this memoir. J. F. Tocher 15 (5) Methods Employed to Determine Significant Differences. In making a survey of the measurable physical characters of a population one has not only to ascertain the type and variability of each character but also to consider the relationship of each local group to the general population*. Thus, in the recent investigation on the inmates of asylums it is shown that several physical types exist among the Scottish insane, and that, whether they differ or not from the sane population, local asylum groups generally do not resemble the general insane population. But non-measurable characters can scarcely yet be dealt with in the same way. It has not been found possible up to the present time, for instance, to determine the value of the character, hair colour, just because no quantitative scale based on experience has yet been devised on which to plot the observations in an orderly way indicating increase or decrease of intensity of colour. It is not clear whether such a scale is possible. Experimental work has just been undertaken by the writer which may throw some light on this point. But while hair colour cannot yet be represented on a scale of intensity of colour such as stature or head length, it can be quite properly dealt with under well defined classes or categories. As already explained, the limits of these classes have been defined in the analytical table given in each schedule. What statisti- cians have here to consider therefore are the frequencies of the various classes individually and collectively without reference as to whether the classes can be arranged on a scale showing grades of intensity of colour. This has been done on a moderate scale for adults -f-, and it may be well to restate here the methods employed before proceeding to state the results of the analysis. A population of N individuals is to be considered, each of which possesses the character X. The character X is not measurable but can be divided into m classes. Let s, s^.-.Sm be the classes and let the class frequencies for the whole population be respectively y^,, yg^...ys^' The population is divided into groups of magnitude n, and each group is observed and classed with respect to the character X. In making the observations, the probability that any person observed (if the operation is a random one) belongs to class s is yg/N = p, and the probability of the person not belonging to that class, but to one of the others is (1 —py = q. If the groups are samples drawn from the general population purely at random, the frequency for the class s for each of the groups is therefore equal to nygjN = np = y/, which is thus for the class s the most probable number likely to be drawn in this way ; or is, shortly, the theoretical class frequency. It is necessary to consider what would happen if the whole population was observed in unselected groups at random for the following reason. If the observed class frequencies in the various geographical areas actually differed insignificantly from the theoretical class frequencies then it would be clear that the population was evenly distributed with respect to the character. Thus, so far as this character is * Tocher : Biometrika, Vol. v. Part in. pp. 315 et seq. t Tocher ; Biometrika, Vol. v. Part iii. pp. 335 et seq. 16 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland concerned, it would be a homogeneous population. Heterogeneity must be sought for in other characters. If all the physical characters showed homogeneity then it would be clear that one had a common race to deal with. But if, with respect to the character X, the observed and theoretical class frequencies appeared to differ significantly, then the population would not be evenly distributed with respect to X. Instead, there would be excess frequencies in some classes and frequencies falling quite short of theory {i.e. the proportional even distribution) in others in various localities or groups. One would then have to ascertain whether the significant differences were racial or due to other influences. The question now is : How can one determine whether any difference between observation and theory is significant or not ? In other words, if y," = observed class frequency, how can one measure the significance of y," — y/ ? Pearson* has pointed out that the distribution of such differences as i//' — y,, if occurring at random, takes the form of the hypergeometrical series . pN{pN-l)...(pN-n + l) ( qN N{N- 1)...{N- w + 1) t "'' '^pN-n+ 1 , w(w-l) qN{qN-\) !■ 1.2 QiN-n+l){pN-n + 2) and he has shown that the standard deviation of the distribution is given by W-2//) = V^^^0 The areas on either side of the ordinate which divides the distribution at the abscissal value {ys' —ys)l'^npq{N — n)l{N — 1), are proportional to the probabilities of greater or lesser values than the particular value found occurring in fut\ire samples. The areas can be determined when the form of curve is known. In the great majority of cases in this survey, the values of n although fairly large are but small fractions of N, and p is not very small. In such cases the hypergeometrical distribution closely approximates the normal curve, the constants ySj and y9j being respectively and 3 within the limits of their probable errors. The modal value of the distribution is the nearest whole integer to — „ ^^ , which differs insignificantly from the mean, nq. Thus the asymmetry and leptokurtosis are insignificant and therefore the probability of greater or lesser values than that found occurring in future samples can be determined from the tables of the probability integral. In certain cases the fraction -^ is an appreciable one, and in these the asymmetry and leptokurtosis are both significant. In certain other cases p is rather small. In these cases the interpretation of the value of the standard deviation given, which in itself is correct, requires considerable modification because the hypergeometrical series can be no longer • Pearson : Biometriha, Vol. v. pp. 178—175. J. F. Tocher 17 satisfactorily represented by the normal curve. The tables of the probability integral are therefore not applicable and do not give the probabilities. They can be found however when the type and the constants of the curve which fits the hypergeometrical distribution have been determined. Tables* for these extreme cases are in the course of production, but they involve laborious calculation and it may be some time before they are ready. Accordingly special stress must not be laid on the differences found where the value of p is such as to give a significantly asymmetrical distribution of samples from which the probabilities of greater or lesser values in future samples are found. The form in which each difference has been expressed and studied requires notice. It is obvious that, in considering differences and their standard deviations, one may take the observed absolute numbers and expected absolute values — that is, in the notation herein used, y/' and ^/. Again one could take the observed and theoretical percentages — that is the difference 100 {(i/g"/n) —p} ; or reckoning y/ in each case as 100, one could take the difference as 100 ((^//Y^//)" !}• Now it is easy to see that ynpq{N—'n)l{N—l), reckoned as a percentage, is 100 '^pq (N — n)ln (N— 1), the standard deviation with which 100 {(y/'/n) —p] has to be compared. Expressed as a coefficient of variation, it is also easily seen to be 100 \/q(N — n)/np{N— 1), the variability constant (decreasing as n increases) with which 100 [{ys'lVs) — 1] has to be compared. Thus there are for selection, according to convenience, in the statistical analysis, the three ratios (1) {y:'-y:)Hnpq{N-n)l{N-l). (2) 100 [{ys'ln) - p]lsll00^pq {N - n)ln (iV - 1). (3) 100 [{y^'lys') - 1}/100V^ {N - n)/np {N- 1). It is perfectly obvious that the above ratios, applied to the data, will give identical results. These ratios will, throughout this memoir, be called relative local differences (RLB), this term being the one introduced by the writer in a previous investigation to denote the local differences in the physical characters of the Scottish insane*!*. In determining relative local differences, the first expression, which deals with the absolute figures, has been the one used, the calculations having been performed in duplicate. Since the percentages in district groups have been calculated, it was found convenient to use the second form in cases where it was necessary to compare certain of these districts with the general population. The following table (Table V.) constructed to illustrate, by means of maps, the relative local differences in the physical characters of the Scottish insane •[• will be used throughout the memoir both in the text and in the maps, and defines the terms used to indicate the significance or non-significance of the observed results. From what has already been said, these relative local differences when n is fairly * Biometrika, Vol. v. p. 175. t Tocher : Biometrika, Vol. v. Part iii. pp. 317—318 ; also Table VIII. of that memoir. Biometrika vi 19 18 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland TABLE V. Glass Ranges. The value found compared with the value for the general population is Specific Term Glass RLD. Bangs of Class in terms of (y."-y.')/S(»;'-»;) Veiy much smaller Probably significantly less Less but not quite significantly less Very slightly less Quite insignificantly different Very slightly greater Greater but not quite significantly greater ... Probably significantly greater Very much greater Distinctly Micrometropic Probably Micrometropic Mesometropic Mesometropic Mesometropic Mesometropic Mesometropic Probably Megalometropic Distinctly Megalometropic -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -3*5 upwards -2-5 to- 3-5 -1-5 to -2-5 -0-5 to -1-5 0-5 to - 0-5 0-5 to 1-5 1-5 to 2-5 2-5 to 3-5 3'5 upwards large, but small compared with N and p is not very small, are evidently the abscissal values of the normal curve whose equation is 1 -t y \/27r These conditions exist for the majority of cases, and here therefore, for any individual result, the probabilities of greater or lesser values can be readily calculated. But in cases where asymmetrical curves result owing to njN being appreciable, or p small or both, the probabilities, as already stated, cannot be found from the tables of the probability integral, and thus the specific term applied to any class within the range of which the relative local difference falls, may or may not apply in such cases. The terms * denoting the significance of the results in the table of class ranges (Table V.) are therefore intended to be strictly applicable only to relative local differences which are abscissal values of a normal curve, and are applicable to those which are abscissal values of a distinctly asymmetrical curve only as a first approximation. With this reservation those relative local differences which fall beyond + 2 and - 2 may possibly or even probably be significant, those falling beyond 4- 3 and — 3 may probably be significant, while those falling beyond + 4 and — 4 may be regarded as distinctly significant. (6) Relative Local Differences geographically considered. Individual differences of each class. {Problem b.) I. Explanatory and Introductory. In studying the individual relative local dififerences of each class (that is the individual relative differences, whether the divisions, counties, districts or other • Tocher : Biometrika, Vol. v. p. 318. J. F. Tocher 19 smaller areas are considered) the following plan will be followed with respect to Scotland geographically. The distribution of each class with respect to the eight great divisions of Scotland, as understood by the Registrar-General and used in the census and other official reports, will first be considered. Then the county distributions will be noted and finally the distributions with respect to the smallest unit — the district — will be dealt with. Thus the reader (1) will get an appreciation of the nature of the distribution in general terms, i.e. the significant inter-divisional differences will be determined and pointed out ; (2) will learn how far counties differ from one another, thus enabling the reader to note intra- di visional as well as inter-county differences ; and finally (3) will see what localities influence the various county and divisional differences, thus detecting differences occurring within each county — that is, the significant intra-county or purely local differences. It should be noted that the frequencies of the various classes of a character such as hair colour or eye colour are correlated. Thus an excessive frequency of one class would point to a defect in the frequency of one or more of the other classes. Before describing the various differences, it will be useful here to show the total frequencies of each class and their percentages for the whole of Scotland. These are as follow (Table VI.) : TABLE VI. Colour Distnbution of Scottish Children. Hair Eyes Fair Bed Medium Dark Jet Black Blue Light Medium Dark Totals Boys A ,. B Girls A » B 64312 24-950 67036 27-430 14162 5-494 12435 5-088 111569 43-283 99873 40-866 64511 25-027 62073 25-399 3212 1-246 2972 1-216 37788 14-660 36347 14-873 78140 30-314 74068 30-307 84334 .32-717 78357 32-062 57504 22-309 55617 22-758 257766 per cent. 244389 per cent. Boys A and Girls A = total frequencies of each class for whole of Scotland for boys and girls respectively. Boys B and Girls B= percentages of each class for whole of Scotland for boys and girls respectively. The following tables (Tables VII., VIII. and IX.) give the values of the relative local differences for hair colour and eye colour of both boys and girls. These differences, classed as described in Section 5, are shown in the maps, named in the course of the descriptions of the differences in each colour class in this section (Maps III. to XL.), and are the basis of the following remarks : 19—2 20 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotlatid TABLE VIL Relative Local Differences. Divisions. Values of (y/' - y»)lisj myq |l - (^=3j)| BOYS. Hair Eyes Division Fair Bed Medium Dark Jet Black Blue Light Medium Dark I. 2-24 1-96 -6-31 2-91 4-08 6-58 -4-68 •03 - -46 II. 4 -36 - -56 -9-98 5-66 6-60 12-92 -05 -5-67 -4-64 III. 2-13 6-08 -2-57 -1-69 -2-73 3-69 -1-56 2-15 -3-83 IV. 1-25 -2-99 1-64 -1-83 1-08 4-33 -5-82 - -50 3-31 V. - -57 -2-95 -4-67 6-67 3-09 - 1-27 5-48 -1-74 -3-01 VI. -8-48 -1-70 7-58 •95 - -96 -14-.38 1-96 4-78 4-66 VII. 3-63 1-60 3-88 -7-87 -4-03 1-22 1-55 -2-73 -33 VIII. 313 - -38 -1-79 - -19 -2-68 2-48 2-23 -2-20 -2-09 GIRLS. Hair Eyes Division Fair Red Medium Dark Jet Black Blue Light Medium Dark I. 7-20 - -70 - 4-61 -2-49 2-70 7-19 -2-77 -3 22 •52 II. 4-08 -1-15 -10-13 5-33 9-98 14-25 -1-08 -7-10 -3-01 III. 8-12 5-16 - 4-92 -5-06 -1-28 4-48 -2^10 2-36 -4-13 IV. 4-02 -1-01 - 1-85 -1-61 •32 1-36 -6^50 -75 5-14 V. - -24 -2-80 - 2-09 3-33 2-78 - 1-35 6*1 -2-80 -3-20 VI. -19-99 -1-46 12-60 7-69 -2-73 -11-32 •14 5-03 3-85 VII. 5-68 1-27 1-43 -7-03 -4-15 - -85 2-41 - -33 -1-56 VIII. 7-62 - -50 - 4-68 -2-55 1-10 1-27 4-38 -3-64 -1-94 Explanatory Note on the " Divisions." (See Map I.) I. = Northern Division (Sutherland group). II. = North- Western Division (Inverness group). III. = North-Eastern IV. = East-Midland V. = West- Midland VL = South- Western VII. = South-Ea8tem VIII. = Southern (Aberdeen group). (Perth group). (Argyll group). (Ayr group). (Lothian group). (Dumfries group). J. F. Tocher 21 TABLE VIII. Relative Local Differences. Counties. BOYS. Hair Eyes Fair Red Medium Dark Jet Black Blue Light Medium Dark Aberdeen Co. ... •33 3 55 - ^27 -2-27 1-52 6-56 -1^27 2^38 -6-86 Aberdeen City ... - 1-04 3 55 07 40 -5 12 - 5-86 r47 \-u 1-45 Argyll - -81 - 81 -7 59 9 40 2 02 - -47 5^27 -1^08 -4-21 Ayr 5-89 — 77 -3 81. -1 02 - 38 6^91 3-26 -5-60 -3-15 Banff 1-56 3 84 -1 20 -2 03 — 69 1-10 -4^02 r48 1-84 Berwick 5-72 -1 01 -4 38 — 39 85 1-64 3-06 -2^60 -1^85 Bute - 4-56 59 2 57 64 2 57 - 4 33 2^56 1-03 - -31 Caithness •18 1 12 -3 25 1 52 5 54 - 2-90 -2^21 1^98 2-68 Dumbarton 3-07 -2 38 -2 50 68 1 41 - 1^27 4^29 -3^16 - -09 Dumfries 2-93 -2 83 1 59 -2 40 -3 34 - 315 3^36 2-69 -4-06 Edinburgh Co. ... 3-10 12 1 14 -3 79 -2 63 6-28 - ^84 -2-54 -1-55 Edinburgh City . . . 3^19 - 45 — 62 -1 66 -2 29 1^30 -rio -4^84 5-57 Leith - 2-45 1 46 3 32 -1 18 -3 64 - 8-94 3^84 2^36 •70 Elgin & Nairn ... 6-15 61 -3 44 -2 47 - 21 8-82 -3-27 -2^02 -1-61 Fife K. & C. ... 1-26 -2 61 2 40 -2 32 -1 18 - 1^43 -1-58 3^19 - -64 Forfar •54 06 58 — 66 -2 23 8-12 -3-52 -4^74 2-33 Dundee - 377 — 33 4 00 — 99 1 37 - 31 -5^92 2^30 4-21 Haddington - -48 1 14 1 52 -2 15 1 13 5-20 -1^26 -1-09 -1-80 Inverness 2^17 — 83 -7 00 5 23 4 08 8^82 - ^55 -4^79 -1-48 Kincardine - -11 _ 16 -3 05 3 98 -1 16 - 1-20 3-47 -1^25 -141 Kirkcudbright ... - 2^02 70 -2 04 4 32 -1 33 1^93 r30 -2^86 -15 Lanark 1-62 — 08 25 -5 34 - 71 - 9^04 r34 6^76 -1-42 Glasgow -12^00 -1 16 7 36 4 57 -1 52 -18-55 1^04 4 95 9-03 Oovan -- 7-80 _ 80 7 64 — 54 05 - ^09 - ^27 -2^31 2-98 Linlithgow 1^37 2 14 2 78 -6 50 - 64 - ^84 3^01 •45 -312 Orkney 3-31 91 -2 26 - 34 38 3-71 •31 r62 -5-33 Perth 4-29 -2 38 -4 52 98 4 53 3^30 - -34 -3^08 1-04 Renfrew - 3-78 _ 43 3 56 — 47 1 54 •92 -2-61 161 -29 Ross & Cromarty 3-96 06 -6 99 2 67 5 19 9^29 •64 -313 -5-07 Roxburgh 4-33 1 25 -1 99 -2 59 - 49 4^54 -74 -5-29 1-28 Selkirk & P. ... - -82 64 5 95 -6 19 — 50 1-24 -2-88 2-96 -1-20 Shetland 1-84 1 88 -2 87 21 95 11^74 -5^06 -3-81 - ^09 Stirling - -90 -2 13 - 28 2 08 1 02 ro5 - -08 •28 -112 Sutherland - -94 2 20 -4 44 4 84 10 3^24 -3-05 - -93 1^66 Wigtown •45 1-39 -2^30 1-22 •92 3 74 -2-34 - -32 - ^24 22 Pigmentation Survey oj School Children in Scotlarul TABLE IX. Relative Local Differences. Counties. GIRLS. Hair Eyes Pair Bed Medium Dark Jet Black Bine Light Medium Dark Aberdeen Co. ... 5-19 r49 -2 34 - 4-11 2-72 436 •17 •52 -4 46 Aberdeen City ... - -33 2-37 - •ll •53 -5^05 - 2^78 -1^21 3 65 - 38 Argyll - -76 - 13 -5^44 5^91 4^26 •56 4-20 -M7 -3 78 Ayr 5-61 - •e? - ^75 - 4^14 -r67 7-66 124 -2^82 -4-71 Banff 4-75 5^58 -2-05 - 4^92 -r79 VIA -3-00 1^30 •87 Berwick 5-67 - ^07 -3^26 - 1^86 - ^97 1^29 275 -1^92 -196 Bute - 116 •52 -1^03 2^03 •19 - 2^91 2-50 142 -185 Caithness 1-94 -M8 -1-94 - •OS 3 47 - 1^27 •04 - -89 2-03 Dumbarton 1-88 -2-54 -2-67 £•09 M6 - 2^42 6^93 -3^80 -131 Dumfries 6-59 -111 -2^00 - 3 92 - •lO - 2^47 314 177 -330 Edinburgh Co. ... 5-88 2 73 173 - 8^52 -3 38 3^84 - ^40 •00 -2^83 Edinburgh City . . . - 1-84 - ^51 •56 1-03 2^00 - 34 -1^02 -2^83 4-56 Leith •18 - -43 r76 - -91 -4^18 - 8^32 4-32 4-09 -2 22 Elgin & Nairn ... 5-39 •43 -3^66 - 1-87 1^03 6^95 -4^60 •54 -146 Fife K. & C. ... 7-57 -2^43 -2^21 - 2^84 -4^79 - r94 -2 36 2^49 146 Forfar •72 M4 •34 - \-m 1-05 4-96 -321 -4^91 4^78 Dundee - 5-95 - ^12 3^18 2^08 r97 - 2^16 -6^32 4^49 3 77 Haddington 3-59 •54 -2-47 - -83 -r3i 3 34 1^25 -2^48 -1^44 Inverness •92 -1^22 -7-30 5^74 8^68 10^71 - •oi -8^04 - 13 Kincardine 4-38 1^48 -4^55 - 33 •94 191 4-06 -2^77 -2^99 Kirkcudbright ... 1^41 - ^72 -2^14 r2i •51 - -90 4^65 -2-55 -149 Lanark 2-44 1-07 1^24 - 3^14 -5^18 - 5-24 \-m 273 - -32 Glasgow -24^17 -1^93 9-85 14^28 1^40 - 14^61 -2^16 6^62 7-40 Oovan -12-50 •09 9-53 2^22 - -84 - 2-07 1^39 -2^35 2^86 Linlithgow 4-95 •62 - ^97 - 3 63 -2-64 •49 r68 - ^58 -r61 Orkney 4^87 - ^27 -2^26 - 2-29 - ^06 4^01 •16 •69 -436 Perth 372 •20 -4^47 •15 3^95 2^93 - ^58 -P82 •17 Renfrew - 8^37 -133 4-51 3^61 2^16 - 2^90 -146 2^69 1-08 Ross & Cromarty 4^83 - 38 -6^89 r69 5^28 9^24 -151 -1-87 -411 Roxburgh 4-45 r54 -2^40 - 2^81 •75 2 43 •70 -4^07 1-71 Selkirk & P. ... - •ei •71 4^85 - 4^96 -TOO •34 -r62 2-90 -176 Shetland 4-67 •89 -3-24 - r77 ri8 9-73 -4^56 -332 •43 Stirling - ^79 -2^26 3 33 - 1^81 - •©! •55 •65 - ^86 - -22 Sutherland 3^58 - ^44 -2 •OS - 1^20 •18 4^26 -225 -374 301 Wigtown 1^42 - 34 -2^98 r74 1^38 5-26 - ^46 -3-87 •34 II. Differences in Hair Colour. Hair colour of both sexes will first be considered, (a) Fair Hair. (Maps III., IV., XXL, XXIL and XXXIX.) The North-Western, South-Eastern and Southern divisions are significantly fair haired, or, using the term for significant excess of a class, these divisions are megalometropic both for boys and girls. Naming the divisions in a way more readily understood geographically, the Inverness group of counties, the Border counties and the Lothians have the greatest excess of fair hair ( gi^s only. 29 Megalometropic Mesometropie Micrometropic Distinctly Probably Probably Distinctly Inverness Bute $ Ayr Edinburgh Co. Aberdeen City Perth Aberdeen City $ Banflf Dumfries ^ Leith Ross & Cromarty Caithness 9 Berwick Linlithgow $ Fife K. & C. 9 Caithness $ Dumbarton Lanark $ Argyll $ Edinburgh City Elgin & Nairn Forfar Dundee Haddington Kincardine Kirkcudbright Glasgow Govan Orkney Renfrew Roxburgh Selkirk & Peebles Shetland Stirling Sutherland Wigtown Aberdeen Co. $ Argyll $ Fife K. & C. <^ Lanark $ Linlithgow $ Bute V Dumfries 5 - III. Differences in Eye Colour, (a) Blue Eyes. (Maps XIII., XIV., XXXI. and XXXII.) The general percentage for blue eyes among boys is 14"66 and among girls is 14-87. The greatest excess is found in Shetland and the smallest percentage in Glasgow. Noting first the general distribution it is seen that the north is distinctly the blue-eyed region. The Northern, North-Western, North- Eastern (cf and %) and East-Midland (cT) are significantly blue-eyed. The South-Eastern ( gi^^^ only. Megalometropic Mesometropic Micrometropic Distinctly Probably Probably Distinctly Aberdeen Co. Ayr Edinburgh Co. Elgin & Nairn Perth Sutherland $ Haddington ? Argyll Banff- Berwick Dumbarton Caithness $ Dumfries ^ Aberdeen City 9 Bute $ Leith Lanark Glasgow Aberd.een City ^J Forfar Edinburgh City Fife K. & C. Renfrew ^ Bute (J Inverness Orkney Ross & Cromarty Shetland Wigtown Haddington ^ Roxburgh $ Sutherland ^ Dundee Kincardine Kirkcudbright Govan Linlithgow Selkirk & Peebles Stirling Renfrew $ Caithness $ Dumfries $ Roxburgh ^ J. F. Tocher 31 excepting Edinburgh ( gii'ls only. Megalometropic Mesometropic Micrometropic Distinctly Probably Probably Distinctly Glasgow Selkirk & Peebles Aberdeen Co. Kirkcudbright Forfar Lanark $ Dumfries $ Argyll Berwick $ Inverness Aberdeen City $ Fife K. & C. ^ Banft" Dumbarton $ Roxburgh Leith $ Lanark 9 Bute Edinburgh Co. $ Ayr (? Dundee 9 Renfrew $ Caithness Perth ^ Edinburgh City ($ Elgin & Nairn Ross & Cromarty $ Shetland ^ Haddington Ayr $ Dumbarton $ Govan Edinburgh ^ Sutherland 9 Linlithgow Kincardine 9 Wigtown 9 Orkney Shetland 9 Stirling Aberdeen City $ Leith (J Dundee ^ Kincardine ^ Renfrew $ Sutherland ^ Wigtown cJ Berwick 9 Dumfries $ Edinburgh Co. ? Fife ? Perth $ Ross & Cromarty ? (8) Dark Eyes. (Maps XIX., XX, XXXVII. and XXXVIII.) The per- centage of dark eyes in the general population of boys is 22'31 ; in the general girl population it is 22"76. The distribution of dark eyes from the point of view of the * division ' analysis shows excesses in the South- Western or Lanark division and the East-Midland or Perth-Forfar division. The buffer county of Stirling, belonging to the West-Midland division, resembles the general population. The North- Western, West-Midland and North-Eastern divisions are all distinctly micro- metropic (both cT and ? ) for this class. The other divisions are slightly micrometropic or are mesometropic. Examining the results of the county analysis it is noted that Dundee city and Forfar county are responsible for the significant excess in the East-Midland division, while Glasgow alone is responsible for the excess in the South- Western division. Outside these divisions there is a probably significant excess in the counties of Caithness and Sutherland. A slight excess occurs in Banffshire as also in the county of Roxburgh. Taking a local view it is found that an excess occurs in the south and east of the county of Lanark, in South Ayrshire, East Fife and the neighbourhood of Perth, besides the cases just mentioned. The most striking feature in the distribution of dark eyes is the Biometrika vi 21 34 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotla^id fact that excess is in the main confined to the great cities. These cities are deficient in blue eyes. There does not seem to he any great bias in favour of or against light and medium eyes, but there does seem to be a bias in favour of dark as against blue in the chief cities of Scotland. TABLE XVIII. County Specifix)ation. Dark Eyes. Both Sexes. The sign ^ indicates boys only ; and ? , girls only. Megalometropio Mesometropio Micrometropic Distinctly Probably Probably Distinctly Edinburgh City Dundee Glasgow Forfar ? Govan Caithness $ Sutherland 9 Aberdeen City Banff Berwick Bute Dumbarton Leith Elgin & Nairn Fife K. & C. Haddington Inverness Kirkcudbright Lanark Perth Renfrew Roxburgh Selkirk & Peebles Shetland Stirling Wigtown Edinburgh Co. $ Forfar $ Kincardine ^ Sutherland $ Caithness ? Linlithgow ? Ayrc? Linlithgow $ Dumfries ? Edinburgh Co. ? Kincardine ? Aberdeen Co. Argyll Orkney Ross & Cromarty Dumfries $ Ayr? (7) The General Resemblance of Local Populations to the General Population. I. Introductory. II. Hair Colour as a Character, all Classes constituting the Character being considered together. III. Eye Colour as a Character, all Classes constituting the Character being considered together. I. Introdtictory. (a) Class frequencies constituting a character are here con- sidered as a whole for each locality (division, county or district), that is to say, intralocally and collectively, and compared with the proportional class frequencies of the general population. (0) As an alternative method, leading to the same result, class frequencies collectively of one locality are compared with the class frequencies collectively of the remaining population and the extent of divergency of the local population measured. J. F. Tocher 36 In the previous section the difference between each local group and the general population, i.e. the (RLBYs for each colour class, were detected and discussed. In doing so, the significance or non -significance of these differences for each local group (division, county or district) w^as determined for each colour class or category. It has been noted that for each class of hair colour or of eye colour, many localities exhibit significant differences from the general population. In others the dif- ferences may be insignificant, while in a few localities the differences may be considerable although not quite significant. But it is possible that a locality may exhibit a difference or differences almost or just significant for one or more colour classes and yet, when the differences of all the classes constituting the character (either hair colour or eye colour) in any one locality are considered collectively, these differences as a whole may quite conceivably occur even if the locality in question were a fair sample of the general population. A comparison between the entire pigmentation of each local group and the entire pigmentation of the general population is therefore necessary, in order to detect what local groups really diverge and what local groups do not diverge significantly from the general popu- lation, for the two characters under consideration, namely, hair colour and eye colour. In other words, the degree of general resemblance of local populations (firstly in hair colour and secondly in eye colour) to the general population is to be determined. Such a determination can be made at least in two ways, and has already been made in the pigmentation of one fairly long series, namely, the Scottish Insane. (a) One can observe for each locality how closely the observed frequencies of the various classes of hair colour or eye colour as a group correspond to their respective theoretical frequencies^the theoretical frequencies meaning of course, as already noted, those which would be got if, for each locality, the frequencies of the various classes constituting the character were proportionally the same as the frequencies found in the general population The probability that differences in the class frequencies would arise at random in any locality as great as, or greater than, the observed set of differences in class frequencies, can be found by evaluating V Wx ^?^ + V TT^ U 1.3^1.:i.5^'-'^1.3.5...(n'-3); if n' be even, and if n' be odd, where n' = n+l classes in the series constituting the character, nir = theoretical frequency of any class, w/ = observed frequency of any class and Hmr — rrirf] \ Mr } 21—2 36 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland This is Pearson's test of goodness of fit* and is applicable, in the manner above stated, to the present data. (yS) One can determine the divergency in hair colour or eye colour of any locality from the remaining population by measuring how far the local group deviates from being a random sample of the general population. This can be done by forming a divergency table and evaluating the mean square contingency coefficient which measures the degree of departure of the local group from complete resem- blance to the general population, or the degree of relative divergency of the local group. Such tables f have already been formed for the purpose of determining the relative divergency of the local insane from the general insane population with respect to pigmentation. In a divergency table two groups of the population are dealt with, the local group and the remaining population, but of course the number of classes is not limited. In this investigation the number of classes is small, five for hair colour and four for eye colour. The frequencies for a particular class, S, of the two groups form a column of the table, while the frequencies of all the different classes of either group form a row of the table. If x^ = the total square contingency coefficient and ;)^2_^j^ »" LLl-^ ^ — number in any local group and N N = total population, then the relation y^"^ = jrr^ X^ holds between x'- *°^ X^ 5 or x^ is a fraction of the total square contingency, being, as seen in the working, a partial summation of x'-- The mean square contingency coefficient is of coui-se '~V i + x'V^' Since x^ ^^^ already been calculated, the above formula need not be used. In terms of x^ ^^ = ^^Vn-1 + x'' and is readily obtained. Since Q measures the divergence of a local group from the remaining population, it is called the divergency coejfficient. The probable errors of Q have not been evaluated, except in one or two instances. It is sufficient to note that any value of Q > '008 in the present series is probably significant. The values of Q and log P have been calculated for all the forms of local groups, namely, divisions, counties and districts, and are given in the following tables (Tables XIX., XX., XXI. and XXII.). These two sets of constants have been classed, the classification being the same as that previously adopted for the pig- mentation of adultsj. As may be seen from the maps, Class O with values of log P < 3 and Q < "008 is the non-significant class, the localities belonging to this class being similar on the whole to the general population. ♦ Phil. Mag. Vol. i. pp. 157—175, July 1900. + Tocher : Biometrika, Vol. v. pp. 333, 334. For theory and probable errors see Pearson, Biometrika, Vol. V. pp. 198—203. X Tocher : Biometrika, Vol. v. pp. 336 — 840. J. F. Tocher 37 II. Hair colour, (a.) Divisions. Considering first the divisions it is seen on referring to the table (Table XIX.) and maps (Maps XLI. and XLII.) that the East-Midland division resembles the general population in hair colour, both boys TABLE XIX. Divergency in Hair Colour and Eye Colour. Divisions. Division Hail- Eyes of Boys Girls Boys Girls Scotland LogP Q LogP Q LogP Q LogP Q 1 TO-3 •0143 T2 3 •0160 n^7 •0143 12 ^8 •0152 2 28-9 •0231 39^5 •0281 37 2 •0265 44^1 •0296 3 9-8 •0141 19^5 •0210 5-4 •0104 7.7 •0123 -4 2-1 •0076 3^8 •0083 9^8 •0137 9^2 •0146 5 12-8 •0157 5^9 •0103 6-4 •0110 9 3 •0139 6 11-3 •0188 47-0 •0380 28^8 •0286 18^5 •0237 7 15-7 •0180 14^4 •0181 2^7 •0058 1^1 •0052 8 3-6 •0080 12^9 •0158 3 4 •0077 5^2 •0103 and girls, more than in any part of Scotland. The Southern division (j/") and the West-Midland division (?) approximate more closely to the general population in the distributions of hair colour than the remaining divisions. All the other divisions diverge widely from the general population. The divergency is greatest in the North-Western division for both sexes. This is clearly due to the excesses of dark, jet black and fair hair in this division and the comparative absence of medium. Red hair is only slightly in defect in the division. (yS) Examining the general distributions in the county groups, it is noted that the eastern counties generally can passably be described as samples of the general population. The Northern Isles ( where (among school children) /Medium Hair) > country tend •< Populated V excesses are found of the < Medium EyesV mmigran s| ^ reside in ( Areas ) following classes, namely : (Dark Eyes I V. Relationship between Pigmentation and the Death Rate. It is stated by Pearson* that there is a positive correlation between fairness and disease in child- hood. It has long been known tbat there is a correlation between density of population and tbe death rate not due directly or mainly to the crowding of persons together but to tbe association with density of filth, poverty, drunkenness and the like. Russell has shown the correlation between tbe size of house and the general death ratef. NewsbolmeJ pointed out in 1891 tbat tbe true test of density is a statement of the number of persons living in each occupied room. Applying any test of density, the correlation between it and the death rate is high, using Scottish figures. Taking for instance the number of persons per square mile, the correlation TABLE XXXVI. Correlation between Density of Population and Death Rate in Scotland. Division Deviation from mean number Deviation from mean of persons per square mile Death Kate I. -179-75 -1-240 II. -187-75 - -078 III. - 83-75 -1-012 IV. - 44-75 -138 V. -123-75 - -275 VI. 616-25 2-450 VII. 152-25 -315 VIII. -148-75 - -297 * Pearson : Biometrika, Vol. in. p. 465. t Russell : Proceedings of Glasgow Philosophical Society, Nov. 1888. X Newsholme: Journal of Royal Statistical Society, Feb. 1891. 24—2 60 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland was found to be r = •9125 from the accompanying table (Table XXXVL). Diagram XIX. shows graphically the connection between density and other characteristics in the population. Thus the association is very high. It will be of interest now to note what relationship, if any, exists between colour and the death rate. The following results were obtained (Table XXXVII.). TABLE XXXVII. Correlation between Death Rate and Pigmentation. r r B(r=0) Hair: Fair -•806 -3-16 Red -•347 -136 Medium •567 2^23 Dark •064 •25 Jet Black ... - •252 - -99 Ei/es : Blue -•488 -1^91 Light •226 •89 Medium •284 111 Dark •410 161 This result, a positive correlation between the death rate and medium hair, and another between death rate and dark eyes, was to be expected, since density is similarly associated with colour. The denser the population is the greater is the death rate; the denser the population is the greater is the excess of medium hair ; therefore the greater the excess of medium hair, the greater the death rate. (1) Is it to be concluded that medium haired or dark-eyed people are less virile and cannot stand the strain of city life ? (2) Must one say that the blue-eyed fair- haired classes have been all killed out in densely populated areas since they have less resistive power and it is now the turn of the darker section of the population who now presumably show greater mortality ? (3) Or must it be said that the conditions of town life are such as to cause a larger section of the fair-haired class to become so much more sensibly darker in towns than in rural districts so as to be classed as medium or brown ? There is a darkening in the fair-haired class with age ; that much is well known. Is the darkening more intensely operative in towns, and why ? (4) If not, can any explanation be offered as to why medium hair colour is associated positively with density and thus with the death rate — why a proportion of medium haired persons much above the average live in more densely populated parts (and are thus of the poorer class) where mortality is higher than the average ? An attempt will now be made to answer these questions so far as they can be answered, seriatim. VI. The probable Cause of the Association of the Medium or Brown Haired Class with Density of Population, It cannot be said from the data of this survey J. F. Tocher 61 what colour class is more virile than another or whether there is any difference among the classes. Is such an hypothesis necessary ? This question is put, because it can be quite easily seen that if there is a large proportion of the medium class living in very densely populated areas, deaths among medium haired persons will be more frequent there than in the rest of the country. But this does not explain why medium haired persons are in excess in densely populated parts. No reason is known why darkening with age should be more intense in densely populated centres, but it is a possible explanation of the excess of medium in these centres and the hypothesis should be proved or disproved by observation. If there was any special force tending to send medium haired and dark-eyed persons in from the country to towns, that would explain the excess. But no such force is known to exist. If foreign immigrants had a high percentage of medium hair this might be a factor, but foreigners coming into this country are, on an average, Diagram XIX Relationship between Density and the other characteristics of the Scottish Population 62 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland darker-haired * than the Scottish population. With a less proportion of medium hair than that occurring in this country, the foreigners — a handful compared with the total population of towns — could have no effect in this direction. They are likely, from actual observations, to have an eflfect in very densely populated areas in the direction of darkness of hair and dark eyes. If Irishmen and Englishmen were browner-haired on an average than Scotchmen, and if it was proved that a high proportion of them lived in densely populated areas of Scotland, this would be an important factor and a probable explanation. It is true that, at any rate in Glasgow, the Irish are found in large numbers, but from the results of this survey (see Glasgow section — Irish children) and the results given by the pioneer observer of colour in this country, Beddoef, Irishmen have no greater proportion of the medium class on an average than Scotchmen. Beddoe's statistics for England have also been tabulated and a general percentage evaluated. The English appear on an average to be no browner-haired than the Scot. Both indeed seem likely to have a less proportion of this class. Pearson's statistics for English boys show that they are fairer than Scottish boys. There seems however to be a higher proportion possessing jet black hair. The following table (Table XXXVIII.) shows the colour distributions of English, Scottish, and Irish populations, as at present known. TABLE XXXVIII. Hair Eyes Fair Red Medium Dark Jet Black Blue Light Medium Dark (1) Irish 10-4 4-6 33-4 40-5 11-0 66-5 14-7 18-6 (2) English, North of England 21-3 5-8 41-6 28-6 2-6 — 60-5 14-7 24-7 (3) Scottish Adults, Probable Distribution 11-5 4-2 55-9 28-4 — — 27-8 45-9 26-3 (4) Scottish Boys, Actual Ob- servation 25-0 5-5 43-3 25-0 1-3 14-7 30-3 32-7 22-3 (5) Irish Boys, Glasgow (6) English Boys 22-1 5-1 35 1 331 4-6 21-2 26-0 28-4 24-4 33-5 4-1 34 26-5 1-9 — 41-5 37-0 21-6 The figures for the Irish and English populations are derived from Beddoe's tablesf. The figures for Scottish adults are the author's, deduced from results from the Aberdeenshire adults and Scottish school children J. The figures for Scottish boys are from the present data ; those for Irish children are also from the present data. Pearson's figures are taken from the Fourth Huxley Lecture §. The table is not intended to represent the actual distributions for the three king- doms, but merely to show that the excess of medium hair found in Scotland is not * See actual results in section on Glasgow ; also Livi and others on Italians, Jews, Russians, etc. t Beddoe: Races of Britain, pp. 188, 189 ; and pp. 160 et seq. X Biometrika, Vol. v. pp. 341, 342. § Journ. Anthrop. Instit. Vol. xxxiii. 1903, pp. 214, 215. J. F. Tocher 63 likely to be from Irish or English sources. The presence of neither foreigners, Irishmen, Englishmen, nor of brown-haired immigrants from rural districts at home (although they might contribute a little) can explain the excess of medium hair. None of these groups are likely to have contributed ; it has been proved, in short, that they do not. Having considered among others the effect of the presence of persons of a non-Scottish origin — the effect of a section of the popu- lation proved to be present whose origin is forth of Scotland — and shown it to be inappreciable or non -operative, one must conclude that the cause has an internal origin and is not derived from an external source. It must be some- thing operating within the Scottish population itself What factor is operating within Scotland producing an excess in densely populated areas of the various shades of brown hair classed as medium ? One or more of at least three factors might possibly operate and provide the explanation. (A) Darkening among the fair-haired might occur earlier in towns and might he more intense. No grounds exist for this explanation. It is purely hypothetical and requires investigation. (B) The medium class might be the most fertile. Since this class is correlated with density of population, since the lower classes live in the densely populated areas, and since it has been shown that the lower classes are the most fertile, one might conclude that the medium class is the most fertile of the fertile lower classes. If true, this would explain the excess. (C) The excess might be due to the effect of blending of the fair and dark classes of the population. With regard to (A) until observations from towns and rural districts, bearing on this, are calculated, the truth or otherwise of the hypothesis cannot be verified. The pigmentation survey returns contain no data capable of furnishing the means of testing this hypothesis. (B) The probability of the medium haired class being the most fertile. Com- paring the number of births per 100 families (calculated from the figures of the Census Report — the only data at present available to estimate the relative fertility in the various divisions of Scotland) with density of population, the value of the correlation coefficient was found to be r = -782 + -093 ; and ~ thus = 8-44; and ^^ = 308. J^r J^ (r=o) That is to say, births per family are greater in number in more densely populated areas than in sparsely populated parts*. Of course this does not give the measure of true fertility. To get this, one would require to get a return of the number of wives for each division, whose ages are within the childbearing range, and compare * On the other hand on comparing the number of families per 1000 of the population with density of population the correlation was found to be negative (r= - -6109=1= •1495). This does not necessarily mean that in towns the families are larger. The large population of young men and women employed in industries and otherwise and drawn from less densely populated areas contribute largely, if not mainly, to the result. 64 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland this with the number of births in each division. The value, r = 782, cannot be taken as the true measure unless the ratio of the number of possibly fertile wives to the number of families is quite approximately the same in each division. The correlation, however, between the number of births per family and density of population is so high as to warrant the conclusion that fertility is really greater among the inhabitants of densely populated areas. Since the more densely populated centres are occupied by the lower classes, this is tantamount to saying that the lower classes are more fertile than the remaining section of the population, a conclusion already reached by several observers. Let now the number of births per family, in each division, be compared with the pigmentation data. The following results were obtained : TABLE XXXIX. Gorrelation between Pigmentation and Births per Family. Colour r T jB(r=0) ffair : Fair -•936 -3-67 Red -•043 -0^17 Medium •727 2-85 Dark - -059 -0^23 Jet Black ... -•504 -1-98 Ei/es : Blue -•776 -3 04 Light •386 151 Medium •671 2^63 Dark •292 1^15 These results show that the number of births per family is greater where there are excesses of medium hair and medium eyes and is much less in regions of excess of fair hair and blue eyes. Now these results are similar to those obtained in comparing density of population with pigmentation except that dark eyes are significantly associated with density, but not with the birth rate per family. Thus the lower class population is associated with a higher birth rate per family and with an excess of medium hair and medium eyes over the general population. Is one to say that the medium haired, medium eyed classes are as a whole more fertile over the whole country ; or are only those sections of them living in more densely populated parts (i.e. working class sections of these classes) the more fertile ? That question cannot be answered from the present data, but it can be said that the medium haired, medium eyed and populous lower classes are more fertile than the remaining population, and this factor is probably operating in favour of producing distinct excess of these classes in the more densely populated areas of Scotland where they are found. (C) The probability that excess of medium hair in dense centres is due to blending. Consider first a population consisting of more or less isolated groups of J. F. Tocher 66 fair- haired and dark-haired people living in sparsely populated regions. The chances of conjugal union of persons of the same colour class, if the mating occurs at random or is pangamic, are greater than if they lived all together as one group in a densely populated town. In the past, more unions between persons of the dark-haired class (for instance, in the west coast) were likely, on the assumption that mating occurred purely at random, to occur than between them as a class and the fair-haired class. Similarly, isolated groups of the fair-haired class would have more unions among themselves than with the smaller dark-haired groups. On the other hand, however, wherever towns sprang up, the different classes would be brought more in contact with one another and the chances of union among all classes with one another would be greater. But does mating actually occur purely at random ? That is to say, taking the character here considered, hair colour, does the fair-haired class, for instance, select mates indiscriminately from the other classes or do they tend to mate more with members of their own class ? Similarly, taking eye colour, what is the nature of the mating ? Pearson* has shown that, for certain measur- able characters, like tends to mate with like ; that is, assortative or homogamic mating exists. For eye colour he has shown that both homogamic and preferential mating exist. Can one say with respect to hair colour whether the mating is homogamic, preferential or pangamic ? In the past, with isolated groups and with the clan system in vogue, endogamic mating would certainly exist and be a power- ful factor in determining the prevailing colour characters. Thus one would expect at the present day to find a section of the population in the Highlands with characters distinctly different from another section, and this, one finds, is the case. Different race or clan groups have married within the race or clan and retained the ancestral characters. But endogamic mating can now no longer be a powerful factor, except in isolated cases, since greater intermixture and greater dispersal of the population now occur than was ever possible in the past. Retaining this form as possibly contributing, and remembering that mating of unlikes (conjugal union of say a member of the jet black class with a member of the fair-haired class) is also quite possible, the five possible forms emerge, namely : Homogamic =like with like; Endogamic = members of the same clan ; Preferential = preference for a certain colom* ; Heterogamic = mating of unlikes ; and Pangamic = random. Now while it has been shown that inheritance of eye colour is more of the exclusive form than of the blended form, is it more likely that hair colour (except perhaps red hair which has been already noticed) is a case of blended rather than of exclusive inheritance ? As yet there are no statistics from which the intensity of blending can be directly proved or disproved. One can only advance the theory that blended inheritance prevails largely in hair colour, and see whether it explains the excess of medium hair in densely populated centres. Blended inheritance in ♦ Pearson and Lee : Biometrika, Vol. ii. pp. 357—462 ; and pp. 481—498 ; and many others. Biometrika vi 25 G6 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland hair colour certainly exists, although no statistics are forthcoming to prove its intensity. The average observer will have noticed that the offspring of parents, one fair and one dark, are not uniformly fair and dark, but have also on an average among their number members of the brown-haired or medium class. What the proportions of each are, on an average, will be revealed by observation. What form the distribution takes does not affect the argument. Granted that pangamic mating (not excluding other forms) now exists for hair colour among the Scottish people and granted blended inheritance as probably occurring as one of the results, and the phenomenon of regression will appear in hair colour. The colour of future generations of offspring will tend to become brown-haired and in a few generations a brown type will be established breeding true to itself. Thus in densely populated areas where greater opportunities for random mating exist, a greater proportion of medium hair will arise, granting blending of hair colour as an appreciable factor, but not of course debarring exclusive and even particulate inheritance as operative as well. This alone, or together with the suggested greater fertility of the medium haired class, would explain the excess of medium hair found in densely populated areas particularly in and around Glasgow, an excess which is not explainable by the presence of non-Scottish or Scoto-Keltic elements in the population. As has been said before, it cannot be proved from the present data what is the cause of the excess, and the foregoing is only the probable explanation. The proof or otherwise of the validity of the theory will be forthcoming when the results of direct observations on parents and offspring have been made, tabulated and analysed. VII. Colour classes which are associated geographically, (a) Hair classes which are associated with one another. — The theory that brown hair is really a blend of fair and dark is supported by the fact that throughout the country excess of the class is not generally associated with excess of other hair colour classes. In order to determine the extent of the association of excesses and otherwise of the various colour classes, the percentages of all the classes were compared with one another and the correlation coefficients determined. The following table (Table XL.) gives the numerical values of the correlations of each class with all the other classes. One must be careful as to the meaning of the result. Association of excesses of fair hair and blue eyes (a positive correlation) does not necessarily mean from this portion of the analysis that the blonde type predominates in the region of excess. All the analysis tells one is that regions of excess of fair hair are also regions of excess of blue eyes. This will be evident when one considers the other associations with fair hair. Examining the table it will be seen that regions of excess of jet black hair are also generally regions of excess of fair and dark. This combination could not obviously occur in the same person. Regions of excesses of fair and dark indicate the presence of two types — a heterogeneous and not a homogeneous population. On the other hand, examine the column indicating the associations with excess of medium hair. Excess of medium hair as a rule is associated with excess of no other colour class. The negative correlations J. F. Tocher 67 show that regions of excess of medium hair are not regions of excess but of defect of dark and jet black hair. This would seem to indicate a greater approach towards fusion of the fair and dark types in more densely populated centres and the consequent gradual disappearance of these types to form the medium (brown or dark brown) type. There is no bias for or against the presence of red as a class with excess of medium hair. Excess of red hair is found as a rule only in regions where the proportion of the dark-haired class is well below the average. A slight excess of fair is associated with excess of red. The probable reasons for these positive and negative associations will not be further entered into here. Sufficient evidence has not yet been accumulated to explain the differences with regard to pigment and matrix in human hair*. The present grouping of the shades into five classes is based on the general appearance of hair in the mass. The problem generally is one on inheritance, but the material to solve the problem comes from divers sources, chemical, microscopical, biological, statistical. Until this material is collected and dealt with, no explanation of any great weight from a scientific point of view can be given, particularly as to the shades of red hair, although several quite plausible theories can quite easily be advanced. One must therefore be content to state the bare facts as they emerge from the statis- tical analysis. It does not appear to be an insoluble although perhaps it is a somewhat difficult problem. When more light is obtained the explanation will be forthcoming. (/3) Eye classes associated with one another. — Excess of dark eyes in densely populated centres. The only class which is not positively associated significantly with any other class is the class of light eyes. Excess of light is negatively associated with blue and dark. Where light eyes are in excess, blue and dark eyes are not likely to be so, but the reverse ; there is likely to be a defect of these classes. Excess or defect of light eyes is not connected with any excess or defect of medium eyes. Excess of blue eyes is as a rule associated with defects in the frequencies of the other classes of eye colour. Excess of dark eyes accompanies excess of medium and defect of the other two, light and blue. So that, broadly speaking, it is found that excess of blue eyes is found alone, excess of light eyes is found alone and excesses of dark eyes and medium eyes occur together. This is an interesting result, since it has been shown by both Galton and Pearson that exclusive inheritance prevails in the dark-eyed class. That is to say, the offspring for example of parents one dark-eyed and the other light-eyed or blue-eyed are, as a rule, either dark-eyed or light-eyed or blue-eyed. Medium eyes do not usually appear from such unions. There is no evidence as yet as to the blending or otherwise of the three classes, blue, light and medium. But since the offspring of parents, one dark-eyed and the other medium eyed, are likely to be either dark- eyed or medium eyed, unions among the two classes for generations would have no appreciable effect on the eye colour of the ofi'spring, and therefore, as the results of * The chemical and microscopical aspects of the problem of hair colour will be dealt with by the author in another memoir. 25—2 68 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland this investigation show, one would still have the two classes, just as though there had been no intermarriages in these classes at all. Pearson* has shown that preferential mating is likely to be operative against the dark-eyed class and he also shows from Galton's data that they are more fertile under their present environment than say the light-eyed. Tlie results of the present analysis do not tend to confirm this (see Table XXXIX.), but it must be remembered that the comparison was not made between births with respect to possibly fertile wives and pigmentation, but between births per family and pigmentation. Thus, with TABLE XL. Association of Colour Classes in the same Regions. Values of r the correlation coefficient. Hair Ejes Fair Red Medium Dark Jet Black Blue Light Medium Dark Fair Red Medium Dark Jet Black Blue Light Medium Dark 1 •3074 \ - -6916 •0873 1 - -0867 - •5881 -•6459 I •3733 - 3414 -•9039 •8443 1 •7207 •0324 - -9431 •6075 •8728 1 - ^3044 - ^3966 •2273 •1166 - •2565 - ^4329 1 - ^5786 •3858 •8563 - 6295 -•8211 - ^8226 -•0905 1 - -4233 •0022 •6874 -•5110 - ^5200 - 5429 -•4290 •6991 1 TABLE XLI. Classes, excesses of which are found together in the same regions. Hair Eyes Fair Red Medium Dark Jet Black Blue Light Medium Dark Hair : Fair Red Medium Dark Jet Black ... Eyes : Blue Light Medium Dark + + + + + + + + + + + + + -l- — + + + + -f- The rows or columns show for any one class what other classes are associated with it * Pearson : Phil. Tram. Vol. 195, pp. 79—160; and Oratnmar of Science, 1900 ; page 428. J. F. Tocher 69 the proper data, it is possible that the positive association may become a significantly positive one. Since excess of dark eyes in the Scottish population has been here shown to occur in densely populated parts, the dark-eyed class here at any rate belongs largely to the poorer section of the population. But the lower classes are more fertile than the upper classes. If the dark-eyed portion of the lower classes is more fertile than the remaining portion, and if a selective death rate does not operate against the dark-eyed, this would go far to explain the excess of dark eyes in densely populated parts not explainable by the presence of foreigners or of migrants from contiguous rural areas. VIII. Relationships between Pigmentation and Physical and Mental Defects. In a recent memoir*, already referred to, it was shown, using the division analysis results of the present data, that cases of insanity were in excess of the mean in areas where there was an excess of light eyes in the population. The enquiry has been extended in order to note whether excess of any particular hair colour or eye colour is associated with physical or mental defects such as blindness, deafness and imbecility. The following results were obtained, the results for insanity cases being included. The figures used in comparing the results were taken from the Census Report 1901. TABLE XLII. Relationships between Pigmentation and certain Defects or Affections. Hair Colour. Defect or Affection Fair Bed Medium Dark Jet Black r r ■£(r=0) r r r r r r r r -E(r=0) E{r=0) -E(r=0) Insanity Imbecility or Feeble- mindedness Blindness Deafness Deaf and Dumb -•024 •608 ■565 ■300 ■126 - ■lO 2^38 2^22 1-18 •49 -•582 -•213 •006 •054 •148 -2^28 - ^83 •02 •21 •58 -•128 -•942 -•868 -•707 -•136 - •SO -3^69 -3^4(» - -53 •340 •672 •546 •572 -•026 133 2-63 2^14 2-24 - •lO ■084 •893 •885 •789 •273 •33 3-50 3 47 3^10 1-07 Eye Colour. Defect or Affection Blue Light Medium Dark r r -E{r=o) r r r r r E{r=0) E(r=o) E{r=o) Insanity Imbecility or Feeble- mindedness Blindness Deafness Deaf and Dumb -•072 •841 •951 •819 •309 - -28 3 30 373 321 1^21 •695 -•253 -•464 -■386 -•453 2-73 - ^99 -1^82 -1^51 -1^78 -•322 -•753 -•775 -•609 -•118 -r26 -2^96 -3-04 -2^39 - ^46 -•482 -1-89 -•547 1 -2^15 -•442 -1^73 -•489 1 -1^92 •149 ^58 Biometrika, Vol. v. p. 342. 70 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland These results show that the distribution of cases of mental affection differs from those of the three other classes of defects. Excesses in the number of cases of imbecility, blindness and deafness occur in regions of excess of blue eyes and dark and jet black hair. From the results of the enquiry into the relationship between the Gaelic speaking portion of the population and pigmentation, it was shown that these were the classes correlated positively with excess of Gaelic speaking people. The correlation between this portion of the population and the four groups were accordingly calculated when it was found to confirm the conclusion that the Gaelic portion was correlated positively to those groups as expected, as the following table (Table XLIII.) shows : TABLE XLIII. Relationship between the Gaelic speaking Population and Defects. Defect or Affection Value of r r ■E(r=0) Deaf Blind Imbeciles Deaf and Dumb ... •865 •884 •788 •295 3^39 3 47 3-09 From whatever cause, therefore,a signifi^cantly greater number of cases of imbecility, blindness and deafness occur in Gaelic speaking regions than occur throughout the country in general. Emigration of the fitter portion of the inhabitants from the west in greater proportion than from other parts of Scotland would explain the occurrence of larger proportions of cases of defect in the Highlands. It must not be concluded therefore that Gaelic speaking Scots on an average are in any way inferior physically to Lowland Scots — perhaps the reverse is the case — or that a really higher proportion of defects exist among the race or races which speak the Gaelic language. (10) Degree of resemblance between the Boy and Oirl Populations in each of the Colour Classes. It has been seen in a general way that the boy and girl populations agree in many localities in showing excess or defect frequencies in the various classes compared with the general population, and in several cases it was found that the populations differed, excesses in one sex being associated with defects in the other and vice versa. It is necessary therefore that the difference between the two populations generally should be measured; It will be seen then which of the classes shows the greatest agreement and which the greatest difference, or whether there is any appreciable difference in the extent of association or independence of the two sexes as separate populations. (a) The degree of resemblance between the boy and girl populations in the same localities was determined, using in the first instance the percentage figures as J. F. Tocher ri found for the eight great divisions of Scotland. If x^ = deviation from the mean percentage of any class in any division for boys, ay = the corresponding deviation from the percentage in the same division for girls, o-,„ and oy the standard devia- tions of the respective percentage distributions, and measures the general degree of resemblance between the boy and girl populations in the same division. (/8) In the second instance the values of the relative local diflferences found for counties and cities were used. If Im = the relative local difference of any class for boys, and If = the corresponding relative local difference of the same class in the same locality for girls, then r = No-i at, and is a measure of the general resemblance between the boy and girl populations on the county and city basis of grouping. (7) In the third instance the counties alone were used, the cities being included in their respective counties while percentages were used as the basis, just as in the case of the great divisions. The following results were obtained : TABLE XLIV. Degree of Resemblance between the Boy and Girl Populations. Values of r Values of r Values of r Colour percentages Counties and Percentages Divisions Cities- .RLD. Counties Hair : Fair •83 •83 •63 Red •73 •68 •49 Medium •93 •87 •74 Dark •72 •68 •72 Black •89 •71 •73 Average •82 •75 •66 E^es : Blue •99 •95 •92 Light •92 •86 •82 Medium •85 •83 •79 Dark •91 •91 •91 Average •92 •89 •86 These results show that on an average any excess or defect in the boy population from the general mean in any locality is accompanied in about 70 to 90 per cent, of the cases by a corresponding excess or defect in the girl population and vice versa. The agreement is least in the case of red hair. 72 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland It may be of interest to point out that Tschepourkowsky has determined the mean resemblance between man and woman to be about 8, the characters studied interracially being stature, relative arm length, cephalic index and four other measurable characters*. (11) The Colour Characteristics of the Population of Greater Glasgow and Environs. I. Introductory. — Tables of classified data. The city of Glasgow deserves special investigation for many reasons. (1) By far the largest in Scotland, the second city of the Empire contains one-fifth of the total population of the country. (2) Glasgow and the immediately adjacent counties, that is, Lanark, Renfrew, Ayr, Dumbarton and Stirling, contain one-half of the whole Scottish population. (3) Not only are these counties the most densely populated ones, but Glasgow itself greatly exceeds any Scottish town in the density of its population. (See Table Llll.) (4) The Census shows it to contain a much larger proportion of foreigners than any other town in Scotland. The Gaelic speaking population owing to its proximity to the Highlands is well represented. Ireland is also well represented. (5) Finally, it has been shown from the results of the present analysis that the great western city diverges in an extreme degree from the rest of Scotland not only in the distribution of hair colour of its school population but also in the distribution of eye colour, both for boys and girls. The following table (Table XLV.) shows the observed and expected results for Glasgow and Govan and Glasgow proper, the expected results meaning of course those which would occur on an even distribution with respect to colour of the whole of the school children throughout Scotland. TABLE XLV. Glasgow and Govan. Besult Hair Byes Fair Red Medium Dark Jet Black Blue Light Medium Dark Observed Expected 17809 21267 4179 4308 36528 34240 21809 20478 965 997 9941 11986 24661 24644 27021 26325 19667 18335 The observed result compared with the expected one is ... 3458 less 129 less 2288 greater 1331 greater 32 less 2046 less 17 greater 696 greater 1332 greater * Bionutrika, Vol. iv. pp. 161—168. J. F. Tocher TA.BLE XLY.— (continued). Glasgow Proper. 73 E«sult Hair Eyes Fair Bed Medium Dark Jet Black Blue Light Medium Dark Observed Expected 12734 15290 2984 3094 25967 24606 16042 14734 716 719 6736 8628 17634 17714 19802 18934 14271 13167 The observed result compared with the expected one is . . . 2556 less 110 less 1361 greater 1308 greater 3 less 1892 less 80 less 868 greater 1104 greater From the foregoing table it is seen that there are about 3500 less than the expected number of fair-haired children, about 2300 more medium haired and over 1300 more dark-haired. There are 2000 less blue-eyed children than expected, about 700 more medium eyed and over 1300 more dark-eyed children. Such differences, even with the large numbers dealt with in Glasgow, have a definite significance and are not differences which would occur in making a random draw of the same numbers from the general population. In the county and district analyses, Glasgow has been treated as a unit. The city has been contrasted as a whole with the neighbouring counties and also with the immediately surrounding population, a population which has been divided up into districts. In both cases, it has been shown to be unlike those outside popula- tions. It seems highly desirable therefore to examine Glasgow from the inside in order to see what is the cause of the great difference; whether, analysed intra- locally, the population of the city is different in different parts of the city; and whether these various divisions agree with or differ from the surrounding sub- urban areas. Under the School Board of Glasgow the city is divided into ten educational districts. The accompanying table (Table XLVI.) gives a hst of the districts and their respective schools : In order to have approximately equal numbers in the various areas dealt with by the author, Calton, Camlachie and Bridgeton were grouped into one pigmenta- tion district; Tradeston, Gorbals and Hutchesontown, three other educational districts, were grouped into another pigmentation district. The following pig- mentation districts were also constituted for the environs of Glasgow: North Suburban, South Suburban, East Suburban and West Suburban. The following table (Table XLVII.) shows how the pigmentation groups of Greater Glasgow were made up, while the succeeding table (Table XLVIII.) shows the actual frequencies of the various classes for these districts, The results of the analysis of these figures Biometrika vi 26 74 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland TABLE XLVI. Educational District. Name of School. Educational District. Name of School. I. Anderston District. 9. Alexandra Parade. *10. Golfhill. 1. Bishop Street. ni. HaghiU. 2. Finnieston. 3. Overnewton, V. Calton District. 4. Anderston. 5. Kelvinhaugh. *1. Tureen Street. 6. Kent Road. 2. St James's. *7. Glasgow High School. 3. Calton. 8. Washington Street. II. Milton District. VI. Camlachie District. 1. Thomson Street. 1. Dobbie's Loan. 2. Barrowfield. 2. Henderson Street. *3. Parkhead. 3. Rockvilla. 4. Camlachie. 4. Milton. 5. Campbellfield. 5. Garnetbank. 6. Annfield. *6. Glasgow High School for Girls. *7. Newlands. 7. Kay. *8. Quarrybrae. 8. Oakbank. 9. Grove Street. VII. Bridgeton District. 10. Woodside. 11. St George's Road. 1. Rumford Street. 12. Springbank. 2. Hozier Street. 13. Napiershall. *3. John Street. *14. Pupil Teachers' Institute. 4. Springfield. 15. Dunard Street. 6. Dalmarnock. 16. Willowbank. 6. Queen Mary Street. *17. Woodlands Institute School (for Cripple *7. Strathclyde. Children). 8. Special School for Cripple Children III. St Rollox District. VIII. Tradeston District. 1. Kennedy Street. *1. Centre Street. 2. Springburn. 2. Crookston Street. 3. Keppochhill. 3. Shields Road. 4. Freeland. 4. Sir John N. Cuthbertson. 5. Martyrs'. *6. Scotland Street. 6. St David's. 7. Townhead. IX. GoRBALS District. 8. Elm vale. 9. Provanside. 1. Greenside Street. *10. Hydepark. 2. Abbotsford. 3. Gorbals. IV. Dennistoun District. X. Hutchesontown District. 1. Wellpark. 2. St Rollox. 1. Rose Street. 3. Dovehill. 2. Camden Street. 4. Dennistoun. 3. Oatlands. *5. Whitehill. *4. Mathieson Street. 6. Alexander's. 5. Wolseley Street. 7. Petershill. 6. Adelphi Terrace. 8. Rosemount. *7. Hayfield. ♦ No returns were received from these schools, J. F. Tocher 75 are given in Tables XLIX. and L. (Table XLIX. Relative Local Differences and Table L. General Divergency). The results are also shown diagrammatically in Maps LV. to LXXVIII. TABLE XLVIL Name of Pigmentation Groups Pigmentation Group embraces I Anderston II. Milton III. St RoUox IV. Dennistoun V. Calton, Camlachie and Bridgeton VI. Tradeston, Gorbals & Hutchesontowu VII. South Govan VIII. Partick IX. South Suburban District X. North Suburban District XI. East Suburban District XIT. West Suburban District The Wards of Anderston, Broom ielaw, Sandy- ford, Exchange, Blythswood, part of Park The Wards of Cowcaddens, Park (part of), Woodside (part of) The Wards of Townhead, Cowlairs (part of), Springburn (part of) Dennistoun Ward The Wards of Calton, Whitevale, Milend, and Dalmarnock The Wards of Kingston, Gorbals and Hutchesontowu All the Govan School Board area south of the river Partick ; Kelvinside Ward The Parishes of Eastwood, Cathcart, Ruther- glen and Cambuslang The Parishes of Cadder, New Kilpatrick, Old Kilpatrick and Baldernock The Parishes of Bothwell, Barony and Old Monkland The Parishes of Renfrew and Abbey (Paisley Burgh and Paisley landward) n. Analysis of Glasgow Data, (a) General Divergency in Colour. (1) Degree of General Resemblance of the various divisions of Glasgow to the General Population in Hair Colour. It will be remembered that in the district analysis, the 13th district, Glasgow and Govan, exhibited the excessive divergencies from the general population as represented by log P = 44*8 for boys and log P = 1466 for girls. In the county analysis the chief cities were treated separately from the counties and Govan was separated from Glasgow, when it was found that the values of log P fell — that is, less divergency was exhibited for Glasgow and Govan separately than for Glasgow and Govan together. Still the significance of the divergency was very great. Log P (boys) for Glasgow proper was 29'5 and for Govan 16'9. For girls the values were 120"0 and 34'5. Glasgow proper is thus much more divergent than Govan. From the analysis of Greater Glasgow and environs, one is able to locate the areas of greatest divergency. Of all the pigmentation groups, the sixth group (Tradeston, Gorbals and Hutchesontowu) stands out the most divergent in hair colour for both boys and girls. South Govan and Anderston follow a long way behind. From the fact that there is a large excess of medium and dark hair in the girl population, Calton, Camlachie and Bridgeton as a group is as greatly divergent as South Govan, but the boy population is quite a good sample of the 26—2 76 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland TABLE XLVIII. Frequencies of the Colour Glasses in the various Divisions of Glasgow. BOYS. Hair Eyes Totals Fair Red Medium Dark Jet Black Blue Light Medium Dark Anderston Milton StRollox Dennistoun Bridgeton Group Tradeston Group Particle Govan South South Suburban Area East Suburban Area North Suburban Area West Suburban Area (Paisley) 717 1161 741 825 1320 1122 932 1054 970 1373 981 864 199 322 160 196 286 282 224 266 247 293 267 182 1654 2411 1378 1552 2518 2842 1947 2408 1936 2681 2082 ■ 1477 960 1322 710 870 1448 1749 986 1304 1170 1493 1121 787 34 51 15 34 61 107 49 67 34 68 39 75 414 626 313 402 605 527 723 628 634 732 505 496 1197 1634 955 1082 1597 1829 1234 1554 1283 1745 1406 983 1073 1739 1028 1166 2088 2136 1251 1669 1425 2178 1566 1123 880 1268 708 827 1343 1610 930 1248 1015 1253 1013 783 3564 5267 3004 3477 5633 6102 4138 5099 4357 5908 4490 3386 Totals 12060 2924 24886 13920 634 6605 16499 18442 12878 54424 GIRLS. Hair Eyes Totals Fair Bed Medium Dark Jet Black Blue Light Medium Dark Anderston 681 172 1479 1005 43 470 979 1092 839 3380 Milton 114!) 283 2168 1482 58 654 1633 1599 1254 5140 StRollox 836 163 1601 1007 46 421 1103 1235 894 3653 Dennistoun 729 143 1422 834 43 384 924 1141 722 3171 Bridgeton Group 1242 289 2586 1643 50 630 1679 2117 1384 5810 Tradeston Group 1190 272 2807 1873 88 640 1865 2134 1591 62:«) Partick 870 205 1721 1025 48 708 1159 1107 895 3869 Govan South 1051 249 2344 1321 51 545 1593 1640 1238 6016 South Suburban Area 1000 189 1821 1106 32 528 1309 1362 949 4148 East Suburban Area ... 1448 306 2294 1369 52 673 1577 1963 1266 5469 North Suburban Area 1080 220 1825 1095 29 532 1389 1364 964 4249 West Suburban Area (Paisley) 811 173 1389 857 76 497 949 1031 829 3306 53441 Totals 12087 2664 23467 14617 616 6682 16159 17785 12815 J. F. Tocher 77 TABLE XLIX. Relative Local Differences. Greater Glasgow and Environs. BOYS. Hair Eyes Fair Red Medium Dark Jet Black Blue Light Medium Dark Anderston - 6-71 •25 3^80 2^65 -1^60 - 5-17 4-29 -3-35 3-44 Milton - 4-93 2^01 3^69 •12 -1-86 - 5^75 114 •46 3^11 St Rollox - -36 - ^40 2-88 -1-78 -3-73 - 6-61 1^78 r76 1-67 Dennistoun ... - 1-68 •38 1^63 - •oi -1-45 - 5^20 1-05 1-03 2^10 Bridgeton Group - 2-66 -1^38 2^18 1-18 -1^14 - 8^41 -3^24 7^03 2^79 Tradeston Group -11-99 -3-01 5^26. 6^63 3^58 - 13^46 - -58 3^85 7^74 Partick - 3-64 - ^22 4^94 -r80 - -39 5-16 - ^69 -3^44 •26 South Govan - 7-13 - ^87 5-74 •91 •42 - 4^78 •26 •02 3^75 South Suburban Area - 4-13 •52 1^55 ■ 2-80 -2^81 - ^21 -1^25 - ^02 1^58 East Suburban Area - 3-07 -1-81 3^30 •43 - ^69 - 4-99 1^31 6^87 -2-06 North Suburban Area - 4-84 136 4^22 - -10 -2^32 - 6^52 1-48 3^11 •41 1 West Suburban Area i •78 - -29 •42 -2^41 -5-09 - -01 -1^62 •57 M6 GIRLS. Hair Eyes Fair Red Medium Dark Jet Black Blue Light Medium Dark Anderston - 9^55 - •oo 3^44 5^83 •33 - 1-59 -r7i •31 2^88 Milton - 8^24 137 193 5^72 - ^54 - 4-37 2^30 -1^48 2-83 St Rollox - 6-20 -r74 3^66 303 •27 - 5 73 - -15 2^28 2^49 Dennistoun ... - 5^64 -1^50 4^58 M7 •76 - 4^40 -1^44 4^76 •01 Bridgeton Group - 10^47 - ^41 5^71 5-11 -2^47 - 8^73 - 2-38 7-23 1-95 Tradeston Group - 14-93 -2^63 6^81 8^57 1-48 - 1033 - -65 3^76 5-30 Partick - 6-95 •60 4^61 1-57 •18 6-04 - -48 -4^63 -56 South Govan - 10-39 - ^41 8^53 1^54 -r26 - 8-05 2-26 •97 3-28 South Suburban Area - 4-84 -V58 4^01 1^89 -2-61 - 3-91 1-76 1^08 •18 East Suburban Area - 1-60 1^72 r64 - 63 -1-77 - 5-39 -2-40 6^14 •37 North Suburban Area - 2-97 •26 2-78 •56 -317 - 4-34 3-41 •06 - -11 West Suburban Area - 3^76 •38 1-35 •70 5-77 •27 -2-02 -1-08 3^20 78 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland TABLE L. Divergency in Hair Colour and Eye Colour. Greater Glasgow and Environs. Hair Eyes Bojs Girls Boys Girls LogP Q LogP Q LogP Q LogP Q Anderston Milton StRollox ... Dennistoun ... Bridgeton ... Tradeston ... Particle Qovan South Suburban Area . East Suburban Area North Suburban Area . West Suburban Area . To -7 6-2 4-5 1-3 2-3 36-3 5-5 11-0 5-2 3-4 7-8 6-7 •0139 •0114 •0090 •0150 •0069 •0263 •0101 •0150 •0105 •0081 •0116 •0109 20 ^6 15^0 9^6 §•9 25^4 52^6 10^8 25^2 7^1 2-7 4-5 9-8 •0201 •0179 •0137 •0127 •0226 •0321 •0143 •0226 •0125 •0063 •0093 •0135 IT -5 §•9 93 §•7 22^2 44-2 60 6^2 16 T2 6 9^2 1-6 •0143 •0119 •0130 •0104 •0204 •0286 •0110 •0109 •0034 •0149 •0131 •0035 2^2 6-8 8^9 1-b 22^2 25-0 10^9 14^4 31 11^2 5^5 4-0 •0066 •0106 •0122 •0117 •0210 •0224 •0137 •0166 •0081 •0149 •0099 •0069 general population — there is no great excess or defect in any of the classes. Milton, the north suburbs and west suburbs are about equally divergent for boys, and show a fall as compared with those just mentioned. Then follow Partick, St Rollox and the south suburbs. These show a distinct approach to uniformity of distribution and resemble the general population. Finally the boy populations of the adjacent 'areas of Calton, Camlachie, Bridgeton, Dennistoun and the east suburbs are fair samples of the general population. Of all the pigmentation groups, only the population of the east suburbs among the girls show resemblance to the general population. As indicated by the boy results, the east end of Glasgow is thus the least divergent and the adjacent southern area — Tradeston, etc. — the most divergent. (2) Eye Colour. On examining the results for eye colour, it is seen that Tradeston, Gorbals and Hutchesontown again come out most divergent. Clearly there are elements in this population of a different character from the population in general. Calton, Camlachie and Bridgeton are also very divergent. South Govan follows in the decreasing scale, then Anderston and the other groups. The south and west suburban areas are quite like the general population, but the east suburban group, partaking of the character of the east end of the city, is as divergent as Anderston, a populous centre. Thus the special features of the divergency analysis of the component parts of Greater Glasgow are that (1) the eastern portion of the city is quite like the general population in hair colour but is most unlike in eye colour; (2) the suburban areas are much liker the general population than the purely city areas: J. F. Tocher 79 (3) in several cases the divergencies for the boy and girl populations are unequal. When this is the case, the girl population has the greater divergency. (/3) Individual Glasses. (1) Hair Colour . The relative local differences have in all cases been calculated and show definitely the cause of the divergencies in each pigmentation group. It will be recalled that fair hair is in defect in the city generally. The difference between the city and the general population is very great, 12 and 24 times the standard deviation of sampling of the differences for boys and girls respectively. There is a distinct fall in the magnitude of the difference in taking Glasgow to pieces. Still in no case is fair hair in excess in the city. There is only a slight excess in the west suburban group. Tradeston is prominent in the magnitude of its negative difference, and resembles the figure for Glasgow generally. South Govan and Anderston, also in the heart of the city, follow with large differences. Milton and the three suburbs, north, south, and east, differ in a moderate degree, while St Rollox, Dennistoun and Bridgeton for boys are passable as samples of the general population, such negative differences as they show being quite possible in a draw from an evenly distributed population. In the girl population, however, only the four suburbs are passable as representative of the general population. All the city groups differ widely from the general average. In a word, one or two of the northern areas in Glasgow possess the average proportion of fair hair and are thus somewhat like the suburbs, but the densely populated areas in the city generally are awanting in the proper proportion of the fair-haired class. There are slight excesses of red hair in Milton, Partick and the north, east, and south suburban groups, but in none of the cases are the excesses significant. Thus the uniformity of the distribution of this colour class is shown to exist practically all over the country, the north-east of Scotland being the exception. No grouping occurs to speak of in the densely populated city of Glasgow and no defect in the frequency of this class occurs to an extent in the least significant. Town and country are thus much alike with regard to this class. Medium or brown hair however occurs in quite excessive frequencies in several of the city groups, but is less frequent in the suburbs generally. In the west sub- urban area. Paisley and Renfrew, the proportion is quite an average one. Tradeston, Gorbals and Hutchesontown {^ and ?); Calton, Camlachie and Bridgeton (?); and South Govan ( hair colour ) Blue Light Medium Dark General Diver- ) gency for eye > colour ) 4 3 3 4 3 3 2 4 1 3 2 3 1 2 1 7 3 7 5 6 4 7 4 7 7 5 1 5 1 6 3 4 1 3 1 7 3 •4 2 3 2 5 1 GIRLS. Anders- ton Milton St Bollox Dennis- touu Bridgeton Group Tradeston Group Partick South Govan S. S. E. S. N. S. W.S. Fair Red Medium Dark Jet Black General Diver- ) gency for > hair colour ) Blue Light Medium Dark General Diver- j gency for eye > colour J 3 6 6 3 6 4 3 1 4 3 2 2 4 2 5 2 6 5 7 7 7 7 9 7 4 5 7 5 3 6 3 9 7 3 4 4 2 2 6 3 3 1 3 1 6 2 1 Diflferences betv/een 2*5 and 3*5 are here class 3 ; between 3-5 and 4'5 class 4 ; between 4*5 and 5'5 class 5 and so on. The object is to show the degrees of difference even in significant cases. In the general analysis of the whole country, all differences above 3*5 are shown as one class. In the maps however all differences above 3"5 are included in class 4, to be in conformity with the general scheme. Biometrika vi 27 82 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland TABLE LII. Boys Girls Hair Eyes Hair Eyes Anderston Medium, Dark Light, Dark Medium, Dark Dark Milton Slightly red, Medium Dark Medium Dark St Rollox Medium — Medium, Dark — Dennistoun — — Medium Medium Bridgeton Group — Medium Medium, Dark Medium Tradeston Group Medium, Dark, Black Medium, Dark Medium, Dark Medium, Dark Partick Medium Blue Medium Blue South Govan ... Medium Dark Medium Dark South Area Dark — Dark — East Area — Medium Bed Medium North Area Medium Medium Medium Light West Area Jet Black — Jet Black the only excess in hair colour (scarcely significant) being that of the dark class ? Finally there is the general problem of the colour characters of Glasgow. Why should this population differ so markedly in pigmentation from the general popu- lation of Scotland ? This problem will now be solved as far as it can be solved from the data of the survey and other available information. III. Specific Elements in the Glasgow Population, causing Divergency. (a) Introductory. In one of the previous sections (Section 9) it was proved (1) that excess of blue eyes, dark hair, and jet black hair, are associated with regions of excess of the Gaelic speaking population; and (2) that excess of medium or brown hair, medium eyes and dark eyes are associated with more densely popu- lated regions, which in turn are also regions of excess of foreigners. This means, briefly, that blue eyes, dark, and jet black hair are probably typical of Gaelic speaking people* although of course all the other classes are represented in this population, and that brown hair is typical of densely populated areas which in turn have a proportion above the average of foreign immigrants. (j9) The Gaelic Speaking Population. Taking the Gaelic speaking population first, there is undoubtedly a large Scoto-Keltic or Highland element in Glasgow. At the last Census, no fewer than 18,279 persons could speak Gaelic and English in the city proper. This is equal to 9 per cent, of the total Gaelic speaking population. Taking Glasgow, Govan, Kinning Park and Partick, that is Greater Glasgow (without the environs), the Census shows that nearly 24,000 or 11"7 per cent., or more than one-ninth of the whole Gaelic population, is concentrated in the great western city. An analysis of the Census returns further shows Kelvinside, with 64 per cent. ; Tradeston (Kingston Ward), with 5 per cent. ; Milton (Park Ward), * Gaelic speaking people are not associated with dense areas as a whole. The correlation is negative, r=: - -39* '2, The association with sparsely populated parts is therefore not very high, J. F. Tocher 83 with 4"9 per cent.; Anderston, particularly Sandyford Ward, with 4'8 per cent., to be quite in excess of the general average for Greater Glasgow, which is 2*6 per cent, of the whole population of the city. Govan is also in excess, having 4*4 per cent, of Gaelic speaking people in its population. One seems justified in inferring that such a population distributed over Glasgow would have a marked effect on the nature of the distribution of colour. Since Glasgow is significantly darker than the general population, since dark hair is significantly associated with the Gaelic speaking population, and since at least one-ninth of the whole Gaelic speaking population resides in Greater Glasgow, the conclusion is inevitable that the Gaelic speaking portion contributes largely to the significance of the excess of dark hair. It is not contended that this is the whole cause of the significant excess, but it is a prominent factor. But it may be argued that blue eyes are in defect in Glasgow generally and since blue eyes are also associated with Gaelic speaking people, their presence does not seem, on this hypothesis, to affect the character of the distribu- tion. The answer is : it must be borne in mind that the combination of blue eyes and fair hair in one person, that is the blonde type, is in great defect in Glasgow, thus diminishing the proportion of blue eyes to a great degree. There are also large excesses of dark eyes to which it will presently be seen the foreign element contributes. These and other factors prevail over the Gaelic factor and the theoretical excess of blue eyes is converted into an actual deficiency in this class, with one exception only. This exception is the Kelvinside and Partick group. Here a highly significant excess of blue eyes appears with an excess of dark hair, thus revealing the presence of the Gaelic speaking portion as one of the pre- dominant causes of the divergency in these districts, for it has already been observed that in Kelvinside alone 6*4 per cent, (the highest percentage in any district in Glasgow) of the population speak Gaelic. Presence of excess of light eyes among boys in Anderston deserves notice. While it has been observed that excess of blue eyes is associated with the Gaelic speaking portion generally, it must be noted that Argyll has in its rural population 62 per cent, of Gaelic speaking people and has a large excess of light eyes. Excess of this class is therefore a characteristic of a section of the Highlands as it has been shown also to be of Ayr and Galloway which are closely allied in blood to the Highlands as it formerly was in language. It is highly probable that county immigrants and their descendants from Argyll, Ayr and Galloway, are at the present time in excess of the general proportion in Anderston generally, thus disturbing the balance in favour of an excess of light eyes in the boy population. In addition to this, there is the Irish element. Beddoe's results, already quoted, show an excess of light eyes in the Irish compared with the Scottish figures of the present data. The Gaelic element does not however account for excesses of medium hair and dark eyes in Anderston, although it would account for the excess of dark hair and light eyes. The general analysis shows Perthshire and Forfarshire to have significant excess of dark eyes, which has been suggested to account for the similar excess in Dundee and perhaps to some extent to explain the excess of the same class in Edinburgh. Are county immigrants and their descendants from these regions in excess also in Anderston 27—2 84 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland and in Glasgow generally, for the excess of dark eyes is common practically over the whole of Glasgow although it is more highly significant in Tradeston, Govan, Anderston, Milton, and Bridgeton ? I think this is unlikely. There must be some other factor or factors besides mere immigration from the Scottish Midlands. What are they ? (7) The Foreign Population of Glasgow. It was shown in the last section that the correlation between foreigners and density of population was very high. It was so high that on comparing foreigners and density of population separately with pigmentation, the same conclusion was reached for each. It could not however be said whether foreign immigrants were causing the excesses in the three classes named by their great numbers or whether the excesses were there independently of them, for, since foreigners came mainly to towns, it might be only through density as the common link that the correlation existed at all. The association between foreigners and density is however real. Foreign immigrants are likely to be found to reside in greater numbers in the most densely populated areas and in the smallest houses. Now it is very suggestive that, at the last Census, 9644 foreigners or 42*6 per cent, of the total number of foreigners in Scotland (22,627 in 1901) resided in Glasgow alone. It is also suggestive that of the great cities Glasgow is by far the most densely populated. The following table gives the relative densities of the chief towns in Scotland : TABLE LIII. Number of Persons per Square Mile in the Chief Towns of Scotland. Town Persons per Square Mile Town Persons per Square Mile PoUockshaws 43,177 Coatbridge 12,830 Greater Glasgow . . . 39,331 Musselburgh 12,826 Leith 33,787 Alloa 12,661 Rutherglen 30,537 Kirkcaldy 12,515 Dundee 28,069 Barrhead 11,916 Johnstone 27,859 Dumbarton 11,387 Port Glasgow 24,289 Falkirk 11,223 Motherwell 21,978 Perth 11,031 Edinburgh 20,089 Peterhead 10,991 Greenock 18,598 Inverness 10,514 Fraserburgh 17,510 Galashiels 10,085 Kilmarnock 17,125 Ayr 9,177 Hamilton 15,750 Brechin 9,086 Aberdeen 15,716 Stirling 8,552 Clydebank 14,959 Dunfermline 8,016 Dumfries 14,726 Kirkintilloch 7,992 Wishaw 14,536 Forfar 7,444 Bo'ness 13,889 Montrose 5,422 Airdrie 13,598 Renfrew 3,742 Hawick 13,434 Irvine 3,429 Arbroath 13,075 Rothesay 2,461 J. F. Tocher 85 TABLE LIV. Population in 1901 of the Chief Towns in Scotland arranged in the order of their magnitude. Town Population Town Population Greater Glasgow ... 906,391 Stirling 18,403 Edinburgh 316,837 Hawick 17,303 Dundee 161,173 Port Glasgow 16,857 Aberdeen 144,117 Rutherglen 16,185 Leith 77,439 Galashiels 13,615 Greenock 68,142 Dumfries 13,092 Coatbridge 36,991 Montrose 12,427 Kilmarnock 34,165 Peterhead 11,794 1 Kirkcaldy 34,079 Musselburgh 11,711 1 Perth 32,873 Alloa 11,421 Hamilton 32,776 Forfar 11,397 Motherwell 30,418 Pollockshaws 11,183 Falkirk 29,280 Johnstone 10,503 1 Ayr 28,697 Kirkintilloch 10,502 Dunfermline 25,250 Barrhead 9,855 Arbroath 22,398 Irvine '. 9,618 Airdrie 22,288 Rothesay . 1 9,378 Inverness 21,238 Bo'ness 9,306 Wishaw 20,873 Renfrew 9,296 Dumbarton 19,985 Fraserburgh 9,105 Clydebank 18,670 Brechin 8,941 From the results found in ascertaining the degree of association between density and pigmentation, excesses of medium hair, medium eyes and dark eyes would be expected in Glasgow, But the most densely populated parts of the city have been proved to be likely to contain more foreigners than the less densely populated parts. Thus the greater the number of persons per square mile a popu- lation has, the greater will be the expected excess of the three classes associated with excess of foreign immigrants. Now the only large group which has the complete density-colour specification (and in the greatest excess) and which has the highest general divergency, is the group of divisions Tradeston, Gorbals and Hutchesontown. It is highly probable that the foreign element may be one of the factors in the divergency of this group — foreign immigrants may contribute to the excesses in one or more of the classes there. In order that an estimate of the probable number of school children of foreign parentage attending Glasgow schools might be formed, an enumeration of those possessing foreign surnames was made. At the same time the colour characters were noted and classified. Only those surnames which were unmistakably foreign were taken, so that the estimate is most probably below instead of above the actual figures. The following is the result of the enumeration for the various pigmentation groups of Greater Glasgow. The environs were not included. 86 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland TABLE LV. Children in each division having foreign Division or Group surnames, per cent, of the total number of children in Greater Glasgow having foreign surnames Anderston 12-61 Milton 7-78 StRollox 1-28 Denuistoun ... 7-98 Calton, Camlachie and Bridgeton 3-85 Tradeston, Gorbals and Hutchesontown ... 59-21 South Govan 6-50 Partick and Kelvinside •89 Totflls 100-00 This result is striking and confirms what has been said as to the Tradeston group. In two schools alone, Gorbals and Adelphi Terrace, about 500 children had distinctly foreign, mostly Jewish, surnames. The colour characters of these children were tabulated with the following result (Table LVL): TABLE LVL Children with Foreign Surnames Gorbals Adelphi Terrace per cent. per cent. Hair : Fair 3-14 8-00 Red 1-04 2-29 Medium 37-98 26-29 Dark 53-31 56-57 Jet Black 4-53 6-86 B^es : Blue 314 1-71 Light 17-42 17-71 Medium 21-25 18-86 Dark 58-19 61-71 In Gorbals Public School 41 per cent, and in Adelphi Terrace Public School 44 per cent, of the children of foreign parents had dark hair associated with dark eyes in the same individual. Thus the Jewish element alone in the Tradeston group is sufficient to account for the excesses in dark hair, jet black hair, and dark eyes, found in this populous district. It has been directly ascertained that the foreign element in the Tradeston group is largely made up of Jews of Russian and Polish origin. From the Census Report it is seen that of the whole number of foreigners in Glasgow, 60 per cent. J. F. Tocher 8T are Russians and Poles; 15 per cent, are Italians; 10 per cent, belong to other races whose predominant hair colour is known to be brown or dark. Only 15 per cent, belong to Northern races or peoples likely to have a moderate or large pro- portion of the blonde type, namely, Germans, Swedes, Norwegians, Dutch and Belgians. Thus wherever foreigners congregate together in the city anywhere they are likely to increase the darkness of the population rather than otherwise. The general effect outside the Tradeston group may be small, since the foreign population is more scattered, and is in much smaller proportion consequently in every division but Tradeston and Gorbals. Any effect Italians have would be in the direction of excess of medium hair and dark eyes since Livi* has shown these are the typical classes among Italians, but there is no evidence of the concentration of members of this race as a group in the cityf . (8) The Irish Population of Glasgow. The Gaelic speaking population has been shown to be likely to influence the colour distribution of Glasgow in the direction of excess in the dark and jet black haired classes and also probably in the blue-eyed and light-eyed classes. The divisions likely to be influenced have also been pointed out. But there is another very important element in the Glasgow population still to be considered. It is estimated by reliable authorities that there are about 100,000 Irishmen in Glasgow. Over 40,000 as a minimum are ProtestantsJ. The proportion of persons of Irish origin in other parts of Scotland is very small. The effect of this large population, if its colour characters differed from those of the Scottish population, would be very great. In one of the previous sections (Section 9, Table XXXVIII.) it was pointed out from Beddoe's figures that compared with Scotland, Ireland was likely to have much higher proportions of light eyes (light and blue, however ; Beddoe grouped both together as one class), dark hair and jet black hair. Beddoe's figures of course refer to the adult Irish population. It therefore seemed desirable to get an estimate of the distribution of colour among Irish children. The colour characters of school children, stated by the teachers to be of Irish origin, in certain Glasgow schools were tabulated, when the figures given in the accompanying table (Table LVII.) were obtained. These figures confirm the conclusion from Beddoe's results. Dark and jet black hair are both in excess compared with the Scottish population. The distribution therefore differs markedly from the general Scottish distribution. If children of Irish origin were present in a moderately large proportion in any of the districts, they would sensibly affect the colour distributions in the schools of Glasgow. In order to gain some information as to the number of children of Irish origin in each of the pigmentation districts of Glasgow, the author recently communicated with the headmasters who very kindly sent in a return showing the numbers approxi- mately of children of non-Scottish origin, in three classes : (a) foreign, (/3) Irish, * R. Livi, Antropometria Militare, Roma, 1898. t Canon Ritchie has very kindly supplied me with figures from the Roman Catholic Clergymen of Glasgow which show that Italians are nearly in even proportions in the various divisions. t This estimate is based on figures supplied by Orangemen, through the kindness of Mr Hugh Berrie, Glasgow, 88 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland TABLE LVII. Colour Distribution of Children of Irish origin. Per Cent. Irish Adaltg Boys Girls Beddoe Hair : Fair Red Medium Dark Jet Black Eyes : Blue Light Medium Dark 24-31 4-53 40-32 27-26 3-58 22-53 26-52 28-84 22-11 22-11 5-09 35-13 33 07 4-60 21-23 26-03 28-38 24-36 10-4 4-6 33-4 40-5 11-0 66-5 14-7 18-6 (7) English and Welsh. The following table (Table LVIII.) shows the percentages of each of the three classes based on the returns received. The author desires cordially to thank the teachers of Glasgow for supplying the additional information asked for — information which assists in the verification of some of the conclusions as to the cause of the great divergency of the population of Glasgow from the general population. TABLE LVIII Percentages of Children of Non-Scottish Origin. Glasgow Proper. Division Number of Children of Origin as noted below in Public Schools sending returns Per Cent. Foreign Per Cent. Irish Per Cent. English Anderston Milton StRollox Deunistoun ... Calton, Camlachie and Bridgeton Tradeston, Gorbals and Hutchesontown ... -68 1-16 -67 -15 -24 8-18 6-61 4-29 7-99 9-35 5-15 3-72 3-39 4-90 6-42 5-80 4-36 3-08 This table does not of course represent the absolute percentages of non-Scottish children in the above named divisions. Practically the whole of the children attending Catholic schools are excluded. The percentage of Irish school children in each division is really much higher. The above table merely shows the pro- portion in the public schools sending returns. The table serves its purpose as J. F. Tocher 89 showing the large Irish element in the public schools of Glasgow — an element which, from the results of the analysis of the colour characters of Irish school children in Glasgow, tends to make the hair colour distribution of the western city darker than the remaining Scottish population. The school children of Irish origin have on an average 2 per cent, more of the dark-haired class (boys) and about 8 per cent, more in the girl population. A distinctly greater proportion belong to the jet black class among the Irish population, about 4 per cent., compared with 1^ per cent, in the Scottish population. Although a greater proportion of the Irish population observed, compared with the general Scottish population, has blue eyes, this class does not appear in excess in any of the populous centres except Partick. Partick was not included nor was Govan in the investigation as to the number of school children of non-Scottish origin — an omission which the author regrets he made when the Glasgow teachers were invited to send the additional returns. Further work is contemplated on the Glasgow returns and an additional return is expected from many of the large Catholic schools. These schools have an attendance of about 20,000 children whose colour characters have not yet been observed. A very large number of these children are of Irish origin and a knowledge of their colour distribution will be useful. Of course since these children were not included in the present survey, they do not contribute to the divergency found for Glasgow. The results of this subsection show that children of Irish origin clearly affect the nature of the distribution of colour in Glasgow. They tend, as the Scoto- Keltic and the foreign populations do, to create an excess of dark hair and jet black hair. The Irish population does not appear to affect the eye colour distri- bution of Glasgow sensibly. It may however do so. Other factors which have not yet been discovered may be operating to obscure the effect of the Irish element on the distribution of eye colour in the western city. The association of excess of dark hair, jet black hair, blue eyes and light eyes with the Scoto-Keltic and Irish populations is a striking feature in these results. The results but confirm the common origin of the two peoples — their association as determined by language, by history and by tradition. IV. Summary of this Section. (1) The general analysis reveals Glasgow to diverge largely from the general population both in hair colour and eye colour. (2) Further analysis shows the divergency to be due to excesses of the medium and dark haired classes and the medium and dark eyed classes, and to defects of the fair-haired and blue-eyed classes. (3) Analysis of the divisions into which Glasgow is divided brings out the fact that the excesses are not uniformly distributed over the city. No excess of the fair-haired class appears in any quarter of the city, but certain districts, St Rollox {(^), Dennistoun {^), and the western suburban area (Paisley) have about the average proportion of this class. Milton, the Cowcaddens district, is the only one showing excess — a slight one — of the red-haired class. Excess of medium hair in varying Biometrika vi 28 90 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland proportions occurs in every district of the city. In St Rollox, Dennistoun, Calton and Bridgeton, the excesses are not so marked in the boy population. Excess of dark hair is characteristic in a marked degree of Anderston and Tradeston, Gorbals and Hutchesontown, In other densely populated centres the girl population also shows excesses of this class. Jet black hair is in excess in the Tradeston group. Blue eyes is in excess only in the Partick group ; light eyes in Anderston ; medium eyes in Dennistoun and the Bridgeton and Tradeston groups ; dark eyes in Anderston, Milton, Govan and the Tradeston group. (4) The environs of Glasgow diverge in a much less degree from the general population. The population is not so dark as in the city. (5) The deficiencies in the blue-eyed and fair-haired classes are due to the presence of a complex group which, with a darker colour specification, creates deficiencies in these classes. This complex group includes Highland, Irish, and foreign populations. (6) It cannot be said from the data whether these classes (fair hair; blue eyes) are less fitted for town life or whether this theory would account for any of the low percentages of these classes. The low percentages are on the other hand explained by the presence of the darker Scoto-Keltic and non-Scottish elements. (7) The Scoto-Keltic, Highland or Gaelic speaking population appreciably affects the distribution of colour and helps to explain excesses in dark hair and light and blue eyes. (8) The Irish population, a very large one, also helps to explain the large excesses in dark and jet black hair and probably light eyes where they occur. (9) The foreign element helps largely to explain why Tradeston and Gorbals diverge so widely from the rest of the population. The presence of other non- Scottish groups in this part of the city is probable. (10) The country north-east and almost contiguous to Glasgow might con- tribute in some degree to excess of dark eyes, since these parts (Stirling, Perth, etc.) have an excess of this class in their own populations. The greater fertility of the lower classes, and of the dark-eyed portion particularly, might contribute to explain the excess of this class. (11) Excess of medium hair and medium eyes cannot be accounted for by the presence of a Scoto-Keltic element or of a non-Scottish element or by the migra- tion of excesses of Scottish members of these classes from rural districts to the city. Excesses of these classes are not found to any extent outwith densely populated centres. (12) The excesses may be due to blending of fair and dark populations or to greater fertility of the medium classes, or to both these causes, J. F. Tocher 91 (12) Comparison with other Data. I. Scottish Data, (a) East Aberdeenshire Children in 1896. The only data of a similar character with which any of the results of the present survey can be at all compared are the East Aberdeenshire results of 1896 published in a preliminary paper by the author in 1897*. Owing to slightly different ranges in some of the classes however the results are not directly comparable, as printed, with the results for East Aberdeenshire in 1903, when the general pigmentation survey was carried out. Fortunately in 1896, the teachers were asked not only to record the colour with reference to the classes then adopted but also to note where possible, and always if in doubt, the probable sub-class from a series of stated sub- classes, similar to Broca's scale. Thus the author has been able to retabulate where necessary the results of 1896 and, as far as possible, place the children in the classes as specified in the analytical tables of the present survey. The first survey, it has been found, had a wider range of medium and a slightly wider range of red. With respect to the eye classes, the blue and light-eyed class of 1903 corresponds pretty closely to the light-eyed class of 1896. The following table (Table LIX.) shows the relative differences in the classes between the two sets of observations. To be more specific, the table shows the difference per cent, (or d) in each class compared with the probable error of the percentage difference, that is, compared with £, = 67-449 v^hTS, \ m n where in this formula, p = ^; q = {l —p); y= observed frequency of the class in TABLE LIX. Relative Difference between East Aberdeenshire in 1896 and 1903. (Boys and Girls.) Colour d ffair : Fair 1-77 Red -2-05 Medium -6-79 Dark 6-28 Eyes: Light Medium 6-29 -1-74 Dark -3-78 * Tocher: Trans. Buchan Field Club, Vol. iv. pp. 137—152. 28—2 92 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland the first sample; m = number in first sample, p'=j;^,\ (1— i>') = 5''i y' = observed frequency of the class in the second sample ; n = number in second sample ; N = total children in first sample ; and N' = total children in second sample. The negative sign indicates that the proportion of the class considered was less in 1903 than in 1896 and the positive sign that it was greater. The above results seem to indicate that the school population of East Aberdeenshire became darker haired to an extent which must be reckoned significant, and lighter eyed to an extent also significant in the eight years' interval. Making allowance for any difference in method of observation, and comparing parish with parish, the results are however very similar. The difference lies chiefly in the results from the two towns in the division, Peterhead and Fraserburgh, (yS) Scottish Adults — The Insane. The colour results of the survey of asylums in Scotland are not directly comparable, since the observations were made on adults and since the group is a selected one and is not truly representative of the general population. All one can do is to note in a general way the agreement or otherwise of the two sets of data. The author has not found it possible to spare the time to estimate from the juvenile data the probable distribution of the ordinary adult population in each division or to deal in further detail with the colour characters of the insane. Moreover it seems more desirable — more satis- factory — to wait until the adults of the normal population are directly surveyed. Instead of the promised detailed comparison between the two sets of data, it seems sufficient to point to the leading features. Both sets of data agree in showing less divergency in densely populated parts. The excess of dark hair in the west found for the asylum population has been amply confirmed by the results of this survey. The region of excess of dark eyes in the asylum population has proved to be the same region for the general school survey, Perthshire, Stirling and Forfar are the counties constituting this region. The excess of medium hair is in both associated with density. The proportions of fair hair and red hair are small compared with the juvenile population. Excess of light eyes is somewhat similarly distributed, but is not so much south-west as the juvenile distribution. The region of excess of red hair is quite the same. Briefly, while it would be useless to compare the relative frequencies of the two sets of data for the reasons already stated, still when the local class frequencies of each set are compared with each set's own general population, they show on the whole the same significance. It has been shown that the colour distribution of the insane population as a whole cannot represent the general distribution of the sane in one important particular, namely, in the frequency of the light-eyed class. Regions of excess of insanity from the general average are associated with regions of excess of light eyes, thereby increasing the proportion of light eyes in the general insane population beyond the expected amount for the general adult sane population*. * Biometrika, Vol. v. pp. 298—350. J. F. Tocher 93 (7) Scottish Adults — Beddoes Observations. The figures of the pioneer observer Dr Beddoe are useful, indicating as they do the predominant classes in various localities in Scotland. The samples of the. population observed by Beddoe are usually small and in many cases they are too local to give an idea of the dis- tribution of the surrounding area. His classes do not all correspond to those of the present data, and since adults and not children were observed by him one is farther debarred from attempting to compare directly the relative frequencies of his classes in various localities with those from this survey. The proportion of red hair generally found by him appears to be slightly higher than that found by the teachers of Scotland among the children. The excesses however appear in the same districts. He shows excess of dark hair in the same western regions of the country. The proper time to enter into a discussion of Dr Beddoe's results is when a survey of the colour characters of the adult population has been completed and the results tabulated and analysed. II. Foreign Data, (a) The Actual Data. The results of this survey will now be compared with the results of tiie surveys of the colour characters of children which have been carried out in Germany, Switzerland and (partially) in England, and with the results of the surveys of the colour characters of the adult popu- lations of Sweden and Italy (military data). The following table (Table LX.) gives the percentages of the classes in each of the countries named, the school figures for Scotland being given alongside for comparison. TABLE LX. Hair Eyes Authority Country Nature of Population Fair Red Medium Dark Light Medium Dark Virchow . . . Prussia Children 72-4 •3 26-0 1-3 42-9 32-6 24-5 Beddoe . . . Switzerland 52-9 2-9 38-9 5-3 Retzius ... Sweden ... Adults 75-3 2-3 21-6 •8 66-7 28-8 4-5 Livi Italy Military 8-2 -6 60-1 31-1 10-3 20-6 69-1 Ammon ... Baden Adults 41-6 1-7 38-6 18-1 64-4 22-9 12-7 Tocher . . . Russian Jews in Glasgow Children 5-1 1-2 33-4 59-7 19-8 21-1 59-1 Pearson ... England Boys 33-5 4-1 34-0 28-4 41-5 37-0 21-6 Tocher ... Scotland Boys 24-95 5-49 43-28 26-28 44-97 32-72 22-31 ,, ,, Girls 27-43 5-09 40-87 26-62 45-18 32-06 22-76 (/S) Comments. The first fact worthy of notice is that Scotland occupies an inter- mediate position between the extreme northern race (Germany) and the extreme southern one (Italy) in the matter of pigmentation. The northern German race has about 72 per cent, of the fair-haired class ; the Italian race about 60 per cent, of the brown-haired class and 31 per cent, of the dark-haired class. Scotland has about equal proportions of fair and dark; about one-fourth of the school population is either fair-haired or dark-haired ; the remaining belong to intermediate classes which include the shades of brown and red. Now if a pure race of the blonde 94 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland type is defined as meaning a population which has been isolated and has bred within itself in an environment unsuitable for the production of hair pigment for a sufficient length of time to ensure that every individual will be fair-haired, it is obvious none of the northeni races are pure races of the blonde type. They have relatively large sections in their respective populations which are pigmented. Similarly if by a pure race of the dark-haired type is meant a population which has bred within itself in an environment suitable for the production of hair pigment for a sufficient length of time to ensure that every individual was uniformly pigmented dark, it is clear the southern Italian race is not a pure race of the dark-haired type. The Italian people are largely of the brown or intermediate type (about 60 per cent.) ; 31 per cent, or nearly one-third are dark ; about 8 per cent, are fair. If all the races of mankind were uniformly pigmented or non-pigmented, hair colour would cease to be one of the tests of race. But this is not the case and the problem is : how far can one use colour as a test of race or of racial purity ? One must in the first place consider whether in conjugal unions between the fair and dark types blended or exclusive inheritance holds, or whether both exist. It is clear from observation that blended inheritance does exi.st for fair and dark hair colours, the shades of brown being the blend. What is wanted is a measure of the blended inheritance in this case. From observation it is possible that exclusive inheritance exists in the case of red hair. But the main point here is that, in hair colour, one has a problem in blended inheritance. Now granting equipotency of the two types, fair and dark, and random mating with respect to hair colour as well as other forms of mating as probable, and it is obvious that varying proportions of fair, dark and the shades of brown hair will occur in the population of a country according to the proportions of the fair and dark types originally settling in that country. Is anything known of an exact nature as to the distribution of colour in the offspring of fair and dark parents, i.e. of parents one dark and one fair ? Insufficient data exist to show the exact nature of the distribution. A large number of carefully made observations are required. Individual cases can be cited. (A) Dark-haired, and (B) fair-haired, have a family of five. One is fair, one is dark, three are medium. All are children, but the oldest, classed medium, is getting darker and will probably be dark. To be accurate one must compare the colour of the parents when they were children with the colour of the offspring as children ; or the colour of the parents with the colour of the offspring as adults. Can it be said that the most probable distribution of colour in the offspring of such parents, granting blended inheritance and equi- potency in determining pigment, is, in say a family of four, 1,2, 1 ; one fair-haired, two medium and one dark-haired ? The object of science is to give a shorthand description of the facts. In this case the expanded binomial (^ -I- ^)- is put forward tentatively as the shorthand description. If true it is a problem like deter- mining the number of times two heads, one head and no heads, will turn up in spinning two coins together. The most probable distribution in this case is, 1, 2, 1. Can hair colour in Scotland be cited as an example of this simple binomial distri- bution, similar to the Mendelian example in the crossing of peas ? This has to J. F. Tocher 95 be determined. What the writer wishes to lead up to is this. In Scotland the distribution of colour is roughly, 1 fair, 2 mixed, and 1 dark. Is it fair to infer that the original elements of the Scottish population were fair-haired and dark- haired races in approximately equal proportions ? Proof is wanting but the distribution is suggestive. From our knowledge of the distribution of eye colour in Scotland, it is unlikely that although there were fair-haired and dark-haired races, the two elements were entirely blonde and brunette — the blue-eyed fair- haired type, and the dark-eyed dark-haired type. It cannot be shown from the data what proportion of the dark-haired element was of the brunette type or what proportion was of the type found in the Gaelic speaking population, the hlue or light-eyed dark-haired Keltic type. Who were our ancestors of the brunette type ? Were they of the Mediterranean or Danish type or both ? The fair- haired element probably was made up of the blonde type, Scandinavians and others of Germanic stock who, history tells us, came to our shores in bygone centuries and who fought, struggled, settled and made Scotland — the Scotland of the dark-haired Kelt — their home. Together with the darker elements they may have united and appear to be now uniting to form a blend — the Scottish type — one which in physical characters has proved itself vigorous and which, considering mental characters, has been at least relatively as productive of men of ability as any in the British Isles. III. The Data hearing on correlation, and comparison with similar data. (a) General. Hitherto, throughout the entire course of this investigation, the author has been considering hair colour and eye colour separately— taken one at a time. It is obvious however that an account of the colour characters of the Scottish children would be incomplete which did not include an investigation on the two taken together as found occurring in each individual. It is one of the disadvantages of a private investigation as compared with an official one carried out by a Department of the State, that an adequately paid staff is not available to tabulate the enormous mass of data, the complete analysis of which is necessary before a full account can be given of all the facts which flow from the results and which lie hidden until the tabulation has been made. Although the author has been continuously engaged in the tabulation and numerical treatment of the returns so kindly made by the teachers voluntarily more than four years ago, he has been able only to complete the investigation in so far as it refers to the separate colour characters. The large mass of data bearing on fraternal and other relationships lie practically untouched. The tabulation of the combinations of the two characters has still to be made, except for one or two districts. The author has complete confidence that not only will he be able to get the funds necessary for clerical assistance to tabulate these important data, but that he will be personally given sufficient time to do the work. The correlations between hair and eye colour when such data are tabulated and the values of the correlations evaluated for each locality will be of great value. Not only will the predominant types in each district be determined but the relative homogeneity 96 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland of each group will be accurately ascertained. Again, there are the colour characters of groups of families as revealed by surnames to be considered. A tabulation and analysis of the colour characters of surname groups for each surname would show whether they were really associated, like family groups, or were merely samples of the general population. The degrees of resemblance of brothers and sisters would be determined on numbers hitherto undealt with and would confirm or otherwise the measures found from the numerically smaller English data. Finally, the degrees of resemblance between the various kinds of cousins, an investigation suggested to the author by Professor Karl Pearson, await determination*, and the determination cannot be made until the almost overwhelming mass of data bearing on cousinships has been also tabulated, (yS) Comparisons. The correlation between hair and eye colour has been determined, the contingency method being used, for one Scottish group, namely, 19,279 school children of the city of Aberdeen, and also for 1000 children taken at random from the entire pigmentation data. The following two tables give re- spectively (Table LXI.) the results of the observations of hair and eye combinations in the city of Aberdeen, and (Table LXII.) the values of the contingency coefficients. The author's results for other Scottish populations and those from British and continental returns are given alongside for the purpose of comparison. TABLE LXI. Hair and Eye Table. 19,279 Children in the City of Aberdeen. Hair. >> W Fair Bed Medium Dark Jet Black Totals Blue Light Medium Dark 1105 2285 1208 366 131 405 360 209 885 2434 3242 1621 348 851 1601 2094 1 9 29 95 2470 5984 6440 4385 Totals 4964 1105 8182 4894 134 19279 These results show, if it is a mark of racial purity of any race to have its individuals all of one hair colour and of one eye colour, that the Prussian school children are relatively more homogeneous than the Scottish school children, and that the latter in turn are more homogeneous than the British schoolboys generally, since the value of the correlation is lowest in the case of the Prussian children and highest in the case of the British schoolboys. It may be here noted that if two races, one of the blonde type and one of the brunette type, were present in a population in equal proportions, the degree of correlation between hair colour and eye colour would be equal to unity. On the other hand, (1) the * The author intends to hand over the classified data on cousinships to Professor Pearson as soon as they have been abstracted and tabulated. J. F. Tocher TABLE LXII. Correlations. Hair and Eyes. 97 Population Contingency Coefl&cient Returns by Reference Scottish Children, General, 1903 ... Scottish Children, East Aberdeen, 1896 Scottish Children, Aberdeen City, 1903 British Schoolboys Prussian Children Jewish Children Adult Scottish Population Male Asylum Inmates Female Asylum Inmates ... Swedish Conscripts ... Italian Conscripts Baden Conscripts •3453 •3802 •3361 •4203 •2714 •3381 •3673 •3039 •2994 •2495 •3091 •3540 J. F. Tocher 5) K. Pearson R. Virchow J. F. Tocher » G. Retzius R. Livi 0. Ammon This Memoir " Biometrika, Vol. ill. p. 461 5) )) Biometrika, Vol. v. p. 339 " . " Biometrika, Vol. iii. p. 461 Mean of above values •3312 more this population in time and through intermarriage was thoroughly crossed, or (2) the nearer this population came to consist of members entirely of either race, the smaller would be the value of the correlation and the nearer it would approach to zero. Looked at from this point of view, a large value for the corre- lation would mean heterogeneity in that population and a small value greater homogeneity. Judging from the above results, the correlation between hair and eyes does not appear very close in any of the countries. With more local groups it is probable that in countries like Prussia and Italy less association would be found. In the further investigations on the data of this survey, it will be interesting to find what values the correlation coefficients take in the various districts; particularly (a) in those where one type has been found to be predominant, and (y8) in those sparsely populated parts where two diverse types were found. (13) Summary of the Results. I. The general result of the Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland shows that, of the 502,155 children surveyed, about one-fourth are fair- haired, one-fourth dark-haired, and nearly one-half belong to two intermediate classes embracing the various shades of brown or medium and red hair. The pro- portion of the brown or medium class in the boy population is about 43 per cent., and in the girl population 41 per cent. The class embracing the various shades of red hair constitutes about 5 per cent, of the population. In the dark-haired group there are two classes — a large class with dark brown hair approaching to black, Biometrika vi 29 98 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland and a small class with jet black hair. This latter class constitutes only 1{ per cent, of the total population. The girl population contains a higher proportion of the fair-haired class than the boy population, over 27 per cent, as against 25 per cent. There is a correspondingly less proportion of the medium or brown- haired class in the girl population. The cause of this difference is not quite apparent. It should be remembered that the children surveyed are those of school age — a fairly wide range, from 6 to 18 — and that hair colour in children gets visibly darker as the children get older. If the children were classed according to age and their colour characters tabulated, it would be ascertained whether or not the difference was due to an earlier darkening in hair colour among the boy population, or whether the boy population was really significantly darker in hair colour from infancy than the girl population. From the results of observations of the physical characters generally of both sexes, a really significantly darker boy population from natural causes is improbable. It should moreover be remembered that, in determining hair colour, boys and girls are not judged exactly under the same conditions. Hair colour in girls is generally judged from long tresses. These are usually absent in boys, whose hair colour is judged from the shorter mass. Besides, girls' hair frequently shows extreme variety of tint from tip to root. Another possible explanation is the stimulus given to the increase of pigment by hair cutting in the boy population. This explanation requires verification from observations, (a) on a population of children in which the conditions are the same, and (/3) on the adult population. The results of the observations on eye colour show that over 22 per cent, (nearly one-fourth) of the school children of Scotland have dark brown or dark eyes, and over three-fourths of the population possess blue, light or medium eyes. About 15 per cent, possess pure blue eyes, 30 per cent, light eyes, and about 32 per cent, (nearly one-third of the population) possess eyes of the mixed type — the varieties classed as medium eyes. Comparing these general results with the results of similar surveys in foreign countries, it is seen that they differ markedly in many respects. In Northern Europe, between the same latitudes as Great Britain lies from Frankfurt, Prague and Cracow in the south to Christiania, Stockholm and St Petersburg in the north, one finds a heterogeneous population in which the fair-haired class pre- dominates. In Prussia alone, 72 per cent, or nearly three-fourths of the children are fair-haired. In Sweden, a similar proportion of the adults are fair-haired. In Schleswig, 80 per cent, of the children are fair-haired ; in Saxony, 69 per cent. Germany, south of Frankfurt and Coburg, is distinctly darker than the northern and larger portion. But even in South Germany the proportion of the fair-haired class far exceeds that found in Scotland. In Alsace and Lorraine the proportion is 47 per cent. ; in Baden 58 per cent. ; in Wiirtemberg 62 per cent. ; and in Bavaria 54 per cent. The difference in the distribution of eye colour is not so marked. Prussia is somewhat similar to Scotland in its eye colour, the proportions being in Prussia 43, 33 and 24 as against 45, 33 and 22 in Scotland for light, J. F. Tocher 99 medium and dark eyes respectively. Germany as a whole has a significantly greater proportion of dark eyes than in Scotland, 32 per cent, as against 22 per cent, Scotland does not resemble Italy in any respect, except that in both medium is the predominant class in hair colour. In Italy, however, the proportion is significantly greater, 60 per cent, as against 43 per cent, in Scotland. Nowhere on the Continent does one find a distribution of hair colour similar to Scotland. It remains to be seen, when observations are made on English, Welsh and Irish children, in what respects these will differ from the results for Scottish children as shown by this survey. The difference between Pearson's series of 4000 children and Scottish children is not very great. II. The results of this survey show that the distribution of colour is by no means uniform throughout Scotland. On the contrary, there are well-defined areas where the proportions of the various classes exceed quite significantly the pro- portions which would occur if the population were as evenly distributed throughout Scotland as, say, the grain of a cornfield is sown by the farmer. In this example, the distribution of the grain is not absolutely uniform, but the farmer succeeds in preventing excessive deposits of grain in one part and meagre deposits in another. An enumeration of the number of seeds in each square yard, and an analysis of the numbers would show that the intention had been to make a uniform distri- bution. No such uniform distribution of the population of Scotland is found when the population is considered in sections as represented by the various colour classes. This is quite apart from the density of the population, which is well known to be very far from being uniform. The proportions of the various classes quite exceed in the expected values in many localities. Excesses of blue eyes and fair hair occur mainly in the north of Scotland and are common for both sexes to Orkney, Shetland, the isle of Lewis, Ross, Cromarty, Elgin, Nairn and Perth, and portions of Stirling, Forfar and Fife ; also to Ayr and portions of Renfrew and Lanark in the west and Berwick in the east ; in all representing only about 1,000,000 of the population ; that is, about one-fifth of the whole population of Scotland has a significantly greater proportion than the average of the fair-haired and blue-eyed classes, the excesses being common to both sexes. In the girl population the distribution of excess of both classes is greater ; it extends to a population of nearly two millions in the case of fair hair and to about a million-and-a-half in the case of blue eyes. The distribution of red hair is fairly uniform throughout Scotland. The region of marked excess for a large area is the north-east of Scotland. Isolated cases of excess occur in Sutherland and in the north-east of Lanarkshire. Excessive proportions of medium or brown hair occur in Glasgow, Govan, Dundee, and in the counties of Renfrew, Selkirk and Peebles. The excess in Leith for the boy population is also probably significant, as also the excesses in the counties of Stirling (girls), Linlithgow and Bute (boys). Excess of this class (see VII.) is peculiar to densely populated districts. Excess of dark hair is peculiar to the west of Scotland, the only eastern county showing excess of this class (boys only) being the small county of Kin- 29—2 100 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland cardine. The counties of Inverness and Argyll, and the city of Glasgow, show excess of this class for both the boy and girl populations. Kirkcudbright and Sutherland (boys), and Renfrew (girls), also show significant excess. The west is also the region of excess of jet black hair, a small class numerically. Altogether there are only about 6000 children out of a total of over 500,000 who possess jet black hair. The excess is common to both sexes in the counties of Perth, Inverness, Ross and Cromarty. Caithness (boys) and Argyll (girls) also show significant excess. Excess of blue eyes has already been stated to be common to the north. Significant excess of light eyes is common to Argyll and Dumbarton in the west and to Leith in the east. Kincardine and Kirkcudbright both show significant excess of this class in the girl population. Significant excess of medium eyes is peculiar to the great cities, Glasgow, Aberdeen (girls), Leith (girls), and Dundee (girls); and to the county of Lanark generally. Significant excess of dark eyes is also peculiar to the great cities, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Dundee. The county of Forfar shows significant excess for the girl population. III. Many parts of Scotland quite resemble the general population in hair colour and eye colour. These parts are usually densely populated. Notable exceptions occur. Glasgow is the striking example. The presence of non-Scottish elements and of excess of the Highland element makes Glasgow unrepresentative. The populous East-Midland division is most representative of the general popu- lation in hair colour. The populous counties, Forfar, Fife, Stirling and Dumbarton, and the city of Edinburgh are fairly representative of the general population. The counties which diverge largely in hair colour from the general population, and have therefore non-representative populations, are Ross, Cromarty, Inverness and Argyll, the divergency being common to both the boy and girl populations. The divergency in the case of Argyll is due to excess of dark hair and jet black hair, and in the other cases to excesses of both fair and dark. The divergency in the north-east of Scotland is due to excess of red hair and fair hair. The sea- board on the west coast from Sutherland to Mull is highly divergent, due to significant excess of dark hair and jet black hair. In eye colour, the Southern and South-Eastern divisions are the most representative ; the North-Western and South- Western the most divergent. Orkney, Shetland, Sutherland, Ross, Cromarty, Inverness, Elgin, Nairn and Forfar all diverge because of excess of blue eyes ; in Sutherland and Forfar excess of dark eyes also contributes to the diver- gency. In the cities of Glasgow and Dundee, the divergency is due to excess of medium and dark eyes ; in Aberdeen to medium ; and in Leith to light and medium. The counties of Argyll, Dumbarton and Dumfries in the west diverge because of excess of light eyes ; and Ayr because of blue and light. The isle of Lewis diverges because of excess of blue eyes and the isles of Jura and Islay because of excess of light. These islands contribute largely to the divergency of their respective counties, Inverness and Argyll. IV. It has been proved (see II. and III.) that excesses in the various classes, or positive ditferences much in excess of the expected, occur all over the country, J. F.. Tocher 101 frequently in contiguous areas, thus indicating a diflferentiation for each class from the general population. In measuring the degree of geographical separation or local segregation for each class, it has been proved that the blue-eyed and fair-haired classes have the greatest degree of local segregation. The segregation of these classes from the others is excessively great. Children belonging to these classes are congregated more in sparsely populated regions than in densely populated or moderately populated parts. The medium haired and medium eyed classes show the next greatest degree of local segregation. Children of these classes are congregated more in towns and in densely populated parts. The other classes all show a high degree of segregation except the red-haired class, which is almost uniformly distributed throughout the country. But for the regions of excess in the north-east of Scotland and in one or two other isolated and much smaller areas the distribution of this class would be practically uniform. This fact suggests that the occurrence of red hair (a) is independent of race, or (y8) is one of the effects of blending of races, perhaps widely divergent races, or (7) is an abnormal condition in hair colour and deserves the attention of the physiologist and pathologist. The statement of Tacitus as to the red-haired Caledonians points at least to the fact that red hair was a trait among the inhabitants of the north of Scotland in earlier times, and it is a striking circum- stance that excess of this class is found in the region referred to by him. V. It has been found that regions of excess of the dark-haired, jet black haired and blue-eyed classes are associated with regions of excess of the Gaelic speaking population. The measure of the association is given. This association was to be expected, seeing that these classes occur in excess in western counties, where the population is bilingual and where Gaelic is the mother tongue of a large proportion of the inhabitants. A typical Scoto-Kelt is therefore blue-eyed and dark-haired, but the light-eyed dark-haired type is also common in Argyll and its Isles. It will be seen later (XVI.) that there is a similar Irish type. VI. It is proved that foreign immigrants tend to reside in the most densely populated areas in Scotland and in districts where families live in one or two rooms. The children of foreign immigrants have an effect, — scarcely an appre- ciable one, — on the population of Scotland as a whole, but in certain very densely populated parts they have a distinct effect. For example, it is shown that in certain divisions of Glasgow, Tradeston and Gorbals (see XVI.), the proportion of school children of foreign origin is so high as to change completely the nature of the distribution of hair colour and eye colour. VII. It is proved that densely populated regions are positively correlated with excesses of the following classes : medium hair, medium eyes and dark eyes. The more densely populated a region is the greater will be the proportions of these classes in the population, and conversely, the more sparsely populated a region is, the smaller on an average will be the proportion of the classes just named. 102 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland VIII. It is well known that mortality is higher in more densely populated regions than others. It has been proved (see VII.) that certain classes are more characteristic of crowded areas than others. It is therefore to be expected that these classes would be positively correlated with the death rate. It is shown that an increase in the proportions of medium hair and dark eyes is associated with an increase in the death rate. This does not necessarily mean that persons belonging to these classes are less virile but simply that a large proportion of them live under conditions which are productive of a higher mortality. A direct investiga- tion to determine whether any colour class is associated positively with a high death rate is desirable. IX. It is shown that neither the Highland, Irish, English nor foreign elements in the population account for the high proportion of medium hair found in all densely populated regions. These elements however (excepting the English) where present, tend to increase the proportion of dark and jet black hair. X. It is proved that the number of births per family is greater on an average in densely populated parts, and, as a consequence, that the number of births per family is greater where there are large proportions of medium hair and medium eyes. The lower classes are found in the denser centres. Thus it is likely that the medium haired, medium eyed lower classes are on an average more fertile than the remaining population. Here again a direct investigation is desirable. XI. The main cause of the large excess of medium hair in densely populated parts probably arises from the blending of colour in the offspring of fair-haired and dark-haired persons : it is pointed out that blended inheritance exists in hair colour and what is wanted is a measure of its intensity. In densely populated areas, greater opportunities for intermixture of races occur, and it is shown (II. and III.) that in the large sparsely populated districts fair hair and dark hair, indicative of at least two different types, occur in excess, while in the urban regions these excesses mainly disappear and excess of medium hair appears. XII. The excess of dark eyes in urban areas does not appear to be explainable in the same way. It has been suggested that exclusive inheritance in eye colour may be one of the causes of the excess in these areas. In the offspring of dark- eyed and blue-eyed parents it is possible that reversions may occur, maintaining the dark-eyed type. XIII. The extent of the association of the colour classes geographically has been determined. One of the main results shows that as a rule medium hair is associated geographically with no other hair colour and goes to confirm the theory that medium hair is a blend. Thus it is to be expected that the proportion of this class will increase, tending to make the hair colour of the Scottish people more and more uniform. Excess of red hair is found as a rule only in regions where the proportion of dark hair is well below the average ; a slight excess of fair is associated with excess of red. There is no positive association geographically of J. F. Tocher 103 any class with light eyes. Excess of blue eyes occurs alone, but excesses of dark eyes and medium eyes as a rule occur together. XIV. It has already been shown elsewhere by the author that where there is an excess of light eyes in the population the number of cases of insanity is above the average and vice versa. It is now shown here that a greater number of cases of imbecility, blindness and deafness occurs in regions where blue eyes, dark and jet black hair are in excess. It has been already pointed out (see V.) that these classes are associated with the Gaelic speaking population. A direct determination of the relationship shows that significantly greater numbers of cases of these defects occur in Gaelic speaking regions than throughout the rest of Scotland. This is most probably due to the greater rate of emigration of the fitter portion from, and the relative absence of immigration to, the Highlands. XV. The degree of resemblance between the boy and girl populations has been determined. It is found that positive and negative differences in the boy population are mainly associated with positive and negative differences in the girl population in the same regions. The resemblance is least in the red and dark- haired classes and greatest among the medium-haired and blue-eyed classes. The resemblance is closer in eye colour than in hair colour. XVI. Glasgow so greatly diverges from the general population in hair colour and eye colour that it has been made the subject of a special investigation. The various municipalities constituting Greater Glasgow, as well as its environs, have been included in the investigation. It is shown that the Highland, Irish, foreign elements all contribute to increase the proportion of the dark-haired classes. Tradeston and Gorbals have greater proportions of dark hair, jet black hair and dark eyes, mainly due to the large foreign element present in these populous divisions. The detailed analysis shows that the immigrants are of Russian origin and this is confirmed by direct enquiry. More than 500 Jewish children attend school in these divisions. Dark hair, jet black hair, dark eyes are the leading classes in this population. The Highland and Irish elements are found all over the city. It is shown that the Irish resemble to a great extent in colour characters the Highland population. Both contribute very largely to the excess of dark hair. Medium hair is in excess all over the city, as expected, since this class is associated with density and since Glasgow contains a greater number of persons per square mile than any other part of Scotland. The high proportions of these classes (dark and medium) cause a corresponding defect in the proportion of fair hair in Glasgow. Only in one or two divisions, St Rollox, Dennistoun, and the Paisley district, does the proportion of fair hair approach the average for Scotland. In all the other divisions fair hair and blue eyes are distinctly below the average. It cannot be said from the results of this survey whether fair-haired and blue-eyed children are less fit for town life than the other classes, but the defect in fair hair at least is quite explainable on the ground that the proportion is disturbed (a) by a darker Scoto-Keltic or Highland element, (/3) by a darker Irish element, (7) by a darker foreign element and (S) by the effects of blending of 104: Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland fair and dark producing the various shades of brown classed as medium. All these contribute to the result and, taken together as a whole, are sufficient to cause the defect in the proportion of fair hair. Entia non sunt multiplicanda. It is probable that the country north-east and contiguous to Glasgow may contribute to the excess of dark eyes, but it is also probable, since the lower classes are more fertile, since dark eyes are associated with density, and since it has been shown elsewhere that dark eyes are associated with greater fertility, that greater fertility may contribute to produce the excess found in Glasgow. XVII. The population of East Aberdeenshire which was surveyed in 1896 has possibly become slightly darker in hair colour and lighter in eye colour in the eight years' interval. The change does not appear to have taken place in the rural districts but is more likely to have taken place in the two towns, Peterhead and Fraserburgh. XVIII. The regions of excess and defect in hair colour and eye colour as found in surveying the Scottish insane correspond in many cases to similar regions as found by this survey. In others they do not agree. This arises mainly from (a) the fact that the insane are a somewhat selected population, (/9) the fact that they are adults and not therefore directly comparable and (7) the fact that the numbers are small compared with the numbers in this survey. XIX. Several of Dr Beddoe's results have received confirmation, but the remarks on the Scottish insane (see XVIII. above) apply to his observations. His results are not directly comparable. XX. The degree of association between hair colour and eye colour found from the results of this survey corresponds very closely to the values already found from other British and from foreign data. XXI. The results of this survey point to the conclusion that there are at least five types in Scotland, (a) One whose colour characters are dark hair and dark eyes ; (y8) dark hair and blue or light eyes ; (7) fair hair and blue eyes ; (S) a fourth type probably a product of two or more of the foregoing possessing medium hair (and perhaps dark hair) and medium eyes ; (e) a fifth type, possessing red hair associated mainly with medium eyes, is also present in small proportions (about 5 per cent.) and is also probably a product of two or more of the other types. These may be named respectively (a) the Dark European type (examples of subtypes: (1) Mediterranean, (2) Danish); (/3) the Scoto-Keltic type; (7) the Scandinavian or Germanic type; (S) the Scottish type; and (e) the Caledonian type. J. F. Tocher 105 MAPS. PI. PL I. Key Map, Districts and Counties. I. XLIV. Hair Colour, Local Diver- II. „ Divisions, Counties and gencies. Girls, Counties. XIIL Chief Towns. IL XLV. Density of Population in Non- Divergent Coimties. 5> Divisions. XLVI. Density of Population for III. Fair Hair, Boys. in. each County in Scotland. )> IV. » Girls. )> XLVII. Hair Colour, Local Diver- V. Red Hair, Boys. » gencies, Boys, Districts. XIV. VI. )5 Girls. )) XLVIIL Hair Colour, Local Diver- VII. Medium Hair, Boys. IV. gencies, Girls, Districts. )? VIII. » Girls. ?» XLIX. Eye Colour, Local Diver- IX. Dark Hair, Boys. >5 gencies, Boys, Divisions. )5 X. J) Girls. )J L. Eye Colour, Local Diver- XI. Jet Black Hair, , Boys. V. gencies. Girls, Divisions. 5) XII. » Girls. ?) LL Eye Colour, Local Diver- XIII. Blue Eyes, Boys. J> gencies. Boys, Counties. XV. XIV. If Girls. » LIL Eye Colour, Local Diver- XV. Light Eyes, Boys. VI. ger icies, Girls, Counties. » XVI. ?) Girls. >> LIII. Eye Colour, Local Diver- XVII. Medium Eyes, Boys. 5» gencies. Boys, Districts. 51 XVIII. )> Girls. 5) LIV. Eye Colour, Local Diver- XIX. Dark Eyes, Boys. VIL gencies. Girls, Districts. 55 XX. )> Girls. » LV. Glasgow. Boys, Divergency in hair colour. XXI. Counties. LVI. »i Girls, Divergency XXI. Fair Hair, Boys. >i in hair colour. 5> XXII. J) Girls. J) LVIL >) Boys, Divergency XXIII. Red Hair, Boys. VIIL in eye colour. 55 XXIV. 5? Girls. n LVIIL 5? Girls, Divergency XXV. Medium Hair, Boys. >> in eye colour. 55 XXVI. )5 Girls. u LIX. )5 Boys, Fair Hair. XXIL XXVII. Dark Hair, Boys. IX. LX. >> Girls, Fair Hair. 55 XXVIII. )> Girls. »> LXI. J» Boys, Red Hair. 55 XXIX. Jet Black Hair, Boys. u LXII. 5> Girls, Red Hair. 55 XXX. )> Girls. » LXIIL » Boys, Medium Hair. XXIIL XXXI. Blue Eyes, Boys. X. LXIV. >J Girls, Medium Hair. 55 XXXII. >) Girls. » LXV. )) Boys, Dark Hair. 55 XXXIII. Light Eyes, Boys. M LXVI. » Girls, Dark Hair. 55 XXXIV. » Girls. » LXVII. H Boys, Jet Black Hair. XXIV. XXXV. Medium Eyes, Boys. XL LXVIIl )5 Girls, Jet Black Hair 55 XXXVI. » Girls. )i LXIX. )) Boys, Blue Eyes. 51 XXXVII. Dark Eyes, Boys. 5> LXX. ?» Girls, Blue Eyes. 55 XXXVIII. » Girls. » LXXI. » Boys, Light Eyes XXV. XXXIX. Fair Hair, Boys, 1 Districts. XII. LXXII. ,, Girls, Light Eyes. 51 XL. Red Hair, Boys, »> >> LXXIII )J Boys, Medium Eyes. 55 XLI. Hair Colour, Local Diver- LXXIV » Girls, Medium Eyes. 55 gencies, Boys, Divisions. J» LXXV. » Boys, Dark Eyes. XXVI. XLII. Hair Colour, Local Diver- LXXVI, » Girls, Dark Eyes. 55 gencies, Girls, Divisions. 5) LXXVIl [• „ Key Map. 55 XLIII. Hair Colour, Local Diver- LXXVIIl f. » Key Map with Sub- gencies, Boys, Counties. XIIL urban areas. 15 Biometrika vi 30 106 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland DIAGRAMS. Distribution of Relative Local Differences. I. Boys, Fair Ilair. PI. XVI. IX. Girls, Medium Hair. PI. XVIIL XL 5» Red Hair. » X. „ Dark Hair. 11 III. >? Medium Hair. 11 VI. „ Jet Black Hair. xvn. IV. 7) Dark Hair. 11 XV. „ Blue Eyes. XX. V. )> Jet Black Hair. XVII. XVI. „ Light Eyes. 11 XI. 11 Blue Eyes. XIX. XVII. „ Medium Eyes. 11 XII. 11 Light Eyes. 11 XVIII. „ Dark Eyes. 11 XIII. 11 Medium Eyes. 11 XIX. Relationship between Density and XIV. ,, Dark Eyes. 11 Other Characteristics in the VII. Girls Fair Hair. XVIII. Population. See p. 61. VIII. 11 Red Hair. 11 I. IL in. IV. V. VI. VII. vin. IX. X. XL XII. XIIL XIV. XV. XVI. XVIL XVIIL TABLES. Page Analytical Table of Hair and XIX. Eye Colours 4 Schedule .... 6 XX. Counties (with Districts) 10 Returns Received . 12 XXL Class Ranges .... 18 Colour Distribution of Scottish XXIL Children .... 19 Relative Local Differences 20 21 22 XXIII. 11 11 11 11 11 11 XXIV, County Specification, Fair Hair, Both Sexes 24 Coimty Specification, Red XXV. Hair, Both Sexes 25 County Specification, Medium Hair, Both Sexes 26 XXVI. County Sijecification, Dark Hair, Both Sexes 27 XXVII. County Specification, Jet XXVIII Black Hair, Both Sexes . 29 County Specification, Blue XXIX. Eyes, Both Sexes 30 County Specification, Light XXX. Eyes, Both Sexes .31 County Specification, Medium Eyes, Both Sexes 33 XXXL County Specification, Dark Eyes, Both Sexes 34 Divergency in Hair and Eye Colour, Divisions Divergency in Hair and Eye Colour, Counties Divergency in Hair Colour Districts ... Divergency in Eye Colour, Districts Comparative Densities of Population . Divergency in Hair Colour. Divisions, Counties and Dis tricts .... Divergency in Eye Colour Divisions, Counties and Dis tricts .... Interlocal Constants, Colour Heterogeneity . Heterogeneity in Colour Probability Table, Hair and Eye Colour Excess Positive Frequencies peculiar to great Divisions. Correlation Table, Gaelic Population and Jet Black Hair Correlation, Hair and Eyes with Gaelic siHiaking Popu- lation .... Page 37 38 39 40 41 43 46 48 49 CO 52 J. F. Tocher 107 Page Page XXXII. Density of Population, Divi- XLVII. Pigmentation groups of sions 57 Greater Glasgow 75 XXXIII. Foreigners in each great Di- XLVIII. Frequencies of Colour Class&s - vision .... 57 in Greater Glasgow . 76 XXXIV. Correlations, Foreigners and. XLIX. Relative Local Differences, Density .... 58 Greater Glasgow and Envi- XXXV. Correlations, Density and Pig- L. rons ..... Divergency in Hair and Eye / / mentation and Foreigners and Pigmentation 58 Colour, Greater Glasgow and Environs .... 78 XXXVI. Density and the Death Rate . 59 LI. Specification of the Greater XXXVII. Correlations, Death Rate and Glasgow Population . 81 Pigmentation 60 LIL Condensed Specification of XXXVIII. Colour Distributions, Irish, Greater Glasgow Population 82 English and Scottish Adults 62 LIIL Number of Persons per square XXXIX. Correlations, Births per family mile in Chief Towns of Scot- and Pigmentation 64 land 84 XL. Associations, Colour Cla-sses LIV. Population in 1901 of Chief in the same Regions. 68 Towns in Scotland . 85 XLI. Classes, excesses of which are LV. Foreign Surnames in Glasgow 86 found together in the same LVI. Colour Characters of Foreign Regions .... 68 Immigrants in Glasgow 86 XLII. Relationships between Pig- LVIL Colour Distribution of Chil- mentation and certain De- dren of Irish origin . ^88 fects 69 LVIII. Percentages of Children of XLIII. Relationship between the Gae- Non-Scottish origin . 88 lic speaking Population and LIX. Relative Difference between Defects .... 70 East Aberdeenshire in 1896 XLIV. Degree of Resemblance be- and 1903 .... 91 tween the Boy and Girl LX. Comparative Table, British Populations 71 and Foreign Data 93 XLV. Observed and Expected Re- LXI. Hair and Eye Colour, City of sults, Glasgow and Govan 72 Aberdeen .... 96 XLVI. School Board Districts and LXII. Correlation, Hair and Eyes, Schools in Glasgow . 74 British and Foreign Data . 97 Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II. Plate I. ff!AA.K.JolTOJtqn.Lmat6Aj am btir^b^X ■-4'..'F0RN\< Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II. Plate II. -'NjQi*' ^•^ U~ "^ / ^ ROSS / \ ■ /■ ~^ ® \ < r R r * R AROINI ^'\ /' ^J L®'""'-(5r," V I --.l^yC \KlRKCUOBRlfiHT l(3s) f i/ ruf Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II. Plate IV. Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II. Plate V. Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II. Plate VI. ^'?'^( Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II. Plate VII. Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II. Plate VIII. Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II. Plate IX. Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II. Plate X. ^. Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II. Plate XI. Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II. Plate XII. O IH. UNIVERSITY OF Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II. Plate; XIII. Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II. Plate XIV. Hair Colour Local Diverg-encies Boys— Districts XLIX. Hair Colour Local Diverg"encies Girls— Districts Eye Colour #;^ ' ^ - . Local Diverg-encies ^^ ^ • ^^-^ Girls —Districts Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II. Plate XV. Biometrika. Vol. VI, Part Plate XVI. u Diagram II Distribution of Relativ Local Differences Counties — Boys RED HAIR Equation ^ _ 33 g-j^: to curve it ,J^ / ,.'— ^ ---g ^ u Diagram IV Distribution of Relativ Local Differences Counties — Boys DARK HAIR Equation , , _ 35 j^ to curve ^- V2^ ^ ^•'- '-' , ■~ ^ , :==— ~— ~^.. u ^ Diagram I Distribution of Relati Local Differences Counties — Boys FAIR HAIR (Each square represents a county ) Equation y^ ^ g-*^ to curve ^ y^ / ^. — • -^ ■-' f ' , -—- -... \ o Diagram III Distribution of Relativ Local Differences Counties — Boys MEDIUM HAIR Equation y __ 35 j^r to curve •-' v'2w- / ■•' -^ - '-— ~ '^ — — J — — — -~^.. ■\ f Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II. Plate XVII. a a 1 1 Diagram V Distribution of Relative Local Differences Counties — Boys JET BLACK HAIR Equation ,._ 35 jj-a to curve -^"y^^ 1 Diagram VI Distribution of Relative Local Differences Counties — Qiris JET BLACK HAIR Equation y^ ^ g-i-^^ to curve H .J^ /■ '■-' / - — — . -■ c — ...... __.— '■ ... — — — — ... ■■~ ^ — ---. .--.- --J N -.... Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II. Plate XVIII. ^ SQSq II O ■= _ ^ w ^ Q S J "^ s 5 Q Is / '-■' ..-.- — — — ■■ — — — — ^ \ u Diagram X Distribution of Relativ Local Differences Counties — Girls DARK HAIR Equation 35_ j^ to curve ^ ^^ / ,.-^ ....- .-- ^ 1 —- --... ... ~^.. u Diagram VII Distribution of Relativ Local Differences Counties — Girls FAIR HAIR Equation y^ ^ g-l^ to curve ^ y^ /■ ^^- -'" __ r— ■'■ r" — kzz — ""~---. 1 Diagram IX Distribution of Relativ Local Differences Counties — Girls MEDIUM HAIR Equation ^ g-i-r to curve ^ y^ / _,.—' ^^ ■ _^ "^ — . -^., ^^V— N OF THE UNIVERSITY Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II. Plate XIX. « 1 i T I 1 <0 1 Diagram XIV Distribution of Relative Local Differences Counties — Boys DARK EYES Equation y 35 C"*'"^ to curve J ^2 IT .J- /' r- _=— ;_.,^ r — - — -■ --.-.. r — — "•~-. — , \ -~^.. ■n 2 Diagram XI Distribution of Relative Local Differences Counties — Boys BLUE EYES Equation j, — "^^ g-J^^ to curve ^ y^ a Diagram XIII Distribution of Relative Local Differences Counties — Boys MEDIUM EYES Equation j, 35 ^-i^^^i to curve if ^2^ 1 1 <0 J •'•'■' -~— f-— .-■'' ' . _. ._ -..., .- — ._.— NTT \ -—-.., — ... "^ — '*^'^.. '>^— \ 22222°'"'"'°"'*""'' 22222"°''"'''°*''""' Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II. Plate XX. u „ Diagram XVI Distribution of Relativ Local Differences Counties — Qirls LIGHT EYES Equation j/— ^^ g-t-a to curve ^ y^ / '■''■ ,.-— ^ ~ -.-. ~.,^ u Diagram XV Distribution of Relativ Local Differences Counties — Qirls BLUE EYES Equation y 35 ^_^j to curve ^ y^ ,^. — ""■ - — — — r — ..- ^-... — — -.... ^ u Diagram XVIII Distribution of Relativ Local Differences Counties — Qirls DARK EYES Equation j, 35 Q-\:r to curve ^ y^^ / ..-■-- ^^ ■"* ^.- 1 ... ■ , LI „ Diagram XVII Distribution of Relativ Local Differences Counties — Girls MEDIUM EYES Equation ^z— ^ o-h^ to curve ^ y^^ / ■ ._.-.- f .— ■ CZT ..-.-.. — .. '\ Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II. Plate XXL r^ W ^ y 1^ o ^^p ^^^ "o ^B ti ^V. r^ \ u ■ J f?v/'X>^ V A_ ^ ■ o ■ 1' { t ..JB u r\ •2 \ \ ^flii^^L .S "^^^^^^^^^^^ V rt S 1 /\K ® ^^^^^^^k j3 y ^ fiSB^BB^ \ •S \^ ^^^^^^^^^^^H^^B a> I jM^^^^P^C^-' "" I'-^^^'^^S \ r \, y^\fc. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B bo \ a \ \ \ ^P^^A Sm ^ \ ^^^^m\^k f^ 9 bo \ f V W"' IV _JX O fvJ\ t> 1 IV- S iRSsJ / ^ .^^^ ^^^R /) (/) I ~^v ) fli^^^^^^KS-^^Js^ \ /) "S y / Q \ m^hIP^Bw^hk' y V ^.•3 \ hHB^^^IEZ^ / I g^ A ' ■ /**^p^|r*j::^ ^, 1—1 ;>. to r -— «»™>^^^^^ 1 A® N -^3 /vj V /"s_l ^ ■ ,,^b|^^^B||^--' \^ /^ ^ o A^ vj N, /""'^N. ^ 'f^^H^^^ V J o ■ ^ \ (0\|gm ^J-A .^ \ S ^^41^ VJT •S (\ V ZJ^^hI^^BBb^^^*'"'''*"'^ ^1 T3 , — 1 *> S ^^ i JUmmwKI^^^^^BKH i C c I \ y ^^B^^^S^^^I^^^^H / rt 1 H N/-''"^ / K^E^^ES^ ( ^K^ v^ / Kl^^Ls^^^^^^^BP'-'"^ < T3 o r B 03 Pl^^^^ r>----^ j \^^^r/^ ^ } 1 / O 5 ^wa^^^ ly ^y 1 ) rsV /""^ '^ y ( mr\ ^^ s-^ X/^ tS ' CTi 5 ^.^y'\,_^f~^,j\ \ ' i'--^' ' J' ?* /^ /"■"""^'"'^ X_ ) ^ ^ r— ^''^^'^■""A ■) Sl "S - ■r — / I I 4 jaa ^ 7 7 \\^J ' ° " " '' •" ' '' ^' \ \ y^^ Viiil^nHHfl| ^ J \^ / ^^^^^^Bl -^ CO- I C^ V^-^ v> u 12" 12" 12 IS 1 ^ ^. / 7 1 0-' ICO 1© 10) irt" |T}i It-: to" o. ^^^ --^^\J I » . . . IrH Irt |,H l(M 3 1 5i(N im 100 ^^^L^^^B^m^siki^isism ^^c iZ ^^ ^ . -,^-1 -lo ICO 1© |a (« ^^^^^H^^^^^^ ^'" ~ r f s ^^k I i-< ItI" It- !-< Irt U l-< loj ■ 1 5 ^^^^^ ^^^^ f^ p,ig|fc^^^^^^^F r »~.:s&, ^^a^ "3 u ^^^^^^H ^/ \ 3 ■ I c ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^"■^""Xo' ^ '^ \ .S ^^C, ( \ V^-m ) a ^^^K \V©rvA S' r^ « O ^^^■^^Kk3M f'V'"^ ^^"'*"^ / \ 1? Y ls"j^ \"'~''^^B^^ / I . 1 >■ 01 6. PQ Jr /-I© tLf^k/\ ^ . 0) X ( ^ \w0^ r ^ s <1 ^^^^ 3 / ^\ j^w^^a^^a^ ^^ \ J / \ ^' d^^B 1 ^ ^ w ' \ X VeSBR . ^-,^ ) \ V y^"^^^^ \ /--CI b; c IP 1 \ / y^ ^I^HP y en B O j c4 Tte^^^ lA® j^~:) \ ^ h Nj\^7©A -aS 1 j^p / i^r ^^h^ 1 J ■ hy/^ kP{ ^ ! ^^m-^^ \ L/ y \ II^F \ 3 ^Bk .— ..-''Xw-''A_Vv \ z'' bO^^B, gf Ht'-"''""^ X^ ./.e S ^'''^^'^^^^'^^W^ ) ® s ^p/ V^ N, *- L*' > >' O- THE UNIVEF^SITY Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II. Plate XXII. Of ■'iU^omi Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II. Plate XXIII. Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II. Plate XXIV. Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II. Plate XXV. Biometrika. Vol. VI. Part II. Plate XXVI. ^ -X ^ «->>. A V-^ r^ .-■' '! ] J t f' ii i \ \ ® '\--(r \ =j I i \ 1 -1 ^^^ V w I / ^\ / \ S >< 1 i ^ 00 ' p \ -a 1 ( ) 5 \ < k (1) \ -S rv\ ' f-'i 11 L l» -^- r'^ A ^^. ^t^ ^\ A"' 1 3 \ 1 c S \ [r > '-vi 1 1—4 > 2 SI , \ .^^ f ) y 3 / l^ ji 1 3 i ^ y'"| p a / ; / ^-. [ l-^ p-^ ^ ; / ^ k -^t /siS 6- U < -\ ^^H^H^^^^H ;-- . .A rt.S '^ y 1 J f / - @ ■-"' A \ t. f to L ' ^ >l \ "^ ) A ) 1 J I ^^\ / x^i ^^^^Stirf w/r- * J K 3 1 j/^ [ ^ ^J^J^^ S / wL u Q: 1 ^ / a ^*T %*. % I ^M o .. — -•--- — --, A ;^BKco|Bh^| w ^ tN ^ ^r ^""" m. ta^..- A^ ^ c } 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 / L \ B ^ \ / HI " (11) / Viw > ^lOiOiOiOiOiOiO^ \ / ^^^H J < d > 1 1 1 1 » r ^ f f ^ , V ^ / ■> o 3222222S3 .^^ / ^^v .^ loioinuDioiooioio ^^"^ ' ty { cb(N'-i666'^6io3 \ \ 3 \ 1 > { -^^mymi ^Ml o ! r"^ CO \ r J^BB^^m ^-'<>>, f^^^^k \ \ o \ ^— y^^ \ « 1 \ V y^ S^^^S \ \ o "^"^ \ >> I A ( ^Pl^& »\ -\ -/ \ U 1 / flH^ / \i\ "- A, 7 I \ ^ / / ■ 1 '^^H 8 / / \ \ ''-•'■■•-, \ '^^^R 1 < s" V V 1 ) 1 \ \ ..^ \ \ s * *>^ V ' r 1 \ ) \ s o «• \ 5 I t §• 0\ \ ) r^' f_^ • -•--* >!' ) '' < A,"^'"''"" n V ^"4 \ -^ 3 \./ /' . 2 / 1 X g X S y / ^ 11 '-"13 S y, / 3 jsl 35 y* IX ! S >-^ > J rvf \ /--- 1 api ^ ^ ^ J r^ \ / --\ V--' . '■- ' J CIS ;■ / ^ jl 8 '\ !? MMjB tj I @ ^^9~\ ^ Si ^ -'■-~\J Sa I i u « ) >* ^^Ir 1^ • JB^ ^ J \ ) / /"^l^ -O/T^ -<-> • X ^^^v - ^^ y^ 'nT L^ ea / ^Jr' /^ * I f / ^^ S-^'f £/ s J ! \ ^ y s o .^N --., , \ \ e / . ,- -----A w \ / I' j .1 \ \ '!/ ^ 2 '\ PIGMENTATION SURVEY OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN SCOTLAND. i By J. F. TOCHER. This Appendix to the Report giving the absolute numbers fur all the divisions, counties and districts of Scotland is issued as a Supplement to Biometrika, Vol. VI. , . i The cost of printing has been defrayed frotn a special fund presented to this Journal in memory of W. F. R. W el don. j CONTENTS. PAGE I. Grand Summary. Boys and Girls, Divisions ..... 109 IL Percentages, Boys and Girls, Di- visions . . . . .110 III. Grand Summary, Boys, Divisions „ „ Girls, „ -r 110 IV. Percentages of the Classes, Boys and Girls, Divisions . .111 V. Grand Summary, Boys, Counties . 112 VL „ „ Girls, „ . 113 VII. Percentages, Boys, Counties VIII. „ Girls, IX. „ Chief Cities X. Values of A XI. District Summaries, Boys XII. „ „ Girls - XIII. „ Percentages, Boys XIV. „ „ Girls XV. County and Parish Data XVI. Observers and Schools PAflE 5 lU 115 116 . 116*^117 . 118- -119 . 120- -121 . 122- -123 . 124 cSi 125 . 126- -152 . 153- -175 APPENDIX. TABLE I. Grand Summary. Boys and Girls. Divisions. Hair . Eties Division — Totals Fair Red Medium Dark Jet Black Blue Light Medium Dark 1 4062 781 5552 3610 238 2508 4030 4496 3209 14243 2 5214 949 6891 5139 401 3656 5592 5460 3886 18594 3 19453 4219 29396 17479 800 11039 21331 23483 15492 71345 It 20092 3822 31672 18701 954 11470 21794 24397 17580 75241 5 10429 1947 - 16417 10692 581 5788 12909 12695 8674 40066 6 47607 10083 83969 49732 2285 26365 58941 63868 44502 193676 7 17088 3425 26823 14735 622 9278 19303 20070 14042 62693 8 7403 1371 10722 6498 303 4031 8308 8222 5736 26297 Totals 131348 26597 211442 126584 6184 74135 152208 162691 113121 502155 Biometrika. Vol. vi. Supplement. 31 110 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland TABLE II. Percentages. Boys and Girls. Divisions. Haib Eteb Division Fair Bed Mediam Dark Jet Black Bine Light Mediam Dark 1 28-52 5-48 38-98 25-35 1-67 17-61 28-29 31-57 22-53 2 28-04 5-10 37-06 27-64 2-16 19-66 30-08 29-36 20-90 3 27-27 5-91 41-20 24-50 112 15-47 29-90 32-91 21-72 4 26-70 5-08 42-09 24-86 1-27 15-24 28-97 32-43 23-36 5 26-03 4-86 40r-97 26-69 1-45 14-45 32-22 31-68 21-65 6 24-58 5-21 43-36 25-68 1-17 13-61 30-43 32-98 22-98 7 27-26 5-46 42-79 23-50 •99 14-80 30-79 32-01 22-40 8 28-15 5-22 40-77 24-71 115 15-33 31-59 31-27 21-81 TABLE III. Grand Summary. Divisions. BOYS Division Haib Eyes Totals Fair Bed Medium Dark Jet Black Blae Light Mediam Dark I II III IV V VI VII VIII 1963 2568 9278 9762 5128 23891 8179 3543 452 513 2251 2003 1043 5361 1803 736 2994 3666 15586 16911 8635 43944 14054 5779 1994 2630 9015 9551 5577 24979 7374 3391 133 190 403 506 306 1216 322 136 1304 1841 5587 5956 2971 13314 4724 2091 2100 2902 10946 11255 6618 30348 9737 4234 2467 2875 12132 12631 6657 33075 10169 4328 1665 1949 7868 8891 4443 22654 7102 2932 7536 9567 36533 38733 20689 99391 31732 13585 Totals 64312 14162 111569 64511 3212 37788 78140 84334 67504 257766 GIRLS Division Hair Eyes Totals Fair Bed Medium Dark Jet Black Blue Light Mediam Dark I II III IV V VI VII VIII 2099 2646 10175 10330 5301 23716 8909 3860 329 436 1968 1819 904 4722 1622 635 2558 3225 13810 14761 7782 40025 12769 4943 1616 2509 8462 9150 5115 24753 7361 3107 105 211 397 448 275 1069 300 167 1204 1815 5452 5514 2817 13051 4554 1940 1930 2690 10385 10539 6291 28593 9566 4074 2029 2585 11351 11766 6038 30793 9901 3894 1544 1937 7624 8689 4231 21848 6940 2804 6707 9027 34812 36508 19377 94285 30961 12712 Totals 67036 12435 99873 62073 2972 36347 74068 78357 56617 244389 i J. F. Tocher 111 TABLE IV. Percentages of the Glasses for each of the Divisions. BOYS Haib E^ CES Divisi )n Fair Red Medium Dark Jet Black Blue Light Medium Dark 1 26-05 6-00 39-73 26-46 1-76 17-30 27-87 32-74 22-09 2 26-84 5-36 38-32 27-49 1-99 19-24 30-34 30-05 20-37 S 25-40 616 42-66 24-68 1-10 15-29 29-96 33-21 21-54 4 25-20 5-17 43-66 24-66 1-31 15-38 29-06 32-61 22-95 5 24-78 5-04 41-74 26-96 1-48 14-36 31-99 32-18 21-47 6 24-04 5-40 44-21 25-13 1-22 13-40 30-53 33-28 22-79 1 25-77 5-68 44-29 23-24 1-02 14-89 30-68 32-05 22-38 8 26-08 5-42 42-54 24-96 1-00 15-39 31-17 31-86 21-58 General Population 24-95 5-49 43-28 25-03 1-25 14-66 30-31 32-72 22-31 GIRLS Division Hair Eyes Fair Red Medium Dark Jet Black Blue Light Medium Daik 1 31-30 4-90 38 14 24-09 1-57 17-95 28-78 30-25 23-02 2 29-31 4-83 35-73 27-79 2 34 20-10 29-80 28-64 21-46 S 29-23 5-65 39-67 24-31 1 14 15-66 29-83 32-61 21-90 -4 28-30 4-98 40-43 25-06 1 23 15-10 28-87 32-23 23-80 5 27-36 4-67 40-16 26-39 1 42 14-54 32-47 31-16 21-83 25-16 5-01 42-45 26-25 1 13 13-84 30-33 32-66 23-17 7 28-77 5-24 41-24 23-78 97 14-71 30 -9^ 31-98 22-41 8 30-37 5-00 38-88 24-44 1 31 15-26 32-05 30-63 22-06 General Population 27-43 5-09 40-87 25-40 1 22 14-87 30-31 32-06 22-76 SI— 2 112 Plgraentatlon Survey of School Children in Scotland TABLE .V. . Grand Summarij. Counties. BOYS . ,. .. Haik E YES County Nn Totals 1 Fair Red Medium Dark Jet Black Blue Light Medium 1 Dark Aberdeen 6426 1600 11189 6382 283 3844 7848 8682 5506 25880 Argyll 2 1202 257 1866 1513 77 709 1658 1573 •975 4915 Ayr 8 4476 893 6977 4116 203 2748 5238 5125 3554 16665 Banff h 1250 325 2(147 1147 55 734 1335 1626 1129 4824 Berwick 5 462 72 554 362 22 238 500 435 299 1472 Bute 233 71 567 312 25 124 407 412 265 1208 Caithness 7 711 10) 1141 744 68 361 805 976 691 2833 Clackmannan ... 8 493 87 844 469 6 245 627 639 388 1899 Dumbarton 9 1408 250 2188 1338 77 739 1736 1615 1171 5261 Dumfries 10 1503 262 2r02 1336 43 745 1826 1941 1134 5646 Edinburgh 11 5387 1169 9217 5025 186 3044 6416 6642 4882 20984 Elgin 12 819 160 1068 650 35 573 - 722 836 601 2732 Fife IS 3085 618 5340 2946 156 1768 3541 4112 2724 12145 Forfar H 3887 878 7173 3966 194 2594 4493 5177 3834 16098 Haddington 15 497 123 912 466 31 380 589 641 419 2029 Inverness 16 1293 257 1889 1389 93 938 1474 1454 1055 4921 Kincardine 17 647 141 1050 739 26 360 870 822 551 2603 Kinross 18 125 26 268 118 5 66 168 197 111 542 Kirkcudbright ... 19 712 176 1263 865 30 484 956 923 683 3046 Lanark 20 16455 3788 31329 17736 837 8686 21428 23751 16280 70145 Linlithgow 21 1299 311 2278 1094 58 718 1625 1664 1033 5040 Nairn 22 136 25 232 97 4 76 171 166 81 494 Orkney 23 565 .101 . 819 496 27 353 615 691 349 2029-81 32-60 29-79 27-44 28-46 30-57 .30-18 30-64 33-44 .33-63 .30-47 34-16 31-11 33-86 30-18 .33-98 31-61 34-41 GIRLS Hair Eyes ' Fair lied 5-58 Medium Dark Jet Black Pure Blue Li^ht Medium Dark Aberdeen City ... 27-29 40-82 . 25-62 -69 13-93 29-78 33-68 22-61 „ ' County 29-36 5 -.36 39-91 23-91 1-46 16-16 30 -.38 .32-26 21-20 Edinburgh City ... 26-61 4-98 41-14 25-84 1-43 14-75 29-85 .30-75 24-65 Leith 27-53 4-97 41-99 24-89 -62 11-04 32-88 34.53 21-55 Edinburgh County 31 -01 5-91 42-03 20-34 -71 16-74 .30-06 32-06 21-14 Dundee 24-57 5-06 42-56 26-37 1-44 14-04 27-18 34.32 24-46 Forfar 27-81 5-39 41-07 24-38 1.35 16-99 28 -.54 29-31 25-16 Glasgow 21-44 4-85 43 -.56 28-85 1.30 11-98 29-76 3S-78 24-48 Go van 21-62 5-11 45-75 26-41 1-11 14-10 .30-97 30-92 24-01 Lanark County . . . 1 28-03 5-22 41-20 24-65 •90 13-84 30-71 3^-76 22-69 1 TABLE X. Values of A or (w/' — y/)/Vwpg'. Counties. A /a/i-( ~J^^ = {RLD) = Relative Local Dlfft erence. On comparing this table with Tables VIIL and IX. of memoir, it will be seen how far the values of A diverge from those of {RLD). In many cases they are fair approximations, but where n is moderately large the A's diverge widely from the real relative local difference or (RLD). The signs (not shown in this table) are the same as Tables VIII. and IX. of memoir. J. F. 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I OOQOQHWW^OtnWh-li-:5i-5-:iH:iS 132 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland m I— I o 'r^ g e 'W s ^ ■S -< s .'^ o %-. s 1 e w 1 an "^ o W >i > pq PQ O W 3 a PU'JSIQ H ^ ■fQ 0 M O -^ i-H 1-^ 05 00 O O O (M (N (M m (M (N t^ 00 O ^f (M r-i CC (N (M t^ O M 00 00 ■^ (^ ©} ^ ©> (^J ©» ■>* lO o 00 rH rH m W H (— 1 O rH O « t^CO OS rH O 00 ■^ (N OS fH rH rH ft t^ ^ ^ ^ l^ ^ (M « i-H ^ l-C « 1— c X CO CO OC O lO — CO -H rt CO SS*2^| 5 00 r- I-I CO •<»< CO W -l" CO -^ CO Tji P3 O O 00 (N CO CO CO S*? r-^ "^ s CD -t 35 OS CO CO fM iC -H CO l^ OS ■>* CD O O CD 1—1 1— 1 o> f— 1 OS » 1-^ Tf rH Ol CO rH rH (N I-I 0 O rH CO ffl 00 ■-I CO <-" CO 1* t- OS CD CD CD —1 ■<* CD ^ (N (M « 1 Q CO (N « l:»«ft J5 o "* ■* CO O C O >0 (M "* O (M CO 'M r-H i-l O 1 OS t- t^ rj< rH O j eO O . J o o o o o s »^ r»< 1-^ »~4 »~^ »-H 1 00 t^ 00 00 t^ i>. OS OS OS OS 3s OS , (M 1^ CO -H rH ,-( o lyi 00 05 o o 1— 1 rH 1— ( t- s (M r-l Q CO OS (SI 00 M O ■^ OS O CO CO 1— 1 >-H T-* (N ■-• -^ lO CO OS 0» (N CO CO OS OS O O CO 00 CO O ■* •* 1-1 CO CD —1 O O t- CO CO (M •* -* rN Tt< CO CO O 1* O CO -H CO (M -^ rH 0» 05 CO fN CD 00 CO rH 1— 1 rH CD r- Tj< OS «o CO CO IN (N 1-1 CO (M (N o •'J' o ro i-i r-l ^ rH (M 0«00 <-* (M t^ (N 00 Q CO * 0> »5 •^ CO CO CO ■<* gs % a» 91 00 ■'li O 06 "* CO •^ "O 1-1 t» " !>. rH rH t^ OS CO t^ (N l^ OS OS I- -H r-) (M 00 o r- O CO (Ni-H rH 1— I r- lO rH O l^ rH t~ 1-. ^ rH CO eo ■^ 00 Cumbrae Kilbride Kilmory Kingarth North Bute Rothesay (Burgh) ...... ; J. F. Tocher 133 05 "Tt^ t— I !>• 05 I— I 00 CO (35 00 (M CD i-H -^ a ^ 00 T)< t^ tM as CD CO rH Tji (}q (M (jq 1—1 CO CD <35 ^ 00 fjq 05 I ": CD (M OS CO CO "M ^ CH CO Tt* I-H CM -t 00 -<* CO o t^ CO 1-H CD 1— I CO Tf CM CO .- O >0 1> r-( C> CO O t^ 00 (35 o ■-I •* O CM 0:§H^^^ CO CM ^ no i-H (?q ^_^ '^ l-H CM o -* a '"' CO CO OS CO >C CD '^ t^ ia> t 1^ CO Tt< t^ o l-H CM 00 CO CO O lO CO 1^ ^_l CO CO l-H eo CD r—l CO CM r-l CM CO CD -* 00 •^ CO 00 CD CO O O 1— Tt< o CM CM O ^ ^ '"' CO t^ r-i O CD 00 rt* lO l-H CO CO CD CM 05 O ^ CM CO l-H l-H CO >o t^ t- t- CM OS cn CO r-( CD l-H 00 00 ■* OS C:5 CM I-H CO o CM t^ 00 l-H CM t^ • : : : • -TS ■ ■ eg :c & bOTJ s ce 02 n -,03 J s -r ' 50 ■ - 2* - -^5 o u o o o CO rH O O l-H l-H CO CM CM --H CX) CO 00 l-H (M CO 00 _, CO O «0 00 iCi o CM CO nH 00 -* l-H n O >0 O 00 CM CO «o eo ^ CM o CO l-H l-H I-H l-H l-H O O eo CD l-H Tt< CO »o T}< O l-H CO l-H OS CM <:s lO Tf O I^ CM CO CO CD Tt< ^ CO l-H O O l-H CM l-H CM »0 rt< -* t^ CO l-H eo lO CO l-H -* CO Tj< i-H l-H Tjt ?o CO CM Tt* lO H^ 9 ^ o Biometrika. 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Caniwath Carstairs Clarkston Covington & Thankertou Crawford Crawfordjohn Culter Dalziel ... Dolphinton Douglas „ Water Dunsyre East Kilbride Glassford Glasgow (Burgh) Govan Hamilton (Burgh) „ (Landward) Lanark (Burgh) „ (Landward) ... Larkhall Lesmahagow Libberton Maryhill New Monkland Old Monkland Pettinain Rutherglen Shettleston Shotts Springburn Stonehouse Wandell & Lamington Wiston and Roberton m o 35—2 144 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland (^ e 2^ B g ^ o -< O "-^ e o a, ffl > 1 H I— 1 e ^ N >s 1— 1 hJ i-l W < ^ IB I— ( 1 (—1 CO 00 t« OS 00 I-l ce 1 ,-(;Di-ci-iO«i-l«« I> O Oq W r-l r-l « rH O l-H 22S$§ 1^ 5 13 f-iM OiO 00-icoos 1— 1 §8 O rH rH rH O CO t^Tjtt-t^aocoooct-ocMi^ 1— il» I— (1— 1 01^>0«005a0 rH CO rH rH r— rn (N (N Tf rH CO •1 eCiOTtCDO5ii3(N-*0000t^>O (N raqoc rH C30 eo Q -t rH rH CO TO rH rH .1 ooTfTj<3:Qoo rHOrHOOlCl 0-*05»0^0 (N CO T-t ^ CO CM CM «0 (N OS rH CD eO rH eo CO CO o rH rH s »n«D>O<3SCMSD(MrHr-T+ia500 CM CM rH CO t^ n 04 Abercorn Bathgate (Burgh) „ (Landward) Bo'ness and Carriden Dalmeny Ecclesmachan ... Kirkliston Linlithgow Livingstone Torphichen Uphall Whitburn 1 Ardclach Auldearn Cawdor Nairn (Burgh) „ (Landward) ... I J. F. 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CD rH i> ^ in rr eft rH Oi >n 00 c» CM CO »0 -^CO mrHrH(MCD 1—1 o Tjl CD-^(M1:^C00050CO»0'*QOCO C0ira>Ol> -"^TjiiOiC r-^ >o Tjl 05 -<* CD'^tM'OrJIOOTft^rHrHO'^QOeOOSrHO'^COXrH CO Tt< t-eOrH t^ GqG^cot- OSCDCNrHir^TfTjit^^OO-*'*!:- r-i o> rHOI>>COt--QOiC(y»x)i0500t~^>OCDQOCOCO>0>0 1-«0 CO (MCDrHr-iCD>0 (MOQ0i>. OtMCOOOCMOrH rH (M COrH COp-HrHrHCO 00 OSCN-^t^CDrHiO(MCDrHi*-*0 rH Til rH T^ rH (M i:D aq CM '^ O M s M e ^ W =^> K-1 .K> W § < c5 00 1 00 «P >0 ■«*< (N (N «0 -"l* « 1> « >0 op -i « 00 rjt ,-1 00 05 Oi S Tt-COO-*OOI>Q001 1— 1 1 rH (N (N >0 r-l n ^ otn n la r-i -* t^ (n 1 o M w V ei 00>OT(.(M8QQ0t^C0Tti«0r^«CQ0C0CDi-i(NO i>OOiOeo(Nooeo-He<:-^oo-.CDI>Cl-'»OCD r-lrHrHr-ieOC0(M "^CO {NCOTjt 1— 1 § ■* S s 3) ■^Ot^»Or-HCD01P0in-i »r5C0i-<'r5»o^e»s--*Tj*eocoocoTj«r-i i-H(NCO(N(Nr-H t^r-H (MOSCN 1 pq S 33 I— if-i(MCNO(M>— ii— iO'*iOOCO'*(M « Q (NOCDt^ervie, Mr G. H. Kinnear(75); Parish of KinneflF and Catterline — Kinneff, Mr D. G. Dorward (74); Catterline, Miss Cruickshank (74) ; Parish of Laurencekirk — Laurencekirk, Mr J, Grant (73) ; Laurencekirk Episcopal, ? (73) ; Parish of Maryculter — East, Mrs Paton (74) ; West, Mr W. R. Bain (74) ; Parish of Marykirk— Mary kirk, Mr J. B. Fenton (73) ; Napier Memorial, Miss M. T. Hampton (73) ; Parish of Nigg— Cove, Mr A. J. Barclay (74) ; Kirkhill, Mr G. Tough (74) ; Parish of St Cyrus— St Cyrus, Mr W. Russell (73) ; Parish of Strachan— Strachan, Mr J. F. Mackie (79). COUNTY OF KINROSS. Parish of Cleish— Cleish, Mr T. Dobbifi (57) ; Parish of Fossoway and Tiilliebole— Cambo, Mr S. T. Lear (57) ; Fossoway, Mr W. D. Robieson (57) ; Parish of Kinross — Kinross, Mr J. M. Ross (57) ; Parish of Orwell— Orwell, Mr A. Duff (57) ; Milnathort, Reid Memorial, Mr E, Mann (57) ; Parish of Portmoak— Portraoak, Mr A. Mitchell (57). COUNTY OF KIRKCUDBRIGHT. Parish of Anworth — Fleetside, Mr D. Clark (34); Skyreburn, Mr J. Pritchard (34); Parish of Balmaclellan — Endowed Free, Mr J. Mitchell (34) ; Ironmaccannie, Mr A. M. Murray (34) ; Monybuie, Miss M. Fleming (34) ; Parish of Balmaghie — Glenlochar, Mr D. R. Cunningham (34) ; Laurieston, Mr A. Hitchcock (34) ; Parish of Bargrennan — Bargrennan, Mr D. K. Barne (34) ; Knowe, Mr John Lochs (34) ; Parish of Borgue— Borgue, Mr J, M'^F. Doig (34) ; Parish of Buittle— High, Mr Hugh Knox (34); Palnackie, Mr S. M'^Kie (34); Parish of Carsphaim— Carsphairn, Mr J. Wilson (36) ; Parish of Colvend and Southwick — Banibarrock, Mr G. Ben- tham (34) ; Colvend, Mr James Davidson (34) ; Southwick, Mr J. C. Ferguson (34) ; Parish of Corsock — Corsock, Mr Jas. Weir (34) ; Parish of Crossmichael— Crossmichael, Mr John Clark (34); Parish of Dairy— Corseglass, Miss R. Campbell (.36); Dairy, Mr J. Marchbank (36); Stroanfreggan, Mr J. Leny (36); Parish of Girthon — Girthon, Mr Wm. Learmonth (34); Parish of Irongray — Roughtree, Mr M. A. Henderson (36) ; Parish of Kells — Dee, Miss Smith (34) ; Kells, Mr James Anderson (34) ; Mossdale, Mr W. Douglas (34) ; Pol) harrow, Mr Callan- der (34) ; Parish of Kel ton— Castle Douglas, Mr H. A. Braine (34) ; Gelston, Mr S. M<=Murray (34) ; Rhonehouse, Mr R. Harris (34) ; Parish of Kirkbean— Kirkbean, Mr W. D. Douglas (34) ; Preston, Mr W. A. Forsyth (34) ; Parish of Kirkcudbright— Johnston, Mr J. M. Smith (34) ; Townhead, Mr A. Matheson (34) ; Whinnie Liggate, Mr A. M'Kinney (34) ; Old Church, Miss Naismith (34) ; Parish of Kirkgunzeon— Kirkgunzeon, Mr R. Milligan (34); Parish of Kirk- mabreck— Kirkmabreck, Mr C. S. Robertson (34); Creetown, St Joseph's R. C, Miss Doran (34); Parish of Kirkpatrick Durham— Kirkpatrick Durham, Mr R. M'^Conachie (34); Parish of Lochrutton — Lochmtton, Mr A. Dick (36) ; Parish of Minnigaff— Cree Bridge, Mr G. C. Cowburn (3.3) ; Parish of New Abbey — Lochend, Mr J. Hcrries (34) ; New Abbey, Mr E. M<=Carrack (34) ; Parish of Parton — Parton, Mr Jas. Bell (34) ; Parish of Rerrick — Auchencaim, Mr Geo. A. Mills (34) ; Dundrenuan, Mr J. Scott (34) ; Parish of Torregles— Terregles, Miss N. A. Black (36) ; Parish of Tongland— Tongland, Mr Geo. Hunter (34) ; Parish of Troqueer— Drumsleet, Mr J. Symington (36); Laurieknowe, Mr J. S. Elder (.36); Whinnyhill, Miss R. W. M<=Kie (36) ; Parish of Twynholm— Twynholm, Mr D. G. Taylor (34) ; Parish of Urr— Dal- beattie, Mr A. Baxter (34) ; Hardgato, Mr R. Aird (34) ; Milton, Miss A. J. Robson (34) ; Springholm, Miss M. M^Dougall (34) ; Dalbeattie, R. C, Mrs Hadfield (34). J. F. Tocher 167 COUNTY OF LANARK. Parish of Airdrie (Burgh) — Academy, Mr H. Manners (9) ; Albert, Mr J. C. Carlisle (9) Chapelside, Mr J. Moffat (9) ; Rochsolloch, Mr D. M. Simpson (9) ; Victoria, ? (9) St Margaret's, R. C, Mr J. M^^Govern (9) ; Parish of Avoudale — Ballgreen, Mr A. Fleming (1) Barnock, Mrs Ramsay (1) ; Crossbill, Mr J. Millar (1) ; St Patrick's, R. C, Miss C. Martens (1) Parish of Biggar — High School, Biggar, Mr J. Young (1) ; Parish of Blantyre — High, Mr D. Dunlop (15) ; Low, Mr J. Mess (15) ; Auchinraith, Mr J. Welsh (15) ; Parish of Botbwell — Bellshill, Mr A. J. Noble (7) ; Bellshill Academy, Mr J. Donaldson (7) ; Botbwell, Mr J. M. Crowe (7) ; Carfin, Mr Thomas Law (7) ; Carnbroe, Mr J. MacDonald (7) ; Chapelhall, Mr T. Dymock (7) ; Hamilton Palace Colliery, Mr G. S. M^Callum (7) ; Mossend, Mr W. R. Archibald (7) ; New Stevenston, Mr J. Patrick (7) ; Mossend, R. C, Miss M. Myles (7) ; Parish of Cadder — Auchinloch, Mr L. Boyd (12) ; Bishopbriggs, Mr H. Anderson (12) ; Cadder, Mr T. H. CoUier (12j ; Gartcosh, Mr W. Findlay (12) ; Lochfauld, Miss M. Smith (12) ; Stepps Road, Mr A. H. Hunter (12) ; Parish of Calderhead — AUanton, Mr P. Lome (8) ; Calderhead, Mr Heard (8) ; Dykehead, Mr J. C. Miller (8) ; Shotts, St Patrick's, R. C, Mr J. B. Daniel (8) ; Parish of Cambuslang— Hallside, Mr A. Brown (15) ; Kirkhill, Mr R. Templeton (15) ; Newton, Mr A. Stevenson (15) ; Parish of Cambusnethan — Berry hill, Mr R. Dey (4) ; Cambusnethan, Mr A. Lawrie (4) ; Overtown, Miss J. Robertson (4) ; Waterloo, Mr G. R. Dick (4) ; Wishaw, Mr J. Ingram (4) ; Newmains, Mr R. Hunter (4) ; Parish of Carluke — Braidwood, Mr J. Miller (3) ; Carluke, G. and L, Miss ShoUbred (3) ; Kilncadzow, Mr R. Findlater (3) ; Market Place, H. G., Mr J. K. Barr (3) ; Yieldshields, Mr A. Miller (3) ; Parish of Carmichael — Carmichael, Mr J. Aitken (1) ; Parish of Carmunnock — Carmunnock, Mr Alexander Rankin (14) ; Parish of Carnwath — Auchengray, Mr J. M. Cooke (2) ; Braehead, Mr W. Messer (2) ; Carnwath, Mr G. C. Murray (2) ; Forth, Mr M. Yates (2) ; Haywood, Mr A. Mcintosh (2) ; New Bigging, Miss J. Dunlop (2) ; Wilsontown, Mr F. P. Wellwood (2) ; Parish of Carstairs — Carstairs, Mr S. J. Somerville (2) ; Caledonian Railway Company's, Mr W. A. Russell (2) ; Parish of Clarkston— Airdriehill, Mr J. M^Luckie (9) ; Drumbreck, Mr J. Millar (9) ; Longrigg, Mr D. S. Masterton (9) ; Longriggend, Miss Grant (9) ; Parish of Covington and Thankerton — Covington, Mr G. Dickson (1) ; Parish of Crawford — Crawford, Mr J. Murray (1) ; Daer and Powtrail, Miss C. Dunlop (1) ; Summit, Mr G. Haddow (1) ; Parish of Crawfordjohn — Crawfordjohn, Mr J. H. Henderson (1); Whitecleuch, Mr A. Porteous (1) ; Parish of Culter — Culter, Mr J, Walker (1) ; Parish of Dalziel— Craigneuk, Mr G. T. Brough (6) ; Dalziel, Mr W. Fordyce (6) ; Hamilton Street, Mr D. F. Macmillan (6) ; High, Mr D. Greig (6) ; Merry Street, Mr A. Macdonald (6) ; Milton Street, Mr J. Stalker (6) ; Muir Street, Mr J. Graham (6) ; Craigneuk, R. C, ? (6) ; Motherwell, R. C, Mr G. Bennett (6) ; Parish of Dolphin ton— Dolphinton, Mr C. M^Kenzie (2) ; Parish of Douglas— Douglas, Mr C. C. Riach (1); Stablestone, Mr D. M^Kay (1); Parish of Douglas Water — Douglas Water, Mr E. Waddell (1); Parish of Dunsyre — Dunsyre, Mr J. Miller (2) ; Parish of East Kilbride — Auldhouse, Mr J. Auld (3) ; East Kilbride, Mr J. T. Thom (3) ; Jackton, Mrs J. G. Eaglesome (3) ; Maxwellton, Mr W. Russell (3) ; Parish of Glassford — Chapeltou, Mr G. Shearer (3) ; Glassford, Mr T. Laug (3) ; Parish of Glasgow (Burgh)— Abbotsford, Mr T. C. Anderson (13); Adelphi Terrace, Mr F. W. Grant (13); Alexander's, Mr W. Jamieson (13) ; Alexandra Parade, Mr John Clanachan (13) ; Anderston, Mr P. M«D. Andrew (13) ; Annfield, Mr Andrew Hoy (13) ; Barrowfield, Mr D. Gilchrist (13) ; Bishop Street, Mr Adam Miller (13) ; Calton, Mr W. A. Davidson (13) ; Camlachie, Miss J. Morrison (13); Camden Street, Mr W. Fleming (13); Campbellfield, Mr W. Scott (13); Crookston Street, Mr A. Miller (13) ; Dalmarnock, Mr W. M^^Intyre (13) ; Dennistown, Mr J, Gibson (13); Dobbies Loan, Mr H. Muir (13) ; Dove Hill, Mr Robert Crawford (13) ; Dunard Street, Mr J. Wood (13) ; Finnieston, Mr J. Knox (13) ; Elmvale, Mr J. Buist (13) ; Freeland, Mr T. Smith (13) ; Garnetbank, Mr W. W. Russell (13) ; Gorbals, Mr Robert Edgar (13) ; Greenside Street, Mr R. Reid (13) ; Grove Street, Mr F. Connor (13) ; Henderson Street, Mr John Middleton (13) ; Hozier Street, Mr Hugh Cameron (13) ; Kay, Mr W. S. Jamieson (13) ; 38—2 168 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland Kelvinhaugh, Mr W. Lee (13) ; Kent Road, Mr R. J. Wilson (13) ; Kent Road H. G., ? (13); Keppochhill, Mr W. Young (13); Martyrs', Mr W. M. Cullen (13); Napiers Hall, Mr J. B. Freebaim (13); Oakbank, Mr J. Whyte (13); Oatlands, Mr J. A. J. Watt (13); Ovemewton, Mr David Picken (13) ; Petershill, Mr John T. Smith (13) ; Provanside, Mr W. Marshall (13) ; Queen Mary Street, Mr John Robertson (13) ; Rose Street, Mr A, L. Smith (13); Rumford Street, Mr John Hay (13); St David's, Mr Hector Dove (13); St George's Road, Mr W. A. Thompson (13) ; St James', Dr Knight (13) ; St Rollox, ? (13) ; Shield's Road, Mr H. M'Callum (13) ; Sir John N. Cuthbertson's, Mr C. S. Ogilvie (13) ; Springbank, Mr R. Gilfillan (13) ; Springbum, Mr Jos. Routledge (13) ; Springfield, Mr J. Brown (13) ; Townhead, Mr Thos. Lindsay (13) ; Washington Street, Mr J. Glen (13) ; Well Park, Mr G. Stewart (13) ; Willowbank, Mr R. Edgar (13) ;. Wolseley Street, Mr J. D. Robertson (13) ; Buchanan Institution, Mr A. McLaren (13) ; Normal Practising, Mr J. Beveridge (13) ; Our Lady and St Francis, R. C, ? (13) ; St Joseph's, R. C, Mr W. Lornax (13) ; St Mary's Epis., Mr G. Harrison (13) ; Parish of Govan— Bellahouston Academy, Mr D. M'Gillivray (13) ; Broomloan Road, Mr J. A. Mcintosh (13) ; Dowanhill, ? (13) ; Fairfield, Mr B. Hutchison (13) ; Govanhill, ? (13) ; Greenfield, Mr A. M-'Leod (13) ; Harmony Row, Mr Joseph Scott (13) ; Kinning Park, Mr T. Brodie (13) ; Partick, Church Street, Mr Purdie (13) ; Partick, Hamilton Crescent H. G., Mr S. Eraser (13); Partick, Rosevale Street, Mr D. Taylor (13) ; Partick, Stewartville, Mr J. Main (13) ; Partick, Thornwood, Mr W. C. Lindsay (13); Pollokshields, Albert Road, Mr G. S. Brown (13); Polmadie, Mr W. Drumraond (13); Rutland Crescent, ? (13) ; Whiteinch, Mr W. Greenhorn (13) ; St Saviour's, R. C, Mr T. O'Connor (13) ; Parish of Hamilton (Burgh) — Academy, Mr D. MacLeod (5) ; Elementary, Miss Baird (5) ; Beckford Street, Mr M. Blair (5) ; Bent Road, Mr W. Hamilton (5) ; Townhead, Mr J. M'=Cabe (5) ; St John's Grammar, Mr J. Hendrie (5) ; Parish of Hamilton (Landward) — Beechfield, Miss Smith (5) ; Ferniegair, Mr J. Dunn (5) ; Glenlee, Mr R. Steele (5) ; Greenfield, Mr J. Blyth (5) ; Low Waters, Mr R. Muir (5) ; Quarter, Miss Marshall (5) ; Cadzow, Mr P. M'^Gall (5) ; Parish of Lanark (Burgh) — Burgh, Mr A. Johnstone (2) ; Grammar, Mr H. Henderson (2) ; Parish of Lanark (Landward) — Nemjihlar, Miss J. Millar (2) ; New Lanark, Mr J. M«Latchie (2) ; Smyllum, R. C, Sisters of Charity (2) ; Smyllum Blind and Deaf Mutes, Sisters of Charity (2) ; Parish of Larkhall— Academy, Mr C. W. Thomson (3) ; Duke Street, Mr James Frame (3) ; Glengowan, Mr J. Paterson (3) ; Muir Street, Mr J. A. Beattie (3) ; Parish of Lesmahagow — Auchinheath, Mr J. L. Tait (1) ; Bellfield, Mr J. Weir (1) ; Blackwood, Mr William Martin (1) ; Kirkfield Bank, Mr J. Dunlop (1) ; Lesmahagow Senior, Mr M. Glover (1) ; Lesmahagow Junior, Miss Grierson (1) ; Waterside, Mr R. Gibson (1) ; Parish of Libberton — Libberton, Mr W. B. Smellie (2) ; Parish of Maryhill— Gairbraid, Mr J. Simpson (13) ; North Kelvinside, Mr D. M. Cowan (13) ; East Park, Mr Ross (13) ; Possil Park, ? (13) ; Parish of New Monkland— Avonhead, l (10) ; Gain, Mr J. Kiddie (10) ; Greengairs, Mr J. Arthur (10); New Monkland, Mr T. Philip (10) ; Riggend, Mr J. Roger (10) ; Roughrigg, Mr J. Gorman (10) ; Parish of Old Monkland— Baillieston, Mr R. Hunter (11) ; Blairhill, Mr J. Pickin (11); Calderbank, Mr J. Russell (11) ; Coatbridge H. G., Mr W. Service (11) ; Coatbridge, Laugloan, Mr H. B. Sergeant (11) ; Mount Vernon, Mr R. Young (11) ; Old Monkland, Mr J. Laurence (11) ; West Maryston, Mr J. Gibson (11) ; Whiflact, Mr Charles B. Noble (11) ; Coat- bridge St Patrick's, R. C, Mr J. Bonner (11); Whifflet, R. C, Mr J. Casey (11); Parish of Pettinain — Pettinain, Mr E. Anderson (2) ; Parish of Rutherglen (Burgh and Landward) — Burgh, Mr Henry C. Jack (14) ; Eastfield, Mr W. Forsyth (14) ; Farie Street, Mr J. F. Scott (14) ; MacDonald's, Mr George Kerr (14); Parish of Shettleston— Millerston, Mr W. Thomson (11); Shettleston, Mr M<=Haffie (11); Tollcross, Mr J. Mair (11); Parish of Shotts— Northrigg, Miss S. M=Leod (8) ; Shotts, Mr A. Paterson (8) ; Parish of Springbum— Wellfield, Mr J. Brown (12) ; Parish of Stonehouse — Greenside, Infant, Miss E. Black (3) ; Sandford, Miss Sutherland (3) ; Townhead, Mr A. M'^Intosh (3) ; Parish of Wandcll and Lamington — Lamington, Mr D. S. Melville (1); Lamington, Female and Infant, Miss H. H. Allan (1); Parish of Wistou and Roberton — Roberton, Mr J. Waddell (1). J. F. Tocher 169 COUNTY OF LINLITHGOW. Parish of Abercorn — Abercoru, Mr A. Hardie (48) ; Abercorn, Girls, Miss M. Wilson (48) ; Parish of Bathgate (Town) — Bathgate, Mr J. H. Wheclaw (49) ; Bathgate Academy, Mr H. Dunn (49); Parish of Bathgate (Landward) —Starlaw, Miss Wardrop (49) ; Parish of Bo'ness and Carri- den — Bo'ness, Mr J. Dunlop (48) ; Bo'ness Anderson Academy, Mr W. Gladstone (48) ; Bo'ness Infant, Miss A. Brown (48) ; Borrowstown, Mr Jas. Boyd (48); Carriden, Mr Wm. Andrew (48) Grangepans, Mr E. Nelson (48) ; Kinneil, Mr J. Hunter (48) ; Blackness, Miss B. Morrison (48) Bo'nQss St Mary's, R. C, ? (48) ; Parish of Dalmeny— Dalmeny, Mr J. W. Sinton (48) Parish of Ecclesmachan — Craigbinning, Mr J. B. Inglis (48); Parish of Kirkliston — Kirklis ton, Mr Jas. Brown (48) ; Newhouses, Miss M«Knight (48) ; Winchburgh, Mr W. Fowler (48) Parish of Linlithgow — Linlithgow Academy, Mr J. Beveridge (48) ; Linlithgow, Mr Jas. Forbes (48) ; Parish of Livingstone— Blackburn, Mr W. Stewart (48) ; Livingstone, Mr J. Robertson (48) ; Seafield, Mr M. Gray (48) ; Parish of Torphichen— Blackridge, Mr R. M. Brown (49) ; Torphichen, Mr Menzies (49) ; Parish of Uphall — Broxburn, Mr J. P. Cleghorn (48) ; Uphall, Mr J. S. Calder (48) ; Hatton, Infant, Miss Kinnear (48) ; Parish of Whitburn — East Benhar, Mr R. Macdonald (49) ; Longridge, Mr T. Sutherland (49) ; Stoneyburn, Mr J. Steele (49) ; Whitburn, Mr W. Thomson (49). COUNTY OF NAIRN. Parish of Ardclach— Campbell's, Mr D. Eraser (90) ; Fornighty, Miss E. D. Hall (90) ; Parish of Auldearn — Auldearn, Mr T. H. Rutherford (89) ; Moyness, Miss E. J. Garden (89) ; Parish of Cawdor — Barivan, Miss A. Aird (89) ; Cawdor, Mrs A. Allen (89) ; Clunas, Miss Barbour (89) ; Burgh of Nairn — Monitory, Mr R. Jamieson (89) ; Parish of Nairn (Landward) — Delnies, Miss J. Penny (89) ; Geddes, Mr J. Aird (89). COUNTY OF ORKNEY. Parish of Cross and Burness — Burness, Mr J. M. Gunn (109) ; Cross, Miss M. J. Stout (109) North Ronaldshay, Mr C. B. Robertson (109) ; Parish of Eday— South, Mr J. Carrell (109) Parish of Evie and Rendall— Gairsay, Miss J. D. M«Ewan (109) ; Rendall, Mr W. Wylie (109) Parish of Firth and Stennis— Firth, Mr W. Mackay (109) ; Stennis, Mr F. S. Scott (109) ; Parish of Harray and Birsay— Birsay, Mr Geo. S. Duthie (109); Harray, Mr P. M«Cullie (109); Hund- land, Mrs Maxullie (109) ; Parish of Holm— East, Miss E. Sheridan (109) ; West, Mr J. Inkster (109) ; Parish of Hoy and Graemsay — Graemsay, Mrs M. S. Campbell (109) ; Hoy, Mr Rendall, (109); Rackwick, Miss M. T. Moat (109); Burgh of Kirkwall— Kirkwall, Mr J. M<=Ewen (109); Parish of Kirkwall (Landward) and St Ola — Scalpa, Miss J. S. Scott (109) ; Parish of Lady — Lady, Central, Mr J. Gariock (109); Sellibister, Mr R. Clelland (109); Parish of Orphir— Kir>)ister, Mr J. Omond (109) : Orphir, Mr P. L. Muir (109) ; Parish of Rousay and Egilshay — Egilshay, Mr W. M. Glen (109); Frotoft, Miss B. Norquay (109); Sourin, Miss J. Marwick (109) ; Veira, Miss M^Kenzie (109) ; Wasbister, Miss M. W. Wards (109) ; Parish of St Andrews and Deerness — Deerness, Mr M. Spence (109) ; Tonkerness, Mr S. Thompson (109) ; Parish of Sandwick — North, Mr J. S. Robertson (109); Yesnaby, Miss M. Spence (109); Parish of Shapinsay — Shapinsay, Mr J. Craigie (109) ; do. North, Miss J R. Hamilton (109) ; Parish of South Ronaldshay and Burray — Burray, Mr A. M'^Callum (109) ; Hope, Mr G. Barclay (109) ; Tomisons, Mr Cruickshank (109) ; Widewall, Mr D. M<'Cormack (109) ; Parish of Stromness — Kirbuster, Mr H. R. T. Miller (109); Stromness, Mr D. Hepburn (109); Parish of Stronsay— Central, Mr R. T. Annand (109) ; North, Female and Infant, Mrs M. L. Tolmie (109) ; South, Fem., Miss M. Calder (109) ; Parish of Walls and Flotta— Brims, Miss M. C. Johnston (109) ; Flotta, Mr A. Forbes (109) ; North Walls, Miss J. Sinclair (109) ; South Walls, Mr J. A. David- son (109) ; Parish of Westray and Papa Westray — East Side (Skelwick), Miss J. M. Shurie (109) ; Papa Westray, Miss M<=Conachie (109) ; Pierowall, Mr J. S. Sutherland (109) ; West Side (Midbea), H. Stevenson (109). 170 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland COUNTY OF SHETLAND. Parish of Bressay — Bressay, Mr W. G. A, Morgan (110); Parish of Delting — Brae, Mr J. H. Moodie (110); Gonfirth, Miss A. C. M'^Pherson (110); Mid Lee, Mr T. Hanton (110); Olnafirth, Mr D. Fraser (110) ; Roe, Mr A. Falconer (110) ; Parish of Dunrossness — Boddam, Miss Morrison (110); Fairisle, Mr D. M'^Lean (110); Quendale, Mr M. R. Johnstone (110); Virkie, Mr H. H. Gear (110); Parish of Fetlar — Fetlar, Mr B. Alexander (110); Parish of Lerwick — Gulberwick, Miss L Innes (110); Lerwick, Central, Mr W. M. Wightnian (HO); Anderson Educational Insti- tute, Miss Morrison (110); Quarft", Miss M. J. Henderson (110); Parish of Nesting, Lunnasting, Whalsay and Skerries — Laxfirth, Miss C. Hutchison (110); Lunnasting, Mr A. G. M'^Michen (110); Whalsay (Borough), Mr H. White (HO); Skerries, Mr Geo. Mackay(HO); Parish of Northmavine — Eshaness, Miss E. M«Nicoll (110); North Roe, Mr R. S. Bremner (HO) ; SuUom, Miss M. Calderwood (110) ; Urafirth, Miss J, Nicolson (HO); Parish of Sandsting and Aithsting — Gruting, Mr J. S. Peterson (110) ; Skeld, Mr H. Mackay (110) ; West Burratirth, Mr H. Arthtir (110); Parish of Tingwall, Whiteness and Weisdale — Girlsta, Miss J, A. Jamieson (110); Scallo- way, Mr W. Robertson (HO); Trondra, Miss L. Likster (110); Weisdale, Mr E. M. Henderson (110); Parish of Unst -Baltasound, Mr D. J. Henderson (HO); Haroldswick, Miss M. A. Stephen (110); Uyasound, Miss M. A. Harrison (110); Westing, Mr J. Giflford (110); Parish of Walls, Sandness, Papa and Foula — Dale, Mr J. D. Robertson (110); Foula, Mr P. Henderson (110); Happyhansel, Mr J. Dalziel (110); Parish of Yell— Burravoe, Mr H. Robb (110); Gutcher, Mrs Hoseason (110); Ulsta, Miss M. A. Esson (110); West Yell, Mr J. H. Smith (110). COUNTY OF PEEBLES. Parish of Drumelzier — Drumelzier, Mr W. T. C. M'=Litosh (41); Parish of Innerleithen — Innerleithen, Mr T. Weir (41) ; Leithenhope, Miss Smith (41) ; Walkerburn, Mr George Hardie (41); Parish of Kilbucho, Broughton, and Qlenholm — Broughton, Central, Mr Hogg (41); Glenholm, Miss Hall (41); Parish of Newlands — Lamancha, Mr W. Kyle (41); Newlands, Mr W. Mackie (41) ; Parish of Peebles — Peebles, Mr James Tod (41) ; Halyrude, Miss Miuray (41); Parish of Stobo — Stobo, Mr A. Jervies (41) ; Parish of Traquair — Traquair, Mr A. Menzies (41) ; Kirkburn, Miss M. T. Fraser (41) ; The Glen, Miss Dewar (41) ; Parish of Tweedsmuir — Tweedsmuir, Mr J. Yellowlees (41) ; Parish of West Linton — West Linton, Mr J. Halley (41); West Linton Episcopal, Miss Lyrie (41). COUNTY OF PERTH. Parish of Abernethy — Abernethy, Mr A. Davidson (58); Parish of Abernyte — Abernyte, Mr J. F. Falconer (68) ; Parish of Alyth— Alyth, Mr D. B. Lawson (70) ; Gauldswell, Miss E. Fraser (70) ; Parish of Amulree — Araulree, Mr M. Black (71) ; Shian, Miss Cameron (71) ; Parish of Ardoch — Braco, Mr T. B. MacOwan (59) ; Parish of Arngask — Arngask, Mr J. Wilson (58) ; Parish of Auchterarder — Aberuthven, Mr J. M<=Math (58) ; Auchterarder, Mr D. Arkley (58) ; Parish of Auchtergaven — Auchtergaven, Mr D. Munro (71); Stanley, Mr J. Cameron (71); Parish of Balquhidder — Balquhidder, Mr William Be*ittie (59) ; Lochearnhead, Mr D. M<'Donald (59) ; Strathyre, Mrs M<=Gechan (59) ; Parish of Blackford— Blackfonl, Mr W. M^Farlane (59) ; Gleneagles, Mr R. Guthrie (59) ; Tullibardine, Mr L. A. Tovjtni (59) ; Parish of Blair Atholl— Blair Atholl, Mr A. Kellock (76) ; Glenerichty, Miss M. C. Macdonald (76) ; Pittagowan, Miss A. Reid (76) ; Strathtunimel, Miss M. Livingstone (76) ; Parish of Blairgowrie — Blairgowrie, Mr R. Robb (70); Parish of Blairingone—Blairingone, Mr A. R. Morrice (51): Parish of Callander —Callander, Mr R. Fulton (69); Parish of Caputh— Spittalfield, Mr M-'Murtrie (71); Wester Caputh, Miss J, F. Smith (71) ; Meikleour, MrG. F. Teunant(71); Parish of Cargill— Burreltown, J. F. Tocher 171 Mr G. Robertson (70) ; Newbigging, Mr J. S. Halliburton (70) ; Parish of Clunie— Clunie, Mr J. Young (70) ; Parish of CoUace — CoUace, Mr G. H. Dale (70) ; Parish of Comrie — Comrie, Mr J. Goldie (58) ; Glenartney, Miss Anderson (58) ; Glenlednock, Miss Findlay (58) ; St Fillans, Mr G. Elder (58) ; Parish of Coupar Angus— Coupar Angus, Mr G. W. F. Strain (68) ; Parish of CriefF— Crieff, Mr J. H. Brown (58) ; Monzie, Mr A. G. Graham (58) ; Taylor's Institution, Mr G. Pollock (58); St Dominic's, R. C, Miss Doherty (58); Parish of Dron— Dron, Mr A. S. Carnegie (58); Parish of Dull— Aberfeldy, Mr A. Grieve (71); Dull, Mr J. E. Adamson (71); Foss, Miss Alice Barr (71); Styx, Miss Mary McDonald (71); Parish of Dunblane and Lecropt — Dunblane, Mr A. Hamilton (59) ; Lecropt, Miss J. Duff (59) ; Dunblane, St Mary's Episcopal, Miss Walker (59) ; Parish of Dunkeld and Dowally — Butterstone, Miss J. Reid (71) ; Dowally, Mr M. Chalmers (71) ; Dunkeld, Royal, Mr G. R. CroU (71) ; Parish of Dunning — Dunning, Mr W. Kerr (58) ; Parish of Errol— Errol, Mr W. Reid (68) ; Glendoick, Mr R. Strathdee (68) ; Errol, Female and Industrial, Miss C. B. Taylor (68) ; Parish of Findo Gask— Findo Gask, Mr A. Wan- less (58) ; Parish of Forgandenny — Forgandenny, Mr T. Moffat (58) ; Parish of Forteviot — Fort- eviot, Mr W. Sprunt (58) ; Path of Condie, Mr A. Hossack (58) ; Parish of Fortingall— Fortingall, Mr J. Simpson (71); Parish of Fowlis Wester — Balgowan, Miss M. Barclay (71); Buchanty, Glenaldmond Subscription, Miss Young (71) ; Parish of Gartmore — Gartmore, Mr Menzies (59) ; Parish of Glendevon — Glendevon, Mr W. N. Russell (51); Parish of Inchture — Inchture, Mr T. S. Nicolson (68) ; Parish of Kenmore — Acham, Mr D. Ewan (71) ; Ardtalnaig, Miss M. Ross (71); Fearnan, Miss Roberts (71); Kiltyrie, Mr A, Cameron (71); Lawers, Mr W. Davie (71); Parish of Killin— Creanlarich, Mr H. M. Smith (71) ; Glendochart, Mr R. Paterson (71); Killin, Mr J. Steven (71) ; StrathfiUan, Miss Matthews (71) ; Parish of Kilmadock— Deanston, Mr K. S. Murray (59) ; Drumvaich, Miss J. C. Hislop (59) ; Kilmadock (Doune), Mr N. C. Merrie (59) ; Parish of Kilspindie — Kilspindie, Mr G. Nish (68) ; Parish of Kincardine — Blair Drummond, Miss Innes (59) ; Kincardine, Mr W. Kilgour (59) ; Thornhill, Mr J. G. Home (59) ; Parish of Kinclaven — Kinclaven, Mr J. Foster (70) ; Parish of Kinfauns — Kinfauns, Mr J. Sprunt (68) ; Parish of Kinloch-Rannoch — Auchtarsin, Mr D. Campbell (76) ; Georgetown, Mr P. McLaren (76) ; Parish of Kinnaird — Kinnaird, Mr J. Fairweather (68) ; Parish of Kirkmichael — Glenshee, Mr W. Richmond (76) ; Parish of Lethendy and Kinloch — Kinloch, Mr J. Arnott (70) ; Parish of Little Dunkeld — Balnaguard, Miss Wilson (71) ; Drumour, Miss Forbes (71) ; Murthly and AirntuUy, Mr W. Sprunt (71); Parish of Logie Almond — Logiealmond, Mr J. Stalker (71); Parish of Logierait — Logierait, Mr J. Kennedy (71) ; Grandtully, Lady Stewart's, Miss Mitchell (71); Parish of Longforgan — Longforgan, Mr R. Dow (68); Parish of Maderty — Maderty, Mr W. Forbes (58) ; Parish of Meigle — Meigle, Mr J. Butter (68) ; Parish of Methven— Almondbank, Mr J. Paterson (71) ; Methven, Mr D. M. Carmichael (71) ; Parish of Moulin — Straloch, Miss A. A. Howe (76); Parish of Muckart— Muckart, Mr D. M. Hall (51); Parish of Muthill— Drum- mond Street, Mr T. A. Donald (58); Parish of Persie— Blackwater, Mr W. M. Smith (70); Strone of Callie, Mr A. CroU (70) ; Drimmie Burn, Miss J. J. Grant (70) ; Parish of Perth (Burgh) — Caledonian Road, Mr D. S. Lowson (69) ; Central District, Mr W. Paterson (69) ; Craigie (Western District), Mr W. Barclay (69) ; Kinnoull, ? (69) ; Northern District (Bal- housie), Mr D. Walker (69) ; Southern District, Mr J. Clacher (69) ; St Ninian's Episcopal, Miss Keith (69) ; Sharp's Institution, ? (69) ; Parish of Perth, East (Landward) — Craigend, Miss J. Adamson (69) ; Tulloch, Miss J. E. Scott (69) ; Parish of Port of Monteith— Dykehead, Mr S. Lardner (59) ; Port of Monteith, Mr E. Maclean (59) ; Parish of Redgorton — Redgorton, Mr W. K. Anderson (70) ; Parish of Rhynd— Rhynd, Mr J. West (58) ; Parish of St Martin's— Guildtown, Mr J. Meldrum (70) ; Parish of Scone — New Scone, Mr D. Sutherland (70) ; Stor- montfield. Miss J. D. Jamie (70); Parish of Tenandry — Aldgirnaig, Mr T. M«Glashan (76); Glenfincastle, Mr E. M. M'^Lean (76) ; Parish of Tibbermore — Tibbermore, Mr R. H. Meldrum (70) ; Parish of Trinity Gask — ^Trinity Gask, Mr A. Murray (58) ; Parish of Trossachs — Tros- sachs, Mr A. C. Macdonald (59) ; Parish of Weem— Weem Central, Mr J. P, M<= Alpine (71). 172 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland COUNTY OF KENFREW. Parish of Cathcart — Cathcart, Mr A. Wylie (14) ; Crossmyloof, ? (14) ; Queen's Park, ? (14); Busby St Joseph's, R. C, Miss A. Rattray (14); Parish of Eastwood— PoUok- shaws, Sir J. Maxwell's, Mr J. Prentice (16); Shawlands Academy, Mr Macnab (16); Thornlie- bank, Mr J. S. Conner (16) ; Parish of Erskine — Erskine, Mr J. M. Duncan (21) ; Undercraig, Mr J. M, Wilkie (21); Parish of Greenock (Burgh) — Ardgowan, Mr A. Bremner (24); Belville Place, Mr M. Carmichael (24) ; Glebe, Mr John Wilson (24) ; Highlanders Academy, Mr R, Wilson (24) ; Hillend, Mr James Watson (24) ; Holmscroft, Mr William Cook (24) ; Meams Street, Mr Andrew Young (24) ; St Andrews Square, Mr A. K. Macdonald (24) ; Shaw Street, Mr W. B. Ingram (24); West St John's Episcopal, Mr E. Murray (24) ; Parish of Greenock East (Landward) and Port Glasgow (Landward) — Ladyburn, Mr W. Lees (21); Parish of Houston and Killellan— Houston, Mr A. More (17); St Fillan's, R. C, ? (17) ; Parish of Inverkip — Inverkip, Mr J. Lang (23) ; Parish of Kilbarchan — Kilbarchan, Mr M. Mycroft (17) ; Linwood, Mr J. Macfie (17) ; Parish of Kilmalcolm— Kilmalcolm, Mr W. L. Walker (21) ; Parish of Levem — Levern, Mr J. Wood (16) ; Parish of Lochwinnoch— Glenhead, Mr M. P. Holmes (17) ; Howwood, Mr J. Thomson (17); Lochwinnoch, Mr J. Millar (17); Parish of Meams — Busby, Mr T. Russell (16); Meams, Mr J. S. Downie (16) ; Parish of Neilston — Barrhead, Mr A. Rodger (17); Grahamston, Mr H. R, Dalziel (17); Neilston, Mr Doak (17); Uplawmuir, Mr D. G. Nicolson (17); St Thomas, R. C, Miss J. Whyte (17); Parish of Paisley (Burgh)— Ferguslie, Mr R. Ferguson (18) ; North, Mr A. FairUe (18) ; South, Mr W. Taylor (18) ; South, Infant Dept., Miss M<=Nair and Miss M<= Andrew (18); West, Mr G. Dick (18); Oakshaw, Mr D. Smith (18); Neilson Educational Inst., Mr J. G. Thomson (18) ; Parish of Paisley (Landward) — Cardonald, Mr J. Wallace (20) ; Inkerman, Mr A. Brown (20) ; Nethercraigs, Mr J. Cochran (20) ; Parish of Port Glasgow (Burgh) — Chapelton, Mr M. A. R. Munro (21); Cluue Park, Mr D. Dryborough (21) ; Parish of Renfrew (Landward)~Oswald, Mr R. M«Kechnie (19) ; Scotstown, Mr J. M'=Kean (19) ; Yoker, Mr J. Barr (19). COUNTY OF ROSS AND CROMARTY. Parish of Alness — Boath, Miss P. Gumming (93) ; Parish of Applecross — Aligin, Mr A. Macphail (99) ; Applecross, Mr J. D. Matheson (99) ; Arinacrinachd, Mr D. Mackenzie (99) ; Dibaig, Mr G. P. MacMartin (99) ; Shieldaig, Miss H. Mackenzie (99) ; Torridon, Miss G. Ironside (99); Parish of Avoch— Avoch, Mr D. F. Fleming (93); Killen, Mr*M<=Donald (93); Parish of Barvas— Barvas, Mr J. Campbell (108) ; Bragar, Mr T. S Rennie (108) ; Lionel, Mr J. M'^Kay (108) ; Skigersta, Mr M. Maclean (108) ; Parish of Camoch — Strathcouan, Mr G. Lang (93) ; Parish of Contin — Scatwell, Mr J. Davidson (93) ; Parish of Cromarty— Peddieston, Mr W. S. Stevenson (93) ; Parish of Dingwall — Dingwall Academy— Mr McDonald (93) ; Parish of Fearn — Balmuchy, Mr J. Mackintosh (95) ; Hilton, Mr J, Watt (95) ; Parish of Fodderty— Fodderty, Mr J. M«C. Duthie (93) ; Maryburgh, Mr D. Mackay (93) ; Parish of Gairloch— Achtcrcaim, Mr G. H. T. Milne (99) ; Bualnaluib, Mr R. C. G. Rose (99) ; Inverasdale, Mr A Poison (99) ; Kinlochewe, Miss M. M. Band (99) ; Laide, Miss B. Summers (99) ; Mellon LTdrigle, Mr J. M. Summers (99) ; Melvaig, Mr J. M'^Lennan (99) ; Pool ewe. Miss M. Campbell (99) ; Sand, Mrs Calder (99) ; Parish of Glenshiel— Letterfearn, Mr T. Purdie (99) ; Shiel, Miss J. A. Maclean (99) ; Parish of Killearnan, -Killearnan, Mr W. Mcintosh (93) ; Tore, Miss H. Macdonald (93) ; Parish of Kilnuiir Easter— Kilmuir Easter, Mr T. G. Meldrum (95) ; Tullich, Miss J. Mackenzie (95) ; Parish of Kincardine, — Achnahannet, Mr J. A. Fotheringham (96) ; Loubcroy, Miss Lily Banks (96) ; Gledfield, Mr G. G. Macleod (96) ; Parish of Kinloch Luichart — Kinloch Luichart, Mr I). Macrae (93) ; Strathgarve, Miss Cram (93) ; Achnashecn, Mr D. Duff (99) ; Parish of Knockbain — Munlochy, Mr W. Harvey (93) ; Upper Knockben — Arnprior, Mr J. Gardner (59); Buchly\'ie, Mr G. Dalgleish (59) ; Parish of Larbert — Carronshore, ? (62) ; Larbert Central, Mr H. Martin (62) ; Larbert Village, Mr W. K. Young (62) ; Carron, Mr R. Whyte (62) ; Parish of Logie — Causeway- head, Mr A. Dalziel (59) ; Parish of Muiravonside — Blackbraes, Mr A. Campbell (61) ; Drum- bowie, Mr Geo. G. Mackay (61); Maddiston, Miss J. F. Walker (61); Muiravonside, Mr D. Watt (61); Parish of St Niniau's — Bannockburn, Mr R. Saunders (59) ; Cowie, Mr W. Morrison (59) ; Fallin, Mr Arch. Tait (59); Milton, Mr J. M<=Innes (59) ; Muirland, Miss Finlayson (59); Sauchie, Miss Jane Fergus (59) ; Parish of Slamannan — Avonbridge, Mr R. Duncan (10) ; Lime- rigg, Mr .J. Allan (10) ; Rosemount, Mr D. Leslie (10) ; Slamannan, Mr J. Stevenson (10) ; Barnsmuir, R. C, Miss H. Carolan (10) ; Burgh of Stirling— Abbey, Miss H. Reid (60) ; Allan's, Mr Chas. Johnston (60) ; Craigs, Mr Wm. Yule (60) ; High, Mr Geo, Lawson (60) ; St Ninian's, Mr R. B. Philip (60) ; Territorial, Mr J. Jamieson (60) ; Parish of Strathblane— Strathblane, Mr M. F. Chisholm (12). COUNTY OF SUTHERLAND. Parish of Assynt — Achmelvich, Miss M. Emslie (96); Assynt, Miss Ria S. Miller (96); Elphine, Mr A. Maoneill (96) ; Lochinver, Mr W. Newlands (96) ; Una^wol, Mr A. M'^Kenzie (96); Parish of Clyne— Clyne, Mr H. S. Winchester (96); Doll, Miss M. J. Sullivan (96); Strathbrora, Miss M. W. Kidd (96) ; Parish of Creich— Bonar Bridge, Mr D. Sutherland (96) ; Invershin, Miss M. MacFarquhar (96); Rosehall, Mr A. Urquhart (96); Parish of Dornoch — Balvraid, Miss H. Grant (95) ; Dornoch, Mr J. M. Moore (95) ; Embo, Mr J. Q. Phimister (96) ; J. F. Tocher 175 Rearquhar, Miss M. K. Matheson (95) ; Parish of Durness — Durine, Mr Geo. Whyte (96) ; Parish of Eddrachillis — Badcall Inchard, Mr A. Macrae (96) ; Fanagmore, Mr R. Gillies (96) ; Old Shore, Mr Hy. Piatt (96) ; Scourie, Mr D. M«Leod (96) ; Parish of Farr— Armadale, Mr A. Sutherland (96) ; Dalhalvaig, Mr W. Grant (96) ; Farr, Mr E. MacKay (96) ; Kirtomy, Miss H. Mackay (96); Melvich, Mr A. Macintosh (96); Strathy, Mr G. G. Hastings (96); Parish of Golspie — Golspie, Mr A. M<^Gem (95) ; Parish of Kildonan — Helmsdale, Mr H. C. Robertson (96) ; Kildonan, Miss Douglas (96) ; Kinbrace, Miss A. Sutherland (96) ; Parish of Lairg — Shinness, Miss M, Tough (96) ; Parish of Loth— Loth, Miss E. C. Wallace (95) ; Portgower, Miss M. Gunn (95) ; Parish of Rogart— Blarich, Mr W. J. Paris (96) ; Rhilochan, Mr D. Mackay (96) ; Rogart, Mr W. Campbell (96) ; Parish of Tongue— Melness, Mr J. W. Morison (96) ; Skerray, Mr J. Milne (96). COUNTY OF WIGTOWN. Parish of Glasserton— Glasserton, Mr J. Lambert (33) ; Knock, Mr L. Smith (33) ; Raven- stone, Mr H. S. Morton (33) ; Parish of Inch— Castlekennedy, Mr R. M^Lagan (32) ; Lochans, Mr M. Boyd (32) ; Parish of Kirkcolm— Douloch, Mr A. Clyne (32) ; Kirkcolm, Mr J. M<=Dougall, (32) ; Village, Miss M'^Rostie (32) ; Parish of Kirkcowan — Darnow, Miss Ross (33) ; Kirkcowan, Mr J. B. Cuthbert (33) ; Parish of Kirkinner — Kirkinner, Mr P. Williamson (33) ; Longcastle, Mr J. B. Dedman (33) ; Malzie, Miss H. G. G. Menzies (33) ; Parish of Kirkmaiden— Central, Mr R. Davidson (32) ; Northern, Mr J. Laird (32) ; Parish of Leswalt — Larbrax, Mr J. Muir (32) ; Leswalt, Mr A. M<=Master (32) ; Parish of Mochrum— Culshabbin, Mrs Campbell (33) ; Elrig, Miss M. Woodbridge (33); Parish of New Luce — Glenwhill}', Miss M«Ilwrick (32); Parish of Old Luce — Drochduil, Mr C. Hunter (32); Glenluce Academy, Mr M<=Pherson (32) ; Glen of Luce, Mr W. Michie (32) ; Parish of Penninghame— Challoch, Miss Shoyan (33) ; Loudon, Mr M. M. Barnes (33) ; Penninghame, Mr W. Baillie (33) ; Parish of Portpatrick — Portpatrick, Mr J. Baird (32) ; Parish of Stoneykirk— Ardwell, Mr D. Thomson (32) ; Meoul, Mr A. M'^Clymont (32) ; Sandhead, Mr R. M. Davidson (32) ; Burgh of Stranraer— Academy, Mr Jos. Hood (32) ; Lewis Street, Mr T. D. Conacher (32) ; Sheuchan, Mr W. Wilson (32) ; St Joseph's, R. C, Sisters of St Joseph (32) ; Parish of Whithorn— Isle, Mr W. Burns (33) ; Prin- cipal, Mr J. B. Williams (33). OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRinOE: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. MAY 10 197^ DAY USE RETURN TO ANTHROPOLOGY LIBRARY I ha publication is due on the LAST DATE and HOUR stamped beJow. RB17-40to-8,'72 (Q4186S10)4188— A-32 General Library University of Califorois Berkeley I 1770BG I I